PMID- 14766108 TI - Barriers to colorectal cancer screening in rural primary care. AB - BACKGROUND: Residents of rural communities may face unique barriers to obtaining colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, including reduced access to services. This study assessed the impact of patient, physician, and practice characteristics on rural primary care patient receipt of CRC screening. METHODS: We surveyed patients (N = 801) over 50 years of age and primary care physicians (N = 36) in rural practices. Medical students administered surveys to assess patient demographics, self-reported CRC screening, practice features, local availability of endoscopy, and physician screening test preferences. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to investigate associations between independent variables, and (1) patient CRC screening status and (2) adequacy of CRC discussions between physicians and patients. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of patients reported being up-to-date with colorectal cancer screening and most in this group had received FOBT and endoscopy. A minority of patients (39%) reported adequate time to discuss CRC screening, and this was positively associated with being up-to-date with CRC screening in a multivariable analysis. Endoscopy was available in 58% of the practices and 44% of the practices had local gastroenterologists available on at least a monthly basis. The availability of endoscopic procedures and gastroenterological services were not associated with CRC screening or with use of endoscopy as a screening method. CONCLUSIONS: CRC screening among rural primary care patients is related to adequacy of physician CRC screening discussions but not access to endoscopic procedures. Efforts to improve CRC screening should focus on improving physician-patient discussions of CRC. PMID- 14766109 TI - Factors associated with colorectal cancer screening in a population-based study: the impact of gender, health care source, and time. AB - INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening in reducing incident colorectal cancer and the risk of death has been shown. Despite campaigns to promote the benefits of and use of colorectal cancer screening, most people are not participating in screening. In this paper, we examine factors associated with screening behavior over time, by health care provider, and by gender and report associations between screening and development of colorectal cancer after adjusting for diet and lifestyle factors. METHODS: Data from two population-based case-control studies of colorectal cancer were used to examine risk associations with nonparticipation in colorectal cancer screening. Study participants were identified for the first study between 1991 and 1994 (N = 1,346 cases and 1,544 controls) and for the second between 1997 and 2001 (N = 952 cases and 1,205 controls) and were asked to complete a detailed in-person interviewer administered diet and lifestyle questionnaire. The control population is used to examine changes in screening behavior and associations with screening over time. RESULTS: Significantly, fewer people reported fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in 1997-2001 than in 1991-1994 (62.5% in 1991-1994 vs. 47.2% in 1997-2001); a slight nonsignificant increase in sigmoidoscopy screening was reported for these periods among controls (33.9% vs. 36.6%). In the control population, during these periods, there was a statistically significant increase in the number of people who reported having had a sigmoidoscopy for screening rather than for problems (72.6% in 1997-2001 vs. 63.8% in 1991-1994). There were differences in factors associated with screening behavior by time, by sex, and by health care provider, although having a family history of colorectal cancer, having more education, and being male was associated with more screening in all settings. After adjusting for diet and lifestyle factors, we observed that non-sigmoidoscopy screening significantly influenced risk of incident cancer (rectal OR: 2.9; 95% CI, 2.3 3.7; distal tumor OR: 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.3); proximal tumor: 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 1.8). Nonuse of FOBT also was associated significantly with tumors in the rectal (OR: 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9) and distal (OR: 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.8) sites. SUMMARY: These data reinforce the importance of screening to reduce risk of colorectal cancer development. However, flexible sigmoidoscopy screening is increasing only modestly over time, and primarily in settings where a significant investment in screening has been made. FOBT screening, which is effective for rectal cancer prevention, is actually decreasing. PMID- 14766110 TI - Smoking cessation in primary care: a clinical effectiveness trial of two simple interventions. AB - BACKGROUND: Many primary care practices do not have systematic protocols to identify patients who smoke or to encourage clinicians to provide smoking cessation advice. We designed a study to assess the relative effectiveness of two brief interventions on screening for smoking, physician cessation advice and patient smoking cessation rates. METHODS: We performed a nonrandomized comparison of alternative strategies for smoking cessation at a hospital-based adult primary care practice. Each intervention was implemented on a separate practice team. The "minimal" intervention consisted of a smoking status "vital sign" stamp which documented patient smoking status. The "enhanced" intervention consisted of a five-question form that assessed patient level of cessation readiness and provided cessation-counseling prompts for clinicians. Medical record documentation of screening for smoking and cessation advice and self-reported patient smoking cessation rates were collected 8-10 months after implementation. RESULTS: Smoking status was documented at 86%, 91%, and 49%, and cessation advice at 38%, 47%, and 30% of visits on the minimal, enhanced, and control teams, respectively (P < 0.001 for smoking status and P = 0.014 for advice). Self reported patient smoking cessation was higher on the enhanced team (12%) compared with the minimal (2%) and control (4%) teams (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A short questionnaire that assesses readiness-to-quit and provides documentation of cessation advice improves rates of clinician cessation advice and patient smoking cessation compared with no intervention. PMID- 14766111 TI - Evaluation of a counseling method for the prevention of child exposure to tobacco smoke: an example of client-centered communication. AB - BACKGROUND: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is an important risk factor. The aim of this study is to evaluate effects of the counseling method "Smoke-free children" that focuses on protection of infants. METHODS: The counseling method, "Smoke-free children", has been developed and implemented at Swedish child health centers. The counseling method's point of departure is based upon a client centered approach. Saliva cotinine samples from the mothers were collected when the child was 1-4 weeks and 3 months of age. Interviews regarding mothers' smoking habits and self-reported maternal smoking were also carried out. RESULTS: Forty-one mothers participated in the study, 26 in the intervention group and 15 in the control group. Cotinine was collected from 22 subjects in the intervention and 8 in the control group. Before the intervention, the mean cotinine level was 185 ng/mL in the intervention group and 245 ng/mL in the control group. After the intervention, cotinine levels were reduced in the intervention group (165 ng/mL) and increased in the control group (346 ng/mL). Yet, after the intervention, the mothers themselves reported more smoking in the intervention group than in the control group. Only weak correlations were found between self-reported smoking and cotinine. CONCLUSIONS: The statistical analysis supports the view that a client-centered intervention, aimed at increasing self-efficacy, exerts a positive effect on maternal smoking in the prevention of infant exposure to ETS, when applied in a routine clinical setting. PMID- 14766112 TI - Stage of change for general health promotion action and health-related lifestyle practices in Chinese adults. AB - BACKGROUND: We propose general health promotion action (GHPA) to represent the general intention and actual practices aimed to promote health. The transtheoretical model (TTM) has not been applied to GHPA. The objectives of this study were to determine whether TTM can be applied to Chinese adults by measuring the subjects' stage of change for GHPA, and to study whether stage for GHPA is associated with health-related lifestyle practices. METHODS: Randomly selected Hong Kong Chinese subjects (3233) aged 18-64 were interviewed in telephone survey. RESULTS: Thirty-nine percent had not taken any health promotion actions and had no intention to do so (precontemplation). Twelve percent had taken action but had no intention to continue (at-risk for relapse). Three percent had not taken any actions and intended to do so in the next 6 months, but not in the next 1 month (contemplation). Eleven percent had not taken any actions but intended to do so in the next 1 month (preparation). Fifteen percent had been taking action for less than 6 months and intended to continue (action). Twenty-one percent had been taking action for at least 6 months and intended to continue (maintenance). Precontemplators were less likely than maintainers to be never smokers (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.49-0.80), exercisers (0.097; 0.077-0.12), to eat fruit twice a day (0.53; 0.41-0.69) and remove fat when eating (0.72; 0.54-0.95), with increasing trends in the odds of reporting these practices from precontemplation to maintenance. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings have provided preliminary findings on the applicability of TTM on GHPA in Chinese adults with evidences of concurrent criterion validity. PMID- 14766113 TI - Smokeless tobacco use: harm reduction or induction approach? AB - BACKGROUND: Smokeless tobacco (ST) substitution for cigarettes as a method to reduce harm has been actively debated. Use of ST as a smoking cessation method or as a means to reduce cigarettes has been proposed. The impact of using ST in these ways is relatively unknown. METHODS: A review of the different issues and studies related to using smokeless tobacco as a method to reduce tobacco toxin exposure and harm is presented. RESULTS: The toxicity of the product itself varies by brand of ST and across countries. Of the existing studies, comparisons of consequences between cigarettes and ST show that cigarette smoking produces more negative health effects, is likely to have a higher addiction potential and more severe withdrawal, and leads to a higher rate of relapse than ST use. On the other hand, ST use facilitates the use of cigarettes, which is a deadly tobacco product. Additionally, ST is not a harmless product, and a less harmful product, medicinal nicotine, is available as an effective treatment approach. Furthermore, ST products are not under the same regulatory scrutiny as medicinal nicotine products. CONCLUSIONS: Considerably more research and product regulation is necessary prior to considering smokeless tobacco as a harm reduction method. PMID- 14766114 TI - Gender differences in the relationship between social support and subjective health among elderly persons in Japan. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of social support with subjective health by gender, and gender differences in the pathway from social support to subjective health. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 754 noninstitutionalized elderly men and women aged 65 years and older living in a community in Japan. The data were collected by face-to-face interviews. The relationship between social support and subjective health was studied using multiple regression analyses stratified by gender. RESULTS: Mean social support score was significantly higher in women (4.3 +/- 1.6) than in men (3.8 +/- 1.8). Among elderly men, significant positive association between the level of social support and good subjective health was observed, but not among elderly women. The odds ratio for having good subjective health was 2.45 (95% confidence interval 1.02-6.43) for men who had a high level of social support compared with low level of social support. The direct effect of social support on subjective health was much larger in men (82.6%) than in women (23%). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that social support may be a beneficial promoter of subjective health in men than in women. The relationship between changes in the amount of social support and subsequently subjective health should be explored further. PMID- 14766115 TI - Educational level has a major impact on the representations of cholesterol: a study in 1579 hypercholesterolemic patients. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the specific features of representations of cholesterol and hypercholesterolemia according to the educational level (EL) and gender among hypercholesterolemic (HC) subjects. DESIGN: The knowledge, beliefs and personal opinions of 1579 hypercholesterolemic patients [58% males; 40% low EL; mean age 58.3 (SD = 11.5)], recruited by their general practitioners, were analyzed from the responses to a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: In comparison with women, and after adjusting for EL, men were less likely to know the acceptable total cholesterol level (OR = 0.80; P < 0.05), more likely to perceive hypercholesterolemia as not being a serious disorder (OR = 1.33; P < 0.05), mainly due to overweight (OR = 1.74; P < 0.001), modern (OR = 1.41; P < 0.01), and carefree lifestyle (OR = 1.80; P < 0.01), and less able to commit themselves to a therapeutic project (diet is only possible if shared by the spouse or family, OR = 1.25; P < 0.05). In comparison with subjects with a middle/high EL, and after adjusting for gender, the least educated subjects exhibited lower dietary knowledge (P < 0.001) and less right beliefs (the presence of cholesterol in blood is normal, OR = 0.48; P < 0.001), expressed the most misconceptions concerning hypercholesterolemia and its attendant risks (high cholesterol can induce cancer, OR = 1.63, P < 0.01, or rheumatism, OR = 3.64; P < 0.001; it is possible to perceive high cholesterol levels before seeing the results of blood tests, OR = 1.48; P < 0.001), exhibited lower self-efficacy (it is discouraging to know that heredity plays a role in a health problem, OR = 1.42; P < 0.001) and were the least convinced by and motivated for treatment (treatment may be limited in time, OR = 1.32; P < 0.05, dieting is impossible if one has an active lifestyle including eating out, OR = 1.64; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: For distinctive reasons, male gender and low educational level, which are already recognized as cardiovascular risk factors, emerged from our study as limiting patient's personal involvement in the management of hypercholesterolemia. They attest to the need to support educational and informational messages aimed at alerting, convincing and motivating. To heighten the impact of such efforts, it would seem necessary to target specific messages to men and patients with low educational level. PMID- 14766116 TI - Smoking cessation within the context of family medicine: which smokers take action? AB - BACKGROUND: According to Prochaska's transtheorical model, the stage of action is a milestone in the long-term smoking cessation process. Describing smokers' variables preceding this stage is essential. METHODS: A retrospective case-study design using data from the FAMUS primary care register. The objective was to develop a predictive model for the smoker's action of quitting smoking. The quit attempt rate (QAR) is defined as the proportion of patients who attempted to quit at least once during the follow-up period. Tree-based and logistic regression models were applied to 7,567 smokers with at least two recorded visits. RESULTS: The QAR is 25% and is higher for men (26.5%) than for women (24.5%). For men, the groups generated by the trees are light (15). For women, the pattern observed involves four groups: very light (1 cigarette), moderate-low (2-10), moderate-high (11-20), and heavy smokers (>20). In both cases, the QAR decreases from light to heavy smokers, and the number of cigarettes, nicotine replacement therapy, and age remain relevant factors predicting the QAR. CONCLUSIONS: Medical professionals should consider smoking an addiction and take specific approaches to smoking cessation based on age, gender, and cigarettes consumed. PMID- 14766117 TI - Cigarette brand preferences of smokers among university students in Japan. AB - BACKGROUND: A survey on smoking behavior and relating factors among university students is necessary for establishing antismoking measures toward younger generation. To determine brand preferences of young smokers, we conducted a cross sectional survey for students in a university. METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire was completed by the students at their annual health examinations. A total of 5688 students out of 7136 responded this survey (79.7%). The questionnaire included questions about smoking status, number of cigarettes smoked, brand preference, etc. RESULTS: Smoking prevalence was 55.2% for males and 12.0% for females. Estimated consumption of Japanese-brand cigarettes was 46.8% for males and 36.1% for females, whereas that of American-brand cigarettes was 36.3% for males and 45.1% for females. These values are much higher than the market share of imported cigarettes in Japan (17.1% in 1992). Five American brands ranked in the top 10 brands among these university students, whereas only one American brand was ranked in the top 10 brands in the Japanese market in 1992. Smokers who prefer cigarettes with higher nicotine ratings were more likely to have a higher consumption rate than otherwise. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette brand preference is an important aspect to realize the smoking behavior among young smokers. PMID- 14766118 TI - Direct observation and patient recall of health behavior advice. AB - BACKGROUND: Patient recall of health behavior change discussions with physicians is an important intermediate outcome to adherence with recommendations and subsequent behavior change. This study reports patient recall of health behavior discussions during outpatient visits and tests patient and visit characteristics associated with recall. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 2670 adult outpatients visiting 138 family physicians in 84 practices, provision of health behavior advice was measured by direct observation. Patient recall of discussion of each health behavior topic was assessed by patient survey. RESULTS: Patient recall rates ranged from 11% for substance use assessment to 75% of smokers recalling smoking cessation advice. Patient demographics were not associated with recall. In multivariable models, the strongest predictor of patient recall of diet and exercise advice was the duration of the advice. Advice provided during well care visits was more likely to be recalled by patients than during illness visits, but presence of a health behavior-relevant diagnosis during an illness visit was associated with a 2-fold increase in patient recall. CONCLUSIONS: Patient recall of health behavior advice is enhanced by longer duration of advice and by linking advice to visit contexts that represent teachable moments. PMID- 14766119 TI - Nicotine dependence, quit attempts, and quitting among smokers in a regional population sample from a country with a high prevalence of tobacco smoking. AB - BACKGROUND: Nicotine dependence might function as a barrier to smoking cessation. Therefore, the goal was to determine whether single symptoms of nicotine dependence are related to the number of quit attempts and smoking status. METHODS: In a random population sample of 4075 women and men aged 18-64, drawn from 47 German communities, data about nicotine dependence according to the US Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and according to the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and data on quit attempts and quitting were collected at baseline with an interview and 30 months later with a questionnaire. RESULTS: Nicotine dependence, in particular withdrawal, was related to a high number of quit attempts and to remaining a current smoker. The urgent need for tobacco, craving for nicotine, smoking to avoid withdrawal, and the expectation of increased appetite or weight gain correctly classified smoking status in 72.1% of individuals through logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine dependence is a strong factor that may partly explain the failure of a subpopulation of smokers to live abstinent. Population-based interventions should include measures of tobacco control and brief interventions carried out, for example, by experts in health care. PMID- 14766120 TI - Lifetime parental smoking history and cessation and early adolescent smoking behavior. AB - BACKGROUND: Associations are examined between parental smoking and smoking onset by their children. Smoking parents are more likely to have children who start smoking in their teenage years; however, less is known about whether parental quitting is related to adolescent smoking. METHODS: A cross-sectional national sample of 2,206 adolescents, ages 10-14 years, living in two-parent households were interviewed for the DEFACTO annual report on Dutch youth smoking behavior. Adolescent smokers reported that they have tried smoking, even one puff. Respondents indicated whether their parents were never, former, or current smokers, and provided, in the case a parent had quit, their age at that time. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses revealed that likelihood increased gradually: adolescents with both parents being current smokers were four times more likely to be a smoker compared to adolescents with parents who had never smoked. Additionally, within the group of adolescents whose parents quit smoking, the findings demonstrated that the earlier the parents stopped smoking in the life of their offspring, the less likely their children were to start smoking in adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: Parental smoking history is associated with smoking initiation in early adolescence. Parental cessation at an early age of their offspring reduces the likelihood of adolescent smoking initiation. Preventive efforts, therefore, should focus on the benefits of parental cessation as early as possible. PMID- 14766121 TI - Associations between smoking prevalence, stages of change, cigarette consumption, and quit attempts across the United States. AB - BACKGROUND: We tested whether across the 50 U.S. States, smoking prevalence was associated with smoking behavior among smokers. METHODS: We used published data on smoking prevalence, cigarette consumption, and quit attempts by State from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for 1993, 1996, and 1999, and published data on the distribution of smokers by stage of change in each State from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Data were weighted for the population size in each State. RESULTS: For 1993, we found no statistically significant association between smoking prevalence and stages of change. For 1996 and 1999, across the 50 States, each additional percentage point in smoking prevalence was associated with, respectively, 0.62% and 1.19% more smokers in the "precontemplation" stage, that is, smokers not intending to quit smoking (both P < 0.01), with, respectively, 0.82% and 1.21% more "heavy" smokers who smoked 21 40 cigarettes per day (both P 80%). This would suggest that in chemotherapy-naive patients platinum-based therapy might have an important role to play. Additionally the synergy demonstrated between platinum compounds, taxanes and herceptin, in preclinical and clinical studies is of immense importance and the results of the two ongoing Breast Cancer International Research Group randomized phase III studies are eagerly awaited. These studies may help clarify the role of platinum compounds in the treatment of metastatic and possibly early breast cancer. PMID- 14766127 TI - The value of FDG-PET in the detection, grading and response to therapy of soft tissue and bone sarcomas; a systematic review and meta-analysis. AB - BACKGROUND: Sarcomas represent a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge that requires techniques to provide better assessment of the disease than provided by traditional means. FDG-PET depicts the increased metabolism in abnormal tissues, enabling visualisation and quantification in vivo. The objective of this review was to assess the diagnostic value of FDG-PET in the detection, grading and therapy response of soft tissue and bone sarcomas. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on FDG-PET and sarcomas was conducted. Databases of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane were searched for studies. Besides that, the references of identified studies were reviewed. Three reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality. Statistical pooling was possible for studies concerning detection and grading of studies with mixed sarcomas (soft tissue and bone) and studies with soft tissue sarcomas only. RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. There was disagreement between the reviewers in 21.5% of the questions from the criteria list. The methodological quality of most of the included studies was poor. Pooled sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of PET for the detection of sarcomas were 0.91, 0.85 and 0.88, respectively. The difference between the mean Standard Uptake Value (SUV) in malignant and benign tumours for the studies concerning mixed and soft tissue sarcomas was statistically significant, as well as the difference in FDG uptake between low and high grade mixed sarcomas. CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis in this study was limited by the fact that only a few studies had mutual comparable outcome parameters. Moreover, the methodological quality of the studies was generally poor. Nevertheless, our results indicate that FDG-PET can discriminate between sarcomas and benign tumours and low and high grade sarcomas based on the mean SUV. The diagnostic implications of these results have to be investigated, especially the discrimination between benign tumours and low grade sarcomas. Based on this meta-analysis, there is no indication to use FDG PET in the standard treatment of sarcomas. In the future PET imaging in bone and soft tissue sarcomas should be directed to the clinical implication for the detection and grading of sarcomas and the treatment evaluation of locally advanced sarcomas. PMID- 14766128 TI - Short- and long-term effects of acute myeloid leukemia on patient health-related quality of life. AB - OBJECTIVES: Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) may receive aggressive therapies (e.g., chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation (BMT)) that are thought to significantly affect HRQL. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess the HRQL impact on patients of AML and its treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronically assisted literature survey and synthesis was conducted of English-language literature published worldwide between 1990 and 2002. The review was enhanced by inclusion of articles, including those published before 1990, which were manually identified from the bibliographies of the electronically identified publications. Articles were analyzed with respect to HRQL instruments used, HRQL domains assessed, aspects of disease and treatment evaluated, and outcomes observed. RESULTS: The survey identified 21 articles that warranted review. AML and associated treatments have a substantial negative impact on patient HRQL as has been measured by several different leukemia specific, cancer-specific and generic instruments. The most negative HRQL burden is apparent soon after the diagnosis of the disease and during the course of therapy. Long-term survivors appear to recover HRQL almost completely with respect to physical, psychological and emotional well being, but incur continued sexual dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Clinicians responsible for the care of patients with AML should be aware of the HRQL impact of the disease and its treatment, in the long-term as well as the short-term. Researchers should evaluate the HRQL impact of new and investigational therapies. PMID- 14766129 TI - Vancomycin does not benefit persistently febrile neutropenic people with cancer. PMID- 14766131 TI - High-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation does not improve relapse free or overall survival in women with high-risk breast cancer. PMID- 14766133 TI - Pre-operative chemo-radiotherapy improves 3-year survival in people with resectable oesophageal cancer. PMID- 14766134 TI - Neurogeometry and entoptic visions of the functional architecture of the brain. PMID- 14766136 TI - Geometry and the visual brain. AB - Receptive fields structure of neurons in primary visual cortex suggests that they process visual stimuli in the frequency domain, in a way similar to the frequency analysis performed in the auditory system. As a consequence, both psychophysicists and electrophysiologists have long probed the visual system using extended sine wave gratings that are well localized in the frequency domain but poorly defined in visual space. Meanwhile, how the brain processes the geometrical properties and the spatial and temporal relationships between stimulus parts has received less attention. Recent progress in visual neuroscience that uncovered long-range horizontal connections between cortical neurons and revealed the complex architecture of primary visual cortex and feedback connectivity led to new insights concerned with the processing of geometrical properties of visual stimuli in V1. This paper presents a short historical perspective of the emergence of new issues related to the cortical architecture and its functional consequences on the processing of geometrical properties. PMID- 14766137 TI - Contour integration and cortical processing. AB - Our understanding of visual processing in general, and contour integration in particular, has undergone great change over the last 10 years. There is now an accumulation of psychophysical and neurophysiological evidence that the outputs of cells with conjoint orientation preference and spatial position are integrated in the process of explication of rudimentary contours. Recent neuroanatomical and neurophysiological results suggest that this process takes place at the cortical level V1. The code for contour integration may be a temporal one in that it may only manifest itself in the latter part of the spike train as a result of feedback and lateral interactions. Here we review some of the properties of contour integration from a psychophysical perspective and we speculate on their underlying neurophysiological substrate. PMID- 14766138 TI - Computations in the early visual cortex. AB - This paper reviews some of the recent neurophysiological studies that explore the variety of visual computations in the early visual cortex in relation to geometric inference, i.e. the inference of contours, surfaces and shapes. It attempts to draw connections between ideas from computational vision and findings from awake primate electrophysiology. In the classical feed-forward, modular view of visual processing, the early visual areas (LGN, V1 and V2) are modules that serve to extract local features, while higher extrastriate areas are responsible for shape inference and invariant object recognition. However, recent findings in primate early visual systems reveal that the computations in the early visual cortex are rather complex and dynamic, as well as interactive and plastic, subject to influence from global context, higher order perceptual inference, task requirement and behavioral experience. The evidence argues that the early visual cortex does not merely participate in the first stage of visual processing, but is involved in many levels of visual computation. PMID- 14766139 TI - Reaching beyond the classical receptive field of V1 neurons: horizontal or feedback axons? AB - It is commonly assumed that the orientation-selective surround field of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) is due to interactions provided solely by intrinsic long-range horizontal connections. We review evidence for and against this proposition and conclude that horizontal connections are too slow and cover too little visual field to subserve all the functions of suppressive surrounds of V1 neurons in the macaque monkey. We show that the extent of visual space covered by horizontal connections corresponds to the region of low contrast summation of the receptive field center mechanism. This region encompasses the classically defined receptive field center and the proximal surround. Beyond this region, feedback connections are the most likely substrate for surround suppression. We present evidence that inactivation of higher order areas leads to a major decrease in the strength of the suppressive surround of neurons in lower order areas, supporting the hypothesis that feedback connections play a major role in center-surround interactions. PMID- 14766140 TI - On the role of medial geometry in human vision. AB - A key challenge underlying theories of vision is how the spatially restricted, retinotopically represented feature analysis can be integrated to form abstract, coordinate-free object models. A resolution likely depends on the use of intermediate-level representations which can on the one hand be populated by local features and on the other hand be used as atomic units underlying the formation of, and interaction with, object hypotheses. The precise structure of this intermediate representation derives from the varied requirements of a range of visual tasks which motivate a significant role for incorporating a geometry of visual form. The need to integrate input from features capturing surface properties such as texture, shading, motion, color, etc., as well as from features capturing surface discontinuities such as silhouettes, T-junctions, etc., implies a geometry which captures both regional and boundary aspects. Curves, as a geometric model of boundaries, have been extensively used as an intermediate representation in computational, perceptual, and physiological studies, while the use of the medial axis (MA) has been popular mainly in computer vision as a geometric region-based model of the interior of closed boundaries. We extend the traditional model of the MA to represent images, where each MA segment represents a region of the image which we call a visual fragment. We present a unified theory of perceptual grouping and object recognition where through various sequences of transformations of the MA representation, visual fragments are grouped in various configurations to form object hypotheses, and are related to stored models. The mechanisms underlying both the computation and the transformation of the MA is a lateral wave propagation model. Recent psychophysical experiments depicting contrast sensitivity map peaks at the medial axes of stimuli, and experiments on perceptual filling-in, and brightness induction and modulation, are consistent with both the use of an MA representation and a propagation-based scheme. Also, recent neurophysiological recordings in V1 correlate with the MA hypothesis and a horizontal propagation scheme. This evidence supports a geometric computational paradigm for processing sensory data where both dynamic in-plane propagation and feedforward-feedback connections play an integral role. PMID- 14766141 TI - Cortical connections and early visual function: intra- and inter-columnar processing. AB - While it is widely assumed that the long-range horizontal connections in V1 are present to support contour integration, there has been only limited consideration of other possible relationships between anatomy and physiology (the horizontal connections) and visual function beyond contour integration. We introduce the possibility of other relationships directly from the perspective of computation and differential geometry by identifying orientation columns in visual physiology with the (unit) tangent bundle in differential geometry. This suggests abstracting early vision in a space that incorporates both position and orientation, from which we show that the physiology is capable of supporting a number of functional computations beyond contour integration, including texture flow and shading-flow integration, as well as certain relationships between them. The geometric abstraction emphasizes the role of curvature, which necessitates a coupled investigation into how it might be estimated. The result is an elaboration of layer-to-layer interactions within an orientation column, with non linearities possibly implemented by shunting inhibition. Finally, we show how the same computational framework naturally lends itself to solving stereo correspondence, with binocular tangents abstracting curves in space. PMID- 14766142 TI - Mathematical neuroscience: from neurons to circuits to systems. AB - Applications of mathematics and computational techniques to our understanding of neuronal systems are provided. Reduction of membrane models to simplified canonical models demonstrates how neuronal spike-time statistics follow from simple properties of neurons. Averaging over space allows one to derive a simple model for the whisker barrel circuit and use this to explain and suggest several experiments. Spatio-temporal pattern formation methods are applied to explain the patterns seen in the early stages of drug-induced visual hallucinations. PMID- 14766143 TI - The functional geometry of local and horizontal connections in a model of V1. AB - A mathematical model of interacting hypercolumns in primary visual cortex (V1) is presented that incorporates details concerning the geometry of local and long range horizontal connections. Each hypercolumn is modeled as a network of interacting excitatory and inhibitory neural populations with orientation and spatial frequency preferences organized around a pair of pinwheels. The pinwheels are arranged on a planar lattice, reflecting the crystalline-like structure of cortex. Local interactions within a hypercolumn generate orientation and spatial frequency tuning curves, which are modulated by horizontal connections between different hypercolumns on the lattice. The symmetry properties of the local and long-range connections play an important role in determining the types of spontaneous activity patterns that can arise in cortex. PMID- 14766144 TI - Large-scale modeling of the primary visual cortex: influence of cortical architecture upon neuronal response. AB - A large-scale computational model of a local patch of input layer 4 [Formula: see text] of the primary visual cortex (V1) of the macaque monkey, together with a coarse-grained reduction of the model, are used to understand potential effects of cortical architecture upon neuronal performance. Both the large-scale point neuron model and its asymptotic reduction are described. The work focuses upon orientation preference and selectivity, and upon the spatial distribution of neuronal responses across the cortical layer. Emphasis is given to the role of cortical architecture (the geometry of synaptic connectivity, of the ordered and disordered structure of input feature maps, and of their interplay) as mechanisms underlying cortical responses within the model. Specifically: (i) Distinct characteristics of model neuronal responses (firing rates and orientation selectivity) as they depend upon the neuron's location within the cortical layer relative to the pinwheel centers of the map of orientation preference; (ii) A time independent (DC) elevation in cortico-cortical conductances within the model, in contrast to a "push-pull" antagonism between excitation and inhibition; (iii) The use of asymptotic analysis to unveil mechanisms which underly these performances of the model; (iv) A discussion of emerging experimental data. The work illustrates that large-scale scientific computation--coupled together with analytical reduction, mathematical analysis, and experimental data, can provide significant understanding and intuition about the possible mechanisms of cortical response. It also illustrates that the idealization which is a necessary part of theoretical modeling can outline in sharp relief the consequences of differing alternative interpretations and mechanisms--with final arbiter being a body of experimental evidence whose measurements address the consequences of these analyses. PMID- 14766145 TI - Universality in visual cortical pattern formation. AB - During ontogenetic development, the visual cortical circuitry is remodeled by activity-dependent mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. From a dynamical systems perspective this is a process of dynamic pattern formation. The emerging cortical network supports functional activity patterns that are used to guide the further improvement of the network's structure. In this picture, spontaneous symmetry breaking in the developmental dynamics of the cortical network underlies the emergence of cortical selectivities such as orientation preference. Here universal properties of this process depending only on basic biological symmetries of the cortical network are analyzed. In particular, we discuss the description of the development of orientation preference columns in terms of a dynamics of abstract order parameter fields, connect this description to the theory of Gaussian random fields, and show how the theory of Gaussian random fields can be used to obtain quantitative information on the generation and motion of pinwheels, in the two dimensional pattern of visual cortical orientation columns. PMID- 14766146 TI - The neurogeometry of pinwheels as a sub-Riemannian contact structure. AB - We present a geometrical model of the functional architecture of the primary visual cortex (V1) and, more precisely, of its pinwheel structure. The problem is to understand from within how the internal "imminent" geometry of the visual cortex can produce the "transcendent" geometry of the external space. We use first the concept of blowing up to model V1 as a discrete approximation of a continuous fibration pi: R x P --> P with base space the space of the retina R and fiber the projective line P of the orientations of the plane. The core of the paper consists first in showing that the horizontal cortico-cortical connections of V1 implement what the geometers call the contact structure of the fibration pi, and secondly in introducing an integrability condition and the integral curves associated with it. The paper develops then three applications: (i) to Field's, Hayes', and Hess' psychophysical concept of association field, (ii) to a variational model of curved modal illusory contours (in the spirit of previous models due to Ullman, Horn, and Mumford), (iii) to Ermentrout's, Cowan's, Bressloff's, Golubitsky's models of visual hallucinations. PMID- 14766147 TI - Computational gestalts and perception thresholds. AB - In 1923, Max Wertheimer proposed a research programme and method in visual perception. He conjectured the existence of a small set of geometric grouping laws governing the perceptual synthesis of phenomenal objects, or "gestalt" from the atomic retina input. In this paper, we review this set of geometric grouping laws, using the works of Metzger, Kanizsa and their schools. In continuation, we explain why the Gestalt theory research programme can be translated into a Computer Vision programme. This translation is not straightforward, since Gestalt theory never addressed two fundamental matters: image sampling and image information measurements. Using these advances, we shall show that gestalt grouping laws can be translated into quantitative laws allowing the automatic computation of gestalts in digital images. From the psychophysical viewpoint, a main issue is raised: the computer vision gestalt detection methods deliver predictable perception thresholds. Thus, we are set in a position where we can build artificial images and check whether some kind of agreement can be found between the computationally predicted thresholds and the psychophysical ones. We describe and discuss two preliminary sets of experiments, where we compared the gestalt detection performance of several subjects with the predictable detection curve. In our opinion, the results of this experimental comparison support the idea of a much more systematic interaction between computational predictions in Computer Vision and psychophysical experiments. PMID- 14766148 TI - Biological computation of image motion from flows over boundaries. AB - A theory of early motion processing in the human and primate visual system is presented which is based on the idea that spatio-temporal retinal image data is represented in primary visual cortex by a truncated 3D Taylor expansion that we refer to as a jet vector. This representation allows all the concepts of differential geometry to be applied to the analysis of visual information processing. We show in particular how the generalised Stokes theorem can be used to move from the calculation of derivatives of image brightness at a point to the calculation of image brightness differences on the boundary of a volume in space time and how this can be generalised to apply to integrals of products of derivatives. We also provide novel interpretations of the roles of direction selective, bi-directional and pan-directional cells and of type I and type II cells in V5/MT. PMID- 14766149 TI - An introduction to the Mumford-Shah segmentation model. AB - Some papers of this special issue concern recent results on mathematical models of segmentation. As they are rather technical we propose here a pedagogical introduction for the non-mathematical reader. We briefly present the variational model of image segmentation proposed by David Mumford and we summarize some fundamental results of De Giorgi's school. PMID- 14766150 TI - Calculus of variations and image segmentation. AB - A survey of free discontinuity problems related to image segmentation is given. The main properties and open problems about Mumford and Shah and Blake and Zisserman functionals are shown together with an extensive bibliography about recent mathematical developments. PMID- 14766151 TI - Oscillatory synchrony and human visual cognition. AB - Oscillatory synchrony could be used to establish dynamic links between the various cortical areas participating in the same cognitive process. Is it possible to detect oscillatory synchrony in humans, and is it relevant to behavior? There is now converging evidence for the existence of a transient oscillatory activity in the gamma range (30-60 Hz), obtained in response to static visual objects, and having only a loose temporal relationship to stimulus onset. This so-called "induced" gamma response is much larger in response to coherent static or moving objects. However, functional variations of gamma and/or beta (15-20 Hz) oscillations are not restricted to perceptive, bottom-up mechanisms, but are also observed during visual imagery or short-term memory maintenance. Oscillations at the scalp level thus seem to reflect large-scale neural cooperativity in a variety of task-dependent networks. Human intra-cranial recordings in a short-term memory paradigm further reveal the existence and the task-dependency of oscillatory synchrony in the beta range, between focal sites separated by several centimeters and with a few milliseconds time-lag. These findings thus confirm experimentally the hypothesis of a functional role of synchronized oscillatory activity in the coordination of distributed neural activity in humans, and support Hebb's concept of short-term memory maintenance by reentrant activity within the activated network. In addition, the intra cranial data obtained in humans and monkeys also help to better understand the neural mechanisms generating scalp-recorded oscillations. PMID- 14766152 TI - Visual saliency and spike timing in the ventral visual pathway. AB - Visual saliency is a fundamental yet hard to define property of objects or locations in the visual world. In a context where objects and their representations compete to dominate our perception, saliency can be thought of as the "juice" that makes objects win the race. It is often assumed that saliency is extracted and represented in an explicit saliency map, which serves to determine the location of spatial attention at any given time. It is then by drawing attention to a salient object that it can be recognized or categorized. I argue against this classical view that visual "bottom-up" saliency automatically recruits the attentional system prior to object recognition. A number of visual processing tasks are clearly performed too fast for such a costly strategy to be employed. Rather, visual attention could simply act by biasing a saliency-based object recognition system. Under natural conditions of stimulation, saliency can be represented implicitly throughout the ventral visual pathway, independent of any explicit saliency map. At any given level, the most activated cells of the neural population simply represent the most salient locations. The notion of saliency itself grows increasingly complex throughout the system, mostly based on luminance contrast until information reaches visual cortex, gradually incorporating information about features such as orientation or color in primary visual cortex and early extrastriate areas, and finally the identity and behavioral relevance of objects in temporal cortex and beyond. Under these conditions the object that dominates perception, i.e. the object yielding the strongest (or the first) selective neural response, is by definition the one whose features are most "salient"--without the need for any external saliency map. In addition, I suggest that such an implicit representation of saliency can be best encoded in the relative times of the first spikes fired in a given neuronal population. In accordance with our subjective experience that saliency and attention do not modify the appearance of objects, the feed-forward propagation of this first spike wave could serve to trigger saliency-based object recognition outside the realm of awareness, while conscious perceptions could be mediated by the remaining discharges of longer neuronal spike trains. PMID- 14766153 TI - From neural oscillations to variational problems in the visual cortex. AB - Aim of this study is to provide a formal link between connectionist neural models and variational psycophysical ones. We show that the solution of phase difference equation of weakly connected neural oscillators gamma-converges as the dimension of the grid tends to 0, to the gradient flow relative to the Mumford-Shah functional in a Riemannian space. The Riemannian metric is directly induced by the pattern of neural connections. Next, we embed the energy functional in the specific geometry of the functional space of the primary visual cortex, that is described in terms of a subRiemannian Heisenberg space. Namely, we introduce the Mumford-Shah functional with the Heisenberg metric and discuss the applicability of our main gamma-convergence result to subRiemannian spaces. PMID- 14766154 TI - Chemical constituents and energy content of some latex bearing plants. AB - The latex bearing plants Plumeria alba, Calotropis procera, Euphorbia nerrifolia, Nerium indicum and Mimusops elengi were evaluated as potential renewable sources of energy and chemicals. Plant parts (leaf, stem, bark) and also whole plants were analyzed for elemental composition, oil, polyphenol, hydrocarbons, crude protein, alpha-cellulose, lignin and ash. The dry biomass yields were between 4.47 and 13.74 kg/plant. The carbon contents in whole plants varied from 38.5% to 44.9%, while hydrogen and nitrogen contents varied from 5.86% to 6.72% and 1.26% to 2.34%, respectively. The bark of the plants contained the highest amount of hydrocarbons (1.78-3.93%) and the leaves contained the lowest amounts (0.26 1.82%). The unsaponifiable materials and fatty acids in the oil fractions of whole plants ranged from 22.8% to 56.4% and 24.7% to 58.7%, respectively. The highest gross heat value was exhibited by C. procera (6145 cal/g) and the lowest by N. indicum (4405 cal/g). Hydrocarbon fractions were characterized by IR and (1)H-NMR and by thermogravimetric analyses. The activation energy (E(a)) in the third stage of decomposition was the greatest in the hydrocarbon fraction obtained from M. elengi (16.40 kJ mol(-1)) and the lowest for C. procera (3.96 kJ mol(-1)). The study indicated that the plant species might be suitable as alternative source of hydrocarbons and other phytochemicals. PMID- 14766155 TI - Bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium and copper by Convolvulus arvensis L.: impact on plant growth and uptake of nutritional elements. AB - The remediation of heavy metal-contaminated sites using plants presents a promising alternative to current methodologies. In this study, the potential accumulation of Convolvulus arvensis L. for Cd(II), Cr(VI), and Cu(II) was determined using an agar-based medium. The shoots of C. arvensis plants exposed to 20 mgl(-1) of these heavy metals, demonstrated capability to accumulate more than 3800 mg of Cr, 1500 mg of Cd, and 560 mg of Cu per kg of dry tissue. The outcome of this study and the field data previously reported corroborate that C. arvensis is a suitable candidate for the phytoremediation of Cd(II), Cr(VI), and Cu(II) contaminated soils. Furthermore, the concentration of Cr determined in the dry leaf tissue (2100 mgkg(-1)) indicates that C. arvensis could be considered as a potential Cr-hyperaccumulator plant species. PMID- 14766156 TI - Improving Spirulina platensis biomass yield using a fed-batch process. AB - Increasing interest is being shown in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis because of its nutritional properties when used as food supplement and possible therapeutic effects. One of the most important areas being studied is the development of alternative nutrient sources which can be used to decrease the production costs of commercially produced S. platensis and obtain high productivity. Water from Mangueira Lagoon (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil) has high levels of carbonates and a high pH and has the potential to be used as a culture medium for S. platensis, although some nutrient supplementation may be required. We tested the effect of unsupplemented Mangueira Lagoon water (MLW) or MLW supplemented with 1.125 or 2.250 mg/l of urea and/or 21 or 42 mg/l of sodium bicarbonate on the growth of S. platensis in fed-batch culture using a 3(2) factorial design and found that there the addition of 1.125 mg/l of urea resulted in a 2.67 fold increase times in the final biomass concentration of S. platensis. PMID- 14766157 TI - Manure sampling procedures and nutrient estimation by the hydrometer method for gestation pigs. AB - Three manure agitation procedures were examined in this study (vertical mixing, horizontal mixing, and no mixing) to determine the efficacy of producing a representative manure sample. The total solids content for manure from gestation pigs was found to be well correlated with the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the manure, with highly significant correlation coefficients of 0.988 and 0.994, respectively. Linear correlations were observed between the TN and TP contents and the manure specific gravity (correlation coefficients: 0.991 and 0.987, respectively). Therefore, it may be inferred that the nutrients in pig manure can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by measuring the liquid manure specific gravity. A rapid testing method for manure nutrient contents (TN and TP) using a soil hydrometer was also evaluated. The results showed that the estimating error increased from +/-10% to +/-30% with the decrease in TN (from 1000 to 100 ppm) and TP (from 700 to 50 ppm) concentrations in the manure. Data also showed that the hydrometer readings had to be taken within 10 s after mixing to avoid reading drift in specific gravity due to the settling of manure solids. PMID- 14766158 TI - Ethanol fermentation in an immobilized cell reactor using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AB - Fermentation of sugar by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for production of ethanol in an immobilized cell reactor (ICR) was successfully carried out to improve the performance of the fermentation process. The fermentation set-up was comprised of a column packed with beads of immobilized cells. The immobilization of S. cerevisiae was simply performed by the enriched cells cultured media harvested at exponential growth phase. The fixed cell loaded ICR was carried out at initial stage of operation and the cell was entrapped by calcium alginate. The production of ethanol was steady after 24 h of operation. The concentration of ethanol was affected by the media flow rates and residence time distribution from 2 to 7 h. In addition, batch fermentation was carried out with 50 g/l glucose concentration. Subsequently, the ethanol productions and the reactor productivities of batch fermentation and immobilized cells were compared. In batch fermentation, sugar consumption and ethanol production obtained were 99.6% and 12.5% v/v after 27 h while in the ICR, 88.2% and 16.7% v/v were obtained with 6 h retention time. Nearly 5% ethanol production was achieved with high glucose concentration (150 g/l) at 6 h retention time. A yield of 38% was obtained with 150 g/l glucose. The yield was improved approximately 27% on ICR and a 24 h fermentation time was reduced to 7 h. The cell growth rate was based on the Monod rate equation. The kinetic constants (K(s) and mu(m)) of batch fermentation were 2.3 g/l and 0.35 g/lh, respectively. The maximum yield of biomass on substrate (Y(X-S)) and the maximum yield of product on substrate (Y(P-S)) in batch fermentations were 50.8% and 31.2% respectively. Productivity of the ICR were 1.3, 2.3, and 2.8 g/lh for 25, 35, 50 g/l of glucose concentration, respectively. The productivity of ethanol in batch fermentation with 50 g/l glucose was calculated as 0.29 g/lh. Maximum production of ethanol in ICR when compared to batch reactor has shown to increase approximately 10-fold. The performance of the two reactors was compared and a respective rate model was proposed. The present research has shown that high sugar concentration (150 g/l) in the ICR column was successfully converted to ethanol. The achieved results in ICR with high substrate concentration are promising for scale up operation. The proposed model can be used to design a lager scale ICR column for production of high ethanol concentration. PMID- 14766159 TI - Gaseous emissions from burning diesel, crude and prime bleachable summer yellow cottonseed oil in a burner for drying seedcotton. AB - Cottonseed oil has been used as a fuel source either as a blend with diesel in varying proportions or undiluted (100%) in numerous studies evaluating its potential use in internal combustion engines. However, limited research is available on the use of cottonseed oil as a fuel source in a multi-fueled burner similar to those used by cottonseed oil mills and cotton gins in their drying operations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate emissions from five fuel oil treatments while firing a multi-fueled burner in a setup similar to those used for drying operations of both cottonseed oil mills and cotton gins. For each treatment, gaseous emissions were measured while firing the burner at three fuel flow rates. The five fuel oil treatments evaluated were: (1) No. 2 diesel at 28.3 degrees C, (2) prime bleachable summer yellow (PBSY) cottonseed oil at 28.3 degrees C (PBSY-28), (3) crude cottonseed oil at 28.3 degrees C (Crude-28), (4) PBSY at 60 degrees C (PBSY-60), and (5) crude at 60 degrees C (Crude-60). Results indicate that PBSY treatments had the lowest overall emissions of all treatments. The other treatments varied in emission rates based on treatment and fuel flow rate. Preheating the oil to 60 degrees C resulted in higher NO(x) emissions but displayed varying results in regards to CO. The CO emissions for the crude treatments were relatively unaffected by the 60 degrees C preheat temperature whereas the preheated PBSY treatments demonstrated lower CO emissions. Overall, both cottonseed oils performed well in the multi-fueled burner and displayed a promising potential as an alternative fuel source for cottonseed oil mills and cotton gins in their drying operations. PMID- 14766160 TI - Effect of stover fraction and storage method on glucose production during enzymatic hydrolysis. AB - One avenue for overcoming the economic challenges associated with the production of ethanol from renewable resources is to reduce the cost of the biomass feedstock. The balance between storage costs and benefits depend on the storage method and composition changes of individual stover fractions. Corn stover from bales stored inside and outside of a barn was separated into an interior and exterior layer after approximately 10 months of storage. The cobs, stalks, and leaves and husks were separated, dried, and ground through a 2 mm screen. Stover, sodium acetate (buffer), cellulase, and deionized water were added to 125 ml flasks. The mixture was held at 50 degrees C in an incubator and samples taken for glucose determination. The average glucose concentration after 60 h of hydrolysis from cobs, leaves and husks, and stalks was 10.5, 9.6, and 3.1 g/l, respectively. Cobs, leaves, and husks produced over 300% more glucose than stalks. Storage outside of the barn decreased the glucose production from individual stover components between 4% and 8%. The effect of stover fraction type on glucose production was significant, while the storage treatment effect was not significant. Fractionation of corn stover may be a method to increase the value of corn stover as a feedstock for glucose production. PMID- 14766161 TI - Comparative studies on biomass production, life cycles and composting efficiency of Eisenia fetida (Savigny) and Lampito mauritii (Kinberg). AB - Comparative studies were performed to evaluate composting potential, biomass growth and biology of a non-native (Eisenia fetida) and an endemic (Lampito mauritii) species of earthworm in the semiarid environment of Jodhpur district of Rajasthan in India. Earthworms were reared in a mixed bedding material comprised of biogas slurry, cowdung, wheat straw, leaflitter, sawdust and kitchen waste. The percentage of organic carbon of the culture bedding material declined upto 105 days with E. fetida and 120 with L. mauritii. The percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium increased as a function of the vermicomposting period. In contrast, C/N and C/P ratios decreased day by day. Both species were effective for decomposition and mineralization of mixed bedding in the semiarid environment. A comparative assessment of biomass growth of E. fetida and L. mauritii was done under controlled laboratory conditions. The optimum temperature, moisture content and pH for E. fetida were 25 degrees C, 70% and 6.5, respectively. However, the optimum temperature, moisture content and pH for growth and development of L. mauritii were 30 degrees C, 60% and 7.5, respectively. The biology and reproductive rates of both species were also studied in the laboratory using mixed bedding. Cocoon production was higher for E. fetida than L. mauritii. The net reproductive rate was 9 per month in the case of E. fetida and 1 per month for L. mauritii. Fertilized eggs of E. fetida and L. mauritii developed into adults within 4 and 5 1/4 months, respectively. These observations indicate E. fetida may be a more efficient breeder than L. mauritii in the desert region of Rajasthan. PMID- 14766162 TI - Continuous methane fermentation and the production of vitamin B12 in a fixed-bed reactor packed with loofah. AB - A fixed-bed reactor with acclimated methanogens immobilized on a loofah support was studied on a laboratory scale to evaluate the system producing methane from the mixture of CO(2) and H(2) gas, with the production of vitamin B(12) as a by product. Fermentation using CO(2)/H(2) acclimated methanogens was conducted in a jar fermentor with hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of three and six days. The performance of the reactor was mainly dependent on the HRT. With an HRT of three days, the methane production rate and the vitamin B(12) concentration in the culture broth were 6.18 l/l-reactor/h and 2.88 mg/l-culture liquid; these values were 11.96 l/l-reactor/h and 37.54 mg/l-culture liquid for an HRT of six days. A higher total cell mass of methanogens retained 42.5 g dry cell/l-culture liquid was achieved in the HRT of six days. The loofah carrier immobilized almost 95% of the methanogens, which led to a more effective bio-reaction. It was also observed that the fermentation system had a better ability to buffer pH, especially for an HRT of six days. PMID- 14766163 TI - Neem leaves as a source of fertilizer-cum-pesticide vermicompost. AB - Vermicomposting of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) was accomplished in "high rate" reactors operated at the earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) densities of 62.5 and 75 animals per litre of reactor volume. Contrary to the fears that neem--a powerful nematicide--might not be palatable to the annelids, the earthworms fed voraciously on the neem compost, converting upto 7% of the feed into vermicompost per day. Indeed the worms grew faster and reproduced more rapidly in the neem-fed vermireactors than in the reactors fed with mango leaf litter earlier studied by the authors (Gajalakshmi et al., 2003). Another set of experiments on the growth, flowering, and fruition of brinjal (Solanum melongena) plants with and without fertilization with vermicompost, revealed that the vermicompost had a significantly beneficial impact. PMID- 14766164 TI - Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems. AB - The most common catalysts for biodiesel production are homogeneous basic catalysts. In the present paper, a comparison is made of different basic catalysts (sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide) for methanolysis of sunflower oil. All the reactions were carried out under the same experimental conditions in a batch stirred reactor and the subsequent separation and purification stages in a decanter. The analytical methods included gas chromatography and the determination of fat and oil conventional parameters. The biodiesel purity was near 100 wt.% for all catalysts. However, near 100 wt.% biodiesel yields were only obtained with the methoxide catalysts. According to the material balance of the process, yield losses were due to triglyceride saponification and methyl ester dissolution in glycerol. Obtained biodiesel met the measured specifications, except for the iodine value, according to the German and EU draft standards. Although all the transesterification reactions were quite rapid and the biodiesel layers achieved nearly 100% methyl ester concentrations, the reactions using sodium hydroxide turned out the fastest. PMID- 14766165 TI - Characteristics and composition of Parkia biglobbossa and Jatropha curcas oils and cakes. AB - Parkia biglobbossa (PKBS) and Jatropha curcas (JTC) seeds were analysed for their proximate composition. The seeds oils were analysed for fatty acid, lipid classes, sterols and physicochemical characteristics. Proximate analysis revealed that the percentage crude protein, crude fat and moisture in PKBS were 32.40%, 26.525% and 10.18% respectively and 24.60%, 47.25% and 5.54% in JTC. Campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, Delta5-avenasterol and Delta7-stigmasterol were identified in the seed oils, but beta-sitosterol was most abundant, constituting 71.9% in JTC and 39.5% in PKBS. JTC oil had 72.7% unsaturated fatty acids with oleic acid predominating, while PKBS had 62% unsaturated fatty acids with linoleic acid being the most abundant. Results of lipid classes showed triglyceride as the dominant lipid species in the seed oils. Physicochemical analysis of the seed oils showed that they could be classified as semi drying oils and that they could be found applicable in alkyd resin and soap manufacture. PMID- 14766166 TI - Effect of different organic manures/composts on the herbage and essential oil yield of Cymbopogon winterianus and their influence on the native AM population in a marginal alfisol. AB - Four organic amendments: leaf compost (LC), vegetable compost (VC), poultry manure (PM) and sewage sludge (SSL) applied at four doses (40, 80, 100 and 120 tha(-1)) were evaluated for their effect on the herbage yield, essential oil content and inoculum potential (IP) of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on three varieties of Java citronella, Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (Manjusha, Mandakini, and Bio-13). PM applied at 100 t ha(-1) followed by SSL increased the herbage, essential oil content and dry matter yield significantly. Bio-13 performed better and produced the highest herbage, essential oil and dry matter yield. The type and dose of the various organic amendments also significantly influenced the indigenous AMF infectious propagules in soil. Highest number of AMF propagules were recorded in the LC amended plots in all the three varieties. Amongst the varieties, highest native mycorrhizal inoculum was recorded in the Bio-13. Least number of AM infectious propagules were recorded in the Mandakini plants grown in 40 t ha(-1) SSL. PMID- 14766167 TI - On the behavior of the periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR) during the transition from carbohydrate to protein-based feedings. AB - The influence of the organic substrate composition in the feed of an innovative reactor, the periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR) is examined. A laboratory scale PABR fed on a synthetic medium composed of mixtures of glucose (a carbohydrate) and gelatin (a protein) in various ratios performed well. The PABR seemed to be minimally affected during the gradual substitution of glucose by gelatin. In fact, the reactor performance remained at an optimal level (approximately 98%), while operated under an organic loading rate of 3.125 gCOD/l/d. PMID- 14766169 TI - AMPA receptor activation; not a square dance. AB - AMPA receptors are tetramers assembled as a dimer-of-dimers with a 2-fold rotational symmetry in their extracellular domains. Two papers in this issue of Neuron, by Horning and Mayer and Sobolevsky et al., provide complementary data that extend this view and highlight the role of dimers in channel gating. PMID- 14766170 TI - Vesicle priming and depriming: a SNAP decision. AB - Synapses have a limited pool of vesicles that are docked and primed for rapid release. In neuroendocrine cells, splice variants of the SNARE protein SNAP-25 and phosphorylation of SNAP-25 independently influence the size of the releasable vesicle pool, possibly by altering the rate of vesicle depriming. Pre- and posttranslational modifications of SNAP-25 may therefore affect synaptic strength. PMID- 14766171 TI - Design for a binary synapse. AB - The mammalian rod transfers a binary signal, the capture of 0 or 1 photon. In this issue of Neuron, Sampath and Rieke show in mouse that the rod's tonic exocytosis in darkness completely saturates a G protein cascade to close nearly all postsynaptic channels. A full-sized photon event supresses exocytosis sufficiently to allow approximately 30 postsynaptic channels to open simultaneously. Thus, the synapse behaves like a digital gate, whose hallmark is reliability and resistance to noise. PMID- 14766172 TI - Central pattern generators deciphered by molecular genetics. AB - Central pattern generators (CPGs) are localized neuronal networks that have the ability to produce rhythmic movements even in the absence of movement-related sensory feedback. They are found in all animals, including man, and serve as informative model systems for understanding how neuronal networks produce behavior. Traditionally, CPGs have been investigated with electrophysiological techniques. Here we review recent molecular and genetic approaches for dissecting the organization and development of CPGs. PMID- 14766173 TI - Cytosolic phospholipase A2 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis-like disease. AB - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that results in motor and sensory deficits. Although MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are thought to be T cell-mediated diseases, the mechanisms underlying the lesions in the CNS are not fully understood. We propose that a strong candidate as a central mediator in evoking the complex pathological changes seen in MS and EAE is the enzyme cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). One of the metabolic products of this enzyme is pro-inflammatory, while the other induces myelin breakdown, demyelination, and chemokine/cytokine expression. We provide evidence that cPLA2 is highly expressed in EAE lesions and show that blocking this enzyme leads to a remarkable reduction in the onset and progression of EAE. PMID- 14766174 TI - A postmitotic role for Isl-class LIM homeodomain proteins in the assignment of visceral spinal motor neuron identity. AB - LIM homeobox genes have a prominent role in the regulation of neuronal subtype identity and distinguish motor neuron subclasses in the embryonic spinal cord. We have investigated the role of Isl-class LIM homeodomain proteins in motor neuron diversification using mouse genetic methods. All spinal motor neuron subtypes initially express both Isl1 and Isl2, but Isl2 is rapidly downregulated by visceral motor neurons. Mouse embryos lacking Isl2 function exhibit defects in the migration and axonal projections of thoracic level motor neurons that appear to reflect a cell-autonomous switch from visceral to somatic motor neuron character. Additional genetic mutations that reduce or eliminate both Isl1 and Isl2 activity result in more pronounced defects in visceral motor neuron generation and erode somatic motor neuron character. Thus, an early phase of high Isl expression and activity in newly generated motor neurons permits the diversification of visceral and somatic motor neuron subtypes in the developing spinal cord. PMID- 14766176 TI - The outer pore of the glutamate receptor channel has 2-fold rotational symmetry. AB - The ligand binding domain of glutamate receptors (GluRs) has 2-fold rotational symmetry. The structure including the symmetry of the GluR ion channel remains undefined. Here we used substituted cysteines in the pore-lining M3 segment of the AMPAR GluR-A subunit and various cysteine-reactive agents to study the structure of the channel during gating. We find that cysteines substituted at A+6, located in the highly conserved SYTANLAAF motif, are grouped in pairs consistent with a 2-fold symmetry in the extracellular part of the pore. To account for this symmetry and crosslinking, we propose that the M3 segments in two neighboring GluR subunits are kinked within SYTANLAAF in opposite directions relative to the central axis of the pore. Our results extend the 2-fold rotational symmetry from the ligand binding domain to at minimum the extracellular part of the channel and suggest a model of gating movements in GluR pore-forming domains. PMID- 14766175 TI - Crosstalk between nitric oxide and zinc pathways to neuronal cell death involving mitochondrial dysfunction and p38-activated K+ channels. AB - Nitric oxide (NO) and zinc (Zn2+) are implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases. However, their relationship and the molecular mechanism of their neurotoxic effects remain unclear. Here we show that addition of exogenous NO or NMDA (to increase endogenous NO) leads to peroxynitrite (ONOO-) formation and consequent Zn2+ release from intracellular stores in cerebrocortical neurons. Free Zn2+ in turn induces respiratory block, mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), cytochrome c release, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and p38 MAP kinase activation. This pathway leads to caspase-independent K+ efflux with cell volume loss and apoptotic-like death. Moreover, Zn2+ chelators, ROS scavengers, Bcl-xL, dominant-interfering p38, or K+ channel blockers all attenuate NO-induced K+ efflux, cell volume loss, and neuronal apoptosis. Thus, these data establish a new form of crosstalk between NO and Zn2+ apoptotic signal transduction pathways that may contribute to neurodegeneration. PMID- 14766177 TI - Regulation of AMPA receptor gating by ligand binding core dimers. AB - Ionotropic glutamate receptors are tetramers, the isolated ligand binding cores of which assemble as dimers. Previous work on nondesensitizing AMPA receptor mutants, which combined crystallography, ultracentrifugation, and patch-clamp recording, showed that dimer formation by the ligand binding cores is required for activation of ion channel gating by agonists. To define the mechanisms responsible for stabilization of dimer assembly in native AMPA receptors, contacts between the adjacent ligand binding cores were individually targeted by amino acid substitutions, using the GluR2 crystal structure as a guide to design mutants. We show that disruption of a salt bridge, hydrogen bond network, and intermolecular van der Waals contacts between helices D and J in adjacent ligand binding cores greatly accelerates desensitization. Conservation of these contacts in AMPA and kainate receptors indicates that they are important determinants of dimer stability and that the dimer interface is a key structural element in the gating mechanism of these glutamate receptor families. PMID- 14766178 TI - Kv1.3 channel gene-targeted deletion produces "Super-Smeller Mice" with altered glomeruli, interacting scaffolding proteins, and biophysics. AB - Mice with gene-targeted deletion of the Kv1.3 channel were generated to study its role in olfactory function. Potassium currents in olfactory bulb mitral cells from Kv1.3 null mice have slow inactivation kinetics, a modified voltage dependence, and a dampened C-type inactivation and fail to be modulated by activators of receptor tyrosine signaling cascades. Kv1.3 deletion increases expression of scaffolding proteins that normally regulate the channel through protein-protein interactions. Kv1.3-/- mice have a 1,000- to 10,000-fold lower threshold for detection of odors and an increased ability to discriminate between odorants. In accordance with this heightened sense of smell, Kv1.3-/- mice have glomeruli or olfactory coding units that are smaller and more numerous than those of wild-type mice. These data suggest that Kv1.3 plays a far more reaching role in signal transduction, development, and olfactory coding than that of the classically defined role of a potassium channel-to shape excitability by influencing membrane potential. PMID- 14766179 TI - PKC signaling mediates global enhancement of excitatory synaptogenesis in neurons triggered by local contact with astrocytes. AB - Here we provide evidence that astrocytes affect neuronal synaptogenesis by the process of adhesion. Local contact with astrocytes via integrin receptors elicited protein kinase C (PKC) activation in individual dissociated neurons cultured in astrocyte-conditioned medium. This activation, initially focal, soon spread throughout the entire neuron. We then demonstrated pharmacologically that the arachidonic acid cascade, triggered by the integrin reception, is responsible for the global activation of PKC. Local astrocytic contact also facilitated excitatory synaptogenesis throughout the neuron, a process which could be blocked by inhibitors of both integrins and PKC. Thus, propagation of PKC signaling represents an underlying mechanism for global neuronal maturation following local astrocyte adhesion. PMID- 14766180 TI - Regulation of releasable vesicle pool sizes by protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation of SNAP-25. AB - Protein kinase A (PKA) is a key regulator of neurosecretion, but the molecular targets remain elusive. We combined pharmacological manipulations of kinase and phosphatase activities with mutational studies on the exocytotic machinery driving fusion of catecholamine-containing vesicles from chromaffin cells. We found that constitutive PKA activity was necessary to maintain a large number of vesicles in the release-ready, so-called primed, state, whereas calcineurin (protein phosphatase 2B) activity antagonized this effect. Overexpression of the SNARE protein SNAP-25a mutated in a PKA phosphorylation site (Thr-138) eliminated the effect of PKA inhibitors on the vesicle priming process. Another, unidentified, PKA target regulated the relative size of two different primed vesicle pools that are distinguished by their release kinetics. Overexpression of the SNAP-25b isoform increased the size of both primed vesicle pools by a factor of two, and mutations in the conserved Thr-138 site had similar effects as in the a isoform. PMID- 14766181 TI - Selective transmission of single photon responses by saturation at the rod-to-rod bipolar synapse. AB - A threshold-like nonlinearity in signal transfer from mouse rod photoreceptors to rod bipolar cells dramatically improves the absolute sensitivity of the rod signals. The work described here reaches three conclusions about the mechanisms generating this nonlinearity. (1) The nonlinearity is caused primarily by saturation of the feedforward rod-to-rod bipolar synapse and not by feedback from horizontal or amacrine cells. This saturation renders the rod bipolar current insensitive to small changes in transmitter release from the rod. (2) Saturation occurs within the G protein cascade that couples receptors to channels in the rod bipolar dendrites, with little or no contribution from presynaptic mechanisms or saturation of the postsynaptic receptors. (3) Between 0.5 and 2 bipolar transduction channels are open in darkness at each synapse, compared to the approximately 30 channels open at the peak of the single photon response. PMID- 14766182 TI - Spike train timing-dependent associative modification of hippocampal CA3 recurrent synapses by mossy fibers. AB - In the CA3 region of the hippocampus, extensive recurrent associational/commissural (A/C) connections made by pyramidal cells may function as a network for associative memory storage and recall. We here report that long term potentiation (LTP) at the A/C synapses can be induced by association of brief spike trains in mossy fibers (MFs) from the dentate gyrus and A/C fibers. This LTP not only required substantial overlap between spike trains in MFs and A/C fibers, but also depended on the temporal order of these spike trains in a manner not predicted by the well-known rule of spike timing-dependent plasticity and requiring activation of type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors. Importantly, spike trains in a putative single MF input provided effective postsynaptic activity for the induction of LTP at A/C synapses. Thus, the timing of spike trains in individual MFs may code information that is crucial for the associative modification of CA3 recurrent synapses. PMID- 14766183 TI - Absence of rapid sensory adaptation in neocortex during information processing states. AB - One prominent feature of sensory responses in neocortex is that they rapidly adapt to increases in frequency, a process called "sensory adaptation." Here we show that sensory adaptation mainly occurs during quiescent states such as anesthesia, slow-wave sleep, and awake immobility. In contrast, during behavior ally activated states, sensory responses are already adapted. For instance, during learning of a behavioral task, when an animal is very alert and expectant, sensory adaptation is mostly absent. After learning occurs, and the task becomes routine, the level of alertness lessens and sensory adaptation becomes robust. The primary sensory thalamocortical pathway of alert and expectant animals is in the adapted state, which may be required for adequate sensory information processing. PMID- 14766184 TI - The neural fate of consciously perceived and missed events in the attentional blink. AB - Cognitive models of attention propose that visual perception is a product of two stages of visual processing: early operations permit rapid initial categorization of the visual world, while later attention-demanding capacity-limited stages are necessary for the conscious report of the stimuli. Here we used the attentional blink paradigm and fMRI to neurally distinguish these two stages of vision. Subjects detected a face target and a scene target presented rapidly among distractors at fixation. Although the second, scene target frequently went undetected by the subjects, it nonetheless activated regions of the medial temporal cortex involved in high-level scene representations, the parahippocampal place area (PPA). This PPA activation was amplified when the stimulus was consciously perceived. By contrast, the frontal cortex was activated only when scenes were successfully reported. These results suggest that medial temporal cortex permits rapid categorization of the visual input, while the frontal cortex is part of a capacity-limited attentional bottleneck to conscious report. PMID- 14766185 TI - Selection, integration, and conflict monitoring; assessing the nature and generality of prefrontal cognitive control mechanisms. AB - Prefrontal cortex (PFC) supports flexible behavior by mediating cognitive control, though the elemental forms of control supported by PFC remain a central debate. Dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) is thought to guide response selection under conditions of response conflict or, alternatively, may refresh recently active representations within working memory. Lateral frontopolar cortex (FPC) may also adjudicate response conflict, though others propose that FPC supports higher order control processes such as subgoaling and integration. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is hypothesized to upregulate response selection by detecting response conflict; it remains unclear whether ACC functions generalize beyond monitoring response conflict. The present fMRI experiment directly tested these competing theories regarding the functional roles of DLPFC, FPC, and ACC. Results reveal dissociable control processes in PFC, with mid-DLPFC selectively mediating resolution of response conflict and FPC further mediating subgoaling/integration. ACC demonstrated a broad sensitivity to control demands, suggesting a generalized role in modulating cognitive control. PMID- 14766186 TI - Extinction times and moment closure in the stochastic logistic process. AB - We investigate the statistics of extinction times for an isolated population, with an initially modest number M of individuals, whose dynamics are controlled by a stochastic logistic process (SLP). The coefficient of variation in the extinction time V is found to have a maximum value when the death and birth rates are close in value. For large habitat size K we find that Vmax is of order K1/4 / M1/2, which is much larger than unity so long as M is small compared to K1/2. We also present a study of the SLP using the moment closure approximation (MCA), and discuss the successes and failures of this method. Regarding the former, the MCA yields a steady-state distribution for the population when the death rate is low. Although not correct for the SLP model, the first three moments of this distribution coincide with those calculated exactly for an adjusted SLP in which extinction is forbidden. These exact calculations also pinpoint the breakdown of the MCA as the death rate is increased. PMID- 14766187 TI - Inclusive fitness for traits affecting metapopulation demography. AB - Defining computable analytical measures of the effects of selection in populations with demographic and environmental stochasticity is a long-standing problem. We derive an analytical measure which takes in account all consequences of the discrete nature of deme size. Expressions of this measure are detailed for infinite island models of population structure. As an illustration we consider the evolution of dispersal in populations made of small demes with environmental and demographic stochasticity. We confirm some results obtained from the analysis of models based on deterministic approximations. In particular, when there is an Allee effect, we show that evolution of the dispersal rate may lead the metapopulation to extinction. Thus, selection on the dispersal rate could restrict the distribution of species subject to Allee effects. This selection driven extinction is prevented by kin selection when the environmental extinction rate is small. PMID- 14766188 TI - Modeling direct positive feedback between predators and prey. AB - Predators can have positive impacts on their prey through such mechanisms as nutrient mineralization and prey transport. These positive feedbacks have the potential to change predictions based on food web theory, such as the assertion that enrichment is destabilizing. We present a model of a simple food web, consisting of a resource, a consumer, and its predator. We assume that the predator has a direct positive effect on the consumer, by increasing the rate at which the consumer acquires resources. We consider two cases: the feedback strength is a saturating function of predator density, or it is proportional to the encounter rate between predators and prey. In both cases, the positive feedback is stabilizing, delaying or preventing the onset of oscillations due to enrichment. Positive feedback can introduce an Allee effect for the predator population, yielding multiple stable equilibria. Strong positive feedback can yield counterintuitive results such as a transient increase in consumer density following the introduction of predators, and a decrease in the resource pool following enrichment. PMID- 14766189 TI - Habitat destruction in mutualistic metacommunities. AB - We investigate a mutualistic metacommunity where the strength of the mutualistic interaction between species is measured by the extent to which the presence of one species on a patch either reduces the extinction rate of the others present on the same patch or increases their ability to colonize other patches. In both cases, a strong enough mutualism enables all species to persist at habitat densities where they would all be extinct in the absence of the interaction. However, a mutualistic interaction that enhances colonization enables the species to persist at lower habitat density than one that suppresses extinction. All species abruptly go extinct (catastrophe) when the habitat density is decreased infinitesimally below a critical value. A comparison of the mean field or spatially implicit case with unrestricted dispersal and colonization to all patches in the system with a spatially explicit case where dispersal is restricted to the immediate neighbours of the original patch leads to the intriguing conclusion that restricted dispersal can be favourable for species that have a beneficial effect on each other when habitat conditions are adverse. When the mutualistic interaction is strong enough, the extinction threshold or critical amount of habitat required for the persistence of all species is lower when the dispersal is locally restricted than when unrestricted ! The persistence advantage for all species created by the mutualistic interaction increases substantially with the number of species in the metacommunity, as does the advantage for restricted dispersal over global dispersal. PMID- 14766190 TI - Adaptive walks on changing landscapes: Levins' approach extended. AB - The assumption that trade-offs exist is fundamental in evolutionary theory. Levins (Am. Nat. 96 (1962) 361-372) introduced a widely adopted graphical method for analyzing evolution towards an optimal combination of two quantitative traits, which are traded off. His approach explicitly excluded the possibility of density- and frequency-dependent selection. Here we extend Levins method towards models, which include these selection regimes and where therefore fitness landscapes change with population state. We employ the same kind of curves Levins used: trade-off curves and fitness contours. However, fitness contours are not fixed but a function of the resident traits and we only consider those that divide the trait space into potentially successful mutants and mutants which are not able to invade ('invasion boundaries'). The developed approach allows to make a priori predictions about evolutionary endpoints and about their bifurcations. This is illustrated by applying the approach to several examples from the recent literature. PMID- 14766191 TI - Influenza drift and epidemic size: the race between generating and escaping immunity. AB - Influenza in humans is characterised by strongly annual dynamics and antigenic evolution leading to partial escape from prior host immunity. The variability of new epidemic strains depends on the amount of virus currently circulating. In this paper, the amount of antigenic variation produced each year is dependent on the epidemic size. Our model reduces to a one-dimensional map and a full mathematical analysis is presented. This simple system suggests some basic principles which may be more generally applicable. In particular, for diseases with antigenic drift, vaccination may be doubly beneficial. Not only does it protect the population through classical herd immunity, but the overall case reduction reduces the chance of new variants being produced; hence, subsequent epidemics may be milder as a result of this positive feedback. Also, a disease with a high innate rate of antigenic variation will always be able to invade a susceptible population, whereas a disease with less potential for variation may require several introduction events to become endemic. PMID- 14766192 TI - Prolonged diapause and the stability of host-parasitoid interactions. AB - We investigated the effect on host-parasitoid dynamics of prolonged diapause, a feature of the life history of many animals living in unpredictable environments, by modifying the classical May (J. Anim. Ecol. 47 (1978) 833) host-parasitoid model. We considered three patterns of development of host and parasitoid: (a) prolonged parasitoid diapause controlled by host physiology, (b) parasitoid interference in host development, preventing parasitized hosts from prolonging diapause, and (c) host diapause independent of parasitoid attack. We found that single-year prolonged diapause shifted the boundaries of the May model towards a slight increase in stability. Longer periods of diapause prolongation had a stronger influence, but this influence remained modest if we considered realistic parameter values. In contrast to other recent studies, our results suggest that prolonged diapause does not necessarily compensate for the destabilizing effects of time lags on the influence of parasitoids on population dynamics. PMID- 14766193 TI - Lateral amygdaloid nucleus expansion in adult rats is associated with exposure to prenatal stress. AB - Anxiety disorders in humans have been associated with chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and changes in the volume of the amygdala. Interest in the etiology of anxiety disorders has led us and others to investigate the effects of prenatal stress on the brain development of adult male rat offspring. Prenatally stressed rats represent a promising animal model for anxiety disorders in that they have already been characterized as having both upregulated corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) brain biochemistry and altered, more fearful, behaviors. Consistent with this, there is now evidence that prenatal stress also has an impact on the development of CRFergic neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. At this time, little information about the impact of prenatal stress on amygdala anatomy has been presented. Here we asked whether prenatal stress also has an impact on the development of the amygdala, because this structure plays a direct role in the emotions of anxiety and fear. Stereological measures of well-defined subregions of amydgdaloid nuclei revealed significantly expanded dimensions of the lateral nucleus in prenatally stressed offspring, due, in part, to more neurons and glia. These data may have direct import for the effect of adverse early life experiences and the etiology of anxiety disorders in humans. They also imply that early experiences may not be "grown out of" with development; in fact, the opposite might be true-adverse early life experiences may set developmental events into motion in the brain that last a lifetime. PMID- 14766194 TI - Transient expression of GABAA receptor alpha2 and alpha3 subunits in differentiating cerebellar neurons. AB - In the adult mammalian brain, synaptic transmission mediated by gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) plays a role in inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission. During brain development, GABA is involved in brain morphogenesis. To clarify how GABA exerts its effect on immature neurons, we examined the expression of the GABAA receptor alpha2 and alpha3 subunits, which are abundantly expressed before alpha1 and alpha6 subunits appear, in the developing mouse cerebellum using in situ hybridization. Proliferating neuronal precursors in the ventricular zone and external granular layer expressed neither alpha2 nor alpha3 subunits. Hybridization signals for the alpha2 and alpha3 subunit mRNAs first appeared in the differentiating zone at embryonic day 13 (E13). The alpha2 subunit was detected in the migrating and differentiating granule cells and cerebellar nucleus neurons until postnatal day 14 (P14). Hybridization signals for the alpha3 subunit mRNA, on the other hand, were localized in the developing Purkinje cells and cerebellar nucleus neurons, and disappeared from Purkinje cells by the end of first postnatal week. Taken together, this indicated that the alpha2 and alpha3 subunits were abundantly expressed in distinct types of cerebellar neurons after completing cell proliferation while forming the neural network. These results suggest that GABA might extrasynaptically activate the GABAA receptors containing alpha2 and/or alpha3 subunits on the differentiating neurons before finishing the formation of synapses and networks, and could be involved in neuronal differentiation and maturation in the cerebellum. PMID- 14766195 TI - Analysis of cCx39 expression pattern during chick development. AB - The present study reports the expression pattern of connexin39 (cCx39) in chick embryos at different stages of central nervous system development. We examined the expression between HH17 and HH40 developmental stages of chicken embryos by in situ hybridization (ISH) technique. Connexin39 was first expressed at HH17. It stained neuroepithelial cells in the optic (OV) and telencephalic (TEL) vesicles, plus in the superficial mesenchyme of the two rostral branchial arches (maxilar and mandibular). These cells probably originated from the neural crest. This expression pattern changed drastically between stages HH17 and HH23, while it showed relatively little modifications from HH23 to HH29. At these times, connexin39 was expressed in three regions: the telencephalic vesicle, the diencephalon and the isthmus. At later stages, HH35 and HH40, connexin39 was mainly expressed in the ventricular epithelium and three cell layers of the stratum griseum and fibrosum superficialis (SGFS) in the optic tectum, as well as in granular and nuclear cells in the cerebellum. In conclusion, the expression pattern of connexin39 in embryonic nervous system is dynamic. This pattern is different from, and in some aspects complementary to, those showed by other connexins during brain development. PMID- 14766196 TI - Developmental expression of mu and delta opioid receptors in the rat brainstem: evidence for a postnatal switch in mu isoform expression. AB - Opioid receptors are expressed in the brain during fetal and postnatal development, and the expression patterns vary with developmental age. To investigate the role of opioids in brain development, immunoblotting and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine mu (MOR) and delta (DOR) opioid receptor expression levels and regional distributions in fetal, early postnatal and adult rat brainstem. Two immunoreactive bands were seen on Western blots of brainstem lysates for both MOR (50 and 70 kDa) and DOR (30 and 60 kDa). The expression levels of the isoforms changed dramatically between 6 and 15 days after birth. Total MOR protein was expressed at low levels in fetal and early postnatal animals with the 50-kDa band predominating. MOR expression then increased in the older animals and the 70-kDa isoform became dominant. Total DOR protein showed the opposite pattern, being high in the fetal and neonatal brainstem and low in the juvenile and adult. A postnatal switch in isoform expression for DOR was not evident in our study. In general, regional brainstem distributions in developing and adult animals were comparable to those reported in the literature, and both receptors were localized in the same areas where opioid receptor expression was high. It was concluded that MOR and DOR are developmentally regulated in the brainstem of the rat, that the isoform ratio switches postnatally from a fetal-neonatal pattern to a juvenile-adult pattern and that both receptors are generally expressed in the same brainstem regions from E16 to adult. PMID- 14766197 TI - Morphologic effects of subtoxic neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure in developing rat brain: regionally selective alterations in neurons and glia. AB - The widely used organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), elicits neurobehavioral teratogenesis with exposure windows ranging from the embryonic neural tube stage through postnatal development. To explore the morphologic changes occurring in late-stage exposure, newborn rats were given 5 mg/kg of CPF s.c. daily on postnatal days (PN) 11-14, a regimen that is devoid of systemic toxicity, but that elicits long-term cognitive impairment. On PN15 and 20, we examined the septal nucleus, striatum and somatosensory cortex. Across all three regions, CPF elicited a significant decrease in the number of glial cells. Superimposed on this basic pattern, there were region-specific alterations in the number and type of neurons, and neuronal perikaryal dimensions. In the septal nucleus, the CPF group exhibited an increase in the number of neurons on PN20, representing a delay in the normal maturational decline; there was a parallel decrease in the glial/neuronal ratio. In the striatum, the number of neurons per unit area was reduced in the CPF group, accompanied by perikaryal hypertrophy, as evidenced by an increase in the average neuronal cell diameter. In the somatosensory cortex, the distribution of cell sizes indicated a decrease in the proportion of small, nonpyramidal cells. Thus, there are subtle morphological changes in the juvenile rat brain after neonatal CPF exposure that are detectable with quantitative analysis and that correlate with later emergence of behavioral alterations. Furthermore, the current findings support the hypothesis that CPF interferes with gliogenesis, a relatively late event in brain development; accordingly, the vulnerable period for adverse effects of CPF is likely to extend into childhood or adolescence. PMID- 14766198 TI - Three-dimensional electron microscopic studies of the transitional oligodendrocyte associated with the initial stage of myelination in developing rat hippocampal fimbria. AB - We identified the transitional oligodendrocyte and their processes of rat hippocampal fimbria associated with the initial stage of myelination in both the morphological and functional classifications by means of three-dimensional ultrastructural analysis. Transitional oligodendrocytes appeared around P7, and their cell bodies were morphologically an intermediate form between the light and medium oligodendrocytes described by Mori and Leblond [J. Comp. Neurol. 139 (1970) 1]. Three phenotypes of the transitional oligodendrocytic processes were recognized. Spiral wrapping processes were ensheathing processes, club-like processes were nonensheathing processes, and sheet-like processes were possibly the transmuting form between the nonensheathing and ensheathing processes. Club like processes were the major part of the nonensheathing processes, and most likely function as sensors to perceive axon maturation and find target axons. Multivesicular bodies that appeared to be associated with the initial ensheathment were observed in the transitional oligodendrocytic processes, suggesting that their roles are crucial in myelinogenesis. PMID- 14766199 TI - Abundant expression of mu and delta opioid receptor mRNA and protein in the cerebellum of the fetal, neonatal, and adult rat. AB - Opioid receptor proteins and mRNAs have been localized to a variety of regions within the rat brain. It is generally accepted that within the lobes of the rat cerebellum, only delta opioid receptor (DOR) is expressed. This is in contrast to that observed in humans and rabbits which express both mu opioid receptor (MOR) and DOR. In this study, we report detection of MOR as well as DOR protein by immunohistochemical localization, and mRNA by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) within Purkinje cells (PK) and the granular layer of neonatal (P6) and adult rat cerebellum. Expression of MOR mRNA was also detected within cells of the molecular layer, but at lower levels than those seen within the PK cells. Abundant expression of MOR and DOR mRNA was detected in the external germinal layer of the immature cerebellum of the fetal (E16) rat, supporting a role for MOR and DOR in regulating neurogenesis of the cerebellum. In addition, using exon specific cRNA probes, exons 1 and 4, which are both found in the MOR-1 splice variant mRNA, were detected in PK cells in the cerebellum and also within deep cerebellar nuclei in the adult. PMID- 14766200 TI - Expression of DDAH1 in chick and rat embryos. AB - Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) is an enzyme that metabolizes methylated arginine to citrulline and methylamine, thus working to produce nitric oxide (NO). We isolated a gene encoding chick DDAH1. In situ hybridization analysis revealed characteristic DDAH1 mRNA expression in the embryonic spinal cord, which was especially strong in the ventral horn and dorsal root ganglion (DRG). DDAH1 was also detected in the brain, kidney, digestive tract, and in other tissues. We examined the expression pattern of DDAH1 in developing rats and compared this with the expression pattern in chicks. The expression pattern in the rats was very similar to that in the chicks, but there were some differences between the chicks and rats in the amount of DDAH1 detected in the heart, liver, lung, and DRG. We also investigated neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA expression patterns in rat embryos. The DDAH1 expression patterns were completely different from nNOS expression patterns. Our study suggests that DDAH1 plays an important role in development. PMID- 14766201 TI - The monotopic membrane protein human oxidosqualene cyclase is active as monomer. AB - The monotopic integral membrane protein 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) catalyzes the formation of lanosterol the first sterol precursor of cholesterol in mammals. Therefore, it is an important target for the development of new hypocholesterolemic drugs. Here, we report the overexpression and purification of functional human OSC (hOSC) in Pichia pastoris. The obtained IC(50) for the reference inhibitor Ro 48-8071 is nearly identical for the recombinant hOSC compared to OSC from human liver microsomes. The correlation of analytical ultracentrifugation data and activity measurements showed the highest enzymatic activity for the monomeric hOSC indicating that this would be the natural form. Furthermore, these data helped us to identify the detergent for a successful crystallization of the protein. The availability of this active recombinant human membrane protein is a very important step on the way to a more detailed functional and structural characterization of OSCs. PMID- 14766202 TI - Adipocyte differentiation of multipotent cells established from human adipose tissue. AB - In this study multipotent adipose-derived stem cells isolated from human adipose tissue (hMADS cells) were shown to differentiate into adipose cells in serum free, chemically defined medium. During the differentiation process, hMADS cells exhibited a gene expression pattern similar to that described for rodent clonal preadipocytes and human primary preadipocytes. Differentiated cells displayed the key features of human adipocytes, i.e., expression of specific molecular markers, lipolytic response to agonists of beta-adrenoreceptors (beta2-AR agonist > beta1 AR agonist >> beta3-AR agonist) and to the atrial natriuretic peptide, insulin stimulated glucose transport, and secretion of leptin and adiponectin. hMADS cells were able to respond to drugs as inhibition of adipocyte differentiation was observed in the presence of prostaglandin F2alpha, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a natural polyhydroxyphenolic antioxidant. Thus, for the first time, human adipose cells with normal karyotype and indefinite life span have been established. They represent a novel and valuable tool for studies of fat tissue development and metabolism. PMID- 14766203 TI - Adiponectin suppresses proliferation and superoxide generation and enhances eNOS activity in endothelial cells treated with oxidized LDL. AB - Adiponectin (also known as 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein or Acrp30) is an abundant adipocyte-derived plasma protein with anti-atherosclerotic and insulin-sensitizing properties. In order to investigate the potential mechanism(s) of the vascular protective effect of adiponectin, we used cultured bovine endothelial cells (BAECs) to study the effect of recombinant globular adiponectin (gAd) on cellular proliferation and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by oxidized LDL (oxLDL). By RT-PCR, we found that BAECs preferentially express AdipoR1, the high-affinity receptor for gAd. Treatment of BAECs with oxLDL (10 microg/ml) for 16h stimulated cell proliferation by approximately 60%, which was inhibited by co-incubation with gAd. Cell treatment with gAd also inhibited basal and oxLDL-induced superoxide release, and suppressed the activation of p42/p44 MAP kinase by oxLDL. The effects of gAd were blocked by a specific polyclonal anti-adiponectin antibody (TJ414). OxLDL-induced BAEC proliferation and superoxide release were inhibited by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), but not the eNOS inhibitor l-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME). Finally, gAd ameliorated the suppression of eNOS activity by oxLDL. These data indicate that gAd inhibits oxLDL-induced cell proliferation and suppresses cellular superoxide generation, possibly through an NAD(P)H oxidase-linked mechanism. PMID- 14766204 TI - Human Crossveinless-2 is a novel inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins. AB - Drosophila Crossveinless-2 (dCV-2) is required for local activation of Mad phosphorylation in the fruit fly wing and has been postulated to be a positive regulator of BMP-mediated signaling. In contrast, the presence of 5 Chordin-like cysteine-rich domains in the CV-2 protein suggests that CV-2 belongs to a family of well-established inhibitors of BMP function that includes Chordin and Sog [Development 127 (2000) 3947]. We have identified a human homolog of Drosophila CV-2 (hCV-2). Here we show that purified recombinant hCV-2 protein inhibits BMP-2 and BMP-4 dependent osteogenic differentiation of W-20-17 cells, as well as BMP dependent chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Interestingly, hCV-2 messenger RNA is expressed at high levels in human primary chondrocytes, whereas expression in primary human osteoblasts is low. These results suggest that hCV-2 may regulate BMP responsiveness of osteoblasts and chondrocytes in vivo. Taken together we have shown that contrary to the function predicted from the fruit fly, Crossveinless-2 is a novel inhibitor of BMP function. PMID- 14766205 TI - Functionalisation of allergen-loaded microspheres with wheat germ agglutinin for targeting enterocytes. AB - In this study, we constructed particles applicable for oral immunotherapy of type I allergy by protecting allergens from digestion and supporting intestinal antigen uptake. Therefore, birch-pollen allergens were entrapped in poly(d,l lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres by spray-drying rendering microspheres with a main population of 1-3microm. Microspheres were further coated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) to target enterocytes. Coating with WGA did not alter the surface characteristics of the microspheres as demonstrated in scanning electron microscopy. Binding of WGA was specific and could be inhibited by chitotriose to 14.7+/-6.9%. Comparable amounts of allergen were released from both particle types with 46.3+/-1.7% and 44.5+/-2.6% during 21 days. Simulating gastric digestion in vitro, antigenicity of allergens entrapped in WGA-microspheres was preserved to 59.8+/-1.5% even after 2h. Feedings of BALB/c mice with WGA microspheres induced higher levels of allergen-specific IgG-levels than gavages of uncoated microparticles or naked protein. Thus, we conclude that WGA microspheres are suitable vehicles for oral delivery and mucosal targeting due to lectin-mediated bioadhesion. PMID- 14766206 TI - Divergent effects of alpha1-antitrypsin on neutrophil activation, in vitro. AB - alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT) is a major circulating serine proteinase inhibitor in humans. The anti-proteinase activity of AAT is inhibited by chemical modification. These include inter- or intramolecular polymerisation, oxidation, complex formation with target proteinases (e.g., neutrophil elastase), and/or cleavage by multi-specific proteinases. In vivo, several modified forms of AAT have been identified which stimulate biological activity in vitro unrelated to inhibition of serine proteinases. In this study we have examined the effects of native and polymerised AAT and C-36 peptide, a proteolytic cleavage product of AAT, on human neutrophil activation, in vitro. We show that the C-36 peptide displays striking concentration-dependent pro-inflammatory effects on human neutrophils, including induction of neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, degranulation, and superoxide generation. In contrast to C-36 peptide, native and polymerised AAT at similar and higher concentrations showed no effects on neutrophil activation. These results suggest that cleavage of AAT may not only abolish its proteinase inhibitor activity, but can also generate a powerful pro inflammatory activator for human neutrophils. PMID- 14766207 TI - A heat shock protein70 fusion protein with alpha1-antitrypsin in plasma of type 1 diabetic subjects. AB - The recent observation that heat shock proteins (HSPs), mostly glucose regulated protein94 (Grp94) and HSP70, are present in plasma of Type 1 diabetic subjects as complexes with immunoglobulins, prompted us to investigate the nature and extent of this association, whether it represents HSP-induced activation of the immune system. Two complementary affinity chromatography procedures followed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analyses of HSP-enriched, plasma-purified peaks, revealed that HSPs were inextricably linked with IgG in SDS-resistant complexes from which proteins dissociate partially under reducing treatment. HSP70 was found also closely linked with alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT) in a single protein having the mass of alpha1AT but elution characteristics different from those of normal alpha1AT. Immunoprecipitation with anti-HSP70 antibodies led to co-immunoprecipitation of the alpha1AT species linked to HSP70, thus confirming fusion of the proteins. The additional finding of circulating antibodies against the HSP70-alpha1AT protein supported its immunogenic properties with implications for diabetes and its complications. PMID- 14766208 TI - Biological rhythmicity in expressed proteins of the marine dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum demonstrated by chronological proteomics. AB - The dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum shows circadian expression of proteins. Analysis of the expression profile of ca. 900 proteins (pI range 5-8; MW 22,000-120,000) by chronological proteomics in 12:12h light-dark ('day-night') cycles revealed 28 with quantitative circadian changes. The patterns were classified into three types: Phase 1 ('evening'), Phase 2 ('night'), and Phase 3 ('midnight'). Peptide mass fingerprinting identified luciferin-binding protein in Phase 2 and two components of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Phases 1 and 2. Thus, rhythmicity appears to be related to physiological states and to control the metabolic pathway in L. polyedrum. PMID- 14766209 TI - C/EBP is an essential component of PDGFRA transcription in MG-63 cells. AB - Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is a potent inhibitor of platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor (PDGFRalpha) expression in MG-63 cells. Its effect is mediated at the transcriptional level, but the transcription factors involved in this process are unknown. In the current study, we found that IL-1beta could inhibit the PDGFRalpha gene promoter activity, and this effect was strongly correlated with increased binding of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) to the responsive promoter region. In addition, forced expression of C/EBPbeta could mimic the IL-1beta effect on the promoter activity, but subsequent mutation analysis of the C/EBP binding sites indicated that direct C/EBP binding to the promoter is not required for the IL-1beta response. However, our data clearly demonstrated that the C/EBP binding site at position-162 relative to the transcriptional start site is essential for high basal level PDGFRalpha promoter activity. PMID- 14766210 TI - MAEBL Plasmodium falciparum protein peptides bind specifically to erythrocytes and inhibit in vitro merozoite invasion. AB - MAEBL is an erythrocyte binding protein located in the rhoptries and on the surface of mature merozoites, being expressed at the beginning of schizogony. The structure of MAEBL originally isolated from rodent malaria parasites suggested a molecule likely to be involved in invasion. We thus became interested in identifying possible MAEBL functional regions. Synthetic peptides spanning the MAEBL sequence were tested in erythrocyte binding assays to identify such possible MAEBL functional regions. Nine high activity binding peptides (HABPs) were identified: two were found in the M1 domain, one was found between the M1 and M2 regions, five in the erythrocyte binding domain (M2), and one in the protein's repeat region. The results showed that peptide binding was saturable; some HABPs inhibited in vitro merozoite invasion and specifically bound to a 33kDa protein on red blood cell membrane. HABPs' possible function in merozoite invasion of erythrocytes is also discussed. PMID- 14766211 TI - Regulation of large-scale chromatin unfolding by Smad4. AB - The tumor suppressor Smad4 plays a critical role in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta signaling pathway. Smad4 is an essential component of transcriptional complexes mediating the activation of Smad-dependent target genes. However, how Smad4 regulates various chromosomal events remains unknown. Here, we report that Smad4 induces large-scale chromatin unfolding by targeting Smad4 to an amplified, lac operator-containing chromosome region in mammalian cells. This unfolding activity maps to the subdomains within the transactivation domain of Smad4. Both the N-terminal missense and the C-terminal truncated tumor derived mutations increased the chromatin unfolding activity of Smad4. These data identify a novel function of Smad4 and suggest that regulation of large-scale chromatin unfolding by Smad4 may be responsible for cancer development. PMID- 14766212 TI - Characterization of a lympho-inhibitory peptide produced by Mycoplasma bovis. AB - Mycoplasma bovis is able to inhibit the mitogen-induced proliferation of bovine lymphocytes. Herein is described the isolation of an immuno-inhibitory peptide from M. bovis. Using size exclusion chromatography, three lympho-suppressive fractions were isolated from M. bovis free supernatant. MALDI-TOF analysis revealed a common peak throughout the suppressive fractions. The purest of these fractions was subjected to N-terminal sequencing, revealing an 84% homologous match with the C-terminus of the M. bovis surface protein VspL (variable surface protein-L). A recombinant of the 26 amino acid peptide was also able to suppress Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced proliferation of bovine lymphocytes. This describes a unique immunosuppressive peptide produced by the bovine respiratory pathogen, M. bovis. PMID- 14766213 TI - Colloidal effect of albumin on the placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotrophin releases from human term placental explants. AB - Albumin has been reported to stimulate the release of placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotrophin from human term placental explants within physiological concentrations. This study aimed at characterizing further its effect on the placental hormonal secretion. The placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotrophin secretory response of incubated explants to 5% albumin was reproduced by colloidal agents, i.e., dextran (4.5%) and polygelin (4%), indicating that a rise in colloidal osmotic pressure can elicit hormonal release from the syncytiotrophoblast. Their secretory effects were not modified by the absence of extracellular calcium or the presence of verapamil in the medium. The three agents also provoked a marked increase in (45)calcium outflow from preloaded and perifused explants that persisted in absence of extracellular calcium. These data indicate that the triggering effect of albumin on placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotrophin release can be partly reproduced by colloidal agents and is independent of extracellular calcium. PMID- 14766214 TI - Interaction between endogenous nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the pathogenesis of recurrent febrile seizures. AB - The aim of the study was to investigate the interaction between nitric oxygenase (NOS)/nitric oxide (NO) and heme oxygenase (HO)/carbon monoxide (CO) system in the pathogenesis of recurrent febrile seizures (FS). On a rat model of recurrent FS, the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons was observed under electron microscopy, and expression of neuronal NOS (nNOS) in hippocampus and NO formation in plasma were examined after treatment with ZnPP-IX, an HO-1 inhibitor. In the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons, the expression of HO-1 in hippocampus and CO formation in plasma were examined after treatment with L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor. We found that hippocampal neurons were injured after recurrent FS. The gene and protein expression of nNOS and HO-1 increased markedly in hippocampus in FS rats, while CO formation in plasma increased markedly and the concentration of NO in plasma increased slightly. ZnPP-IX could worsen the neuronal damage of recurrent FS rats. However, it further increased the expression of nNOS and endogenous production of NO obviously. L-NAME alleviated the neuronal damage of recurrent FS rats, but decreased the expression of HO-1 and CO formation. The results of this study suggested that endogenous NOS/NO and HO/CO systems might interact with each other and therefore play an important regulating role in recurrent FS brain damage. PMID- 14766215 TI - Roles of a conserved family of adaptor proteins, Lnk, SH2-B, and APS, for mast cell development, growth, and functions: APS-deficiency causes augmented degranulation and reduced actin assembly. AB - Lnk, SH2-B, and APS form a conserved adaptor protein family. All of those proteins are expressed in mast cells and their possible functions in signaling through c-Kit or FcRI have been speculated. To investigate roles of Lnk, SH2-B or APS in mast cells, we established IL-3-dependent mast cells from Ink-/-, SH2-B-/ , and APS -/- mice. IL-3-dependent growth of those cells was comparable. Proliferation or adhesion mediated by c-Kit as well as degranulation induced by cross-linking FcRI were normal in the absence of Lnk or SH2-B. In contrast, APS deficient mast cells showed augmented degranulation after cross-linking FcRI compared to wild-type cells, while c-Kit-mediated proliferation and adhesion were kept unaffected. APS-deficient mast cells showed reduced actin assembly at steady state, although their various intracellular responses induced by cross-linking FcRI were indistinguishable compared to wild-type cells. Our results suggest potential roles of APS in controlling actin cytoskeleton and magnitude of degranulation in mast cells. PMID- 14766216 TI - Impaired angiogenesis in SHR is associated with decreased KDR and MT1-MMP expression. AB - This study examined whether retarded angiogenesis in a hypertension animal model was associated with impaired VEGF signaling. Furthermore, we sought to determine whether this impairment could be overcome by VEGF addition. Using a rat sponge implantation model, we confirmed impaired angiogenesis in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs). Fourteen days after sponge implantation, the level of angiogenesis in SHRs was approximately half of those in age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto or Sprague-Dawley rats. Significantly, expression of kinase-insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) and membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) was reduced in SHRs compared to controls. Immunohistological analysis indicated endothelial proliferation was decreased in SHRs. Gene transfer of human VEGF(121) increased KDR and MT1-MMP expression in SHRs. VEGF(121) also up regulated endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis. Our results indicate down regulated KDR and MT1-MMP expression is associated with an impaired angiogenesis in SHRs. VEGF gene transfer is effective in ameliorating the impaired angiogenesis in SHRs. PMID- 14766217 TI - Heat shock factor regulates VDUP1 gene expression. AB - The vitamin D3 up-regulated protein 1 (VDUP1) is identified as interacting protein with thioredoxin (TRX) and functions as a natural antagonist of TRX. Its expression is regulated by various stresses including ROS, UV, and heat shock. In the present study, we observed an inducible expression of VDUP1 in Bosc cells by high density and serum deprivation cultures. To determine transcription factors associated with the induction of VDUP1 by stresses, the promoter region of VDUP1 was cloned. Through reporter assays with plasmids having various deletion of its promoter region and analysis of putative cis-elements, heat shock factor element (HSE) was identified. The deletion of HSE abolished transcriptional activity of VDUP1 promoter by stresses and the binding of heat shock factor (HSF) to HSE was confirmed by gel-shift and supershift assays using nuclear extracts prepared from stressed Bosc cells. Also, the enforced expression of HSF or heat shock increased the transcription of endogenous VDUP1. These imply that HSF is an important transcription factor involved in up-regulation of VDUP1 expression by stresses such as high density and serum deprivation cultures. PMID- 14766218 TI - Transcription reinitiation properties of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. AB - We have analyzed the kinetics of transcription initiation and reinitiation in vitro by one of the simplest and best characterized transcription machineries, bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP). We used a short transcription unit with T7-specific promoter and terminator elements as a template, and a heparin challenge assay to distinguish the first transcription cycle from the subsequent ones. When present at sub-saturating concentrations with respect to template DNA, T7 RNAP could find its promoter and initiate the first transcription cycle in less than 1min. Reinitiation under the same conditions proceeded more slowly, with only three new transcription cycles being completed in 10min; after that time, reinitiation practically ceased. When the polymerase was in large excess over template DNA, however, reinitiation proceeded linearly for longer times, at a rate of 1cycle/min. Our data suggest that polymerase recycling represents a critical step in T7 RNAP transcription, and that such a step may become rate limiting for transcription at sub-saturating polymerase concentrations. PMID- 14766219 TI - An extended inhibitory context causes skipping of exon 7 of SMN2 in spinal muscular atrophy. AB - SMN1 and SMN2 represent the two nearly identical copies of the survival of motor neuron gene in humans. The most frequent cause of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is loss of SMN1 accompanied by the inability of SMN2 to compensate due to an inhibitory mutation at position 6 in exon 7 (C6U) that causes exon 7 exclusion. How this single exonic nucleotide regulates exon 7 recognition has been of major interest. Based on score matrices and in vitro assays, abrogation of an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) associated with SF2/ASF has been considered as the cause of exon 7 exclusion. However, a recent report supports the creation of an exonic splicing silencer (ESS) associated with hnRNP A1 as the determining factor for exon 7 exclusion. Here we show that C6U strengthens an inhibitory context that covers a larger sequence than the hnRNP A1 binding site. The inhibitory context can also be strengthened by the addition of a G residue at the first position of exon 7 in SMN1, promoting exon 7 skipping despite the presence of SF2/ASF binding site. Through in vivo selection and a series of mutations we demonstrate that the strengthening of the extended inhibitory context at the 5' end of exon 7 is exercised through overlapping sequence motifs that collaborate to regulate exon usage. PMID- 14766220 TI - Ras/MEK pathway is required for NGF-induced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase gene. AB - Neurotrophins are essential for the development and survival of catecholaminergic neurons. However, the critical pathway for expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene induced by neurotrophin is still unclear. Here we found that Ras/MEK pathway is required for NGF-induced expression of the TH gene in PC12D cells. Induction of TH mRNA by NGF was abolished by pretreatment of the cells with U0126, an inhibitor for MEK1/2, but not with inhibitors for p38 MAPK, PI3K, and PKA. U0126 inhibited TH promoter activity at the same concentration as it acted on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. A dominant-negative form of Ras suppressed the NGF induced activation of the TH reporter gene, and transient transfection of cells with wild-type Ras and an active form of MEK1 increased the TH promoter activity. The reporter assay also demonstrated that the Ras/MEK pathway acted on both the AP-1-binding motif and the cAMP-responsive element in the TH promoter. PMID- 14766221 TI - Folding forms of Escherichia coli DmsD, a twin-arginine leader binding protein. AB - Escherichia coli DmsD interacts with the twin-arginine leader sequence of the catalytic sub-unit (DmsA) of DMSO reductase. DmsD was purified as a mixture of a number of different folding forms including: dimer (A); monomer (B); a minor thiol oxidized form; a heterogeneously folded or multi-conformational monomer form which displayed a ladder of bands on native-PAGE (D); and proteolytically degraded and aggregated forms. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions, was used to examine the folding and stability of DmsD. Additionally, the biophysical methods of dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and mass spectroscopy were also used. Form D could be converted to form B by treatment with 4M urea, which is the concentration at which form B begins to denature. Forms A/B could be converted to D by incubation at pH 5.0. Forms A/B and D all had twin-arginine leader binding activity. PMID- 14766222 TI - Diabetic ketoacidosis induces in vivo activation of human T-lymphocytes. AB - Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an inflammatory state associated with immune responses in polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). Activation of subgroup of T lymphocytes in PMN of DKA patients, however, is not known. We studied in vivo activation of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes by measuring de novo growth factor receptor for insulin, IGF-1, and IL-2 in eight patients on admission and at resolution of DKA, and compared them with matched controls. The presence of these receptors was demonstrated in all patients' lymphocytes on admission, but not in control subjects. This event was associated with increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reacting material and dichlorofluorescien, as markers of oxidative stress. Based on these new findings and works in the literature, we hypothesize that hyperglycemia/ketosis results in increased reactive oxygen species, leading to increased levels of cytokines and emergence of growth factor receptors. We propose DKA changes the T-lymphocytes to insulin sensitive tissues as a compensatory mechanism. PMID- 14766223 TI - Chronic exposure to U18666A induces apoptosis in cultured murine cortical neurons. AB - Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a juvenile neurodegenerative disorder characterized by premature neuronal loss and altered cholesterol metabolism. Previous reports applying an 8-h exposure of U18666A, a cholesterol transport inhibiting agent, demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in beta-amyloid (Abeta) deposition and secretion in cortical neurons, with no significant cell injury. In the current study, we examined the chronic effect of 24-72h of U18666A treatment on primary cortical neurons and several cell lines. Our results showed caspase-3 activation and cellular injury in U18666A-treated cortical neurons but not in the cell lines, suggesting cell death by apoptosis only occurred in cortical neurons after chronic exposure to U18666A. We also demonstrated through filipin staining the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol in cortical neurons treated with U18666A, indicating the phenotypic mimic of NPC by U18666A. However, additions of 10 and 25microM pravastatin with 0.5microg/ml U18666A significantly attenuated toxicity. Taken together, these data showed for the first time that U18666A induces cell death by apoptosis and suggested an important in vitro model system to study NPC. PMID- 14766224 TI - Shortening and modifying the 1513 MSP-1 peptide's alpha-helical region induces protection against malaria. AB - Immunogenic and protective peptide sequences are of prime importance in the search for an anti-malarial vaccine. The MSP-1 conserved and semi-conserved sequences have been shown to contain red blood cell (RBC) membrane high affinity binding peptides (HABP). HABP 1513 sequence ((42)GYSLFQKEKMVLNEGTSGTA(61)), from this protein's N-terminal, has been shown to possess a T-epitope; however, it did not induce a humoral immune response or complete protection when evaluated in Aotus monkeys. Analogue peptides with critical binding residues replaced by amino acids with similar mass but different charge were synthesised and tested for immunogenicity and protectivity in monkey. NMR studies correlated structural behaviour with biological function. Non-immunogenic and non-protective 1513 native peptide presented a helical fragment between residues L(4) and E(14). C terminal, 5-residue-shorter, non-immunogenic, non-protective peptide 17894 contained an alpha-helix from Q(6) to L(12) residues. Immunogenic and protective peptide 13946 presented a shorter alpha-helix between K(7) to N(13) residues. These data suggest that changing certain residues permits better peptide fit within the MHC class II-peptide-TCR complex, thus activating the immune system and inducing a protective immune response. PMID- 14766225 TI - Differential expression of CRABP-II in fibroblasts derived from dermis and subcutaneous fat. AB - We have shown previously that fibroblasts derived from fat or dermal tissue differ in their functional properties, such as proliferation rate and contractile properties. To study these differences further, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D PAGE) was performed on proteins isolated from cultured subcutaneous fat and dermal fibroblasts. The 2D gels were screened for proteins that were differentially expressed in all donors (n = 5). Five protein spots were subjected to further analysis by mass spectrometry. Two proteins could be identified: brain acid soluble protein 1 (BASP1) and cellular retinoic acid binding protein-II (CRABP-II). CRABP-II is of interest in terms of re-epithelialisation and was clearly expressed in dermal fibroblasts but not in fat fibroblasts. Real time PCR was performed to confirm the 2D data on CRABP-II. The CRABP-II mRNA level was significantly increased in dermal tissue and cultured dermal fibroblasts compared to fat tissue and cultured fat-derived fibroblasts, respectively. The mode of action of CRABP-II in skin is to mediate retinoic acid activity. Retinoic acid is known to inhibit migration and to stimulate differentiation of keratinocytes. The expression of CRABP-II by dermal fibroblasts implicates a role for these fibroblasts in wound re-epithelialisation, in contrast to subcutaneous fat derived fibroblasts. PMID- 14766226 TI - Expression of 53BP2 and ASPP2 proteins from TP53BP2 gene by alternative splicing. AB - The p53 binding protein 2 (53BP2) has been initially identified as an interacting protein to p53 and subsequent studies have shown that it also interacts with Bcl 2 and NF-kappaB p65 subunit. We have previously found that the TP53BP2 gene encoding 53BP2 protein is a single copy gene and has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 1 at q42.1. The subsequent studies revealed that TP53BP2 encodes two proteins, 53BP2 and ASPP2, of 1005 and 1128 amino acids, respectively. ASPP2 contains additional 123 amino acids to the N-terminus of 53BP2. In this study, we have examined the genomic organization of TP53BP2 transcripts and found that it encodes two mRNA species, either with (53BP2) or without exon 3 (ASPP2), by alternative splicing in various cell lines and tissues. Thus, we propose to call these proteins as 53BP2S (short) and 53BP2L (long), respectively. PMID- 14766227 TI - Expression cloning of functional receptor used by SARS coronavirus. AB - We have expressed a series of truncated spike (S) glycoproteins of SARS-CoV and found that the N-terminus 14-502 residuals were sufficient to bind to SARS-CoV susceptible Vero E6 cells. With this soluble S protein fragment as an affinity ligand, we screened HeLa cells transduced with retroviral cDNA library from Vero E6 cells and obtained a HeLa cell clone which could bind with the S protein. This cell clone was susceptible to HIV/SARS pseudovirus infection and the presence of a functional receptor for S protein in this cell clone was confirmed by the cell cell fusion assay. Further studies showed the susceptibility of this cell was due to the expression of endogenous angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which was activated by inserted LTR from retroviral vector used for expression cloning. When human ACE2 cDNA was transduced into NIH3T3 cells, the ACE2 expressing NIH3T3 cells could be infected with HIV/SARS pseudovirus. These data clearly demonstrated that ACE2 was the functional receptor for SARS-CoV. PMID- 14766228 TI - Direct association of tristetraprolin with the nucleoporin CAN/Nup214. AB - Tristetraprolin (TTP) is a widely expressed, zinc finger-containing protein that has been implicated in the regulation of TNFalpha production in mice. Stimulus dependent cytoplasmic translocation of TTP has been demonstrated in several cells. In this report we used the yeast two-hybrid screen to identify proteins able to interact with full length, human TTP. One of the isolated TTP-interacting clones encoded the FG repeat region of the nuclear pore protein Nup214. Full length Nup214 co-precipitated with TTP from resting and LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells, indicating that this interaction occurred in intact cells. The ability of TTP to associate with Nup214 was dependent on two intact zinc fingers within TTP. In contrast to wild type TTP that localized primarily in the cytosol, a mutant unable to associate with Nup214 localized throughout the cell, suggesting that the interaction with Nup214 regulates TTP localization. PMID- 14766229 TI - Purification of a novel low-molecular-mass laccase with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity from the mushroom Tricholoma giganteum. AB - A laccase with a novel N-terminal sequence, a low molecular mass of 43 kDa smaller than those of previously reported laccases, a pH optimum of 4, and a temperature optimum at 70 degrees C was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the mushroom Tricholoma giganteum. The activity of the enzyme rose steadily from 20 to 50 degrees C, increased very slowly from 50 to 70 degrees C, and fell slightly when the temperature was further increased to 80 degrees C. The activity of the laccase underwent little changes over the pH range 3.0-5.0. However, the enzyme activity dwindled to nothing after exposure to 100 degrees C for 10 min and when the ambient pH was 7 or above. The procedure used for purifying the enzyme included ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose, and FPLC-gel filtration on Superdex 75. The laccase was unadsorbed on DEAE cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and CM-cellulose. It inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC(50) of 2.2 microM. PMID- 14766230 TI - Xanthine oxidase converts nitric oxide to nitroxyl that inactivates the enzyme. AB - Xanthine oxidase (XO) was found to convert nitric oxide (NO* ) released from spermine-NONOate to nitroxyl (HNO), the one-electron reduction product of NO*, in the presence of its substrate hypoxanthine under anaerobic conditions. Under these conditions, XO lost its activity. Upon aerobic incubation of XO with its substrate, neither conversion of NO* to HNO nor inactivation of the enzyme was observed. Angeli's salt (an HNO generator) or synthetic peroxynitrite inactivated XO at low concentrations, whereas high concentrations of diethylamine-NONOate (an NO* donor) and SIN-1 (which generates peroxynitrite by releasing both NO* and superoxide) were required to inactivate XO. These results suggest that HNO generated by XO under anaerobic conditions inactivates XO. As both XO and NO* synthase are activated and/or induced in ischemia-reperfusion injury, HNO formed by XO may contribute to pathogenesis by exerting its potent oxidation activity against a variety of biological compounds. PMID- 14766231 TI - p38 MAP kinase regulates rapid matrix metalloproteinase-9 release from eosinophils. AB - Eosinophils constitutively produce and store matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a protease implicated in tissue remodeling observed in asthma. In this study, we examined the rapid release of stored MMP-9 from eosinophils following stimulation with either tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha or the bacterial product fMLP. TNF-alpha induced rapid and robust pro-MMP-9 release from eosinophils. MMP-9 could be detected in the cell-free supernatant as early as 15min after stimulation. Rapid MMP-9 release was similarly induced by fMLP. TNF-alpha stimulation activated the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases p38 MAP kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 (Erk-2) at times and concentrations similar to that observed for MMP-9 release. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we found that TNF-alpha-stimulated MMP-9 release was mediated by p38 MAP kinase, but not Erk-1/2. Signaling through p38 MAP kinase may represent a universal mechanism for MMP-9 release from eosinophils, as fMLP-induced MMP-9 release was also regulated by p38 MAP kinase. PMID- 14766232 TI - Interaction of human MUC1 and beta-catenin is regulated by Lck and ZAP-70 in activated Jurkat T cells. AB - The MUC1 transmembrane glycoprotein is aberrantly expressed by diverse hematologic malignancies, including those of the T cell lineage. The MUC1 cytoplasmic domain (CD) interacts with beta-catenin; however, the role of MUC1 in T cells is not known. In the present work, MUC1 was studied as a potential downstream effector of the Lck and ZAP-70 tyrosine kinases that are essential for T cell activation. The results demonstrate that anti-CD3-induced or PMA+ionomycin induced activation of Jurkat T cells is associated with increased binding of MUC1 and Lck. Lck phosphorylates MUC1-CD on Y-46 and, in turn, stimulates the binding of MUC1 to beta-catenin. The results further demonstrate that MUC1 interacts with ZAP-70. In contrast to Lck, ZAP-70 phosphorylates MUC1-CD predominantly on Y-20. However, like Lck, ZAP-70-mediated phosphorylation of MUC1 Y-20 stimulates binding of MUC1 and beta-catenin. These findings indicate that MUC1 functions as a substrate for Lck and ZAP-70 in activated Jurkat T cells and that MUC1 integrates T cell receptor signaling with the beta-catenin pathway. PMID- 14766233 TI - Low molecular mass pectate lyase from Fusarium moniliforme: similar modes of chemical and thermal denaturation. AB - A low molecular mass pectate lyase from Fusarium moniliforme was unfolded reversibly by urea and Gdn-HCl at its optimum pH of 8.5, as monitored by intrinsic fluorescence, circular dichroism, and enzymatic activity measurements. Equilibrium unfolding studies yielded a deltaG(H(2)O) of 1.741 kcal/mol, D1/2 of 2.3M, and m value of 0.755kcal/molM with urea and a deltaG(H(2)O) of 1.927kcal/mol, D1/2 of 1.52M, and m value of 1.27 kcal/molM with Gdn-HCl as the denaturant. Thermal denaturation of the pectate lyase at, pH 8.5, was also reversible even after exposure to 75 degrees C for 10 min. Thermodynamic parameters calculated from thermal denaturation curves at pH values from 5.0 to 8.5 yielded a deltaCp of 0.864kcal/(molK). The deltaG(25 degrees C) at, pH 8.5, was 2.06kcal/mol and was in good agreement with the deltaG(H(2)O) values obtained from chemical denaturation curves. There was no exposure of hydrophobic pockets during chemical or thermal denaturation as indicated by the inability of ANS to bind the pectate lyase. PMID- 14766234 TI - Overexpression, purification, biochemical characterization, and molecular modeling of recombinant GDP-mannosyltransferase (GumH) from Xylella fastidiosa. AB - The GumH enzyme from Xylella fastidiosa catalyzes the transfer reaction of a mannose from GDP-mannose to the carrier lipid cellobiose-pyrophosphate-polyprenol (Glc(2)-PP-Lip), an intermediary in the reaction for the synthesis of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) fastidian gum. The gumH gene was subcloned in the pMal c2x vector, allowing the expression of the GumH-MBP fusion protein. Various attempts were made to obtain protein with the necessary degree of purity for crystallographic studies but the yield was very low. The gumH gene was then subcloned in the pET28a vector allowing the expression of the GumH enzyme in fusion with a histidine-rich peptide. The protein was purified and characterized. The three-dimensional structure of the X. fastidiosa GumH enzyme was modeled by threading studies. The model consists of N- and C-terminal domains similar in size and topology and separated by a deep cleft, which includes the EX(7)E motif that can be involved in the catalysis of GumH. PMID- 14766235 TI - Increased cell proliferation in the adult mouse hippocampus following chronic administration of group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, MGS0039. AB - We have previously reported that MGS0039, a novel antagonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), exerts antidepressant-like effects in experimental animal models. Recent studies suggest that the behavioral effects of chronic antidepressant treatment are mediated by the stimulation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In the present study, we examined the effects of MGS0039 on cell proliferation in the adult mouse hippocampus. MGS0039 (5 or 10mg/kg) or fluvoxamine was administered chronically to male ICR mice over a period of 14 days. Multiple bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) administrations were performed after the last drug injection to label dividing cells. Immunohistochemical analyses after BrdU injections revealed that chronic MGS0039 treatment enhanced BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus ( approximately 62% increase) in the same manner as chronic fluvoxamine treatment. This is the first in vivo study to demonstrate an increase in cell proliferation following a blockade of group II mGluRs. These findings raise the possibility that MGS0039 may exert antidepressant-like effects by modulating cell proliferation in the hippocampus. PMID- 14766236 TI - Expression and function of PPARgamma in rat placental development. AB - Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma is a nuclear receptor known to regulate adipogenesis. Deletion of the PPARgamma gene in the mouse results in death by embryonic day 10.0 (E10.0) due to the failure of establishment of a labyrinth layer in the placenta, which suggests that PPARgamma is involved in trophoblast differentiation. To define PPARgamma function further in placental development, the expression and localization of the PPARgamma gene in the rat placenta was investigated. RT-PCR analysis shows the presence of PPARgamma mRNA in the placenta of day 11 of pregnancy (d11). The expression level is higher at d13 and then later decreased. Immunohistochemistry detects both PPARgamma and its putative intrinsic ligand, 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2), in the trophoblast of layer I which lined the maternal sinus. Oral administration of troglitazone, an agonist of PPARgamma, to pregnant rats between d9 and d11 increases the expression level of PPARgamma in the placenta and reduces the mortality of the fetuses by half. These results suggest that PPARgamma is required not only for trophoblast differentiation but also trophoblast maturation to establish maternal-fetal transport. PMID- 14766237 TI - Activation/deactivation of acetylcholinesterase by H2O2: more evidence for oxidative stress in vitiligo. AB - Previously it has been demonstrated that the human epidermis synthesises and degrades acetylcholine and expresses both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. These cholinergic systems have been implicated in the development of the epidermal calcium gradient and differentiation in normal healthy skin. In vitiligo severe oxidative stress occurs in the epidermis of these patients with accumulation of H2O2 in the 10(-3)M range together with a decrease in catalase expression/activity due to deactivation of the enzyme active site. It was also shown that the entire recycling of the essential cofactor (6R)-l-erythro-5,6,7,8 tetrahydrobiopterin via pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD) and dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) is affected by H2O2 oxidation of Trp/Met residues in the enzyme structure leading to deactivation of these proteins. Using fluorescence immunohistochemistry we now show that epidermal H2O2 in vitiligo patients yields also almost absent epidermal acetylcholinesterase (AchE). A kinetic analysis using pure recombinant human AchE revealed that low concentrations of H2O2 (10(-6)M) activate this enzyme by increasing the Vmax>2 fold, meanwhile high concentrations of H2O2 (10(-3)M) inhibit the enzyme with a significant decrease in Vmax. This result was confirmed by fluorescence excitation spectroscopy following the Trp fluorescence at lambdamax 280nm. Molecular modelling based on the established 3D structure of human AchE supported that H2O2-mediated oxidation of Trp(432), Trp(435), and Met(436) moves and disorients the active site His(440) of the enzyme, leading to deactivation of the protein. To our knowledge these results identified for the first time H2O2 regulation of AchE. Moreover, it was shown that H2O2-mediated oxidation of AchE contributes significantly to the well-established oxidative stress in vitiligo. PMID- 14766238 TI - Heme oxygenase-1 prevents superoxide anion-associated endothelial cell sloughing in diabetic rats. AB - Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) represents a key defense mechanism against oxidative injury. Hyperglycemia has been linked to increased oxidative stress, leading to endothelial dysfunction, delayed cell replication, and enhanced apoptosis. The effect of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on HO activity, HO-1 promoter activity, superoxide anion (O*-2, and the number of circulating endothelial cells was measured. The expression of HO-1/HO-2 protein was unchanged, but HO activity was decreased in aortas of diabetic rats compared with control (p < 0.05). High glucose decreased HO-1 promoter activity (p < 0.05). Hyperglycemia increased O*-2 and this increase was augmented with HO-1 inhibition and diminished with HO-1 upregulation (p < 0.05). Circulating endothelial cells were significantly higher in diabetic rats and were decreased or increased with administration of the HO-1 inducer (CoPP) or inhibitor (SnMP), respectively (p<0.05). In conclusion, HO-1 upregulation in diabetic rats brings about an increase in serum bilirubin, a reduction in O*-2 production, and a decrease in endothelial cell sloughing. PMID- 14766239 TI - Immunocytochemical localization and expression of heme oxygenase-1 in primary astroglial cell cultures during differentiation: effect of glutamate. AB - Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme degradation releasing iron, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin. We investigated subcellular localization of HO-1 using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the expression by Western blot in primary astroglial cells during differentiation and after exposure to glutamate (100microM). CLSM analysis of immunostained HO-1 in cultured astroglial cells during differentiation showed an increase of fluorescence between 7 and 14 days and a decrease between 14 and 21, although HO 1 peaked at 14 days it remained at high levels. The distribution of HO-1 protein undergoes modification in the various cellular compartments. Furthermore, localization of the protein in untreated astrocytes at 7 days appeared prevalently localized in the cytosol and in the perinuclear region. In contrast, at 14 and 21 days, fluorescence detection suggests that HO-1 was present also in the nucleus, and in the nucleoli. Fluorescence intensity significantly increased in glutamate-treated astrocytes during all development stages and the protein appeared in the cytosol, in the nucleus and in the nucleoli. The involvement of AMPA/Ka receptors was studied in glutamate-treated astroglial cells at 14 days by the preincubation of the cells with GYKI 52466, a specific receptor inhibitor, of AMPA/Ka receptor demonstrating the involvement of these receptors. Western blot analysis of HO-1 confirmed the CLSM results. Our results demonstrate that changes in HO-1 protein expression and localization in primary cultured astroglial cells may be part of the underlying mechanisms involved in brain development as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. PMID- 14766240 TI - SGO presidential address February 3, 2003. PMID- 14766241 TI - Defining cancer risks for BRCA germline mutation carriers: implications for surgical prophylaxis. PMID- 14766242 TI - BRCA germline mutations in Jewish women with uterine serous papillary carcinoma. AB - OBJECTIVE: Our recent study determined the possible effects and incidence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in uterine serous papillary carcinoma (USPC). The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of these mutations in an enlarged series of USPC. METHODS: We screened DNA from 27 women with USPC for BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations common in the Jewish population (BRCA1 185delAG and 5382 insC,BRCA2-6174delT). In women with germline mutations, tumor DNA was screened for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the appropriate loci. RESULTS: Women (20) were of Jewish Ashkenazi origin and seven were non-Ashkenazi. Four of 20 (20%) Ashkenazi women were carriers of germline mutations: three 185delAG mutation and one 5382insC mutation. All carriers had strong family histories of breast-ovarian carcinoma. Seven out of 20 (35%) women had been diagnosed for breast carcinoma before diagnosis of USPC. Family histories of 12 women (60%) showed at least one first-degree relative with breast, ovarian, or colon carcinoma. Loss of heterozygosity analysis found a loss of the wild-type BRCA1 allele in three of the four primary uterine tumors that were examined. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings further support our previous published data suggesting a high incidence of BRCA carriers among USPC Ashkenazi Jewish patients. The loss of heterozygosity in the tumor tissue of carriers coupled with the high frequency of patient and family history of breast and ovarian malignancies suggest that USPC might be part of the manifestation of familial breast-ovarian cancer in Ashkenazi Jewish patients. PMID- 14766243 TI - Is lymph vascular space involvement an independent prognostic factor in early cervical cancer? AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether lymph vascular space involvement (LVSI) in women with early cervical carcinoma is an independent prognostic factor. METHODS: The literature was reviewed using Medline and known literature to determine if LVSI is an independent risk factor as determined by multivariant analysis with survival being the end point in patients undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenopathy. RESULTS: A total of 25 articles were identified that satisfied the evaluation criteria. Only three (12%) identified LVSI as an independent risk factor while 88% and 61% of those evaluated, noted lymph node metastasis and tumor size/depth of invasion to be significant risk factors for survival. CONCLUSIONS: Using LVSI as the sole determining factor for consideration of post radical hysterectomy radiotherapy appears questionable. PMID- 14766244 TI - cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum-resistant cell lines derived from human epithelial ovarian carcinoma express increased susceptibility to angiogenesis inhibitor TNP 470. AB - OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the efficacy of TNP-470 on ovarian carcinomas by using cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP)-resistant cell lines. METHODS: The susceptibility of human ovarian carcinoma-derived cell lines and its resistant cell lines against cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) to angiogenesis inhibitor, TNP-470, were analyzed using three human cultured cell lines derived from ovarian carcinoma (TYK, KF-92, and Nakajima) and each CDDP-resistant cell line (TYK-R, TYK-R', KF/ra, KF/rb, Nakajima-S1, and Nakajima-S2). RESULTS: TNP-470 revealed suppression of thymidine incorporation by all of the nine cell lines linearly dependent on the concentration of TNP-470. Significant suppression was not observed for either uridine or leucine incorporation by all nine cell lines. To elucidate the site of each cell line, in which TNP-470 revealed the antitumor effect, the incorporation of (3)H-TNP-470 by cultured cells or by DNA extracted from cultured cells was examined in the cell lines, and the ratio of (3)H-TNP-470 incorporation by DNA to (3)H-TNP-470 incorporation by cultured cells ranged from 2.3% to 4.4% in three parent cell lines. The ratio in the CDDP-resistant cell lines ranged from 11.0% to 46.7%. The ability of TNP-470 to inhibit neoplastic growth in vivo was evaluated using KF-92, KF/ra, KF/rb, Nakajima, Nakajima-S1, and Nakajima-S2. Concerning KF-92, KF/ra, and KF/rb, 30 mg/kg of TNP-470 significantly suppressed the tumorigenicity of KF-92, 10 and 30 mg/kg of TNP-470 suppressed the tumorigenicity of KF/ra, and 30 mg/kg of TNP-470 suppressed the tumorigenicity of KF/rb. Concerning Nakajima, Nakajima-S1, and Nakajima-S2, TNP 470 revealed no inhibitory effect on the tumorigenicity of Nakajima. Contrary, significant inhibition was observed when 30 mg/kg of TNP-470 was used to the CDDP resistant cell lines Nakajima-S1 and Nakajima-S2. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the clinical application of TNP-470 may be one of the possible treatments for the CDDP-resistant ovarian carcinomas. PMID- 14766245 TI - Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in non-neoplastic and neoplastic vulvar epithelial lesions. AB - OBJECTIVE: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression has been associated with parameters of tumor aggressiveness and unfavourable clinical outcome in several solid tumors. We investigated by immunohistochemistry the expression of COX-2 in normal vulvar tissue, non-neoplastic vulvar epithelial lesions, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and invasive vulvar cancer (IVC). METHODS: The expression pattern of COX-2 was studied in normal vulvar tissue, in six cases of lichen sclerosus (LS), seven cases of squamous cell hyperplasia (SCH), 20 VIN, 2 Paget's disease and 36 IVC. The relationship between COX-2 expression and clinicopathologic parameters in IVC patients has been also addressed. Sections were incubated with normal rabbit serum for 15 min, then with rabbit polyclonal antiserum against human COX-2 (Cayman, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The results were reported as mean +/- standard error (SE) of COX-2 integrated density values (IDV). RESULTS: Higher levels of tumor/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio were found in stages III-IV (mean +/- SE = 3.5 +/- 0.8) than stages I-II disease (mean +/- SE = 1.4 +/- 0.3) (P value = 0.04). In the subgroup of stage I cases, tumor/stroma COX 2 IDV values were higher in cases with > 1 mm stromal invasion (T1b) than cases with <== 1 mm stromal invasion (T1a) (mean +/- SE = 1.6 +/- 0.3 vs. mean +/- SE = 0.6 +/- 0.1) (P = 0.033). Moreover, we observed higher tumor/stroma COX-2 IDV in cases with metastatic lymph node involvement than cases without lymph node involvement (mean +/- SE = 3.5 +/- 0.8 vs. mean +/- SE = 1.3+/-0.4) (P = 0.037). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that COX-2 overexpression may contribute to vulvar tumorigenesis and progression. Moreover, the correlation of tumor/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio with tumor extension and metastatic lymph node involvement, which represent the major prognostic parameters in this neoplasia, implies that tumor/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio could have a prognostic role in vulvar cancer. PMID- 14766246 TI - Cathepsin D in ovarian cancer: prognostic value and correlation with p53 expression and microvessel density. AB - OBJECTIVE: Overexpression of ubiquitous lysosomal aspartyl protease cathepsin D (CD) is involved in the progression of cancer. This study investigates the prognostic value and the association of cathepsin D expression with clinicopathological parameters, p53 expression, and angiogenesis in ovarian cancer. METHODS: Cathepsin D was determined immunohistochemically in 43 ovarian tumors of low malignant potential (LMP) and 80 invasive tumors FIGO stage I-IV. Results were correlated with clinicopathological characteristics, p53, and microvessel density (MVD). Survival analysis of cathepsin D expression and MVD was performed in invasive tumors. RESULTS: Epithelial tumor cathepsin D expression was more common in LMP tumors (65.1%) compared to invasive tumors (43.7%; P = 0.02). In LMP tumors, stromal cathepsin D was associated with mucinous tumors (P = 0.01), whereas in invasive tumors, epithelial cathepsin D expression was associated with clear cell tumors (P = 0.003). Invasive tumor cathepsin D had a negative relation to p53 expression. In LMP tumors, stromal cathepsin D correlated with microvessel density (P = 0.03). Stromal cathepsin D expression was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with invasive cancer (P = 0.03, Cox regression), while cathepsin D expression missed to be of prognostic value for overall survival (OS) in invasive ovarian cancer. MVD had no influence on survival in invasive ovarian cancer (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates a prognostic value of cathepsin D expression in invasive ovarian cancer, while cathepsin D expression in LMP tumors seems to be linked to angiogenesis. The relation among cathepsin D, p53 expression, and angiogenesis demonstrates biological differences between invasive ovarian cancer and LMP tumors. PMID- 14766247 TI - Tamoxifen-associated malignant endometrial tumors: pathologic features and expression of hormone receptors estrogen-alpha, estrogen-beta and progesterone; a case controlled study. AB - OBJECTIVE: Expression analysis of estrogen receptor-beta (ER-beta) and estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) in tamoxifen-associated malignant endometrial tumors (TAMET) has not previously been published. Antiestrogens complexed with ER-beta have been reported to result in activation of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway that may result in cell proliferation and tumor growth. In this study, the pathologic features and expression of ER-alpha, ER-beta and progesterone receptor (PR) in TAMET were determined and compared to matched cases of non tamoxifen-associated endometrial cancers. METHODS: TAMET (n = 33) were evaluated for pathologic features (tumor type, grade, depth of myometrial invasion, lymphvascular space invasion and lymph node status), expression of ER-alpha, ER beta and PR, and survival data (mean follow-up: 28.7 months). Each case was matched to two control patients with spontaneous endometrial cancers according to tumor type, grade and stage as well as patient age and weight (mean follow-up: 51.5 months). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were immunostained with anti-ER-alpha (1D5, Dako, Carpinteria, CA) and anti-PR (PgR636, Dako). Expression scores were determined as a sum of the product of staining intensity and proportion of cells staining (H-score). Deparaffinized sections of tumor were microdissected followed by RNA isolation. Quantification of ER-beta mRNA was performed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR with results expressed as a percentage of beta-actin mRNA. RESULTS: Of the 33 cases 20 were endometrioid (8 grade 1, 10 grade 2, 2 grade 3), 9 papillary serous and 4 malignant mullerian mixed tumors. Using a multivariate conditional regression model, TAMET had lower ER-alpha expression (P = 0.018), higher PR expression (P = 0.029), and more frequent expression of ER-beta (P = 0.032) as compared to control cases. Cases with TAMET had more deaths from cancer and significantly worse survival from disease than controls (P = 0.01 by a log rank test). CONCLUSION: TAMET are characterized by a lower expression of ER-alpha, higher expression of PR and more frequent expression of ER-beta as compared to spontaneous tumors. Differential expression of ER-alpha and ER-beta may alter the expression of key target genes (such as those induced by AP-1-dependent gene transcription), and contribute to the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of these tumors. Survival from disease was significantly worse for cases with TAMET as compared to controls. PMID- 14766248 TI - Prognostic significance of stromal metalloproteinase-2 in ovarian adenocarcinoma and its relation to carcinoma progression. AB - OBJECTIVES: MMP-2 expression in ovarian cancer cells has been correlated with poor prognosis. This study attempts to assess the prognostic importance of stromal MMP-2 in patients with ovarian endometrioid and serous adenocarcinoma. METHODS: MMP-2, MMP-2 activator, MT1-MMP, and its inhibitor (TIMP-2) were immunostained in 84 primary epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOCs) (35 endometrioid adenocarcinomas [ECs] and 49 serous adenocarcinomas [SCs]). Results were correlated to pathological subtypes, tumor stage, grade, size, and to recurrence free and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: MMP-2 and stromal MMP-2 were detected in all carcinoma cells of 22.2% of EC and 77.8% of SC tumors. MT1-MMP co localized with MMP-2. TIMP-2 staining was weak and cytoplasmically distributed in all tumors. Univariant analysis showed expression of stromal MMP-2 significantly associated with advanced stage (P = 0.018), higher grade (P = 0.005), serous subtype (P = 0.02), smaller tumor size at operation (P = 0.001), and higher incidence of recurrence (P = 0.042), but not with the rate of death due to cancer. By multiple Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, patient survival and disease-free survival were significantly related to the presence of stromal MMP-2 in EC but not SC patients (P < 0.05). However, after multivariant analysis, the associations with patient age, tumor stage, grade, and size no longer existed. In stepwise selection, tumor stage remained the most important predictor of patient survival and disease-free survival in ovarian EC and SC, but stromal MMP-2 remained the most important predictor of recurrence-free survival in patients with EC. CONCLUSIONS: Stromal MMP-2 occurs early and may play a role early in EOC invasion. Tumor stage and stromal MMP-2 are important predictors of disease-free survival. PMID- 14766249 TI - Nuclear expression of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease increases with progression of ovarian carcinomas. AB - OBJECTIVE: Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE alias Ref-1) is a key enzyme in the base excision repair pathway. Besides its function in DNA repair, APE serves to maintain several transcription factors in an active reduced state such as c-Fos, c-Jun, NF-kappaB, p53 and HIF-1alpha, all of which have been shown to play a role in tumorigenesis. Because of the importance of APE in maintaining genomic stability and gene regulation, we examined whether APE expression is associated with survival and histopathological parameters of patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS: Tissue sections of primary epithelial ovarian carcinomas from 141 patients were immunostained using a monoclonal antibody directed against APE. RESULTS: Nuclear expression of APE was clearly associated with progression of ovarian carcinomas. Patients with Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages III and IV showed a higher nuclear APE expression level than patients with FIGO stages I and II (P < 0.0001). Similarly, nuclear APE expression was associated with histological grading (grade 1 vs. 2 vs. 3; P = 0.025). In contrast, cytoplasmic and stromal APE expression were not associated with progression. The fraction of APE-positive nuclei (P = 0.0185), the intensity of nuclear staining (P = 0.0496) and a combination of both (P = 0.0070) were associated with survival of ovarian cancer patients, as evidenced by a univariable proportional hazards model. CONCLUSIONS: Multivariable analysis, adjusted to FIGO stage, histological grade and type as well as residual tumor after surgery showed that APE is not independent from "classical" prognostic factors of ovarian cancer. An unexpected observation was the inverse correlation between nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of APE. Tumors with strong cytoplasmic APE reactivity showed a higher fraction of APE-negative nuclei than tumors with weak or negative cytoplasmic APE expression (P = 0.045). This suggests that nuclear translocation of APE is impaired during ovarian carcinogenesis. In conclusion, we have shown that nuclear APE expression increases during tumor progression. This suggests that increased base excision repair capacity and/or APE-mediated activation of transcription factors may contribute to more aggressive proliferation of ovarian carcinomas. PMID- 14766250 TI - Effect of interleukin-7 gene transfection into ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV3 in vitro and in vivo. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of interleukin-7 (IL-7) gene transfection into an established ovarian carcinoma cell line (SKOV3) in vitro and evaluate the tumorigenicity of SKOV3-IL-7 in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. METHODS: IL-7 gene was transfected into SKOV3 cells by liposome. IL-7 mRNA and protein of SKOV3-IL-7 and their parental control cells were detected by reverse transcriptive-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. The levels of IL-7, IL-2, TNFalpha and TGFbeta1 in the supernatant were detected by ELISA. The cell cycle, HLA-ABC, HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expressions were assayed by flow cytometry. The sensitivities of tumor cells to lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells were measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Tumorigenicities of SKOV3-IL-7 and their parental cells in SCID mice were evaluated by macro- and histological examination, while IL-7 expression and secretion were detected by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. RESULTS: IL-7 mRNA and protein were detectable in SKOV3-IL-7 only. ICAM-1 expression was significantly higher and TGFbeta1 level in culture supernatants was significantly decreased in SKOV-IL-7, all other variables remained unchanged. The proliferative activity and cell cycle of SKOV3-IL-7 were unchanged. The cytotoxic sensitivity of SKOV3-IL-7 to LAK cells was significantly higher. Both gene-transfected and nontransfected SKOV3 cells were successfully inoculated into the peritoneal cavities of SCID mice. IL-7 proteins in plasmas and tumor tissues were detectable only in SCID mice inoculated with SKOV3-IL-7. The IL-7 engineered murine tumor models revealed better general aspects, reduced tumor development and dissemination. CONCLUSIONS: IL-7 gene transfection into SKOV3 cells downregulates TGFbeta1 secretion, upregulates ICAM-1 expression and enhances sensitivity to LAK cells in vitro. The tumorigenicity of IL-7 engineered cells in SCID mice is reduced. These findings may offer support to the development of cytokine gene therapy for ovarian carcinoma. PMID- 14766251 TI - Vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of gynecologic oncology wound failures. AB - OBJECTIVE: Negative pressure wound vacuum therapy can expedite the healing of complex wound failures. Our aim was to evaluate the use of a vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) device to treat complex wound failures in gynecologic oncology patients. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 27 patients with gynecologic malignancies in whom the device was used to treat complex wound failures from January 2001 to May 2002 at our institution. We analyzed operative data and information regarding the diagnosis and management of these complex wound failures and the length of time the device was used. RESULTS: The procedures performed before wound VAC placement were total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy with or without tumor reductive surgery in 14 patients, vulvectomy with or without inguinal lymph node dissection in five patients, skin or myocutaneous grafting in three patients, parastomal herniorrhaphy in two patients, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in two patients, and incision and drainage of a gluteal abscess after radiation therapy in one patient. Four of the 27 patients had the VAC device placed at the time of a reoperation, while the remaining 23 patients had the VAC device placed postoperatively for wound failures. Wound breakdown occurred at a median of 9 days (range: 0-88 days) postoperatively. Overall, there was a 96% reduction (range: 0-100%) in the median size of wound defects from 330 to 14.0 cm(3) with use of the VAC device. The median number of days of VAC therapy was 32 days (range: 3-88 days). Twenty patients used this device as outpatients, and the charge per day was approximately US$150.00. One patient experienced bleeding, and 26 patients experienced no complications. The only complaint was pain during dressing changes (67% of patients). The mean follow-up was 52 days (range: 0-270 days). At the time of last contact, 26 (96%) of 27 patients had complete wound healing. CONCLUSIONS: VAC therapy is a novel treatment using controlled negative pressure to evacuate wound fluid, stimulate granulation tissue, and to decrease bacterial colonization of the wound. Our experience indicates that this is a safe method to treat complex wound failures in gynecologic oncology patients. PMID- 14766252 TI - Experience with the management of neutropenia in gynecologic cancer patients receiving carboplatin-based chemotherapy. AB - Objective. There exists limited information in the medical literature regarding the incidence and severity of carboplatin-associated neutropenia, outside the setting of a clinical trial. We wished to examine this issue in a large single institution experience involving patients receiving both single agent and combination carboplatin-based chemotherapy for management of a female pelvic malignancy. Patients and methods. The medical records of women with gynecologic cancers treated with carboplatin-based chemotherapy at the Cleveland Clinic from January 1, 1998 through December 31, 2002 were retrospectively reviewed to determine the incidence and severity of neutropenia. Results. During the time period encompassed by this analysis, a total of 323 patients received 2145 cycles of carboplatin-based chemotherapy (total of 441 courses; median cycles/patient: 6 [range 1-27]). The total number of each program utilized, and the incidence of grades 3 and 4 neutropenia observed (lowest nadir/regimen), were as follows: single agent carboplatin (178 courses; 5% grade 3, and <1% grade 4), carboplatin/paclitaxel (198; 23% and 6%), carboplatin/docetaxel (42; 17% and 73%) and carboplatin/paclitaxel/irinotecan (23; 39% and 61%). Febrile neutropenia was uncommon, and there was only a single neutropenic-related death. Conclusion. Both single-agent carboplatin and carboplatin/paclitaxel result in a very low incidence of grade 4 neutropenia. While combining docetaxel with carboplatin or adding a "third drug" to carboplatin/paclitaxel substantially increases the incidence of severe neutropenia, neutropenic fever, and required hospitalizations for septic episodes are uncommon. The prophylactic oral administration of a broad spectrum antibiotic (e.g., ciprofloxicin) in the presence of grade 4 neutropenia appears to be an effective strategy to minimize the risk of subsequent febrile events. PMID- 14766253 TI - Cyclooxygenase-2 expression predicts recurrence of cervical dysplasia following loop electrosurgical excision procedure. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the expression of Cox-2 protein by immunohistochemistry in cervical dysplasias, and to determine any relationship to clinical factors such as degree or recurrence of dysplasia. METHODS: Immunohistochemical expression of p27 and Cox-2 was initially examined in 62 cervical LEEP specimens, which spanned the histologic spectrum from benign to severe dysplasia. Histology and cytology from colposcopic follow-up exams were reviewed for 1 year after LEEP procedure. Primary outcome variable was recurrent dysplasia, either cytologic or histologic. Statistical analysis utilizing chi-square test for trend and Fisher's Exact tests were performed to determine relative risk of recurrent dysplasia. RESULTS: A total of 62 LEEP specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). This included 18 mild, 19 moderate, and 25 severely dysplastic LEEP specimens. The percentage of tumor cells in each specimen that stained for p27 protein or Cox-2 enzyme was documented. A specimen was considered positive for p27 or Cox-2 if 50% or more of the cells in a specimen were stained: 94% of mild, 89% of moderate, and 44% of severe dysplasias stained positive for p27; 50% of mild, 42% of moderate, and 68% of severe dysplasia specimens stained positive for Cox-2. The average intensity of Cox-2 staining increased with severity of dysplasia-1.6 for mild, 1.8 for moderate, and 2.1 for severe dysplasia. There was a significant increase in both Cox-2 and p27 staining when severely dysplastic specimens were compared to mild and moderate dysplasia (P < 0.001). Of the 35 specimens that stained positive for Cox-2 protein, 59% of these specimens had positive Cox-2 staining that extended to the margins of the LEEP resection specimen. The average length of Cox-2 protein staining beyond the histologic dysplasia was 1.64 mm. Positive margin status for Cox-2 was a significant independent risk factor for persistent and recurrent dysplasia, RR 1.68 95% CI (1.07 < RR < 2.65), P < 0.027. CONCLUSION: Cox-2 and p27 protein expression could be involved in squamous cervical cancer carcinogenesis. Cox-2 staining is often found outside the dysplastic lesion and this factor is associated with an increased risk of persistent and recurrent dysplasia following LEEP procedure. Should the histologic margin of LEEP resection approach 2.0 mm, follow-up algorithms for these patients should include intensive surveillance to ensure adequate treatment of disease. PMID- 14766254 TI - Psychosocial factors and the grade of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia: a semi prospective study. AB - OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of psychosocial factors on the grade of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia. METHODS: The influence of psychosocial factors on the grade of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) was studied in a group of 342 patients with an abnormal cervical smear. Participants completed a set of questionnaires after colposcopy directed biopsy before knowing the biopsy result. Negatively rated life events, social support, and coping style were studied in relation to distress and grade of CIN. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) types was controlled for, as well as sick role bias caused by suspicion of having cervical cancer and distress due to the abnormal cervical smear. RESULTS: Negatively rated life events, lack of social support, and emotional coping were significant predictors for level of distress. No significant relationship was found, however, between the psychosocial factors and grade of CIN. CONCLUSION: No support was found for an influence of negatively rated life events, social support, coping style, and distress on grade of CIN. PMID- 14766255 TI - Recombinant adenovirus-p53 gene transfer and cell-specific growth suppression of human cervical cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. AB - PURPOSE: We investigated the time-course expression patterns of p53 and E6 on cervical cancer cells to obtain a molecular level understanding of cell-dependent tumor growth suppression effects of recombinant adenovirus expressing p53 in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Four human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected human cervical cancer cell lines (HPV 16-positive cells, CaSki and SiHa cells; and HPV 18-positive cells, HeLa and HeLaS3 cells) were used. Also, HPV negative C33A and HT3 cell line that has a mutation on p53 gene were used. After infection with AdCMVp53, the cell growth inhibition was studied via cell count assay, MTT assay, and Neutral red assay. After transfecting AdCMVp53 and AdCMVLacZ into the cancer cells-xenografted nude mice, antitumor effects were investigated for 1 month, respectively. RESULTS: For each cervical cancer cell, IC50 was as follows; CaSki (68.5 multiplicity of infection, or MOI), SiHa (43.5 MOI), HeLa (31 MOI), HeLaS3 (42 MOI), C33A (21 MOI), and HT3 (62 MOI). In particular, complete inhibition of cell growth was observed at 125 MOI in both CaSki and SiHa cells. However, the complete inhibition was detected at 62.5 MOI in HeLa and HeLaS3. In contrast, at these MOI, no suppression of cell growth was observed when cells were infected with recombinant adenovirus expressing beta-gal as a negative control. The levels of p53 protein were notably expressed in CaSki and HeLa more than in SiHa and HeLaS3 on days 2 and 4. However, the p53 was only detected in HeLaS3 on day 6. In contrast, p53 expression was continually maintained in C33A and HT3 during the same periods. After transfection AdCMVp53 into CaSki- and SiHa-xenografted nude mice, the size of tumor was remarkably decreased in SiHa cells as compared to AdCMVLacZ transfection. CONCLUSION: The adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfection was done effectively in vitro and in vivo. Also, the antitumor effects were accomplished via differential role of p53-specific apoptotic cell death, which is dependent upon the cervical cancer cell line. PMID- 14766256 TI - Cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 in normal and malignant human ovarian epithelium. AB - OBJECTIVES: Cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2) play important roles in normal physiology and are often dysregulated in neoplastic tissues. The present study determines whether COX-1 and COX-2 are expressed in ovarian cancers and whether the pattern of expression of these enzymes reveals clues to their roles in this cancer. METHODS: The expression of COX-1 and COX-2 proteins in 9 normal human ovaries, in 137 cases of ovarian cancers of epithelial origin (83 primary and 54 metastatic), and in 7 ovarian cancer cell lines was examined by immunohistochemistry and western analysis. RESULTS: COX-1 protein was present in 95/137 (69.3%) of the total cancers studied, with 55/83 (66.3%) of the primary cancers and 40/54 (74.1%) of the metastatic cancers positive for protein. COX-2 was present in 97/137 (70.8%) of all cancers studied, with 53/83 (63.9%) of the primary cancers and 44/54 (81.5%) of the metastatic cancers positive for protein. Notably, the quickscores for COX-2-positive staining were significantly higher in metastatic cancers. Moreover, COX-2 immunostaining was frequently found at the advancing margin of tumor invasion or in new metastatic loci. COX-1 protein expression was observed in the ovarian surface epithelial cells, especially that of the inclusion cysts. COX-1 was also detected by western blot in seven of nine ovarian cancer cell lines. However, no COX-2 was detected in either normal epithelium or cancer cell lines. CONCLUSION: COX-1 and COX-2 were expressed in every type of ovarian epithelial cancer, suggesting that each may contribute to the cancer development or progression. PMID- 14766257 TI - Overexpression of cyclins A and B as markers of neoplastic glandular lesions of the cervix. AB - INTRODUCTION: Cyclins are a family of regulatory proteins that play a pivotal role in controlling the cell cycle. While there is evidence of their altered expression in cervical squamous lesions, their precise role in glandular neoplasia is yet to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of cyclins as markers of early cervical glandular neoplasia by comparing their expression in lesions of different histological type. METHODS: Through a cross-sectional analytical study, paraffin wax sections of normal cervix (n = 11), endometriosis/tubo-endometrioid metaplasia (TEM) (n = 19), cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN) (n = 33), and invasive adenocarcinoma (n = 28) were studied using monoclonal antibodies for cyclins A, B, D, and E with heat pretreatment for antigen unmasking. A quantitative assessment was employed for the analysis of percentage expression of each marker. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS. RESULTS: A progressive significant increase in cyclin A expression occurred from normal cervix (median: 0, IQ: 0-0), through endometriosis/TEM (median: 1, IQ: 0-15) and CGIN (median: 15, IQ: 0-30) to invasive adenocarcinoma (median: 40, IQ: 21.25-60). Cyclin B exhibited a similar pattern (median: 0, IQ: 0-0, median: 0, IQ: 0-0.5, median: 8, IQ: 0.75-15, and median: 30, IQ: 15-45, respectively). Statistically higher expression of cyclin B was found in CGIN than in TEM/endometriosis (P < 0.001). Invasive adenocarcinomas expressed higher levels of cyclins A and B than CGIN (P < 0.001). There was significantly greater cyclin E expression in TEM/endometriosis than in normal cervix (P = 0.03) with a nonsignificant further increase in CGIN and invasive adenocarcinoma. The expression of cyclin D was not significantly different among all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that up-regulation of cyclin A and B expression occurs in neoplastic lesions of the cervix. Cyclin B expression was significantly more widespread in CGIN lesions than in TEM/endometriosis indicating that further assessment of the value of this marker in the diagnosis of cervical glandular neoplasia is warranted. PMID- 14766258 TI - Phase II study of topotecan and paclitaxel for recurrent, persistent, or metastatic cervical carcinoma. AB - OBJECTIVE: This trial investigated the safety and efficacy of paclitaxel and topotecan combination chemotherapy for patients with advanced cervical cancer (ACC). METHODS: Patients with recurrent, persistent, or metastatic ACC and an ECOG performance status < or =2 were treated with 175 mg/m(2) paclitaxel on Day 1 and 1 mg/m(2) topotecan on Days 1-5 of a 21-day cycle with G-CSF support and the standard pretreatment regimen for paclitaxel. Patients were treated until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. RESULTS: Fifteen patients were enrolled, and 86 cycles of therapy (median, 5; range, 1-14) were administered. Grade 3/4 toxicities included anemia (47%), leukopenia (27%), neurotoxicity (13%), thrombocytopenia (13%), and diarrhea (13%). Among 13 evaluable patients, 7 (54%) responded (1 complete and 6 partial; 95% confidence interval = 29.2%, 76.8%). Three (23%) patients experienced stable disease. Progression-free and overall survival were 3.77 and 8.62 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: The combination of paclitaxel/topotecan was generally well tolerated and active in the relapsed, recurrent, or metastatic ACC setting, with response rates comparable with those of other current ACC systemic therapies. PMID- 14766259 TI - Evaluation of vinorelbine in persistent or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. AB - PURPOSE: Vinorelbine is being explored by the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) for its possible use in advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The objective of this Phase II trial was to evaluate a days 1 and 8 every-21-days schedule and determine its activity in patients who had failed standard chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients with measurable disease and satisfactory baseline bone marrow, liver, and kidney functions were treated with vinorelbine 30 mg/m(2) given on days 1 and 8 every 21 days. A two stage sampling design was used, proceeding to a second stage accrual if sufficient activity was documented in the first 25 patients. RESULTS: The study did proceed to the second stage and accrued 44 patients. There were six objective responses (one complete, five partial) for a response rate of 13.7% (95% confidence interval: 5.2-27.4%). There were three patients with response in extra pelvic sites (including the complete response) and three with response in the pelvis. The overall frequency of grades 3 and 4 neutropenia was 41%, whereas neuropathy was reported in 27% and was severe in three. Treatment-related pain, very severe in two instances, was also reported in 27%. CONCLUSION: Vinorelbine has moderate activity in a pretreated population with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Accordingly, vinorelbine in this days 1 and 8 schedule is being studied further in combination with cisplatin by the GOG. PMID- 14766260 TI - Phase II trial of gemcitabine as second-line chemotherapy of uterine leiomyosarcoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) Study. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the antitumor activity and toxicity profile of gemcitabine as second-line chemotherapy in patients with recurrent or persistent uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS). METHODS: Intravenous gemcitabine was administered over 30 min at a dose of 1000 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, 15, with cycles repeated every 28 days. Eligibility criteria included measurable disease, performance status 0-2, adequate bone marrow function, creatinine <1.5 mg%, bilirubin <1.5x institutional normal, SGOT/alkaline phosphatase <3x institutional normal, and signed informed consent. Standard Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) toxicity and response criteria were utilized. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients were enrolled on the study. Three were deemed ineligible upon central pathology review, another received an inadequate course of protocol treatment, and two others were not reassessed for response; thus 44 patients were evaluable for toxicity and 42 for toxicity and response. The median age was 52.5 (range: 31-82) years. Thirty-five patients had received prior chemotherapy and 11 had undergone prior radiotherapy. Sites of measurable disease were pelvic (n = 9) and extrapelvic (n = 35). A median of two (range: 1-13) cycles was received. The schedule was well tolerated; there were no treatment-related deaths. The only grade 4 toxicities included neutropenia (n = 7), nausea and vomiting (n = 2), and dermatologic (n = 1). One (2.3%) patient achieved a complete response and eight (18.2%) experienced a partial response, for an overall response rate of 20.5%. CONCLUSION: Gemcitabine demonstrates activity in patients with persistent or recurrent uterine LMS and should be considered in multiagent regimens treating this patient population. PMID- 14766261 TI - The treatment of uterine leiomyosarcoma. Results from a 10-year experience (1990 1999) at the Massachusetts General Hospital. AB - OBJECTIVE: Uterine leiomyosarcomas (LMS) are rare tumors with a poor prognosis. The purpose of this study is to review the presentation, therapy and outcome of patients with leiomyosarcoma originating from the uterus treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1990 to 1999. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was done to patients treated for uterine leiomyosarcoma during the study period. One author reviewed all available histologic specimens. Statistical analysis was done to determine whether there is an association between histologic criteria or therapy used and overall survival. RESULTS: Forty-seven charts were reviewed to identify 27 patients with leiomyosarcoma arising from the uterus treated in the decade from 1990 to 1999. Most patients received multimodality therapy with surgery followed by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Patients who had no visible disease at the conclusion of primary surgery had a better overall survival than patients who did not achieve surgical remission (P < 0.0003). There is a trend toward improved survival in patients with lower number of mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields (P = 0. 062). Current chemotherapy drugs were minimally effective with 80% of treated patients having progression of disease. Adjuvant therapy after optimal cytoreduction does not decrease the rate of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Uterine leiomyosarcoma continues to be a deadly disease. Aggressive surgical cytoreduction at the time of initial diagnosis offers the possibility of prolonged survival or cure. PMID- 14766262 TI - Clinical value of immunohistochemically detected lymphovascular invasion in endometrioid endometrial cancer. AB - INTRODUCTION: Lymphovascular Invasion (LVSI) of tumour cells is marked as an important step in the process of tumour metastases and is an important prognostic factor in Endometrial Cancer (EC). Currently, the standard method for assessing LVSI is light microscopic examination of H&E stained sections. Tumour cells within lymphovascular spaces can evade detection on H&E staining if they are present in very small numbers or surrounded by a greater number of circulating cells. Dual immunostaining for epithelial and endothelial cell markers cell markers has been shown to increase detection rate of LVSI significantly. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical significance of LVSI as detected by H&E (LVSI-H&E) and immunohistochemically (LVSI-IHC) in clinically stage I endometrioid EC patients. Methods. Single representative section of 90 patients with stage I endometriod EC were immunostained in accordance with established streptavidin-biotin peroxidase method using a mouse monoclonal pancytokeratin (PCK), clone AE1/AE3 and CD31 endothelial cell marker. The H&E sections and their corresponding immunostained sections were re-examined to identify LVSI. Clinical records were available on 72 patients. The following data were collected: age, race, parity, presentation, associated medical disorders (obesity, diabetes and hypertension), use of Tamoxifen or HRT, menopausal state, recurrence and survival. RESULTS: Overall, LVSI was present in 45 (50%) cases and absent in 45 (50%) cases on IHC, as compared with 17 (19%) and 73 (81%) cases, respectively, on H&E. Statistical analysis revealed significant association between LVSI-H&E and depth of myometrial invasion (P < 0.0001). The median follow-up period was 161 months (range 5-207 months). During the follow-up period, six of 14 cases with evidence of LVSI-H&E presented with recurrence as opposed to six of 58 patients with no evidence (OR = 6.26, 95%: CI = 1.3-30.6). There was a significant association between tumour recurrence rate and LVSI-H&E (P = 0.01). The 5-year recurrence-free survival was 54% for the group with H&E evidence of LVSI (95%: CI = 44-64%) compared with 89% for the group without (95%: CI = 82 97%). There was a significant difference in the recurrence-free survival between the two groups (Chi-square = 6.96, P = 0.008). In contrast, LVSI-IHC was found to be significantly associated only with high-grade tumours (P = 0.01) and survival analysis revealed no statistically significant association with recurrence or survival. CONCLUSIONS: LVSI-H&E in stage I EC remains an important predictive factor of recurrent disease and reduced disease-free interval. Immunohistochemically detected LVSI is a common event, associated with tumour grade and appears to be of no statistically significant clinical value. PMID- 14766263 TI - C/EBPbeta activity and HPV-16 E6/E7 mRNA expression are not altered by imiquimod (ALDARA) in human cervical cancer cells in vitro. AB - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the potential relationship between imiquimod and C/EBPbeta by investigating the extent to which imiquimod could alter C/EBPbeta binding activity to known sequences of the HPV-16 NCR, which could lead to the repression of HPV-16 E6/E7 oncogene expression, possibly impacting a major mechanism by which HPV causes cellular transformation. METHODS: The effect of imiquimod treatment on C/EBPbeta binding activity to its consensus sequence as well as to two specific regions of the HPV-16 NCR was determined by electromobility shift assay (EMSA) in CaSki cervical cancer cells. HPV-16 E6/E7 gene expression was evaluated by RNase protection assay (RPA) in CaSki and in W12 E cells treated with imiquimod. In addition, C/EBPbeta mRNA expression and protein production in response to imiquimod were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively, in the cervical cancer cell lines, CaSki, HeLa, and C33A. RESULTS: C/EBPbeta binding activity, mRNA expression, and protein production remained unchanged with imiquimod treatment. Initially, HPV-16 E6/E7 expression appeared to be increased with imiquimod treatment in CaSki cells, but this effect was not reproducible. HPV-16 E6/E7 expression was not reproducibly altered with imiquimod treatment in W12-E cells. CONCLUSION: While these results indicate that imiquimod does not alter C/EBPbeta binding activity, nor does it appear to decrease HPV-16 E6/E7 oncogene expression in vitro, it remains possible that imiquimod may have utility in treating cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer via another mechanism. PMID- 14766264 TI - Sentinel lymph node detection in patients with endometrial cancer. AB - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection in patients with endometrial cancer using preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and an intraoperative gamma probe. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between June 2001 and January 2003, 28 consecutive patients with endometrial cancer who were scheduled for total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo oophorectomy, total pelvic lymphadenectomy, and paraaortic lymphadenectomy at Tohoku University School of Medicine underwent sentinel lymph node detection. On the day before surgery, preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed by injection of 99m-Technetium ((99m)Tc)-labeled phytate into the endometrium during hysteroscopy. At the time of surgery, a gamma-detecting probe was used to locate radioactive lymph nodes. RESULTS: At least one sentinel node was detected in each of 23 of the 28 patients (82%). The mean number of sentinel nodes detected was 3.1 (range, 1-9). Sentinel nodes could be identified in 21 of 22 patients (95%) whose tumor did not invade more than halfway into the myometrium. Eighteen patients had radioactive nodes in the paraaortic area. Most patients had a sentinel node in one of the following three sites: paraaortic, external iliac, and obturator. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting lymph node metastases were both 100%. CONCLUSION: The combination of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy with intraoperative gamma probe detection may be useful in identifying sentinel nodes in early-stage endometrial cancer. PMID- 14766265 TI - TNFalpha polymorphism frequencies in HPV-associated cervical dysplasia. AB - OBJECTIVES: Persistent high-risk HPV infection of the uterine cervix is associated with CIN and cervical carcinoma. Women with a reduced pro-inflammatory response to HPV are likely to be susceptible to viral persistence, and therefore, potentially more vulnerable to cervical neoplasia. In this study, we investigate whether nucleotide sequence polymorphisms in the TNFalpha (TNFSF2) gene (which can modify gene transcription up to 9-fold) might influence susceptibility to, or evolution of, CIN. METHODS: Induced heteroduplex analysis was used to identify polymorphisms at positions TNFalpha -308 and -238 in women with normal cervical cytology and with cervical disease. Patients with low-grade disease were HPV typed using general primer GP5+/6+ PCR/EIA and reverse line blotting, and were reassessed for disease status at 6 and 24 months. RESULTS: CIN patients as a group had a significantly higher frequency of TNFalpha -308 low-secretor genotypes (GG) compared to controls, and this effect was most pronounced in the CIN1 group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.004, respectively). TNFalpha polymorphism frequencies at position -238 were similar for patients and controls. Neither polymorphism was associated with the presence of HPV infection at recruitment or disease outcome at 6 or 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the hypothesis that susceptibility to CIN is influenced by TNFalpha -308 polymorphism. PMID- 14766266 TI - Major complications of urinary diversion after pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies: a 23-year mono-institutional experience in 124 patients. AB - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the postoperative outcome of patients undergoing urinary diversion at the time of pelvic exenteration. METHODS: Between January 1980 and December 2002, 232 pelvic exenterations for gynecologic malignancies were performed in our hospital. One hundred and twenty four included a urinary diversion. There were locally advanced or recurrent cancers including 101 cervical, 11 endometrial, 5 vagina, 2 ovarian malignancies and 5 pelvic sarcoma. RESULTS: Ninety patients (72.5%) had a history of previous irradiation. Exenterations were 69 anterior and 55 total. Urinary diversion included 14 bilateral ureterostomies, 62 trans-intestinal diversion and 48 continent diversion using distal ileum and right colon. Pelvic filling was performed in 56 patients (45%). Low colorectal anastomosis was performed in 42 of 48 supralevator pelvic exenteration (87.5%). Postoperative mortality rate was 8% (10/124). Overall 12-week postoperative morbidity rate was 52% (65/124) and appears to be significantly higher in irradiated patients and after total exenteration. In trans-intestinal noncontinent group, eight patients were reoperated for a complication directly related to urinary diversion procedure. No reoperation for such a complication was performed in the continent urinary diversion group. CONCLUSIONS: Ileocolic continent pouch seems to be the safer urinary diversion procedure after exenteration for gynecological malignancies especially in irradiated patients and after total exenteration. PMID- 14766267 TI - Primary Ewing's sarcoma-primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the vagina. AB - BACKGROUND: Only three cases of Ewing's sarcoma-primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES-PNET) occurring in the vagina have been previously reported. CASE: A 30-year old Chinese woman presented with a vaginal mass measuring 5 cm in greatest dimension. The tumor was composed of solid sheets of undifferentiated small round cells with numerous Homer-Wright rosettes. Immunohistochemically, it was positive for CD99, FlI-1 protein, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, vimentin, and S 100 protein. The patient underwent wide local excision of the tumor and subsequent total abdominal hysterectomy with postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy. She is disease-free 36 months after the initial surgery. CONCLUSION: This is a rare case of ES-PNET occurring in the vagina and the first showing many distinctive Homer-Wright rosettes. A review of literature indicates that vaginal or vulvar ES-PNET affects younger women, and it may have a relatively favorable outcome. PMID- 14766268 TI - Primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the uterus: a report of two cases and review of the literature. AB - BACKGROUND: Primary primitive neuroectodermal (pPNET) tumors rarely occur in adults, and they very rarely present as primary tumors of the uterus. Only 12 reported cases of pPNET of the uterus have been published in the English literature. We report two additional cases treated at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, between 1999 and 2002. CASES: Two postmenopausal patients presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding underwent endometrial biopsy, and subsequently staging laparotomy. The diagnosis of pPNET in both cases was confirmed only by extensive immunohistochemical analysis of the tumors. One patient with disease confined to an endometrial polyp received no adjuvant therapy, while the second patient with extrauterine disease received adjuvant pelvic radiation followed by chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of pPNET of the uterus may be a challenge. Features of diagnostic significance include positive staining with neuron-specific enolase, presence of neurosecretory granules, and positive staining with the MIC-2 gene. Currently, there is no uniformity in the treatment of these cases since the majority of the patients reported to date have had surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy. PMID- 14766269 TI - Concurrent ovarian-type primary peritoneal adenocarcinoma and peritoneal choriocarcinoma. A case report and review of the literature. AB - BACKGROUND: Nongestational choriocarcinomas are aggressive tumours occurring either as a global event or as a focal change in solid tumours. The latter is responsible for coexistence of trophoblastic histology with other malignancies. CASE: A 65-year old female with stage IV primary peritoneal carcinoma, ovarian type, underwent surgical cytoreduction followed by two courses of paclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy. A choriocarcinomatous component was later identified in the resection specimens, as chemotherapy resulted in a differential response of the two malignant variants. Commencement of EMA/CO chemotherapy (etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, vincristine) resulted in symptom palliation and tumour regression, further consolidated with platinum based EP/EMA (etoposide, cisplatin, methotrexate, actinomycin D). Two months later, relentless choriocarcinomatous disease progression followed, leading to the patient's death while the peritoneal adenocarcinomatous variant remained biochemically quiescent. CONCLUSION: Choriocarcinomas may coexist with typical ovarian-type peritoneal cancer, creating diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Aggressive weekly chorio-type chemotherapy appears to be warranted despite the low likelihood of cure, as it provides significant symptom palliation. PMID- 14766270 TI - Uterine leiomyosarcoma metastatic to the sphenoid sinus: a case report and review of the literature. AB - BACKGROUND: Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of the uterus is a rare neoplasm with an aggressive growth pattern. Although the majority of uterine LMS is diagnosed with disease confined to the uterus, the rate of recurrent disease is high. The most common sites of recurrent disease are lung, liver, and peritoneal cavity. The rate of lymph node involvement with disease confined to the uterus is less than 3%. Metastases to brain and skull are rare. CASE: A 39-year-old woman underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic and paraaortic lymph node biopsies, omentectomy, and appendectomy for Grade 2 FIGO Stage 1 uterine leiomyosarcoma. She remained disease-free for 2 years until she presented with metastases to the sphenoid sinus. She underwent incomplete resection of the recurrence and was treated postoperatively with adjuvant MAID chemotherapy with poor response. She then underwent a second resection at an outside institution. Five months later, she was treated with radiation therapy to the base of the skull with no response. She expired from the disease 13 months after the diagnosis of the recurrence. CONCLUSION: The prognosis for patients who recur is dismal. The treatment options are limited. Surgical management should be considered as uterine LMS has a low response to chemotherapy and surgical resection of LMS to sites such as lung and abdomen has been suggested to offer a benefit. Radiation therapy may provide palliative benefit in the setting of metastatic disease. PMID- 14766271 TI - Gemcitabine associated vasculitis leading to necrotizing enterocolitis and death in women undergoing primary treatment for epithelial ovarian/peritoneal cancer. AB - We present two patients who developed necrotizing enterocolitis following their first cycle of chemotherapy for epithelial ovarian/peritoneal cancer. After optimal cytoreductive surgery, both women received gemcitabine as part of a chemotherapy protocol. One patient developed necrotizing enterocolitis, 1 day after chemotherapy and the other 8 days after chemotherapy. The first patient succumbed to the enterocolitis despite aggressive supportive care. The second patient succumbed despite both aggressive supportive care and surgical intervention. Pathologic review for both patients revealed a drug induced vasculitis causing necrotizing enterocolitis. PMID- 14766272 TI - Placental site trophoblastic tumor arising from antecedent molar pregnancy. AB - OBJECTIVE: Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is a rare form of gestational trophoblastic disease. Little is known about its pathogenesis and natural history. METHODS: This report describes two cases that arose in patients with documented complete hydatidiform moles and summarizes the antecedent prenatal histories of PSTTs based on a detailed Medline literature analysis. CASES: A 28-year-old, G(2)P(2) female had a live, 12-week gestation fetus and a coexisting molar pregnancy. Her hCG levels dropped promptly from 1.5 million to 23,273 IU/ml after termination, but rose shortly thereafter together with the onset of recurrent vaginal bleeding. Curettage revealed persistent mole. Persistently elevated hCG led to hysterectomy disclosing a fundal PSTT. The second case was that of a 48-year-old, G(2) woman who presented with symptoms of preeclampsia, hyperthyroidism, and elevated hCG. Curettage yielded a complete hydatidiform mole. Although the hCG level decreased for a short period, it soon increased despite treatment with methotrexate. A second curettage revealed a PSTT. DISCUSSION: A Medline literature analysis of PSTT, which consists almost entirely of individual cases and several small series, disclosed that PSTT is preceded in 61% of cases by normal term pregnancy, 12% molar pregnancy, 9% spontaneous abortion, 8% therapeutic abortion, and 3% with ectopic pregnancy, stillbirths or preterm delivery. No information is known in 7%. This report describes two additional cases of PSTT preceded by complete molar pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: PSTT is a well recognized, but uncommon form of gestational trophoblastic disease. Although little is known about its pathogenesis, it is preceded not uncommonly by an abnormal pregnancy, including a molar pregnancy. PMID- 14766273 TI - A 104-year-old woman with advanced cervical carcinoma of the uterus. AB - BACKGROUND: Treatment of elderly patient with advanced cancer includes considerable problems because of their limited life expectancy. CASE: A 104-year old woman with FIGO stage IIIB uterine cervical carcinoma treated with external beam radiotherapy and high dose-rate brachytherapy. After the treatment, the serum squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen had fallen to normal level. She is now living 66 months after the treatment without recurrent symptoms. CONCLUSION: In this specific case, the significance of this treatment is that the patient is surviving at the age of 109. PMID- 14766274 TI - Sclerotherapy with bleomycin for recurrent massive inguinal lymphoceles following partial vulvectomy and bilateral lymphadenectomy-Case report and literature review. AB - BACKGROUND: Formation of lymphoceles following radical vulvectomy presents a formidable problem that is associated with high degree of morbidity. A variety of approaches have been described in the literature to treat this condition. CASE: An 82-year-old woman developed massive inguinal lymphoceles following partial vulvectomy and inguinal lymphadenectomy for cancer vulva. The lymphoceles involved wide surface areas extending to both flanks, and accumulation of lymph was very rapid at a rate of 1 l daily. The condition failed to respond to continuous drainage and compression for 6 weeks, but responded quickly to sclerotherapy using bleomycin without any significant side effects. CONCLUSION: Intracavitary bleomycin could be used safely and effectively in huge rapidly accumulating lymphoceles. PMID- 14766275 TI - Gene expression profiling of tamoxifen-associated uterine cancers: evidence for two molecular classes of endometrial carcinoma. AB - OBJECTIVE: Endometrial cancers associated with tamoxifen exposure potentially represent a unique resource for investigating the molecular mechanisms of estrogen-induced tumorigenesis. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that tamoxifen-associated endometrial carcinomas have a distinct gene expression profile compared to matched cases not associated with this exposure. METHODS: Microarray-based expression profiling was performed on a series of tamoxifen-associated (N = 10) and matched sporadic cases (N = 29) of endometrial carcinoma. RESULTS: Supervised class comparison revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.48). However, unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the entire sample of tumors revealed two groups with extremely diverse molecular profiles that were independent of tamoxifen exposure. Of recognized clinicopathological factors, histologic grade correlated best with these two molecular classes. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the molecular profile of tamoxifen-associated endometrial cancers is not different from that of endometrial carcinomas generally, and further, that there exist two highly distinct molecular subtypes of endometrial carcinoma. PMID- 14766276 TI - False-positive positron emission tomographic scan and computed tomography for recurrent vaginal cancer: pitfalls of modern imaging techniques. PMID- 14766277 TI - Comment on "Recurrent carcinoma in situ of a neovagina". PMID- 14766280 TI - Structural analysis of saponins from medicinal herbs using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. AB - The underivatized saponins from Tribulus terrestris and Panax ginseng have been investigated by electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI MS(n)). In ESI-MS spectra, a predominant [M + Na](+) ion in positive mode and [M H](-) ion in negative mode were observed for molecular mass information. Multi stage tandem mass spectrometry of the molecular ions was used for detailed structural analysis. Fragment ions from glycoside cleavage can provide information on the mass of aglycone and the primary sequence and branching of oligosaccharide chains in terms of classes of monosaccharides. Fragment ions from cross-ring cleavages of sugar residues can give some information about the linkages between sugar residues. It was found that different alkali metal cationized adducts with saponins have different degrees of fragmentation, which may originate from the different affinity of a saponin with each alkali metal in the gas phase. ESI-MS(n) has been proven to be an effective tool for rapid determination of native saponins in extract mixtures, thus avoiding tedious derivatization and separation steps. PMID- 14766281 TI - Fragmentation pathways of N(G)-methylated and unmodified arginine residues in peptides studied by ESI-MS/MS and MALDI-MS. AB - Protein methylation at arginine residues is a prevalent posttranslational modification in eukaryotic cells that has been implicated in processes from RNA binding and transporting to protein sorting and transcription activation. Three main forms of methylarginine have been identified: N(G)-monomethylarginine (MMA), asymmetric N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine (aDMA), and symmetric N(G),N'(G) dimethylarginine (sDMA). To investigate gas-phase fragmentations and characteristic ions arising from methylated and unmodified arginine residues in detail, we subjected peptides containing these residues to electrospray triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. A variety of low mass ions including (methylated) ammonium, carbodiimidium, and guanidinium ions were observed. Fragment ions resulting from the loss of the corresponding neutral fragments (amines, carbodiimide, and guanidine) from intact molecular ions as well as from N- and C-terminal fragment ions were also identified. Furthermore, the peptides containing either methylated or unmodified arginines gave rise to abundant fragment ions at m/z 70, 112, and 115, for which cyclic ion structures are proposed. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra revealed that dimethylammonium (m/z 46) is a specific marker ion for aDMA. A precursor ion scanning method utilizing this fragment ion was developed, which allowed sensitive and specific detection of aDMA-containing peptides even in the presence of a five-fold excess of phosphorylase B digest. Interestingly, regular matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectra recorded from aDMA- or sDMA containing peptides showed metastable fragment ions resulting from cleavages of the arginine side chains. The neutral losses of mono- and dimethylamines permit the differentiation between aDMA and sDMA. PMID- 14766282 TI - Factors that affect ion trap data-dependent MS/MS in proteomics. AB - Quadrupole ion trap scanning parameters for performing bottom-up proteomics in a data-dependent fashion were evaluated on a Finnigan LCQ Deca mass spectrometer. Evaluation of parameters such as the number of averaged full scans, the number of averaged MS/MS scans, and ion injection times were necessary for acquiring high quality MS/MS spectra that yield favorable b and y ion coverage and high correlation to proteins using database searching algorithms. In this study, we demonstrated how the duty cycle of the mass spectrometer affects the number of peptides that can be successfully identified by SEQUEST using a model system of tryptic BSA peptides to mimic a typical complex mixture associated with bottom-up proteomics. The number of averaged scans and the duration of ion accumulation in the trap had a significant effect on the quality of acquired MS/MS spectra. For example, by increasing the ion injection time from 500 ms to 600 ms, peptide HLVDEPQNLIK improved from being improperly identified to being correctly identified with a SEQUEST cross-correlation score of 3.60. As a result of these experiments, we have devised the following set of ion trap parameters for performing bottom-up proteomics analysis in our laboratory: Three averaged full scans, five averaged MS/MS scans, and a maximum ion injection time of 600 ms. PMID- 14766283 TI - Fragmentation of amidinated peptide ions. AB - The collision-induced dissociation characteristics of amidinated and unmodified tryptic peptides are compared using an ion trap mass spectrometer with both electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI). Several fragmentation pathways in a number of tryptic peptides of various precursor charge states are found to be enhanced. The additional information conveyed by the observed fragment ions should facilitate protein identifications. PMID- 14766284 TI - Investigations of electrospray sample deposition for polymer MALDI mass spectrometry. AB - In the interest of a more thorough understanding of the relationship between sample deposition technique and the quality of data obtained using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry, details of the electrospray (ES) process of sample deposition are investigated using a number of techniques. Sample morphology was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), while matrix-enhanced secondary ion mass spectrometry (MESIMS) monitored surface coverage. Electrospray deposition reduces the analyte segregation that can occur during traditional dried droplet deposition for MALDI. We attribute statistically significant improvements in the reproducibility of signal intensity and MALDI average molecular mass measurements to the ES sample deposition technique. PMID- 14766285 TI - Direct characterization of bitter acids in a crude hop extract by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. AB - The applicability of on-line coupling of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the separation and characterization of hop acids mixture from the crude extract of Humulus lupulus was investigated. The solvent system consisting of acetonitrile-aqueous formic acid was used to give proper separation of the six main hop bitter acids within 30 min. Further structural information about the components was acquired by collision-induced dissociation (CID). On the basis of analyses of the fragmentation patterns of the major alpha- and beta-bitter acids respectively, identification of the minor ones was performed using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) with a group of qualitatively relevant selected precursor-product ion transitions for each bitter acid in a single high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) run. Using this technique, six minor hop acids, including "adprelupulone" observed for the first time in natural resources, were detected along with the six major acids. This hyphenated techniques provides potency for rapid qualitative determination of analogs and homologs in mixtures. PMID- 14766286 TI - Confirmatory analysis of ethylglucuronide in urine by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry according to forensic guidelines. AB - beta-D-ethylglucuronide (EtG) is a stable Phase II metabolite of ethanol which can be detected in urine samples several days after elimination of ethanol. It is a useful diagnostic parameter for monitoring abstinence of alcoholics in alcohol withdrawal treatment. For this purpose, determination in urine is mainly performed by LC-MS, LC-MS/MS, or by GC-MS. For the mass spectrometric identification and detection of controlled substances in more sensitive fields such as forensic toxicology, workplace drug testing, doping analysis, and veterinary organic residue control, official guidelines have been released requiring a chromatographic separation and a minimum of two mass spectrometric transitions of the analyte. However, for detection of EtG none of the published LC-MS/MS methods could fulfill the minimum requirements of any of these guidelines. Therefore, an existing LC-MS/MS method has been modified by monitoring further MS/MS transitions instead of only one (deprotonated molecule [M - H](-)/product ions: m/z 75, 85, 113, and 159 optional) with the aim of withstanding administrative or court scrutiny in forensic or workplace drug testing cases. Full method validation has been performed in accordance to guidelines of the German Society of Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry (GTFCh) and requirements of ISO 17025. One application field in the United States is a workplace monitoring program to detect surreptitious alcohol use among recovering health professionals, who by contract had agreed on total abstinence after drug and alcohol withdrawal therapy. PMID- 14766287 TI - Direct electrospray tandem mass spectrometry of the unstable hydroperoxy bishemiacetal product derived from cholesterol ozonolysis. AB - Cholesterol is the most abundant neutral lipid in the epithelial lining fluid of the lower airways of the lung also known as pulmonary surfactant and a potential target for reaction with ambient ozone when inspired into the human lung. The isolated double bond of cholesterol has been shown to be susceptible to attack by ozone, but the major reaction product from cholesterol ozonolysis had been remarkably difficult to structurally characterize. Recently, NMR and X-ray crystallography have been used to suggest the formation of a hydroperoxy, hydroxy hemiacetal product, using various derivatives and models of cholesterol to stabilize this chemically reactive product. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to study the somewhat unstable ozonolysis product of cholesterol which was found to display unique ionization and fragmentation properties when collisionally activated. The electron-deficient carbon atoms of this highly oxygenated product permitted covalent attachment of an acetate anion during negative ion electrospray ionization, leading to the formation of abundant adduct ions at m/z 511. Surprisingly, positive ions were not readily formed. Collision induced dissociation of the adduct anion yielded a major ion at m/z 477, corresponding to the loss of hydrogen peroxide. The most abundant fragment ion following collisional activation was observed at m/z 93, resulting from a complex rearrangement subsequent to the attack of the hydroperoxide anion on the carbon center of the acetate adduct. Based on the interpretation of the tandem mass spectral data, the major cholesterol ozonization product was characterized as a hydroperoxy, hydroxy hemiacetal derivative, which was consistent with the NMR and X-ray crystallographic studies which were carried out on the more stable methyl ether derivative. PMID- 14766288 TI - Negative ion-atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. AB - The ionization mechanism in the novel atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS) in negative ion mode was studied thoroughly by the analysis of seven compounds in 17 solvent systems. The compounds possessed either gas-phase acidity or positive electron affinity, whereas the solvent systems had different polarities and gas-phase acidities and some of them positive electron affinities. The analytes that possessed gas-phase acidity formed deprotonated ions in proton transfer; in addition, fragments and solvent adducts were observed. The compounds of positive electron affinity formed negative molecular ions by electron capture or charge exchange and substitution products of form [M X + O](-) by substitution reactions. The efficiency of deprotonation was decreased if the solvent used possessed higher gas-phase acidity than the analyte. Solvents of positive electron affinity captured thermal electrons and deteriorated the ionization of all the analytes. Also, the proportion of substitution products was affected by the solvent. Finally, the performances of negative ion APPI and negative ion APCI were compared. The sensitivity for the studied compounds was better in APPI, but the formation of substitution products was lower in APCI. PMID- 14766289 TI - An automated high performance capillary liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer for high-throughput proteomics. AB - We describe a fully automated high performance liquid chromatography 9.4 tesla Fourier transform ion resonance cyclotron (FTICR) mass spectrometer system designed for proteomics research. A synergistic suite of ion introduction and manipulation technologies were developed and integrated as a high-performance front-end to a commercial Bruker Daltonics FTICR instrument. The developments incorporated included a dual-ESI-emitter ion source; a dual-channel electrodynamic ion funnel; tandem quadrupoles for collisional cooling and focusing, ion selection, and ion accumulation, and served to significantly improve the sensitivity, dynamic range, and mass measurement accuracy of the mass spectrometer. In addition, a novel technique for accumulating ions in the ICR cell was developed that improved both resolution and mass measurement accuracy. A new calibration methodology is also described where calibrant ions are introduced and controlled via a separate channel of the dual-channel ion funnel, allowing calibrant species to be introduced to sample spectra on a real-time basis, if needed. We also report on overall instrument automation developments that facilitate high-throughput and unattended operation. These included an automated version of the previously reported very high resolution, high pressure reversed phase gradient capillary liquid chromatography (LC) system as the separations component. A commercial autosampler was integrated to facilitate 24 h/day operation. Unattended operation of the instrument revealed exceptional overall performance: Reproducibility (1-5% deviation in uncorrected elution times), repeatability (<20% deviation in detected abundances for more abundant peptides from the same aliquot analyzed a few weeks apart), and robustness (high throughput operation for 5 months without significant downtime). When combined with modulated-ion-energy gated trapping, the dynamic calibration of FTICR mass spectra provided decreased mass measurement errors for peptide identifications in conjunction with high resolution capillary LC separations over a dynamic range of peptide peak intensities for each spectrum of 10(3), and >10(5) for peptide abundances in the overall separation. PMID- 14766290 TI - Determination of enzyme/substrate specificity constants using a multiple substrate ESI-MS assay. AB - The traditional method used to investigate the reaction specificity of an enzyme with different substrates is to perform individual kinetic measurements. In this case, a series of varied concentrations are required to study each substrate and a non-regression analysis program is used several times to obtain all the specificity constants for comparison. To avoid the large amount of experimental materials, long analysis time, and redundant data processing procedures involved in the traditional method, we have developed a novel strategy for rapid determination of enzyme substrate specificity using one reaction system containing multiple competing substrates. In this multiplex assay method, the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) technique was used for simultaneous quantification of multiple products and a steady-state kinetics model was established for efficient specificity constant calculation. The system investigated was the bacterial sulfotransferase NodH (NodST), which is a host specific nod gene product that catalyzes the sulfate group transfer from 3' phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to natural Nod factors or synthetic chitooligosaccharides. Herein, the reaction specificity of NodST for four chitooligosaccharide acceptor substrates of different chain length (chitobiose, chitotriose, chitotetraose, and chitopentaose) was determined by both individual kinetic measurements and the new multiplex ESI-MS assay. The results obtained from the two methods were compared and found to be consistent. The multiplex ESI MS assay is an accurate and valid method for substrate specificity evaluation, in which multiple substrates can be evaluated in one assay. PMID- 14766291 TI - Gas phase reactivity of isomeric arylglycosides towards amines. A chemical ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry study. AB - Chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments have been performed for the structural characterization and isomeric differentiation of two series of C- and O-linked arylglycosides with potential antioxidant activity. Different amines have been used for producing gas phase chemical ionization. Depending on their proton affinity and steric hindrance, adduct ions with different stability are formed. The most stable adducts are produced by ethylamine and they have been extensively structurally characterized by experimental and theoretical approaches. Energy resolved chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometric experiments have allowed unambiguous characterization and differentiation of both the anomers differing at the configuration of the glycosidic C(1) atom, and regio- and structural isomers at extremely low concentrations, typical of mass spectrometry. This study has shown that amine chemical ionization mass spectrometry and MS/MS are powerful and versatile tools for the structural characterization of arylglycosides. PMID- 14766292 TI - An experimental study of the electrospraying of water in air at atmospheric pressure. AB - Water solutions with electrical conductivities ranging from that of the deionized water up to 2 S/m have been electrosprayed in air through narrow silica tubes. Results show unambiguously that steady cone jets of water in air without the assistance of glow discharge can be formed for the range of electrical conductivities we have explored. The absence of corona discharge has been proven not only for the good agreement between the experimental results and the scaling laws given in the cone-jet literature but also for the independence of the spray current on the atmosphere (air or CO(2)) in which water was being electrosprayed. Other regimes such as the electric dripping and the assisted glow discharge cone jet mode that appear in the electrospraying of water in air at room temperature have also been investigated. PMID- 14766293 TI - Characterization of Ti(6)O(4)(O(2)C(4)H(5))(8)(OCH(2)CH(3))(8) by electrospray time of flight mass spectrometry. AB - A titanium oxide molecular cluster prepared by hydrolysis of titanium tetraethoxide in the presence of methacrylic acid, can be characterized by electrospray time of flight mass spectrometry (ESMS-TOF). The chemistry of such systems is not well known and ESMS is a powerful technique for studying the reactions of clusters in solution. The fingerprint of the cluster fragmentation suggests formation of Ti(x)O(y) core fragments that represent commonly observed structural constructs in bulk titanium oxide metallates. The fragmentation steps provide insight into the hydrolytic conversion of this molecular sol gel intermediate into bulk TiO(2). While MS has been applied to the study of metal alkoxide hydrolysis mechanisms, mass spectra of isolated individual titanium oxide clusters have not previously been reported. PMID- 14766294 TI - Self-assembling of cytosine nucleoside into triply-bound dimers in acid media. A comprehensive evaluation of proton-bound pyrimidine nucleosides by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, X-rays diffractometry, and theoretical calculations. AB - Electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is used to evaluate the assembling of cytosine and thymine nucleosides in the gas phase, through the formation of hydrogen bonded supermolecules. Mixtures of cytidine analogues and homologues deliver in the gas phase proton-bound heterodimers stabilized by multiple interactions, as proven by the kinetics of their dissociation into the corresponding protonated monomers. Theoretical calculations, performed on initial structures of methylcytosine homodimers available in the literature, converged to a minimized structure whereby the two pyrimidine rings interact through the formation of three hydrogen bonds of similar energy. The crystallographic data here reported show the equivalency of the two interacting pyrimidines which is attributable to the presence of an inversion center. Thymine and uracil pyrimidyl nucleosides form, by ESI, gaseous proton-bound dimers. The kinetic of their dissociation into the related protonated monomers shows that the nucleobases are weekly interacting through a single hydrogen bond. The minimized structure of the protonated heterodimer formed by thymine and N-1-methylthymine confirmed the existence of mainly one hydrogen bond which links the two nucleobases through the O4 oxygens. No crystallographic data exists on thymine proton-bound species, nor have we been able to obtain these aggregates in the solid phase. The gaseous phase, under high vacuum conditions, seems therefore a suitable environment where vanishing structures produced by ESI can be studied with a good degree of approximation. PMID- 14766295 TI - The diagnostic performance of recombinant Trypanosoma cruzi ribosomal P2beta protein is influenced by its expression system. AB - In the present work, we have determined the effect of expression vectors and their corresponding host bacteria on the antigenic performance of Trypanosoma cruzi P2beta (TcP2beta) full-length recombinant protein. The gene encoding the TcP2beta ribosomal protein was cloned in pMAL-c2 and pET-32a vectors that allow the expression of high levels of soluble fusion proteins. A panel of 32 positive and 32 negative sera was assayed with the purified proteins expressed using pMal c2 (TcP2beta-MBP) and pET-32a (TcP2beta-TRX) vectors and with MBP and TRX purified from pMAL-c2 and pET-32a vectors, respectively. The antigenic behavior of each TcP2beta recombinant protein differed in the diagnostic performance in terms of DI(+) (93.7 for TcP2beta-MBP vs 100% for TcP2beta-TRX), in DI(-) (90.5 for TcP2beta-MBP vs 100% for TcP2beta-TRX) and in cross-reaction with negative sera. To determine if the higher reactivity of expressed pMAL-c2 protein was due to folding during protein expression or to a steric effect related to the protein adsorption at the titration plate, the reactivity of sera against soluble proteins was assessed by ELISA inhibition assays. As each soluble protein preserved its level of reactivity, we concluded that differences in reactivity were due to intrinsic characteristics of the proteins and not to differences in patterns of adsorption to the plates. PMID- 14766296 TI - Cloning, high-level expression, single-step purification, and binding activity of His6-tagged recombinant type B botulinum neurotoxin heavy chain transmembrane and binding domain. AB - Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly potent toxins that inhibit neurotransmitter release from peripheral cholinergic synapses and associate with infant botulism. BoNT is a approximately 150kDa protein, consisting of a binding/translocating heavy chain (HC; 100kDa) and a toxifying light chain (LC; 50kDa) linked through a disulfide bond. C-terminal half of the heavy chain is binding domain, and N-terminal half of the heavy chain is translocation domain that includes transmembrane domain. A functional botulinum neurotoxin type B heavy chain transmembrane and binding domain (Ile 624-Glu 1291) has been cloned into a bacterial expression vector pET 15b and produced as an N-terminally six histidine-tagged fusion protein (BoNT/B HC TBD). (His(6))-BoNT/B HC TBD was highly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21-CodonPlus (DE3)-RIL and isolated from the E. coli inclusion bodies. After solubilizing the purified inclusion bodies with 6M guanidine-HCl in the presence of 10mM beta-mercaptoethanol, the protein was purified and refolded in a single step on Ni(2+) affinity column by removing beta-mercaptoethanol first, followed by the removal of urea. The purified protein was determined to be 98% pure as assessed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel. (His(6)) BoNT/B HC TBD retained binding to synaptotagmin II, the receptor of BoNT/B, which was confirmed by immunological dot blot assay, also to ganglioside, which was investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PMID- 14766297 TI - Expression, purification, and characterization of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase from Pyrococcus furiosus. AB - The enzyme 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAH7PS) catalyzes the condensation reaction between phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P). DAH7PS from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus has been expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed protein was insoluble but was partially solubilized as a dimer by the inclusion of 200 mM KCl in the cell lysis buffer. An effective two step purification procedure has been developed. The first step resulted in a high degree of purification and involved lysis by sonication at approximately 40 degrees C followed by a heat treatment at 70 degrees C. A continuous assay measuring the loss of PEP at 232 nm at elevated temperatures was also developed. Temperature, pH, and divalent metal ions all had an effect on the extinction coefficient of PEP. Purified recombinant P. furiosus DAH7PS is a dimer with a subunit Mr of 29,226 (determined by ESMS), shows resistance to denaturation by SDS, has activity over a broad pH range, and has an activation energy of 88 kJmol-1. The kinetic parameters are Km (PEP) 120 microM, Km (E4P) 28 microM, and kcat 1.5s-1, at 60 degrees C and pH 6.8. DAH7PS is not inhibited by phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. EDTA inactivates the enzyme and enzyme activity is restored by a wide range of divalent metal ions including (in order of decreasing effectiveness): Zn2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Hg2+, and Cu2+. This detailed characterization of the DAH7PS from P. furiosus raises the possibility that the subfamily Ibeta DAH7PS enzymes are metal ion dependent, contrary to previous predictions. PMID- 14766298 TI - Deletion of the GPI pre-anchor sequence in human p97--a general approach for generating the soluble form of GPI-linked proteins. AB - Melanotransferrin, also named p97, belongs to the transferrin-like group of iron binding proteins. Unlike the other members of this family, p97 exists in two forms-one soluble form and one attached to the cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The GPI-linked form plays a role in the uptake of iron, while the soluble form of p97 has the unique ability of traversing the blood-brain barrier and may be utilized to deliver drug conjugates into the brain. To investigate these possibilities, a recombinant soluble form of p97 from the GPI-linked p97 protein is required. The approach involved sequential deletions of the p97 GPI pre-anchor sequence (PAS) up to the putative site of cleavage/attachment, releasing p97 from attachment to the GPI-anchor and rendering it soluble. Transfection of the p97 deletion constructs into both the CHO and BHK TK(-) cells was performed with the aim of optimizing the production of p97 by utilizing the cell characteristics unique to each cell line. Altering the GPI PAS resulted in the generation of a recombinant soluble form that was secreted at significantly higher rates than from the full-length expressing cell lines. Increases were from 22 x 10(-9) to 241 x 10(-9)microg/cell/h for expression in the CHO cell system and from 220 x 10(-9) to 4970 x 10( 9)microg/cell/h for the BHK system. Furthermore, there appeared to be differences in the secretion rates between the various deletions suggesting the need for closer examination of the C-terminus in achieving maximum production of the altered proteins. The results of this study are likely applicable for expressing soluble forms of other GPI-linked proteins. PMID- 14766299 TI - Structural genomics for Caenorhabditis elegans: high throughput protein expression analysis. AB - The structural genomics initiatives have begun with the aim to create a so-called "basic set library" of protein folds that will be used to improve protein prediction methods. Such a library is thought to require the determination of up to 10,000 new structures, including representative structures of several sequence variants from each protein fold. To meet this goal in a reasonable time frame and cost, automated systems must be utilized to clone and to identify the soluble recombinant proteins contained in multiple genomes. This paper presents such a system, developed using the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans (19,099 genes) as a model eukaryotic organism for structural genomics. This system successfully automates nearly all aspects of recombinant protein expression analysis including subcloning, bacterial growth, recombinant protein expression, protein purification, and scoring protein solubility. PMID- 14766300 TI - Improved expression and characterization of Ca2+-ATPase and phospholamban in High Five cells. AB - The Ca2+-ATPase accounts for the majority of Ca2+ removed from the cytoplasm during cardiac muscle relaxation. The Ca2+-ATPase is regulated by phospholamban, a 52 amino acid phosphoprotein, which inhibits Ca2+-ATPase activity by decreasing the apparent affinity of the ATPase for Ca2+. To study the physical mechanism of Ca2+-ATPase regulation by phospholamban using spectroscopic and kinetic experiments, large amounts of both proteins are required. Therefore, we developed a Ca2+-ATPase and phospholamban preparation based on the baculovirus-insect cell expression system using High-Five insect cells to produce large amounts of microsomal vesicles that contain either Ca2+-ATPase expressed alone or Ca2+ ATPase co-expressed with phospholamban. The expressed proteins were characterized using immunofluorescence spectroscopy, Ca2+ -ATPase activity assays, Ca2+ uptake and efflux assays, and Western blotting. Our purification method yields 140 mg of microsomal protein per liter of infection (1.7 x 10(9)cells), and the Ca2+-ATPase and phospholamban account for 16 and 1.4%, respectively, of the total microsomal protein by weight, yielding a phospholamban:Ca2+-ATPase ratio of 1.6:1, similar to that observed in native cardiac SR vesicles. The enzymatic properties of the expressed Ca2+-ATPase are also similar to those observed in native cardiac SR vesicles, and when co-expressed with phospholamban, the Ca2+-ATPase is functionally coupled to phospholamban similar to that observed in cardiac SR vesicles. PMID- 14766301 TI - Non-fusion expression in Escherichia coli, purification, and characterization of a novel Ca2+- and phospholipid-binding protein annexin B1. AB - Annexin B1 is a novel member of the annexin family of Ca2+- and phospholipid binding proteins from Cysticercus cellulosae. To obtain high quality annexin B1 for biochemical and biophysical analyses, its cDNA was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pJLA503 and the translation initiation codon was immediately under the control of the inducible bacteriophage lambda promoters P(R) and P(L). After induction by shifting temperature, large amounts of non fusion protein were produced in Escherichia coli in a soluble form. The recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity by means of two subsequent ion exchange chromatographic steps. The final yield was about 25 mg/L bacterial culture. Western blot analysis showed that recombinant annexin B1 was specifically recognized by serum of pigs infected with cysticercosis. Secondary structure predictions from circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that alpha helix is the main secondary structure of the protein. In anticoagulant assays, the recombinant non-fusion protein exhibited dose-dependent effects in modified kaolin partial thromboplastin time (KPTT) prolongation and doubled the clotting time of control human plasma at 60 microg/ml. The expression, purification, and initial characterization of annexin B1 set an important stage for further characterization of the protein. PMID- 14766302 TI - High-level expression and purification of untagged and histidine-tagged HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. AB - We have devised simplified protocols to purify large quantities of histidine tagged (His-tagged) and untagged heterodimeric forms of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT). Here, we report the optimization of overexpression and purification of heterodimeric RT expressed in Escherichia coli. The coding sequences of p66 and p51 subunits of RT were amplified using PCR from HXB2 HIV-1 and cloned into a bacterial expression system. The resulting expression plasmids for the RT subunits, pET-RT66 and pET-RT51, were under a strong T7/lac promoter that is induced by isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside. Purification of heterodimeric forms of RT was facilitated by high-level expression of these subunits that represented approximately 30-40% of total cell protein. For purification of the His-tagged heterodimeric RT, cell pellet from cells expressing the untagged p66 subunit was mixed in excess with a cell pellet expressing tagged p51. For untagged heterodimeric RT, the pellet from cells expressing p51 was mixed in excess with pellet expressing p66. Subunit dimerization occurred during cell lysis. During the subsequent chromatography steps, stable p66/p51 heterodimer was purified to homogeneity. The heterodimeric nature of the final preparations of RT was confirmed by analytical gel filtration, mass spectrometry, and denaturing gel electrophoresis. Further, the sensitivity of these enzyme preparations to AZTTP indicated that the histidine tag had no effect on nucleoside inhibitor binding, nucleotide binding or insertion, or DNA binding. The application of these expression/purification methodologies represents a useful method to purify large quantities of heterodimeric RT for structural investigations and provides an efficient protocol to produce subunit-specific amino acid alterations necessary for unambiguous structure/function investigations. PMID- 14766303 TI - Enhanced expression of a recombinant malaria candidate vaccine in Escherichia coli by codon optimization. AB - This study was conducted to compare the expression of three constructs of a multistage candidate vaccine (FALVAC-1) against Plasmodium falciparum in an Escherichia coli system: a synthetic gene with P. falciparum codons, a synthetic gene with optimized E. coli codons, and a synthetic gene with P. falciparum codons co-transformed with a RIG plasmid, which encodes three tRNAs (AG(A/G), ATA, GGA) that recognize rare E. coli codons. The expression of the protein increased at least threefold with codon optimization. The presence of the RIG plasmid in the co-transforming cells did not significantly increase the expression level of the gene with P. falciparum codons. The growth of cells transformed by the construct with P. falciparum codons was significantly slower than that of cells transformed by the construct with optimized E. coli codons after induction of protein expression with IPTG. The cells containing the non codon optimized gene co-expressed with RIG plasmid had the slowest growth at all time points in culture. Thus, codon optimization significantly increases the yield of P. falciparum candidate vaccines in the E. coli expression system. PMID- 14766304 TI - Cloning, high level expression, purification, and crystallization of the full length Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type E light chain. AB - The catalytic activity of the highly potent botulinum neurotoxins are confined to their N-terminal light chains ( approximately 50kDa). A full-length light chain for the type E neurotoxin with a C-terminal 6x His-tag, BoNT/E-LC, has been cloned in a pET-9c vector and over-expressed in BL21 (DE3) cells. BoNT/E-LC was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on Ni-NTA agarose followed by exclusion chromatography using a Superdex-75 sizing column. The purified protein has very good solubility and can be stored stably at -20 degrees C; however, it seems to undergo auto-proteolysis when stored at temperature #10878;4-10 degrees C. BoNT/E-LC is active on its natural substrate, the synaptosomal associated 25kDa protein, SNAP-25, indicating that it retains a native-like conformation and therefore can be considered as a useful tool in studying the structure/function of the catalytic light chain. Recombinant BoNT/E-LC has been crystallized under five different conditions and at various pHs. Crystals diffract to better than 2.1A. PMID- 14766305 TI - Expression, purification, and aggregation studies of His-tagged thermoalkalophilic lipase from Bacillus thermocatenulatus. AB - The His-tagged lipase BTL2 from Bacillus thermocatenulatus was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity by a simple, one-step purification protocol using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The success of protein separation and purification was pH-dependent and increased with decreasing pH. The purified BTL2 lipase showed a strong tendency to aggregate upon concentration, which prevented a reproducible crystallization. Aggregation studies using dynamic light-scattering (DLS) analysis were performed to improve the purification and concentration of BTL2 lipase. Different chemical classes of additives were tested to manipulate the aggregation behaviour of BTL2 lipase with the aim of obtaining a monodisperse sample to use for crystallization. For the process of concentration of BTL2 lipase in monomeric form, the alcohol 2-propanol and the ionic detergent dodecyl dimethylamine-N-oxide (LDAO) were found to be necessary. For the concentrated lipase, the availability of 5% 2-propanol was sufficient to hold the lipase in monomeric form and no additional detergent was needed. PMID- 14766306 TI - Development of a large-scale HPLC-based purification for the urease from Staphylococcus leei and determination of subunit structure. AB - Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species, related to but distinct from the genetic homology group containing Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Staphylococcus saphrophyticus, were isolated from biopsy material obtained from a cluster of patients in Korea suffering from gastritis. The prototype isolate, Staphylococcus leei, has high urease activity that is similar with respect to a low K(m) value and acid resistance of the urease found in the stomach adapted pathogen, Helicobacter pylori. S. leei is remarkably resistant to lysis and only a small fraction of the cells are broken using sonication, a French press, Niro homogenizer, or a Gaulin mill. In the present report, we describe an efficient cell lysis procedure for S. leei using three passes through a Dynomill with 0.5mm glass beads that results in lysis of more than 95% of the cells. We also developed an efficient and large-scale purification procedure for the S. leei urease using a BioCAD HPLC Workstation using Q-Sepharose, Poros HP2, Sephacryl S-300, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The urease of S. leei was purified 98-fold to a specific activity of 731U/mg. The urease protein is composed of three subunits, alpha (65kDa), beta (21kDa), and gamma (12kDa), and in situ enzyme assay and molecular sieve chromatography indicate that multiple high molecular weight forms are present, including an apparent pentamer of 1:1:1 alphabetagamma-heterotrimers of 480kDa. This purification procedure was used to purify 16mg of enzyme from 120-liters of cell culture. This improved lysis and purification procedure will make it possible to obtain sufficient quantities of urease for use as an antigen in ELISA assays to carry out studies to determine the incidence and demographic prevalence of gastritis due to S. leei. PMID- 14766307 TI - Selection of an Escherichia coli host that expresses mutant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2-trans enoyl-ACP(CoA) reductase and 3-ketoacyl ACP(CoA) reductase enzymes. AB - Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a worldwide health concern. Efforts to understand the complex biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB, are important for new antitubercular drug development. Despite the completion of the genome sequence and the development of new genetic tools to manipulate this organism, the availability of sufficient amounts of mycobacterial proteins still remains an essential and laborious step to study the biochemical features of this pathogen. The T7-RNA polymerase-based pET system has been largely employed to express mycobacterial proteins in Escherichia coli, but it presents some limitations. To overcome problems with unstable expression of an M. tuberculosis inhA-encoded enoyl reductase mutant protein and lack of expression of two mabA encoded ketoacyl reductase mutants, a sub-population of E. coli BL21(DE3) host cells was selected from a small-opaque colony. This empirically selected host, named BL21(DE3)NH, allowed stable expression of these mutant proteins. Although the mechanism that led the BL21(DE3)NH host to express the recombinant mutant proteins remains unknown, the persistent phenotype points to a stable genetic switch. This genetic alteration resulted in a tight control of the highly processive T7 RNA polymerase. Moreover, the absolute requirement for IPTG to obtain protein expression in the BL21(DE3)NH host cells suggests that no inherent defect in the transcriptional activity of the T7 promoter is present. Empirical host selection requires no further genetic manipulation of recombinant plasmids and may represent a means of obtaining tailor-made E. coli strains that overcome toxic effects associated with heterologous protein expression. PMID- 14766308 TI - Overexpression and rapid purification of Escherichia coli formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase. AB - Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) is a DNA glycosylase with an associated AP lyase activity. As a DNA repair enzyme, Fpg excises several modified bases from DNA associated with exposure to oxidizing agents such as free radicals. Experiments in many laboratories have been limited by the availability of the enzyme, and its production required at least a week of work to complete its purification. We have devised a new method that decreases the time and expense of purification of Fpg that should render this protein accessible to any laboratory. Fpg was subcloned into a gamma P(L) promoter-containing vector (pRE) and overproduced in the appropriate Escherichia coli host cells to about 25% of the total cellular protein. Fpg was purified to homogeneity in a simple two-step procedure with a 50% saving in time when compared to the previously known procedure. Comparative studies showed that the excision of 8-hydroxyguanine, 2,6 diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine, and 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine, and to a lesser extent, 8-hydroxyadenine was virtually identical for the Fpg purified using this method and for the Fpg purified by the original method. Therefore, this method should prove useful for a large number of laboratories and further research on oxidative DNA damage. PMID- 14766309 TI - Heterologous expression of maize (Zea mays L.) Mir1 cysteine proteinase in eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems. AB - Several heterologous expression systems were tested for their ability to express a unique maize cysteine proteinase Mir1. A baculovirus-based expression system using Trichoplusia ni larvae as host resulted in the expression of Mir1 that was correctly processed and exhibited proteinase activity. Expression in Escherichia coli resulted in accumulation of Mir1, but it had limited solubility and enzymatic activity. Large quantities of Mir1 were produced when Pichia pastoris was used as the host, but the enzyme was insoluble and inactive. PMID- 14766310 TI - Expression, purification, crystallization, and preliminary X-ray analysis of the N-terminal domain of Escherichia coli adenylyl transferase. AB - A soluble N-terminal domain of the Escherichia coli adenylyl transferase (ATase) is responsible for deadenylylation activity of the intact enzyme. Previous studies of the deadenylylation activity have involved a fragment, AT-N423 (residues 1 to 423), which was extended by 17 amino acids to give AT-N440. This new domain is truncated at the end of a predicted helix and prior to a Q-linker. The domain was found to be very soluble and stable so that it could be purified to homogeneity and crystallized. This construct has deadenylylation activity that is independent of the low nitrogen status indicator PII-UMP. The crystals belong to space group P3(1)21 or its enantiomorph P3(2)21 with a=b=116.6 A and c=67.6 A. PMID- 14766311 TI - Expression of the GM2-activator protein in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, purification, isotopic labeling, and biophysical characterization. AB - The GM2-activator protein (GM2AP) belongs to a group of five small, nonenzymatic proteins that are essential cofactors for the degradation of glycosphingolipids in the lysosome. It mediates the interaction between the water-soluble enzyme beta-hexosaminidase A and its membrane-embedded substrate, ganglioside GM2, at the lipid-water interphase. Inherited defects in the gene encoding this glycoprotein cause a fatal neurological storage disorder, the AB variant of GM2 gangliosidosis. With the aim to establish a convenient eukaryotic system that allows the efficient production of functionally folded, glycosylated GM2AP and offers the potential of cost-efficient isotopic labeling for structural studies by NMR spectroscopy, we established the expression of recombinant GM2AP in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. For the construction of expression plasmids, either the full cDNA encoding human GM2AP preproprotein was cloned in the expression vector pPIC3.5K, or the cDNA encoding only the mature form of GM2AP was inserted in the vector pPIC9K under control of the alcohol oxidase 1 promoter. Both plasmids led to the successful secretory expression of active, glycosylated GM2AP, which could easily be purified by Ni-NTA chromatography due to the hexahistidine tag introduced at the C-terminus. Remarkably, the expression of this membrane-active protein in P. pastoris was accompanied by two peculiarities which were not encountered in other expression systems for GM2AP: First, a significant fraction of the secreted protein existed in the form of aggregates, and second, considerable amounts of noncovalently bound lipids were associated with the recombinant protein. A three-step purification scheme was therefore devised consisting of Ni-NTA, reversed phase, and gel filtration chromatography, which finally yielded 10-12 mg of purified, monomeric GM2AP per liter of expression supernatant. MALDI- and ESI-TOF mass spectrometry were employed to assess the processing, homogeneity, and glycosylation pattern of the recombinant protein. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy allowed the interaction of GM2AP with immobilized liposomes to be studied. A modified version of FM22 minimal medium was then used in the cost-effective (15)N-labeling of GM2AP to assess its amenability for the structural investigation by NMR spectroscopy. Initial (15)N,(1)H-HSQC experiments show a well-folded protein and provide evidence for extensive conformational exchange processes within the molecule. PMID- 14766312 TI - First structural investigation of the restriction ribonuclease RegB: NMR spectroscopic conditions, 13C/15N double-isotopic labelling and two-dimensional heteronuclear spectra. AB - The bacteriophage T4 genome-encoded ribonuclease RegB is the unique well-defined restriction endoribonuclease. This protein cleaves with an almost absolute specificity its RNA substrate in the middle of the GGAG tetranucleotide mainly found in the Shine-Dalgarno sequence (required for the prokaryotic initiation of the translation). This protein has no significant homology to any known ribonuclease and its structure has never been investigated. The extreme toxicity of this ribonuclease prevents the expression of large quantities for structural studies. Here, we show that the toxicity of RegB can be bypassed by using the RegB H48A point mutant and explain why resolving the structure of this mutant is relevant. For nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) purposes, we report the preparation of highly pure (13)C/(15)N double-labelled 1.2mM samples of RegB H48A using a high yield expression procedure in minimal medium (30 mg/L). We also present a set of solution conditions that maintain the concentrated samples of this protein stable for long periods at the NMR-required temperature. Finally, we present the first (1)H/(15)N and (1)H/(13)C two-dimensional NMR spectra of RegB H48A. These spectra show that the protein is folded and that the full structural analysis of RegB by NMR is feasible. PMID- 14766315 TI - Corneal response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. AB - Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a common organism associated with bacterial keratitis, especially in those who use extended wear contact lenses. Recent advances in our understanding of host innate and adaptive immune responses to experimental infection have been made using a variety of animal models, including inbred murine models that are classed as resistant (cornea heals) vs. susceptible (cornea perforates). Evidence has been provided that sustained IL-12 driven IFN-gamma production in dominant Th1 responder strains such as C57BL/6 (B6) contributes to corneal destruction and perforation, while IL-18-driven production of IFN-gamma in the absence of IL-12 is associated with bacterial killing and less corneal destruction in dominant Th2 responder strains such as BALB/c. The critical role of IL-1 and chemotactic cytokines such as MIP-2 in PMN recruitment and the critical role of this cell in the innate immune response to bacterial infection is reviewed. Regulation of PMN persistence is also discussed and evidence provided that persistence of PMN in B6 cornea is regulated by CD4+ T cells, while macrophages regulate PMN number in the cornea of BALB/c mice. The studies provide a better understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms that are operative in the cornea after P. aeruginosa challenge and are consistent with long-term goals of providing targets for alternative or adjunctive treatment for this disease. Future studies will be aimed at better defining the role of Toll receptors, neuropeptides (as unconventional modulators of the immune response) and exploitation of disease control by new techniques, such as RNA silencing. PMID- 14766316 TI - Development of On and Off retinal pathways and retinogeniculate projections. AB - A fundamental functional feature of the visual system, one recognized in the very first electrophysiological retinal recordings ever made, is that some cells respond to light increments (On cells) while others are activated by light decrements (Off cells). The circuitry underlying On and Off responses in the mature retina have been well-established. In particular, it is known that the dendrites of On- and Off-center retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) stratify in different sublamina of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), where they are innervated by spatially segregated On- and Off-cone bipolar cell inputs. Also, segregated into On and Off sublaminae of the IPL are the processes of starburst amacrine cells. In some species (notably ferret and mink) the retinogeniculate projections are also segregated into sublayers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dlgn). The mature organizational features summarized above arise gradually during the course of normal development. Thus, the dendrites of immature RGCs initially ramify throughout the IPL before becoming stratified into On or Off sublamina. This developmental event is regulated by the release of glutamate by developing bipolar cells. Treating the developing retina with the glutamate analog 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) has been found to prevent the stratification of RGC dendrites. In the mature retina APB binds with mGluR6 receptors expressed by On cone and rod bipolar cells which hyperpolarizes these retinal interneurons and blocks their release of glutamate. The effects of short term APB treatment are reversible by subsequent normal visual experience, while those of long-term treatment appear to be permanent. At the time that developing RGCs are multistratified they respond to both light onset as well as light offset, suggesting that these neurons are initially functionally innervated by On as well as Off-cone bipolar cells. In the dark-adapted state, On-Off responses of immature multistratified RGCs are completely blocked by APB, while at maturity only On responses are APB-sensitive. This suggests that an APB-resistant Off pathway (possibly from rods to Off-cone bipolar cells) is formed relatively late in development, after RGCs attain their stratified state. In contrast to the activity-regulated refinement of stratified On and Off RGCs, the segregated ingrowth of On- and Off-cone bipolar cells occurs in a highly specific manner, and is not dependent on the presence of either RGCs or cholinergic amacrine cells. It is suggested that the directed ingrowth of bipolar cell axons is guided by molecular cues expressed in the extracellular matrix whose identity is yet to be established. There is also evidence that the later formation of segregated On and Off retinogeniculate projections in the ferret is regulated by an activity dependent Hebbian type mechanism. Blockade of RGC discharges as well as NMDA receptors in the dlgn perturbs the formation of such segregated inputs. Moreover, On and Off RGCs show distinct correlated firing patterns during the developmental period when the intermingled projections of these neurons are being sorted into sign specific sublayers. Collectively, the available evidence indicates that different developmental mechanisms operate on the different components of retinal and retinogeniculate On and Off pathways to attain the segregated state characteristic of the mature visual system. PMID- 14766317 TI - Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of optic neuropathies. AB - Mitochondria are increasingly recognized as central players in the life and death of cells and especially of neurons. The energy-dependence of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and their axons, which form the optic nerve, is singularly skewed. In fact, while mitochondria are very abundant in the initial, unmyelinated part of the axons anterior to the lamina cribrosa, their number suddenly decreases as the myelin sheath begins more posteriorly. The vascular system also presents different blood-brain barrier properties anterior and posterior to the lamina, possibly reflecting the different metabolic needs of the optic nerve head (unmyelinated) and of the retrobulbar optic nerve (myelinated). Mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within the cellular somata of RGC in the retina. It needs the coordinated interaction of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Mitochondria are then transported down the axons and distributed where they are needed. These locations are along the unmyelinated portion of the nerve, under the nodes of Ranvier in the retrobulbar nerve, and at the synaptic terminals. Efficient transportation of mitochondria depends on multiple factors, including their own energy production, the integrity of the cytoskeleton and its protein components (tubulin, etc.), and adequate myelination of the axons. Any dysfunction of these systems may be of pathological relevance for optic neuropathies with primary or secondary involvement of mitochondria. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is the paradigm of mitochondrial optic neuropathies where a primary role for mitochondrial dysfunction is certified by maternal inheritance and association with specific mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Clinical phenocopies of this pathology are represented by the wide array of optic neuropathies associated with vitamin depletion, toxic exposures, alcohol and tobacco abuse, and use of certain drugs. Moreover, the recent identification of mutations in the nuclear gene OPA1 as the causative factor in dominant optic atrophy (DOA, Kjer's type) brought the unexpected finding that this gene encodes for a mitochondrial protein, suggesting that DOA and LHON may be linked by similar pathogenesis. Polymorphisms in this very same gene may be associated with normal tension glaucoma (NTG), which might be considered a genetically determined optic neuropathy that again shows similarities with both LHON and DOA. Exciting new developments come from first examples of mitochondrial optic neuropathies in animal models that are genetically determined or are the result of ingenious engineering of mitochondrial gene expression, or from biochemical manipulations of the respiratory complexes. Even more exciting is the first successful attempt to correct the LHON-related complex I dysfunction by the allotopic nuclear expression of the recoded mitochondrial gene. There is hope that the genetic complexities, biochemical dysfunctions, and integrated anatomical-physiological cellular relationships will soon be precisely delineated and that promising therapeutic and prophylactic strategies will be proposed. PMID- 14766318 TI - Retinal ischemia: mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies. AB - Retinal ischemia is a common cause of visual impairment and blindness. At the cellular level, ischemic retinal injury consists of a self-reinforcing destructive cascade involving neuronal depolarisation, calcium influx and oxidative stress initiated by energy failure and increased glutamatergic stimulation. There is a cell-specific sensitivity to ischemic injury which may reflect variability in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors on a given cell. A number of animal models and analytical techniques have been used to study retinal ischemia, and an increasing number of treatments have been shown to interrupt the "ischemic cascade" and attenuate the detrimental effects of retinal ischemia. Thus far, however, success in the laboratory has not been translated to the clinic. Difficulties with the route of administration, dosage, and adverse effects may render certain experimental treatments clinically unusable. Furthermore, neuroprotection-based treatment strategies for stroke have so far been disappointing. However, compared to the brain, the retina exhibits a remarkable natural resistance to ischemic injury, which may reflect its peculiar metabolism and unique environment. Given the increasing understanding of the events involved in ischemic neuronal injury it is hoped that clinically effective treatments for retinal ischemia will soon be available. PMID- 14766319 TI - Patent ductus arteriosus remodels cardiac sensory neuronal chemotransduction. AB - We sought to determine the capacity of neonatal ventricular sensory nerve endings (neurites) to transduce the cardiac milieu in the presence of cardiovascular pathology. The spontaneous activity generated by nodose ganglion cardiac afferent neurons was identified in situ using extracellular recording techniques in two groups of piglets approximately 2 weeks old: (i). controls that underwent sham operations (n=19 piglets) 2 weeks earlier and (ii). a pathological model of patent ductus arteriosus stented open for about 2 weeks (n=16 piglets). The capacity of ventricular sensory neurites associated with nodose ganglion afferent neurons to transduce local mechanical (including alterations in right or left ventricular volumes) or chemical stimuli was studied in both groups. The average conduction velocity of afferent axons associated with identified neuronal somata was estimated to be 1.5+/-0.6 or 2.9+/-1.3 m s(-1). Ventricular afferent neurons transduced mechanical stimuli similarly in both groups. In control animals, ventricular afferent neurons transduced the following chemicals: the sodium channel modifier veratridine (delta 23+/-7 impulses min(-1)), the P(1) purinoceptor agonist adenosine (Delta 24+/-8 impulses min(-1)), and the beta adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol (delta 18+/-7 impulses min(-1)). On the other hand, patent ductus arteriosus cardiac afferent neurons did not transduce these chemicals. It is concluded that neonatal cardiac afferent neuronal chemosensory as opposed to mechanosensory-transduction remodels in the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus. The reduced capacity of neonatal cardiac afferent neurons to transduce chemicals in the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus should be taken into account when considering neonatal cardiovascular control in such a state. PMID- 14766320 TI - Further characterisation of particulate neuronal nitric oxide synthase in rat small intestine. AB - Neuronal NO-synthase (nNOS) was investigated in rat longitudinal muscle/myenteric plexus (LM/MP) tissue at the cellular and subcellular level. Using preparations and double immune staining and light and electron microscopy, we concluded that, in these preparations, nNOS is only present in neuronal cells. However, in spite of numerous attempts to morphologically identify the NOS-containing subcellular structure, no firm conclusions were possible. Consequently, the problem was approached by biochemical methods including gradient centrifugation followed by analysis of the fractions. Using a protocol involving gentle homogenisation of the tissue, we found that about 10% of the nNOS immune reactivity was particle bound confirming previous results (Biochem. Pharmacol. 60 (2000) 145). However, applying a different protocol including strong homogenisation, we now demonstrated that about 50% of the immune reactive nNOS was sedimentable. The results suggested that particulate nNOS is associated with one single subcellular structure, which is different from the plasma membrane, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lysosomes. The equilibrium sedimentation characteristics of the nNOS containing particles corresponded partly to those containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or synaptobrevin. Application of non-equilibrium centrifugation conditions, however, demonstrated that almost no co-localisation occurred. We conclude that, in the LM/MP tissue, nNOS is about 50% particle-bound in a subcellular structure, which is different from the VIP containing particle and from synaptobrevin-containing exocytotic particles. PMID- 14766321 TI - Distribution of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing different alpha-subunits in the submucosal plexus of the guinea-pig. AB - The subunit composition and localisation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the submucosal plexus of the guinea-pig ileum were studied using both affinity-purified monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against alpha3, alpha4, alpha5 and alpha7 nAChR subunits and specific alpha7-containing nAChRs blocker methyllycaconitine (MLA). By means of immunohistochemistry performed in non dissociated preparations, it was found that only 4% of submucosal ganglia expressed nAChRs. Specific staining, associated with cell membranes, was found with alpha3-, alpha5- and alpha7-, but not alpha4-specific antibodies. Double staining using alpha5- and alpha7-specific antibodies demonstrated that about one half of the nAChR-positive ganglia contained neurons immunoreactive to both antibodies, while the others possessed either alpha5- or alpha7-immunoreactivity. Nanomolar concentrations of MLA prevented alpha7-specific antibody binding and did not influence the alpha5-specific antibody binding even when applied in micromolar concentrations. In electrophysiological experiments performed using a patch-clamp 'whole-cell' recording method, the neurons were identified by their sensitivity to MLA. In conclusion, submucosal neurons of the guinea-pig ileum express nAChRs containing alpha3-, alpha5- and alpha7-subunits. The co localisation of alpha5- and alpha7-subunits found in immunohistochemical experiments as well as kinetic characteristics of MLA-blocked receptors found by electrophysiological experiments allow us to suggest the presence of heteromeric alpha7-containing nAChRs in the submucosal plexus of the guinea-pig ileum. PMID- 14766322 TI - Influence of lobeline on catecholamine release from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland. AB - It has been shown that lobeline (alpha-lobeline) is a lipophilic, nonpyridine, naturally occurring alkaloid obtained from Indian tobacco, Lobelia inflata. The present study was attempted to investigate the effect of lobeline on secretion of catecholamines (CA) evoked by ACh, high K(+), 1.1-dimethyl-4-phenyl piperazinium iodide (DMPP) and (3-(m-chloro-phenyl-carbamoyl-oxy)-2-butynyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (McN-A-343) from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland and to establish the mechanism of its action. l-Lobeline (30-300 microM) perfused into an adrenal vein for 60 min produced dose- and time-dependent inhibition in CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 x 10(-3) M), DMPP (10(-4) M for 2 min) and McN-A-343 (10(-4) M for 2 min). However, lower dose of lobeline did not affect CA secretion by high K(+) (5.6 x 10(-2) M), higher dose of it reduced greatly CA secretion of high K(+). l-Lobeline itself did also fail to affect basal catecholamine output. Furthermore, in adrenal glands loaded with lobeline (100 microM), CA secretory response evoked by methyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3 nitro-4-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-pyridine-5-carboxylate (Bay-K-8644), an activator of L-type Ca(2+) channels was markedly inhibited while CA secretion by cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic Ca(2+)-ATPase was not affected. However, nicotine (30 microM), given into the adrenal gland for 60 min, initially rather enhanced CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 x 10(-3) M) and high K(+) (5.6 x 10(-2) M) followed by great inhibition later, while responses evoked by DMPP (10(-4) M for 2 min) and McN-A-343 (10(-4) M for 2 min) were greatly inhibited. Taken together, these results suggest that lobeline inhibits greatly CA secretion evoked by stimulation of cholinergic (both nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors. Lobeline at lower dose does not affect that by membrane depolarization, but at larger dose inhibits that. It is thought that this inhibitory effect of lobeline may be mediated by blocking the calcium influx into the rat adrenal medullary chromaffin cells without the inhibition of Ca(2+) release from the cytoplasmic calcium store, which is relevant to its nicotinic antagonistic activity. It also seems that there is a difference in the mode of action between nicotine and lobeline in rat adrenomedullary CA secretion. PMID- 14766323 TI - Receptor gene expression of glucagon-like peptide-1, but not glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, in rat nodose ganglion cells. AB - We previously reported that afferent signals of the rat hepatic vagus increased upon intraportal appearance of insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1(7 36) amide (GLP-1), but not glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). To obtain molecular evidence for the vagal chemoreception of GLP-1, the concept derived from those electrophysiological observations, receptor gene expressions of GLP-1 and GIP in the rat nodose ganglion were examined by means of reverse transcriptase-mediated polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern blot analysis. Gene expression of the GLP-1 receptor was clearly detected by both RT PCR and Northern blot analysis. In situ hybridization study confirmed that the expression occurs in neuronal cells of the ganglion. As to the GIP receptor, RT PCR amplified the gene transcript faintly though Northern blot analysis failed to detect any messages. However, semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the ratio of the gene expression level of the GIP receptor to that of the GLP-1 receptor was less than 1:250, indicating that receptor gene expression of GIP is practically negligible in the ganglion. Additionally, an equal level of GLP-1 receptor gene expressions between left- and right-side ganglia was evidenced by semi quantitative RT-PCR, implying possible extrahepatic occurrence of vagal GLP-1 reception in addition to the reception through the hepatic vagus (originating from the left-side ganglion). The present results offer, for the first time, the molecular basis for the vagal chemoreception of GLP-1 via its specific receptor. PMID- 14766324 TI - Light and diurnal cycle affect autonomic cardiac balance in human; possible role for the biological clock. AB - The morning shift in cardiac sympatho-vagal balance seems involved in the increased risk of cardiovascular incidents at that time. To investigate the contribution of the biological clock in autonomic cardiac control, we investigated the presence of a diurnal rhythm independent of external factors, and of a circadian phase-dependent effect of moderate light in healthy volunteers. Recordings of heart rate (HR) and vagal and sympathetic cardiac tone were performed at different times over the day-night cycle during supine, awake, resting conditions, during exposure to different light intensities. The similarity between the diurnal rhythm in resting HR and that during previous constant routine conditions, demonstrated that our setup allowed accurate estimation of the endogenous circadian rhythm in HR. The present study suggests that, while a circadian rhythm in vagal cardiac tone is the main cause for the circadian rhythm in resting heart rate, the increase in sympathetic cardiac tone participates in the HR increase caused by early morning light. PMID- 14766325 TI - Multiple myenteric networks in the human appendix. AB - The general histological organization of the appendix, including its innervation, is believed to be generally similar to that of the large intestine. However, several authors described an unusual arrangement of the myenteric ganglia within the appendiceal muscle, but conflicting reports do not allow clear conclusions on this matter. The aim of this work was to examine the appendiceal innervation in detail. The myenteric plexus of the human appendix was examined using sections and whole mount preparations. Human small and large intestines were used for comparison. The nerves were stained using immunohistochemistry, enzyme histochemistry for NADPH-diaphorase, and vital staining with 4-(4 diethylaminostyryl)-methylpyridinium iodide. Appendices from rabbits were also studied. In most cases, the innervation of the external muscle of the appendix consisted of three concentric networks of ganglia. These networks were located both between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers and within them. The middle network made connections with the other two. Such arrangement was not observed in the human small and large intestines. The myenteric plexus in the rabbit appendix displayed a much smaller degree of three-dimensional distribution compared with that of the human appendix. It is concluded that the myenteric plexus in the human appendix consists of several distinct networks, and appears to be unique in comparison with the other parts of the intestine. PMID- 14766326 TI - Selective reductions of cardiac autonomic responses to light bicycle exercise with aging in healthy humans. AB - We examined on 56 (age 38+/-2 [range: 16-60] years) healthy subjects the effects of aging on cardiovascular autonomic responses to progressive supine bicycle exercise of light intensity. Autoregressive spectral analysis of RR interval and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) variabilities provided measures of the exercise induced changes in baroreflex gain (by index alpha) and in sympathetic and vagal modulation of the SA node (by the normalized low [LF] and high frequency [HF] component of RR interval variability, respectively), as well as of changes in sympathetic vasomotor control (LF(SAP)). For each hemodynamic and autonomic variable, the gain of the response was expressed both as individual step increments, and as the slope of the linear regression of the sequential data points from rest and during the three steps of exercise. Age resulted significantly correlated to changes in spectral derived markers of SA modulation (LF(RR), HF(RR) and index alpha). Conversely, no significant relationships were found with changes in RR interval, in SAP and indices of vascular regulation (LF(SAP)). In addition, exercise-induced changes in indices of SA node regulation were more evident in the youngest tertile (age 25+/-1 years), compared to the oldest tertile (age 52+/-1 years). In conclusion, we have observed that aging progressively and selectively reduces the cardiac autonomic excitatory response to light exercise, while hemodynamic and vascular responsiveness are maintained. PMID- 14766327 TI - A qualitative study of communication skills for male cancer screening discussions. AB - BACKGROUND: Cancer screening guidelines acknowledge the need for physician patient discussions on appropriate tests. This study examined expert clinician communication practices associated with prostate and colorectal cancer screening and testicular cancer early detection for male patients. METHODS: Recorded observation and qualitative analysis of transcripts from 38 standardized patient interactions. RESULTS: Most effective communication practices were elicited from the data and incorporated into a model for male cancer screening discussions. CONCLUSIONS: Qualitative analysis of expert clinician interactions can identify best communication practices leading to the development of a communication model used in medical student teaching. PMID- 14766328 TI - Teaching patients how to improve communication with their health care providers: a unique workshop experience. AB - BACKGROUND: A one-day workshop was held to educate cancer patients about improving communication with their cancer care providers. METHODS: The workshop included three sessions: 1) Getting through the Diagnosis/Prognosis Phase, 2) Exploring Treatment Options, and 3) Asking Difficult Questions (when medicines no longer work). RESULTS: Qualitative and survey data revealed that many participated in order to share their experiences with others rather than to be taught effective communication skills. Humor, spirituality, and the association between cancer and death were prevalent issues. CONCLUSION: This workshop represented an enjoyable and informative venue for approaching communication issues from patients' and family members' perspective. PMID- 14766329 TI - Communication skills training for Japanese oncologists on how to break bad news. AB - BACKGROUND: Despite significant communication gaps between patients and physicians, there has been little effort to initiate and evaluate teaching programs. We investigated whether a communication skills training (CST) could be effectively conducted for Japanese oncologists. METHODS: Fifty-eight oncologists participated in the CST. We evaluated the program by measuring participant-rated confidence for communication with patients, burnout, and satisfaction of participants. RESULTS: Immediately and at 3 months after CST, confidence in communication increased significantly compared with before. The providers' emotional-exhaustion 3 months after the workshop, however, worsened. The participants' satisfaction level with the program was high. CONCLUSIONS: The CST is feasible for Japanese oncologists, but it needs to be modified to reduce emotional-exhaustion. PMID- 14766330 TI - Communicating with patients in cancer care; what areas do nurses find most challenging? AB - BACKGROUND: Patient communication is a cornerstone of comprehensive oncology nursing care. Oncology nurses, however, do not appear to receive much advanced training in communication skills and many nurses do not feel adequately trained in this area. METHOD: We designed a 33-item questionnaire to assess nurses' perceived level of difficulty and skill in a variety of common clinical situations where patient communication was a challenge. Three hundred fifty oncology nurses in a major cancer center completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: Nurses rated areas where they addressed the physical complaints (pain, fatigue, appetite and weight loss) as least challenging and areas in which they were most prepared. Several items ranked as most difficult and where nurses felt they had the least skills had to do with issues related to death and dying, especially requests for euthanasia and patient loss. Advanced practice nurses rated their perceived communications skills more highly in several different areas. CONCLUSION: The communication challenges faced by oncology nurses require skills that go beyond simple supportive techniques like empathy and listening. Teaching advanced communications skills geared to specific problems identified by nurses may be useful. PMID- 14766331 TI - Understanding patient decisions about clinical trials and the associated communication process: a preliminary report. AB - BACKGROUND: Although patient participation in clinical trials is vital to cancer research, the rate of enrollment in such trials is not adequate for advancing scientific knowledge. Relatively little is known about why patients enroll in such trials. This affects the training and education programs designed to increase such participation. METHODS: A model of the accrual process, which focuses on communication among the physician, patient, and family members is described. Then a system for observing and recording these interactions is presented. RESULTS, CONCLUSION: Data are presented that suggest using the system to test the conceptual model can improve our understanding of patient decisions about clinical trials and hold out the potential for improving provider training. PMID- 14766332 TI - Sources of cancer information for seniors: a focus group pilot study report. AB - BACKGROUND: Limited research has been conducted on older adults' sources of cancer information. Seniors require accurate and credible cancer information given that increased age is a major risk factor for most common, adult-onset cancers. METHODS: To examine older women's sources of cancer information and their views on cancer as portrayed in mass print publications, three pilot focus groups were conducted in Toronto, Canada with community-dwelling senior women aged 50 and over (n = 18). RESULTS: Results showed that the majority of participants obtained their cancer facts from two primary sources: physicians and the print media, although both sources were perceived to provide inadequate and unclear information. Medical journalists were rated as scientifically untrained members of the media who provided conflicting health information to the public. Cancer information was regarded as credible by participants if it came from authoritative sources including notable journals, government agencies, or health organizations. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reflect senior women's concerns with cancer research information being disseminated through the media. To facilitate cancer prevention and early detection behaviors, it is important that the media impart accurate and understandable cancer information to our aging population. PMID- 14766333 TI - Reactions of health professionals to a research-based theatre production. AB - BACKGROUND: There is a recent trend in the social sciences--predominantly among researchers engaged with qualitative methodologies--to translate research finding into artistic and narrative forms. In this paper, we describe our work in translating finding about the experiences of men with prostate cancer and their spouses into a dramatic production, No Big Deal? We then report upon, and provide commentary about data from interviews with health professionals who attended a performance. METHODS: Health professionals (N = 26) were interviewed within 2 weeks of attending a performance of No Big Deal? and again 6 months later (N = 23). RESULTS: After attendance at the performance, many study participants reported (at both interview times): new awareness or understanding about the issues facing prostate cancer patients; reinforcements of their positive attitudes and behaviors in relation to patients; an increased sense of connection with ill people; and plans to alter their clinical practices to better meet patient needs. CONCLUSIONS: Narrative and dramatic forms are viable ways to communicate vital information about the possibilities for professionals to be helpful to patients--and they are the wave of the future for educational and dissemination practices. PMID- 14766334 TI - Breast and cervical cancer knowledge, attitudes, and screening practices of Hispanic women diagnosed with cancer. AB - BACKGROUND: Cancer survivors' screening participation is important to prevent cancer recurrence and to maintain health for the growing number of Hispanic cancer survivors. METHODS: Using a case comparison study design, data from a survey of Hispanic breast (n = 54) and cervical cancer (n = 58) survivors were analyzed by bivariate analysis. RESULTS: Knowledge of screening guidelines was low for all participants, especially regarding cervical cancer screening. Breast cancer survivors were most knowledgeable. Although survivors held positive cancer attitudes, participation in preventive cancer screening was low indicating the need for more effective cancer prevention communication processes. CONCLUSIONS: Hispanic cancer survivors need culturally sensitive cancer prevention education and the associated communication processes that acknowledges differences among the varying Hispanic subgroups. PMID- 14766335 TI - Atorvastatin: gold standard for prophylaxis of myocardial ischemia and stroke - comparison of the clinical benefit of statins on the basis of randomized controlled endpoint studies. AB - AIM: of this study was to compare the clinical benefit - reduction of heart attacks, strokes or deaths - of the different statins applying the results of randomized controlled endpoint studies. - METHOD: We analyzed 11 published randomized controlled endpoint studies statin-to-placebo looking for the cardiovasculoprotective benefit of the 5 statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin) tested: AFCAPS/TexCAPS, ASCOT, CARE, FLORIDA, HPS, PROSPER, LIPID, LIPS, MIRACL, 4S, WOSCOPS. - RESULTS: 1. Statins produced substantial benefit for the patients, reducing the rate of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. 2. This benefit was independent of the patient's initial cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations and could also be demonstrated in patients who had average or low cholesterol levels. 3. Men and women showed a comparable benefit from statin treatment, elderly patients a little more than younger patients. 4. The statins did not have like effects. There were clear differences in potency as well as in the interval between initiation of treatment and the onset of clinical benefit. 5. Estimating 5 years of treatment, cardiac morbidity decreased with atorvastatin up to 44 %, with pravastatin up to 36 %, with fluva- or simvastatin up to 32 % and with lovastatin up to 24 %, approximately. 6. Estimating 5 years of treatment, morbidity of suffering from stroke decreased with atorvastatin up to 41 %, with simvastatin up to 34 % and with pravastatin up to 31 %, approximately. For fluva- and lovastatin there are no comparable data. Within the first 16 weeks of treatment following an acute coronary syndrome relative risk for suffering a non-lethal stroke was reduced with atorvastatin 80 mg/day up to 59 % compared to placebo, the relative risk for stroke up to 50 %. 7. The fastest onset of clinical benefit - reduction of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, hospitalization and necessity of invasive interventions - was demonstrated by treatment with atorvastatin (rapid, within some weeks), followed by lovastatin (after one year), fluva-, prava- and simvastatin (after 11/2 - 2 years). 8. These results were achieved with atorvastatin 10 mg/day (80 mg/day used in MIRACL), lovastatin 20 to 40 mg/day (caused by dosage titration), pravastatin 40 mg/day, simvastatin 20 to 80 mg/day (caused by dosage titration) or fluvastatin 80 mg/day. 9. The advantage of atorvastatin may be due to its ability to reduce cardiovascular disease by stopping the growth of plaques in artery walls. 10. Atorvastatin was the most powerful compound in the group of statins, improving patients' health and expectation of life. - CONCLUSIONS: The authors of the studies agree, that patients at risk for cardiovascular diseases should be treated with a statin irrespective of initial cholesterol concentrations, sex or age. If an acute cardiovascular event has happened, statin treatment should be initiated early to improve the prognosis of these patients at high risk, independent from initial LDL cholesterol values. - Summing-up of these 11 trials, the best results and the greatest benefit for the patients were achieved with atorvastatin, which might be considered to be the gold standard for prophylaxis of cardiac ischemia and stroke. PMID- 14766336 TI - Hemorrhoidectomy: indications and risks. AB - Hemorrhoids are a common cause of perianal complaints and affect 1-10 million people in North-America and with similar incidence in Europe. Symptomatic hemorrhoids are associated with nutrition, inherited predisposition, retention of feces with or without chronic abuse of laxatives or diarrhea. Increased pressure and shearing force in the anal canal may lead to severe changes in topography with detachment of the hemorrhoids from the internal sphincter and fibromuscular network resulting in bleeding, itching, pain and disordered anorectal function, even incontinence. The significance of hemorrhoids for anal continence (corpus cavernosum) is recognized. In most instances, hemorrhoids are treated conservatively; the surgeon is contacted when conservative measures have failed or complications, e.g., thrombosis, have occurred. 4 degrees prolapsed internal hemorrhoids are the main indication for hemorrhoidectomy: high (Parks) or low (Milligan-Morgan) ligation with excision, closed hemorrhoidectomy (Ferguson) or stapler hemorrhoidectomy. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids are primary treated by incision and secondary by excision. Complications after operative treatment of external thrombosed hemorrhoids are rare. After standard hemorrhoidectomy for internal hemorrhoids approximately 10% may have a complicated follow-up (bleeding, fissure, fistula, abscess, stenosis, urinary retention, soiling, incontinence); there may be concomitant disease, e.g., perianal cryptoglandular infection, causing complex fistula/abscess, which is associated with an increased risk (30-80%) for complications, e.g., incontinence. Other treatment options, e.g., sphincterotomy, anal stretch, have been accused to cause more complications, e.g., incontinence in 30-50% of cases. However, incontinence is a complex phenomenon; it is evident that an isolated single injury is normally not a sufficient cause, e.g., injury of the internal sphincter. The majority of patients may present with prior obstetric injury, perianal infection or Crohn's disease and other comorbidity. Therefore all systemic and regional disorders, causing incontinence, should be excluded before starting manometric, neurophysiological and sonographic investigations. Variation and overlap in test results, patient-, instrument- or operator-dependent factors ask for cautious interpretation. There is vast evidence that the demonstration of muscle fibers in hemorrhoidectomy specimens is a normal feature. In conclusion, standard hemorrhoidectomy with proper indication is a safe procedure. If complications occur, it is in the interest of the patient and surgeon to perform a thorough investigation. PMID- 14766337 TI - A functional-structural model to understand cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation in affective illness and to elucidate the ANS effects of antidepressive treatment. AB - Numerous studies provide evidence that major depression (MD) is associated with certain disorders of cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, in particular, with an autonomic neurocardiac imbalance characterized by a low cardiovagal modulation, a raised sympathetic nerve activity and a high resting heart rate. We assume that such MD-associated cardiac ANS disorders are mainly caused by functional-structural abnormalities within the central autonomic network (CAN), in particular, by well-defined abnormalities of hypothalamic structures in MD. In view of the well-known association between an autonomic neurocardiac imbalance and the risk for cardiac arrhythmias, we assume that MD associated cardiac ANS disorders are at least partly responsible for the high cardiovascular mortality risk in MD. It is, however, still unclear whether antidepressive treatment will lower the risk for cardiovascular complications in MD. There is convincing evidence that a successful antidepressive treatment with electroconvulsive therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, or pharmacotherapy with primarily non-antimuscarinergic antidepressants can improve an initially disturbed cardiac ANS function in MD. These studies correspond well to our findings that treatment with both, nefazodone or reboxetine, can induce a reduction of central sympathetic nerve activity and an increase of the initially lowered cardiovagal modulation depending on the improvement of depressive symptoms after treatment. Since both effects occured obviously independent from the primarily serotonergic or noradrenergic action of the antidepressants, our findings suggest the existence of a generally supraordinate and uniform mechanism underlying the ANS effects of antidepressive treatment with drugs inhibiting serotonin- or noradrenaline reuptake. PMID- 14766338 TI - The molecular basis of intellectual disability: novel genes with naturally occurring mutations causing altered gene expression in the brain. AB - This review on the genes implicated in mental retardation, and its X-chromosome linked forms, we presented at the symposium 'The Regulation of Gene Expression in the Brain' (January 23-26, 2003, Heron Island Australia). The main purpose of the review was to highlight the current knowledge of the spectrum of the genes causing mental retardation, provide an insight in to their function(s), where known, and to speculate about the evolutionary processes which shaped such an unexpected concentration of these genes on the human sex chromosome X. Such genes with naturally occurring mutations provide an invaluable opportunity for identifying the pathways essential for the normal function of the brain. Once identified, cellular and animal models can then be used for experimentation PMID- 14766339 TI - Ap-1 targets in the brain. AB - Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor involved in many aspects of the brain physiology and pathophysiology. In spite of strong engagement in a transcriptional regulation of the brain gene expression, only a few, if any, downstream AP-1 targets have unequivocally been identified so far. In the review we discuss only the best characterized AP-1 target genes in the brain, and we highlight the shortages of our understanding of AP-1 action in the central nervous system as well as indicate what could be done to ameliorate the situation. PMID- 14766340 TI - Querkopf, a histone acetyltransferase, is essential for embryonic neurogenesis. AB - DNA binding transcription factors require the presence of co-activators in order to exert their effects on the pattern of gene expression in a cell. An essential element of co-activator complexes is one or more proteins that have histone acetyltransferase activity. In a gene trap screen for mutations affecting brain development, we identified a member of the MYST family histone acetyltransferases, Querkopf. Querkopf is the mouse homologue of the human protein MORF and both these proteins are closely related to MOZ. Querkopf shows a dynamic pattern of expression in the telencephalon. It is initially expressed strongly in the dorsal telencephalon and then in the ventral telencephalon. This suggests that, unusually for a histone acetyltransferase, part of its activity is regulated at the transcriptional level. Mice carrying a mutation in the querkopf gene have defects in the development of the cerebral cortex. At all stages of fetal development querkopf mutant mice show a reduced number of cells in the cortical plate resulting in a reduction in the size of the adult cortex. The adult cortex in these mice contains less large pyramidal cells and a reduced number of interneurons. In addition Querkopf is also involved in adult neurogenesis. In this short review we examine the role of co-activators of transcription in general and the function of Querkopf in particular. PMID- 14766341 TI - Complex regulatory interactions control CRH gene expression. AB - Glucocorticoids inhibit corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) production in the hypothalamus but stimulate production from the placenta. To identify key elements regulating the CRH gene, mouse pituitary tumor-derived cells (AtT20 cells) were used as a hypothalamic model in an analysis of the CRH promoter. Two cAMP responsive elements were identified: (I) a consensus cAMP response element (CRE) and (II) a previously unrecognized caudal-type homeobox response element (CDXRE). Glucocorticoids inhibit only the component of cAMP-stimulation occurring via the CRE through an action involving a negative glucocorticoid response element (nGRE). We also identified two regions that, in the absence of the nGRE, can be stimulated by glucocorticoids: (I) the CRE and (II) a region between -213 to 99bps. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified binding of the transcription factors CREB and Fos at the CRE in AtT20 cells, whereas CREB and cJun were detected in placental cells. In addition, a novel CRE-binding transcription factor has been identified that is expressed in the brain and in placenta. A model is presented whereby CRH gene regulation is mediated via tissue specific expression of transcription factors. PMID- 14766342 TI - Tracing functional circuits using c-Fos regulated expression of marker genes targeted to neuronal projections. AB - We have developed novel techniques to trace functionally activated circuits and synaptic plasticity within the brain. We have generated transgenic mice, FTL, which contain a tau-lacZ fusion gene regulated by the promoter for c-fos. Following a particular nervous system stimulation in these mice, only neurons, which are functionally activated, will express LacZ, which is targeted to neuronal processes by the tau protein. In the FTL mice, we found highly inducible expression of lacZ by a range of different stimuli, and successful targeting of expression to neuronal cell bodies, axons and dendrites. To test if a functionally activated circuit could be visualized, the mice were deprived of water, which activates nuclei involved in body fluid homeostasis. LacZ was induced in these nuclei and their projections, allowing the mapping of a neuroendocrine circuit. Further studies have employed these mice in the analysis of neurons and circuits activated in vision, and learning and memory. We have also developed methods to measure markers of synaptic plasticity in the brain, and found significant experience dependent changes in the levels of these markers in different parts of the brain. We believe these techniques will aid in the identification of circuits for many different brain functions, and within those circuits, the locations of synaptic plasticity. PMID- 14766343 TI - The mammalian circadian clock: a network of gene expression. AB - The circadian timing system provides a temporal structure across an organism to modulate and synchronize biological function. The mammalian circadian system is composed of many individual clocks. Circadian clocks are found in individual cells that have to be synchronized by a central pacemaker. This pacemaker can be viewed as a managing director who coordinates temporal physiology and behavior in the organism. In this review I will discuss the current understanding of the clock mechanism at the molecular level, how it adjusts to environmental changes and what the implications of a defect in the circadian clock are on mammalian physiology. PMID- 14766344 TI - Resetting the suprachiasmatic nucleus clock. AB - Recent research on the cellular basis of circadian rhythmicity has stressed the importance of clock genes for the maintenance of normal rhythmicity. There have been tremendous advances in our understanding of the inter-relationships of the various genes known to generate the rhythms. We know relatively little, however, about the way animals maintain their rhythmicity under normal seasonally changing photoperiods, from the level of neurotransmitters involved in the transfer of photic information to the way the clock genes respond. In this short review, some aspects of entrainment are discussed concentrating on species differences in transmitters used, particularly the role of serotonin. Also the effects of different experimental paradigms on outcomes, for example phase response curves and skeleton photoperiods, are discussed. PMID- 14766345 TI - Gene regulation by song in the auditory telencephalon of songbirds. AB - Inducible gene expression analysis has been successfully used to identify and characterize areas involved in the auditory processing of song in songbirds. When songbirds hear song, zenk, a gene encoding a transcriptional regulator linked to synaptic plasticity, is rapidly and transiently induced in several discrete areas of the telencephalon. This phenomenon is most marked in the caudomedial neostriatum (NCM), a major auditory processing area. zenk induction by song has proven very useful to investigate the functional organization of NCM as well as to characterize song-responding neurons in this brain area. Combined with data from anatomical and electrophysiological studies, the results of gene expression analysis suggest that NCM is involved in the auditory processing of complex sounds such as song and possibly in the formation and/or storage of song auditory memories. Thus, NCM appears to play a prominent role in perceptual aspects of vocal communication, and potentially in the process of vocal learning in songbirds and other vocal learning avian orders, i.e. parrots and hummingbirds. PMID- 14766346 TI - For want of a nail. ramifications of a single gene deletion, dystrophin, in the brain of the mouse. AB - Lack of expression of a single gene, dystrophin, causes the severe, progressive muscle wasting and mental deficits characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In this work, we investigated the impact of dystrophin deletion on expression of other genes in the brain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum using the murine homologue, the mdx mouse, and RT-PCR. Expression of the brain glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT2 was found to be decreased, as were some subunits of the GABAA and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Genes involved in bioenergetic homeostasis, such as the mitochondrial creatine kinase and the gamma subunit of ATP synthase were also found to be abnormally expressed, while expression of the structural proteins beta-dystrobrevin and rapsyn was also significantly affected. We relate these findings to known functional deficits and discuss the possible mechanisms behind the altered gene expression. PMID- 14766347 TI - EGF family of growth factors: essential roles and functional redundancy in the nerve system. AB - Evidence has suggested that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and its ligands are important regulators for development and maintenance of various tissues including the nerve system. Gene knockout, transgenic or other in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that these molecules, produced by neurons and glial cells, play important roles in regulating neural/glial precursor cell or stem cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival, in maintaining tissue homeostasis, and in regulating CNS gliosis and peripheral nerve injury responses. These studies have revealed that, despite a possible functional redundancy among the individual EGF family ligands, collectively EGF-R ligands are required for development and maintenance of the nerve system. PMID- 14766348 TI - Systematic identification of factors in zebrafish regulating the early midbrain and cerebellar development by odered differential display and caged mRNA technology. AB - During brain development, various transcription factors are activated in the regional specific manner and define the identities characteristic to individual regions, and many of such factors have been identified in the vertebrate brain, by taking advantage of the structural and functional conservation of them with the invertebrate counterparts. However, it is still largely unknown why individual transcription factors can define the final morphology and function of the tissues expressing these factors because of the lack of knowledge on which genes are actually up- or down-regulated as downstream targets of individual transcription factors. In this review, we introduce novel technologies which we have invented or improved as a part of our endeavor to identify and functionally analyze the downstream target genes of Isle-3 which are involved in development of the midbrain and the midbrain/hindbrain boundary region in zebrafish embryos. Our strategy and technologies can be applied to analyzing the downstream genes of any other transcription factors. PMID- 14766349 TI - CREB and neurodegeneration. AB - Programmed cell death (PCD) is major concept in neurobiology and transcription factors are pivotal in switching on the nerve cell death program. More recently, the transcriptional control of programmed cell life (PCL) is beginning to be understood. This work began in studies of the activation of the CREB transcription factor in stroke models where it was shown that CREB is phosphorylated (and presumably activated) in neurons that survive this insult. In this review I will describe this data and also discuss the up-stream and down stream pathways in this CREB neuroprotective transcriptional cassette. Finally, I will discuss studies showing that this CREB survival pathway may be inactivated by neurotoxins and genes involved in neurodegenerative disorders. PMID- 14766350 TI - Cellular-resolution activity mapping of the brain using immediate-early gene expression. AB - Immediate-Early Genes are a class of genes that are rapidly up-regulated following neural stimulation. Due to their quality as potential activity markers in the CNS, they have been used extensively in functional mapping studies. At least three genes have been popularly used, including zif268 (Egr1, NGFI, Krox 24, or ZENK), c-fos and recently, Arc. A number of techniques have been developed in applying IEG labelling for the development of functional maps, thus overcoming some of the earlier limitations of this approach. Current developments highlight the future prospects of cellular-resolution functional activity mapping of the brain. PMID- 14766351 TI - Oxygen sensors and energy sensors act synergistically to achieve a graded alteration in gene expression: consequences for assessing the level of neuroprotection in response to stressors. AB - Changes in gene expression are associated with switching to an autoprotected phenotype in response to environmental and physiological stress. Ubiquitous molecular chaperones from the heat shock protein (HSP) superfamily confer neuronal protection that can be blocked by antibodies. Recent research has focused on the interactions between the molecular sensors that affect the increased expression of neuroprotective HSPs above constitutive levels. An examination of the conditions under which the expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was up regulated in a hypoxia and anoxia tolerant tropical species, the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum), revealed that up-regulation was dependent on exceeding a stimulus threshold for an oxidative stressor. While hypoxic-preconditioning confers neuroprotective changes, there was no increase in the level of Hsp70 indicating that its increased expression was not associated with achieving a neuroprotected state in response to hypoxia in the epaulette shark. Conversely, there was a significant increase in Hsp70 in response to anoxic-preconditioning, highlighting the presence of a stimulus threshold barrier and raising the possibility that, in this species, Hsp70 contributes to the neuroprotective response to extreme crises, such as oxidative stress. Interestingly, there was a synergistic effect of coincident stressors on Hsp70 expression, which was revealed when metabolic stress was superimposed upon oxidative stress. Brain energy charge was significantly lower when adenosine receptor blockade, provided by treatment with aminophylline, was present prior to the final anoxic episode, under these circumstances, the level of Hsp70 induced was significantly higher than in the pair-matched saline treated controls. An understanding of the molecular and metabolic basis for neuroprotective switches, which result in an up-regulation of neuroprotective Hsp70 expression in the brain, is needed so that intervention strategies can be devised to manage CNS pathologies and minimise damage caused by ischemia and trauma. In addition, the current findings indicate that measurements of HSP expression per se may provide a useful correlate of the level of neuroprotection achieved in the switch to an autoprotected phenotype. PMID- 14766352 TI - Gene expression and regulation of hindbrain and spinal cord development. AB - The formation of the central nervous system is one of the most fascinating processes in biology. Motor coordination, sensory perception and memory all depend on the complex cell connections that form with extraordinary precision between distinct nerve cell types within the central nervous system. The development of the central nervous system and its intricate connections occurs in several steps. During the first step known as neural induction, the neural plate forms as a uniform sheet of neuronal progenitors. Neural induction is followed by neurulation, the process in which the two halves of the neural plate are transformed into a hollow tube. Neurulation is accompanied by regionalisation of the neural tube anterior-posteriorly into the brain and spinal cord and dorso ventrally into neural crest cells and numerous classes of sensory and motor neurons. The proper development of the vertebrate central nervous system requires the precise, finely balanced control of cell specification and proliferation, which is achieved through the complex interplay of multiple signaling systems. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), retinoic acid (RA) fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), Wnt and Hedgehog proteins are a few key factors that interact to pattern the developing central nervous system. In this review, we detail our current knowledge of the roles of these signaling factors in the development of the vertebrate nervous system in terms of the mechanisms underlying the formation and specification of the hindbrain and spinal cord. PMID- 14766353 TI - SRC in human carcinogenesis. AB - The signaling machinery in cells is a complex, multi-factorial network of cross talking proteins that enables dynamic communication between upstream causal factors and downstream effectors. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases, including Src, are the intermediates of information transfer, controlling pathways as diverse as cell growth, migration, death, and genome maintenance. When expressed as viral genes these proteins are potent carcinogens, yet analogous genetic alterations are rarely observed in human tumors. In seeking to characterize the role of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src in neoplasia, arguments can be made that the consequences of mutation, or perturbations in the activity or expression of this protein is a determinative factor in clinical prognosis and pathogenicity. In a variety of tumor types including those derived from the colon and breast, the Src non-receptor tyrosine kinase is either overexpressed or constitutively active in a large percentage of the tumors. Increased expression or activity of Src correlates with the stage and metastatic potential of some neoplasia. PMID- 14766354 TI - Noninvasive diagnosis of acute rejection of solid organ transplants. AB - Accurate diagnosis of acute rejection remains a formidable challenge in organ transplantation. The current gold standard diagnostic test for acute rejection is histological examination of the transplanted organ. However, biopsy procedures are invasive and complications occur. Furthermore, sampling errors may bias the histological diagnosis. Not uncommonly, empiric anti-rejection therapy has to be provided prior to the availability of a confirmatory histological report. Thus, there is an urgent need for specific and sensitive noninvasive biomarkers of acute rejection. Herein, we review noninvasive strategies for the diagnosis of acute rejection of solid organ transplants. PMID- 14766355 TI - The relationship of HLA antigens to doxycycline induced apoptosis in immortalized B cells. AB - Previous studies have shown two subsets of Lyme disease (LD) patients: a seropositive group with a high frequency of the HLA class II antigen, HLA-DR7 (DR7+), and a seronegative group with a low frequency of HLA-DR7 (DR7-). The present study examined the hypothesis that the absence or presence of this antigen may play a role in the mode of B cell death induced by doxycycline. B cells, obtained from one HLA-DR7- (AL7N) and one HLA-DR7+ (MM7P) normal volunteers, were immortalized using Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). Doxycycline resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability which was not different between the two cell lines. DNA from the MM7P showed a strong internucleosomal fragmentation pattern consistent with apoptosis, while the AL7N showed a weaker pattern, when treated with doxycycline, 20 ug/ml, for 16 hours, a result confirmed with the TUNEL assay. In the MM7P, the level of inducible p53 peaked at 8 hours while no changes were observed in the AL7N. A much higher level of HLA class II and HLA-DR was observed in the AL7N cell line which was not affected by doxycycline. These results support the conclusion that doxycycline induces p53 dependent apoptosis in MM7P. Although doxycycline induces death in AL7N, the mode and mechanism require further study. PMID- 14766356 TI - 'Objective' assessment of rectal sensation: a novel approach. AB - Rectal sensation is used as an investigative tool in the diagnosis of anorectal pathology. However, the data obtained are subjective depending on the patient's perception of the sensation. We investigated the hypothesis that sympathetic skin response (SSR) can be used as a tool for objective assessment of the rectal sensation. The SSR was recorded in 24 healthy volunteers (age 37.2 years, 14 men) using a surface electrode applied to the skin of the palmar surface of the subject's hand and a reference electrode to the dorsum of the same hand. The EMG activity of the pelvic floor muscles was registered by a surface electrode fixed to the perineal skin. The subject was asked before and after individual anesthetization of the rectum and palm to report the first rectal and urge sensations during balloon filling of the rectum in increments of 10 ml of saline. Low volume rectal distension effected no sympathetic skin or pelvic floor responses, while larger volumes produced the response. The skin and pelvic floor responses occurred with every rectal sensation and corresponded with the volunteers' subjective perception. Urge suppression was associated with synchronous decrease of skin and pelvic floor responses which disappeared on balloon expulsion. Rectal balloon distension, 20 minutes after individual anesthetization of the rectum or palm produced no palm skin response, which returned however 3 hours later. A novel approach which can objectively define subjective perceptions arising from the rectum has been identified. Rectal sensations produce coordinated sympathetic skin response and pelvic floor activity which seem to be mediated through a reflex which we term the "recto palmar reflex". Further studies are required to investigate the role of this reflex in defection and sympathetic disorders. PMID- 14766357 TI - Understanding the molecular mechanism of drug resistance of anti-HIV nucleosides by molecular modeling. AB - Nucleoside-resistant isolates have been identified in patients receiving antiretroviral nucleoside drugs. The different resistance phenotypes seem to correlate with different sets of mutations in reverse transcriptase (RT), and the effect of individual set of mutations on resistance to a specific NRTI can only be presumed by kinetic studies and building up the enzyme active site by molecular modeling studies. However, the understanding how mutations affect RT structure and function, and the ensuing loss of potent antiviral activities of certain NRTIs have not been demonstrated in conjunction with their binding modes, which would provide invaluable insight into the design of more effective NRTIs active against the mutant RTs. This review discusses our recent efforts to assess the structural adjustment resulting from mutations and the accompanying energetic consequences based on the assumption that mutation may either deform the active site conformation through structural realignment or destabilize inhibitor binding. PMID- 14766358 TI - N-nitrosation and denitrosation on lysine residues of histones. AB - Increased immunoactivity of (-nitrosolysine was detected in Western blot in peroxynitrite-reacted histones H2A, H3 and H4. The N-nitrosation may be reversible as indicated by the decreased immunoactivity via either subsequent incubation with reduced glutathione or 48-hour dialysis and 48-hour storage at 4 degrees C. Nonetheless, the biological significance of N-nitrosation of protein lysine is yet to be proven. PMID- 14766359 TI - Grb7 in intracellular signaling and its role in cell regulation. AB - Grb7 is an adaptor molecule that mediates signal transduction from multiple cell surface receptors to various downstream signaling pathways. Grb7 and its related family member Grb10 and Grb14 share a conserved molecular architecture including an amino-terminal proline-rich region, a central segment termed the GM region (for Grb and Mig) which includes a PH domain and shares sequence homology with the Caenorhabditis elegans protein, Mig-10, and a carboxyl-terminal SH2 domain. Grb7/10/14 family proteins are phosphorylated on serine/threonine as well as tyrosine residues, although the functional significance of such phosphorylation is incompletely understood. Grb7/10/14 family proteins are mainly localized in the cytoplasm, but have been observed at the plasma membrane, focal contacts, or mitochondria under certain conditions. A large number of receptor tyrosine kinases and other signaling molecules can associate with Grb7/10/14 family proteins, mostly through the SH2 domains, although the functional consequences of such interactions have not been well characterized in most cases. Recent studies have suggested that various isoforms of Grb10 play important roles in mediating insulin/insulin-like growth factor regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, whereas Grb7 mediates signaling pathways from FAK and EphB1 receptor to regulate cell migration, which is also implicated in tumor progression. This review will discuss the current understanding of Grb7 mediated signal transduction pathways and their role in the regulation of various cellular functions. PMID- 14766360 TI - Glucose transport in the heart. AB - The heart is a unique organ in many ways. It consists of specialized muscle cells (cardiomyocytes), which are adapted to contract constantly in a coordinated fashion. This is vital to the survival of the organism given the central role of the heart in the maintenance of the cardiovascular system that delivers oxygen, metabolic substrates and hormones to the rest of the body. In order for the heart to maintain its function it must receive a constant supply of metabolic substrates, to generate ATP to maintain contractile function, without fatigue. Thus the heart is capable of utilizing a variety of metabolic substrates and is able to rapidly adapt its substrate utilization in the face of changes in substrate supply. The major metabolic substrate for the heart is fatty acids. However, up to 30% of myocardial ATP is generated by glucose and lactate, with smaller contributions from ketones and amino acids. Although glucose is not the major metabolic substrate in the heart at rest, there are many circumstances in which it assumes greater importance such as during ischemia, increased workload and pressure overload hypertrophy. Like all other cells, glucose is transported into cardiac myocytes by members of the family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs). In this regard, cardiomyocytes bear many similarities to skeletal muscle, but there are also important differences. For example, the most abundant glucose transporter in the heart is the GLUT4 transporter, in which translocation to the plasma membrane represents an important mechanism by which the net flux of glucose into the cell is regulated. Because cardiomyocytes are constantly contracting it is likely that contraction mediated GLUT4 translocation represents an important mechanism that governs the entry of glucose into the heart. While this is also true in skeletal muscle, because many muscles are often at rest, insulin mediated GLUT4 translocation represents a quantitatively more important mechanism regulating skeletal muscle glucose uptake than is the case in the heart. In contrast to skeletal muscle, where most GLUT1 is in perineural sheaths (1), in the heart there is significant expression of GLUT1 (2), which under certain circumstances is responsible for a significant component of basal cardiac glucose uptake. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of glucose transporter expression, and the regulation of glucose transport into myocardial cells. PMID- 14766361 TI - A brief history of the discovery of natural simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections in captive sooty mangabey monkeys. AB - Experimental leprosy studies using Mycobacterium leprae inoculum isolated from a sooty mangabey monkey (SMM) resulted in the accidental discovery that SMM's asymptomatically carry simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that is pathogenic in macaques. We showed that the SMM virus, SIVDelta, was antigenically related to SIVmac, which had been identified in macaques, and to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Similar asymptomatic natural SIV infections had been reported in African green monkeys (AGM). Our results together with observations of others led us to propose that both SIVmac and SIVDelta originated in SMM and that SIV emerged in humans as a result of early African nonhuman primate SIV trans-species infections in humans. PMID- 14766362 TI - The history of SIVS and AIDS: epidemiology, phylogeny and biology of isolates from naturally SIV infected non-human primates (NHP) in Africa. AB - Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) naturally infects non-human primates in Africa. To date, 40 SIVs have been described both in natural hosts and in heterologous species. These viruses are highly diverse and the majority cluster in 6 relatively equidistant phylogenetic lineages. At least 8 SIVs are currently considered as recombinant viruses, based on different clustering patterns in different genomic regions. Only three types of genomes are known, based on the number of accessory genes: vpr-containing genomes, vpr-vpx containing genomes and vpr-vpu-containing genomes. vpx resulted by a duplication of the vpr gene following non-homologous recombination and is characteristic of SIVs infecting the Papionini tribe of monkeys and HIV-2 in humans. vpu is characteristic of SIVcpz and HIV-1 and may have originated from a recombination involving SIVs from cercopitecini monkeys. SIV seems to be non-pathogenic in the vast majority of natural hosts in spite of a high levels of viral replication. This is probably a consequence of virus-host adaptation, in which the incubation period of the disease generally exceeds the life span of the African primate host. SIVs also have a high propensity for cross-species transmission. In the new host, the outcome may vary from inapparent infection to highly pathogenic, the former being reported for African monkeys, whereas the latter being observed in macaques and humans. The high diversity of SIVs was generated by a high mutation rate due to a low fidelity of the reverse-transcriptase and active viral and host cell turnover, host-dependent evolution and recombination. Cross-species transmission is not rare, however preferential host switching may drive the majority of cross species transmissions. Numerous SIVs tested so far are able to grow in vitro on human PBMC, therefore it has been postulated that SIV represents a threat for infection of humans in Central Africa and that AIDS is a zoonosis. However, although the simian origin of the two HIV types is broadly acknowledged, there are no data that AIDS is acquired like a zoonosis. SIV may undergo adaptation in the new human host in order to emerge in the general population. The study of SIV in their natural hosts should provide important clues to the real threat to human populations and also elucidate the mechanisms associated with a long-term persistent viral infection without clinical consequences for the host. PMID- 14766363 TI - Assessment of HIV-1 DNA copies per cell by real-time polymerase chain reaction. AB - Measurements of HIV-1 DNA and plasma RNA levels represent unique entities, thus clinically and molecularly, data obtained from each can be used independently in assessing therapy or experiments. Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels are used to make clinical decisions regarding treatment strategies, but viral DNA can still be detectable when plasma RNA levels are undetectable. At the molecular level, accurate assessment of HIV-1 DNA copies/cell could increase the ability to target specific tissues for further analysis such as identification of site-specific integration of HIV in cellular DNA. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), HIV-1 copies/cell were determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), bone marrow (BM), and tissue. Duplicate specimens were analyzed for plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and for viral DNA copies/cell from 24 HIV-1 infected individuals. DNA from an additional 58 PBMC and 34 other tissue specimens were also assayed with the results reported as a log of HIV-1 DNA copies/cell. The log viral DNA copies/cell of the 24 matched specimens ranged from -2.699 to 0.278 with no correlation to the plasma HIV-1 RNA levels (range 52 to 2 X 105 copies/mL). Similar range in log HIV-1 DNA copies/cell was found in the other specimens. Real-time PCR assay for viral DNA copies/cell provides a rapid assessment of HIV-1 copies/cell in specimens independent of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. From selected cases with relatively high HIV-1 DNA copies/cell, inverse PCR successfully identified viral integration. This type of assay could facilitate further studies when relatively high viral copies/cell are needed for screening. PMID- 14766364 TI - Role of cellular magnesium in health and human disease. AB - The aim of this paper is to discuss, on the basis of an extensive literature review, the role of magnesium in health and disease. Magnesium is an essential cation playing a crucial role in many physiological functions. It is critical in energy-requiring metabolic processes, in protein synthesis, membrane integrity, nervous tissue conduction, neuromuscular excitability, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, and in intermediary metabolism. Serum magnesium concentration is maintained within a narrow range by the small intestine and kidney which both increase their fractional magnesium absorption under conditions of magnesium deprivation. If magnesium depletion continues, the bone store helps to maintain serum magnesium concentration by exchanging part of its content with extracellular fluid. The abundance of magnesium within cells is consistent with its relevant role in regulating tissue and cell functions. Recent data suggest that large fluxes of magnesium can cross the cell plasma membrane in either direction following a variety of hormonal and non-hormonal stimuli, resulting in major changes in total and, to a lesser extent, in free magnesium content within tissues. Imbalances of magnesium are common and are associated with a great number of pathological situations responsible for human morbidity and mortality. A large part of the population may have an inadequate magnesium intake, and in particular elderly subjects and athletes may be prone to chronic latent magnesium deficiency. Magnesium deficit is frequently observed in alcoholics and diabetic patients, in whom a combination of factors contributes to its pathogenesis. We will discuss some of the aspects of the involvement of magnesium in the etiology of some pathological situations, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, pre eclampsia, eclampsia, sickle cell disease and chronic alcoholism. PMID- 14766365 TI - Blood vessels and parkinsonism. AB - Blood vessels are the way for nutrients present outside the brain to gain access into the cerebral parenchyma. When neurons are diseased, for example by toxin exposure, reactive glial cells secrete local factors that induce microangiogenesis, probably as part of a spontaneous neuroprotective mechanism related to the increased metabolic demand. In Parkinson's disease (PD) and non human primate models of PD, nigral degeneration is associated with gliosis and microvascular proliferation. Interestingly, microangiogenesis also facilitates the entrance into the brain parenchyma of neurotoxins and harmful cytokine releasing blood cells, both of which have been linked to neuronal cell death in PD. In the present review we discuss the potential implications of vascular related phenomena with mechanisms of neuronal damage in PD. PMID- 14766366 TI - Wound healing: an overview of acute, fibrotic and delayed healing. AB - Acute wounds normally heal in a very orderly and efficient manner characterized by four distinct, but overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Specific biological markers characterize healing of acute wounds. Likewise, unique biologic markers also characterize pathologic responses resulting in fibrosis and chronic non-healing ulcers. This review describes the major biological processes associated with both normal and pathologic healing. The normal healing response begins the moment the tissue is injured. As the blood components spill into the site of injury, the platelets come into contact with exposed collagen and other elements of the extracellular matrix. This contact triggers the platelets to release clotting factors as well as essential growth factors and cytokines such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). Following hemostasis, the neutrophils then enter the wound site and begin the critical task of phagocytosis to remove foreign materials, bacteria and damaged tissue. As part of this inflammatory phase, the macrophages appear and continue the process of phagocytosis as well as releasing more PDGF and TGF beta. Once the wound site is cleaned out, fibroblasts migrate in to begin the proliferative phase and deposit new extracellular matrix. The new collagen matrix then becomes cross-linked and organized during the final remodeling phase. In order for this efficient and highly controlled repair process to take place, there are numerous cell-signaling events that are required. In pathologic conditions such as non-healing pressure ulcers, this efficient and orderly process is lost and the ulcers are locked into a state of chronic inflammation characterized by abundant neutrophil infiltration with associated reactive oxygen species and destructive enzymes. Healing proceeds only after the inflammation is controlled. On the opposite end of the spectrum, fibrosis is characterized by excessive matrix deposition and reduced remodeling. Often fibrotic lesions are associated with increased densities of mast cells. By understanding the functional relationships of these biological processes of normal compared to abnormal wound healing, hopefully new strategies can be designed to treat the pathological conditions. PMID- 14766367 TI - Signaling the brain in systemic inflammation: role of sensory circumventricular organs. AB - The sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs) are specialized brain regions that lack a tight blood-brain barrier. A role for these brain structures in signaling the brain during systemic inflammation is based on the following sets of observations. In spite of some conflicting data from literature, lesions of CVOs have been shown to block several components of brain controlled illness responses (i.e. fever or neuroendocrine modifications). Receptors for inflammatory cytokines and for bacterial fragments are constitutively expressed in cells within the sensory CVOs. The expression of most of these receptors is upregulated under conditions of systemic inflammation. Cellular responses in theses brain areas can be recorded and documented after stimulation of these respective receptors. Such responses include changes in electrical activity of neurons, induction of transcription factors leading to modifications in gene expression during inflammation and to a localized release of secondary signal molecules. These molecules may influence or even gain access to neural structures inside the blood-brain barrier, which can normally not directly be reached by circulating cytokines or bacterial fragments. PMID- 14766368 TI - Cholecystokinin: possible mediator of fever and hypothermia. AB - Thermoregulatory effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) peptides are reviewed with special emphasis on two types of responses, that is hyperthermia (fever) and hypothermia. Central microinjection of CCK in rats induces a thermogenic response that can be attenuated by CCK-B receptor antagonists, but some authors observed a hypothermia. By contrast to its central fever-inducing effect, in rodents exposed to cold CCK-8 elicits a dose-dependent hypothermia on peripheral injection probably acting on CCK-A receptors. It is suggested that neuronal CCK may have a specific role in the development of hyperthermia, and endogenous CCK-ergic mechanisms could contribute to the mediation of fever. The possible role of CCK ergic mediation in endotoxin (LPS) fever has revealed that while CCK-B receptors seem to be involved in the development of fever, the role of CCK-A receptors could be more complex. In particular, while rats lacking functional CCK-A receptors show an exaggerated fever response, this phenomenon may be associated with a trait different from the absence of this receptor set. The relationship between the putative CCK-ergic febrile mechanism and the established central PGE mediation needs further study. PMID- 14766369 TI - Proton and electron transfer in the acceptor quinone complex of photosynthetic reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. AB - For twenty years the photosynthetic reaction center (RC) has been the premier testing ground for theoretical understanding of electron transfer in aperiodic systems, with special, but not unique, reference to long distance biological electron transport. In addition to the known structure, many of the attributes that make RCs so well suited to studying electron transfer function equally well for any charge movement, including protons. These include the presence of intrinsic reporter groups (electrochromically active pigments), high time resolution through light activation, and a large number and variety of distinct reactions, ranging from loosely coupled responses of the protein dielectric to specific, long distance proton transfers in and out of active sites, and bond making in terminal chemical transformations. A wide variety of biophysical methods have been coupled with site directed mutagenesis to reveal mechanisms of proton uptake, transfer and chemistry in the RC. This review summarizes our progress to date, which suggests that the RC can serve as a paradigm, not only for many energy coupled, membrane proteins, but for the electrostatic and dielectric properties of proteins that are critical to their general function. PMID- 14766370 TI - Antiretroviral therapy influences cellular susceptibility to apoptosis in vivo. AB - It has been proposed that antiretroviral therapies (ART) possess both antiviral and immunomodulatory activities when used in HIV infected patients. Few studies have addressed whether these putative immunomodulatory effects are also seen in HIV negative patients, for example, when used for post exposure prophylaxis (PEP). We chose to evaluate immunologic function in HIV negative patients who received Nelfinavir and Combivir (AZT and 3TC) as PEP. Lymphocytes from patients taken immediately before, during, and after PEP were analyzed. No changes were seen in absolute or percent CD4 or CD8 T lymphocyte numbers, nor in markers of activation, memory, or co-stimulatory molecules. Surface expression of apoptosis related ligands and receptors were unaltered, but apoptosis susceptibility was significantly inhibited by PEP (P less than 0.05). These data confirm in vitro that apoptosis susceptibility is altered by ART, including in HIV-negative patients who take PEP. PMID- 14766371 TI - Inhibition of GM-CSF production in fibroblast-monocyte coculture by prednisone and effects of rhGM-CSF on human lung fibroblasts. AB - Fibroblasts play a sentinel role in asthmatic disease. They are the main constituents of connective tissue and are increased in number in the asthmatic lung. They are also capable of secreting a diverse repertoire of cytokines and are able to be activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell-cell contact. Previously we have reported that normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) can be activated by monocytes (U937) through cell-cell contact to produce GM-CSF. Here we show that GM-CSF production from NHLF activated by monocyte contact is inhibited by prednisone, a synthetic glucocorticoid used in the treatment of asthma. GM-CSF is an acidic glycoprotein that potentiates development of cells in the granulocyte and macrophage lineage and is secreted at sites of peripheral inflammation. The receptor for GM-CSF was found on NHLF by flow cytometry and was able to be up-regulated by interleukin (IL)-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and recombinant human (rh) GM-CSF. To test autocrine effects of GM-CSF on fibroblasts, rh GM-CSF was used in proliferation studies and was found to decrease fibroblast proliferation. Prednisone was used to block NF-kappaB activation and GM-CSF gene expression as well. These data indicate mechanism of action and treatment for cell-cell contact mediated inflammation of infiltrating monocytes with fibroblasts as seen in asthma and other diseases like graft versus host disease. PMID- 14766372 TI - Signal transduction and biological functions of bone morphogenetic proteins. AB - Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors and belong to the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily. The roles of BMPs in embryonic development and cellular functions in postnatal animals have been extensively studied in recent years. Signal transduction studies have revealed that Smad1 and 5 are the immediate downstream molecules of BMP receptor and play a central role in BMP signal transduction. Using transgenic and knockout approaches and animal models with naturally occurring mutations in BMP genes, it has been shown that BMPs play critical roles in mesoderm formation, heart development, cartilage development and postnatal bone formation. Recombinant BMP 2 and 7 have been used clinically for several different clinical interventions such as non-union fractures and spinal fusions. Tissue-specific knockout of a specific BMP ligand, a subtype of BMP receptors or a specific signaling molecule is required to further determine the specific role of a particular BMP ligand, receptor or signaling molecule. PMID- 14766373 TI - Angiotensin II, PPAR-gamma and atherosclerosis. AB - Atherosclerosis is a complex, chronic disease state that usually arises from the converging action of several pathogenic processes, including hypertension, hyperlidemia, obesity and insulin resistance. Significantly, due to the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes worldwide, several aspects of the renin angiotensin system, including the capacity for angiotensin II synthesis and binding are increased in human and animal models of type II diabetes, and potentiate vascular lesion formation. Angiotensin II, an important vasoactive peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, profoundly accelerates atherosclerosis in animal models of diabetes. Conversely, in both human and animal studies, inhibition of angiotensin II synthesis or activity has been shown to significantly reduce atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality. Cardiovascular protection is independent of blood pressure and baseline activity of the renin angiotensin system, suggesting an important and direct role for the vascular renin-angiotensin system in atherosclerotic progression. Angiotensin II appears to accelerate atherosclerosis through activation of several distinct signal transduction pathways, and via these mechanisms can function as a vascular growth and migration factor, a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an oxidative stress agent. Thiazolidinediones, a class of oral insulin-sensitizing agents in broad clinical use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, have been shown to ameliorate cardiovascular disease in animal trials and clinical studies. Thiazolidinediones also appear to regulate angiotensin II signaling at multiple levels, significantly reducing the expression of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor and repressing signal transduction through this receptor to suppress vascular remodeling, lesion formation, and oxidative stress. PMID- 14766374 TI - Feline immunodeficiency virus: a concise review. AB - Among non-primate vertebrates, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in the cat may be the closest model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clinical evolution and immunological and virological relationships between human HIV/AIDS and disease produced by FIV infection in cats are very close. These similarities should facilitate progress in the understanding of mechanisms of viral infection and immunopathology, and make this model potentially very valuable in evaluation of experimental therapeutic approaches to AIDS in man. Development of feline immunodeficiency virus vectors bearing therapeutic genes targeting different human diseases is a promising strategy for gene therapy, despite some recent studies which suggest that despite lack of evidence of infection of man by FIV, additional epidemiological surveillance may be indicated to determine if transmission can occur from this close companion to humans in some circumstances. PMID- 14766375 TI - Allosteric sites of phosphodiesterase-5 sequester cyclic GMP. AB - Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) play key roles in cGMP signaling. PDE5 has a catalytic domain (C domain) that hydrolyzes cGMP and a regulatory domain (R domain) that binds cGMP at allosteric sites. We recently demonstrated that in corpus cavernosum, PDE5 concentration exceeds basal cGMP by ~5-fold making it possible that its allosteric sites could bind a significant fraction of the total cellular cGMP. It is hypothesized that the allosteric sites regulate cGMP signaling by sequestering cGMP. At 60 nM cGMP in vitro, which approaches a stimulated concentration of cGMP in rabbit corpus cavernosum, isolated R domain inhibits both cGMP hydrolysis by C domain and activation of PKG (IC50 values of 388 and 100 nM, respectively). Prior phosphorylation of R domain by cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases, which increases its cGMP-binding affinity, also increases its potency for inhibiting both cGMP hydrolysis by C domain and cGMP activation of PKG (IC50 values of 58 and 38 nM, respectively). In rabbit corpus cavernosum, PDE5 concentration (94 nM) exceeds these values. These findings support our hypothesis that physiological concentrations of R domain regulate cGMP signaling by sequestering this nucleotide and that phosphorylation of R domain modulates this effect. This could provide for negative feedback control of cGMP-signaling. PMID- 14766376 TI - Grb10: more than a simple adaptor protein. AB - Grb10 is a member of a superfamily of adaptor proteins that includes Grb7 and Grb14. This family of proteins shares a common overall structure, including an N terminal region harboring a conserved proline-rich motif, a central Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, and a conserved region located between the PH and the SH2 domains (BPS). Grb10 directly interacts with a number of mitogenic receptor tyrosine kinases including the insulin (IR) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-IR) receptor. Grb10 binds to the regulatory kinase loop of the insulin receptor (IR) via its SH2 and BPS domains. In addition to receptor tyrosine kinases, Grb10 has also been found to interact with non receptor tyrosine kinases such as Tec and Bcr-Abl, and other cellular signaling molecules such as Raf-1 and the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase, MEK. Overexpression of Grb10 has been shown to inhibit or stimulate insulin/IGF-I signaling depending on the expression levels of the specific isoforms, specific cell context, and/or physiologic endpoint. Genetic imprinting of Grb10 has been linked to the congenital disease, Silver-Russell syndrome, which is characterized by pre- and post-natal growth deficiency. This data suggests that Grb10 may function during embryogenesis in regulating insulin/IGF-I signaling as these growth factors play important roles during development. A role of Grb10 as a potent growth inhibitor during was implicated when disruption of the mGrb10 gene in mice resulted in overgrowth of mutant embryos and neonates. Grb10 is expressed in the central nervous system of mice and rats, which suggests that this protein may regulate neuronal insulin signaling and energy metabolism, consistent with its reported role in metabolic insulin action in fat and muscle cells. An important area of future investigation will be to elucidate the mechanism underlying Grb10's ability to regulate peptide hormone action including insulin/IGF-I signaling and to study the physiological role of this adaptor protein in cellular and animal models. PMID- 14766377 TI - Apoprotein (A) antagonises THE GPIIB/IIIA receptor on collagen and adp-stimulated human platelets. AB - The nature of the lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a))/agonist-stimulated platelet interaction is unclear. The objective was to determine whether Lp(a) inhibits platelet aggregation by displacing fibrinogen from the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor. Platelets were washed in Tyrode's buffer and stimulated using 10 micromolar ADP or 2 micrograms/ml collagen. Lp(a) was isolated from plasma using lectin affinity chromatography followed by ultracentrifugation. Lp(a) inhibited aggregation of collagen- and ADP-stimulated platelets with IC-50's of about 5 mg/dl. Lp(a) inhibited 125I-labeled fibrinogen binding to collagen-stimulated platelets with an IC-50 of less than 5 mg/dl. MAb 3B1, specific for apo(a), restored platelet aggregation to control levels, inhibited 125I-labelled Lp(a) binding, and increased 125I-labelled fibrinogen binding by displacing Lp(a) from the fibrinogen binding site. In conclusion, binding of Lp(a) results in displacement of fibrinogen from its receptor, leading to decreased platelet aggregation. This antagonism suggests a novel role for Lp(a) in modulating fibrinogen binding to the GPIIb/IIIa receptor on collagen- and ADP-stimulated platelets. PMID- 14766378 TI - Pharmacologic immunosuppression. AB - Clinical organ transplantation only became a viable treatment option after the advent of effective pharmacologic immunosuppression. Azathioprine and steroids were among the first drugs available for pharmacologic immunosuppression allowed for the first long-term successes in kidney and liver transplantation, though survivors experienced significant adverse effects of the immunosuppression. Azathioprine is an antimetabolite which inhibits the de novo and salvage pathways of purine synthesis. This results in lymphocyte suppression but also toxicity to bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, and liver. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), another antimetabolite drug, inhibits only the de novo purine synthesis pathway. Corticosteroids cause immunosuppression mainly by sequestration of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the reticuloendothelial system and by inhibiting the transcription of cytokines. Corticosteroids have adverse effects on virtually every system in the body, producing many dose-limiting problems such as osteoporosis, obesity and glucose intolerance. The introduction of cyclosporine in 1983 allowed for further improvements in graft survival, and the incidence of acute rejection decreased. Cyclosporine and the more recently-introduced tacrolimus compose the class of immunosuppressive agents called calcineurin inhibitors. By binding calcineurin and preventing its translocation into the nucleus these drugs prevent transcription and subsequent secretion of IL-2. These drugs produce varying degrees of nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and glucose intolerance. Rapamycin also inhibits IL-2 expression, though by interaction with the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) protein. The use of antibody to produce immunosuppression began with polyclonal sera developed in animals such as horses or goats. The mechanism by which polyclonal sera causes immunosuppression is not well understood, though cell-mediated cytotoxicity of lymphocytes in the circulation may be one major effect. In contrast, the monoclonal antibody OKT3 is specific for the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex, thus preventing activation of T-lymphocutes. Most recently, human and chimeric murine monoclonal antibodies daclizumab and basiliximab have provided effective induction therapy with virtually no adverse effects. While the improved efficacy and decreased adverse effects immunosuppressive agents account for much of the progress in the field of transplantation, current immunosuppression medications not perfect. Ideally, medications would inducing graft tolerance while avoiding generalized immunosuppression and non-immunologic adverse effects. Future research will likely focus on molecular- and gene-level mechanisms to achieve this goal. PMID- 14766379 TI - Preparation of interstrand cross-linked DNA oligonucleotide duplexes. AB - Reaction of cellular DNA with environmental and chemotherapeutic agents can give rise to a variety of lesions including interstrand cross-links. Because interstrand cross-links can prevent DNA strand separation and thus DNA transcription and replication, they represent a serious impediment to cell survival. Cells have developed mechanisms to repair interstrand cross-links in their DNA and in the case of tumor cells, this can lead to resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Efforts to investigate the mechanisms by which interstrand cross-links are repaired have been hampered by the difficulty of preparing sufficient quantities of well characterized substrates for physical and biochemical studies. This review will describe synthetic strategies that have been developed to synthesize short DNA oligonucleotide duplexes that contain interstrand cross-links. These short duplexes can be used to study the effects of the cross-link on DNA structure or they can be ligated with larger DNA molecules to produce substrates for repair studies. This review will focus on examples of cross-linked duplexes that have been designed specifically to further our understanding of interstrand cross-link structure and repair. PMID- 14766380 TI - Angiotensin II: its effects on fever and hypothermia in systemic inflammation. AB - Angiotensin II (ANG II), a bioactive peptide that plays important roles in blood pressure and body-fluid regulation, has recently been reported to be involved in normal thermoregulation and fever. In the case of thermoregulation, ANG II lowers body temperature when administered centrally or systemically (i.e. "exogenous" ANG II acts as a hypothermia-inducing agent). In contrast, "endogenous" ANG II is involved both in heat-loss responses in a hot environment and in thermogenesis in the cold. It therefore seems likely that endogenous ANG II is involved in maintaining body temperature at the set-point. In the case of fever, it has been reported that endogenous brain ANG II and its type 1 receptor mediate or modulate the fever induced by "restraint stress". At the final step in "pyrogen-induced" fever, brain ANG II facilitates the fever induced by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) through its action on the type 2 receptor, whereas at its first step the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 microg/kg, i.v.)-induced production of pyrogenic cytokines [such as interleukin-1 (IL-1)] involves an action of endogenous ANG II through its type 1 receptor. On the other hand, it is well known that a very high dose of LPS (50-5000 microg/kg) injected systemically induces hypothermia in rodents. This hypothermia is presumably initiated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Since ANG II contributes to the LPS-induced production of cytokines such as IL 1beta, as described above, it is possible that the generation of TNF by LPS involves an action of ANG II, too, and that this TNF production leads to the LPS induced hypothermia. Together, these findings suggest that ANG II and its receptors make a number of contributions to normal thermoregulation, to fever, and to the hypothermia in systemic inflammation. PMID- 14766381 TI - Expression of Fas ligand is not a main mechanism used by tumors to counteract antitumor immunity. AB - The role of Fas ligand (FasL) in tumor immune privilege is controversial. In this study, 22 human tumor cell lines reported to be FasL+ were reevaluated by Western blot analysis, ELISA, and a functional assay. None of the cells lines expressed FasL. To assess whether human tumors express FasL in vivo, susceptibility to FasL mediated killing was evaluated. About 75% of the 22 tumors tested were sensitive to FasL-mediated apoptosis, suggesting, therefore, that only about 25% could possibly express FasL. To investigate whether "FasL+" human tumor cells could suppress the proinflammatory effects of FasL in vivo, FasL transfectants were generated from two prototype "FasL+" tumor cell lines. The transfectants expressing FasL were rejected by SCID mice. In contrast, all the mice inoculated with parental tumor cells developed large tumors. These results suggested that human tumor cells that express FasL and resist both FasL-mediated apoptosis and inflammation are rare or nonexistant. We concluded that FasL expression is not a main mechanism that tumors use to counteract antitumor immunity. PMID- 14766382 TI - Role of chemokines and their receptors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. AB - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the human central nervous system (CNS) of unknown etiology that causes demyelination and associated tissue injury. Trafficking of inflammatory T cells into the CNS is a crucial event in the pathogenesis of MS, a process in which chemokines and their receptors have been demonstrated to play an important role. Chemokines are key mediators of inflammation and have major effects on migration of cells to the sites of inflammation as well as activation of recruited and resident CNS cells. This paper summarizes recent and new information about the expression and function of elements of the chemokine system in MS and its animal model experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Analysis of the chemokine system provides insights into mechanisms of CNS inflammatory reactions and may lead to new targets of therapeutic intervention in MS. PMID- 14766383 TI - Growth factors in the fetal and neonatal lung. AB - Formation and orderly development of the mammalian lung results from a complex set of cell to cell and cell to matrix interactions following transcriptional regulation during pulmonary organogenesis. Transcriptional control of differentiation genes early on and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions mediated by growth factors later on, resulting in the formation of conducting airways and an extensive alveolar capillary interface, is critical for normal lung development. HNF-3beta and TTF-1 are transcription factors that are involved in gene regulation and formation and differentiation of respiratory epithelium. Studies done in early mouse embryonic lung demonstrate that a variety of peptide growth factors and their receptors are expressed early on in lung development. Signalling through the FGFR2 is critical to normal development of the distal epithelium and mesenchyme. The inductive and permissive influences of growth factors on lung development has been demonstrated by gain or loss of function experiments in early embryonic mouse lung organ culture, in transgenic and in null mutant mice. VEGF present in airway epithelial cells is involved in the maturation as well as proliferation of capillary endothelial cells. Epithelial endothelial interactions during lung development are important in establishing a functional blood gas interface. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions mediated by growth factors are also important in the restoration of normal alveolar architecture after lung injury. Further understanding of the role of these growth factors and their cellular interactions in bronchopulmonary dysplasia and in tissue repair following lung injury, may lead to development of better therapeutic modalities in treating these disorders. PMID- 14766384 TI - Modeling nonlinear effects in longitudinal survival data: implications for the physiological dynamics of biological systems. AB - Despite the wealth of longitudinal data on the health dynamics of human populations, information on covariates (risk factors) changes in those studies has not been systematically and fully exploited. In this work we use the 46-year follow-up of the Framingham Heart Study to analyze dynamics of these risk factors in survival models that go far beyond the standard linear dynamic formulation. We focus on improving the inferences about the physiology of human aging processes and its plasticity and on modeling state trajectories for individuals considering the effect of nonlinear interactions among covariates. We find that using standard statistical methods to construct models describing the age dependence of health status might give rise to surprising results with highly "diluted" dynamics, but with significantly improved statistical criteria. It is found that problems with the dynamics are a consequence of the intrinsic nonlinear nature of these models. We show that evolution of the risk factors measured in the Framingham study is more complicated for females than for males (i.e., female health status is more sensitive to nonlinear interactions among risk factors). We suggest that this is due to the rapid rate of decline of estrogen production after menopause. PMID- 14766385 TI - Signaling the brain in the early sickness syndrome: are sensory nerves involved? AB - Nonspecific manifestations (sickness symptoms) of inflammation and infection occur as two sequential syndromes, the early and late. This review deals with the early sickness syndrome, which occurs at the onset of the inflammatory process and manifests itself with a high deep body temperature, hyperalgesia/allodynia, arousal, motor agitation, and arterial hypertension. Two rat models of intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever are used to study the early syndrome: 1) a monophasic response to low, just suprathreshold doses of LPS and 2) the first rise in body temperature (Phase I) of the polyphasic response to higher doses. Experiments in the first model reveal a blockade of monophasic fever by total subdiaphragmatic or selective hepatic vagotomy, thus suggesting mediation of this response by the hepatic vagal fibers, presumably afferent. Experiments in the second model show that Phase I of polyphasic fever is insensitive to surgical vagotomy but does not occur in animals desensitized with low intraperitoneal doses of capsaicin (an agonist of the vanilloid receptor VR1). These findings suggest that Phase I is mediated by intra-abdominal, VR1 receptor-bearing afferents, either splanchnic or possibly splanchnic and vagal. The involvement of the splanchnic nerve and VR1 receptor in Phase I of LPS fever is currently under investigation in our laboratory. Based on studies completed so far, neural signaling mechanisms are involved in both monophasic fever and Phase I of polyphasic fever. We speculate that these mechanisms are triggered by peripherally originated, blood-borne prostaglandin E2. PMID- 14766386 TI - Time profile of cerebral [18F]6-fluoro-L-DOPA metabolites in nonhuman primate: implications for the kinetics of therapeutic L-DOPA. AB - At least two rates of dopamine turnover have been demonstrated in vivo, including a slow turnover rate that is associated with synaptic vesicles, and a faster rate that leads to rapid production of dopamine metabolites. Similarly, [18F]6 fluorodopamine (FDA), the decarboxylation product of the PET tracer [18F]6-fluoro L-DOPA (FDOPA), may have multiple turnover rates which could substantially affect the interpretation of FDOPA uptake. To better characterize FDA turnover in vivo, we measured the formation of FDOPA metabolites in primate brain following bolus FDOPA injection with carbidopa pretreatment. FDOPA was allowed to circulate for either 30 minutes or 90 minutes, prior to removal of brain samples. The primary metabolites in striatum were [18F]6-fluoro-3-methyl-L-DOPA (3-OMFD), FDA, [18F]6 fluoro- L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (FDOPAC), and [18F]6-fluorohomovanillic acid (FHVA). The percentages of total radioactivity in striatum at 30 minutes and 90 minutes were: FDOPA(5%, 2%), FDA (39%, 23%), FDOPAC (12%, 3%), FHVA (14%, 34%), and 3-OMFD (29%, 39%). In cortex and cerebellum most of the activity (73%, 80%) was 3-OMFD. These data were compared against the metabolite profiles predicted by two compartmental models of FDOPA metabolism. A model that assumes only a single slow rate of FDA turnover predicted much lower concentrations of FDA metabolites (FDOPAC, FHVA) in striatum than were found in the brain assay, while a model that includes both slow and fast FDA turnover was in much better agreement. These findings extend and confirm previous observations of FDOPA metabolites. The implications for the interpretation of FDOPA PET, particularly in terms of the availability of dopamine synthesized from therapeutic L-DOPA, are discussed. PMID- 14766387 TI - Phylogenetic analysis of SIV derived from mandrill and drill. AB - SIVmnd was isolated from mandrills in Gabon in 1989 soon after the existence of simian counterparts of HIV such as SIVmac and SIVagm was known. Since then the SIVmnd has been long considered as an independent SIV lineage and the natural host is the mandrill. However this initial finding turned out to be more complex by the recent finding of new SIV isolated from mandrills living in northern mandrill habitat, and other SIV isolated from drills and other species. One fact which made these findings complicated was the fact that the SIVmnd made a tight cluster with SIVlhoest and SIVsun from genus Cercopithecus, which is different from genus Mandrillus. A second fact is that the second SIVmnd isolates are different in the genomic structure from the former SIVmnd and almost similar to SIVdrl from drills, and phylogenetically closely related with each other. At present, the former SIVmnd isolate is termed SIVmnd-1 and the second SIVmnd isolate is called SIVmnd-2. Interestingly SIVmnd-2/SIVdrl has the same mosaic structure containing the vpx gene which is absent in SIVmnd-1. The mosaic structure was probably due to a recombination between SIVmnd-1 and SIVrcm from red capped mangabey (or similar viruses) having the vpx gene. However this recombination event is not recent, and SIVmnd-1, SIVmnd-2 and SIVdrl have been likely maintained for a long period of time in each species. In this article, we speculate on the origin and evolution of these SIVs. PMID- 14766388 TI - The paradox of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in sooty mangabeys: active viral replication without disease progression. AB - Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm causes an asymptomatic infection in its natural host, the sooty mangabey, but induces an immunodeficiency syndrome very similar to human AIDS when transferred to a new host species such as the rhesus macaque. Unexpectedly, SIVsm replication dynamics is comparable in the two species, with rapid accumulation of viral mutations and a high viral load detected in both mangabeys and macaques. In contrast, clear differences are observed in immune parameters. Pathogenic SIV infection in macaques is associated with decreased CD4+ T cell numbers and signs of generalized immune activation, such as increased numbers of cycling and apoptotic T cells, hyperplasic lymphoid tissues, and exacerbated immune responses. Mangabeys with asymptomatic SIV infection show normal T cell regeneration parameters and signs of a moderate immune response, appropriate in the setting of chronic viral infection. The comparative analysis of simian models thus suggests that viral load alone cannot account for progression to disease, and that the capacity of primate lentiviruses to induce abnormal immune activation underlies AIDS pathogenesis. PMID- 14766389 TI - Statistical methods for detecting genomic alterations through array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). AB - Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (ABCGH) is an emerging high resolution and high-throughput molecular genetic technique that allows genome wide screening for chromosome alterations associated with tumorigenesis. Like the cDNA microarrays, ABCGH uses two differentially labeled test and reference DNAs which are cohybridized to cloned genomic fragments immobilized on glass slides. The hybridized DNAs are then detected in two different fluorochromes, and the significant deviation from unity in the ratios of the digitized intensity values is indicative of copy-number differences between the test and reference genomes. Proper statistical analyses need to account for many sources of variation besides genuine differences between the two genomes. In particular, spatial correlations, the variable nature of the ratio variance and non-Normal distribution call for careful statistical modeling. We propose two new statistics, the standard t statistic and its modification with variances smoothed along the genome, and two tests for each statistic, the standard t-test and a test based on the hybrid adaptive spline (HAS). Simulations indicate that the smoothed t-statistic always improves the performance over the standard t-statistic. The t-tests are more powerful in detecting isolated alterations while those based on HAS are more powerful in detecting a cluster of alterations. We apply the proposed methods to the identification of genomic alterations in endometrium in women with endometriosis. PMID- 14766390 TI - The role of the immune response during SIVagm infection of the African green monkey natural host. AB - The African green monkey (AGM) is one of many African species endemically infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Like the other natural hosts, AGMs do not succumb to AIDS and understanding the basis for this resistance to disease progression would be of enormous theoretical and practical importance. Early efforts by our group that concentrated on identifying immune mechanisms presumed to keep the virus under control failed to find any obvious candidates. The presumption of virus control was invalidated by the finding that SIVagm replicates in AGMs with the same vigor as HIV-1 does in humans. Focus therefore shifted to identifying possible immunopathologic features present in disease susceptible hosts but absent in the AGM natural host. The apparent immunologic tolerance of AGMs to the SIVagm core protein led to the development of a hypothesis implicating anti-Gag antibodies in the formation of immune complexes, virus trapping in the lymph nodes and immune dysfunction. The idea proved difficult to test in vivo and present work focuses on the possibility that Gag tolerance at the T-cell level plays an important role in preventing the catastrophic demise of the immune system characteristic of immunodeficiency virus infection of the heterologous primate host. PMID- 14766391 TI - Mechanisms of oxidative stress in diabetes: implications for the pathogenesis of vascular disease and antioxidant therapy. AB - Diabetes markedly raises the risk of microvascular and macrovascular disease, the major contributors to higher morbidity and mortality in this increasingly prevalent disorder. Oxidative stress has been postulated as one major contributor to long-term diabetic complications. However, there is considerable controversy regarding the nature, magnitude, and mechanisms of oxidative stress in the diabetic state. Although products of glycoxidation and lipoxidation are elevated in plasma and tissue from humans suffering from diabetes, the exact relationships among hyperglycemia, the diabetic state, and oxidative stress are undetermined. This review focuses on proposed mechanisms for increasing oxidative stress in diabetes, the relationship of oxidant production to hyperglycemia, the contribution of reactive carbonyl compounds that accumulate in the diabetic state to tissue injury, and the potential role of lipids in producing oxidants. Current evidence argues against a generalized increase in oxidative stress in human diabetes, at least in the extracellular milieu. Instead, reactive intermediates generated in certain microenvironments might promote oxidative stress by unique pathways. Thus, many issues need to be addressed, including the suitability of antioxidants for preventing the clinical sequelae of diabetes. PMID- 14766392 TI - Cytokines in osteoarthritis-current status on the pharmacological intervention. AB - Cytokines and their broad spectrum of effects have been investigated since the 1980s. The already existing preliminary scientific results have been highly suggestive of the idea that cytokines play an essential role in the pathogenesis of OA. Nevertheless, the extent to which cytokines participate in the origin of OA, or are taken as a consequence of the OA process, remain unanswered questions. Unlike the case with rheumatoid arthritis, studies on the application of anti cytokine medications with OA remain in their infancy. At the present time no clinical studies relating to OA have confirmed that anti-cytokine medications are antiphlogistically effective and/or prevent the origin of morphologically recognizable cartilage defects or at least decelerate the increasing destruction of joint cartilage. As with every other therapeutic approach the risk-benefit scenario is decisive for deciding on the current application of anti cytokine medications for rheumatoid arthritis as well as their potential future use against OA. Considering the long-term consequences of an anti-cytokine based therapy, our poor state of knowledge should be seen in a very critical light, since the discussed approach represents an immunesuppressive therapy that entails consequences with regard to defence against infections and tumour suppression. Also, little is currently known about the interplay between pro- and anti inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in OA; the resulting specific and fundamental therapeutic possibilities for performing a structure-modifying basic therapy in OA are worthy of further study on the part of academic and industrial institutions. PMID- 14766393 TI - Coupled proton and electron transfer reactions in cytochrome oxidase. AB - Cytochrome oxidase catalyzes the four-electron reduction of O2 to water and conserves the substantial free energy of the reaction in the form of a protonmotive force. For each electron, two full charges are translocated across the membrane, resulting in a voltage. One of the mechanisms to generate the charge separation in cytochrome oxidase is via a proton pump. A single reaction cycle can be monitored over the course of about 1 msec using absorption spectroscopy, revealing distinct intermediates. Thus, the reaction cycle can be studied as a series of steps. Each of the reaction steps in the catalytic cycle involves a sequence of coupled electron and proton transfer reaction, where protons are either consumed in the chemistry of water formation or pumped across the membrane. The pumping mechanism requires consideration of both the thermodynamics of the various species but also the favored kinetic pathways that assure proton pumping is unidirectional. Hence, a knowledge of transition states and transiently, poorly populated intermediates is likely to be important to understand the mechanism of the pump. PMID- 14766394 TI - Implantation of Spheramine in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). AB - Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of unilateral stereotactic implantation of cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells attached to microcarriers (Spheramine) in patients with advanced PD in an open label pilot study. Six patients with advanced PD (3 males; 3 females; mean age 52.2 years; mean duration of PD 10.2 years; mean Hoehn and Yahr stage "off" 3.75) were assessed at baseline and post-operatively using the modified CAPIT. Each patient underwent MRI-guided stereotactic transplantation of 325,000 hRPE cells attached to microcarriers in 5 tracts, 5 mm apart in the post-commissural putamen contralateral to the most affected side. Immunosuppression was not used. The UPDRS Motor (UPDR-M) score in the practically defined "off" state was the primary outcome measure. At 6 months post-op, the mean UPDRS-M (off) score improved to 35 (34%) from a pre-op baseline mean of 52 (p <.001). Secondary outcome measures improved including the total UPDRS (33%), Timed Motor Tests (on, 14%; off, 23%), PDQ39 QOL (30%), and Schwab and England score (on, 11%; off, 30%). Bilateral improvements have been observed in motor symptoms, with the greatest effect seen contralateral to the implants. Three of six patients currently have lower Dyskinesia Rating Scale scores than at baseline, while the scores of the other three are unchanged from baseline values. No "off-state" dyskinesias have been observed. Thus Spheramine implantation therapy appears to be safe and well tolerated for 6 months post-implantation. PMID- 14766395 TI - Grb10 exceeding the boundaries of a common signaling adapter. AB - Growth factor receptor binding protein 10 (Grb10) has been identified as a cellular partner of a number of receptor tyrosine kinases and other signaling mediators, compatible with multiple roles in mitogenic, metabolic, and embryogenic signaling that are also supported by the tissue distribution of Grb10. In particular, a role has been implicated in the regulation of PI 3-kinase signaling downstream of the insulin receptor. At least seven alternative splice variants have been identified within the Grb10 gene, a proposed candidate for some types of human Silver-Russell syndrome. Located on chromosome 7 (human) or 11 (mouse) the gene is oppositely imprinted in both species. Grb10 isoforms are members of a super family of signaling mediators that includes Grb7, Grb14, and Caenorhabditis elegans MIG-10. All mammalian members of this family share a domain structure which is represented by N-terminal (proline) Pro-rich sequences, a homology domain with MIG-10 (GM) which includes a Ras-associating (RA)-like domain, a pleckstrin homology region (PH), a C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, and a receptor binding domain located between the PH and the SH2 domains termed BPS. Various Grb10 isoforms have been identified as cellular partners of the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor that provide the best-established regulators of Grb10 signaling. A regulatory role of Grb10 has been established in the respective metabolic and mitogenic responses by numerous lines of experimental evidence. However, the specific contribution of Grb10 was found to be highly dependent on the cellular context including the balance of other signaling mediators that define whether increased Grb10 levels will enhance or restrain a given response. This is supported by observations with super family members Grb7 and Grb14 that may engage in competitive and redundant mechanisms when compared to Grb10. Grb10 gene disruption in the mouse results in embryonal and placental overgrowth. The underlying molecular mechanisms and their interpretation remain open until a more comprehensive analysis will be available which includes the contribution of the Grb7 and Grb14 super family members. From a physiologic perspective at the cellular level increased levels of Grb10 have been shown to stimulate insulin metabolic action or mitogenic growth factor responses whereas peptide mimetics representing individual Grb10 domains were found to act oppositely by inhibiting the respective cellular response. In an alternative experimental context increased cellular levels of Grb10 have repeatedly been shown to inhibit cellular responses and signaling mechanisms. This has been most specifically observed at the level of molecular interactions in vitro. How the various observations relate to the physiologic role of cellular Grb10 remains to be established, also in the context of possible cross-talk to Grb14 and Grb7 signaling. Based on its interactions with a number of signaling mediators including protein kinases, adapters, and enzymes such as a ubiquitin ligase, Grb10 may act as a signaling hub to integrate multiple incoming signals and as a molecular scaffold to help assemble signaling complexes. The specific contribution of Grb10 in a signaling complex may depend on the local stochiometric balance of associating mediators, including the ratio of competing signaling proteins. In this context a constant cellular level of Grb10 may enhance or restrain a specific signaling mechanism depending on the local distribution and balance of specific Grb10 signaling partners. This concept is compatible with the diverse experimental observations on Grb10 function and emphasizes the importance of the specific cellular context to define the consequences of local changes in Grb10 distribution. Thus, to think of Grb10 as either a positive or negative signaling mediator will be inadequate in reflecting the complexity that underlies the final output of the Grb10 signal. PMID- 14766396 TI - The immunophilin FKBP12: a molecular guardian of the TGF-beta family type I receptors. AB - FKBP12 as an immunophilin that binds to two well-known immunosuppressive macrolides, FK506 and rapamycin, has attracted immense attention and its role in mediating the immunosuppressive functions of these macrolides has been extensively studied. Since FKBP12 is a well-conserved protein among many species and is also highly expressed in almost all cells, it must play important roles in cellular function in the absence of macrolides. In one such a role, FKBP12 interacts with and regulates the functional state of the ryanodine Ca2+ channel receptor by altering protein conformation and coordinating multi-protein complex formation. This review summarizes another physiological role of FKBP12 as an interactor and a regulator of the type I serine/threonine kinase receptors of TGF beta superfamily. Current data, derived from detailed biochemical studies as well as from functional studies in various systems, suggest that FKBP12 functions as a "guardian" for the type I receptors to prevent them from leaky signaling under sub-optimal ligand concentrations, thereby providing a molecular "gradient reader" for TGF-beta family morphogens. This aspect of FKBP12 function may be critical for cellular responsiveness to morphogenetic gradients of the TGF-beta family members during early development, serving to assure the translation of different ligand concentrations into different signaling readouts. PMID- 14766397 TI - Neuroimaging of HIV and AIDS related illnesses: a review. AB - Neuroimaging technology continues to unfold in a very exciting way, providing almost limitless information about the structural and functional integrity of the nervous system. In patients with an immunocompromised state such as those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and subsequently developing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), neurologic complications represent an important manifestation requiring vigilance. Many of the central nervous system (CNS) disorders related to HIV and AIDS are treatable and without prompt diagnosis and treatment, will lead to significant morbidity or death. Neuroimaging plays an increasingly pivotal role in the early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of these conditions. The author intends to provide an overview of neuroimaging technology and its applications including various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional imaging techniques in the evaluation of patients with HIV and AIDS related CNS disorders. The role of neuroimaging in this population includes early detection of direct HIV infection, opportunistic infections, neoplasia, or cerebrovascular diseases. In addition, through a wide breadth of imaging techniques, the pathology, neurochemistry and metabolism of lesions can be studied to clarify the differential diagnosis, such as discriminating infection vs. neoplasia. PMID- 14766398 TI - Role of MRI in multiple sclerosis II: brain and spinal cord atrophy. AB - A growing body of evidence indicates that irreversible tissue destruction including axonal and neuronal degeneration is a key component of the multiple sclerosis (MS) disease process. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful technique that can be combined with semiautomated or automated computer assisted analysis approaches to detect progressive atrophy of the brain and spinal cord with high sensitivity and reproducibility. The pathophysiology of central nervous system (CNS) atrophy in MS is unknown but likely represents an epiphenomenon related to the effects of inflammation including chronic demyelination, axonal injury, neuronal loss and Wallerian degeneration. Other factors that may contribute to tissue atrophy include injury to the normal appearing gray and white matter by mechanisms such as loss of growth factors, altered electrical conduction and pathologic iron deposition. Prospective studies have suggested that atrophy in MS is predicted by previous inflammatory activity as measured by overt MRI lesions. Gadolinium (Gd)-enhancing lesions have shown a particularly strong predictive value in some but not all longitudinal studies of brain atrophy. Brain atrophy has also been related in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to T2-hypointense lesions in deep grey matter, suggesting a link between tissue iron deposition and atrophy. The measurement of brain atrophy seems to be of growing clinical relevance as a biomarker of the MS disease process. Atrophy should now be included as a secondary endpoint in trials of therapies aimed at limiting disease progression. Currently available anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory agents and immunosuppressive treatments, while effective at preventing clinical deterioration, have shown at best partial effects in preventing CNS atrophy. Thus, there is a need to further validate atrophy as an outcome measure and ultimately develop treatment strategies that will protect against the destructive aspects of the disease process. This should in turn lead to better long term neurologic functioning and a better quality of life for patients with MS. PMID- 14766399 TI - Role of MRI in multiple sclerosis I: inflammation and lesions. AB - Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can improve accuracy in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Metrics derived from conventional MRI are now routinely used to detect therapeutic effects and extend clinical observations. Hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted MRI scans are related primarily to increased water content and thus cannot distinguish between inflammation, edema, demyelination, Wallerian degeneration, and axonal loss. In addition, T2 weighted and post-contrast images are not sufficiently sensitive to detect occult disease affecting normal appearing gray and white matter. They do not show a reliable correlation with clinical measures of disability and do not provide a complete assessment of therapeutic outcomes. In the past few years a host of advanced MRI techniques and analysis methods have been introduced for the assessment of MS. These MRI techniques appear to have better reliability as surrogate markers for monitoring the pathologic processes that most likely are related to disease activity and clinical progression. They are able to reveal a range of tissue changes that include edema, inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, in a disease with a high degree of longitudinal variability of clinical signs and symptoms within and between patients, and with no current adequate biological markers of disease progression, non-conventional MRI techniques provide a powerful tool to non-invasively study pathological substrates of overt lesions and normal appearing brain tissue. In particular, the use of these techniques is promising in elucidating mechanisms underlying the accumulation of tissue damage, repair and functional reorganization of neural pathways in patients with MS. PMID- 14766400 TI - Endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier: a target for glucocorticoids and estrogens? AB - Adhesion molecules are involved in the leukocyte recruitment of leukocytes at the blood-brain barrier. For this reason, it is important to understand how the regulation of their gene expression controls lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in microvessels. Indeed, due to their specificity and diversity, adhesion molecules involved in extravasation play an essential role in the recruitment of activated leukocytes and activation of inflammation. Multiple sclerosis results from a chronic inflammation of the CNS which is mediated by infiltration of inflammatory cells from the immune system. Administration of glucocorticoids is a routine method to control multiple sclerosis since naturally derived or synthetic glucocorticoids are potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents. Glucocorticoids also have beneficial effects in stabilizing the blood-brain barrier, as steroid hormones regulate the expression of adhesion molecule genes in endothelial cells. Other hormones such as estrogens modulate many endothelial cell biological activities, among them adhesion to leukocytes. They regulate expression of adhesion molecules genes on endothelial cells and are useful for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the animal model of multiple sclerosis. The effects of glucocorticoids and estrogens on the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, including microvascular endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, are reviewed in this paper, as well as the involvement of these hormones in the therapy of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. PMID- 14766401 TI - Intentional neglect. AB - The neglect syndrome has been defined as a failure to report, respond or orient to novel or meaningful stimuli presented to the side opposite of a brain lesion when this failure can not be attributed to elemental sensory (e.g., hemianopia) or motor (hemiplegia) deficits. This failure to report, respond or orient can be induced by attentional, representation-memory, and intentional deficits. The four major intentional deficits that can be associated with neglect include, akinesia (body part, directional and hemispatial), impersistence, defective response inhibition and motor perseveration. In this article we define and discuss each of these intentional disorders, describe how to test patients for these disorders and the neuropsychological and pathophysiological mechanisms that might be associated with these disorders. PMID- 14766402 TI - Parasitic diseases of the heart. AB - The following chapter is one of a series of chapters in the volume entitled Infections of the Myocardium appearing in Frontiers in Bioscience. The full table of contents can be found at http://www.bioscience.org/current/special/tanowitz.htm. In this chapter, we review several parasitic infections involving the myocardium and pericardium. The most widely studied parasitic infection affecting the heart is Chagas' disease or American trypanosomiasis. In this chapter we describe issues relating to Chagas' disease not covered in detail in other chapters. African trypanosomiasis may also cause a myocarditis. The protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica rarely causes a pericarditis while Toxoplasma gondii may cause myocarditis, usually in immunocompromised hosts. The larval forms of the tapeworms Echinococcus and Taenia solium may cause space-occupying lesions of the heart. Severe infection with the nematode Trichinella spiralis may cause myocarditis. PMID- 14766403 TI - Oxidized GroEL can function as a chaperonin. AB - Here, we report on the facilitated reactivation (85%) of oxidatively inactivated rhodanese by an oxidized form of the molecular chaperone GroEL (ox-GroEL). Reactivation by ox-GroEL required a reductant, and the enzyme substrate, sodium thiosulfate. Also, we found that ox-GroEL formed a complex with oxidatively inactivated rhodanese as shown by differential centrifugation and fluorescence spectroscopy. Ox-GroEL was obtained upon incubation of native GroEL for 16 h with 5 mM hydrogen peroxide. Under these conditions, GroEL was shown to retain its quaternary and secondary structures, but it displayed an increased exposure of hydrophobic surfaces as detected with 1,1'-bis(4-anilino) naphthalene-5,5' disulfonic acid (bisANS) fluorescence. Additionally, ox-GroEL was significantly more sensitive towards proteolysis with trypsin compared to the native form of the protein. The oxidatively inactivated form of rhodanese, also had an increased exposure of hydrophobic surfaces, as previously reported. Thus, the proteins binding appeared to be mediated by hydrophobic interactions. Unlike in prior reactivation studies that involved native GroEL or alpha-crystallin, we have clearly shown that an oxidized form of GroEL can function as a molecular chaperone in the reactivation of oxidatively inactivated rhodanese suggesting that GroEL retains the ability to protect proteins during oxidative stress. PMID- 14766404 TI - Microglia and chemokines in infectious diseases of the nervous system: views and reviews. AB - Microglia are one of the resident mononuclear phagocyte populations within the central nervous system (CNS). These cells share many phenotypical and functional characteristics with macrophages, suggesting that microglia participate in innate immune responses in the brain. As such, microglia are uniquely poised to provide an initial line of defense against invading pathogens into the CNS prior to peripheral leukocyte infiltration. Numerous studies have shown that microglia are capable of producing a wide array of chemokines that act to initiate or promote inflammatory processes in the CNS through facilitating the recruitment of peripheral immune cells into the CNS parenchyma. In addition, microglia also express numerous chemokine receptors that are involved in cell migration and serve as co-receptors for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. The findings obtained from studies of chemokine expression in animal models of CNS infectious diseases as well as from patient populations highlight a marked promiscuity in cerebral chemokine expression patterns with simultaneous expression of multiple chemokines being the general rule. A detailed discussion regarding the profiles and implications of chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the context of various CNS infectious diseases including HIV-1 encephalitis, other viral encephalitides, bacterial meningitis, and brain abscess is presented. Future studies dissecting the potential roles of individual chemokines and their receptors in the context of CNS infectious diseases may provide insights into the complex regulatory network dictating neuroinflammatory responses. PMID- 14766405 TI - Varicella zoster virus latency, neurological disease and experimental models: an update. AB - Varicella zoster virus (VZV), a ubiquitous neurotropic human herpesvirus, causes chickenpox (varicella) and then remains latent for decades in cranial nerve, dorsal root and autonomic nervous system ganglia along the entire neuraxis. Virus reactivation, most often after age 60, produces shingles (zoster), characterized by pain and rash usually restricted to 1-3 dermatomes. In elderly individuals, zoster is frequently complicated by postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), pain that persists for months to years after the resolution of rash. Virus may also spread beyond ganglia to the spinal cord to cause myelitis, as well as to blood vessels of the brain, producing a unifocal or multifocal vasculopathy. The increased incidence of zoster in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals appears to be due to a VZV-specific host immunodeficiency. Recent studies indicate that PHN may be due to a chronic active VZV ganglionitis, and that VZV vasculopathy is caused by a productive virus infection in cerebral arteries. Since neurological disease produced by VZV is due to reactivation from ganglia, the physical state of viral nucleic acid and expression during latency as well as the possible mechanisms by which VZV latency is maintained and reactivates are discussed. Finally, VZV is an exclusively human herpesvirus, and experimental infection of animals with VZV does not produce disease nor does VZV reactivate from ganglia. Two varicella models in primates have proven useful: one that mimics varicella latency in humans, and one that can be used to study the efficacy of antiviral agent in driving varicella virus back to a latent state. PMID- 14766406 TI - Nitric oxide neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. AB - Nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide; NO) is a simple molecule with diverse biological functions. NO and related reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS) mediate intricate physiological and pathophysiological effects in the central nervous system. Depending on environmental conditions, NO and RNOS can initiate and mediate neuroprotection or neurotoxicity either exclusively or synergistically with other effectors. The focus of this review is limited to the neuroprotectant/neurotoxic role of NO in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Dementia Complex (aka HIV--Associated Dementia; HAD) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (aka Lou Gehrig's Disease), Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Disease. This review will shed light on the question: "How important is NO in neurodegenerative diseases?" PMID- 14766407 TI - Transcellular transport as a mechanism of blood-brain barrier disruption during stroke. AB - It is well-known that ischemia causes disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which leads to the formation of vasogenic brain edema. One major mechanism of BBB opening is enhanced pinocytotic vesicle formation that may be induced after transient focal ischemia by several mechanisms, including nitric oxide production, release of neurotransmitters, inflammatory mediators and hemodynamic alterations. In the present study we sought to characterize the extent of pinocytosis in cerebral endothelium during both ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and elevated intravascular pressure. Transient focal ischemia was induced for 1 hour with 24 hours of reperfusion using the filament occlusion model in male Wistar rats, after which occluded middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) were dissected and mounted on glass cannulas in an arteriograph chamber. This system allowed control over intravascular pressure, measurement of lumen diameter and perfusion with various tracers (Lucifer Yellow and horseradish peroxidase) for measurement of transcellular transport and quantification of pinocytosis using transmission electron microscopy. I/R was found to increase vesicle formation by 166% basolaterally without a change in vesicle formation apically compared to non ischemic control MCAs at 75 mmHg (p less than 0.01). Similarly, an acute increase in pressure to 200 mmHg caused a 78% increase in apical pinocytosis (p less than 0.05) and a non-significant 42% increase basolaterally. These results were confirmed by permeability measurements using Lucifer Yellow and demonstrate that both I/R and acute elevations in intravascular pressure enhance cerebral endothelial cell pinocytosis. The increase in basolateral pinocytosis during ischemia suggests enhanced efflux mechanisms that may be transporting substances from brain to blood. In addition, since the enhanced pinocytosis after an increase in pressure occurred in isolated arteries in vitro without the influence of metabolic or neuronal factors, these findings demonstrate that elevated intravascular pressure is a primary stimulus for pinocytosis in cerebral endothelial cells. PMID- 14766409 TI - How elevated oxalate can promote kidney stone disease: changes at the surface and in the cytosol of renal cells that promote crystal adherence and growth. AB - The present review assesses the mechanisms by which oxalate-induced alterations in renal cell function may promote stone disease focusing on 1) changes in membrane surface properties that promote the attachment of nascent crystals and 2) changes in the expression/secretion of urinary macromolecules that alter the kinetics of crystal nucleation, agglomeration and growth. The general role of renal cellular injury in promoting these responses and the specific role of urinary oxalate in producing injury is emphasized, and the signaling pathways that lead to the observed changes in cell surface properties and in the viability and growth of renal cells are discussed. Particular attention is paid to evidence linking oxalate-induced activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 to changes in gene expression and to the activation of a second signaling pathway involving ceramide. The effects of the lipid signals, arachidonic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine and ceramide, on mitochondrial function are considered in some detail since many of the actions of oxalate appear to be secondary to increased production of reactive oxygen molecules within these organelles. Data from these studies and from a variety of other studies in vitro and in vivo were used to construct a model that illustrates possible mechanisms by which an increase in urinary oxalate levels leads to an increase in kidney stone formation. Further studies will be required to assess the validity of various aspects of this proposed model and to determine effective strategies for countering these responses in stone-forming individuals. PMID- 14766408 TI - B cells in multiple sclerosis. AB - The most common laboratory abnormality in multiple sclerosis (MS) is an increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid IgG and the presence of oligoclonal bands. Despite studies of the humoral response that suggest the involvement of an infectious agent or autoantigen in disease, the major targets of the oligoclonal response are still unknown. Identification of these targets will reveal valuable insights into the cause and pathogenesis of MS and is likely to lead to effective treatment. PMID- 14766410 TI - Plasticity of neuronal responses induced by low concentrations of exogenous ligands affecting cellular calcium stores. AB - Modification of reactions caused by repeated influences (plasticity) is a fundamental property of cell. In this study, we have revealed effects of low concentrations of two exogenous modulators of cellular processes (caffeine and cyclosporin A) on neuronal plastic properties. The study was carried out on isolated neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis. It was found that low concentrations of caffeine or cyclosporin A did not cause any changes of the membrane potential (MP) of isolated neurons. However, pretreatment of neurons with low concentrations of caffeine or cyclosporin A reduced the amplitude of MP changes caused by the action of physiological concentrations of these ligands on the average by 30.8% and 29.1%, respectively. The findings permitted implying a significant role of low ligand concentrations in the formation of cell memory and neuronal plastic properties. PMID- 14766411 TI - Endogenous antipyretics: neuropeptides and glucocorticoids. AB - Based on observations that fever is suppressed under several physiological circumstances the existence of endogenous antipyretically active molecules has been postulated. A large number of experimental and some clinical studies provided evidence that the neuropeptides arginine vasopressin (AVP), alpha- and gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormones (alpha-MSH, gamma-MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) as well as glucocorticoids are capable to antagonize febrile responses to pyrogens. Endogenous antipyresis is mediated by actions of these molecules within the central nervous system or, at least in some cases, by peripheral effects. Brain sites where endogenous antipyresis is activated include the septal area of the limbic system and the anterior hypothalamus. The precise neuronal mechanisms of how the aforementioned endogenous mediators cause a limitation or even suppression of fever are not known. There is, however, evidence that endogenous antipyretics cancel changes in neuronal activities which have been induced by endogenous pyrogens such as cytokines and prostaglandins. At the level of the hypothalamic controller of thermoregulation antipyretic peptides seem to cause a reversion of the pyrogen induced upward shift of the threshold body core temperature for activation of metabolic heat production. Such a change in thermoregulatory characteristics is compatible with a limitation of fever in strength and duration. PMID- 14766412 TI - Down-regulation of the GTPase RhoB might be involved in the pre-apoptotic phenotype of osteoarthritic chondrocytes. AB - Anabolic activity, phenotypic alterations, and in particular survival of the chondrocytes are essential for the maintenance of proper articular cartilage and appears to fail during osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration. In this study, we investigated the presence and expression of RhoB in adult human articular cartilage and its regulation in osteoarthritic cartilage as well as in chondrocytes in vitro. RhoB belongs to the family of small GTPases, which are thought to be involved in a large range of activities important for eukaryotic cells. Conventional and quantificative PCR analysis showed significant levels of RhoB expression in normal articular cartilage. Immunolocalization and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed strong cytoplasmic signals for RhoB in normal chondrocytes. In osteoarthritic cartilage, a significantly lower expression of RhoB was detectable. In vitro experiments showed a quick (and transient) up regulation of RhoB after stimulation with interleukin-1beta and serum. Our study suggests that RhoB is constitutively expressed and essential for adult articular chondrocytes, but significantly down-regulated in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. One intriguing speculation might be that the down-regulation of RhoB in osteoarthritic chondrocytes is at least partly a prerequisite for the sustained pre- or para-apoptotic phenotype of osteoarthritic chondrocytes, because RhoB is known to be one important molecule in the induction of apoptotic cell death in response to DNA damage and osteoarthritic chondrocytes are known to have significant DNA damage. Alternatively, RhoB could be involved in the activation or deactivation and the destabilization of the functional phenotype of chondrocytes in osteoarthritic joint degeneration Thirdly, RhoB is associated with the cell cycle, which is re-initiated in osteoarthritis. PMID- 14766413 TI - Neuromyelitis optica: current concepts. AB - Neuromyelitis optica (NMO; Devic's syndrome or Devic's disease) is a clinically defined disorder consisting of optic neuritis (ON) in combination with myelitis. Its nosological relationship to other central nervous system demyelinating diseases remains uncertain. Advances in understanding of its natural history and pathophysiology may eventually allow determination of whether idiopathic NMO represents a specific disease. This article summarizes recent progress in these areas of NMO research. PMID- 14766414 TI - Virulence factors of the coagulase-negative staphylococci. AB - Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) have gained substantial interest as pathogens involved in nosocomial, particularly catheter-related infections. The pathogenic potential of CNS is mainly due to their capacity to form biofilms on indwelling medical devices. In a biofilm, the bacteria are protected against antibiotics and from attacks by the immune system. The factors contributing to biofilm formation are among the best-studied virulence factors of CNS and comprise factors involved in the adhesion to a catheter surface and in cell accumulation. CNS usually persist in the host in relative silence, but may cause sepsis, for which the recently found inflammatory peptides called phenol-soluble modulins are prime candidates. Many CNS also produce several lipases, proteases, and other exoenzymes, which possibly contribute to the persistence of CNS in the host and may degrade host tissue. We are also beginning to understand how regulators of virulence trigger the expression of virulence factors in CNS. A better conception of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity and the frequently encountered antibiotic resistance of CNS may help to develop novel, efficient anti-staphylococcal therapeutics. PMID- 14766415 TI - Prospects for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. AB - Axonal injury and neuronal loss are now recognised to be hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS) in addition to neuroinflammation and demyelination. This review discusses the factors that contribute to neural degeneration, and it emphasizes the need to confer neuroprotection in MS. The beneficial role of neuroinflammation is highlighted, and the possibility that glatiramer acetate enables neuroprotection in MS through beneficial inflammation is evaluated. Finally, the prospect of an experimental treatment, minocycline, in producing neuroprotection in MS is suggested. PMID- 14766416 TI - Cyclosal-pronucleotides--development of first and second generation chemical trojan horses for antiviral chemotherapy. AB - Pronucleotides represent a promising alternative to improve the biological activity of nucleoside analogs against different viral diseases. Moreover, pronucleotides are valuable tools for studies concerning the nucleoside/nucleotide metabolism. The basic idea is to achieve nucleotide delivery into cells, bypassing limitations with intracellular formation of nucleotides from their nucleoside precursors. The cycloSal-concept is one of several pronucleotide systems reported so far but is the only approach in which a pronucleotide is cleaved successfully by a simple but selective chemical hydrolysis. Beside others, for the nucleoside analog d4T the application of the cycloSal-approach improved antiviral potency. In the first part, the basic concept, the chemistry, different structural modifications and their effects on the antiviral potency of the cycloSal-d4TMP triesters have been discussed in this review. In the second part, first results of a conceptional extension of the original cycloSal-approach will be summarized. Once the pronucleotides have passed the membrane, the aim is to trap the cycloSal-phosphate triesters inside the cells. Therefore, enzyme-cleavable groups have been attached via a linker to the cycloSal-moiety. PMID- 14766417 TI - Extracellular virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae. AB - Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the major human bacterial pathogens. Current prophylactic agents against this pathogen are limited in their protective abilities and the role of therapeutics has been inadequate as resistant strains emerge. The development of new and improved therapies to combat the pneumococcal disease is necessary. In order to accomplish this, an understanding of the interactions between this bacterium and the host tissues is essential. Such interactions largely involve extracellular virulence factors that are expressed by the pathogen to interact with the host. These virulence factors include those based on sugars (glycome-based) as their building blocks, and proteins that are built from amino acids (proteome-based). The first group includes primarily the capsule, teichoic and lipoteichoic acids. The second group is diverse and includes numerous surface proteins that are attached to the cell wall of pneumococci utilizing a variety of methods. For the purpose of this review these surface proteins were divided into three categories, proteins bound to peptidoglycan, those bound to choline residues present on the surface of penumococci, and those bound to the lipids of the cytoplasmic membrane. Both the glycome-based and protein-based virulence factors are described, analyzed, and represented graphically. Whenever possible, structural properties of these molecules were introduced. PMID- 14766418 TI - Signaling the brain in systemic inflammation: the role of complement. AB - The complement (C) cascade is activated in almost immediate reaction to the appearance in the body of pathogenic microorganims and their products, e.g., bacterial endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulting in the generation of a series of potent bioactive fragments that have critical roles in the innate immune response of the afflicted host, including, potentially, the production of the fever that so characteristically marks bacterial infections. For instance, its derivatives C3a, C3b, iC3b, C5a, and C5b-9 independently induce the production by myeloid and non-myeloid cells of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1(, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-(, and of prostaglandin (PG)E2, all putative mediators of fever. Therefore, any one of these C components could be involved, centrally or peripherally, in the induction of the febrile response to LPS. Indeed, we have shown that hypocomplementation by cobra venom factor (CVF) dose dependently attenuates LPS-induced fever in guinea pigs and wild-type (WT) mice, and that C5 gene-ablated mice are unable to develop fever after LPS. In further studies, we found that a specific antagonist to the C5a receptor, C5aR1a, prevents the LPS-induced febrile rise of WT and C3 null mutant mice, implicating C5a as the responsible factor. Various lines of evidence from our laboratory suggest that the macrophages of the liver (Kupffer cells [Kc]) may be the specific target cells of C5a and that the product they release may be PGE2. PGE2, in turn, may be the substance that binds to vagal afferents in the liver that convey the pyrogenic message to the brain. Other studies by our group (not included in this review) have separately traced the neural pathway by which this message may be transmitted from the liver to the brain and processed there for action. The purpose of this article is to review the studies that have led us to conclude that C5a, Kc and Kc-generated PGE2 may be integrally involved in the pathogenesis of LPS fever. If further verified, these results will be important for better understanding how infectious stimuli may trigger the multivariate acute-phase responses generally, and fever particularly, that promptly spring into action to defend the continued well-being of the afflicted host. PMID- 14766419 TI - Stereotactic radiosurgery using the Leksell Gamma Knife: current trends and future directives. AB - Stereotactic radiosurgery is the extremely precise administration of a radiation dosage in three-dimensional space to treat an increasingly broad spectrum of intracranial and skull-base lesions. 455 patients with various indications were treated using the 201 Source Co-60 Leksell Model "B" Gamma Knife(r) at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Louisiana. 273 (60.2%) patients received radiosurgery as the first line of treatment for their disease. The mean Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) of the patients was 70. Cerebral metastases were the main indications for radiosurgery at our center accounting for 27% of the patients, while meningioma, AVM, trigeminal neuralgia, movement disorders, and primary CNS malignant tumors were the other indications. Our institutional experience and results indicate that low incidence of complications coupled with a high tumor control rate makes Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery a viable option for patients who must undergo neurosurgery. As the Gamma Knife continues to prove itself as a first-line treatment of many complex brain disorders, new indications for this technology will continue to emerge, further broadening the scope of patient care. PMID- 14766420 TI - Pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. AB - Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a term applied to a spectrum of immune-mediated demyelinating neuropathies that are heterogeneous in clinical manifestations and probably in pathogenesis. Although histopathologic studies of CIDP have been complicated by a relapsing course of the inflammatory reaction and its predominance in proximal nerve segments, many clues point to involvement of both cellular and humoral immune factors in the pathogenesis. Uncertainties remain regarding the provoking antigen(s) and location of the initial T cell activation. Breakdown of blood nerve barrier by activated T cells and its cytokines is followed by a local intraneural immune response with recruitment of macrophages and secretion of toxic factors, which cause damage to the myelin and axons. Activated T cells may also induce B cells to produce antibodies against nerve/myelin antigens. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the immunopathogenesis and insight from animal models of CIDP. PMID- 14766421 TI - CNS vasculitis. AB - Vasculitis of the central nervous system can be of several varieties depending upon the vessel(s) involved and type of disorder. One can see primary CNS vasculitis as a distinct entity which is primarily manifested as central nervous system injury in a vascular distribution or the vasculitic process can be secondary to a systemic disorder such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). The inflammation of the CNS vessels can be immune mediated or infectious in nature and a number of "triggers" have been identified including hypersensitivity states. It is quite probable that there is a genetic predisposition in certain individuals and this can lead to an enhanced risk of a vasculitic process when there is exposure to a particular antigen that "sets off" the immune system. The potential for response of the process to antimicrobials and/or immunosuppressants, and the potential for devastating consequences if the process is left untreated, has heightened the urgency in recognizing CNS vasculitis. Key to the recognition and treatment of CNS vasculitis is the evolution of newer insights into the pathogenesis. For example, it is evident that most vasculitides are cell-mediated. Antigen stimulation of CD4+T cells is believed to play a crucial role in giant cell (temporal) arteritis which is the most common type of CNS vasculitis. Identification of genetic susceptibility has also contributed to our understanding of the cascade of events that leads to vascular injury on an inflammatory basis. PMID- 14766422 TI - Antipyretic therapy. AB - Antipyresis can be achieved by physical methods such as cooling the body with tepid water or by pharmacological means such as the administration of antipyretic drugs. The nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin, have been used to combat fever since the end of the 19th century and the analgesic antipyretics, from about the same time. Most of the antipyretic analgesics such as acetanilide and phenacetin are no longer used in therapy because of their toxicity. However, the metabolite of these two drugs, acetaminophen, became a highly popular antipyretic in the 1950s and is now the antipyretic of first choice in most developed countries. The disadvantages of administering NSAIDs is their gastrotoxicity manifested as irritation, ulcers and bleeding of the stomach mucosa. Acetaminophen also is toxic to the liver in doses only slightly above the therapeutic dose. Thus, selective COX-2 inhibitors, which do not damage the stomach and are free fom hepatotoxicity, may be the drugs of choice for reducing fever in the future. PMID- 14766423 TI - The WNT/calcium pathway: biochemical mediators, tools and future requirements. AB - Wnt proteins represent a family of secreted, lipid-modified glycoproteins that can activate different intracellular pathways. Upon binding to certain members of the Frizzled family of Wnt receptors some Wnts like Wnt-4, Wnt-5A or Wnt-11 are able to elicit an intracellular release of calcium ions. This calcium signaling acitivity is sufficient to activate calcium sensitive enzymes like protein kinase C (PKC), calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CamKII) or calcineurin (CaCN). This so-called Wnt/calcium pathway plays important roles during dorso-ventral patterning of the embryo, regulating cell migration, as well as heart development, and might play a role during tumor suppression. The foci of this review are the biochemical aspects of Wnt/calcium signaling, the tools that are available to study Wnt/calcium signaling, and the open questions that need to be addressed in the future to validate this signaling pathway. PMID- 14766424 TI - Mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. AB - Tuberculosis is a worldwide health problem posing increasing threat with the spread of HIV infection and drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Consequently, control of this disease has become a significant challenge despite the availability of chemotherapy and BCG vaccine. Drug resistance for all first line anti-tuberculosis agents and some second-line agents has been observed. Moreover, the occurrence of strains of M. tuberculosis resistant to multiple anti tuberculosis drugs is increasing. Mechanisms of action and resistance of major anti-tuberculosis drugs are reviewed. In addition, the phenotypic drug resistance such as dormant or persistent tubercle bacilli and its importance are also emphasized. In order to combat the threat of drug resistant tuberculosis and to more effectively control the disease, an understanding of the mechanisms underlying drug resistance is necessary. This knowledge could be used for the development of molecular tests for rapid detection of drug resistant bacilli and future anti-tuberculosis drugs. PMID- 14766425 TI - Vesical pacing: pacing parameters required for normalization of vesical electric activity in patients with overactive bladder. AB - There are several modalities for the treatment of the overactive bladder (OAB), but the results may not be satisfactory. A recent study has demonstrated that the OAB has a dysrhythmic electric activity that seems to result from a disordered vesical pacemaker. We hypothesized that vesical pacing may correct the irregularities of the vesical electric waves and consequently normalize the vesical contractility. In this communication, we primarily defined the adequate pacing parameters required for correction of the vesical dysrhythmia. 36 patients with OAB were divided into a study group (22; 13 women; mean age 40.2 years) and a control group (14; 8 women; mean age 41.8 years). Ten healthy volunteers (6 women; mean age 39.8 years) were included in the study. Three 28-gauge cardiac pacing electrodes were hooked to the vesical mucosa: one (pacing) to the vault, and two (recording) to the lateral wall. Electric activity at rest and during stimulation of the pacing electrode was recorded in the study group and the healthy volunteers. In the control group, recording was done without pacing. Reproducible regular triphasic SWs were recorded from the 2 electrodes of the healthy volunteers with a similar pattern from the 2 electrodes of each individual subject. The optimal pacing parameters we determined were: an amplitude of 5 mA, a pulse width of 200 ms and a frequency of 20% higher than the frequency of the basal vesical waves. Vesical pacing effected a significant increase of waves' variables. The OAB patients exhibited a "dysrhythmic" wave pattern which was normalized during vesical pacing using the aforementioned pacing parameters. The optimal parameters required for vesical pacing of the dysrhythmic waves of the OAB were determined and succeeded in normalization of the vesical electric activity. Vesical pacing is suggested to be used as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of the OAB. PMID- 14766426 TI - Wnt signaling in B and T lymphocytes. AB - Wnt signaling has been shown to be critical for proper embryonic development as well as growth regulation of certain adult tissues. Defects in Wnt pathways have additionally been associated with a number of human cancers. However, it is only recently that a role for Wnts in the immune system has come to be appreciated. Wnts have now been shown to play significant roles in early stage development of both B and T lineage cells. Current studies suggest that proliferation and/or survival of these cells is associated with activation of the 'canonical' Wnt/beta catenin pathway. Functional Wnt signaling appears to also occur in end stage B (plasma) cells where both the 'canonical' and the Wnt/RhoA pathways are activated. Herein, we review the current understanding of Wnt signaling in B and T cell development and the potential involvement of Wnt cascades in lymphoid neoplasia. PMID- 14766427 TI - Fever in systemic inflammation: roles of purines. AB - Extracellular purine nucleotide and nucleoside signalling molecules, such as ATP and adenosine, acting through specific receptors (P2 and P1, respectively) play significant roles in the mechanisms underlying the febrile response. A variety of P2 and P1 receptor subunits have been identified in the hypothalamus, the area of the brain that orchestrates the febrile response. Importantly, both ATP and adenosine have been shown to modulate release and/or action of cytokines that are implicated in fever, as well as to be involved in the central mechanisms of cardiovascular and respiratory control. Our data indicate that at the level of the anterior hypothalamus extracellular ATP is involved in the control of the development of fever. A population of warm-sensitive neurones in the anterior hypothalamus is likely to be the site of action of ATP on body temperature. ATP induced cytokine release does not appear to play a significant role in the hypothalamic mechanisms leading to the development of the febrile response. However, the blockade of fever by P2 receptor antagonists given systemically suggests that ATP-mediated signalling may play a role in the release of pyrogenic cytokines in the periphery. At the level of the anterior hypothalamus adenosine appears to be released tonically, and acts to maintain body temperature under afebrile conditions. There is also evidence that adenosine-mediated signalling may play a role in the hypothalamic mechanisms controlling the degree of body temperature increase during fever. Our investigations have identified possible mechanisms by which purines modulate the febrile response. The actions of purines on body temperature during fever are most likely "site specific" (brain vs. periphery), may or may not involve their effect on cytokine release and/or action, and are likely to involve P2 and P1 receptors of different subtypes. Further extensive studies are needed to elucidate these mechanisms in greater detail and may lead to the development of new approaches for modifying febrile, cytokine and acute-phase responses to infection. PMID- 14766429 TI - A systematic review of questionnaires measuring the health of resettling refugee women. AB - Because many ethnically diverse refugee women resettle in industrialized countries, several biopsychosocial factors need to be considered in caring for them. This systematic review of studies conducted with female refugees, asylum seekers, or "unspecified" immigrants based on six electronic databases was conducted to determine which questionnaires best measure relevant variables. Questionnaires were reviewed for measurement properties, application of translation theory, and quality of representation. Studies must have included > or = 1 measure of the following: general health; torture, abuse, sex-and-gender based violence (SGBV); depression; stress; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); anxiety; somatization; migration history; social support; socioeconomic status; discrimination; or mother-child interactions. Fifty-six studies using 47 questionnaires were identified; only five had strong evidence for use with resettling refugee women. Thus, few high-quality tools are available to measure concepts relevant to resettling refugee women's health. PMID- 14766430 TI - Issues in an Internet survey among midlife Asian women. AB - Because a limited amount of women's health research using Internet-based data collection methods has been done, very little is known about the methodological and ethical issues that are unique to this emerging research practice. The purpose of this article is to inform the future directions of Internet usage in women's health research based on the practical issues raised in an Internet survey of 62 midlife Asian women in the United States. The issues include (a) potential selection biases, (b) ethical concerns, (c) a low response rate, (d) frequent consultations, and (e) potential data entry errors. Based on the discussion of the issues, future directions for Internet research are proposed. PMID- 14766431 TI - The Eating Disorder Inventory: a test of the factor structure and internal consistency in a nonclinical sample. AB - My objective was to investigate the factor structure and internal consistency of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) among a nonclinical sample. Previous research has indicated that although the EDI appears to be psychometrically sound when used with a clinical sample, the relevance of the measure for a nonclinical population is uncertain. Six hundred forty-seven female university students, average age of 23.3 years, completed a questionnaire including the EDI. I found that the factor structure was supported when items from just five subscales of the EDI were included in the analysis, but when items pertaining to all eight subscales were analysed the factor structure was not supported. The current results cast doubt on the factor structure and internal consistency of the EDI when used with a nonclinical sample, unless just five subscales (drive for thinness, perfectionism, bulimia, interpersonal distrust, and maturity fears) are included. More research is needed to clarify the implications of these findings. PMID- 14766432 TI - Heat, balance, humors, and ghosts: postpartum in Cambodia. AB - In Cambodia, where postpartum maternal mortality and morbidity is high, cultural views about causation of postpartum complications are different from biomedical views. This ethnographic study used focus groups and in-depth interviews to explore the postpartum beliefs and practices of Khmer women. Specific emic taxonomies (those used by cultural insiders, i.e., Khmer women) used to describe postpartum conditions and practices used to prevent mortality and morbidity are described. Beneficial and harmful practices are detailed. Recommendations are made regarding strengthening beneficial cultural practices as well as use of emic taxonomies in developing health education and communication messages and in the preservice education and in-service training of providers who care for postpartum women. PMID- 14766433 TI - Daughter praising, mother bashing: a case study from Hong Kong. AB - In this paper, we present the case of a mother and daughter in family therapy. We call for a critical examination of Western literature that describes how a mother praises her child. I illustrate how one observer (the first author) perceives the issue of maternal praise differently from other observers. To illustrate the interaction between this family and the family therapist (the second author), some representative vignettes of the sixth session have been extracted for discussion. Ten observers from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, 7 of whom were master's students and 3 were doctoral students, observed the therapy sessions from the adjoining room. The article is composed of four parts: (a) parental styles and relationships in families with an anorectic daughter literature review; (b) vignettes of the sixth family therapy session; (c) the observers' comments about the therapist; and (d) discussion. The paper concludes with a question of whether the impact of praise on a child's development in Western society functions in the same way and produces the same effects on a child's development as it does in Chinese society. PMID- 14766434 TI - Hepatitis C and HIV infections: implications for clinical care in injection drug users. AB - Our objective is to provide a state-of-the-art review on hepatitis C (HCV) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in injection drug users (IDUs), highlighting important clinical issues. We performed a literature review from the MEDLINE database for research from 1966 to 2003, with an emphasis on recent consensus documents. Of the estimated 15 million illicit drug users in the U.S., approximately 1.0 to 1.5 million inject drugs. IDUs are at significant risk of contracting HCV and HIV, with IDUs accounting for 60% of new HCV cases and 25% of new HIV infections. It is a major risk factor for HCV/HIV coinfection, which significantly impacts on each disorder's progression. It appears that treatment response in IDUs with HCV or HIV is similar to non-IDUs with these viruses and that medication adherence and treatment outcomes are optimized when linked with substance abuse treatment. Providers caring for patients who are or were IDUs must be aware of the management of these diseases and make efforts to integrate their medical care with the treatment of their substance abuse. PMID- 14766435 TI - Pharmacotherapy for marijuana dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of divalproex sodium. AB - There is a noticeable lack of targeted treatment options for marijuana dependence, in particular pharmacologic approaches. This is the first study evaluating a targeted pharmacologic approach for marijuana dependence. The goals of the study were to determine if such patients would seek pharmacologic treatment, whether these patients could be retained in treatment using a design previously developed for cocaine-dependent patients, and especially whether divalproex sodium showed promise as a treatment agent for marijuana dependence. We found that marijuana-dependent patients will seek treatment, and such patients can be adequately maintained in a pharmacologic trial. Regardless of treatment group, patients reported a significant reduction in their frequency and amount of marijuana use as well as a reduction in irritability. Given the lack of proven effective treatments for marijuana dependence, pharmacotherapies should be sought. The design of a preliminary clinical trial should include a psychosocial/behavioral intervention emphasizing motivation and medication compliance and a placebo control group. PMID- 14766436 TI - Burden of medical illness in drug- and alcohol-dependent persons without primary care. AB - Little is known about the frequency, severity, and risk factors for disease in drug- and alcohol-dependent persons without primary medical care. Our aims are to assess the burden of medical illness, identify patient and substance dependence characteristics associated with worse physical health, and compare measures of illness burden in this population. This was accomplished through a cross sectional study among alcohol-, heroin- or cocaine-dependent persons without primary medical care who were admitted to an urban inpatient detoxification unit. The mean age of these patients was 35.7 (SD 7.8) years; 76% were male and 46% were Black. Forty-five percent reported being diagnosed with a chronic illness, and 80% had prior medical hospitalizations. The mean age-adjusted SF-36 Physical Component Summary (PCS) score was lower than the general U.S. population norm (44.1 vs 50.1; p<0.001). In multivariable analysis, female gender (adjusted mean change in PCS score: -3.71 points, p=.002), problem use of hallucinogens (-3.51, p=0.013), heroin (-2.94, p=0.008), other opiates (-3.20, p=.045), living alone ( 3.15, p=.023), having medical insurance (-2.26, p=0.014) and older age (-.22 points per year, p=0.001) were associated with worse health. From these data, it seems that alcohol- and drug-dependent persons without primary medical care have a substantial burden of medical illness compared to age- and gender-matched U.S. population controls. While the optimal measure of medical illness burden in this population is unclear, a variety of health measures document this medical illness burden in addicted persons. PMID- 14766437 TI - Hepatitis C in patients with co-occurring mental disorders and substance use disorders: is tobacco use a possible risk factor? AB - This study of a dually diagnosed population in Colorado estimated the prevalence of hepatitis C to be 29.7%, or sixteen times higher than that in the general population. In attempts to determine possible risk factors, a surprisingly high correlation was found between the use of tobacco and HCV infection. This appears to be beyond the risk factor conveyed by IV drug use. Of the patients whose primary diagnoses were cocaine, opiate, amphetamine, or poly-substance dependence (drugs often used intravenously), 42% of the tobacco users were HCV positive, while only 20% of the non-tobacco using patients with similar primary diagnoses were HCV positive. The association of tobacco use with HCV was found to be even more striking for females with alcohol, sedative/hypnotic, inhalant, or cannabis dependence, as none of the seventeen non-tobacco using female patients with these diagnoses were HCV positive, while fourteen of the 45 (31%) tobacco-using females with these diagnoses did test positive for HCV. Results of this study suggest that tobacco use may in some way influence the susceptibility to infection with hepatitis C virus. PMID- 14766438 TI - A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of buspirone for the treatment of anxiety in opioid-dependent individuals. AB - Anxiety symptoms are common among opioid-dependent individuals. Buspirone, a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic, has been used successfully for the treatment of anxiety in alcoholic patients. Its efficacy in opioid-dependent patients has not been previously examined. We conducted a twelve-week, randomized, placebo controlled trial of buspirone in 36 subjects receiving methadone-maintenance treatment who presented with anxiety symptoms. Measures of anxiety, depression, and substance use were obtained repeatedly during treatment. Buspirone treatment did not significantly reduce anxiety symptoms in opioid-dependent patients. However, buspirone treatment was associated with trends toward reduction in depression scale scores and a slower return to substance use. PMID- 14766439 TI - Cortical gray matter volumes are associated with subjective responses to cocaine infusion. AB - We analyzed the relationship between cocaine-induced euphoria and measures of frontal and temporal gray matter volumes in eleven cocaine-dependent (CD) patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Self-reported ratings of the intensity of euphoric response to cocaine infusion were obtained from the CD subjects at 3, 10, and 30 minutes after cocaine infusion. Significant positive correlation between frontal and temporal cortical gray matter volume and the intensity of euphoria was observed at 10 minutes after IV cocaine. The data suggest that frontal and temporal lobe gray matter volume is associated with some of the reinforcing effects of cocaine. Given the well-established negative linear relationship between cortical gray matter volume and age, cortical gray matter volume may be a marker for the neurobiological substrate of the age-related reduction in addiction rates. PMID- 14766440 TI - Cocaine dependence severity predicts outcome in outpatient detoxification from cocaine and alcohol. AB - This study compared the effects of alcohol and cocaine dependence severity on the outcome of outpatient detoxification from alcohol and cocaine. Subjects included 84 subjects with both alcohol and cocaine dependence admitted for outpatient detoxification. Fifty-three of the 84 subjects (63%) completed detoxification. Baseline cocaine use, cocaine craving, and cocaine withdrawal symptoms predicted detoxification outcome, whereas alcohol use, alcohol craving, and alcohol withdrawal symptoms did not. Among cocaine- and alcohol-dependent subjects, cocaine dependence severity appears to be a more important predictor of detoxification success than alcohol dependence severity. PMID- 14766441 TI - Psychiatric comorbidity and not completing jail-based substance abuse treatment. AB - Many jail inmates have a history of mental illness, substance use, and drug related crime. This article assesses the effect of psychiatric comorbidity on retention in jail-based substance abuse treatment. Secondary data from five jail based substance abuse treatment programs were studied using descriptive and multivariate analyses. Controlling for age, sex, race, education, and program, the odds of an offender with a history of mental illness being terminated from treatment were nearly three times that of those with no such history. The data suggest that psychiatric comorbidity may be an important correlate of retention in jail-based substance abuse treatment. PMID- 14766442 TI - Outreach programmes for obstetric fistulae. PMID- 14766443 TI - The payment of drug addicts to increase their sterilisation rate is morally unjustified and not simply 'A Fine Balance'. AB - This paper argues that cash incentives offered to drug addicts in return for sterilisation are both legally and morally unacceptable. Such incentives act coercively, undermines one's freedom and autonomy and importantly invalidates real consent. This has important implications for any clinicians involved in such a scheme. The paper prompts more detailed studies into the use of incentives in modern-day health care. PMID- 14766444 TI - The management of Paget's disease of the vulva. AB - Paget's disease of the vulva is an uncommon lesion, and gynaecologists and dermatologists generally have limited experience in its management. The British Society for the Study of Vulval Disease has established a register of cases, and we present a review of 76 cases registered to date. The majority of patients were treated by surgical excision and reconstruction, but non-surgical therapies are an option. Recent literature is reviewed to allow comparison. PMID- 14766445 TI - Fetal cortisol in relation to labour, intrapartum events and mode of delivery. AB - We set out to measure fetal cortisol in the human umbilical vein in relation to onset of labour, intrapartum complications and mode of delivery. Umbilical cord venous samples were obtained after delivery from 98 infants and serum total cortisol was measured. The onset of spontaneous labour, induction of labour, elective caesarean section, spontaneous vaginal delivery, emergency caesarean section in labour, instrumental delivery, the presence of meconium staining of the liquor and umbilical artery pH were examined in relation to serum fetal cortisol. Spontaneous onset of labour, mode of delivery, meconium staining of the liquor and gestational age were independent predictors of umbilical venous cortisol levels. Those infants delivered by elective caesarean section had the lowest cortisol levels, while the highest levels were recorded in those infants following instrumental delivery. Fetal cortisol is significantly elevated in association with spontaneous human parturition and is highest Its among babies born by instrumental delivery. PMID- 14766446 TI - The role of investigations for term stillbirths. AB - The aim of the study was to document the role of laboratory investigations for unexpected stillbirths at term. It was a retrospective casenote review of 75 unexpected stillbirths at term from 1995 to 1999, at the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland. Investigations performed included blood tests, chromosomal analysis, autopsy and placental histology. Perinatal autopsy was the most informative investigation with positive findings in 49% of cases. There were positive placental findings in 37% of cases. Six of the 26 cases showed abnormal karyotyping. Of the blood tests performed, the Kleihauer-Betke test was most informative, revealing a feto-maternal haemorrhage in 8% of cases and anticardiolipin antibodies were positive in 4% of cases. FBC, TORCH and glycosylated Hb were negative in all 75 patients. Despite thorough investigations 32 of cases (43%) remained unexplained. PMID- 14766447 TI - An audit on trends of vaginal delivery after one previous caesarean section. AB - An audit of 197 patients with one previous caesarean section was undertaken over a 1-year period to determine the rates of vaginal delivery and main indications for repeat caesarean section. Trial of labour was attempted in 51.3% of women, of whom 65.3% had had a successful vaginal delivery. Vaginal birth after caesarean, however, was successful in only 33.5% of women. This low rate of vaginal birth following a previous section was due to a large number of elective caesarean sections. Maternal request was the most common indication for repeat elective caesarean section. The answer to the rising caesarean rates seems to lie in reducing the primary caesarean section rates, rigorous auditing of the unit's caesarean rates and a change in the attitude of doctors, midwives and patients towards vaginal birth after caesarean. The last might prove to be the most difficult target to achieve. PMID- 14766448 TI - Analysis of caesarean delivery at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. AB - We conducted an analysis of caesarean sections (CS) in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan to determine the rate of CS, indications and outcome. This information will be useful to formulate strategies to control the rate of CS and its associated complications in our hospital. This was a descriptive study conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit III, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore during a period of 6 months, from 1 September 2000 to 28 February 2001. A proforma was constructed to document the details of all caesarean sections during the study period. During the 6-month period, of a total of 1424 deliveries conducted in the unit, 300 women had CS. These caesarean deliveries were analysed for the present study. The rate of caesarean sections in the study group was 21.07%. Of 300 caesarean deliveries, 34 were elective (11.33%) and 266 were emergency caesarean sections (88.67%). The main indications for the emergency caesarean deliveries were dystocia (28.2%), fetal distress (22.18%), CPD (6.77%) and a previous one (5.64%) or two caesarean sections (7.52%), while the main indications in the elective caesarean deliveries were a previous two (50%) or three (2.94%) CS. One hundred and two (34%) women were primigravida, 152 (50.67%) were gravida 2-4 and 45 (15%) women were among gravida 5-9. The mean age of the study group was 29 years. There was one maternal death and overall maternal morbidity was 14%. The majority of women were hospitalised for 2-6 days. In the group of emergency caesarean sections, there were four stillbirths (1.5%) and seven perinatal deaths (2.63%). The overall perinatal mortality rate was 4% in the study group. High-risk pregnancies without antenatal care constitute a major reason for the increased rate of caesarean deliveries and its associated morbidity and mortality. PMID- 14766449 TI - The analysis of eclamptic morbidity and mortality in the Specialist Hospital Gombe, Nigeria. AB - A retrospective review of 302 cases of eclampsia treated at the Specialist Hospital Gombe (SHG), between January 1st 1997 and December 31st 1999 is presented. Intrapartum eclampsia was the commonest presentation, occurring in 166 (55.0%) patients. Headache, blurred vision, and epigastric pain preceded the first episode of seizure in 272 (90.0%) of the cases. The diastolic blood pressure of 110 mmHg or more was recorded in 102 (33.8%) of the study group. Eclampsia was more common among teenage mothers 202 (66.9%), and primigravidae 222 (73.5%). Spontaneous vaginal delivery occurred in 159 (52.6%) of the patients. Caesarean section was performed in 122 (40.4%) of the cases. Pyrexia was the commonest morbidity. There were 35 maternal deaths giving a case fatality rate of 11.6%. There were 111 (36.8%) perinatal deaths during the study period. Expanded sections in mass media education of the general populace and counselling young women on care during pregnancies are suggested. The provision and use of life-saving treatment is paramount, at the same time efforts towards eliminating the conditions that created the unbooked emergencies are crucial. PMID- 14766450 TI - Management of third degree perineal tear and choice of mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies. AB - This study evaluates the management of third/fourth-degree obstetric tears and choice of mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies amongst obstetricians practising in Ireland. Of the 185 obstetricians who were sent questionnaires 133 replied, giving a response rate of 72%. The consultant obstetricians were significantly more likely to suture third-degree tears in the labour ward than the non-consultant counterpart, P=0.04. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups on the repair technique, P=0.397. The non consultant obstetricians were significantly more likely to prescribe laxatives and diclofenac (Volterol) after repair of third/fourth-degree tears. There were significant differences between the two groups of obstetricians in terms of choice of mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies, and the appropriate person to conduct labour, P=0.044 and 0.017, respectively. Instrumental intervention and use of episiotomies were similar in the two groups. Our study also shows that Fellows and Members of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) are not adhering to the guidelines on the repair of third/fourth-degree tears. We conclude that there is variation in the management of third-degree obstetric tears and choice of mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies among the obstetricians. PMID- 14766451 TI - Emergency hysteroscopic treatment of acute severe uterine bleeding. AB - The aim of this pilot feasibility study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of acute severe uterine bleeding. Forty-one women (mean age, 54 years) who underwent emergency hysteroscopy were assessed. In 40 women, a benign organic cause was found. In one postmenopausal patient, endometrial carcinoma was detected in endometrial chips and was managed with hysterectomy. None of the women with benign lesions required further surgery within the first postoperative year. One underwent hysterectomy at 18 months for new-onset fibromyomas. Hysteroscopy was found to be an effective tool for treating heavy uterine bleeding. It also prevented future episodes of severe bleeding in more than half the patients during 20 months of follow-up. PMID- 14766452 TI - Self-administration of misoprostol for termination of pregnancy: safety and efficacy. AB - We conducted a retrospective study to determine the efficacy and safety of self administration of vaginal misoprostol (following oral mifeprestone) for medical termination of pregnancy. This study revealed that self-administration was accepted by the majority of the patients (90%) and the success rate (98.4%) and duration of hospital stay was not altered significantly compared to our previous year's data, where women were administered vaginal misoprostol by the staff. Based on this study's results, we are of the opinion that this regimen not only demedicalises the problem but also decreases the workload for the medical staff. PMID- 14766453 TI - Borderline ovarian tumours: clinical analysis of 38 cases. AB - Thirty-eight patients with ovarian tumours of low malignant potential (borderline) were diagnosed and treated in Tehran University Gynecology Oncology Department from 1991 to 2002, and have been reviewed. In this study age, clinical behavior, symptoms, surgical stage, type of tumour, surgery, adjuvant treatment, survival and recurrences were evaluated. A retrospective chart review was performed on these 38 patients who were treated for histopathologically confirmed tumours of low malignant potential between 1991-2002. The mean age was 34.4 years, range (14-83) (SD: 18.33). Post surgical FIGO staging was: Stage I=93.75%, stage III 6.25%. Histologic subtypes were: Serous 76.31% (29 patients), Mucinous 21.05% (8 patients), Mixed types 2.63% (1 patient). Mean pre-operative CA125 value was 114.90 (SD: +/- 90.30). Thirty-three percent of patients had only a simple cyst in ultrasonography. Conservative surgery was performed in 76.32% (29 patients). More radical surgery (TAH + BSO) was performed in 9 patients (23.68%). There were 6 recurrences. Three patients with recurrence and invasive implants received chemotherapy and secondary surgery was performed. Survival rate was 100% at 3 years for all stages and 89% at 5 years. One patient died of recurrent disease at 48 months after initial diagnosis. Our data suggest that LMP tumours are most frequently diagnosed in stage I. Most common histological type was serous, and 5 of the recurrences of (6 patients) were initially diagnosed at stage I, and had been treated with conservative surgery with no adjuvant therapy. PMID- 14766454 TI - Microbial isolates and antibiogram from endocervical swabs of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease. AB - The study was aimed at determining the microorganisms isolated commonly from endocervical swab cultures of patients with suspected pelvic inflammatory disease and their in vivo antibiotic sensitivity patterns. All records of microbial culture and antibiotic sensitivity test results of suspected cases of pelvic inflammatory disease at the Federal Medical Centre Gombe from January to June 2001 were retrieved and analysed using the SPSS statistical package. Four hundred and thirteen endocervical swabs were cultured, with bacteria and/or fungal pathogens isolated in 312 (75.5%) cases. There were seven microbial organisms isolated with Staphylococcus aureus as the most commonly isolated organism in 45% (142/312) of cases. Mixed growth occurred in 46 cases (11.1% of cases), mostly bacterio-fungal 34/46 (73.9%). Only seven antibiotic disks were used in testing for sensitivity of the isolated bacteria. Cephalexin and gentamicin were the only antibiotics with a >50% sensitivity rate of 88% and 56.9%, respectively. Co trimoxazole, penicillin and tetracycline were the most frequently resistant antibiotics with 98.4%, 97.6% and 90.8% resistance rates, respectively. It is clear that the facilities both for isolating organisms and testing for their antibiotic sensitivity pattern are limited in developing countries, despite the well-known complications associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. This would make empirical antibiotic chemotherapy common, thus confounding further the problem of management. This may be overcome by establishing well-manned and equipped regional centres that could advise other centres of trends in pattern of isolates and antibiograms. PMID- 14766455 TI - A pilot randomised controlled study of three models of follow-up of patients treated for gynaecological cancer: attitudes in general practice and feasibility of randomisation. AB - The value of routine follow-up in secondary care for cancer patients has been widely questioned. Within our network cancer centre for gynaecological malignancies current follow-up protocols have been associated with delays in diagnosing recurrence. The aim of this study was to ascertain general practitioners' (GPs') attitudes and feasibility of randomisation for a pilot randomised controlled trial to evaluate follow-up of patients treated for gynaecological malignancy. There was a 78% response rate to the postal questionnaire; overall, GP attitudes were positive, with randomisation seeming feasible. We await the results from the pilot trial. PMID- 14766456 TI - Bleeding, discharge, pain and dysmenorrhoea after large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). PMID- 14766457 TI - Small cell carcinoma of the ovary: a report of three cases and review of the literature. PMID- 14766458 TI - Acute systemic lupus erythematosus in puerperium--a diagnostic dilemma. PMID- 14766459 TI - All that glisters...a generalised seizure at 31 weeks. PMID- 14766460 TI - Is cervical pessary an answer to preterm delivery? PMID- 14766461 TI - Unexpected torsion of the gravid uterus. PMID- 14766462 TI - A case of spontaneous subcapsular splenic rupture in the second stage of labour. PMID- 14766463 TI - Massive non-obstetric postpartum haemorrhage. PMID- 14766464 TI - An unusual presentation of placenta accreta. PMID- 14766465 TI - Marshall Smith syndrome and pregnancy. PMID- 14766466 TI - Transient pathological cardiotocography secondary to maternal drug abuse. PMID- 14766467 TI - Noonan syndrome presenting with transient cystic hygroma. PMID- 14766468 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and ovarian granulosa cell tumour in association with endocrine manifestations. PMID- 14766469 TI - Cervical cancer diagnosed after simple hysterectomy for persistent abnormal cervical smears: a clinical dilemma. PMID- 14766470 TI - Primary borderline serous neoplasia of the peritoneum. PMID- 14766471 TI - Recurrent leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata. PMID- 14766472 TI - Uterosacral nerve fibre proliferation in parous endometriosis. PMID- 14766473 TI - Vaginal vault endometriosis de novo, associated with hormone replacement therapy. PMID- 14766474 TI - Endometrial cancer and recurrence with hormonal manipulation. PMID- 14766475 TI - An unexpected case of placental polyp with villi devoid of cytotrophoblastic cells. PMID- 14766476 TI - Vaginal evisceration following total abdominal hysterectomy. PMID- 14766477 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a mature teratoma. PMID- 14766478 TI - Negative qualitative BHCG heterotopic pregnancy after intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection. PMID- 14766479 TI - Ovarian pregnancy simulating a haemorrhagic corpus luteum. PMID- 14766480 TI - Meyer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome diagnosed in a postmenopausal woman. PMID- 14766481 TI - Ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy with secondary implantation in the pouch of Douglas. PMID- 14766482 TI - Re: Okogbenin et al. Obstetric hysterectomy: fifteen years' experience in a Nigerian tertiary centre. PMID- 14766483 TI - Comment on 'Midwifery is not a fit occupation for a Gentleman'. PMID- 14766484 TI - Braking reaching movements: a test of the constant tau-dot strategy under different viewing conditions. AB - Following F. Zaal and R. J. Bootsma (1995), the authors studied whether the decelerative phase of a reaching movement could be modeled as a constant tau-dot strategy resulting in a soft collision with the object. Specifically, they investigated whether that strategy is sustained over different viewing conditions. Participants (N = 11) were required to reach for 15- and 50-mm objects at 2 different distances under 3 conditions in which visual availability of the immediate environment and of the reaching hand were varied. Tau-dot estimates and goodness-of-fit were highly similar across the 3 conditions. Only within-participant variability of tau-dot estimates was increased when environmental cues were removed. That finding suggests that the motor system uses a tau-dot strategy involving the intermodal (i.e., visual, proprioceptive, or both) specification of information to regulate the decelerative phase of reaching under restricted viewing conditions. The authors provide recommendations for improving the derivation of tau;(x) estimates and stress the need for further research on how time-to-contact information is used in the regulation of the dynamics of actions such as reaching. PMID- 14766485 TI - Transitions to and from asymmetrical gait patterns. AB - Asymmetrical gait patterns such as the gallop provide insight into the complexity of human locomotion. The nature of spontaneous (e.g., walk-run), quasi spontaneous (e.g., gallop-walk), and intentional (e.g., walk-gallop) transitions was analyzed in 2 ways in the present study. In Analysis 1, the authors used step wise regression to associate 10 physical characteristics with gait transitions. Transition predictability was moderate; thigh length best predicted 3 of 6 transitions. In Analysis 2, the dynamic characteristics of transitions (order parameters, phase shifts, multistability, and critical fluctuations) were described; those characteristics existed for all transition types. The results of the analyses suggest that intentional transitions are less biomechanically predictable than are spontaneous transitions and that transitions between gait pairs (e.g., walk-gallop and gallop-walk), regardless of velocity direction, have more in common than do transitions requiring specific intention. PMID- 14766486 TI - Adaptive motor behavior of cerebellar patients during exposure to unfamiliar external forces. AB - The authors investigated adaptation of goal-directed forearm movements to an unknown external viscous force assisting forearm flexion in 6 patients with cerebellar dysfunction and in 6 control participants. Motor performance was generally degraded in cerebellar patients and was markedly reduced under the force condition in both groups. However, patients and controls were able to adapt to the novel force within 8 trials. Only the healthy controls were able to improve motor performance when readapting to a null-force condition. The results indicate that cerebellar patients' motor control system has imprecise estimations of actual limb dynamics at its disposal. Force adaptation may have been preserved because single-joint movements were performed, whereas the negative viscous force alone and no interaction forces had to be compensated. PMID- 14766487 TI - Long-term motor programming improvements occur via concatenation of movement sequences during random but not during blocked practice. AB - According to S. T. Klapp (1995, 1996), extensive practice serves to induce the concatenation of multiple-element responses. One benefit of the chunking process, argued Klapp, is more efficient execution of motor programming. The authors conducted the present study with 30 participants to investigate that proposition. The chunking process was found to be very transient following some practice regimes. Specifically, compared with exposure to random practice, extensive blocked practice resulted in only temporary movement sequence consolidation. The present results provide support for the claim that random practice not only leads to improvements in the completion of intratrial movement planning processes but also affects the structure of the memory developed during practice. Both components are important contributors to long-term improvements in movement preparation associated with a high contextual-interference practice condition. PMID- 14766488 TI - Part-whole practice of movement sequences. AB - A 16-element movement sequence was taught under part-whole and whole-practice conditions. Participants (N = 18) produced a right-arm lever movement to sequentially presented target locations. The authors constructed part-whole practice by providing practice on only the 1st 8 elements on the 1st day of practice (100 repetitions of the 8-element sequence) and on all 16 elements on the 2nd day of practice (100 repetitions of the 16-element sequence). The whole practice group practiced all 16 elements on both days (100 repetitions of the 16 element sequence per day). No differences in sequence structure or in movement duration of the 16-element sequence were noted on the retention test (Day 3). On transfer tests in which the 1st and last 8 elements were tested separately, however, the participants in the part-whole practice group performed more quickly than the participants in the whole-practice group, especially on the last 8 elements. Participants in the whole-practice group appeared to code the sequence so that it was relatively difficult to fully partition it into separate movements. Thus, on the transfer tests, there continued to be residual effects of the 8 elements that did not have to be produced but slowed down the rate of responding for the whole-practice group. That finding was not observed for the part-whole practice group. PMID- 14766489 TI - The role of knowledge of results frequency in learning through observation. AB - The authors examined whether reduced knowledge of results (KR) frequency during observation of a model's performance enhances learning. As they viewed a timing task, observers (n = 54) received KR about the model's performance on each trial (100% KR) or on 1 out of 3 trials (33% KR). Controls (n = 18) received only physical practice; they did not take part in the observation session. The authors also wanted to dissociate the guidance effect of KR during physical practice from the guidance role played by the representation acquired during observation. Therefore, following the observation phase, participants physically performed the task with either the same or a different KR frequency than that experienced during observation. The effects of observation and physical practice on learning were assessed in delayed retention tests. The beneficial effect of reduced KR frequency during observation continued for the following physical practice phases. Possible explanations as to why KR influences observational learning are discussed. PMID- 14766490 TI - Attentional distribution of task paramters to the two hands during bimanual performance of right- and left-handers. AB - The author tested 12 left-handers and 12 right-handers on a bimanual circling task to examine how attention (either visual or nonvisual) to the task of 1 hand affects within-hand task parameters and whether the effects of attention manipulations are similar in left- and right-handers. The novel prediction that the attended task would be produced larger than the unattended task was confirmed in both handedness groups. The magnitude of the effect on circle size was more pronounced under visual than under nonvisual attention manipulations. The primary effects of attention were similar in the 2 handedness groups, although left handers demonstrated some evidence of stronger parameter coupling between hands than right-handers did. PMID- 14766491 TI - The role of oculomotor information in the learning of sequential aiming movements. AB - With their eyes initially on either the home, midline, or final end position, 30 participants practiced a 2-target aiming movement. After 120 acquisition trials, participants performed a retention test and were then transferred to each of the other 2 eye conditions. During acquisition, all groups improved over practice, but the home group showed the greatest improvement. The temporal improvement was most pronounced in the times spent after peak velocity. Retention and transfer tests indicated that participants performed best under eye-movement conditions that were the same as the 1 they had practiced in. There was also positive transfer of training between conditions in which the oculomotor information was similar. Thus, to optimize learning, one should practice under the same afferent and oculomotor conditions that will be required for the final performance. PMID- 14766492 TI - Development of prehension between 5 and 10 years of age: distance scaling, grip aperture, and sight of the hand. AB - The authors investigated whether 5- to 10-year-old children (N = 75) differ from adults (N = 12) in the developmental course of distance scaling and the adaptations to the inability to see the hand during prehension movements. The children reached under a surface and grasped and lifted an object suspended through it. All children scaled velocity appropriately for movement distance, both with and without sight of the hand. However, 5- to 6-year-old children did not increase grip aperture with increased distance, whereas older children and adults did. The older children and adults spent longer after peak deceleration when they could not see the hand, and maximum grip aperture (MGA) was larger, providing an increased safety margin. Children aged 5 to 6 spent the same amount of time between peak deceleration and grasp, whether or not they could see the hand, and they failed to increase MGA when they could not see the hand. Prehension in the younger children differed from that of older children in two ways: The younger children did not integrate reach and grasp over different distances and did not use visual information about hand position to optimize accuracy. PMID- 14766493 TI - Form and variability during sit-to-stand transitions: children versus adults. AB - In performing the sit-to-stand transition, young children (6- to 7-year-olds) were expected to display a movement form similar to that of adults. However, movement consistency was predicted to be poorer in children than in adults because they lack refinement of motor control processes. Kinematic analysis of 10 repetitions of the sit-to-stand movement was carried out for 6 typically developing children and 6 adults. Supporting the authors' prediction of comparable form, no differences were evident between age groups for sequence of joint onsets, proportional duration of segmental motion, or in angle-angle plots of displacement at 2 segments. In contrast, within-participant variability was found to be higher for children: Coefficients of variation for most kinematic measures were twice those seen for adults. The authors interpret the children's lack of movement consistency as a reflection of inadequate stabilization of an internal model of intersegmental dynamics. Whereas adults have attained a skill level associated with refinement of that model, children have not. Children have an additional control problem because changes in body morphology throughout childhood require ongoing updating of the internal model that controls intrinsic dynamics. PMID- 14766494 TI - High levels of contextual interference enhance handwriting skill acquisition. AB - The authors conducted 3 experiments to examine whether introducing high levels of contextual interference is useful in handwriting skill acquisition. For all experiments, elementary school students (Ns = 44, 50, and 78, respectively) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 practice schedules-blocked or random practice-in the acquisition phase. In the blocked condition, each of 3 letters (h, a, and y) or (in Experiment 1) symbols was handwritten 24 times consecutively. In the random condition, each letter (or symbol) was practiced 24 times, but in an intermixed, unsystematic sequence. Overall, the results showed that the random practice schedule leads to enhanced retention and transfer performance of handwriting skill acquisition. PMID- 14766495 TI - The intentional spring: a strategy for modeling systems that learn to perform intentional acts. AB - In motor task learning by instruction, the instructor's skill and intention, which, initially, are extrinsic constraints on the learner's perceiving and acting, eventually become internalized as intrinsic constraints by the learner. How is this process to be described formally? This process takes place via a forcing function that acts both as an anticipatory (informing) influence and a hereditary (controlling) influence. A mathematical strategy is suggested by which such intentions and skills might be dynamically learned. A hypothetical task is discussed in which a blindfolded learner is motorically instructed to pull a spring to a specific target in a specific manner. The modeling strategy involves generalizing Hooke's law to the coupled instructor-spring-Learner system. Specifically, dual Volterra functions express the anticipatory and hereditary influences passed via an instructor-controlled forcing function on the shared spring. Boundary conditions (task goals) on the instructor-spring system, construed as a mathematical (self-adjoint) operator, are passed to the learner spring system. Psychological interpretation is given to the involved mathematical operations that are passed, and mathematical (Hilbert-Schmidt's and Green's function) techniques are used to account for the release of the boundary conditions by the instructor and their absorption by the learner, and an appropriate change of their power spectra. PMID- 14766496 TI - Learning as change of coordination dynamics: theory and experiment. AB - Learning of coordination patterns was investigated theoretically from the point of view of a dynamic theory of biological coordination and with reference to recent experiments on the learning of relative timing patterns. The theory is based on theoretical and experimental work showing that coordinated movement is characterized not only by the actually performed pattern of coordination but by an entire dynamics of coordination. Theoretically, such dynamics are captured as equations of motion of relevant collective variables. Experimentally, signatures of these underlying dynamics can be found in the temporal stability of coordination patterns, which can be assessed through various stability measures as well as through processes of pattern change. We argue that not only intrinsic coordination tendencies, but also specific behavioral requirements, be they perceived, memorized, or intended, must be expressed in terms of such dynamics. The concept of behavioral information captures such requirements as part of the coordination dynamics. We expound two hypotheses on the nature of learning in this framework. First, we assume that at each point during the learning process the system is governed by a well-defined coordination dynamics. This equation of motion evolves with learning so as to acquire an attractor solution near the to be-learned pattern. Second, we hypothesize that this change of the coordination dynamics, captured by the time course of memorized behavioral information, can itself be ascribed to an additional layer of dynamics, the slower learning dynamics. Testable consequences of these views are discussed in the light of recent experimental findings on the learning of a relative phase in rhythmic movement: (a) Learning affects dynamic properties of performed coordination patterns, in particular, their stability; (b) the change of the coordination dynamics due to learning leads to specific changes of behavior also under conditions other than the learned condition, namely, to systematic deviation toward the learned patterns; (c) learning may lead to instabilities in the coordination behavior if initial and learned performance differ sufficiently; and (d) the dynamic properties of the performed coordination patterns are distinct on the two time scales of learning and of performance. PMID- 14766497 TI - Skill acquisition and development: the roles of state-, parameter, and graph dynamics. AB - The development of motor skills can be portrayed as a dynamical process that involves three types of dynamics: state dynamics, parameter dynamics, and graph dynamics. The time scales associated with each type of dynamics are discussed, and an outline is provided of the role played by each type in the developing organism. In particular, the role of parameter dynamics and graph dynamics in producing qualitative, bifurcational changes in behavior is described. It is concluded that all three types of dynamics are required for a complete description of skill acquisition and development. PMID- 14766498 TI - The utility of connectionism for motor learning: a reinterpretation of contextual interference in movement schemas. AB - Using the general framework of schema theory, and building on it, the present article takes a connectionist approach to motor learning and to contextual interference effects. These phenomena were simulated in an exploratory manner in neural networks. The outcome closely reflects previous research with humans. In a simulated ballistic movement task, networks performed worse during practice but showed better transfer when target movement distances were presented in a random rather than a blocked fashion. Connectionism provides a parsimonious account of the effect in terms of properties inherent in the parallel distributed network. PMID- 14766499 TI - Dynamical aspects of learning an interlimb rhythmic movement pattern. AB - Learning a bimanual rhythmic task is explored from the perspective that motor skill acquisition involves the successive reparameterization of a dynamical control structure in the direction of increasing stability, where the intentional process of reparameterization is itself dynamical. Subjects learned to oscillate pendulums held in the right and left hands such that the right hand frequency was twice that of the left (2:1 frequency lock). Over 12 learning sessions of 20 trials each, we interpreted the decreasing fluctuations in the frequency locking to be an index of the increasing concavity of the underlying potential, a measure of stability; the time required to achieve the 2: 1 pattern was interpreted as indexing the relaxation time of an intentional dynamic. Power spectral analyses of the phase velocity ratio exhibited two strategies for acquiring the interlimb movement pattern: (a) adding spectral peaks at integer multiples of the left hand frequency or (b) distributing power across many frequencies in a l/f-like manner. Results are discussed in terms of the promise of a dynamical approach to learning coordinated movements. PMID- 14766500 TI - Learning the cascade juggle: a dynamical systems analysis. AB - How beginning jugglers discover the temporal constraints governing the juggling workspace while learning to juggle three balls in a cascade pattern was the subject of this investigation. On the basis of previous theoretical and experimental work on expert jugglers, we proposed a three-stage model of the learning process, for which objective evidence was sought. The first stage consists of learning to accommodate the real-time requirements of juggling, as expressed in Shannon's equation of juggling, which states that, averaged over time, the cycle time of the hands should be a fixed proportion of the cycle time of the balls. The second stage of learning consists of discovering the primary frequency lock of.75 between the shorter term dynamical regime underlying the repetitive subtask of transporting a ball and the longer term dynamical regime underlying the total hand loop cycle. The third and last stage of learning consists of discovering the principles of frequency modulation from.75 to lower (averaged) values of the proportion of time that a hand carries a ball during the total hand cycle time. Twenty subjects were taught to juggle three balls in a cascade pattern. Ten subjects were trained with the aid of an instructor and a metronome, and 10 with the instructor only. The metronome proved to be of no particular additional help, but the timing results obtained were in agreement with the proposed three stages of learning. The picture that emerged from this study was that learning a new motor skill involves the discovery of invariance's or fixed points in the perceptual-motor workspace associated with that skill, from which excursions can be made and the skill further refined. Because these fixed points afford stability of operation, discovering them logically and factually precedes the acquisition of the functional adaptability and flexibility of operation ("flair") inherent to frequency modulation. PMID- 14766501 TI - Adaptive tuning of interlimb attraction to facilitate bimanual decoupling. AB - Motor skills that require limbs to concurrently produce different spatiotemporal patterns are often quite difficult to learn. This article outlines a general strategy for training subjects to perform skills that require such disparate limb movements. The strategy is based on the notion that certain preferred movement patterns naturally emerge through the dynamics of the perceptual-motor system, even when quite different movements are intended. The training strategy proposes that the acquisition of relative motion patterns that diverge from preferred patterns can be facilitated by initially "tuning" system dynamics to reduce interlimb attraction. The schedule for the dynamical tuning is adopted from the adaptive training method previously applied to tracking tasks. Preliminary evidence is provided in support of this strategy for learning a bimanual task requiring both structural and metrical interlimb decoupling. PMID- 14766502 TI - Postural requirements and progression velocity in young walkers. AB - This article describes developmental changes in gait velocity and relates these changes to gait parameters that index postural stability (step width and lateral acceleration) and two components of velocity (cadence and step length). Five children were observed longitudinally over a 2-year period after onset of independent walking. Their range of speed increased threefold in the first 6 months of independent walking and then remained constant. In contrast, step width decreased approximately twofold. Whereas in adults, cadence and step length contribute approximately equally to speed, when infants first begin to walk independently, increase in velocity is due mostly to increased step length. After 5 months of independent walking, the pattern reverses, and increase in velocity is due primarily to increased cadence. The pattern remains constant over the next 18 months. From a developmental point of view, the data lead us to interpret early walking (the first 5 months) as a process of integration of postural constraints into the dynamic necessities of gait movement. A second phase, beginning after 4 to 5 months of independent walking, is considered to be a tuning phase characterized by a more precise adjustment of the gait parameters. PMID- 14766503 TI - Kinematic adaptations to perturbations as a function of practice in rhythmic drawing movements. AB - Kinematic adaptations in multijoint rhythmic drawing movements were investigated under unexpected perturbations in friction levels between stylus and writing surface. Changes in coupling and stability properties were assessed as a function of practice level by applying perturbations to subjects' dominant and nondominant limbs. Under nonperturbation and perturbation conditions, joint motions of right handed subjects were highly coupled in the nondominant limb and uncoupled in the dominant limb. Stability analyses of the kinematic responses in the phase plane showed a relatively higher intrajoint resistance to perturbations in the nondominant limb as compared to the dominant limb for the elbow joint. indicating a decrease in global joint stiffness with practice. These changes in joint coupling and stiffness with practice were not observed for left-handed subjects. In addition, the stability to perturbations in the end-effector (stylus) kinematics was related to the amount of joint coupling in the nondominant limb, whereas in the dominant limb there existed no such coupling. It was concluded that (a) practice changes the responses to perturbations from anatomically specific early in practice to task-specific late in practice, and (b) this shift is related to the stability in the joint phase-plane dynamics, degree of coupling between joint angles, and the decoupling of the dynamics in the intrinsic and extrinsic control spaces. PMID- 14766504 TI - Programming response duration in a precueing reaction time paradigm. AB - To determine whether the duration of certain motor activities can be a prespecified dimension of the motor program, we studied the duration of a motor response and the hand to be used, in a precueing paradigm. The response to be produced (a press on a push-button) was either short or long and involved either the right or the left hand. In Experiment 1, 200 and 700 ms (Block 1) or 700 and 2,500 ms (Block 2) were respectively chosen as short and long durations. No RT difference between short and long appeared when response duration was certain. When response duration was uncertain, RTs were longer for long than for short responses. In addition, the RTs that preceded the 700-ms response were longer in Block 1 than in Block 2. These results suggest that response duration can be programmed up to 2,500 ms and that the relative duration of a response in a given range is more relevant for programming mechanisms than its absolute duration. In Experiment 2, uncertainty concerning the response was maintained constant in a similar precueing paradigm, in which only 700-and 2,500-ms response durations were considered. The RTs preceding a long duration were shorter when duration was certain than when neither side nor duration was certain. No RT difference appeared before the short response duration. This seems to confirm that duration can be programmed up to 2,500 ms and also suggests that the program elaborated for the short duration constitutes a common basis for short and long responses: When duration is uncertain, programming a long duration requires just an additional operation to complete the program corresponding to the short duration, which has already been selected by default. PMID- 14766505 TI - Control of gait initiation. AB - The initiation of gait from a standing posture by 6 subjects, who took controlled length steps, was analyzed. Using an inverted pendulum model, we found that the duration of gait initiation was independent of gait velocity. This finding suggests that subjects' biomechanical constants are the determining factors for initiating movement. Both the instantaneous velocity of the center of gravity at the end of the first step (resulting in the propulsive forces measured on the ground) and the steady-state velocity (resulting in the step length and frequency) varied with step length, whereas step frequency did not. But step frequency and progression velocity were linked, for step frequency always increased in parallel with increased progression velocity. We interpret the correlation between velocity and frequency variations to be a peripheral expression of the posturodynamic control of the step parameters by the progression forces. PMID- 14766506 TI - Using generalized linear models (GLMs) to model errors in motor performance. AB - Because of differences in design factors, experiments in human motor performance sometimes produce a wide range in variability or consistency in a subject's individual errors. These differences in variation often lead to heterogeneity in the variance-covariance matrices between group factors, which prohibits the use of repeated-measures (RM) ANOVA or MANOVA techniques to analyze the error data. Provided certain conditions are met, however, each subject's individual errors can be collapsed into the summary error measures, constant error (CE) and variable error (VE), which can still provide a more than adequate description of the subjects' performance. This article proposes the appropriate conditions and the corresponding generalized linear models (GLMs) with which a subject's individual errors, recorded in short-term motor memory research, can be combined into the summary measures, CE and VE, which can be analyzed subsequently as the dependent variables in the experimental design. The CE scores can be modeled using GLMs without requiring the assumption of homogeneity of variances. Similarly, the VE scores can be modeled as a GLM, using a log-linear regression model that assumes a gamma distribution, rather than using a traditional analysis of variance (ANOV A) model that assumes an inappropriate normal error distribution for these scores. An example reveals that the analysis of VE scores, unlike the analysis of CE scores, is able to differentiate between group practice methods. These differences tend to be underestimated by traditional ANOVA methods, however. Differences between the ANOV A and GLM analyses of the VE scores are further clarified by simulation. Based on differences like those observed in the example, when simulated VE scores were analyzed, assuming both a normal and a gamma distribution, the power of the gamma tests was found to be superior to the normal analyses in all but a small range of cases, in which such differences were found to be negligible. Hence, it is only by declaring the VE scores to have a GLM with a gamma distribution that the anticipated group practice differences can be properly identified. PMID- 14766507 TI - Grasp force control in older adults. AB - Diminished tactile sensibility and impaired hand dexterity have been reported for elderly individuals. Reports that younger adults with severely impaired tactile sensibility use excessive grasp force during routine grasp and manipulation tasks raise the possibility that elderly persons likewise produce large grasp forces that may contribute to impaired dexterity. Impaired pseudomotor functioning also occurs in elderly subjects and may yield a slipperier skin surface that enhances the possibility for excessive grasp force. The present study measured grasp force in 10 elderly and 9 young adult individuals, during grasp and vertical lift of a small object, using a precision (pinch) grip of the thumb and index finger. The slipperiness of the object's gripped surfaces was unexpectedly varied. Skin slipperiness was estimated by also measuring the grasp force at which the object slipped from grasp. The older subjects employed grasp forces that were, on average, twice as large as those of the young subjects, with some producing forces many times greater than the young subjects' average grip force. Grip forces also were significantly more variable across trials in older subjects. This increased variability was not caused simply by the elderly subjects' increased grip force. A portion of the increased force was due to increased skin slipperiness. The grip force that the elderly subjects produced in excess of the slip force (the "margin of safety" against object slippage) was larger than would have been predicted from their skin slipperiness, however. It is suggested that, in part, the excessive grasp forces represent a strategic response to tactile sensibility impairment. Twopoint discrimination limina in the older subjects averaged about four times greater than in the younger subjects. Increased grasp forces in elderly persons may result from other factors, such as increased variability in grip force production. The contributions of excessive grasp forces to impaired dexterity in older persons still need to be addressed experimentally. PMID- 14766508 TI - Finger width corrections in Fitts' law: implications for speed-accuracy research. AB - This note points out that using the finger as a test probe in a Fitts task may lead to misleading results, because of the increased target tolerance resulting from the width of the finger pad. An experiment demonstrates the need to use a corrected target width when calculating the index of difficulty; without this correction, information processing rates are overestimated. An example is given of a developmental study in which the finger pad size changes with age. The resulting changes in the calculated rates of information processing are shown to be markedly different for the different age groups. PMID- 14766509 TI - Dissociating the structural and metrical specifications of bimanual movement. AB - Synchronization strength was investigated during the bimanual performance of movements with fundamentally different spatiotemporal features. A flexion (unidirectional) movement was made by the nondominant limb together with a flexion-extension-flexion (reversal) movement by the dominant limb. In contrast with previous studies on bimanual coordination, the movements differed from each other with respect to qualitative (structural) as well as quantitative (metrical) characteristics. Accordingly, the main task goal was to dissociate the limbs' actions at both these levels. Findings of Experiment 1 (within-subject) and Experiment 2 (between-subject) revealed a mutual synchronization effect that was evident at various levels of movement description and that was essentially asymmetric in nature: The unidirectional movement was more attracted to the reversal movement than vice versa. The intrusive nature of synchronization prevented full metrical and structural dissociation of the upper-limbs' actions, although individual differences were apparent and reflected fundamentally different coordination modes. PMID- 14766510 TI - Structuring of early reaching movements: a longitudinal study. AB - Reaches, performed by 5 infants, recorded at 19 weeks of age and every third week thereafter until 31 weeks of age, were studied quantitatively. Earlier findings about action units were confirmed. At all ages studied, movements were structured into phases of acceleration and deceleration. Reaching trajectories were found to be relatively straight within these units and to change direction between them. It was also found that at all ages, there was generally one dominating transport unit in each reach. The structuring of reaching movements changed in four important ways during the period studied. First, the sequential structuring became more systematic with age, with the dominating transport unit beginning the movement. Second, the duration of the transport unit became longer and covered a larger proportion of the approach. Third, the number of action units decreased with age, approaching the two-phase structure of adult reaching. Finally, reaching trajectories became straighter with age. PMID- 14766511 TI - Implicit versus explicit learning processes in a probabilistic, continuous fine motor catching task. AB - We compared the influences of explicit instruction and uninstructed implicit learning of correlations among visual events, in a fine-motor task. The task required visual tracking of a small "ball" of light and "catching" it by means of joystick manipulation. A general pattern of improvement with practice for instructed and "noninstructed" conditions was found. Additionally, both instructed and noninstructed conditions evidenced use of the predictive relationships among stimulus events. The improvement in overall performance caused by explicit verbal instructions was less than the improvement seen with the implicit learning condition. Further, instructed and noninstructed conditions showed different patterns of joystick activity. These findings suggest a qualitatively different approach to visual information processing and task performance for the instructional conditions PMID- 14766512 TI - Note: A statistical problem in testing invariance of movement using the phase plane model. AB - Invariant positions on a phase plane of joint angular position and velocity have been proposed as a means by which interlimb coordination may be achieved. This note identifies a problem in the testing, using conventional statistics, of hypotheses derived using the phase plane model. A possible solution is proposed based on directional statistics. Conclusions regarding phase angle invariance, which are based on conventional statistics, must be viewed with some caution. PMID- 14766513 TI - The relation of perception and motor action: ideomotor compatibility and interference in divided attention. AB - Ideomotor theory is one variation of the general position that perception and motor action are related. According to this theory, a perceptual representation of the goal of a response must be generated prior to response initiation. Ideomotor theory can be extended by assuming that generation of this representation, which usually is required prior to motor action, is not needed if the stimulus itself corresponds to the response goal, that is, if the stimulus and response are ideomotor compatible. Because processing to generate the response representation is not needed with ideomotor compatibility, it should be possible to control two responses simultaneously without mutual interference if at least one stimulus-response relation is ideomotor compatible. Although supported in previous work involving discrete responses, this prediction of perfect time-sharing was found not to hold in the experiments reported here. These experiments, unlike those showing perfect time-sharing, involved continuous responses. We propose an alternative version of ideomotor compatibility, in which perfect time-sharing can occur if an integrated stimulus is provided to match the continuous and integrated response. PMID- 14766514 TI - An equilibrium-point model for fast, single-joint movement: I. Emergence of strategy-dependent EMG patterns. AB - We describe a model for the regulation of fast, single-joint movements, based on the equilibrium-point hypothesis. Limb movement follows constant rate shifts of independently regulated neuromuscular variables. The independently regulated variables are tentatively identified as thresholds of a length sensitive reflex for each of the participating muscles. We use the model to predict EMG patterns associated with changes in the conditions of movement execution, specifically, changes in movement times, velocities, amplitudes, and moments of limb inertia. The approach provides a theoretical neural framework for the dual-strategy hypothesis, which considers certain movements to be results of one of two basic, speed-sensitive or speed-insensitive strategies. This model is advanced as an alternative to pattern-imposing models based on explicit regulation of timing and amplitudes of signals that are explicitly manifest in the EMG patterns. PMID- 14766515 TI - An equilibrium-point model for fast, single-joint movement: II. Similarity of single-joint isometric and isotonic descending commands. AB - The model for isotonic movements introduced in the preceding article in this issue is used to account for isometric contractions. Isotonic movements and isometric contractions are analyzed as consequences of one motor program acting under different peripheral conditions. Differences in isotonic and isometric EMG patterns are analyzed theoretically. Computer simulation of the EMG patterns was performed both with and without the inclusion of possible effects of reciprocal inhibition. A series of experiments was performed to test the model. The subjects made fast isotonic movements that were unexpectedly blocked at the very beginning in some of the trials. The observed differences in the EMG patterns between blocked and unblocked trials corresponded to the model's predictions. The results suggest that these differences are due to the action of a tonic stretch reflex rather than to preprogrammed reactions. The experimental and simulation findings, and also the data from the literature, are discussed in the framework of the model and the dual-strategy hypothesis. They support the hypothesis that the motor control system uses one of a few standardized subprograms, specifying a small number of parameters to match a specific task. PMID- 14766516 TI - The effects of object weight on the kinematics of prehension. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to determine the effects of object weight and condition of weight presentation on the kinematics of human prehension. Subjects performed reaching and grasping movements to metal dowels whose visible characteristics were similar but whose weight varied (20, 55, 150, 410 g). Movements were performed under two conditions of weight presentation, random (weight unknown) and blocked (weight known). Three-dimensional movements of the thumb, index finger, and wrist were recorded, using a WATSMART system to obtain information regarding the grasp and transport components. The results of the first experiment indicated that object weight and condition of presentation affected the temporal and kinematic measures for both the grasp and transport components. In conjunction with the results of a second experiment, in which time in contact with the dowel was measured, it was shown that the free-motion phase of prehension (i.e., up to object contact) was invariant over the different conditions, however. The changes were observed in the finger-object interaction phase (when subjects applied forces after contact with the dowel), prior to lift off. These results were interpreted as indicating (a) object weight does not influence the planning and execution of the free-motion phase of prehension and (b) there are at least two motor control phases involved in prehension, one for making contact with the object and the other for finger-object interaction. The changing contributions of visual, kinesthetic, and haptic information during these two phases is discussed. PMID- 14766517 TI - Is object texture a constraint on human prehension?: kinematic evidence. AB - The present experiment determined whether object texture influenced the transport and grasp components of human prehension. Infrared markers placed on the index finger, thumb, and wrist were recorded using a WATSMART system. The test objects were cylindrical dowels (103 mm high, 25 mm diameter, and 150 g in weight) of various surface materials (plain metal, coated with Vaseline, and covered with coarse sandpaper). Only temporal kinematic measures were affected by texture: Movement time (ms), time after peak deceleration (ms), percentages of movement time following maximum aperture, velocity, and deceleration were all significantly greater for the slippery dowel than the normal and rough dowels. Results indicated that the increased time associated with the slippery dowel could be explained entirely by increased time between contact with the dowel and dowel lift. Thus, these results are like those of Weir, MacKenzie, Marteniuk, Cargoe, and Frazer (1991), in which object weight was shown not to affect the free-motion phase, which includes the transport and grasp components of prehension. It appears that intrinsic object properties like weight and texture affect only the finger-object interaction phase of prehension; subsequent research is needed to dissociate inertial and surface friction effects while in contact with objects PMID- 14766518 TI - Rethinking primate locomotion: what can we learn from development? AB - Contemporary understanding about primate locomotion has largely been conditioned by studies of adults. It is as yet uncertain how locomotor behavior emerges during ontogeny or the life history of an individual (Gould, 1977). This article explores the manner in which changes in body size, proportions, and composition that occur during growth can potentially influence motor output, substrate selection, and structural design. A central theme explicit in this article is that growth provides an important source of morphological change, both regulating and generating motor behavior and substrate use. It is emphasized that morphology, behavior, and substrate use are integrated and should be investigated in tandem. PMID- 14766519 TI - The modification of an already-programmed response: a new interpretation of Henry and Harrison (1961). AB - In an influential study, Henry and Harrison (1961) examined the capability of subjects to inhibit an already-programmed response. Their experiment showed that when a stop signal was presented only 100 ms after the imperative go signal; a subject could not inhibit the movement. The inferences were that rapid ballistic actions are programmed and the program cannot be altered in a limited amount of time (see Schmidt, 1988). In the present note, we describe some forgotten data from the Henry and Harrison paper and, with a trend analysis, demonstrate that the stop signal does have an influence on the movement in a somewhat continuous fashion. PMID- 14766520 TI - Activity of wrist muscles elicited during imposed or voluntary movements about the elbow joint. AB - To examine the coordination of muscles during multijoint movement, we compared the response of wrist muscles to perturbations about the elbow joint with their activation during a volitional elbow movement. The purpose was to test the following two predictions: (a) Responses can occur in muscles not stretched by the perturbation, as has been reported for other multijoint systems; and (b) the motor pattern in response to a perturbation mimics an opposing volitional motor pattern across the two joints. We recorded the electromyographic (EMG) activity of elbow and wrist muscles as well as the flexion/extension motions at the elbow and wrist joints during individual trials that either involved a response to a torque perturbation that extended the elbow or required volitional elbow flexion. The results of this study confirmed that responses were elicited in the nonstretched wrist muscles when the elbow joint was perturbed. The same motor sequence of elbow and wrist flexors was present for both the volitional and perturbation task (with the forearm supinated), regardless of whether the wrist joint was immobilized or freely moving. The findings suggest that the nervous system relies on the purposeful coupling of elbow and wrist flexors to counter the inertial effects during the unrestricted voluntary movement, even though the coupling does not appear to be purposeful during the perturbation or with the wrist immobilized. The coupling of elbow and wrist flexors, however, was not rigidly fixed, as evidenced by muscle onsets that adapted over repeated perturbation trials and a reversal of the wrist muscle activated (wrist extensor) when the forearm was pronated. Hence, the coupling of muscle activities can be modified quantitatively when not beneficial and can be altered qualitatively with different initial configurations of the arm. PMID- 14766521 TI - Proprioceptive control of goal-directed movements in man, studied by means of vibratory muscle tendon stimulation. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of propriomuscular feedback in the control of pluriarticular pointing movements, performed without visual feedback toward visual targets. The proprioceptive inputs were distorted during movements by applying vibration to the distal tendon of the biceps muscle. Various movement and vibration durations were imposed. The results show that vibration affects the spatial outcome of the movements. The effects of vibration were movement time-independent when the durations were shorter than 450 ms and became movement time-dependent with longer durations. Moreover, the effects of vibration became more marked when a short vibration was applied at the end rather than at the beginning of a slow movement. These studies suggest that at least two types of proprioceptive control loops may be involved in correcting this kind of movement, depending on the execution time. In slow movements, the final phase might be a privileged period for on-line, propriomuscular-based corrections. Lastly, it emerged that the regulation of a goal-directed movement on the basis of proprioceptive feedback processing can take place within at most 200 ms. PMID- 14766522 TI - The temporal organization of hand, eye, and head movements during reaching and pointing. AB - Two experiments are reported that address the issue of coordination of the eyes, head, and hand during reaching and pointing. Movement initiation of the eyes, head, and hand were monitored in order to make inferences about the type of movement control used. In the first experiment, when subjects pointed with the finger to predictable or unpredictable locations marked by the appearance of a light, no differences between head and eye movement initiation were found. In the second experiment, when subjects pointed very fast with the finger, the head started to move before the eyes did. Conversely, when subjects pointed accurately, and thus more slowly, with the finger, the eyes started to move first, followed by the head and finger. When subjects were instructed to point to the same visual target only with their eyes and head, both fast and accurately, however, eye movement always started before head movement, regardless of speed accuracy instructions. These results indicate that the behavior of the eye and head system can be altered by introducing arm movements. This, along with the variable movement initiation patterns, contradicts the idea that the eye, head, and hand system is controlled by a single motor program. The time of movement termination was also monitored, and across both experiments, the eyes always reached the target first, followed by the finger, and then the head. This finding suggests that movement termination patterns may be a fundamental control variable. PMID- 14766523 TI - Motor programming as a function of constraints on movement initiation. AB - Three experiments are reported that test the hypothesis that under certain conditions programming time is a function of the directional accuracy demand of a response, directional accuracy being quantified by the minimal angle subtended at the point of movement initiation by the circular targets within the response. Subjects in three simple reaction time experiments were required to tap a single target or a series of circular targets as rapidly as possible with a hand-held stylus. Experiments 1 and 3 showed that the subtended angle (SA) of a response can have a more powerful effect on programming time, as indexed by reaction time and premotor time, than the number of movement parts in the response. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the locus of the directional accuracy effect was SA and not target size or movement distance. In all three experiments, response SA was a better predictor of programming time than was number of movement parts, target size, movement distance, movement time, and average movement velocity. The findings support the notion that constraints placed upon movement initiation by the directional accuracy demand of the task can play an important role in determining the length of the programming process. PMID- 14766524 TI - Deceleration requirements and the control of pointing movements. AB - When a limb is moved from one position to a target object, the limb and the target frequently collide. Often, the goal of the movement is to strike the target with a particular magnitude of impact. For single-aiming movements, impact forces have been shown to increase systematically with both an increased movement amplitude and a decreased movement time, thus providing deceleration to the moving limb. Models of speed-accuracy trade-off, however, have neglected to account for the contribution of these impact forces in the control of accurate movements. The aim of this experiment was to examine the modifications in the control strategy as a function of the amount of impact force a subject is allowed to use in decelerating his or her limb. Results showed that the structure of the acceleration-time functions was dictated by the amount of impact force subjects were allowed to use in decelerating the limb. Movement endpoint variability decreased as more impact force was used. The experiment suggests that the impact with a target is an important contributor to the deceleration of the moving limb and a critical determinant of movement organization. PMID- 14766525 TI - The role of intertask and intratask processing in acquisition and retention of motor skills. AB - This study examined the role of intratask and intertask processing on retention of three motor skills acquired in a practice condition invoking low contextual interference. Forty-eight subjects were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions. All conditions experienced blocked practice, which was supplemented with either intertask processing, additional intratask processing, or no additional processing. Acquisition consisted of 18 trials on each of three barrier knock-down tasks. Retention performance was assessed after a 10-min filled retention interval. Results indicated that providing the opportunity to engage in intertask processing not afforded by the acquisition practice schedule enhanced access, implementation, and memorability of movement action plans. In contrast, whereas supplemental intratask processing did not appear to interfere with acquisition performance achieved when experiencing blocked practice, it did little to enhance subsequent retention performance. PMID- 14766526 TI - Interactions between goal-directed eye and arm movements: arguments for an interdependent motor control. AB - The accuracy of movements of the arm directed toward a point in space was investigated in healthy human subjects. To study the influence of the eye movement itself, on the guidance of the arm in the absence of any visual context, subjects performed the goal-directed arm movements without visual feedback about the arm displacement and the target position. The subjects were asked either to keep their eyes centered or oriented toward a previously flashed target. The analysis of the distribution of the errors in arm final position in the two conditions suggests that the eye movement influences the final position adopted by the arm. It is postulated that an interaction exists between the eye and arm systems during the motor program elaboration phase. PMID- 14766527 TI - Intentional compensation for selective loading affecting human gait phases. AB - The locomotor strategies used by 12 subjects, instructed to hold their walking speed constant, were examined under various dynamic conditions in order to determine the means by which subjects can act upon their basic locomotor synergy. The dynamic conditions were modified either by adding a load or applying an impeding force. These modifications were designed to selectively affect either the stance phase or the swing phase. The results show that (a) subjects were able to rapidly calibrate their efforts to hold their walking speed constant, (b) in all conditions, the same walking speed was achieved with the same stride lengths and durations, and (c) at the within-cycle level, a change in duration synergically affected both phases and not just the perturbed one. The above results are discussed in terms of intentionally controlled parameters. Because cadence is closely linked to walking speed, it can be used as feedback; the control of walking speed in our experiments may thus be achieved simply by increasing the exerted force until the same cadence is produced. PMID- 14766528 TI - Methodology for motor learning: a paradigm for kinematic feedback. AB - Knowledge of results (KR)--information feedback about goal achievement--has been one of the most extensively examined variables in motor learning. In most natural movement learning situations, however, instructors more common]y provide augmented information regarding various kinematic or kinetic aspects of the movement pattern itself (sometimes termed knowledge of performance, KP). But despite the inherent interest in kinematic feedback, several factors reviewed here have operated to inhibit its study, the most important of which has been the lack of a suitable laboratory task and paradigm. The limitations of earlier paradigms have concerned (a) the use of overly simple motor behaviors, probably to minimize the problems in kinematic measurement, (b) the tendency for the environmental goal or the task to be isomorphic with the kinematic pattern, and (c) thc failure to use transfer or retention tests as measures of learning effects of the feedback manipulations. In this article, we describe our efforts to create a new paradigm for kinematic feedback, the rationale for its development, and the details of its operation. Finally, we provide evidence that the task and paradigm are sensitive to manipulations of kinematic feedback, providing some assurance that the paradigm can potentially answer future research questions about the role of kinematic feedback for learning. PMID- 14766529 TI - Task coordination in human prehension. AB - Movement patterns may be complex in the sense of being composed of separable component tasks. These components may be coordinated at some level by the voluntary motor system, in order to combine tasks into appropriate actions. This study describes the use of task interference methods and phase transition curves (PTCs) to quantify task interference in tasks that may have two components. Comparison of the effects of task interference on the different components suggests how these may be coordinated during normal movements. These techniques can be applied to the coordination of hand transport and grasp aperture components in the reaching and grasping movements that people make in order to pick things up. Five subjects made cyclical movements that involved either composite reaching or just the transport or grasp component in isolation, according to condition. The cyclical movements were "perturbed" by requiring a rapid transport or grasping response to an auditory signal by the contralateral hand. The pattern of phase shifts, or changes in the timing of the cyclical task introduced by these perturbations was modeled using phase transition curves, in order to assess the nature of the functional linkage between transport and aperture in normal prehensile movement. The results suggest a functional linkage between grasp aperture and hand transport in normal prehensile movement. PMID- 14766530 TI - Influence of extended practice on programming time, movement time, and transfer in simple target-striking responses. AB - Two experiments describe the effects of extended practice on the development of motor control programs for simple target-striking responses. In Experiment 1,400 right-hand trials of simple one-target and two-target striking tasks were performed. In Experiment 2,600 practice trials were given. Overall reaction time (RT) was faster for the one-target condition in both experiments, supporting a response complexity effect. Movement time (MT) for both conditions improved linearly with practice, suggesting that development of the motor control programs was still occurring. Subjects then transferred to a three-target condition for 50 trials, performing the transfer task with the right hand in Experiment 1, and with right and left hands in Experiment 2. Transfer to the three-target conditions produced execution errors in the form of failure to contact the second target and repetitive tapping on the third target. These results suggest that extensive practice may serve to firmly entrench a response sequence, making it difficult to implement a similar, but unique, motor control program. An interpretation in terms of automaticity and enhanced priming of behavioral and neural pathways is offered to account for these results. PMID- 14766531 TI - After-contraction phenomenon: influences on performance and learning. AB - Three experiments investigated the influence of an after-contraction phenomenon on the performance and learning of a dynamic force-production task. The after contraction effect refers to an involuntary potentiation (induced by a sustained precontraction) that is thought to summate with voluntary motor commands to bias subsequent responding. The precontraction involved a brief (20 s) static contraction. The subsequent influence of the precontraction on a dynamic force production task was assessed. Experiments 1 and 2 were aimed at demonstrating the direct impact of the precontraction intensity on the magnitude and decay of the after-contraction effect. The results indicated that as the intensity of the precontraction increased, the magnitude of the induced bias increased. In Experiment 3, the indirect influence on subsequent retention of varying the precontraction intensity during acquisition was investigated. The results indicated that the performance of subjects experiencing varying precontraction intensities during acquisition was inferior to that of subjects experiencing a constant precontraction intensity, but the performance of the varied precontraction intensities group was superior on the test of retention. It is noted that the paradoxical reversal from acquisition to retention is similar to that found in contextual interference experiments and may arise from similar mechanisms. PMID- 14766532 TI - Variations on the vertical jump: individual adaptations to changing task demands. AB - Here we explored the coordination of joint behaviors exhibited during the vertical jump and variations of that jump. By manipulating the take-off angle, we required an adjustment to changing task demands. It was hypothesized that kinematic features of the jump would change but that spatiotemporal relationships essential to propulsion would remain invariant across all conditions. To test this hypothesis, six adult male subjects performed jumps at six different take off angles. An analysis of cinematographic data revealed that individual subjects changed the sequence and timing of lower-extremity joint reversals. In contrast, the covariation of joint behaviors during the propulsive phase and the timing of maximum intersegmental extension velocities were extremely stable within each individual across changes in task. We argue that the flexibility to alter sequence and timing is part of a strategy that permits adaptation to the context and facilitates a continued coordination among variables associated with propulsion. PMID- 14766533 TI - Variability effects on the internal structure of rapid aiming movements. AB - Two experiments are reported in which the effects of different levels of spatial variability of the initial phase of aiming movements were explored. It was found that longer, faster, and more spatially variable initial sub movements were associated with an almost proportional increase in the distance between the average location at which the first submovement ended and the target. The first experiment involved a multisegmental arm motion that required a direction reversal, in which spatial variability could be estimated in all three dimensions. The second was a unidirectional, one-degree-of-freedom wrist supination task. The variability-amplitude relationship for the initial submovement was present in both. It is argued that the variability, or unpredictability, of the initial submovement is a determinant of its average amplitude, such that initial submovements approach the target as closely as is permitted by the level of variability. Such a mechanism allows task constraints such as accuracy requirements and allowable error rates to be met most efficiently, in a manner similar to the recently described optimization of submovement durations. If this mechanism is a general, ubiquitous phenomenon in rapid aiming, certain features of its internal kinematic structure are predictable. A set of five such predictions is outlined. PMID- 14766534 TI - Inflammation and Cancer. I. Rodent models of infectious gastrointestinal and liver cancer. AB - Chronic gastrointestinal and liver infections account for a significant percentage of human cancer deaths. Rodent models help elucidate how infection can lead to malignancy. Helicobacter pylori, the leading cause of human gastric tumors, produces similar disease in Mongolian gerbils. H. pylori, H. felis, and H. hepaticus induce stomach, lower bowel, or liver tumors in susceptible wild type and genetically engineered mice. Immune dysregulated mice recapitulate features of inflammatory bowel disease including colon carcinoma. Hepatitis B and C virus transgenic mice provide insights into viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Rodent models enhance our understanding of infectious cancer pathogenesis and suggest novel targets for intervention. PMID- 14766535 TI - TNF-alpha-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability requires NF-kappa B activation. AB - Crohn's disease (CD) patients have an abnormal increase in intestinal epithelial permeability. The defect in intestinal tight junction (TJ) barrier has been proposed as an important etiologic factor of CD. TNF-alpha increases intestinal TJ permeability. Because TNF-alpha levels are markedly increased in CD, TNF-alpha increase in intestinal TJ permeability could be a contributing factor of intestinal permeability defect in CD. Our purpose was to determine some of the intracellular mechanisms involved in TNF-alpha modulation of intestinal epithelial TJ permeability by using an in vitro intestinal epithelial system consisting of filter-grown Caco-2 monolayers. TNF-alpha produced a concentration- and time-dependent increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. TNF-alpha-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability correlated with Caco-2 NF-kappa B activation. Inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappa B activation by selected NF-kappa B inhibitors, curcumin and triptolide, prevented the increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability, indicating that NF-kappa B activation was required for the TNF alpha-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. This increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability was accompanied by down-regulation of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 proteins and alteration in junctional localization of ZO-1 proteins. TNF-alpha modulation of ZO-1 protein expression and junctional localization were also prevented by NF-kappa B inhibitors. TNF-alpha did not induce apoptosis in Caco-2 cells, suggesting that apoptosis was not the mechanism involved in TNF-alpha induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. These results demonstrate for the first time that TNF-alpha-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability was mediated by NF-kappa B activation. The increase in permeability was associated with NF kappa B-dependent downregulation of ZO-1 protein expression and alteration in junctional localization. PMID- 14766536 TI - Indicial response functions of growth and remodeling of common bile duct postobstruction. AB - Biliary duct obstruction is an important clinical condition that stems from cholelithiasis, the neoplasm in the wall or, most commonly, gallbladder stones. The objective of this study is to understand the structural and mechanical remodeling of the common bile duct (CBD) postobstruction. Porcine CBD was ligated near the duodenum that increased the duct's pressure from 6.4 to 18.3 cmH(2)O in the first 12 h and to 30.7 cmH(2)O after 32 days. The remodeling process was studied after 3 h, 12 h, 2 days, 8 days, and 32 days (n = 5 in each group) after obstruction. One additional animal in each group was sham operated. At each scheduled time, the time course of change of morphometry (diameter, length, wall thickness, etc.) and mechanical properties (stress, strain, etc.) was documented. It was found that the diameter increased by about threefold and the wall thickness of the CBD doubled in the 32-day group compared with the sham group (P < 0.001). The stress and strain increased initially with increase in pressure but recovered to near the control values by day 32 due to the structural and mechanical adaptations. Hence, the net effect of the structural and mechanical remodeling is to restore the stress and strain to their homeostatic values. Furthermore, the strain recovers more rapidly and more completely than stress. Finally, the remodeling data were expressed mathematically in terms of indicial response functions (IRF), i.e., change of a particular feature of a CBD in response to a unit step change of the pressure. The IRF approach provides a quantitative description of the remodeling process in the CBD. PMID- 14766538 TI - Growth characteristics of Bartonella henselae in a novel liquid medium: primary isolation, growth-phase-dependent phage induction, and metabolic studies. AB - Bartonella henselae is a zoonotic pathogen that usually causes a self-limiting infection in immunocompetent individuals but often causes potentially life threatening infections, such as bacillary angiomatosis, in immunocompromised patients. Both diagnosis of infection and research into the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis have been hindered by the absence of a suitable liquid growth medium. It has been difficult to isolate B. henselae directly from the blood of infected humans or animals or to grow the bacteria in liquid culture media under laboratory conditions. Therefore, we have developed a liquid growth medium that supports reproducible in vitro growth (3-h doubling time and a growth yield of approximately 5 x 10(8) CFU/ml) and permits the isolation of B. henselae from the blood of infected cats. During the development of this medium, we observed that B. henselae did not derive carbon and energy from the catabolism of glucose, which is consistent with genome nucleotide sequence data suggesting an incomplete glycolytic pathway. Of interest, B. henselae depleted amino acids from the culture medium and accumulated ammonia in the medium, an indicator of amino acid catabolism. Analysis of the culture medium throughout the growth cycle revealed that oxygen was consumed and carbon dioxide was generated, suggesting that amino acids were catabolized in a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-dependent mechanism. Additionally, phage particles were detected in the culture supernatants of stationary-phase B. henselae, but not in mid-logarithmic-phase culture supernatants. Enzymatic assays of whole-cell lysates revealed that B. henselae has a complete TCA cycle. Taken together, these data suggest B. henselae may catabolize amino acids but not glucose to derive carbon and energy from its host. Furthermore, the newly developed culture medium should improve isolation of B. henselae and basic research into the pathogenesis of the bacterium. PMID- 14766537 TI - Microbial genomics and the periodic table. PMID- 14766539 TI - Diversity of phage types among archived cultures of the Demerec collection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains. AB - The existence of several thousand Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 and LT7 cultures originally collected by M. Demerec and sealed in agar stab vials for 33 to 46 years is a resource for evolutionary and mutational studies. Cultures from 74 of these vials, descendants of cells sealed and stored in nutrient agar stabs several decades ago, were phage typed by the Callow and Felix, Lilleengen, and Anderson systems. Among 53 LT2 archived strains, 16 had the same phage type as the nonarchival sequenced LT2 strain. The other 37 archived cultures differed in phage typing pattern from the sequenced strain. These 37 strains were divided into 10 different phage types. Among the 19 LT7 strains, only one was similar to the parent by phage typing, while 18 were different. These 18 strains fell into eight different phage types. The typing systems were developed to track epidemics from source to consumer, as well as geographic spread. The value of phage typing is dependent upon the stability of the phage type of any given strain throughout the course of the investigation. Thus, the variation over time observed in these archived cultures is particularly surprising. Possible mechanisms for such striking diversity may include loss of prophages, prophage mosaics as a result of recombination events, changes in phage receptor sites on the bacterial cell surface, or mutations in restriction-modification systems. PMID- 14766540 TI - Permanent colonization by Lactobacillus casei is hindered by the low rate of cell division in mouse gut. AB - Long residence times of probiotics in the intestinal tract would prolong their potential beneficial health effects and assist colonization. This study investigated the colonization potential of Lactobacillus casei Shirota in mouse intestine by using 5 (and 6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (cFDA-SE) for assessment of doubling times in different parts of the intestine. The amounts of intestinal water overlying the surfaces of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon in BALB/c mice were 34.4 +/- 2.9, 58.8 +/- 6.8, 21.6 +/- 2.2, and 8.0 +/- 1.0 mg, respectively. Based on the residual concentrations of cFDA-SE labeled lactobacilli on intestinal mucosal surfaces, the average half times for the wash-out of lactobacilli fed were estimated at 3.98, 1.55, 1.34, and 2.48 days in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, respectively. The average doubling times of the lactobacilli, estimated from the residual fluorescent levels of surface-adhered cells, were 4.10, 4.78, 4.56, and 5.59 days in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, respectively. It is estimated that the lactobacilli would have to achieve an average doubling time of 1.03 to 2.04 days to colonize the various sections of the mouse intestinal tract more permanently. PMID- 14766541 TI - Observing growth and division of large numbers of individual bacteria by image analysis. AB - We describe a method that enabled us to observe large numbers of individual bacterial cells during a long period of cell growth and proliferation. We designed a flow chamber in which the cells attached to a transparent solid surface. The flow chamber was mounted on a microscope equipped with a digital camera. The shear force of the flow removed the daughter cells, making it possible to monitor the consecutive divisions of a single cell. In this way, kinetic parameters and their distributions, as well as some physiological characteristics of the bacteria, could be analyzed based on more than 1,000 single-cell observations. The method which we developed enabled us to study the history effect on the distribution of the lag times of single cells. PMID- 14766542 TI - Expression, secretion, and glycosylation of the 45- and 47-kDa glycoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Streptomyces lividans. AB - The gene encoding the 45/47 kDa glycoprotein (Rv1860) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was expressed in Streptomyces lividans under its own promoter and under the thiostrepton-inducible Streptomyces promoter PtipA. The recombinant protein was released into the culture medium and, like the native protein, migrated as a double band at 45 and 47 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) gels. However, in contrast to the native protein, only the 47-kDa recombinant protein could be labeled with concanavalin A (ConA). Carbohydrate digestion with jack bean alpha-D-mannosidase resulted in a reduction in the molecular mass of the recombinant protein upper band and completely eliminated ConA binding. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed only one isoelectric point for the recombinant protein. Comparative fingerprinting analysis of the individually purified upper and lower recombinant protein bands, treated under the same conditions with specific proteases, resulted in similar peptide patterns, and the peptides had the same N-terminal sequence, suggesting that migration of the recombinant protein as two bands in SDS-PAGE gels could be due to differences in glycosylation. Mass spectrometry analysis of the recombinant protein indicated that as in native protein, both the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of the recombinant protein are glycosylated. Furthermore, it was determined that antibodies of human tuberculosis patients reacted mainly against the carbohydrate residues of the glycoprotein. Altogether, these observations show that expression of genes for mycobacterial antigens in S. lividans is very useful for elucidation of the functional role and molecular mechanisms of glycosylation in bacteria. PMID- 14766543 TI - Genes coding for hepatotoxic heptapeptides (microcystins) in the cyanobacterium Anabaena strain 90. AB - The cluster of microcystin synthetase genes from Anabaena strain 90 was sequenced and characterized. The total size of the region is 55.4 kb, and the genes are organized in three putative operons. The first operon (mcyA-mcyB-mcyC) is transcribed in the opposite direction from the second operon (mcyG-mcyD-mcyJ-mcyE mcyF-mcyI) and the third operon (mcyH). The genes mcyA, mcyB, and mcyC encode nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), while mcyD codes for a polyketide synthase (PKS), and mcyG and mcyE are mixed NRPS-PKS genes. The genes mcyJ, mcyF, and mcyI are similar to genes coding for a methyltransferase, an aspartate racemase, and a D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, respectively. The region in the first module of mcyB coding for the adenylation domain was found to be 96% identical with the corresponding part of mcyC, suggesting a recent duplication of this fragment and a replacement in mcyB. In Anabaena strain 90, the order of the domains encoded by the genes in the two sets (from mcyG to mcyI and from mcyA to mcyC) is colinear with the hypothetical order of the enzymatic reactions for microcystin biosynthesis. The order of the microcystin synthetase genes in Anabaena strain 90 differs from the arrangement found in two other cyanobacterial species, Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii. The average sequence match between the microcystin synthetase genes of Anabaena strain 90 and the corresponding genes of the other species is 74%. The identity of the individual proteins varies from 67 to 81%. The genes of microcystin biosynthesis from three major producers of this toxin are now known. This makes it possible to design probes and primers to identify the toxin producers in the environment. PMID- 14766544 TI - NorM, an Erwinia amylovora multidrug efflux pump involved in in vitro competition with other epiphytic bacteria. AB - Blossoms are important sites of infection for Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight of rosaceous plants. Before entering the tissue, the pathogen colonizes the stigmatic surface and has to compete for space and nutrient resources within the epiphytic community. Several epiphytes are capable of synthesizing antibiotics with which they antagonize phytopathogenic bacteria. Here, we report that a multidrug efflux transporter, designated NorM, of E. amylovora confers tolerance to the toxin(s) produced by epiphytic bacteria cocolonizing plant blossoms. According to sequence comparisons, the single component efflux pump NorM is a member of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion protein family. The corresponding gene is widely distributed among E. amylovora strains and related plant-associated bacteria. NorM mediated resistance to the hydrophobic cationic compounds norfloxacin, ethidium bromide, and berberine. A norM mutant was constructed and exhibited full virulence on apple rootstock MM 106. However, it was susceptible to antibiotics produced by epiphytes isolated from apple and quince blossoms. The epiphytes were identified as Pantoea agglomerans by 16S rRNA analysis and were isolated from one-third of all trees examined. The promoter activity of norM was twofold greater at 18 degrees C than at 28 degrees C. The lower temperature seems to be beneficial for host infection because of the availability of moisture necessary for movement of the pathogen to the infection sites. Thus, E. amylovora might employ NorM for successful competition with other epiphytic microbes to reach high population densities, particularly at a lower temperature. PMID- 14766545 TI - Isolation and characterization of a novel single-stranded RNA virus infecting the bloom-forming diatom Rhizosolenia setigera. AB - A novel single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus specifically infecting the bloom forming diatom Rhizosolenia setigera (R. setigera RNA virus [RsRNAV]) was isolated from Ariake Sea, Japan. Viral replication occurred within the cytoplasm, and the virus particle was icosahedral, lacked a tail, and was 32 nm in diameter on average. The major nucleic acid extracted from the RsRNAV particles was an ssRNA molecule 11.2 kb in length, although smaller RNA molecules (0.6, 1.2, and 1.5 kb) were occasionally observed. The major structural proteins of RsRNAV were 41.5, 41.0, and 29.5 kDa. Inter- and intraspecies host specificity tests revealed that RsRNAV is not only species specific but also strain specific and that its intraspecies host specificity is diverse among virus clones. The latent period of RsRNAV was 2 days, and the burst sizes were 3,100 and 1,010 viruses per host cell when viruses were inoculated into the host culture at the exponential and stationary growth phases, respectively, at 15 degrees C under a 12-h-12-h light dark cycle of ca. 110 micro mol of photons m(-2) s(-1) with cool white fluorescent illumination. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the biological properties of a virus infecting a diatom. Further studies on RsRNAV will be helpful in understanding the ecological relationship between diatoms and viruses in nature. PMID- 14766546 TI - Modular broad-host-range expression vectors for single-protein and protein complex purification. AB - A set of modular broad-host-range expression vectors with various affinity tags (six-His-tag, FLAG-tag, Strep-tag II, T7-tag) was created. The complete nucleotide sequences of the vectors are known, and these small vectors can be mobilized by conjugation. They are useful in the purification of proteins and protein complexes from gram-negative bacterial species. The plasmids were easily customized for Thiocapsa roseopersicina, Rhodobacter capsulatus, and Methylococcus capsulatus by inserting an appropriate promoter. These examples demonstrate the versatility and flexibility of the vectors. The constructs harbor the T7 promoter for easy overproduction of the desired protein in an appropriate Escherichia coli host. The vectors were useful in purifying different proteins from T. roseopersicina. The FLAG-tag-Strep-tag II combination was utilized for isolation of the HynL-HypC2 protein complex involved in hydrogenase maturation. These tools should be useful for protein purification and for studying protein protein interactions in a range of bacterial species. PMID- 14766547 TI - Cyanobacterial-type, heteropentameric, NAD+-reducing NiFe hydrogenase in the purple sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina. AB - Structural genes coding for two membrane-associated NiFe hydrogenases in the phototrophic purple sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina (hupSL and hynSL) have recently been isolated and characterized. Deletion of both hydrogenase structural genes did not eliminate hydrogenase activity in the cells, and considerable hydrogenase activity was detected in the soluble fraction. The enzyme responsible for this activity was partially purified, and the gene cluster coding for a cytoplasmic, NAD+-reducing NiFe hydrogenase was identified and sequenced. The deduced gene products exhibited the highest similarity to the corresponding subunits of the cyanobacterial bidirectional soluble hydrogenases (HoxEFUYH). The five genes were localized on a single transcript according to reverse transcription-PCR experiments. A sigma54-type promoter preceded the gene cluster, suggesting that there was inducible expression of the operon. The Hox hydrogenase was proven to function as a truly bidirectional hydrogenase; it produced H2 under nitrogenase-repressed conditions, and it recycled the hydrogen produced by the nitrogenase in cells fixing N2. In-frame deletion of the hoxE gene eliminated hydrogen evolution derived from the Hox enzyme in vivo, although it had no effect on the hydrogenase activity in vitro. This suggests that HoxE has a hydrogenase-related role; it likely participates in the electron transfer processes. This is the first example of the presence of a cyanobacterial-type, NAD+-reducing hydrogenase in a phototrophic bacterium that is not a cyanobacterium. The potential physiological implications are discussed. PMID- 14766548 TI - Effect of extracellular products of Pseudoalteromonas atlantica on the edible crab Cancer pagurus. AB - Previous studies have shown that injection of extracellular products (ECP) of Pseudoalteromononas atlantica isolated from shell disease-infected edible crabs (Cancer pagurus) into healthy crabs causes rapid death. In this study we examined the nature of the active lethal factor(s) in ECP. Injection of ECP into crabs caused a rapid decline in the total number of circulating hemocytes (blood cells), and the crabs died within 60 to 90 min. The individuals that died showed eyestalk retraction, limb paralysis, and lack of antennal sensitivity, suggesting that the active factor(s) targeted the nervous system. Histopathological investigations showed that affected crabs had large aggregates of hemocytes in the gills, and there was destruction of the tubules in the hepatopancreas. The active factor in ECP was not sensitive to heat treatment (100 degrees C for 30 min) and proteinase K digestion. As lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was a potential candidate for the lethal factor, it was purified from whole P. atlantica bacteria or ECP and subsequently injected into crabs. These crabs had all of the external symptoms observed previously with ECP, such as limb paralysis and eyestalk retraction, and they died within 90 min after challenge, although no significant decline in the number of circulating hemocytes was observed. Similarly, in vitro incubation of hemocytes with purified LPS (1 to 20 microg) from P. atlantica did not result in the clumping reaction observed with ECP but did result in a degranulation reaction and eventual cell lysis. Injection of crabs with Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS (1 microg g of body weight(-1)) did not cause any of the characteristic symptoms observed following exposure to P. atlantica LPS. No mortality of crabs followed the injection of E. coli LPS, but P. aeruginosa LPS caused ca. 80% mortality at 2 h after injection. Overall, these results show that the main virulence factor of P. atlantica for edible crabs is LPS either alone or in combination with other heat-stable factors. PMID- 14766549 TI - Variation in sulfide tolerance of photosystem II in phylogenetically diverse cyanobacteria from sulfidic habitats. AB - Physiological and molecular phylogenetic approaches were used to investigate variation among 12 cyanobacterial strains in their tolerance of sulfide, an inhibitor of oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria from sulfidic habitats were found to be phylogenetically diverse and exhibited an approximately 50-fold variation in photosystem II performance in the presence of sulfide. Whereas the degree of tolerance was positively correlated with sulfide levels in the environment, a strain's phenotype could not be predicted from the tolerance of its closest relatives. These observations suggest that sulfide tolerance is a dynamic trait primarily shaped by environmental variation. Despite differences in absolute tolerance, similarities among strains in the effects of sulfide on chlorophyll fluorescence induction indicated a common mode of toxicity. Based on similarities with treatments known to disrupt the oxygen-evolving complex, it was concluded that sulfide toxicity resulted from inhibition of the donor side of photosystem II. PMID- 14766550 TI - Stable carbon isotope ratios of lipid biomarkers of sulfate-reducing bacteria. AB - We examined the potential use of natural-abundance stable carbon isotope ratios of lipids for determining substrate usage by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Four SRB were grown under autotrophic, mixotrophic, or heterotrophic growth conditions, and the delta13C values of their individual fatty acids (FA) were determined. The FA were usually 13C depleted in relation to biomass, with Deltadelta13C(FA - biomass) of -4 to -17 per thousand; the greatest depletion occurred during heterotrophic growth. The exception was Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans, for which substrate limitation resulted in biomass and FA becoming isotopically heavier than the acetate substrate. The delta13C values of FA in Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans varied with the position of the double bond in the monounsaturated C16 and C18 FA, with FA becoming progressively more 13C depleted as the double bond approached the methyl end. Mixotrophic growth of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans resulted in little depletion of the i17:1 biomarker relative to biomass or acetate, whereas growth with lactate resulted in a higher proportion of i17:1 with a greater depletion in 13C. The relative abundances of 10Me16:0 in Desulfobacter hydrogenophilus and Desulfobacterium autotrophicum were not affected by growth conditions, yet the Deltadelta13C(FA - substrate) values of 10Me16:0 were considerably greater during autotrophic growth. These experiments indicate that FA delta13C values can be useful for interpreting carbon utilization by SRB in natural environments. PMID- 14766551 TI - Role of calf-adapted Escherichia coli in maintenance of antimicrobial drug resistance in dairy calves. AB - The prevalence of antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria is typically highest in younger animals, and prevalence is not necessarily related to recent use of antimicrobial drugs. In dairy cattle, we hypothesize that antimicrobial drug resistant, neonate-adapted bacteria are responsible for the observed high frequencies of resistant Escherichia coli in calves. To explore this issue, we examined the age distribution of antimicrobial drug-resistant E. coli from Holstein cattle at a local dairy and conducted an experiment to determine if low doses of oxytetracycline affected the prevalence of antimicrobial drug-resistant E. coli. Isolates resistant to tetracycline (>4 microg/ml) were more prevalent in <3-month-old calves (79%) compared with lactating cows (14%). In an experimental trial where calves received diets supplemented with or without oxytetracycline, the prevalence of tetracycline-resistant E. coli was slightly higher for the latter group (P = 0.039), indicating that drug use was not required to maintain a high prevalence of resistant E. coli. The most common resistance pattern among calf E. coli isolates included resistance to streptomycin (>12 microg/ml), sulfadiazine (>512 microg/ml), and tetracycline (>4 microg/ml) (SSuT), and this resistance pattern was most prevalent during the period when calves were on milk diets. To determine if prevalence was a function of differential fitness, we orally inoculated animals with nalidixic acid-resistant strains of SSuT E. coli and susceptible E. coli. Shedding of SSuT E. coli was significantly greater than that of susceptible strains in neonatal calves (P < 0.001), whereas there was no difference in older animals (P = 0.5). These data support the hypothesis that active selection for traits linked to the SSuT phenotype are responsible for maintaining drug-resistant E. coli in this population of dairy calves. PMID- 14766552 TI - Effect of tetracycline on transfer and establishment of the tetracycline inducible conjugative transposon Tn916 in the guts of gnotobiotic rats. AB - We have investigated the transfer of Tn916 among strains of Enterococcus faecalis OG1 colonizing in the intestines of gnotobiotic rats. This animal model allows a low limit of detection and efficient colonization of the chosen bacteria. The animals continuously received tetracycline in drinking water. A tetracycline sensitive recipient strain was allowed to colonize the animals before the resistant donor was introduced. The numbers of donors, recipients, and transconjugants in fecal samples and intestinal segments were estimated. The bioavailable amounts of tetracycline in fecal samples and intestinal segments were monitored by using bacterial biosensors carrying a transcriptional fusion of a tetracycline-regulated promoter and a lacZ reporter gene. Chromosomal locations of Tn916 in transconjugants isolated either from the same animal or from different animals were compared by Southern blot analysis. Our results indicated that selection for the resistant phenotype was the major factor causing higher numbers of transconjugants in the presence of tetracycline. Tetracycline sensitive E. faecalis cells colonized the intestine even when the concentrations of tetracycline in feces and intestinal luminal contents exceeded growth inhibitory concentrations. This suggests the existence of tetracycline-depleted microhabitats in the intestinal environment. PMID- 14766553 TI - N2 fixation by unicellular bacterioplankton from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans: phylogeny and in situ rates. AB - N2-fixing proteobacteria (alpha and gamma) and unicellular cyanobacteria are common in both the tropical North Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In near-surface waters proteobacterial nifH transcripts were present during both night and day while unicellular cyanobacterial nifH transcripts were present during the nighttime only, suggesting separation of N2 fixation and photosynthesis by unicellular cyanobacteria. Phylogenetic relationships among unicellular cyanobacteria from both oceans were determined after sequencing of a conserved region of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of cyanobacteria, and results showed that they clustered together, regardless of the ocean of origin. However, sequencing of nifH transcripts of unicellular cyanobacteria from both oceans showed that they clustered separately. This suggests that unicellular cyanobacteria from the tropical North Atlantic and subtropical North Pacific share a common ancestry (16S rDNA) and that potential unicellular N2 fixers have diverged (nifH). N2 fixation rates for unicellular bacterioplankton (including small cyanobacteria) from both oceans were determined in situ according to the acetylene reduction and 15N2 protocols. The results showed that rates of fixation by bacterioplankton can be almost as high as those of fixation by the colonial N2-fixing marine cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. in the tropical North Atlantic but that rates are much lower in the subtropical North Pacific. PMID- 14766554 TI - Determination of Cu environments in the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae by X ray absorption spectroscopy. AB - Whole cells and peptidoglycan isolated from cell walls of the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae were lyophilized and used at pH 2 and pH 5 in Cu(II) binding studies. X-ray absorption spectra measured at the Cu K-edge were used to determine the oxidation states and chemical environments of Cu species in the whole-cell and peptidoglycan samples. In the whole-cell samples, most of the Cu retained at both pH values was coordinated by phosphate ligands. The whole-cell fractions contained significant concentrations of Cu(I) as well as Cu(II). An X ray absorption near-edge spectrum analysis suggested that Cu(I) was coordinated by amine and thiol ligands. An analysis of the peptidoglycan fractions found that more Cu was adsorbed by the peptidoglycan fraction prepared at pH 5, due to increased chelation by amine and carboxyl ligands. The peptidoglycan fractions, also referred to as the cell wall fractions, contained little or no Cu(I). The Cu loading level was 30 times higher in the cell wall sample prepared at pH 5 than in the sample prepared at pH 2. Amine and bidentate carboxyl ligands had similar relative levels of importance in cell wall peptidoglycan samples prepared at both pH values, but phosphate coordination was insignificant. PMID- 14766555 TI - Phylogenetic composition of Arctic Ocean archaeal assemblages and comparison with Antarctic assemblages. AB - Archaea assemblages from the Arctic Ocean and Antarctic waters were compared by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S rRNA genes amplified using the Archaea-specific primers 344f and 517r. Inspection of the DGGE fingerprints of 33 samples from the Arctic Ocean (from SCICEX submarine cruises in 1995, 1996, and 1997) and 7 Antarctic samples from Gerlache Strait and Dallman Bay revealed that the richness of Archaea assemblages was greater in samples from deep water than in those from the upper water column in both polar oceans. DGGE banding patterns suggested that most of the Archaea ribotypes were common to both the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic Ocean. However, some of the Euryarchaeota ribotypes were unique to each system. Cluster analysis of DGGE fingerprints revealed no seasonal variation but supported depth-related differences in the composition of the Arctic Ocean Archaea assemblage. The phylogenetic composition of the Archaea assemblage was determined by cloning and then sequencing amplicons obtained from the Archaea-specific primers 21f and 958r. Sequences of 198 clones from nine samples covering three seasons and all depths grouped with marine group I Crenarchaeota (111 clones), marine group II Euryarchaeota (86 clones), and group IV Euryarchaeota (1 clone). A sequence obtained only from a DGGE band was similar to those of the marine group III Euryarchaeota: PMID- 14766556 TI - Direct real-time PCR quantification of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken fecal and cecal samples by integrated cell concentration and DNA purification. AB - Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of diarrheal disease and food-borne gastroenteritis. The main reservoir of C. jejuni in poultry is the cecum, with an estimated content of 6 to 8 log10 CFU/g. If a flock is infected with C. jejuni, the majority of the birds in that flock will harbor the bacterium. Diagnostics at the flock level could thus be an important control point. The aim of the work presented here was to develop a complete quantitative PCR-based detection assay for C. jejuni obtained directly from cecal contents and fecal samples. We applied an approach in which the same paramagnetic beads were used both for cell isolation and for DNA purification. This integrated approach enabled both fully automated and quantitative sample preparation and a DNA extraction method. We developed a complete quantitative diagnostic assay through the combination of the sample preparation approach and real-time 5'-nuclease PCR. The assay was evaluated both by spiking the samples with C. jejuni and through the detection of C. jejuni in naturally colonized chickens. Detection limits between 2 and 25 CFU per PCR and a quantitative range of >4 log10 were obtained for spiked fecal and cecal samples. Thirty-one different poultry flocks were screened for naturally colonized chickens. A total of 262 (204 fecal and 58 cecal) samples were analyzed. Nineteen of the flocks were Campylobacter positive, whereas 12 were negative. Two of the flocks contained Campylobacter species other than C. jejuni. There was a large difference in the C. jejuni content, ranging from 4 to 8 log10 CFU/g of fecal or cecal material, for the different flocks tested. Some issues that have not yet promoted much attention are the prequantitative differences in the ability of C. jejuni to colonize poultry and the importance of these differences for causing human disease through food contamination. Understanding the colonization kinetics in poultry is therefore of great importance for controlling human infections by this bacterium. PMID- 14766557 TI - Characterization and development of two reporter gene systems for Clostridium acetobutylicum. AB - The use of lacZ from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes (encoding beta galactosidase) and lucB from Photinus pyralis (encoding luciferase) as reporter genes in Clostridium acetobutylicum was analyzed with promoters of genes required for solventogenesis and acidogenesis. Both systems proved to be well suited and allowed the detection of differences in promoter strength at least up to 100 fold. The luciferase assay could be performed much faster and comes close to online measurement. Resequencing of lacZ revealed a sequence error in the original database entry, which resulted in beta-galactosidase with an additional 31 amino acids. Cutting off part of the gene encoding this C terminus resulted in decreased enzyme activity. The lacZ reporter data showed that bdhA (encoding butanol dehydrogenase A) is expressed during the early growth phase, followed by sol (encoding butyraldehyde/butanol dehydrogenase E and coenzyme A transferase) and bdhB (encoding butanol dehydrogenase B) expression. adc (encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase) was also induced early. There is about a 100-fold difference in expression between adc and bdhB (higher) and bdhA and the sol operon (lower). The lucB reporter activity could be increased 10-fold by the addition of ATP to the assay. Washing of the cells proved to be important in order to prevent a red shift of bioluminescence in an acidic environment (for reliable data). lucB reporter measurements confirmed the expression pattern of the sol and ptb-buk (encoding phosphotransbutyrylase and butyrate kinase) operons as determined by the lacZ reporter and showed that the expression level from the ptb promoter is 59-fold higher than that from the sol operon promoter. PMID- 14766558 TI - Impact of virioplankton on archaeal and bacterial community richness as assessed in seawater batch cultures. AB - During cruises in the tropical Atlantic Ocean (January to February 2000) and the southern North Sea (December 2000), experiments were conducted to monitor the impact of virioplankton on archaeal and bacterial community richness. Prokaryotic cells equivalent to 10 to 100% of the in situ abundance were inoculated into virus-free seawater, and viruses equivalent to 35 to 360% of the in situ abundance were added. Batch cultures with microwave-inactivated viruses and without viruses served as controls. The apparent richness of archaeal and bacterial communities was determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments. Although the estimated richness of the prokaryotic communities generally was greatly reduced within the first 24 h of incubation due to confinement, the effects of virus amendment were detected at the level of individual operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the T-RFLP patterns of both groups, Archaea and Bacteria. One group of OTUs was detected in the control samples but was absent from the virus treated samples. This negative response of OTUs to virus amendment probably was caused by viral lysis. Additionally, we found OTUs not responding to the amendments, and several OTUs exhibited variable responses to the addition of inactive or active viruses. Therefore, we conclude that individual members of pelagic archaeal and bacterial communities can be differently affected by the presence of virioplankton. PMID- 14766559 TI - Effect of environmental factors on the relationship between concentrations of coprostanol and fecal indicator bacteria in tropical (Mekong Delta) and temperate (Tokyo) freshwaters. AB - A reliable assessment of microbial indicators of fecal pollution (total coliform, Escherichia coli, and fecal streptococcus) is critical in tropical environments. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between concentrations of indicator bacteria and a chemical indicator, coprostanol (5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol), in tropical and temperate regions. Water samples were collected from the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, during wet and dry seasons, and from Tokyo, Japan, during summer, the aftermath of a typhoon, and winter. During the wet season in the Mekong Delta, higher bacterial densities were observed in rivers, probably due to the higher bacterial inputs from soil particles with runoff. In Tokyo, higher bacterial densities were usually observed during summer, followed by those in the typhoon aftermath and winter. A strong logarithmic correlation between the concentrations of E. coli and coprostanol was demonstrated in all surveys. Distinctive seasonal fluctuations were observed, as concentrations of coprostanol corresponding to 1,000 CFU of E. coli/100 ml were at their lowest during the wet season in the Mekong Delta and the typhoon aftermath in Tokyo (30 ng/liter), followed by the dry season in the Mekong Delta and the summer in Tokyo (100 ng/liter), and they were much higher during the winter in Tokyo (400 ng/liter). These results suggested that E. coli is a specific indicator of fecal contamination in both tropical and temperate regions but that the densities are affected by elevated water temperature and input from runoff of soil particles. The concurrent determination of E. coli and coprostanol concentrations could provide a possible approach to assessing the reliability of fecal pollution monitoring data. PMID- 14766560 TI - Genotypic and antibiotic susceptibility characteristics of a Campylobacter coli population isolated from dairy farmland in the United Kingdom. AB - Campylobacter infections are the most common cause of bacterial enteritis in humans, and nearly 8% of such infections are caused by Campylobacter coli. Most studies have concentrated on Campylobacter jejuni, frequently isolated from intensively farmed poultry and livestock production units, and few studies have examined the spread and relatedness of Campylobacter across a range of geographical and host boundaries. Systematic sampling of a 100-km2 area of mixed farmland in northwest England yielded 88 isolates of C. coli from a range of sample types and locations, and water was heavily represented. Screening for antibiotic resistance revealed a very low prevalence of resistance, while genotyping performed by using three methods (flaA PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP], pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE], and fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism [fAFLP]) provided insights into the genomic relatedness of isolates from different locations and hosts. Isolates were classified into 23 flaA groups, 34 PFGE groups, and five major fAFLP clusters. PFGE banding analysis revealed a high level of variability and no clustering by sample type. fAFLP and flaA analyses successfully grouped the isolates by sample type. We report preliminary findings suggesting that there is a strain of C. coli which may have become adapted to survival or persistence in water and that there is a group of mainly water-derived isolates from which unusual flaA PCR fragments were recovered. PMID- 14766561 TI - Degradation pathway and generation of monohydroxamic acids from the trihydroxamate siderophore deferrioxamine B. AB - Siderophores are avid ferric ion-chelating molecules that sequester the metal for microbes. Microbes elicit siderophores in numerous and different environments, but the means by which these molecules reenter the carbon and nitrogen cycles is poorly understood. The metabolism of the trihydroxamic acid siderophore deferrioxamine B by a Mesorhizobium loti isolated from soil was investigated. Specifically, the pathway by which the compound is cleaved into its constituent monohydroxamates was examined. High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that M. loti enzyme preparations degraded deferrioxamine B, yielding a mass-to-charge (m/z) 361 dihydroxamic acid intermediate and an m/z 219 monohydroxamate. The dihydroxamic acid was further degraded to yield a second molecule of the m/z 219 monohydroxamate as well as an m/z 161 monohydroxamate. These studies indicate that the dissimilation of deferrioxamine B by M. loti proceeds by a specific, achiral degradation and likely represents the reversal by which hydroxamate siderophores are thought to be synthesized. PMID- 14766562 TI - A new alkali-thermostable azoreductase from Bacillus sp. strain SF. AB - A screening for dye-decolorizing alkali-thermophilic microorganisms resulted in a Bacillus sp. strain isolated out of the wastewater drain of a textile finishing company. An NADH-dependent azoreductase of this strain, Bacillus sp. strain SF, was found to be responsible for the decolorization of azo dyes. This enzyme was purified by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation and anion-exchange and affinity chromatography and had a molecular mass of 61.6 kDa and an isoelectric point at pH 5.3. The pH optimum of the azoreductase depended on the substrate and was within the range of pHs 8 to 9, while the temperature maximum was reached at 80 degrees C. Decolorization only took place in the absence of oxygen and was enhanced by FAD, which was not consumed during the reaction. A 26% similarity of this azoreductase to chaperonin Cpn60 from a Bacillus sp. was found by peptide mass mapping experiments. Substrate specificities of the azoreductase were studied by using synthesized model substrates based on di-sodium-(R)-benzyl azo-2,7-dihydroxy-3,6-disulfonyl-naphthaline. Those dyes with NO2 substituents, especially in the ortho position, were degraded fastest, while analogues with a methyl substitution showed the lowest degradation rates. PMID- 14766563 TI - New perspective on uncultured bacterial phylogenetic division OP11. AB - Organisms belonging to the OP11 candidate phylogenetic division of Bacteria have been detected only in rRNA-based sequence surveys of environmental samples. Preliminary studies indicated that such organisms represented by the sequences are abundant and widespread in nature and highly diverse phylogenetically. In order to document more thoroughly the phylogenetic breadth and environmental distribution of this diverse group of organisms, we conducted further molecular analyses on environmental DNAs. Using PCR techniques and primers directed toward each of the five described subdivisions of OP11, we surveyed 17 environmental DNAs and analyzed rRNA gene sequences in 27 clonal libraries from 14 environments. Ninety-nine new and unique sequences were determined completely, and approximately 200 additional clones were subjected to partial sequencing. Extensive phylogenetic comparisons of the new sequences to those representing other bacterial divisions further resolved the phylogeny of the bacterial candidate division OP11 and identified two new candidate bacterial divisions, OP11-derived 1 (OD1) and Sulphur River 1 (SR1). The widespread environmental distribution of representatives of the bacterial divisions OD1, OP11, and SR1 suggests potentially conspicuous biogeochemical roles for these organisms in their respective environments. The information on environmental distribution offers clues for attempts to culture landmark representatives of these novel bacterial divisions, and the sequences are specific molecular signatures that provide for their identification in other contexts. PMID- 14766564 TI - Characterization of bioluminescent derivatives of assimilable organic carbon test bacteria. AB - The assimilable organic carbon (AOC) test is a standardized measure of the bacterial growth potential of treated water. We describe the design and initial development of an AOC assay that uses bioluminescent derivatives of AOC test bacteria. Our assay is based on the observation that bioluminescence peaks at full cell yield just prior to the onset of the stationary phase during growth in a water sample. Pseudomonas fluorescens P-17 and Spirillum sp. strain NOX bacteria were mutagenized with luxCDABE operon fusion and inducible transposons and were selected on minimal medium. Independent mutants were screened for high luminescence activity and predicted AOC assay sensitivity. All mutants tested were able to grow in tap water under AOC assay conditions. Strains P-17 I5 (with p-aminosalicylate inducer) and NOX I3 were chosen for use in the bioluminescence AOC test. Peak bioluminescence and plate count AOC were linearly related for both test bacteria, though data suggest that the P-17 bioluminescence assay requires more consistent luminescence monitoring. Bioluminescence results were obtained 2 or 3 days postinoculation, compared with 5 days for the ATP luminescence AOC assay and 8 days for the plate count assay. Plate count AOC assay results for nonmutant and bioluminescent bacteria from 36 water samples showed insignificant differences, indicating that the luminescent bacteria retained a full range of AOC measurement capability. This bioluminescence method is amenable to automation with a microplate format with programmable reagent injection. PMID- 14766565 TI - Lead precipitation by Vibrio harveyi: evidence for novel quorum-sensing interactions. AB - Three pleiotropic, quorum sensing-defective Vibrio harveyi mutants were observed to precipitate soluble Pb2+ as an insoluble compound. The compound was purified and subjected to X-ray diffraction and elemental analyses. These assays identified the precipitated compound as Pb9(PO4)6, an unusual and complex lead phosphate salt that is produced synthetically at temperatures of ca. 200 degrees C. Regulation of the precipitation phenotype was also examined. Introduction of a luxO::kan allele into one of the mutants abolished lead precipitation, indicating that the well-characterized autoinducer 1 (AI1)-AI2 quorum-sensing system can block lead precipitation in dense cell populations. Interestingly, the V. harveyi D1 mutant, a strain defective for secretion of both AI1 and AI2, was shown to be an effective trans inhibitor of lead precipitation. This suggests that a previously undescribed V. harveyi autoinducer, referred to as AI3, can also negatively regulate lead precipitation. Experiments with heterologous bacterial populations demonstrated that many different species are capable of trans regulating the V. harveyi lead precipitation phenotype. Moreover, one of the V. harveyi mutants in this study exhibited little or no response to intercellular signals from other V. harveyi inocula but was quite responsive to some of the heterologous bacteria. Based on these observations, we propose that V. harveyi carries at least one quorum sensor that is specifically dedicated to receiving cross-species communication. PMID- 14766566 TI - A novel saponin hydrolase from Neocosmospora vasinfecta var. vasinfecta. AB - We isolated a soybean saponin hydrolase from Neocosmospora vasinfecta var. vasinfecta PF1225, a filamentous fungus that can degrade soybean saponin and generate soyasapogenol B. This enzyme was found to be a monomer with a molecular mass of about 77 kDa and a glycoprotein. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the corresponding gene (sdn1) indicated that this enzyme consisted of 612 amino acids and had a molecular mass of 65,724 Da, in close agreement with that of the apoenzyme after the removal of carbohydrates. The sdn1 gene was successfully expressed in Trichoderma viride under the control of the cellobiohydrolase I gene promoter. The molecular mass of the recombinant enzyme, about 69 kDa, was smaller than that of the native enzyme due to fewer carbohydrate modifications. Examination of the degradation products obtained by treatment of soyasaponin I with the recombinant enzyme showed that the enzyme hydrolyzed soyasaponin I to soyasapogenol B and triose [alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)-beta-D galactopyranosyl (1-->2)-D-glucuronopyranoside]. Also, when soyasaponin II and soyasaponin V, which are different from soyasaponin I only in constituent saccharides, were treated with the enzyme, the ratio of the reaction velocities for soyasaponin I, soyasaponin II, and soyasaponin V was 2,680:886:1. These results indicate that this enzyme recognizes the fine structure of the carbohydrate moiety of soyasaponin in its catalytic reaction. The amino acid sequence of this enzyme predicted from the DNA sequence shows no clear homology with those of any of the enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of carbohydrates. PMID- 14766567 TI - Chromate-reducing properties of soluble flavoproteins from Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli. AB - Cr(VI) (chromate) is a toxic, soluble environmental contaminant. Bacteria can reduce chromate to the insoluble and less toxic Cr(III), and thus chromate bioremediation is of interest. Genetic and protein engineering of suitable enzymes can improve bacterial bioremediation. Many bacterial enzymes catalyze one electron reduction of chromate, generating Cr(V), which redox cycles, generating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such enzymes are not appropriate for bioremediation, as they harm the bacteria and their primary end product is not Cr(III). In this work, the chromate reductase activities of two electrophoretically pure soluble bacterial flavoproteins--ChrR (from Pseudomonas putida) and YieF (from Escherichia coli)-were examined. Both are dimers and reduce chromate efficiently to Cr(III) (kcat/Km = approximately 2 x 10(4) M(-1) x s(-1)). The ChrR dimer generated a flavin semiquinone during chromate reduction and transferred >25% of the NADH electrons to ROS. However, the semiquinone was formed transiently and ROS diminished with time. Thus, ChrR probably generates Cr(V), but only transiently. Studies with mutants showed that ChrR protects against chromate toxicity; this is possibly because it preempts chromate reduction by the cellular one-electron reducers, thereby minimizing ROS generation. ChrR is thus a suitable enzyme for further studies. During chromate reduction by YieF, no flavin semiquinone was generated and only 25% of the NADH electrons were transferred to ROS. The YieF dimer may therefore be an obligatory four-electron chromate reducer which in one step transfers three electrons to chromate and one to molecular oxygen. As a mutant lacking this enzyme could not be obtained, the role of YieF in chromate protection could not be directly explored. The results nevertheless suggest that YieF may be an even more suitable candidate for further studies than ChrR. PMID- 14766568 TI - Electrotransformation of Clostridium thermocellum. AB - Electrotransformation of several strains of Clostridium thermocellum was achieved using plasmid pIKm1 with selection based on resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin. A custom-built pulse generator was used to apply a square 10-ms pulse to an electrotransformation cuvette consisting of a modified centrifuge tube. Transformation was verified by recovery of the shuttle plasmid pIKm1 from presumptive transformants of C. thermocellum with subsequent PCR specific to the mls gene on the plasmid, as well as by retransformation of Escherichia coli. Optimization carried out with strain DSM 1313 increased transformation efficiencies from <1 to (2.2 +/- 0.5) x 10(5) transformants per micro g of plasmid DNA. Factors conducive to achieving high transformation efficiencies included optimized periods of incubation both before and after electric pulse application, chilling during cell collection and washing, subculture in the presence of isoniacin prior to electric pulse application, a custom-built cuvette embedded in an ice block during pulse application, use of a high (25-kV/cm) field strength, and induction of the mls gene before plating the cells on selective medium. The protocol and preferred conditions developed for strain DSM 1313 resulted in transformation efficiencies of (5.0 +/- 1.8) x 10(4) transformants per micro g of plasmid DNA for strain ATCC 27405 and approximately 1 x 10(3) transformants per micro g of plasmid DNA for strains DSM 4150 and 7072. Cell viability under optimal conditions was approximately 50% of that of controls not exposed to an electrical pulse. Dam methylation had a beneficial but modest (7 fold for strain ATCC 27405; 40-fold for strain DSM 1313) effect on transformation efficiency. The effect of isoniacin was also strain specific. The results reported here provide for the first time a gene transfer method functional in C. thermocellum that is suitable for molecular manipulations involving either the introduction of genes associated with foreign gene products or knockout of native genes. PMID- 14766569 TI - Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in captive reptiles. AB - The genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in reptiles was analyzed by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene. A total of 123 samples were analyzed, of which 48 snake samples, 24 lizard samples, and 3 tortoise samples were positive for Cryptosporidium: Nine different types of Cryptosporidium were found, including Cryptosporidium serpentis, Cryptosporidium desert monitor genotype, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium parvum bovine and mouse genotypes, one C. serpentis-like parasite in a lizard, two new Cryptosporidium spp. in snakes, and one new Cryptosporidium sp. in tortoises. C. serpentis and the desert monitor genotype were the most common parasites and were found in both snakes and lizards, whereas the C. muris and C. parvum parasites detected were probably the result of ingestion of infected rodents. Sequence and biologic characterizations indicated that the desert monitor genotype was Cryptosporidium saurophilum. Two host-adapted C. serpentis genotypes were found in snakes and lizards. PMID- 14766570 TI - Biodiversity of exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus thermophilus strains is reflected in their production and their molecular and functional characteristics. AB - Twenty-six lactic acid bacterium strains isolated from European dairy products were identified as Streptococcus thermophilus and characterized by bacterial growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing capacity in milk and enriched milk medium. In addition, the acidification rates of the different strains were compared with their milk clotting behaviors. The majority of the strains grew better when yeast extract and peptone were added to the milk medium, although the presence of interfering glucomannans was shown, making this medium unsuitable for EPS screening. EPS production was found to be strain dependent, with the majority of the strains producing between 20 and 100 mg of polymer dry mass per liter of fermented milk medium. Furthermore, no straightforward relationship between the apparent viscosity and EPS production could be detected in fermented milk medium. An analysis of the molecular masses of the isolated EPS by gel permeation chromatography revealed a large variety, ranging from 10 to >2,000 kDa. A distinction could be made between high-molecular-mass EPS (>1,000 kDa) and low molecular-mass EPS (<1,000 kDa). Based on the molecular size of the EPS, three groups of EPS-producing strains were distinguished. Monomer analysis of the EPS by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with amperometric detection was demonstrated to be a fast and simple method. All of the EPS from the S. thermophilus strains tested were classified into six groups according to their monomer compositions. Apart from galactose and glucose, other monomers, such as (N-acetyl)galactosamine, (N-acetyl)glucosamine, and rhamnose, were also found as repeating unit constituents. Three strains were found to produce EPS containing (N-acetyl)glucosamine, which to our knowledge was never found before in an EPS from S. thermophilus. Furthermore, within each group, differences in monomer ratios were observed, indicating possible novel EPS structures. Finally, large differences between the consistencies of EPS solutions from five different strains were assigned to differences in their molecular masses and structures. PMID- 14766571 TI - Multi-virulence-locus sequence typing of Listeria monocytogenes. AB - A multi-virulence-locus sequence typing (MVLST) scheme was developed for subtyping Listeria monocytogenes, and the results obtained using this scheme were compared to those of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and the published results of other typing methods, including ribotyping (RT) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). A set of 28 strains (eight different serotypes and three known genetic lineages) of L. monocytogenes was selected from a strain collection (n > 1,000 strains) to represent the genetic diversity of this species. Internal fragments (ca. 418 to 469 bp) of three virulence genes (prfA, inlB, and inlC) and three virulence-associated genes (dal, lisR, and clpP) were sequenced and analyzed. Multiple DNA sequence alignment identified 10 (prfA), 19 (inlB), 13 (dal), 10 (lisR), 17 (inlC), and 16 (clpP) allelic types and a total of 28 unique sequence types. Comparison of MVLST with automated EcoRI-RT and PFGE with ApaI enzymatic digestion showed that MVLST was able to differentiate strains that were indistinguishable by RT (13 ribotypes; discrimination index = 0.921) or PFGE (22 profiles; discrimination index = 0.970). Comparison of MVLST with housekeeping gene-based MLST analysis showed that MVLST provided higher discriminatory power for serotype 1/2a and 4b strains than MLST. Cluster analysis based on the intragenic sequences of the selected virulence genes indicated a strain phylogeny closely related to serotypes and genetic lineages. In conclusion, MVLST may improve the discriminatory power of MLST and provide a convenient tool for studying the local epidemiology of L. monocytogenes. PMID- 14766572 TI - Phenazines and other redox-active antibiotics promote microbial mineral reduction. AB - Natural products with important therapeutic properties are known to be produced by a variety of soil bacteria, yet the ecological function of these compounds is not well understood. Here we show that phenazines and other redox-active antibiotics can promote microbial mineral reduction. Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391, a root isolate that produces phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), is able to reductively dissolve poorly crystalline iron and manganese oxides, whereas a strain carrying a mutation in one of the phenazine-biosynthetic genes (phzB) is not; the addition of purified PCN restores this ability to the mutant strain. The small amount of PCN produced relative to the large amount of ferric iron reduced in cultures of P. chlororaphis implies that PCN is recycled multiple times; moreover, poorly crystalline iron (hydr)oxide can be reduced abiotically by reduced PCN. This ability suggests that PCN functions as an electron shuttle rather than an iron chelator, a finding that is consistent with the observation that dissolved ferric iron is undetectable in culture fluids. Multiple phenazines and the glycopeptidic antibiotic bleomycin can also stimulate mineral reduction by the dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR1. Because diverse bacterial strains that cannot grow on iron can reduce phenazines, and because thermodynamic calculations suggest that phenazines have lower redox potentials than those of poorly crystalline iron (hydr)oxides in a range of relevant environmental pH (5 to 9), we suggest that natural products like phenazines may promote microbial mineral reduction in the environment. PMID- 14766573 TI - Shifts in the membrane fatty acid profile of Streptococcus mutans enhance survival in acidic environments. AB - Acid adaptation of Streptococcus mutans UA159 involves several different mechanisms, including the ability to alter its proportion of long-chain, monounsaturated membrane fatty acids (R. G. Quivey, Jr., R. Faustoferri, K. Monahan, and R. Marquis, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 189:89-92, 2000). In the present study, we examined the mechanism and timing of changes in fatty acid ratios and the potential benefit that an increased proportion of long-chained fatty acids has for the organism during growth at low pH. Cells taken from steady-state cultures at intermediate pH values of 6.5, 6, and 5.5 showed incremental changes from the short-chained, saturated membrane fatty acid profile normally seen in pH 7 cultures to the long-chained, monounsaturated fatty acids more typically observed in acidic cultures (pH 5). Our observations showed that the bacterium was capable of effecting the majority of changes in approximately 20 min, far less than one generation time. However, reversion to the distribution of fatty acids seen in cells growing at a pH of 7 required a minimum of 10 generations. Fatty acid composition analysis of cells taken from cultures treated with chloramphenicol suggested that the changes in fatty acid distribution did not require de novo protein synthesis. Cells treated with the fatty acid biosynthesis inhibitor cerulenin were unable to alter their membrane fatty acid profiles and were unable to survive severe acidification. Results presented here indicate that membrane fatty acid redistribution is important for low pH survival and, as such, is a component of the S. mutans acid-adaptation arsenal. PMID- 14766574 TI - Highly stable L-lysine 6-dehydrogenase from the thermophile Geobacillus stearothermophilus isolated from a Japanese hot spring: characterization, gene cloning and sequencing, and expression. AB - L-Lysine dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-lysine in the presence of NAD, was found in the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus UTB 1103 and then purified about 3,040-fold from a crude extract of the organism by using four successive column chromatography steps. This is the first report showing the presence of a thermophilic NAD-dependent lysine dehydrogenase. The product of the enzyme catalytic activity was determined to be Delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate, indicating that the enzyme is L-lysine 6 dehydrogenase (LysDH) (EC 1.4.1.18). The molecular mass of the purified protein was about 260 kDa, and the molecule was determined to be a homohexamer with subunit molecular mass of about 43 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature for the catalytic activity of the enzyme were about 10.1 and 70 degrees C, respectively. No activity was lost at temperatures up to 65 degrees C in the presence of 5 mM L lysine. The enzyme was relatively selective for L-lysine as the electron donor, and either NAD or NADP could serve as the electron acceptor (NADP exhibited about 22% of the activity of NAD). The Km values for L-lysine, NAD, and NADP at 50 degrees C and pH 10.0 were 0.73, 0.088, and 0.48 mM, respectively. When the gene encoding this LysDH was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, a crude extract of the recombinant cells had about 800-fold-higher enzyme activity than the extract of G. stearothermophilus. The nucleotide sequence of the LysDH gene encoded a peptide containing 385 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 42,239 Da. PMID- 14766575 TI - Development of additional selectable markers for the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii based on the leuB and trpA genes. AB - Since most archaea are extremophilic and difficult to cultivate, our current knowledge of their biology is confined largely to comparative genomics and biochemistry. Haloferax volcanii offers great promise as a model organism for archaeal genetics, but until now there has been a lack of a wide variety of selectable markers for this organism. We describe here isolation of H. volcanii leuB and trpA genes encoding 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase and tryptophan synthase, respectively, and development of these genes as a positive selection system. DeltaleuB and DeltatrpA mutants were constructed in a variety of genetic backgrounds and were shown to be auxotrophic for leucine and tryptophan, respectively. We constructed both integrative and replicative plasmids carrying the leuB or trpA gene under control of a constitutive promoter. The use of these selectable markers in deletion of the lhr gene of H. volcanii is described. PMID- 14766576 TI - Insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis silences Erwinia carotovora virulence by a new form of microbial antagonism, signal interference. AB - It is commonly known that bacteria may produce antibiotics to interfere with the normal biological functions of their competitors in order to gain competitive advantages. Here we report that Bacillus thuringiensis suppressed the quorum sensing-dependent virulence of plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora through a new form of microbial antagonism, signal interference. E. carotovora produces and responds to acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum-sensing signals to regulate antibiotic production and expression of virulence genes, whereas B. thuringiensis strains possess AHL-lactonase, which is a potent AHL-degrading enzyme. B. thuringiensis did not seem to interfere with the normal growth of E. carotovora; rather, it abolished the accumulation of AHL signal when they were cocultured. In planta, B. thuringiensis significantly decreased the incidence of E. carotovora infection and symptom development of potato soft rot caused by the pathogen. The biocontrol efficiency is correlated with the ability of bacterial strains to produce AHL-lactonase. While all the seven AHL-lactonase-producing B. thuringiensis strains provided significant protection against E. carotovora infection, Bacillus fusiformis and Escherichia coli strains that do not process AHL-degradation enzyme showed little effect in biocontrol. Mutation of aiiA, the gene encoding AHL-lactonase in B. thuringiensis, resulted in a substantial decrease in biocontrol efficacy. These results suggest that signal interference mechanisms existing in natural ecosystems could be explored as a new version of antagonism for prevention of bacterial infections. PMID- 14766577 TI - Viral preprotoxin signal sequence allows efficient secretion of green fluorescent protein by Candida glabrata, Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. AB - Besides its importance as model organism in eukaryotic cell biology, yeast species have also developed into an attractive host for the expression, processing, and secretion of recombinant proteins. Here we investigated foreign protein secretion in four distantly related yeasts (Candida glabrata, Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe) by using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter and a viral secretion signal sequence derived from the K28 preprotoxin (pptox), the precursor of the yeast K28 virus toxin. In vivo expression of GFP fused to the N-terminal pptox leader sequence and/or expression of the entire pptox gene was driven either from constitutive (PGK1 and TPI1) or from inducible and/or repressible (GAL1, AOX1, and NMT1) yeast promoters. In each case, GFP entered the secretory pathway of the corresponding host cell; confocal fluorescence microscopy as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western analysis of cell-free culture supernatants confirmed that GFP was efficiently secreted into the culture medium. In addition to the results seen with GFP, the full-length viral pptox was correctly processed in all four yeast genera, leading to the secretion of a biologically active virus toxin. Taken together, our data indicate that the viral K28 pptox signal sequence has the potential for being used as a unique tool in recombinant protein production to ensure efficient protein secretion in yeast. PMID- 14766578 TI - Genetic selection scheme for isolation of signal transduction pathway mutants. AB - Genetic characterization of a signal transduction pathway requires the isolation of mutations in the pathway. Characterization of these mutated genes and their loci enumerates the components of the pathway and leads to an understanding of the role of each gene locus in the pathway under study. We have designed and developed a strategy based on resistance to the chemical flucytosine for the identification of mutations in a given pathway. In this study, the Escherichia coli codA gene, which encodes the enzyme cytosine deaminase, was fused to the light-intensity-regulated gene promoter psbDII. Cytosine deaminase converts 5' fluorocytosine to the toxic product 5-fluorouracil. Wild-type cells containing an intact signal transduction pathway that regulates the psbDII promoter will die in the presence of this chemical. Cells that carry mutations in the pathway that inactivate the psbDII promoter will not express the codA gene and, consequently, will live on 5'-fluorocytosine, allowing the isolation and subsequent characterization of mutations in this signaling pathway. Utilizing this selection method, we have successfully isolated and characterized mutations in the psbDII pathway. This selection scheme can be used with a tissue-specific or phase specific promoter fused to the codA gene to direct the timing of expression of codA to obtain mutants defective in temporal or cell-specific expression of a particular pathway. This scheme also allows the isolation of mutants even when a clearly identifiable phenotype is not available. The selection scheme presented here extends the molecular tools available for the genetic dissection of signal transduction pathways. PMID- 14766579 TI - Diazotrophic community structure and function in two successional stages of biological soil crusts from the Colorado Plateau and Chihuahuan Desert. AB - The objective of this study was to characterize the community structure and activity of N2-fixing microorganisms in mature and poorly developed biological soil crusts from both the Colorado Plateau and Chihuahuan Desert. Nitrogenase activity was approximately 10 and 2.5 times higher in mature crusts than in poorly developed crusts at the Colorado Plateau site and Chihuahuan Desert site, respectively. Analysis of nifH sequences by clone sequencing and the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism technique indicated that the crust diazotrophic community was 80 to 90% heterocystous cyanobacteria most closely related to Nostoc spp. and that the composition of N2-fixing species did not vary significantly between the poorly developed and mature crusts at either site. In contrast, the abundance of nifH sequences was approximately 7.5 times greater (per microgram of total DNA) in mature crusts than in poorly developed crusts at a given site as measured by quantitative PCR. 16S rRNA gene clone sequencing and microscopic analysis of the cyanobacterial community within both crust types demonstrated a transition from a Microcoleus vaginatus-dominated, poorly developed crust to mature crusts harboring a greater percentage of Nostoc and Scytonema spp. We hypothesize that ecological factors, such as soil instability and water stress, may constrain the growth of N2-fixing microorganisms at our study sites and that the transition to a mature, nitrogen-producing crust initially requires bioengineering of the surface microenvironment by Microcoleus vaginatus. PMID- 14766580 TI - Occurrence, structure, and mobility of Tn1546-like elements in environmental isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. AB - The occurrence, structure, and mobility of Tn1546-like elements were studied in environmental vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolated from municipal sewage, activated sludge, pharmaceutical waste derived from antibiotic production, seawater, blue mussels, and soil. Of 200 presumptive VRE isolates tested, 71 (35%) harbored vanA. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis allowed the detection of 26 subtypes, which were identified as Enterococcus faecium (n = 13), E. casseliflavus (n = 6), E. mundtii (n = 3), E. faecalis (n = 3), and E. durans (n = 1) by phenotypic tests and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Long PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (L-PCR-RFLP) analysis of Tn1546-like elements and PCR analysis of internal regions revealed the presence of seven groups among the 29 strains studied. The most common group (group 1) corresponded to the structure of Tn1546 in the prototype strain E. faecium BM4147. Two novel L PCR-RFLP patterns (groups 3 and 4) were found for E. casseliflavus strains. Indistinguishable Tn1546-like elements occurred in VRE strains belonging to different species or originating from different sources. Interspecies plasmid mediated transfer of vancomycin resistance to E. faecium BM4105 was demonstrated for E. faecalis, E. mundtii, and E. durans. This study indicates that VRE, including species other than E. faecium and E. faecalis, are widespread in nature and in environments that are not exposed to vancomycin selection and not heavily contaminated with feces, such as seawater, blue mussels, and nonagricultural soil. Tn1546-like elements can readily transfer between enterococci of different species and ecological origins, therefore raising questions about the origin of these transposable elements and their possible transfer between environmental and clinical settings. PMID- 14766581 TI - Selection of unusual actinomycetal primary sigma70 factors by plant-colonizing Frankia strains. AB - Functional adaptations of sigma70 transcriptional factors led to the emergence of several paralogous lineages, each one being specialized for gene transcription under particular growth conditions. Screening of a Frankia strain EaI-12 gene library by sigma70 DNA probing allowed the detection and characterization of a novel actinomycetal primary (housekeeping) sigma70 factor. Phylogenetic analysis positioned this factor in the RpoD cluster of proteobacterial and low-G+C-content gram-positive factors, a cluster previously free of any actinobacterial sequences. sigma70 DNA probing of Frankia total DNA blots and PCR screening detected one or two rpoD-like DNA regions per species. rpoD matched the conserved region in all of the species tested. The other region was found to contain sigA, an alternative primary factor. sigA appeared to be strictly distributed among Frankia species infecting plants by the root hair infection process. Both genes were transcribed by Frankia strain ACN14a grown in liquid cultures. The molecular phylogeny of the sigma70 family determined with Frankia sequences showed that the alternative actinomycetal factors and the essential ones belonged to the same radiation. At least seven distinct paralogous lineages were observed among this radiation, and gene transfers were detected in the HrdB actinomycetal lineage. PMID- 14766582 TI - Coexpression of genetically engineered 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (fabH) and polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase (phaC) genes leads to short-chain-length-medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer production from glucose in Escherichia coli JM109. AB - Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) can be divided into three main types based on the sizes of the monomers incorporated into the polymer. Short-chain-length (SCL) PHAs consist of monomer units of C3 to C5, medium-chain-length (MCL) PHAs consist of monomer units of C6 to C14, and SCL-MCL PHAs consist of monomers ranging in size from C4 to C14. Although previous studies using recombinant Escherichia coli have shown that either SCL or MCL PHA polymers could be produced from glucose, this study presents the first evidence that an SCL-MCL PHA copolymer can be made from glucose in recombinant E. coli. The 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III gene (fabH) from E. coli was modified by saturation point mutagenesis at the codon encoding amino acid 87 of the FabH protein sequence, and the resulting plasmids were cotransformed with either the pAPAC plasmid, which harbors the Aeromonas caviae PHA synthase gene (phaC), or the pPPAC plasmid, which harbors the Pseudomonas sp. strain 61-3 PHA synthase gene (phaC1), and the abilities of these strains to accumulate PHA from glucose were assessed. It was found that overexpression of several of the mutant fabH genes enabled recombinant E. coli to induce the production of monomers of C4 to C10 and subsequently to produce unusual PHA copolymers containing SCL and MCL units. The results indicate that the composition of PHA copolymers may be controlled by the monomer-supplying enzyme and further reinforce the idea that fatty acid biosynthesis may be used to supply monomers for PHA production. PMID- 14766583 TI - Application of real-time PCR to study effects of ammonium on population size of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in soil. AB - Ammonium oxidation by autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) is a key process in agricultural and natural ecosystems and has a large global impact. In the past, the ecology and physiology of AOB were not well understood because these organisms are notoriously difficult to culture. Recent applications of molecular techniques have advanced our knowledge of AOB, but the necessity of using PCR-based techniques has made quantitative measurements difficult. A quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting part of the ammonia-monooxygenase gene (amoA) was developed to estimate AOB population size in soil. This assay has a detection limit of 1.3 x 10(5) cells/g of dry soil. The effect of the ammonium concentration on AOB population density was measured in soil microcosms by applying 0, 1.5, or 7.5 mM ammonium sulfate. AOB population size and ammonium and nitrate concentrations were monitored for 28 days after (NH4)2SO4 application. AOB populations in amended treatments increased from an initial density of approximately 4 x 10(6) cells/g of dry soil to peak values (day 7) of 35 x 10(6) and 66 x 10(6) cells/g of dry soil in the 1.5 and 7.5 mM treatments, respectively. The population size of total bacteria (quantified by real-time PCR with a universal bacterial probe) remained between 0.7 x 10(9) and 2.2 x 10(9) cells/g of soil, regardless of the ammonia concentration. A fertilization experiment was conducted in a tomato field plot to test whether the changes in AOB density observed in microcosms could also be detected in the field. AOB population size increased from 8.9 x 10(6) to 38.0 x 10(6) cells/g of soil by day 39. Generation times were 28 and 52 h in the 1.5 and 7.5 mM treatments, respectively, in the microcosm experiment and 373 h in the ammonium treatment in the field study. Estimated oxidation rates per cell ranged initially from 0.5 to 25.0 fmol of NH4+ h(-1) cell(-1) and decreased with time in both microcosms and the field. Growth yields were 5.6 x 10(6), 17.5 x 10(6), and 1.7 x 10(6) cells/mol of NH4+ in the 1.5 and 7.5 mM microcosm treatments and the field study, respectively. In a second field experiment, AOB population size was significantly greater in annually fertilized versus unfertilized soil, even though the last ammonium application occurred 8 months prior to measurement, suggesting a long term effect of ammonium fertilization on AOB population size. PMID- 14766584 TI - Cyanophage diversity, inferred from g20 gene analyses, in the largest natural lake in France, Lake Bourget. AB - The genetic diversity of the natural freshwater community of cyanophages and its variations over time have been investigated for the first time in the surface waters of the largest natural lake in France. This was done by random screening of clone libraries for the g20 gene and by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed 35 distinct cyanomyovirus g20 genotypes among the 47 sequences analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these sequences fell into seven genetically distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The distances between these OTUs were comparable to those reported between marine clusters. Moreover, some of these freshwater cyanophage sequences were genetically more closely related to marine cyanophage sequences than to other freshwater sequences. Both approaches for the g20 gene (sequencing and DGGE analysis) showed that there was a clear seasonal pattern of variation in the composition of the cyanophage community that could reflect changes in its biological, chemical, and/or physical environment. PMID- 14766585 TI - Induction of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)-oxidizing activity in Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5 by MTBE. AB - Alkane-grown cells of Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5 cometabolically degrade the gasoline oxygenate methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) through the activities of an alkane-inducible monooxygenase and other enzymes in the alkane oxidation pathway. In this study we examined the effects of MTBE on the MTBE-oxidizing activity of M. vaccae JOB5 grown on diverse nonalkane substrates. Carbon-limited cultures were grown on glycerol, lactate, several sugars, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, both in the presence and absence of MTBE. In all MTBE containing cultures, MTBE consumption occurred and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) and tertiary butyl formate accumulated in the culture medium. Acetylene, a specific inactivator of alkane- and MTBE-oxidizing activities, fully inhibited MTBE consumption and product accumulation but had no other apparent effects on culture growth. The MTBE-dependent stimulation of MTBE-oxidizing activity in fructose- and glycerol-grown cells was saturable with respect to MTBE concentration (50% saturation level = 2.4 to 2.75 mM), and the onset of MTBE oxidation in glycerol-grown cells was inhibited by both rifampin and chloramphenicol. Other oxygenates (TBA and tertiary amyl methyl ether) also induced the enzyme activity required for their own degradation in glycerol-grown cells. Presence of MTBE also promoted MTBE oxidation in cells grown on organic acids, compounds that are often found in anaerobic, gasoline-contaminated environments. Experiments with acid-grown cells suggested induction of MTBE oxidizing activity by MTBE is subject to catabolite repression. The results of this study are discussed in terms of their potential implications towards our understanding of the role of cometabolism in MTBE and TBA biodegradation in gasoline-contaminated environments. PMID- 14766586 TI - Inactivation of the lys7 gene, encoding saccharopine reductase in Penicillium chrysogenum, leads to accumulation of the secondary metabolite precursors piperideine-6-carboxylic acid and pipecolic acid from alpha-aminoadipic acid. AB - Pipecolic acid serves as a precursor of the biosynthesis of the alkaloids slaframine and swainsonine (an antitumor agent) in some fungi. It is not known whether other fungi are able to synthesize pipecolic acid. Penicillium chrysogenum has a very active alpha-aminoadipic acid pathway that is used for the synthesis of this precursor of penicillin. The lys7 gene, encoding saccharopine reductase in P. chrysogenum, was target inactivated by the double-recombination method. Analysis of a disrupted strain (named P. chrysogenum SR1-) showed the presence of a mutant lys7 gene lacking about 1,000 bp in the 3'-end region. P. chrysogenum SR1- lacked saccharopine reductase activity, which was recovered after transformation of this mutant with the intact lys7 gene in an autonomously replicating plasmid. P. chrysogenum SR1- was a lysine auxotroph and accumulated piperideine-6-carboxylic acid. When mutant P. chrysogenum SR1- was grown with L lysine as the sole nitrogen source and supplemented with DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid, a high level of pipecolic acid accumulated intracellularly. A comparison of strain SR1- with a lys2-defective mutant provided evidence showing that P. chrysogenum synthesizes pipecolic acid from alpha-aminoadipic acid and not from L lysine catabolism. PMID- 14766587 TI - Biochemical and proteomic analysis of the magnetosome membrane in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. AB - We analyzed the biochemical composition of the magnetosome membrane (MM) in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. Isolated magnetosomes were associated with phospholipids and fatty acids which were similar to phospholipids and fatty acids from other subcellular compartments (i.e., outer and cytoplasmic membranes) but were present in different proportions. The binding characteristics of MM associated proteins were studied by selective solubilization and limited proteolysis. The MM-associated proteins were further analyzed by various proteomic approaches, including one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Edman and mass spectrometric (electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry) sequencing, as well as capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry of total tryptic digests of the MM. At least 18 proteins were found to constitute the magnetosome subproteome, and most of these proteins are novel for M. gryphiswaldense. Except for MM22 and Mms16, all bona fide MM proteins (MMPs) were encoded by open reading frames in the mamAB, mamDC, and mms6 clusters in the previously identified putative magnetosome island. Eight of the MMPs display homology to known families, and some of them occur in the MM in multiple homologues. Ten of the MMPs have no known homologues in nonmagnetic organisms and thus represent novel, magnetotactic bacterium-specific protein families. Several MMPs display repetitive or highly acidic sequence patterns, which are known from other biomineralizing systems and thus may have relevance for magnetite formation. PMID- 14766588 TI - Spatial variation in frequency and intensity of antibiotic interactions among Streptomycetes from prairie soil. AB - Antibiotic interactions are believed to be significant to microbial fitness in soil, yet little is known of the frequency, intensity, and diversity of antibiotic inhibition and resistance among indigenous microbes. To begin to address these issues, we studied the abilities of streptomycete isolates from prairie soil to inhibit growth and display resistance to antibiotics produced by a test collection of 10 streptomycete isolates. Wide variations in antibiotic inhibition and resistance for prairie isolates among three locations and four soil depths within a 1-m2 plot were revealed. Fewer than 10% of 153 prairie isolates inhibited all 10 test isolates, while more than 40% of the isolates did not inhibit any of the test isolates. No field isolate was resistant to all of the test isolates, nor was any isolate susceptible to all of the test isolates. No correlation between inhibition and resistance phenotypes was found, suggesting that inhibition and resistance are under independent selection. The significant spatial variation in the frequency and intensity of antibiotic inhibition implies that the fitness benefits of antibiotic production are not the same among locations in soil. In contrast, the consistency of resistance over space indicates that its significance to fitness across locations is stable or the costs of maintaining resistance in the absence of selection are small or nonexistent. The spatial clustering of antibiotic inhibitory activity suggests a variable matrix of selection pressures and microbial responses across the soil landscape. PMID- 14766589 TI - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and sequence analysis: an approach for genotyping infectious pancreatic necrosis virus reference strains and other aquabirnaviruses isolated from northwestern Spain. AB - Reference strains of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus resembling the 10 recognized serotypes and local isolates of aquabirnaviruses isolated in northwestern Spain from reservoirs (mollusks) and from asymptomatic and carrier cultured fish were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nucleic acid sequence analyses. The RFLP analysis yielded seven genogroups, each of which was clearly correlated with a serotype. Sequence analysis of the three open reading frames provided quite similar results in terms of genogrouping. Based on the results of this study and in order to unify the two types of assays, we propose placing aquabirnaviruses into six genogroups, four of which can be subdivided into two genotypes based on a two-step restriction analysis. The genotyping corresponds with serotyping as follows: genogroup I includes two genotypes corresponding to serotypes A9 (genotype I.1) and A1 (genotype I.2); genogroup II corresponds to serotype A3; genogroup III includes genotypes III.1 (serotype A2) and III.2 (serotype B1); genogroups IV and V include two genotypes, each corresponding to serotypes A5, A6, A7, and A8 (genotypes IV.1, IV.2, V.1, and V.2, respectively);and genogroup VI corresponds to serotype A4. As expected, most local isolates belonged to genotype III.1 and genogroup II. However, a few local isolates corresponded to the American types of genogroup I. Finally, based on the results of this study and due to its simplicity, the two-step restriction analysis assay is proposed as a method for typing new isolates of aquabirnaviruses, and the results correspond to the results of conventional serotyping. PMID- 14766590 TI - Fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis isolates. AB - DNA from over 300 Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis isolates was analyzed by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). B. thuringiensis and B. cereus isolates were from diverse sources and locations, including soil, clinical isolates and food products causing diarrheal and emetic outbreaks, and type strains from the American Type Culture Collection, and over 200 B. thuringiensis isolates representing 36 serovars or subspecies were from the U.S. Department of Agriculture collection. Twenty-four diverse B. anthracis isolates were also included. Phylogenetic analysis of AFLP data revealed extensive diversity within B. thuringiensis and B. cereus compared to the monomorphic nature of B. anthracis. All of the B. anthracis strains were more closely related to each other than to any other Bacillus isolate, while B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains populated the entire tree. Ten distinct branches were defined, with many branches containing both B. cereus and B. thuringiensis isolates. A single branch contained all the B. anthracis isolates plus an unusual B. thuringiensis isolate that is pathogenic in mice. In contrast, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (ATCC 33679) and other isolates used to prepare insecticides mapped distal to the B. anthracis isolates. The interspersion of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis isolates within the phylogenetic tree suggests that phenotypic traits used to distinguish between these two species do not reflect the genomic content of the different isolates and that horizontal gene transfer plays an important role in establishing the phenotype of each of these microbes. B. thuringiensis isolates of a particular subspecies tended to cluster together. PMID- 14766591 TI - Development and validation of experimental protocols for use of cardinal models for prediction of microorganism growth in food products. AB - An experimental protocol to validate secondary-model application to foods was suggested. Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella were observed in various food categories, such as meat, dairy, egg, or seafood products. The secondary model validated in this study was based on the gamma concept, in which the environmental factors temperature, pH, and water activity (aw) were introduced as individual terms with microbe-dependent parameters, and the effect of foodstuffs on the growth rates of these species was described with a food- and microbe-dependent parameter. This food-oriented approach was carried out by challenge testing, generally at 15 and 10 degrees C for L. monocytogenes, E. coli, B. cereus, and Salmonella and at 25 and 20 degrees C for C. perfringens. About 222 kinetics in foods were generated. The results were compared to simulations generated by existing software, such as PMP. The bias factor was also calculated. The methodology to obtain a food dependent parameter (fitting step) and therefore to compare results given by models with new independent data (validation step) is discussed in regard to its food safety application. The proposed methods were used within the French national program of predictive microbiology, Sym'Previus, to include challenge test results in the database and to obtain predictive models designed for microbial growth in food products. PMID- 14766592 TI - Sourdough bread made from wheat and nontoxic flours and started with selected lactobacilli is tolerated in celiac sprue patients. AB - This work was aimed at producing a sourdough bread that is tolerated by celiac sprue (CS) patients. Selected sourdough lactobacilli had specialized peptidases capable of hydrolyzing Pro-rich peptides, including the 33-mer peptide, the most potent inducer of gut-derived human T-cell lines in CS patients. This epitope, the most important in CS, was hydrolyzed completely after treatment with cells and their cytoplasmic extracts (CE). A sourdough made from a mixture of wheat (30%) and nontoxic oat, millet, and buckwheat flours was started with lactobacilli. After 24 h of fermentation, wheat gliadins and low-molecular-mass, alcohol-soluble polypeptides were hydrolyzed almost totally. Proteins were extracted from sourdough and used to produce a peptic-tryptic digest for in vitro agglutination tests on K 562(S) subclone cells of human origin. The minimal agglutinating activity was ca. 250 times higher than that of doughs chemically acidified or started with baker's yeast. Two types of bread, containing ca. 2 g of gluten, were produced with baker's yeast or lactobacilli and CE and used for an in vivo double-blind acute challenge of CS patients. Thirteen of the 17 patients showed a marked alteration of intestinal permeability after ingestion of baker's yeast bread. When fed the sourdough bread, the same 13 patients had values for excreted rhamnose and lactulose that did not differ significantly from the baseline values. The other 4 of the 17 CS patients did not respond to gluten after ingesting the baker's yeast or sourdough bread. These results showed that a bread biotechnology that uses selected lactobacilli, nontoxic flours, and a long fermentation time is a novel tool for decreasing the level of gluten intolerance in humans. PMID- 14766593 TI - Aquatic plants stimulate the growth of and biofilm formation by Mycobacterium ulcerans in axenic culture and harbor these bacteria in the environment. AB - Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, one of the most common mycobacterial diseases of humans. Recent studies have implicated aquatic insects in the transmission of this pathogen, but the contributions of other elements of the environment remain largely unknown. We report here that crude extracts from two green algae added to the BACTEC 7H12B culture medium halved the doubling time of M. ulcerans and promoted biofilm formation. Using the 7H12B medium, modified by the addition of the algal extract, and immunomagnetic separation, we also demonstrate that M. ulcerans is associated with aquatic plants in an area of the Ivory Coast where Buruli ulcer is endemic. Genotype analysis showed that plant-associated M. ulcerans had the same profile as isolates recovered in the same region from both aquatic insects and clinical specimens. These observations implicate aquatic plants as a reservoir of M. ulcerans and add a new potential link in the chain of transmission of M. ulcerans to humans. PMID- 14766594 TI - Effect of condensed tannins on bacterial diversity and metabolic activity in the rat gastrointestinal tract. AB - The effect of dietary condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) on rat fecal bacterial populations was ascertained in order to determine whether the proportion on tannin-resistant bacteria increased and if there was a change in the predominant bacterial populations. After 3 weeks of tannin diets the proportion of tannin-resistant bacteria increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 0.3% +/- 5.5% to 25.3% +/- 8.3% with a 0.7% tannin diet and to 47.2% +/- 5.1% with a 2% tannin diet. The proportion of tannin-resistant bacteria returned to preexposure levels in the absence of dietary tannins. A shift in bacterial populations was confirmed by molecular fingerprinting of fecal bacterial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Posttreatment samples were generally still distinguishable from controls after 3.5 weeks. Sequence analysis of DGGE bands and characterization of tannin-resistant isolates indicated that tannins selected for Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides species. Dot blot quantification confirmed that these gram-negative bacterial groups predominated in the presence of dietary tannins and that there was a corresponding decrease in the gram-positive Clostridium leptum group and other groups. Metabolic fingerprint patterns revealed that functional activities of culturable fecal bacteria were affected by the presence of tannins. Condensed tannins of Acacia angustissima altered fecal bacterial populations in the rat gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a shift in the predominant bacteria towards tannin-resistant gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides species. PMID- 14766595 TI - Evaluation of structural changes induced by high hydrostatic pressure in Leuconostoc mesenteroides. AB - Scanning electron microcopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to evaluate structural changes in Leuconostoc mesenteroides cells as a function of high-hydrostatic-pressure treatment. This bacterium usually grows in chains of cells, which were increasingly dechained at elevated pressures. High-pressure treatments at 250 and 500 MPa also caused changes in the external surface and internal structure of cells. Dechaining and blister formation on the surface of cells increased with pressure, as observed in SEM micrographs. TEM studies showed that cytoplasmic components of the cells were affected by high-pressure treatment. DSC studies of whole cells showed increasing denaturation of ribosomes with pressure, in keeping with dense compacted regions in the cytoplasm of pressure-treated cells observed in TEM micrographs. Apparent reduction of intact ribosomes observed in DSC thermograms was related to the reduction in number of viable cells. The results indicate that inactivation of L. mesenteroides cells is mainly due to ribosomal denaturation observed as a reduction of the corresponding peak in DSC thermograms and condensed interior regions of cytoplasm in TEM micrographs. PMID- 14766596 TI - Biodegradation of the hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine ring cleavage product 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. AB - Initial denitration of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 produces CO2 and the dead-end product 4-nitro-2,4 diazabutanal (NDAB), OHCNHCH2NHNO2, in high yield. Here we describe experiments to determine the biodegradability of NDAB in liquid culture and soils containing Phanerochaete chrysosporium. A soil sample taken from an ammunition plant contained RDX (342 micromol kg(-1)), HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7 tetrazocine; 3,057 micromol kg(-1)), MNX (hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5 triazine; 155 micromol kg(-1)), and traces of NDAB (3.8 micromol kg(-1)). The detection of the last in real soil provided the first experimental evidence for the occurrence of natural attenuation that involved ring cleavage of RDX. When we incubated the soil with strain DN22, both RDX and MNX (but not HMX) degraded and produced NDAB (388 +/- 22 micromol kg(-1)) in 5 days. Subsequent incubation of the soil with the fungus led to the removal of NDAB, with the liberation of nitrous oxide (N2O). In cultures with the fungus alone NDAB degraded to give a stoichiometric amount of N2O. To determine C stoichiometry, we first generated [14C]NDAB in situ by incubating [14C]RDX with strain DN22, followed by incubation with the fungus. The production of 14CO2 increased from 30 (DN22 only) to 76% (fungus). Experiments with pure enzymes revealed that manganese-dependent peroxidase rather than lignin peroxidase was responsible for NDAB degradation. The detection of NDAB in contaminated soil and its effective mineralization by the fungus P. chrysosporium may constitute the basis for the development of bioremediation technologies. PMID- 14766597 TI - Inactivation of Escherichia coli by photochemical reaction of ferrioxalate at slightly acidic and near-neutral pHs. AB - Fenton chemistry, which is known to play an effective role in degrading toxic chemicals, is difficult to apply to disinfection in water treatment, since its reaction is effective only at the acidic pH of 3. The presence of oxalate ions and UV-visible light, which is known as a photoferrioxalate system, allows the Fe(III) to be dissolved at slightly acidic and near-neutral pHs and maintains the catalytic reaction of iron. This study indicates that the main oxidizing species in the photoferrioxalate system responsible for microorganism inactivation is OH radical. Escherichia coli was used as an indicator microorganism. The CT value (OH radical concentration x contact time; used to indicate the effect of the combination of the concentration of the disinfectant and the contact time on inactivation) for a 2-log inactivation of E. coli was approximately 1.5 x 10(-5) mg/liter/min, which is approximately 2,700 times lower than that of ozone as estimated by the delayed Chick-Watson model. Since the light emitted by the black light blue lamp is similar to sunlight in the specific wavelength range of 300 to 420 nm, the photoferrioxalate system, which can have a dual function, treating water for both organic pollutants and microorganisms simultaneously, shows promise for the treatment of water or wastewater in remote or rural sites. However, the photoferrioxalate disinfection system is slower in inactivating microorganisms than conventional disinfectants are. PMID- 14766598 TI - Distribution and phylogenetic analysis of family 19 chitinases in Actinobacteria. AB - In organisms other than higher plants, family 19 chitinase was first discovered in Streptomyces griseus HUT6037, and later, the general occurrence of this enzyme in Streptomyces species was demonstrated. In the present study, the distribution of family 19 chitinases in the class Actinobacteria and the phylogenetic relationship of Actinobacteria family 19 chitinases with family 19 chitinases of other organisms were investigated. Forty-nine strains were chosen to cover almost all the suborders of the class Actinobacteria, and chitinase production was examined. Of the 49 strains, 22 formed cleared zones on agar plates containing colloidal chitin and thus appeared to produce chitinases. These 22 chitinase positive strains were subjected to Southern hybridization analysis by using a labeled DNA fragment corresponding to the catalytic domain of ChiC, and the presence of genes similar to chiC of S. griseus HUT6037 in at least 13 strains was suggested by the results. PCR amplification and sequencing of the DNA fragments corresponding to the major part of the catalytic domains of the family 19 chitinase genes confirmed the presence of family 19 chitinase genes in these 13 strains. The strains possessing family 19 chitinase genes belong to 6 of the 10 suborders in the order Actinomycetales, which account for the greatest part of the Actinobacteria: Phylogenetic analysis suggested that there is a close evolutionary relationship between family 19 chitinases found in Actinobacteria and plant class IV chitinases. The general occurrence of family 19 chitinase genes in Streptomycineae and the high sequence similarity among the genes found in Actinobacteria suggest that the family 19 chitinase gene was first acquired by an ancestor of the Streptomycineae and spread among the Actinobacteria through horizontal gene transfer. PMID- 14766599 TI - Disinfection of contaminated water by using solar irradiation. AB - Contaminated water causes an estimated 6 to 60 billion cases of gastrointestinal illness annually. The majority of these cases occur in rural areas of developing nations where the water supply remains polluted and adequate sanitation is unavailable. A portable, low-cost, and low-maintenance solar unit to disinfect unpotable water has been designed and tested. The solar disinfection unit was tested with both river water and partially processed water from two wastewater treatment plants. In less than 30 min in midday sunlight, the unit eradicated more than 4 log10 U (99.99%) of bacteria contained in highly contaminated water samples. The solar disinfection unit has been field tested by Centro Panamericano de Ingenieria Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente in Lima, Peru. At moderate light intensity, the solar disinfection unit was capable of reducing the bacterial load in a controlled contaminated water sample by 4 log10 U and disinfected approximately 1 liter of water in 30 min. PMID- 14766600 TI - Dispersion and transport of Cryptosporidium Oocysts from fecal pats under simulated rainfall events. AB - The dispersion and initial transport of Cryptosporidium oocysts from fecal pats were investigated during artificial rainfall events on intact soil blocks (1,500 by 900 by 300 mm). Rainfall events of 55 mm h(-1) for 30 min and 25 mm h(-1) for 180 min were applied to soil plots with artificial fecal pats seeded with approximately 10(7) oocysts. The soil plots were divided in two, with one side devoid of vegetation and the other left with natural vegetation cover. Each combination of event intensity and duration, vegetation status, and degree of slope (5 degrees and 10 degrees ) was evaluated twice. Generally, a fivefold increase (P < 0.05) in runoff volume was generated on bare soil compared to vegetated soil, and significantly more infiltration, although highly variable, occurred through the vegetated soil blocks (P < 0.05). Runoff volume, event conditions (intensity and duration), vegetation status, degree of slope, and their interactions significantly affected the load of oocysts in the runoff. Surface runoff transported from 10(0.2) oocysts from vegetated loam soil (25-mm h(-1), 180-min event on 10 degrees slope) to up to 10(4.5) oocysts from unvegetated soil (55-mm h(-1), 30-min event on 10 degrees slope) over a 1-m distance. Surface soil samples downhill of the fecal pat contained significantly higher concentrations of oocysts on devegetated blocks than on vegetated blocks. Based on these results, there is a need to account for surface soil vegetation coverage as well as slope and rainfall runoff in future assessments of Cryptosporidium transport and when managing pathogen loads from stock grazing near streams within drinking water watersheds. PMID- 14766601 TI - Integron diversity in heavy-metal-contaminated mine tailings and inferences about integron evolution. AB - Integrons are horizontal gene transfer (HGT) systems containing elements necessary for site-specific recombination and expression of foreign DNA. The overall phylogenetic distribution of integrons and range of genes that can be transferred by integrons are unknown. This report contains an exploration of integrons in an environmental microbial community and an investigation of integron evolution. First, using culture-independent techniques, we explored the diversity of integrons and integron-transferred genes in heavy-metal-contaminated mine tailings. Using degenerate primers, we amplified integron integrase genes from the tailings. We discovered 14 previously undescribed integrase genes, including six novel gene lineages. In addition, we found 11 novel gene cassettes in this sample. One of the gene cassettes that we sequenced is similar to a gene that codes for a step in a pathway for nitroaromatic catabolism, a group of compounds associated with mining activity. This suggests that integrons may be important for gene transfer in response to selective pressures other than the presence of antibiotics. We also investigated the evolution of integrons by statistically comparing the phylogenies of 16S rRNA and integrase genes from the same organisms, using sequences from GenBank and various sequencing projects. We found significant differences between the organismal (16S rRNA) and integrase trees, and we suggest that these differences may be due to HGT. PMID- 14766602 TI - Detection and characterization of a dehalogenating microorganism by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of 16S rRNA in a sulfidogenic, 2-bromophenol-utilizing enrichment. AB - Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of reverse-transcribed 16S rRNA during periods of community flux was used as a tool to delineate the roles of the members of a 2-bromophenol-degrading, sulfate-reducing consortium. Starved, washed cultures were amended with 2-bromophenol plus sulfate, 2 bromophenol plus hydrogen, phenol plus sulfate, or phenol with no electron acceptor and were monitored for substrate use. In the presence of sulfate, 2 bromophenol and phenol were completely degraded. In the absence of sulfate, 2 bromophenol was dehalogenated and phenol accumulated. Direct terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of the 16S rRNA in the various subcultures indicated that phylotype 2BP-48 (a Desulfovibrio-like sequence) was responsible for the dehalogenation of 2-bromophenol. A stable coculture was established which contained predominantly 2BP-48 and a second Desulfovibrio-like bacterium (designated BP212 based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting) that was capable of dehalogenating 2-bromophenol to phenol. Strain 2BP-48 in the coculture could couple reductive dehalogenation to growth with 2-bromophenol, 2,6-dibromophenol, or 2-iodophenol and lactate or formate as the electron donor. In addition to halophenols, strain 2BP-48 appears to use sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate as electron acceptors and is capable of simultaneous sulfidogenesis and reductive dehalogenation in the presence of sulfate. PMID- 14766603 TI - Colonization and immunomodulation by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 in the human gastrointestinal tract. AB - Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 is a probiotic (health-promoting) bacterium widely used as a dietary supplement. This study was designed to examine local colonization of the human gastrointestinal mucosa after dietary supplementation with L. reuteri ATCC 55730 and to determine subsequent immune responses at the colonized sites. In this open clinical investigation, 10 healthy volunteers and 9 volunteers with ileostomy underwent gastroscopy or ileoscopy and biopsy samples were taken from the stomach, duodenum, or ileum before and after supplementation with 4 x 10(8) CFU of live L. reuteri ATCC 55730 lactobacilli per day for 28 days. Biopsy specimen colonization was analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization with a molecular beacon probe, and immune cell populations were determined by immunostaining. Endogenous L. reuteri was detected in the stomach of 1 subject and the duodenum of 3 subjects (out of 10 subjects). After L. reuteri ATCC 55730 supplementation, the stomachs of 8 and the duodenums of all 10 subjects were colonized. Three ileostomy subjects (of six tested) had endogenous L. reuteri at baseline, while all six displayed colonization after L. reuteri supplementation. Gastric mucosal histiocyte numbers were reduced and duodenal B lymphocyte numbers were increased by L. reuteri ATCC 55730 administration. Furthermore, L. reuteri administration induced a significantly higher amount of CD4-positive T-lymphocytes in the ileal epithelium. Dietary supplementation with the probiotic L. reuteri ATCC 55730 induces significant colonization of the stomach, duodenum, and ileum of healthy humans, and this is associated with significant alterations of the immune response in the gastrointestinal mucosa. These responses may be key components of a mechanism by which L. reuteri ATCC 55730 exerts its well-documented probiotic effects in humans. PMID- 14766604 TI - Comparison of survival of Campylobacter jejuni in the phyllosphere with that in the rhizosphere of spinach and radish plants. AB - Campylobacter jejuni has been isolated previously from market produce and has caused gastroenteritis outbreaks linked to produce. We have tested the ability of this human pathogen to utilize organic compounds that are present in leaf and root exudates and to survive in the plant environment under various conditions. Carbon utilization profiles revealed that C. jejuni can utilize many organic acids and amino acids available on leaves and roots. Despite the presence of suitable substrates in the phyllosphere and the rhizosphere, C. jejuni was unable to grow on lettuce and spinach leaves and on spinach and radish roots of plants incubated at 33 degrees C, a temperature that is conducive to its growth in vitro. However, C. jejuni was cultured from radish roots and from the spinach rhizosphere for at least 23 and 28 days, respectively, at 10 degrees C. This enteric pathogen also persisted in the rhizosphere of spinach for prolonged periods of time at 16 degrees C, a temperature at which many cool-season crops are grown. The decline rate constants of C. jejuni populations in the spinach and radish rhizosphere were 10- and 6-fold lower, respectively, than on healthy spinach leaves at 10 degrees C. The enhanced survival of C. jejuni in soil and in the rhizosphere may be a significant factor in its contamination cycle in the environment and may be associated with the sporadic C. jejuni incidence and campylobacteriosis outbreaks linked to produce. PMID- 14766605 TI - Two bacteria phylotypes are predominant in the Suiyo seamount hydrothermal plume. AB - Microbial diversity and populations in a hydrothermal plume that was present inside the caldera of the Suiyo Seamount, a submarine volcano on the Izu-Bonin Arc, were investigated by performing a phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Corresponding to transmissivity, an indicator of turbidity, the vertical total cell count as determined by 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining varied from 5.6 x 10(4) to 1.1 x 10(5) cells ml(-1), and the apparent plume layer was assessed to be at a depth of 1,050 to 1,200 m inside the caldera and to contain 1.0 x 10(5) to 1.1 x 10(5) cells ml(-1). From microbial samples collected in the plume by an in situ filtration system, the following two major phylogenetic groups, which were closely related to sulfur-oxidizing microbes, were obtained: the SUP05 group belonging to the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria (13 of 20 clones) and the SUP01 group belonging to the epsilon subclass of the Proteobacteria (5 of 20 clones). Specific oligonucleotide probes for these groups (SUP05-187 and SUP01 63) were designed and were used with various water samples obtained from the Suiyo Seamount. In the apparent plume layer, up to 66% of the total counts of microbial cells were estimated to be Bacteria cells that hybridized to EUB338, and few cells were identified by the archaeal probe ARCH915. Almost all Bacteria cells were hard to identify with the known group-specific probes, such as ALF19, GAM42a, and CF319, while 88 to 90% of the Bacteria cells hybridized with SUP05 187 and >98% of them were considered members of the SUP05 and SUP01 populations. In a low-temperature vent fluid emitted from a bivalve-colonized mound, the SUP05 cells accounted for >99% of the Bacteria cells, suggesting that a portion of the plume cells originated on the surface of the seafloor at a depth of about 1,380 m. From further analysis of cell morphology (i.e., cell size and cell elongation index) we inferred that the SUP05 cells were active in the plume layer at a depth of 1,050 to 1,200 m compared to the activity in a near-bottom layer, while many elongated cells were found between these layers. These findings suggest that the morphology and distribution of SUP05 cells have complex relationships with hydrothermal activities and water circulation. Although growth and production rates remain to be defined, we concluded that this Suiyo Seamount caldera has functioned as a natural continuous incubator for these two phylotypes of Bacteria in an aphotic deep-sea environment. PMID- 14766606 TI - Development of a real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and quantification of Alexandrium minutum (a Dinoflagellate). AB - The marine dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium includes a number of species which produce neurotoxins responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), which in humans may cause muscular paralysis, neurological symptoms, and, in extreme cases, death. A. minutum is the most widespread toxic PSP species in the western Mediterranean basin. The monitoring of coastal waters for the presence of harmful algae also normally involves microscopic examinations of phytoplankton populations. These procedures are time consuming and require a great deal of taxonomic experience, thus limiting the number of specimens that can be analyzed. Because of the genetic diversity of different genera and species, molecular tools may also help to detect the presence of target microorganisms in marine field samples. In this study, we developed a real-time PCR-based assay for rapid detection of all toxic species of the Alexandrium genus in both fixative preserved environmental samples and cultures. Moreover, we developed a real-time quantitative PCR assay for the quantification of A. minutum cells in seawater samples. Alexandrium genus-specific primers were designed on the 5.8S rDNA region. Primer specificity was confirmed by using BLAST and by amplification of a representative sample of the DNA of other dinoflagellates and diatoms. Using a standard curve constructed with a plasmid containing the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 A. minutum sequence and cultured A. minutum cells, we determined the absolute number of 5.8S rDNA copies per cell. Consequently, after quantification of 5.8S rDNA copies in samples containing A. minutum cells, we were also able to estimate the number of cells. Several fixed A. minutum bloom sea samples from Arenys Harbor (Catalan Coast, Spain) were analyzed using this method, and quantification results were compared with standard microscopy counting methods. The two methods gave comparable results, confirming that real-time PCR could be a valid, fast alternative procedure for the detection and quantification of target phytoplankton species during coastal water monitoring. PMID- 14766607 TI - Synergistic saccharification, and direct fermentation to ethanol, of amorphous cellulose by use of an engineered yeast strain codisplaying three types of cellulolytic enzyme. AB - A whole-cell biocatalyst with the ability to induce synergistic and sequential cellulose-degradation reaction was constructed through codisplay of three types of cellulolytic enzyme on the cell surface of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When a cell surface display system based on alpha-agglutinin was used, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase II and cellobiohydrolase II and Aspergillus aculeatus beta-glucosidase 1 were simultaneously codisplayed as individual fusion proteins with the C-terminal-half region of alpha-agglutinin. Codisplay of the three enzymes on the cell surface was confirmed by observation of immunofluorescence-labeled cells with a fluorescence microscope. A yeast strain codisplaying endoglucanase II and cellobiohydrolase II showed significantly higher hydrolytic activity with amorphous cellulose (phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose) than one displaying only endoglucanase II, and its main product was cellobiose; codisplay of beta-glucosidase 1, endoglucanase II, and cellobiohydrolase II enabled the yeast strain to directly produce ethanol from the amorphous cellulose (which a yeast strain codisplaying beta-glucosidase 1 and endoglucanase II could not), with a yield of approximately 3 g per liter from 10 g per liter within 40 h. The yield (in grams of ethanol produced per gram of carbohydrate consumed) was 0.45 g/g, which corresponds to 88.5% of the theoretical yield. This indicates that simultaneous and synergistic saccharification and fermentation of amorphous cellulose to ethanol can be efficiently accomplished using a yeast strain codisplaying the three cellulolytic enzymes. PMID- 14766608 TI - Metamorphosis of a scleractinian coral in response to microbial biofilms. AB - Microorganisms have been reported to induce settlement and metamorphosis in a wide range of marine invertebrate species. However, the primary cue reported for metamorphosis of coral larvae is calcareous coralline algae (CCA). Herein we report the community structure of developing coral reef biofilms and the potential role they play in triggering the metamorphosis of a scleractinian coral. Two-week-old biofilms induced metamorphosis in less than 10% of larvae, whereas metamorphosis increased significantly on older biofilms, with a maximum of 41% occurring on 8-week-old microbial films. There was a significant influence of depth in 4- and 8-week biofilms, with greater levels of metamorphosis occurring in response to shallow-water communities. Importantly, larvae were found to settle and metamorphose in response to microbial biofilms lacking CCA from both shallow and deep treatments, indicating that microorganisms not associated with CCA may play a significant role in coral metamorphosis. A polyphasic approach consisting of scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed that coral reef biofilms were comprised of complex bacterial and microalgal communities which were distinct at each depth and time. Principal component analysis of FISH data showed that the Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium of Bacteroidetes had the largest influence on overall community composition. A low abundance of Archaea was detected in almost all biofilms, providing the first report of Archaea associated with coral reef biofilms. No differences in the relative densities of each subdivision of Proteobacteria were observed between slides that induced larval metamorphosis and those that did not. Comparative cluster analysis of bacterial DGGE patterns also revealed that there were clear age and depth distinctions in biofilm community structure; however, no difference was detected in banding profiles between biofilms which induced larval metamorphosis and those where no metamorphosis occurred. This investigation demonstrates that complex microbial communities can induce coral metamorphosis in the absence of CCA. PMID- 14766610 TI - Improved laboratory enrichment for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli by exposure to extremely acidic conditions. AB - Analysis of food samples for E. coli O157:H7 using the standard U.S. Food and Drug Administration procedure is frequently complicated by overgrowth of nontarget microorganisms. A new procedure was developed for enrichment of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) which utilizes exposure to pH 2.00 for 2 h. This procedure yielded larger populations of EHEC than the standard method by factors ranging from 2.7 to 7.7 and, when age-stressed cultures were used, by factors ranging from 2.7 to 11.5. Cultures of competing enterics were more effectively inhibited by the new enrichment protocol as well. PMID- 14766609 TI - Biodegradation of benzene by halophilic and halotolerant bacteria under aerobic conditions. AB - A highly enriched halophilic culture was established with benzene as the sole carbon source by using a brine soil obtained from an oil production facility in Oklahoma. The enrichment completely degraded benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes within 1 to 2 weeks. Also, [14C]benzene was converted to 14CO2, suggesting the culture's ability to mineralize benzene. Community structure analysis revealed that Marinobacter spp. were the dominant members of the enrichment. PMID- 14766611 TI - Effects of temperature and pressure on sulfate reduction and anaerobic oxidation of methane in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin. AB - Rates of sulfate reduction (SR) and anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in hydrothermal deep-sea sediments from Guaymas Basin were measured at temperatures of 5 to 200 degrees C and pressures of 1 x 10(5), 2.2 x 10(7), and 4.5 x 10(7) Pa. A maximum SR of several micromoles per cubic centimeter per day was found at between 60 and 95 degrees C and 2.2 x 10(7) and 4.5 x 10(7) Pa. Maximal AOM was observed at 35 to 90 degrees C but generally accounted for less than 5% of SR. PMID- 14766612 TI - Electron transfer by Desulfobulbus propionicus to Fe(III) and graphite electrodes. AB - Desulfobulbus propionicus was able to grow with Fe(III), the humic acids analog anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS), or a graphite electrode as an electron acceptor. These results provide an explanation for the enrichment of Desulfobulbaceae species on the surface of electrodes harvesting electricity from anaerobic marine sediments and further expand the diversity of microorganisms known to have the ability to use both sulfate and Fe(III) as an electron acceptor. PMID- 14766613 TI - Effect of overexpression of Actinobacillus succinogenes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase on succinate production in Escherichia coli. AB - Succinate fermentation was investigated in Escherichia coli strains overexpressing Actinobacillus succinogenes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). In E. coli K-12, PEPCK overexpression had no effect on succinate fermentation. In contrast, in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase mutant E. coli strain K-12 ppc::kan, PEPCK overexpression increased succinate production 6.5 fold. PMID- 14766614 TI - Evaluation of Colilert-18 for detection of coliforms and Eschericha coli in subtropical freshwater. AB - The accuracy of Colilert-18 as a test for coliforms and Escherichia coli in subtropical freshwater was evaluated by using API 20E strips and fatty acid methyl ester analysis. The false-positive and -negative rates of detection were 7.4 and 3.5%, respectively, for E. coli and 9.6 and 6.3%, respectively, for coliforms. PMID- 14766615 TI - New approach for specific determination of antibiotics by use of luminescent Escherichia coli and immune serum. AB - This paper describes a possible application of luminescent Escherichia coli activated by blood serum for high-sensitivity and high-specificity assays of antibiotics in solutions. Antibiotics inhibited luminescence of a genetically engineered E. coli strain; the system sensitivity to some antibiotics grew notably after the cells had been preactivated by blood serum. The highest level of sensitivity (2.8 +/- 0.6 ng/ml) of luminescent cells was obtained for aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin and streptomycin). It is feasible to create the specific biosensor for antibiotics on the basis of bioluminescent E. coli strains by applying sera containing antibodies against the antibiotic under assay. The presence of antibodies specific for gentamicin in serum affects inhibition of luminescent cells by gentamicin but not inhibition by other antibiotics. PMID- 14766616 TI - Stabilization of penicillin G acylase from Escherichia coli: site-directed mutagenesis of the protein surface to increase multipoint covalent attachment. AB - Three mutations on the penicillin acylase surface (increasing the number of Lys in a defined area) were performed. They did not alter the enzyme's stability and kinetic properties; however, after immobilization on glyoxyl-agarose, the mutant enzyme showed improved stability under all tested conditions (e.g., pH 2.5 at 4 degrees C, pH 5 at 60 degrees C, pH 7 at 55 degrees C, or 60% dimethylformamide), with stabilization factors ranging from 4 to 11 compared with the native enzyme immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose. PMID- 14766617 TI - Emotions Inside Out: 130 Years after Darwin's "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals". Proceedings of a conference. November 16-17, 2002, New York City, New York, USA. AB - In The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals Darwin argued that emotions are not unique to humans, but can be found in many species; that many of the same social occasions that generate emotions in humans do so in other animals. He asked why this particular expression for a particular emotion, and his answer formed part of his demonstration of the continuity of the species and was thus crucial to his evolutionary theory. Darwin was one of the first scientists to use photographs as illustrations and to use the judgment method for studying the signal value of an expression-which has become the most frequently used method in the psychology of expression. The contents of the present volume extend, support, and sometimes contradict Darwin's remarkable contribution to the field of the expression of emotions. PMID- 14766618 TI - Darwin's legacy and the study of primate visual communication. AB - After Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872, we had to wait 60 years before the theme of animal expressions was picked up by another astute observer. In 1935, Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts published a detailed comparison of the expressive behavior of a juvenile chimpanzee and of her own child. After Kohts, we had to wait until the 1960s for modern ethological analyses of primate facial and gestural communication. Again, the focus was on the chimpanzee, but ethograms on other primates appeared as well. Our understanding of the range of expressions in other primates is at present far more advanced than that in Darwin's time. A strong social component has been added: instead of focusing on the expressions per se, they are now often classified according to the social situations in which they typically occur. Initially, quantitative analyses were sequential (i.e., concerned with temporal associations between behavior patterns), and they avoided the language of emotions. I will discuss some of this early work, including my own on the communicative repertoire of the bonobo, a close relative of the chimpanzee (and ourselves). I will provide concrete examples to make the point that there is a much richer matrix of contexts possible than the common behavioral categories of aggression, sex, fear, play, and so on. Primate signaling is a form of negotiation, and previous classifications have ignored the specifics of what animals try to achieve with their exchanges. There is also increasing evidence for signal conventionalization in primates, especially the apes, in both captivity and the field. This process results in group-specific or "cultural" communication patterns. PMID- 14766619 TI - Meaning and emotion in animal vocalizations. AB - Historically, a dichotomy has been drawn between the semantic communication of human language and the apparently emotional calls of animals. Current research paints a more complicated picture. Just as scientists have identified elements of human speech that reflect a speaker's emotions, field experiments have shown that the calls of many animals provide listeners with information about objects and events in the environment. Like human speech, therefore, animal vocalizations simultaneously provide others with information that is both semantic and emotional. In support of this conclusion, we review the results of field experiments on the natural vocalizations of African vervet monkeys, diana monkeys, baboons, and suricates (a South African mongoose). Vervet and diana monkeys give acoustically distinct alarm calls in response to the presence of leopards, eagles, and snakes. Each alarm call type elicits a different, adaptive response from others nearby. Field experiments demonstrate that listeners compare these vocalizations not just according to their acoustic properties but also according to the information they convey. Like monkeys, suricates give acoustically distinct alarm calls in response to different predators. Within each predator class, the calls also differ acoustically according to the signaler's perception of urgency. Like speech, therefore, suricate alarm calls convey both semantic and emotional information. The vocalizations of baboons, like those of many birds and mammals, are individually distinctive. As a result, when one baboon hears a sequence of calls exchanged between two or more individuals, the listener acquires information about social events in its group. Baboons, moreover, are skilled "eavesdroppers:" their response to different call sequences provides evidence of the sophisticated information they acquire from other individuals' vocalizations. Baboon males give loud "wahoo" calls during competitive displays. Like other vocalizations, these highly emotional calls provide listeners with information about the caller's dominance rank, age, and competitive ability. Although animal vocalizations, like human speech, simultaneously encode both semantic and emotional information, they differ from language in at least one fundamental respect. Although listeners acquire rich information from a caller's vocalization, callers do not, in the human sense, intend to provide it. Listeners acquire information as an inadvertent consequence of signaler behavior. PMID- 14766620 TI - The discrimination of faces and their emotional content by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). AB - The ability to recognize and discriminate conspecific faces and facial expressions has played a critical role in the evolution of social communication. Darwin was one of the first to speculate that human and nonhuman primate facial expressions share similar mechanisms for production and functions in expressing emotion. Since his seminal publication, numerous studies have attempted to unravel the meaning of animal signals, with the most success coming from the field of vocal communication, where researchers have identified the referential and emotional nature of specific vocalizations. Studies specifically addressing nonverbal facial displays, however, have faced numerous methodological challenges, including how to objectively describe facial movements and how to study the perception and production of these signals within a social context. In this paper, I will review my studies on chimpanzee face recognition, their ability to categorize facial expressions, and the extent to which chimpanzee facial expressions may convey information about emotion. Finally, recent studies from my lab have begun to address the role of auditory and visual cues in facial expression categorization. Chimpanzees were given the task of matching expressions according to which sensory modality was more salient, the visual or auditory component. For some expressions the visual modality was preferred, while for others the auditory modality was preferred. These data suggest that different social and ecological pressures may shift attention towards one sensory modality over another, such as during long-distance communication or emotional conflict. PMID- 14766621 TI - Animal communication: panel discussion. PMID- 14766622 TI - Development of emotional expressions in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). PMID- 14766623 TI - Response to naturalistic fear stimuli in captive Old World monkeys. PMID- 14766624 TI - Visual field information in the face perception of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). AB - Evidence for a visual field advantage (VFA) in the face perception of chimpanzees was investigated using a modification of a free-vision task. Four of six chimpanzee subjects previously trained on a computer joystick match-to-sample paradigm were able to distinguish between images of neutral face chimeras consisting of two left sides (LL) or right sides (RR) of the face. While an individual's ability to make this distinction would be unlikely to determine their suitability for the VFA tests, it was important to establish that distinctive information was available in test images. Data were then recorded on their choice of the LL vs. RR chimera as a match to the true, neutral image; a bias for one of these options would indicate an hemispatial visual field advantage. Results suggest that chimpanzees, unlike humans, do not exhibit a left visual field advantage. These results have important implications for studies on laterality and asymmetry in facial signals and their perception in primates. PMID- 14766625 TI - Neuroanatomical basis of facial expression in monkeys, apes, and humans. PMID- 14766626 TI - A structural and contextual analysis of chimpanzee screams. PMID- 14766627 TI - A Darwinian legacy to understanding human infancy: emotional expressions as behavior regulators. AB - Darwin's influence on the study of emotional responding has largely centered on the study of the production of facial movement patterns. In this paper, we present evidence on the importance of considering facial and vocal patterns as signals that powerfully regulate behavior in infancy and early childhood. We review a series of studies showing that facial expressions and vocal expressions alone can regulate the behavior of infants and, in the case of vocal expressions, do so at ages earlier than most researchers have acknowledged. We also review studies on the enduring effects of social signals, documenting that even 8.5 month-olds show minimal retention of the effects of social signals, some 10-month olds can retain the effects of social signals for 25 minutes, and 14-month-old can do so for a period of one hour after only two trials of signal exposure. Social signals not only regulate behavior, they also are part and parcel of an important and relatively unstudied phenomenon called affect sharing, which is evident by 11.5 months of age. Finally, we speculate on the constitutive role of social signals, especially those linked to what Ekman has called "basic emotions" in the generation of new emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt. PMID- 14766628 TI - Emotional facial expressions in European-American, Japanese, and Chinese infants. AB - Charles Darwin was among the first to recognize the important contribution that infant studies could make to our understanding of human emotional expression. Noting that infants come to exhibit many emotions, he also observed that at first their repertoire of expression is highly restricted. Today, considerable controversy exists regarding the question of whether infants experience and express discrete emotions. According to one position, discrete emotions emerge during infancy along with their prototypic facial expressions. These expressions closely resemble adult emotional expressions and are invariantly concordant with their corresponding emotions. In contrast, we propose that the relation between expression and emotion during infancy is more complex. Some infant emotions and emotional expressions may not be invariantly concordant. Furthermore, infant emotional expressions may be less differentiated than previously proposed. Together with past developmental studies, recent cross-cultural research supports this view and suggests that negative emotional expression in particular is only partly differentiated towards the end of the first year. PMID- 14766629 TI - Aging, emotion, and evolution: the bigger picture. AB - Ample empirical evidence shows that basic cognitive processes integral to learning and memory suffer with age. Explanations for age-related loss typically cite the absence of evolutionary selection pressures during the postreproductive years, which consequently failed to optimize functioning during old age. In this paper, we suggest that evolutionary pressures did operate at older ages and that an evolutionary account is entirely consistent with the pattern of findings currently available in the psychological literature on aging. Cognitive loss is limited primarily to new learning, yet integrated world knowledge increases with age. In addition, socioemotional regulation improves with age, which is associated with increased investment in emotionally meaningful others (most notably kin). In this chapter, we argue that this profile of late-life characteristics contributes to the reproductive success of kin. We consider how the uniquely human ability to monitor place in the life cycle and the consequent motivational shifts that occur when boundaries in time are perceived contribute to the adaptive value of long life. Finally, we suggest that joint consideration of evolutionary theory and life-span psychology can lead to fruitful advances in the understanding of human aging. PMID- 14766630 TI - Development: panel discussion. PMID- 14766631 TI - Latency and intensity of discrete emotions:are discrete emotions differentiated by latency and/or intensity of expression? PMID- 14766632 TI - Emotion in the infant's face: insights from the study of infants with facial anomalies. AB - Darwin viewed "experiments in nature" as an important strategy for elucidating the evolutionary bases of human emotional expressions. Infants with craniofacial anomalies are of special interest because morphological abnormalities and resulting distortions or deficits in their facial expressions could make it more difficult for caregivers to read and accurately interpret their signals. As part of a larger study on the effects of craniofacial anomalies on infant facial expression and parent-infant interaction, infants with different types of craniofacial conditions and comparison infants were videotaped interacting with their mothers at 3 and 6 months. The infants' facial expressions were coded with Baby FACS. Thirty-seven slides of 16 infants displaying 4 distinctive infant expressions (cry face, negative face, interest, and smile) were rated by 38 naive observers on a 7-point scale ranging from intense distress to intense happiness. Their ratings were significantly correlated with ratings based on objective Baby FACS criteria (r > 0.9 in all infant groups). A 4 (infant group) x 4 (expression category) ANOVA showed a significant main effect for expression category, F(3) 5 71.9, P 5 0.000, but no significant effect for infant group or group 3 expression interaction. The observers' ratings were thus highly "accurate" in terms of a priori Baby FACS criteria, even in the case of infants with severely disfiguring facial conditions. These findings demonstrate that the signal value of infant facial expressions is remarkably robust, suggesting that the capacity to read emotional meaning in infants' facial expressions may have a biological basis. PMID- 14766633 TI - Darwin, deception, and facial expression. AB - Darwin did not focus on deception. Only a few sentences in his book mentioned the issue. One of them raised the very interesting question of whether it is difficult to voluntarily inhibit the emotional expressions that are most difficult to voluntarily fabricate. Another suggestion was that it would be possible to unmask a fabricated expression by the absence of the difficult-to voluntarily-generate facial actions. Still another was that during emotion body movements could be more easily suppressed than facial expression. Research relevant to each of Darwin's suggestions is reviewed, as is other research on deception that Darwin did not foresee. PMID- 14766634 TI - Expression and the course of life: studies of emotion, personality, and psychopathology from a social-functional perspective. AB - In this paper I discuss how expressive behavior relates to personality and psychopathology, integrating recent findings from my laboratory and the insights of Charles Darwin on this topic. In the first part of the paper I challenge the view, in part espoused by Darwin, that humans are equipped to convey only a limited number of emotions with nonverbal behavior. Our lab has documented displays for several emotions, including embarrassment, love, desire, compassion, gratitude, and awe, to name just a few states that previously were thought not to possess a distinct display. I then present an argument for how individual differences in emotion, although fleeting, shape the social environment. This argument focuses on the functions of nonverbal display: to provide information to others, to evoke responses, and to serve as incentives of preceding or ensuing social behavior. This reasoning sets the stage for the study of the relationships between personality, psychopathology, and expressive behavior, to which I turn in the final part of the paper. Here I show that basic personality traits (e.g., extraversion, agreeableness) and psychological disorders (e.g., externalizing disorder in children, autism) have expressive signatures that shape social interactions and environments in profound ways that might perpetuate and transmit the trait or disorder. PMID- 14766635 TI - Sounds of emotion: production and perception of affect-related vocal acoustics. AB - In his writing Darwin emphasized direct veridical links between vocal acoustics and vocalizer emotional state. Yet he also recognized that acoustics influence the emotional state of listeners. This duality-that particular vocal expressions are likely linked to particular internal states, yet may specifically function to influence others-lies at the heart of contemporary efforts aimed at understanding affect-related vocal acoustics. That work has focused most on speech acoustics and laughter, where the most common approach has been to argue that these signals reflect the occurrence of discrete emotional states in the vocalizer. An alternative view is that the underlying states can be better characterized using a small number of continuous dimensions such as arousal (or activation) and a valenced dimension such as pleasantness. A brief review of the evidence suggests, however, that neither approach is correct. Data from speech-related research provides little support for a discrete-emotions view, with emotion-related aspects of the acoustics seeming more to reflect to vocalizer arousal. However, links to a corresponding emotional valence dimension have also been difficult to demonstrate, suggesting a need for interpretations outside this traditional dichotomy. We therefore suggest a different perspective in which the primary function of signaling is not to express signaler emotion, but rather to impact listener affect and thereby influence the behavior of these individuals. In this view, it is not expected that nuances of signaler states will be highly correlated with particular features of the sounds produced, but rather that vocalizers will be using acoustics that readily affect listener arousal and emotion. Attributions concerning signaler states thus become a secondary outcome, reflecting inferences that listeners base on their own affective responses to the sounds, their past experience with such signals, and the context in which signaling is occurring. This approach has found recent support in laughter research, with the bigger picture being that the sounds of emotion-be they carried in speech, laughter, or other species-typical signals--are not informative, veridical beacons on vocalizer states so much as tools of social influence used to capitalize on listener sensitivities. PMID- 14766636 TI - Expression: panel discussion. PMID- 14766637 TI - Emotional expression in speech and music: evidence of cross-modal similarities. PMID- 14766638 TI - Categorical perception of emotion in vocal expression. PMID- 14766639 TI - Acoustic analyses support subjective judgments of vocal emotion. AB - Subjective human judgments of emotion in speech have been considered to be less reliable than acoustic analyses in scientific studies, but acoustic analyses have had limited ability to detect subtle vocal nuances that give useful social information about human intent and meaning to discourse partners. Two post hoc analyses were undertaken to determine if results from acoustic analyses of vocalizations were related to subjective judgments of vocal affect (affective prosody). Acoustic analyses of fundamental frequency (F(o)) and subjective judgments of emotional content of vocal productions from two studies underwent statistical analyses: Study 1-vocal repetition of sentences using 6 basic emotions in 24 detoxified alcoholics and 15 controls; study 2-quality/quantity of "motherese" speech directed to 52 infants in Cambridge, England. Ratings of emotion indicators for both studies were done by female researchers of different ages and cultural/language backgrounds. In both studies, acoustic analyses of F(o) elements in utterances accounted for approximately 50% of the effect when modeling subjective emotion accuracy and emotion intensity ratings, using linear regression analyses. Acoustic analyses of F(o) are positively associated with subjective judgments of emotion indicators, and speakers who cannot vary F(o) are unable to convey emotion accurately to communication partners. Yet acoustic analyses are limited in comparison to the exquisite complexity of the human auditory and cognitive systems. Subjective judgments of emotional meaning in speech can be a reliable variable in scientific inquiry and can be used for more complex, subtle studies of speech communication and intentionality than acoustic analyses. PMID- 14766640 TI - Pleasure, the common currency of emotions. PMID- 14766641 TI - The faces of positive emotion: prototype displays of awe, amusement, and pride. PMID- 14766642 TI - Antiphonal laughter in developing friendships. PMID- 14766643 TI - Darwin's View: Self-Evaluative Emotions as Context-Specific Emotions. PMID- 14766644 TI - Personality traits and sex differences in emotion recognition among African Americans and Caucasians. PMID- 14766645 TI - Does pride have a recognizable expression? PMID- 14766646 TI - Darwin and the neural bases of emotion and affective style. AB - This article presents an overview of ways to think about the brain and emotion and consider the role of evolution and expression in shaping the neural circuitry of affective processing. Issues pertaining to whether there are separate unique neural modules hard-wired for emotion processing or whether affective processing uses more generalized circuitry are considered. Relations between affect and cognition--specifically, memory--are examined from the perspective of overlapping neural systems. The role of individual differences in neural function in affective style are discussed, and the concepts of affective chronometry, or the time course of emotional responding and emotion regulation, are introduced. Finally, the extent to which certain emotional traits can be viewed as trainable skills is considered, and the relevance of work on neural plasticity to the skill framework is addressed. Data from a variety of sources using different types of measures is brought to bear on these questions, including neuroimaging and psychophysiological measures, studies of individuals of different ages ranging from early childhood to old age, studies of nonhuman primates, and observations of patients with localized brain damage. Emotions are viewed as varying in both type and dimension. Honoring brain circuitry in parsing the domain of affects will result in distinctions and differentiations that are not currently incorporated in traditional classification schemes. PMID- 14766647 TI - The amygdala, social behavior, and danger detection. AB - The amygdala is a distinctive portion of the anterior temporal lobe that has been implicated in a variety of functions including expression of fear, modulation of memory, and mediation of social communication. While work on the rodent amygdala often deals with emotion, much of the research in nonhuman primates and in man deals with its role in the perception of social signals, such as facial expressions, and the maintenance of social position, such as in primate dominance hierarchies. We have established a program of research that has as its major goal the definition of neural systems that underlie species-typical social communication. A first phase of the program was launched on the premise that the amygdala is essential for species-typical social behavior. We sought to examine in more detail the impairments of social behavior that followed discrete, bilateral lesions of the amygdala. We found, however, that mature rhesus monkeys with bilateral lesions of the amygdala not only were capable of species-typical social behavior, but actually engaged in more affiliative social interactions. The lesioned animals also demonstrated a striking lack of fear of normally fear inducing stimuli such as replicas of snakes. In a second, ongoing series of studies in the infant rhesus monkey, we are examining whether the amygdala is essential for gaining social knowledge during development. Infant animals that receive bilateral lesions of the amygdala at two weeks of age and are raised by their biological mothers demonstrate all expected social behaviors for their ages. These animals, like the adults, demonstrate a lack of fear of objects such as snakes. However, unlike the adults, they demonstrate more fear when placed into novel social situations. The results from these studies are most consistent with the conclusion that the amygdala is not necessary for species-typical social behavior or for gaining social knowledge during development. We hypothesize that the amygdala is a critical component of a system that evaluates the environment for potential dangers. As such, it has a modulatory role on social behavior-that is, it typically inhibits social interaction with novel conspecifics while they are evaluated as potential adversaries. This perspective predicts that hyperactivity of the amygdala would be associated with increased fear or anxiety and may contribute to disorders such as social phobia. PMID- 14766649 TI - Physiology: panel discussion. PMID- 14766648 TI - Blood, sweat, and fears: the autonomic architecture of emotion. AB - The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a critical role in emotion, providing metabolic support for adaptive action, generating appearance changes with high signal value for conspecifics, and producing visceral sensations that shape subjective emotional experience. In this chapter, I consider several of the most important ways that the ANS is involved in emotion, including: (a) peripheral activation of emotion; (b) autonomic influences on emotional language and the labeling of subjective emotional experience; (c) positive emotion and autonomic soothing; (d) expressive signs of autonomic origin; (e) autonomic substrates of emotional contagion and empathy; and (f) autonomic consequences of emotion regulation. For each, I describe relevant research from our laboratory and discuss implications for an evolutionary account of emotion. In these and many other ways the autonomic architecture of human emotion has evolved not only to move blood and tears in the service of fears, but also to provide us with a rich set of tools that help us communicate and signal the nature of our internal emotional experiences, understand the emotions of others, calm ourselves and others, and give us some modicum of control over harmful and unproductive emotions. PMID- 14766650 TI - Varieties of emotional experience during voluntary emotional facial expressions. PMID- 14766651 TI - Disgusting smells activate human anterior insula and ventral striatum. PMID- 14766652 TI - Damage to the right hippocampal-amygdala formation during early infancy and recognition of fearful faces: neuropsychological and fMRI evidence in subjects with temporal lobe epilepsy. PMID- 14766653 TI - The relationship between EEG asymmetry and positive emotionality in young children. PMID- 14766654 TI - Facial expression of emotion in human frontal and temporal lobe epileptic seizures. PMID- 14766655 TI - Buccofacial apraxia and the expression of emotion. PMID- 14766656 TI - Selective or nonselective endothelin receptor blockade in pulmonary arterial hypertension. PMID- 14766657 TI - Does the presence of antibodies justify the use of antibiotics in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis? PMID- 14766658 TI - Lysozyme in pulmonary host defense: new tricks for an old dog. PMID- 14766659 TI - Pro: Greater funding of cell and molecular biology has delivered what was promised to respiratory medicine. PMID- 14766660 TI - Con: Greater funding of cell and molecular biology has not delivered what was promised to respiratory medicine. PMID- 14766663 TI - Montelukast in RSV-bronchiolitis. PMID- 14766664 TI - Side effects of antituberculosis therapy. PMID- 14766665 TI - Acute respiratory failure after interferon-gamma therapy in IPF. PMID- 14766666 TI - Excess nitric oxide decreases cytochrome P-450 2J4 content and P-450-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism in lungs of rats with acute pneumonia. AB - Recently, we demonstrated that pulmonary CYP2J4 content, a prominent source of EETs and HETEs formation in rat lungs, is reduced in pneumonia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of iNOS-derived NO in reduced pulmonary CYP2J4 protein content and decreased CYP metabolites in pneumonia. Rats were randomized to control, control plus 1400W (iNOS inhibitor), pneumonia, and pneumonia plus 1400W groups. Pseudomonas organisms were injected into lungs of pneumonia rats. At 40 h after surgery, rats were treated with either saline or 1400W for 4 h before death. Venous plasma samples were obtained for measuring nitrites/nitrates (NOx). There was no significant effect of 1400W on blood pressure measured in control or pneumonia rats, whereas 1400W reduced the elevated plasma NOx levels in pneumonia rats by half. CYP primary metabolites of AA formed at significantly lower rates in pulmonary microsomes from pneumonia rats compared with control rats. Treatment of pneumonia rats with 1400W resulted in a significant increase in the rate of formation of pulmonary EETs and omega terminal HETEs compared with untreated pneumonia rats. The reduction in CYP2J4 protein content in pneumonia lung microsomes was also partially prevented by 1400W. Therefore, excess NO from iNOS decreases the pulmonary production of EETs and omega-HETEs in acute pneumonia. Inhibition of iNOS restores CYP2J4 protein content and CYP activity in acute pneumonia, indicating an important NO-CYP interaction in pulmonary responses to infection. We speculate CYP2J4 and its AA metabolites are involved in the modulation of pulmonary function in health and disease. PMID- 14766667 TI - Effect of changes in pH on wall tension in isolated rat pulmonary artery: role of the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway. AB - Pulmonary arteries (PA) are resistant to the vasodilator effects of extracellular acidosis in systemic vessels; the mechanism underlying this difference between systemic and pulmonary circulations has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that RhoA/Rho-kinase-mediated Ca2+ sensitization pathway played a greater role in tension development in pulmonary than in systemic vascular smooth muscle and that this pathway was insensitive to acidosis. In arterial rings contracted with the alpha1-agonist phenylephrine (PE), the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (< or =3 microM) induced greater relaxation in precontracted PA rings than in aortic rings. In PA rings stimulated by PE, the activation of RhoA was greater than in aorta. Normocapnic acidosis (NA) induced a smaller relaxation in precontracted PA than in aorta. However, in the presence of nifedipine and thapsigargin, when PE induced contraction was predominantly mediated by Rho-kinase, the relaxant effect of NA was reduced and similar in both vessel types. Furthermore, in the presence of Y-27632, NA induced a greater relaxation in both PA and aorta, which was similar in both vessels. Finally, in alpha-toxin-permeabilized smooth muscle, PE induced contraction at constant Ca2+ activity was inhibited by Y-27632 and unaffected by acidosis. These results indicate that Ca2+ sensitization induced by the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway played a greater role in agonist-induced vascular smooth muscle contraction in PA than in aorta and that tension mediated by this pathway was insensitive to acidosis. The predominant role of the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway in the pulmonary vasculature may account for the resistance of this circulation to the vasodilator effect of acidosis observed in the systemic circulation. PMID- 14766668 TI - Impaired NO signaling in small pulmonary arteries of chronically hypoxic newborn piglets. AB - We performed studies to determine whether chronic hypoxia impairs nitric oxide (NO) signaling in resistance level pulmonary arteries (PAs) of newborn piglets. Piglets were maintained in room air (control) or hypoxia (11% O(2)) for either 3 (shorter exposure) or 10 (longer exposure) days. Responses of PAs to a nonselective NO synthase (NOS) antagonist, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME), a NOS-2-selective antagonist, aminoguanidine, and 7-nitroindazole, a NOS-1-selective antagonist, were measured. Levels of NOS isoforms and of two proteins involved in NOS signaling, heat shock protein (HSP) 90 and caveolin-1, were assessed in PA homogenates. PAs from all groups constricted to L-NAME but not to aminoguanidine or 7-nitroindazole. The magnitude of constriction to L-NAME was similar for PAs from control and hypoxic piglets of the shorter exposure period but was diminished for PAs from hypoxic compared with control piglets of the longer exposure period. NOS-3, HSP90, and caveolin-1 levels were similar in hypoxic and control PAs. These findings indicate that NOS-3, but not-NOS 2 or NOS 1, is involved with basal NO production in PAs from both control and hypoxic piglets. After 10 days of hypoxia, NO function is impaired in PAs despite preserved levels of NOS-3, HSP90, and caveolin-1. The development of NOS-3 dysfunction in resistance level PAs may contribute to the progression of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in newborn piglets. PMID- 14766669 TI - Mitochondrial-derived free radicals mediate asbestos-induced alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis. AB - Asbestos causes pulmonary toxicity by mechanisms that in part involve reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the precise source of ROS is unclear. We showed that asbestos induces alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis by a mitochondrial regulated death pathway. To determine whether mitochondrial-derived ROS are necessary for causing asbestos-induced AEC apoptosis, we utilized A549 rho(omicron) cells that lack mitochondrial DNA and a functional electron transport. As expected, antimycin, which induces an oxidative stress by blocking mitochondrial electron transport at complex III, increased dichlorofluoroscein (DCF) fluorescence in A549 cells but not in A549-rho(omicron) cells. Compared with A549 cells, rho(omicron) cells have less asbestos-induced ROS production, as assessed by DCF fluorescence, and reductions in total glutathione levels as well as less caspase-9 activation and apoptosis, as assessed by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining and DNA fragmentation. A mitochondrial anion channel inhibitor that prevents ROS release from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm also blocked asbestos-induced A549 cell caspase-9 activation and apoptosis. Finally, a role for nonmitochondrial-derived ROS with exposure to high levels of asbestos (50 microg/cm(2)) was suggested by our findings that an iron chelator (phytic acid or deferoxamine) or a free radical scavenger (sodium benzoate) provided additional protection against asbestos-induced caspase-9 activation and DNA fragmentation in rho(omicron) cells. We conclude that asbestos fibers affect mitochondrial DNA and functional electron transport, resulting in mitochondrial derived ROS production that in turn mediates AEC apoptosis. Nonmitochondrial associated ROS may also contribute to AEC apoptosis, particularly with high levels of asbestos exposure. PMID- 14766670 TI - Somatic gene and cell therapy strategies for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. PMID- 14766671 TI - Cardiac physiology at the cellular level: use of cultured HL-1 cardiomyocytes for studies of cardiac muscle cell structure and function. AB - HL-1 cells are currently the only cardiomyocyte cell line available that continuously divides and spontaneously contracts while maintaining a differentiated cardiac phenotype. Extensive characterization using microscopic, genetic, immunohistochemical, electrophysiological, and pharmacological techniques has demonstrated how similar HL-1 cells are to primary cardiomyocytes. In the few years that HL-1 cells have been available, they have been used in a variety of model systems designed to answer important questions regarding cardiac biology at the cellular and molecular levels. Whereas HL-1 cells have been used to study normal cardiomyocyte function with regard to signaling, electrical, metabolic, and transcriptional regulation, they have also been used to address pathological conditions such as hypoxia, hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia, apoptosis, and ischemia-reperfusion. The availability of an immortalized, contractile cardiac cell line has provided investigators with a tool for probing the intricacies of cardiomyocyte function. In this review, we describe the culture and characterization of HL-1 cardiomyocytes as well as various model systems that have been developed using these cells to gain a better understanding of cardiac biology at the cellular and molecular levels. PMID- 14766672 TI - Evidence of myofibrillar protein oxidation induced by postischemic reperfusion in isolated rat hearts. AB - Although the contribution of reactive oxygen species to myocardial ischemia is well recognized, the possible intracellular targets, especially at the level of myofibrillar proteins (MP), are not yet fully characterized. To assess the maximal extent of oxidative degradation of proteins, isolated rat hearts were perfused with 1 mM H(2)O(2). Subsequently, the MP maximally oxidative damage was compared with the effects produced by 1) 30 min of no-flow ischemia (I) followed in other hearts by 3 min of reperfusion (I/R); and 2) I/R in the presence of a potent antioxidant N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine (MPG). Samples from the H(2)O(2) group electrophoresed under nonreducing conditions and probed with actin, desmin, or tropomyosin monoclonal antibodies showed high-molecular mass complexes indicative of disulfide cross-bridges along with splitting and thickening of tropomyosin and actin bands, respectively. Only these latter changes could be detected in I/R samples and were prevented by MPG. Carbonyl groups generated by oxidative stress on MP were detected by Western blot analysis (oxyblot) under optimized conditions. The analyses showed one major band corresponding to oxidized actin, the density of which increased 1.2-, 2.8-, and 6.8-fold in I, I/R, and H(2)O(2) groups, respectively. The I/R-induced increase was significantly reduced by MPG. In conclusion, oxidative damage of MP occurs on reperfusion, although at a lower extent than in H(2)O(2) perfused hearts, whereas oxidative modifications could not be detected in ischemic hearts. Furthermore, the inhibition of MP oxidation by MPG might underlie the protective efficacy of antioxidants. PMID- 14766673 TI - Mechanisms of angiotensin II-induced expression of B2 kinin receptors. AB - Although the primary roles of the kallikreinkinin system and the renin angiotensin system are quite divergent, they are often intertwined under pathophysiological conditions. We examined the effect of ANG II on regulation of B(2) kinin receptors (B2KR) in vascular cells. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were treated with ANG II in a concentration (10(-9)-10(-6) M)- and time (0 24 h)-dependent manner, and B2KR protein and mRNA levels were measured by Western blots and PCR, respectively. A threefold increase in B2KR protein levels was observed as early as 6 h, with a peak response at 10(-7) M. ANG II (10(-7) M) also increased B2KR mRNA levels twofold 4 h after stimulation. Actinomycin D suppressed the increase in B2KR mRNA and protein levels induced by ANG II. To elucidate the receptor subtype involved in mediating this regulation, VSMC were pretreated with losartan (AT(1) receptor antagonist) and/or PD-123319 (AT(2) receptor antagonist) at 10 microM for 30 min, followed by ANG II (10(-7) M) stimulation. Losartan completely blocked the ANG II-induced B2KR increase, whereas PD-123319 had no effect. In addition, expression of B2KR mRNA levels was decreased in AT(1A) receptor knockout mice. Finally, to determine whether ANG II stimulates B2KR expression via activation of the MAPK pathway, VSMC were pretreated with an inhibitor of p42/p44(mapk) (PD-98059) and/or an inhibitor of p38(mapk) (SB-202190), followed by ANG II (10(-7) M) for 24 h. Selective inhibition of the p42/p44(mapk) pathway significantly blocked the ANG II-induced increase in B2KR expression. These findings demonstrate that ANG II regulates expression of B2KR in VSMC and provide a rationale for studying the interaction between ANG II and bradykinin in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction. PMID- 14766674 TI - Pifithrin-alpha protects against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and acute cardiotoxicity in mice. AB - The present experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of pifithrin-alpha (PFT-alpha), which is a p53 inhibitor, on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced apoptosis and cardiac injury. Administration of DOX (22.5 mg/kg ip) in mice upregulated the mRNA levels of Bax and MDM2, whereas PFT-alpha attenuated those levels when administered at a total dose of 4.4 mg/kg at 30 min before and 3 h after DOX challenge. DOX treatment led to an upregulation of p53 protein levels, which was preceded by elevated levels of phosphorylated p53 at Ser15. PFT-alpha had no effect on the level of p53 or its phosphorylated form. The protein levels of Bax and MDM2 were elevated by DOX and attenuated by PFT-alpha. DOX gave rise to increased apoptosis-positive nuclei in cardiac cells, elevated serum creatine phosphokinase, ultrastructural alterations, and cardiac dysfunction. PFT-alpha offered protection against all of the aforementioned changes. Finally, PFT-alpha did not interfere with the antitumor potency of DOX. This study demonstrates that PFT-alpha effectively inhibits DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which suggests that PFT-alpha has the potential to protect cancer patients against DOX induced cardiac injury. PMID- 14766675 TI - Role of myoglobin as a scavenger of cellular NO in myocardium. AB - Recent studies have detected a (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) reporter signal of metmyoglobin (metMb) during bradykinin stimulation of an isolated mouse heart. The observation has led to the hypothesis that Mb reacts with cellular nitric oxide (NO). However, the hypothesis depends on an unequivocal detection of metMb signals in vivo. In solution, nitrite oxidization of Mb produces a characteristic set of paramagnetically shifted (1)H NMR signals. In the upfield spectral region, MbO(2) and MbCO exhibit the gammaCH(3) Val E11 signals at -2.8 and -2.4 ppm, respectively. In the same spectral region, nitrite oxidation of Mb produces a set of signals at -3.7 and -4.7 ppm at 35 degrees C. Previous studies have confirmed the visibility of metMb signals in perfused rat myocardium. With bradykinin infusion, perfusion pressure and rate-pressure product decrease, consistent with endogenous NO formation. However, neither myocardial O(2) consumption nor high-energy phosphate levels, as reflected in the (31)P NMR signals, show any significant change. Bradykinin still triggers a similar physiological response even in the presence of CO that is sufficient to inhibit 86% Mb. In all cases, the (1)H NMR spectra from perfused rat myocardium reveal no metMb signals. The results suggest that bradykinin-induced NO does not interact significantly with cellular Mb to produce an NMR-detectable quantity of metMb in the perfused rat myocardium. As a consequence, the experiments cannot confirm the intriguing proposal that Mb acts as a cellular NO scavenger. PMID- 14766676 TI - Stretch-induced regional mechanoelectric dispersion and arrhythmia in the right ventricle of anesthetized lambs. AB - Regional mechanical and electrophysiological changes accompany most ventricular arrhythmias and, it has been suggested, by mechanoelectric feedback. We hypothesized that an intervention producing regional mechanical dispersion was associated with regional, proarrhythmic electrical dispersion and studied the regional mechanoelectric feedback in the right ventricle (RV) of anesthetized lambs. Ten lambs were deeply anesthetized, and their hearts were exposed. Three tripodal devices, each incorporating three monophasic action potential electrodes and an integrated strain-gauge system, were placed on the RV apex outflow and inflow regions. Measurements were made before, during, and after 10-s pulmonary arterial occlusion. Pulmonary arterial occlusion increased RV pressure and overall regional segment length. Length excursion became out of phase with RV pressure beats immediately after occlusion, and the strain patterns were different in the three regions at the peak of occlusion. The occlusion resulted in different alterations in regional monophasic action potential morphology, including reduction in monophasic action potential amplitude and duration by different amounts and early afterdepolarizations that were unevenly distributed in the monophasic action potential recordings. This was associated with dispersion of repolarization and recovery time. The combination of electromechanical events precipitated a variety of arrhythmias. Acute RV distension is proarrhythmic, possibly through a causal relationship among mechanically induced afterdepolarizations, dispersion (heterogeneity) of mechanical strain, and dispersion of electrical recovery. The relationship among the different wall motions, the dispersion of repolarization, and arrhythmia underscored mechanoelectric feedback as an important part of arrhythmogenesis in pulmonary embolism and commotio cordis. PMID- 14766678 TI - Concerted effect of transforming growth factor-beta, cyclin inhibitor p21, and c myc on smooth muscle cell proliferation. AB - Increased aortic smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is a key event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is one of the potent inhibitors of SMC proliferation. The purpose of this study was 1) to explore the effect of TGF-beta inhibition on proliferation of SMC and expression of growth regulatory molecules like p21 and c-myc and 2) to determine whether restoration of cell cycle regulatory molecules normalizes the altered proliferation. To test the role of TGF-beta in SMC proliferation, using antisense plasmid DNA, we inhibited TGF-beta gene from aortic SMC, which resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.03) in proliferation (studied by quantifying new DNA synthesis with [(3)H]thymidine uptake assay). In TGF-beta-altered SMC (TASMC), the mRNA expression (studied by RT-PCR) of c-myc was increased whereas that of the cyclin inhibitor p21 was completely inhibited. Using p21 sense plasmid DNA, we transfected p21 gene in TASMC, which restored p21 mRNA and protein expression and decreased proliferation (P < 0.002) in TASMC. Similar treatment with c-myc antisense oligonucleotides significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the proliferation of TASMC. TASMC also exhibited alteration in morphological changes in SMC but returned to normal with treatment of p21 and TGF-beta sense plasmid DNA. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of SMC and TASMC demonstrated differential expression of proteins relevant to cellular proliferation and atherosclerosis. This study uniquely analyzes the effect of TGF-beta at the molecular level on proliferation of SMC and on cell cycle regulatory molecules, implicating their potential role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. PMID- 14766677 TI - Role of cyclooxygenase in ventricular effects of adrenomedullin: is adrenomedullin a double-edged sword in sepsis? AB - Adrenomedullin (ADM) is upregulated in cardiac tissue under various pathophysiological conditions. However, the direct inotropic effect of ADM on normal and compromised cardiomyocytes is not clear. In rat ventricular myocytes, ADM produced an initial (<30 min) increase in cell shortening and Ca(2+) transient and, on prolonged incubation (>1 h), a marked decrease in cell shortening and Ca(2+) transient. Both effects were sensitive to inhibition by the ADM antagonist ADM-(22-52). The increase and decrease in cell shortening and Ca(2+) transient were attenuated by pretreatment with indomethacin [a nonspecific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor], nimesulide and SC-236 (specific COX-2 inhibitors), and tranylcypromine (a prostacyclin synthase inhibitor); SQ-29548 (a thromboxane receptor antagonist) was without effect. Cells isolated from LPS treated rats that were in the late, hypodynamic phase of septic shock also showed a marked decrease in cell shortening and Ca(2+) transient. Because ADM is overexpressed in sepsis, we repeated the above protocol in cells isolated from LPS-treated rats. At 4 h after LPS injection, ADM levels markedly increased in plasma, ventricles, and freshly isolated ventricular myocytes. Decreases in cell shortening and Ca(2+) transient in LPS-treated cells were reversed by pretreatment with ADM-(22-52). Anti-ADM (rat) IgG also reversed the decrease in cell shortening and other parameters of cell kinetics. Indomethacin, SC-236, and tranylcypromine restored cell contractility and the decrease in Ca(2+) transient, whereas SQ-29548 had no effect, implying that prostacyclin played a role in both effects. However, with regard to cell-shortening kinetics, indomethacin and SQ 29548 decreased the amount of time taken by the cells to return to baseline, whereas SC-236 and tranylcypromine did not, implying that not only prostacyclin, but also thromboxane, is involved. The results indicate that ADM interacts with COX to yield prostanoids, which mediate its negative inotropic effect in LPS treated rat ventricular myocytes. PMID- 14766679 TI - Increased endothelin-1 production in patients with chronic heart failure. AB - Endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentrations are elevated in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), although the cause of this increase remains uncertain. We hypothesized that abnormalities in ET-1 production, clearance, or a combination of these may be the cause of elevated ET-1 concentrations in chronic CHF. The kinetics of clearance of ET-1 were measured with (125)I-labeled ET-1 in eight patients with CHF and five age-matched normal individuals. In both normal subjects and the CHF group, the kinetics of ET-1 clearance were best described by a three-compartment model. The steady-state volume of distribution of ET-1 was significantly greater in the CHF group compared with normal subjects (25.2 +/- 3.9 vs. 13.8 +/- 2.1 l/kg; P < 0.05). The total clearance rate from plasma was greater in the CHF group (0.119 +/- 0.018 vs. 0.047 +/- 0.013 l.kg(-1).min(-1); P = 0.05). The total body production rate of ET-1 was also significantly higher in patients with CHF (0.21 +/- 0.03. vs. 0.06 +/- 0.02 ng.kg(-1).min(-1); P < 0.05). It appears that increased ET-1 production rather than decreased clearance is the cause of elevated ET-1 concentrations in patients with chronic CHF. PMID- 14766680 TI - Evolution of activation patterns during long-duration ventricular fibrillation in dogs. AB - Although resuscitation for sudden cardiac arrest attempts are frequently not instituted for several minutes after the onset of ventricular fibrillation (VF), previous mapping studies have examined only the first 40 s of VF or have involved isolated perfused hearts that did not become ischemic during VF. We applied quantitative pattern analysis to mapping data throughout the first 10 min of VF acquired from a 21 x 24 unipolar electrode array located on the ventricular epicardium of six open-chest dogs. The following twelve descriptors were continuously quantified: 1) number of wavefronts, 2) incidence of reentry, 3) wavefront propagation velocity, 4) incidence of breakthrough/focus, 5) incidence of block, 6) mean area activated by the wavefronts, 7) wavefront fractionations, 8) wavefront collisions, 9) multiplicity index, 10) repeatability, 11) negative peak rate of voltage change, and 12) peak frequency of activation. Cluster analysis of these descriptors divided VF into five stages (stages i-v). The values of most descriptors (except block and breakthrough incidence) increased during stage i (1-11 s after VF induction) and maintained high values with rapid dynamic fluctuations during stage ii (12-62 s). Descriptors changed quickly to values indicating greater organization during stage iii (63-86 s), decreased steadily during stage iv (87-310 s), and approached zero during stage v (311-600 s). There was a high incidence of reentry just before, during, and after stage iii. In conclusion, during the first 10 min, VF can be divided into five stages according to the evolution of electrophysiological characteristics. All of the parameters show a rapid deterioration during VF, except for a temporary reversal approximately 1 min after induction when activation briefly became more organized. Thus a quantitative description of activation does not uniformly decrease as VF progresses, but undergo rapid changes and exhibit a brief interval of increased organization after approximately 1 min of VF. Further studies are warranted to determine whether these changes, particularly the increased organization of stage iii, have clinical consequences, such as an alteration in defibrillation efficacy. PMID- 14766681 TI - Induction of myocardial infarcts of a predictable size and location by branch pattern probability-assisted coronary ligation in C57BL/6 mice. AB - The ability to create experimental myocardial infarctions of reproducible size and location is tantamount to progress in multiple facets of ischemic heart disease research. Branches of the mouse left main descending coronary artery penetrate the myocardium close to their origin and require "blind" ligation. Our objective was to develop a technique for ligation of nonvisible coronary artery branches to permit the reliable creation of infarcts of uniformly small size and location. From latex castings of the left coronary artery of C57BL/6J mice (n = 53), we calculated the highest probability for the location of branch points of two of three left ventricular (LV) branches distal to the origin of the left main descending artery. On the basis of these anatomic probabilities, we blindly ligated two areas that were likely to be locations of these nonvisible LV branches. We were successful in producing two types of small transmural myocardial infarctions (16.04 +/- 3.64 and 4.68 +/- 1.47% of the LV) in 57% of attempts. Thus our branch pattern probability-assisted method permits routine creation of small infarcts of uniform size in the mouse. PMID- 14766682 TI - The McCoy laryngoscope in infants and children. PMID- 14766683 TI - Tracheal intubation outside of the operating room. PMID- 14766684 TI - Drinking 300 mL of clear fluid two hours before surgery has no effect on gastric fluid volume and pH in fasting and non-fasting obese patients. AB - PURPOSE: To determine whether, in obese [body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg.m(2)] patients, oral intake of 300 mL clear liquid two hours before elective surgery affects the volume and pH of gastric contents at induction of anesthesia. METHODS: A single-blind, randomized study of 126 adult patients, age > or = 18 yr, ASA physical status I or II, BMI > 30 kg.m(2) who were scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were excluded if they had diabetes mellitus, symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux, or had taken medication within 24 hr that affects gastric secretion, gastric fluid pH or gastric emptying. All patients fasted from midnight and were randomly assigned to fasting or fluid group. Two hours before their scheduled time of surgery, all patients drank 10 mL of water containing phenol red 50 mg. Those in the fluid group followed with 300 mL clear liquid of their choice. Immediately following induction of general anesthesia and tracheal intubation, gastric contents were aspirated through a multiorifice Salem sump tube. The fluid volume, pH and phenol red concentration were recorded. RESULTS: Median (range) values in fasting vs fluid groups were: gastric fluid volume 26 (3-107) mL vs 30 (3-187) mL, pH 1.78 (1.31-7.08) vs 1.77 (1.27-7.34) and phenol red retrieval 0.1 (0-30)% vs 0.2 (0-15)%. Differences between groups were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Obese patients without comorbid conditions should follow the same fasting guidelines as non obese patients and be allowed to drink clear liquid until two hours before elective surgery, inasmuch as obesity per se is not considered a risk factor for pulmonary aspiration. PMID- 14766685 TI - Comparison of phonomyography with balloon pressure mechanomyography to measure contractile force at the corrugator supercilii muscle. AB - PURPOSE: Phonomyography is based on the creation of low frequency sounds during muscle contraction, which can be recorded and used for neuromuscular monitoring. In this study, balloon pressure mechanomyography, a novel method to measure the force of contraction via pressure changes in an air-filled balloon, was compared with phonomyography to determine neuromuscular blockade at the corrugator supercilii muscle. METHOD: After approval of the Ethics Committee and informed consent, 15 patients were studied. A small condenser microphone was taped to the area just above the eyebrow for phonomyography; an air-filled balloon was taped to the area just above the opposite eyebrow. After induction of anesthesia using remifentanil and propofol, a laryngeal mask airway was inserted without the aid of neuromuscular blocking agents. The facial nerve was stimulated supramaximally with single-twitch stimulation (0.1 Hz) using superficial electrodes placed on both temporal areas for onset and train-of-four stimulation every 12 sec during offset of neuromuscular blockade produced by mivacurium 0.1 mg.kg(-1). Onset and recovery measured by the two methods were compared using the t test and agreement between phonomyography and balloon pressure mechanomyography was examined using the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: Onset, peak effect, and time to reach 25%, 75%, and 90% of control twitch response for phonomyography vs balloon pressure method were 83 +/- 16 sec vs 81 +/- 15 sec, 80 +/- 15% vs 82 +/- 17%, 7.7 +/- 2.3 min vs 7.5 +/- 2.4 min, 9.9 +/- 4.1 min vs 10.5 +/- 4 min, and 12.6 +/- 4.3 min vs 13.1 +/- 4.5 min respectively without being significantly different. Mean bias was 1% with limits of agreement of -9 and +9% of twitch height (T1). CONCLUSION: We applied a balloon pressure method to measure the force at the corrugator supercilii. Phonomyography at the corrugator supercilii shows good agreement with this modified version of mechanomyography. PMID- 14766686 TI - [Remifentanil is an effective alternative to propofol for patient-controlled analgesia during digestive endoscopic procedures]. AB - PURPOSE: Unlike propofol, the self-administration of remifentanil for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopies has never been evaluated formally. We wanted to compare the efficacy and tolerance of patient self-administration of remifentanil vs propofol during gastrointestinal endoscopy. METHOD: This prospective randomized, single-blinded study, included 77 patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. Patients were divided into two groups: group R received remifentanil (5 microg.kg(-1).hr(-1) infusion, 25 microg boli, refractory period of five minutes) and group P received propofol (2 mg.kg(-1).hr( 1) infusion, 0.5 mg.kg(-1) boli, refractory period of ten minutes). A 1 mg.kg(-1) bolus of propofol was administered before the procedure began in cases of marked anxiety. Additional boli of 25 microg of remifentanil or 0.5 mg.kg(-1) of propofol were administered when patients complained during the refractory period. The evaluation targeted analgesic efficacy during the procedure and patient satisfaction. The degree of sedation during the procedure and the occurrence of adverse reactions were analyzed. RESULTS: Patient satisfaction was high and comparable in both groups, with the number of awake and oriented patients being significantly higher in group R. Hemodynamic and respiratory tolerance was comparable in both groups, despite two episodes of desaturation in group R. The incidence of nausea was significantly higher in group R. CONCLUSIONS: The self administration of remifentanil for sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopies is as effective as the self-administration of propofol and can be offered to patients, especially when it is desirable that they remain conscious during the procedure. PMID- 14766687 TI - Clear hydro-gel, compared to ointment, provides improved eye comfort after brief surgery. AB - PURPOSE: Anesthesia impairs lid closure and decreases tear secretion and stability. Protection may, in principle, be conveyed by manual eye closure, taping the eyelids closed, and by instillation of protective substances into the conjunctival sac. Both hydro-gels and ointments are used in clinical practice. It was the objective of the present study to compare a transparent clear ocular hydro-gel (Vidisic) and a commonly used dexpanthenol and vitamin A (Oleovit) based ointment as examples of these classes of ocular lubricants in their capability to provide perioperative eye comfort. Furthermore, their bacteriostatic properties were assessed in vitro. METHODS: Ninety-two consecutive patients undergoing total iv general anesthesia were randomly allocated to receive either ocular dexpanthenol ointment or a clear hydro-gel after induction of anesthesia. Subjects were assessed one hour following termination of anesthesia. RESULTS: Main findings were an increased incidence of foreign body sensation, adherent eyelashes and disturbance elicited by blurred vision in the ointment group as compared to clear hydro-gel (P < 0.001). Bacterial growth was significantly attenuated by the ocular hydro-gel as compared to ointment. DISCUSSION: Clear ocular hydro-gel offers improved patient comfort and decreased ocular inflammation as compared to conventional eye ointments. In addition, it decreases bacterial growth. Therefore, the use of clear ocular hydro-gel for perioperative ocular comfort is suggested. PMID- 14766689 TI - Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: a case report and review of anesthetic management. AB - PURPOSE: To describe a patient diagnosed with pheochromocytoma in the third trimester of pregnancy and discuss the perioperative and anesthetic management. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 32-yr-old previously healthy woman (gravida 4, para 2) presented to our tertiary care obstetrical hospital at 34 weeks five days gestation with a history of labile blood pressure and severe hypertension. A week prior to admission she began having episodes of severe headache, dizziness, sweating and nausea. On a routine obstetric visit she was noted to be severely hypertensive with a blood pressure of 200/120 mmHg. Biochemical investigations confirmed the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 3 cm x 3 cm right adrenal mass. The patient was invasively monitored in the intensive care unit and treated with alpha- followed by beta blockade with phenoxybenzamine and metoprolol. A multidisciplinary conference was organized involving endocrinology, anesthesiology, general surgery and obstetrics to determine the most appropriate management of the patient. An uncomplicated laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed following a period of recovery after an uneventful elective Cesarean delivery. CONCLUSIONS: The primary goals in the management of pheochromocytoma in pregnancy are early diagnosis, avoidance of a hypertensive crisis during delivery and definitive surgical treatment. Timing of surgical resection will depend on the gestational age at which diagnosis is made. Cesarean section is the preferred mode of delivery when the tumour is still present. This case illustrates that with antenatal diagnosis, advanced methods of tumour localization, adequate preoperative adrenergic blockade and team planning, pheochromocytoma in pregnancy can be treated successfully. PMID- 14766688 TI - Vein pretreatment with magnesium sulfate to prevent pain on injection of propofol is not justified. AB - PURPOSE: Propofol produces anesthesia with rapid recovery. However, it causes pain or discomfort on injection. A number of techniques have been tried for minimizing propofol-induced pain with variable results. We have compared the efficacy of magnesium and lidocaine for the prevention of propofol induced pain. METHODS: Three hundred ASA I and II adults undergoing elective surgery were randomly assigned into three groups of 100 each. Group I received magnesium sulfate 1 g, Group II received lidocaine 2% (40 mg) and Group III received normal saline, all in a volume of 2 mL and accompanied by venous occlusion for one minute. Induction with propofol 2.5 mg.kg(-1) was accomplished following the release of venous occlusion. Pain was assessed on a four-point scale: 0 = no pain, 1 = mild pain, 2 = moderate pain, and 3 = severe pain at the time of pretreatment and propofol injection. Results were analyzed by 'Z' test. A P value of < 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: Pain during i.v. pretreatment with magnesium was 31% as compared to 2% for both the lidocaine and control groups (P < 0.05). Seventy-six percent of patients in the control group had pain during i.v. propofol as compared to 32% and 42% in the magnesium and the lidocaine groups respectively (P < 0.05). Lidocaine and magnesium pretreatment were equally effective in attenuating pain during the propofol injection (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous magnesium and lidocaine pretreatment are equally effective in attenuating propofol-induced pain. However, magnesium pretreatment itself causes pain. Therefore, there is no justification in the use of magnesium pretreatment for attenuating pain associated with i.v. propofol. PMID- 14766690 TI - Amniotic fluid embolism with second trimester pregnancy termination: a case report. AB - PURPOSE: Describe the diagnosis, clinical features, pathophysiology, treatment and anesthetic management of amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) in a patient undergoing second trimester pregnancy termination. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 30-yr-old gravida 2, para 1, woman was admitted for a dilatation and evacuation procedure for underlying intra-uterine fetal demise in her second trimester of pregnancy. Hypotension, shock, respiratory arrest, pulseless electrical activity, hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation and blood transfusion complicated her intraoperative care. AFE was considered the most likely cause of this intraoperative event. CONCLUSIONS: It is now recognized that the pathophysiological features of AFE are similar to a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction ranging from mild systemic reaction to anaphylaxis and shock. AFE has a high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality rate, requiring prompt recognition and treatment. In patients with cardiovascular instability, the treatment of AFE is similar to anaphylaxis requiring aggressive fluid hydration, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, administration of blood products and the use of vasopressors. PMID- 14766691 TI - The cocaine abusing parturient: a review of anesthetic considerations. AB - PURPOSE: The prevalence of recreational drug abuse among young women, including in pregnancy, has increased markedly over the past two decades. Cocaine remains the drug commonly used for recreational purposes in pregnancy. However, there appears to be an absence of uniform guidelines for obstetric and anesthetic management of pregnant patients with a history of cocaine abuse. SOURCE: A Medline search for articles highlighting drug abuse in pregnancy, with particular emphasis on cocaine abuse in pregnancy, the drug's impact on the fetus and implications for administration of obstetrical anesthesia was performed. MAIN FINDINGS: Because the pharmacological actions of cocaine are complex, the clinical picture can be very unpredictable, the diagnosis often difficult, and management at times controversial. The diverse clinical symptomatology of cocaine intake combined with physiologic changes of pregnancy, and pathophysiology of co existing pregnancy specific disease may lead to life-threatening complications and significantly impact the management of obstetrical anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of uniform anesthetic guidelines for pregnant patients with a history of cocaine abuse the decision regarding the administration of peripartum analgesia or anesthesia should be individualized and conducted on a case-by-case basis. This article will attempt to heighten the awareness of cocaine use and abuse in pregnancy and review the perioperative anesthetic management of these high-risk parturients. PMID- 14766692 TI - The McCoy straight blade does not improve laryngoscopy and intubation in normal infants. AB - PURPOSE: The McCoy curved blade laryngoscope has been demonstrated to improve view at laryngoscopy in adults. A straight-bladed version of this laryngoscope has recently been introduced into pediatric practice. The objective of this prospective, randomized study was to compare the intubating conditions afforded by the McCoy (#1) straight blade laryngoscope with the conventional Miller (#1) blade in neonates and infants. METHODS: Forty patients under six months of age, were randomized into two groups: one group (n = 20) had an initial laryngoscopy with the McCoy blade and then had a laryngoscopy and subsequent intubation using the Miller blade; the second group (n = 20) had an initial laryngoscopy with the Miller blade, followed by laryngoscopy and intubation using the McCoy blade. All intubations were performed by one anesthesiologist familiar with using both blades. RESULTS: The majority of patients (39 out of 40) had a similar or superior view (Cormack and Lehane classification) with the Miller when compared with the McCoy laryngoscope. Mean time to laryngoscopy was 14.9 (12.7) sec with the McCoy and 6.8 (2.07) sec with the Miller blade (P = 0.001), whereas mean time to intubation was 25.13 (10.4) sec with the McCoy and 12 (8.5) sec with the Miller blade (P = 0.014). There was no difference between the groups regarding desaturation and changes in heart rate during laryngoscopy and intubation. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that the McCoy blade has no advantage over the conventional pediatric Miller blade in normal infants. PMID- 14766693 TI - The distance from the skin to the subarachnoid space can be predicted in premature and former-premature infants. AB - PURPOSE: Spinal anesthesia can be technically challenging in young infants. We studied whether the distance between the skin and the lumbar subarachnoid space in premature and former-premature young infants could be predicted prior to lumbar puncture. METHODS: The distance from skin entry point to tip of the spinal needle was measured using a caliper after lumbar spinal anesthesia at the L4-5 interspace. This distance was correlated to the patient's weight, postconceptual age and lumbar ultrasonographic measurement of the skin-to-subarachnoid space and predictive statistical models were sought. RESULTS: Thirty-five premature or former-premature infants were studied. Three models were examined: all three independent variables, weight and postconceptual age only, and weight only. The model selected contained the weight and postconceptual age, because it had the highest value for adjusted R squared, as well as the lowest value for the mean squared error. Adding the ultrasonic measurement to the model worsened the results. The statistical model that described the depth of the subarachnoid space at the L4-5 level was Y = 13.19 + 0.0026 x W - 0.12 x PCA, where Y is the distance (mm) from the skin to the subarachnoid space, W is the patient's weight (g) and PCA is the postconceptual age (weeks). Adjusted R squared was 0.72, mean square error was 2.63 and P < 10(-9). CONCLUSION: The distance between the skin and the subarachnoid space at the level of L4-5 interspace can be predicted using a statistical model based on the infant's weight and postconceptual age. Spinal ultrasound has no value in L4-5 subarachnoid space depth prediction. PMID- 14766694 TI - Ultra-fast-track anesthesia in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective audit comparing opioid-based anesthesia vs thoracic epidural-based anesthesia. AB - PURPOSE: To examine the feasibility of immediate extubation after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) using opioid based analgesia or high thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) and compare postoperative analgesia with continuous TEA vs patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients undergoing OPCAB were included in this prospective audit. After induction of anesthesia using fentanyl 2 to 5 microg.kg(-1), propofol 1 to 2 mg.kg(-1) and endotracheal intubation facilitated by rocuronium, anesthesia was maintained using sevoflurane titrated according to bispectral index monitoring. Perioperative analgesia was provided by TEA (n = 63) at the T3/T4 interspace or T4/T5 interspace using bupivacaine 0.125% 8 to 14 mL.hr(-1) and repetitive boluses of bupivacaine 0.25% during surgery. In patients who were fully anticoagulated or refused TEA, perioperative analgesia was achieved by i.v. fentanyl boluses (up to 15 microg.kg(-1)) and remifentanil 0.1 to 0.2 microg.kg( 1).min(-1), followed by morphine PCA after surgery (n = 37). Maintenance of body temperature was achieved by a heated operating room and forced-air warming blankets. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients were extubated within 25 min after surgery (PCA, n = 33; TEA, n = 62). Five patients were not extubated immediately because their core temperature was lower than 35 degrees C. One patient was re intubated because of agitation (TEA group); one was re-intubated because of severe pain and morphine-induced respiratory depression (PCA group). Pain scores were low after surgery, with pain scores in the TEA group being significantly lower immediately, at six hours, 24 hr and 48 hr after surgery (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Immediate extubation is possible after OPCAB using either opioid based analgesia or TEA. TEA provides significantly lower pain scores after surgery in comparison to morphine PCA. PMID- 14766695 TI - Vasopressin for treatment of shock following aprotinin administration. AB - PURPOSE: To describe the utility of vasopressin in the treatment of acute distributive shock clinically compatible with the diagnosis of aprotinin anaphylaxis. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 57-yr-old female patient underwent repeat cardiac surgery to treat prosthetic valve endocarditis. She had received aprotinin during her first surgery 60 days ago. Despite a negative test dose of i.v. aprotinin 20,000 KIU, when aprotinin loading was initiated during the repeat surgery, the patient developed bronchospasm and hypotension secondary to acute distributive shock. Bronchospasm responded to inhaled salbutamol and ipatropium. The hypotension was refractory to high doses of phenylephrine. Two doses of i.v. vasopressin 5 U reversed the vasodilation and reestablished normal blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Vasopressin, in association with alpha-agonists, can reverse acute refractory distributive shock following aprotinin administration. PMID- 14766696 TI - Images in anesthesia: A right atrial foreign body. PMID- 14766697 TI - Acute airway management in the emergency department by non-anesthesiologists. AB - PURPOSE: The responsibility of acute airway management often falls into the hands of non-anesthesiologists. Emergency physicians now routinely use neuromuscular blockade to facilitate intubation. The literature in support of this practice has almost exclusively been published in emergency medicine (EM) journals. This body of literature is presented and issues of educational support are discussed. SOURCE: A narrative review of the literature on the practice of airway management by non-anesthesiologists. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A significant proportion of acute airway management occurring outside the operating room is being performed by non anesthesiologists. Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is recognized as a core procedure within the domain of EM. RSI is being performed routinely by emergency physicians practicing in larger centres. Anesthesiologist support for the practice of RSI by non-anesthesiologists has been weak. Formal educational support outside of postgraduate training in the form of dedicated programs for advanced airway management are now being offered. The majority of the literature on the use of RSI by non-anesthesiologists represents retrospective case series, observational studies and registry data published in EM journals. The reported success rates for RSI performed by non-anesthesiologists is high. Complication rates are significant, however reporting consistency has been poor. CONCLUSIONS: The role of non-anesthesiologists in acute airway management is significant. Despite shortcomings in methodology, current evidence and practice supports the use of RSI by trained emergency physicians. Constructive collaborative efforts between anesthesiology and EM need to occur to ensure that educational needs are met and that competent airway management is provided. PMID- 14766698 TI - The Callander laryngoscope blade modification is associated with a decreased risk of dental contact. AB - PURPOSE: Dental damage may occur with laryngoscopy. The purpose of this study was twofold: to determine whether preoperative examination could predict the risk of contacting the teeth with the laryngoscope and to evaluate the effectiveness of a modified Macintosh blade on reducing dental contact. METHODS: Four hundred and eighty-three patients scheduled for elective surgery requiring general anesthesia with endotracheal tube placement were studied prospectively. Features that might predict difficult intubation were assessed preoperatively. Laryngoscopy was performed twice on each patient, once with a regular Macintosh 3 blade and once with a blade in which the flange was partially removed (Callander modification). The distance between the flange of the blade and the upper incisors at glottic exposure was measured. We calculated correlations between individual airway characteristics and the chance of hitting the upper teeth with the regular Macintosh 3 blade and compared the frequencies of contacting the teeth between the two blades. RESULTS: The chance of hitting the upper teeth when using the regular Macintosh 3 blade increased significantly with non-parametric scores for Mallampati classification, mandibular subluxation, head and neck movement, interincisor gap, and condition of the upper teeth. (P < 0.01) The frequency of direct contact varied significantly between the two blades: 20.3% vs 4.1% for Macintosh 3 and modified blades, respectively (P < 0.05). Laryngeal views were improved with the modified blade. CONCLUSION: Airway characteristics correlate with the risk of hitting the upper teeth during laryngoscopy. The modified Macintosh blade reduces the risk of contacting the teeth. PMID- 14766699 TI - Incident with a Baxter AS40A syringe pump: vigilance is warranted. PMID- 14766700 TI - Pressure alopecia in living donors for liver transplantation. PMID- 14766701 TI - The relaxing effect of negative air ions on ambulatory surgery patients. PMID- 14766702 TI - Clonidine attenuates the hemodynamic responses to hypercapnia during propofol anesthesia. PMID- 14766703 TI - The early detection of bupivacaine toxicity in dogs. PMID- 14766706 TI - Intrathecal morphine vs psoas compartment block for hip surgery. PMID- 14766707 TI - The infraclavicular block is a useful technique for emergency upper extremity analgesia. PMID- 14766708 TI - What do we do with a disconnected epidural catheter?--A response. PMID- 14766709 TI - Use of the OxyArm in a patient suffering from trigeminal neuralgia. PMID- 14766710 TI - Destruction of the LMA-ProSeal with the Red Plug during steam autoclaving. PMID- 14766711 TI - Effects of perioperative alpha1 block on haemodynamic control during laparoscopic surgery for phaeochromocytoma. AB - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgery for phaeochromocytoma can cause excessive catechol amine release with severe hypertension and sinus tachycardia. i.v. calcium antagonists may be used to prevent increases in blood pressure during phaeochromocytoma resection. We investigated the effects of perioperative alpha(1) adrenergic block with urapidil on intraoperative haemodynamic events. The aim was to block the alpha(1) adrenergic receptors before any acute catecholamine release, to prevent any severe rise in blood pressure. METHODS: Eighteen patients with a phaeochromocytoma received a continuous i.v. infusion of urapidil 10-15 mg h(-1) for 3 days before surgery and until the adrenal gland had been removed. Plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured before surgery, after induction of anaesthesia, at the end of pneumoperitoneal insufflation, during gland manipulation, after gland resection, and in the recovery room after extubation. Arterial pressure was recorded concomitantly. Hypertensive events were treated with boluses of nicardipine with or without esmolol. RESULTS: All patients had the adrenal tumour removed without any severe rise in blood pressure or other complication. Creation of a pneumoperitoneum and adrenal gland manipulation induced significant catecholamine release associated with hypertension in 6 and 12 patients, respectively. No correlation was found between hypertensive events and plasma catecholamine levels suggesting alpha(1) receptor block with urapidil is efficacious. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative alpha(1) block using i.v. urapidil is a safe and efficient alternative during surgical management of phaeochromocytoma. PMID- 14766712 TI - Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil and its major metabolite, remifentanil acid, in ICU patients with renal impairment. AB - BACKGROUND: The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil, an opioid analgesic metabolized by non-specific esterases, and its principal metabolite, remifentanil acid (RA), which is excreted via the kidneys, were assessed as part of an open-label safety study in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. METHODS: Forty adult ICU patients with normal/mildly impaired renal function (creatinine clearance [CL(cr)] 62.9 (sd) 14.5 ml min(-1); n=10) or moderate/severe renal impairment (CL(cr) 14.7 (15.7) ml min(-1); n=30) were included. Remifentanil was infused for up to 72 h, at a starting rate of 6-9 microg kg(-1) h(-1) titrated to achieve a target sedation level, with additional propofol (0.5 mg kg(-1) h(-1)) if required. Intensive arterial sampling was performed for up to 72 h after infusion. Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained by simultaneous modelling of remifentanil and RA data were statistically compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Remifentanil pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected by renal status. RA clearance in the moderate/severe group was reduced to about 25% that of the normal/mild group (41 (29) vs 176 (49) ml kg(-1) h(-1), P<0.0001). Metabolic ratio, a predictor of the ratio of RA to remifentanil concentrations at steady state, was approximately eight-fold higher in the moderate/severe group relative to the normal/mild group (116 (110) vs 15 (4), P<0.0001). Maximum RA levels approached 700 ng ml(-1) in the moderate/severe group. CONCLUSIONS: Although RA accumulates in patients with moderate/severe renal impairment, pharmacokinetic modelling predicts that RA concentrations during a 9 microg kg(-1) h(-1) remifentanil infusion for up to 15 days would not exceed those reported in the present study, for which no associated prolongation of mu-opioid effects was observed. PMID- 14766713 TI - Randomized, controlled trial of the double setup tracheal tube during fibreoptic orotracheal intubation under general anaesthesia. AB - BACKGROUND: Impingement of the tracheal tube (ETT) on upper airway structures during railroading over the fibreoptic bronchoscope (FOB) occurs commonly. Potential complications of impingement include prolonged intubation time, leading to arterial desaturation, failed intubation and laryngeal trauma. The objective of this randomized, controlled trial was to assess the effect of the double setup ETT (a paediatric ETT is placed inside an adult ETT) on the incidence of impingement during orotracheal fibreoptic intubation. METHOD: Two hundred patients were randomized to have a single ETT or double setup ETT. After induction of anaesthesia, fibreoptic orotracheal intubation was performed. The degree of impingement of the ETT during advancement over the FOB was assessed using a standardized scoring system based on the manoeuvres required to overcome the impingement. RESULTS: The incidence of impingement was lower using the double setup ETT compared with the single ETT (18 vs 93%, P<0.001). The double setup ETT also reduced the incidence of impingement requiring more than a simple 90 degrees counterclockwise rotation to achieve intubation (3 vs 14%, P=0.01) and reduced the median intubation time (31 vs 35 s, P=0.046). CONCLUSIONS: The double setup ETT is effective in reducing ETT impingement and in reducing intubation time. We did not find an association between ETT impingement and arterial desaturation. PMID- 14766714 TI - The two-compartment recirculatory pharmacokinetic model--an introduction to recirculatory pharmacokinetic concepts. AB - BACKGROUND: Some limitations of traditional ("mamillary") compartmental pharmacokinetic models of anaesthetic related drugs arise from representing the blood as a central compartment. Recirculatory pharmacokinetic models overcome these limitations. It is proposed that the simplest recirculatory model has only two compartments, and that understanding the properties of this model is a useful introduction to recirculatory pharmacokinetic concepts. METHODS: The compartments of the model are the lungs and the remainder of the body. The traditional rate constants (e.g. k12 and k21) are replaced by terms that include cardiac output. Drug infusion is into the lung compartment, and drug clearance is from the "body" compartment. The "total" drug concentrations can be thought of as the sum of the first-pass and recirculated drug concentrations at any time. Equations for both first-pass and total drug concentrations in arterial and mixed venous blood are presented. The effects of cardiac output and injection time on these concentrations were analysed. RESULTS: The first-pass arterial concentrations were shown to make a significant contribution to the total concentrations for high-clearance drugs and/or bolus drug administration. There was an inverse relationship between these first-pass concentrations and cardiac output, and a direct relationship with bolus injection rate. Thus, the total arterial concentrations are affected by these factors in these circumstances. CONCLUSIONS: The two-compartment recirculatory model is the simplest tool available for elaborating recirculatory pharmacokinetic concepts. The recirculatory approach may provide a conceptual framework of drug disposition that better matches the clinical experience of anaesthetists. PMID- 14766715 TI - Density of spinal anaesthetic solutions of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine with and without dextrose. AB - BACKGROUND: Spread of intrathecal local anaesthetics is determined principally by baricity and position of the patient. Hypobaric solutions of bupivacaine are characterized by an unpredictable spread of sensory block whereas addition of dextrose 80 g ml(-1) provides a predictable spread but to high thoracic levels. In contrast, dextrose concentrations between 8 and 30 g ml(-1) have shown reliable and consistent spread for surgery. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the density of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine with and without dextrose at both 23 and 37 degrees C before embarking on clinical studies. METHODS: Density (g ml(-1)) was measured using the method of mechanical oscillation resonance, accurate to five decimal places on 1250 samples. 500 density measurements were performed in a randomized, blind fashion at 23 and 37 degrees C on 10 plain solutions of bupivacaine (2.5, 5, and 7.5 g ml(-1)) levobupivacaine (2.5, 5, and 7.5 g ml(-1)) and ropivacaine (2, 5, 7.5, and 10 g ml(-1)). Following this, 750 density measurements were taken at 23 and 37 degrees C on the 5 g ml(-1) solutions of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine with added dextrose (10, 20, 30, 50, and 80 g ml(-1)). RESULTS: There was a linear relationship between density and dextrose concentration for all three local anaesthetics (R(2)=0.99) at 23 and 37 degrees C. The mean density of levobupivacaine 5 g ml(-1) was significantly greater than the densities of bupivacaine 5 g ml(-1) and ropivacaine 5 g ml(-1) after adjusting for dextrose concentration using analysis of covariance. This difference existed both at 23 and 37 degrees C. The mean (sd) density of levobupivacaine 7.5 g ml(-1) was 1.00056 (0.00003) g ml(-1), the lower 0.5% percentile (1.00047 g ml(-1)) lying above the upper limit of hypobaricity for all patient groups. CONCLUSIONS: The density of local anaesthetics decreases with increasing temperature and increases in a linear fashion with the addition of dextrose. Levobupivacaine 5 g ml(-1) has a significantly higher density compared with bupivacaine 5 g ml(-1) and ropivacaine 5 g ml(-1) at 23 and 37 degrees C both with and without dextrose. Levobupivacaine 7.5 g ml(-1) is an isobaric solution within all patient groups at 37 degrees C [corrected] PMID- 14766716 TI - Testing of a new pneumatic device to cause pain in humans. AB - BACKGROUND: Surgical pain typically combines superficial and deep pain. We wished to generate pain that resembled surgical pain, reliably and reproducibly, in volunteers. METHODS: We constructed a computer-controlled pneumatic device to apply pressure to the anterior tibia. The reproducibility of the pain was tested by rating the pressure that caused pain rated 4-5 on a visual analogue scale (VAS) on days 0, 7, and 24 in 10 volunteers. The effect of remifentanil (0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 microg kg-1 min-1) on pain tolerance in another set of volunteers (n=11) was used as an indirect measure of the reliability of pain production. RESULTS: The pressure needed (0.7 (0.3) to 0.9 (0.4) atm (mean (SD)) to induce pain rated 4-5 (VAS) did not vary, showing long-term reproducibility of the method. When pressure was applied to cause increasing pain in volunteers (n=11) 0.05 microg kg-1 min-1 remifentanil increased pain tolerance by 50%. An approximate doubling of the dose (0.1 microg kg-1 min-1) increased pain tolerance significantly more. The linear logarithmic dose-effect relationship shows that the device causes pain reliably, and this can be reduced with opioid treatment. CONCLUSION: This pneumatic device can apply pain reliably and reproducibly. PMID- 14766717 TI - Sore throat and hoarseness after total intravenous anaesthesia. AB - BACKGROUND: Sore throat and hoarseness are common complications, but these have not been studied after total i.v. anaesthesia. METHODS: We prospectively studied 418 surgical patients, aged 15-92 yr, after total i.v. anaesthesia with propofol, fentanyl and ketamine to assess possible factors associated with sore throat and hoarseness. RESULT: We found sore throat in 50% and hoarseness in 55% of patients immediately after surgery. This decreased to 25% for sore throat and 24% for hoarseness on the day after surgery. Both sore throat and hoarseness were more common in females and when lidocaine spray had been used. Cricoid pressure during laryngoscopy was inversely associated with the risk of sore throat. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of these factors may reduce postoperative throat complications, and improve patient satisfaction. PMID- 14766718 TI - Practice based education to improve delivery systems for prevention in primary care: randomised trial. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of an intervention that combined continuing medical education with process improvement methods to implement "office systems" to improve the delivery of preventive care to children. DESIGN: Randomised trial in primary care practices. SETTING: Private paediatric and family practices in two areas of North Carolina. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 44 practices allocated to intervention and control groups. INTERVENTION: Practice based continuing medical education in which project staff coached practice staff in reviewing performance and identifying, testing, and implementing new care processes (such as chart screening) to improve delivery of preventive care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Change over time in the proportion of children aged 24-30 months who received age appropriate care for four preventive services (immunisations, and screening for tuberculosis, anaemia, and lead). RESULTS: The proportion of children per practice with age appropriate delivery of all four preventive services changed, after a one year period of implementation, from 7% to 34% in intervention practices and from 9% to 10% in control practices. After adjustment for baseline differences in the groups, the change in the prevalence of all four services between the beginning and the end of the study was 4.6-fold greater (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 13.2) in intervention practices. Thirty months after baseline, the proportion of children who were up to date with preventive services was higher in intervention than in control practices; results for screening for tuberculosis (54% v 32%), lead (68% v 30%), and anaemia (79% v 71%) were statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Continuing education combined with process improvement methods is effective in increasing rates of delivery of preventive care to children. PMID- 14766719 TI - General practitioner management of intimate partner abuse and the whole family: qualitative study. AB - OBJECTIVE: To explore management by general practitioners of victimised female patients, male partners who abuse, and children in the family. DESIGN: Triangulated qualitative study comparing doctors' reported management with current recommendations in the literature. PARTICIPANTS: 28 general practitioners attending continuing medical education about management of domestic violence. RESULTS: Doctors perceived partner abuse in diverse ways. Their gender, perceptions, and attitudes could all affect identification and management of this difficult problem. A few doctors practised in recommended ways, but many showed stress and aversion, difficulties in resolving the tensions involved in managing all family members, and neglect of the risks to children. Some doctors used contraindicated practices, such as breaking confidentiality and undertaking or referring for couple counselling. Doctors who were not familiar with community based agencies were reluctant to use them. A lack of expertise and support could have a negative impact on doctors themselves. CONCLUSIONS: General practitioners managing partner abuse need to be more familiar with and apply the central principles of confidentiality and safety of women and children. Recommended guidelines for managing the whole family should be developed. Doctors should consider referring one partner elsewhere and avoid couple counselling; always ask about and act on the children's welfare; refer to specialist family violence agencies; and seek training, supervision, and support for the inherent stress. Medical education and administration should ensure comprehensive training and support for doctors undertaking this difficult work. PMID- 14766720 TI - Different signaling pathways in bovine sperm regulate capacitation and hyperactivation. AB - Hyperactivated sperm motility is characterized by high-amplitude and asymmetrical flagellar beating that assists sperm in penetrating the oocyte zona pellucida. Other functional changes in sperm, such as activation of motility and capacitation, involve cross talk between the cAMP/PKA and tyrosine kinase/phosphatase signaling pathways. Our objective was to determine the role of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway in hyperactivation. Western blot analyses of detergent extracts of whole sperm and flagella were performed using antiphosphotyrosine antibody. Bull sperm capacitated by 10 microg/ml heparin and/or 1 mM dibutyryl-cAMP plus 100 microM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine exhibited increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation without becoming hyperactivated. Procaine (5 mM) or caffeine (10 mM) immediately induced hyperactivation in nearly 100% of motile sperm but did not increase protein tyrosine phosphorylation. After 4 h of incubation with caffeine, sperm expressed capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation but hyperactivation was significantly reduced. Sperm initially hyperactivated by procaine or caffeine remained hyperactivated for at least 4 h in the presence of Rp-cAMPS (cAMP antagonist) or PKA inhibitors H-89 or H-8. Pretreatment with inhibitors also failed to block induction of hyperactivation; however, the inhibitors did block protein tyrosine phosphorylation when sperm were incubated with capacitating agents, thereby verifying inhibition of the cAMP/PKA pathway. While induction of hyperactivation did not depend on cAMP/PKA, it did require extracellular Ca(2+). These findings indicate that hyperactivation is mediated by a Ca(2+) signaling pathway that is separate or divergent from the pathway associated with acquisition of acrosomal responsiveness and does not involve protein tyrosine phosphorylation downstream of the actions of procaine or caffeine. PMID- 14766721 TI - Involvement of p53 in 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-induced trophoblastic cell apoptosis and impaired proliferation in rat placenta. AB - 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C), a DNA-damaging agent, severely inhibits fetal growth and has teratogenicity. Recently, we reported that Ara-C also causes placental growth retardation and increases placental apoptosis. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the mechanisms of placental injury induced by genotoxic stress and involvement of p53, which mediates apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest after DNA damage. We injected Ara-C into pregnant rats on Day 13 of gestation and examined the placentas from 1 to 48 h after the administration. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP end-labeling (TUNEL) revealed that the apoptosis of trophoblastic cells in the placental labyrinth zone increased from 3 h after the treatment and peaked at 6 h before returning to control levels at 48 h. An increase in cleaved caspase-3 immunoreactivity was also detected at 6 h. Proliferative activity as measured by immunohistochemistry for topoisomerase II alpha and by mitotic index significantly decreased after the treatment in the labyrinth zone. Immunoreactivity for p53 protein in the placental labyrinth zone was remarkably enhanced and peaked at 3 h after treatment, although no increase in p53 mRNA expression was detected with a reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction. Regarding p53 target genes, p21, cyclinG1, and fas mRNA levels increased significantly and peaked at around 9 h after the treatment. These results indicate that Ara-C would induce apoptosis and impair cell proliferation in the placental labyrinth zone, and p53 and its transcriptional target genes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the Ara-C-induced placental toxicity. PMID- 14766722 TI - Dichlorodiphenylchloroethylene elevates cytosolic calcium concentrations and oscillations in primary cultures of human granulosa-lutein cells. AB - 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), a metabolite of DDT (1,1 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), is a persistent hormonally active environmental toxicant that has been found in human serum and follicular fluid. The objective of this study was to determine whether DDE can alter free calcium ion concentrations in the cytosol ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) of human granulosa cells. Changes in [Ca(2+)](cyt) in single cells loaded with Fura-2 were studied using a dynamic digital Ca(2+) imaging system. At a concentration of 100 ng/ml, DDE stimulated small elevations of [Ca(2+)](cyt) accompanied by Ca(2+) oscillations. At 1 microg DDE/ml, there was a biphasic Ca(2+) response with marked elevations of [Ca(2+)](cyt) over time. In Ca(2+)-free medium, cells showed an initial small elevation of [Ca(2+)](cyt), which was magnified after addition of Ca(2+) to the medium. Washing the cells after DDE treatment failed to remove the elevated [Ca(2+)](cyt) and oscillations, both of which were eliminated by addition of EGTA. ATP also induced [Ca(2+)](cyt) elevations and oscillations, and these effects were potentiated when DDE was added. FSH induced transient [Ca(2+)](cyt) elevations, whereas hCG caused a prolonged elevation and marked oscillations in [Ca(2+)](cyt). These results suggest that DDE at concentrations normally found in human tissues induces elevations in [Ca(2+)](cyt) in granulosa-lutein cells. Our data therefore highlight a novel mechanism through which DDE can alter endocrine homeostasis and possibly act as an endocrine toxicant. PMID- 14766723 TI - Fetal and maternal transforming growth factor-beta 1 may combine to maintain pregnancy in mice. AB - One of the mysteries of pregnancy is why a mother does not reject her fetuses. Cytokine-modulation of maternal-fetal interactions is likely to be important. However, mice deficient in transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF beta 1) and other cytokines are able to breed, bringing this hypothesis into question. The phenotype of TGF beta 1 null-mutant mice varies with genetic background. We report here that, in outbred mice, the loss of TGF beta 1-deficient embryos is influenced by the parity of their mother. This is consistent with the loss of mutants being due to immune rejection. An inbred line of TGF beta 1(+/-) mice that supported TGF beta 1-deficient fetuses had high levels of TGF beta 1 in their plasma. Analysis of the amniotic fluids in this line indicated that biologically relevant levels of maternal TGF beta 1 were present in the TGF beta 1(-/-) fetuses. These data are consistent with maternal and fetal TGF beta 1 interacting to maintain pregnancy, within immune-competent mothers. PMID- 14766724 TI - Stimulation of Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. AB - The cholesterol-depleting drug methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Me-beta-CD) was tested for its effects on amphibian oocyte maturation, cholesterol depletion, and low density membrane recovery. Progesterone-induced oocyte maturation was accelerated by pretreatment of cells with 5-50 mM Me-beta-CD in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of oocytes with 50 mM Me-beta-CD alone was sufficient to induce germinal vesicle breakdown, stimulate formation of meiotic spindles, and stimulate phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase over time courses longer than those observed after progesterone treatment. After short-term (30 min) labeling of oocytes with [(3)H]cholesterol, 30-90 min of treatment with 5-50 mM Me-beta-CD removed 50%-70% of cell- associated label, and cholesterol depletion was not observed with alpha-cyclodextrin. After long-term (20-23 h) labeling of oocytes with [(3)H]cholesterol, Me-beta-CD treatment resulted in dose dependent cholesterol depletion in the 5-50 mM range, and 50 mM Me-beta-CD removed approximately 50% of cell-associated label after 9 h. Treatment of oocytes with 5-50 mM Me-beta-CD also decreased recovery of low-density membrane by detergent-free sucrose gradient centrifugation. These results implicate cholesterol and low-density membrane domains in the signaling mechanisms leading to germinal vesicle breakdown in amphibian oocytes. PMID- 14766725 TI - Apoptosis in parthenogenetic preimplantation porcine embryos. AB - Parthenogenesis (PA) of the oocyte is essential to a number of oocyte- or embryo related technologies such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection and cloning by nuclear transfer. This study investigated the onset and frequency of apoptosis in PA- porcine embryos and the morphological changes that conform to the general criteria of apoptotic cell death by using a terminal deoxynucleatidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. PA embryos had a higher degree of apoptotic cell death during in vitro culture, a lower cleavage rate (45% vs. 71%), and a lower development rate to the blastocyst stage (16% vs. 29%), relative to in vitro fertilization (IVF). The earliest positive TUNEL signal in the PA embryos was detected on Day 6, 1 day later than that in IVF embryos. Apoptosis in PA embryos increased from 15% of the embryos on Day 6 to 29% on Day 8. The mean level of apoptosis of the PA embryos was statistically higher than that of IVF embryos, except on Day 5. In particular, apoptosis in PA embryos was twice that of IVF embryos on Day 6 (15% vs. 6.7%) and Day 8 (29% vs. 13%). The mean cell number in PA blastocysts was significantly lower than that of IVF blastocysts, whereas the percentage of apoptosis in PA blastocysts was significantly higher than that of IVF blastocysts. There was a high percentage of haploid (62.5%) PA blastocysts. The ploidy may contribute to a high level of apoptosis. These results may help to explain the mechanism of parthenogenetic developmental failure and may lead to methods that will improve parthenogenetic development. PMID- 14766726 TI - Regulation of mouse spermatogonial stem cell self-renewing division by the pituitary gland. AB - Spermatogenesis originates in spermatogonial stem cells, which have the unique mode of replication. It is considered that a single stem cell can produce two stem cells (self-renewing division), one stem and one differentiating (asymmetric division), or two differentiating cells (differentiating division). However, little is known regarding how each type of division is regulated. In this investigation, we focused on the analysis of self- renewing division and examined the effect of the pituitary gland using two models of stem cell self-renewing division. In the first experiment using newborn mice, the administration of GnRH- analogue, which represses the release of gonadotropin, reduced the number of stem cells during postnatal testicular development, suggesting that the pituitary gland enhances stem cell self- renewing division. In the second experiment, however, the number of stem cells increased dramatically in hypophysectomized adult recipients after spermatogonial transplantation. Thus, the pituitary gland affects the self-renewing division of stem cells, but these contradictory results suggest that its role may be different depending on the stage of the testicular development. PMID- 14766727 TI - Improvement of the developmental capacity of oocytes from prepubertal cattle by intraovarian insulin-like growth factor-I application. AB - The developmental potential of oocytes from prepubertal cattle is decreased, compared with those from their adult counterparts. The aim of the present study was to improve the developmental capacity of oocytes from prepubertal cattle by either systemic application of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) or intraovarian injection of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Blastocyst yields and the mRNA expression pattern (relative abundance, RA) of three putative marker genes (i.e., glucose transporter-1, Glut-1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor-1A, eIF1A, and upstream binding factor, UBF) were selected as criteria to determine the success of the treatments. At 6-7 mo of age, 30 healthy Holstein calves were randomly assigned to three experimental groups. The first group served as control and received an intraovarian injection of 0.6 ml acetic acid. The second group received a single s.c. injection of 500 mg of rbST. The third group received an intraovarian injection of 6 microg recombinant human IGF-I. During the following 2 wk, follicles were aspirated four times via transvaginal ultrasound-guided technology. All animals were i.m. injected with 60 mg FSH 48 h prior to each aspiration. The treatments were repeated with the same animals at 9 10, 11-12, and 14-15 mo of age. For comparison, five adult cows were each i.m. injected with 100 mg FSH and underwent oocyte retrieval. The proportion of oocytes considered to be developmentally competent was higher in cows than calves (65% vs. 58%, 50%, 52%) for the control, rbST, and IGF-I groups, respectively. The rate of blastocysts was similar in IGF-I-treated calves and cows (28% and 25%) and was higher (P 95% O2) for 7 days to assess airway relaxation and cAMP and cGMP production after electrical field stimulation (EFS). EFS-induced relaxation of preconstricted trachea was diminished in hyperoxic vs. normoxic animals (P < 0.05). Indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) reduced EFS-induced airway relaxation in tracheae from normoxic (P < 0.05), but not hyperoxic, rat pups; however, in the presence of NG nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) EFS-induced airway relaxation was similarly decreased in tracheae from both normoxic and hyperoxic animals. After EFS, the increase from baseline in the production of cAMP was significantly higher in tracheae from normoxic than hyperoxic rat pups, and this was accompanied by greater prostaglandin E2 release only in the normoxic group. cGMP production after EFS stimulation did not differ between normoxic and hyperoxic groups. We conclude that hyperoxia impairs airway relaxation in immature animals via a mechanism primarily involving the prostaglandin-cAMP signaling pathway with an impairment of prostaglandin E2 release and cAMP accumulation. PMID- 14766781 TI - Relating maximum airway dilation and subsequent reconstriction to reactivity in human lungs. AB - Measures of airway resistance (Raw) during deep inspiration (DI) suggest that asthmatic subjects possess stiffer, more reactive airway smooth muscle. There is evidence that one can enhance airway reactivity in healthy lungs by prohibiting DI for an extended period. The present study had two goals. First, we determined whether the maximum dilation capacity of asthmatic subjects depended on the rate of the DI. Second, we investigated whether the enhanced reactivity in healthy humans might derive from additional mechanisms not present in asthmatic subjects. For the first goal, we tracked Raw in seven healthy and seven asthmatic subjects during a noncoached DI, a DI with a 5- to 10-s breath hold at total lung capacity, and a rapid DI. We found that the minimum resistance achieved at total lung capacity was independent of the manner in which the DI was performed. For the second goal, we tracked the rate of return of Raw after a DI as well as dynamic lung elastance before and after the DI, at baseline and after bronchial challenge. A drop in lung elastance post-DI would indicate reopening of lung regions and/or reduced heterogeneities. The data show that constricted healthy but not asthmatic subjects produce longer lasting residual dilation. Hence, a portion of the enhanced reactivity in a healthy subject's response to prohibition of DIs is likely due to airway closure and/or atelectasis that can be ablated with a DI. We conclude that preventing DIs does not ensure that healthy subjects will transition entirely to an asthmatic-like hyperreactive lung state. PMID- 14766782 TI - Transfer function analysis of heart rate variability in response to water intake: correlation with gastric myoelectrical activity. AB - We utilized transfer function analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) and respiration to investigate the effect of water intake on gastric myoelectrical activity and its relationship to vagal activity. The electrogastrography (EGG) and HRV were recorded simultaneously before and after drinking 500 ml of water in 10 healthy subjects. We observed good linearity between lung volumes and HRV signals at a ventilatory rate between 0.2 and 0.4 Hz before and after water intake. The EGG power of 3 cycles/min increased remarkably after the water intake. We found that there was a significant increase in the magnitude of the respiration-HRV transfer function after water intake (P < 0.05). The EGG 3 cycles/min power was positively correlated with the transfer magnitude throughout the study (r = 0.54, P = 0.01). These results confirm that transfer function analysis of HRV sensitively identifies subtle changes in the respiratory sinus arrhythmia that occurs with water intake. The present findings suggest that transfer function analysis of HRV and respiration after water intake can be used to evaluate vagal nervous activity in the human gut. PMID- 14766783 TI - Ventilatory dynamics and control of blood gases after maximal exercise in the Thoroughbred horse. AB - Despite enormous rates of minute ventilation (Ve) in the galloping Thoroughbred (TB) horse, the energetic demands of exercise conspire to raise arterial Pco(2) (i.e., induce hypercapnia). If locomotory-respiratory coupling (LRC) is an obligatory facilitator of high Ve in the horse such as those found during galloping (Bramble and Carrier. Science 219: 251-256, 1983), Ve should drop precipitously when LRC ceases at the galloptrot transition, thus exacerbating the hypercapnia. TB horses (n = 5) were run to volitional fatigue on a motor-driven treadmill (1 m/s increments; 14-15 m/s) to study the dynamic control of breath-by breath Ve, O(2) uptake, and CO(2) output at the transition from maximal exercise to active recovery (i.e., trotting at 3 m/s for 800 m). At the transition from the gallop to the trot, Ve did not drop instantaneously. Rather, Ve remained at the peak exercising levels (1,391 +/- 88 l/min) for approximately 13 s via the combination of an increased tidal volume (12.6 +/- 1.2 liters at gallop; 13.9 +/- 1.6 liters over 13 s of trotting recovery; P < 0.05) and a reduced breathing frequency [113.8 +/- 5.2 breaths/min (at gallop); 97.7 +/- 5.9 breaths/min over 13 s of trotting recovery (P < 0.05)]. Subsequently, Ve declined in a biphasic fashion with a slower mean response time (85.4 +/- 9.0 s) than that of the monoexponential decline of CO(2) output (39.9 +/- 4.7 s; P < 0.05), which rapidly reversed the postexercise arterial hypercapnia (arterial Pco(2) at gallop: 52.8 +/- 3.2 Torr; at 2 min of recovery: 25.0 +/- 1.4 Torr; P < 0.05). We conclude that LRC is not a prerequisite for achievement of Ve commensurate with maximal exercise or the pronounced hyperventilation during recovery. PMID- 14766784 TI - Mechanical compression-induced pressure sores in rat hindlimb: muscle stiffness, histology, and computational models. AB - Pressure sores affecting muscles are severe injuries associated with ischemia, impaired metabolic activity, excessive tissue deformation, and insufficient lymph drainage caused by prolonged and intensive mechanical loads. We hypothesize that mechanical properties of muscle tissue change as a result of exposure to prolonged and intensive loads. Such changes may affect the distribution of stresses in soft tissues under bony prominences and potentially expose additional uninjured regions of muscle tissue to intensified stresses. In this study, we characterized changes in tangent elastic moduli and strain energy densities of rat gracilis muscles exposed to pressure in vivo (11.5, 35, or 70 kPa for 2, 4, or 6 h) and incorporated the abnormal properties that were measured in finite element models of the head, shoulders, pelvis, and heels of a recumbent patient. Using in vitro uniaxial tension testing, we found that tangent elastic moduli of muscles exposed to 35 and 70 kPa were 1.6-fold those of controls (P < 0.05, for strains /=5%). Histological (phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin) evaluation showed that this stiffening accompanied extensive necrotic damage. Incorporating these effects into the finite element models, we were able to show that the increased muscle stiffness in widening regions results in elevated tissue stresses that exacerbate the potential for tissue necrosis. Interfacial pressures could not predict deep muscle (e.g., longissimus or gluteus) stresses and injuring conditions. We conclude that information on internal muscle stresses is required to establish new criteria for pressure sore prevention. PMID- 14766785 TI - Vibration-induced activation of muscle afferents modulates bioassayable growth hormone release. AB - The effects of tendon vibration on bioassayable growth hormone (BGH) secretion from the pituitary gland were investigated in anesthetized adult male rats. The tendons from predominantly fast-twitch ankle extensor muscles (gastrocnemius and plantaris) or a predominantly slow-twitch ankle extensor (soleus) were vibrated by using a paradigm that selectively activates group Ia afferent fibers from muscle spindles. The lower hindlimb was secured with the muscles near physiological length, and the tendons were vibrated for 15 min at 150 Hz and a displacement of 1 mm. Control rats were prepared similarly, but the tendons were not vibrated. Compared with control, vibration of the tendons of the fast ankle extensors markedly increased (160%), whereas vibration of the slow soleus decreased (68%), BGH secretion. Complete denervation of the hindlimb had no independent effects on the normal resting levels of BGH, but it prevented the effects of tendon vibration on BGH secretion. The results are consistent with previous findings showing modulation of BGH release in response to in vivo activation or in situ electrical stimulation of muscle afferents (Bigbee AJ, Gosselink KL, Grindeland RE, Roy RR, Zhong H, and Edgerton VR. J Appl Physiol 89: 2174-2178, 2000; Gosselink KL, Grindeland RE, Roy RR, Zhong H, Bigbee AJ, and Edgerton VR. J Appl Physiol 88: 142-148, 2000; Gosselink KL, Grindeland RE, Roy RR, Zhong H, Bigbee AJ, Grossman EJ, and Edgerton VR. J Appl Physiol 84: 1425 1430, 1998). These data provide evidence that this previously described muscle afferent-pituitary axis is neurally mediated via group Ia afferents from peripheral skeletal muscle. Furthermore, these data show that activation of this group Ia afferent pathway from fast muscles enhances, whereas the same sensory afferent input from a slow muscle depresses, BGH release. PMID- 14766786 TI - Is the blood flow response to a single contraction determined by work performed? AB - Nine healthy volunteers performed a series of single handgrip isometric contractions to test the hypothesis that the blood flow response to a contraction is determined solely by the tension-time index (isometric analog of work). Contractions were performed in duplicate at 15, 30, and 60% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at durations of 0.5, 1, and 2 s. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured beat by beat by using Doppler ultrasound. Peak FBF responded in a graded fashion to graded increases in peak tension with contraction time held constant (35, 56, and 90 ml/min for 15, 30, and 60% MVC for 1 s, respectively). When tension was kept constant, peak FBF responded in a graded fashion to graded increases in duration (77, 90, and 97 ml/min for 60% MVC for 0.5, 1, and 2 s). With a constant tension-time index, peak FBF responded in a graded fashion to graded increases in peak tension (48, 56, and 77 ml/min for 15% MVC/2 s, 30% MVC/1 s, and 60% MVC/0.5 s). Similar trends were also observed for total postcontraction hyperemia. Blood flow increased regardless of whether the change in tension-time index was accomplished by an increase in tension or duration of contraction. However, with a constant tension-time index, the change in blood flow was related to the peak tension developed. Our results suggest that the blood flow response to a single muscle contraction is not determined solely by the work performed (tension-time index) but also by the number of muscle fibers recruited. PMID- 14766787 TI - Localized compliance of small airways in excised rat lungs using microfocal X-ray computed tomography. AB - Airway compliance is a key factor in understanding lung mechanics and is used as a clinical diagnostic index. Understanding such mechanics in small airways physiologically and clinically is critical. We have determined the "morphometric change" and "localized compliance" of small airways under "near"-physiological conditions; namely, the airways were embedded in parenchyma without dehydration and fixation. Previously, we developed a two-step method to visualize small airways in detail by staining the lung tissue with a radiopaque solution and then visualizing the tissue with a cone-beam microfocal X-ray computed tomography system (Sera et al. J Biomech 36: 1587-1594, 2003). In this study, we used this technique to analyze changes in diameter and length of the same small airways ( approximately 150 microm ID) and then evaluated the localized compliance as a function of airway generation (Z). For smaller (<300-microm-diameter) airways, diameter was 36% larger at end-tidal inspiration and 89% larger at total lung capacity; length was 18% larger at end-tidal inspiration and 43% larger at total lung capacity than at functional residual capacity. Diameter, especially at smaller airways, did not behave linearly with V(1/3) (where V is volume). With increasing lung pressure, diameter changed dramatically at a particular pressure and length changed approximately linearly during inflation and deflation. Percentage of airway volume for smaller airways did not behave linearly with that of lung volume. Smaller airways were generally more compliant than larger airways with increasing Z and exhibited hysteresis in their diameter behavior. Airways at higher Z deformed at a lower pressure than those at lower Z. These results indicated that smaller airways did not behave homogeneously. PMID- 14766788 TI - Age dependency of cardiovascular autonomic responses to head-up tilt in healthy subjects. AB - In elderly subjects, heart rate responses to postural change are attenuated, whereas their vascular responses are augmented. Altered strategy in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis during upright position may result from various cardiovascular changes, including age-related cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. This exploratory study was conducted to evaluate impact of age on cardiovascular autonomic responses to head-up tilt (HUT) in healthy subjects covering a wide age range. The study population consisted of 63 healthy, normal weight, nonsmoking subjects aged 23-77 yr. Five-minute electrocardiogram and finger blood pressure recordings were performed in the supine position and in the upright position 5 min after 70 degrees HUT. Stroke volume was assessed from noninvasive blood pressure signals by the arterial pulse contour method. Heart rate variability (HRV) and systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) were analyzed by using spectral analysis, and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was assessed by using sequence and cross-spectral methods. Cardiovascular autonomic activation during HUT consisted of decreases in HRV and BRS and an increase in SBPV. These changes became attenuated with aging. Age correlated significantly with amplitude of HUT-stimulated response of the high-frequency component (r = 0.61, P < 0.001) and the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power of HRV (r = -0.31, P < 0.05) and indexes of BRS (local BRS: r = -0.62, P < 0.001; cross spectral baroreflex sensitivity in the low-frequency range: r = -0.38, P < 0.01). Blood pressure in the upright position was maintained well irrespective of age. However, the HUT-induced increase in heart rate was more pronounced in the younger subjects, whereas the increase in peripheral resistance was predominantly observed in the older subjects. Thus it is likely that whereas the dynamic capacity of cardiac autonomic regulation decreases, vascular responses related to vasoactive mechanisms and vascular sympathetic regulation become augmented with increasing age. PMID- 14766789 TI - Human cutaneous vascular responses to whole-body tilting, Gz centrifugation, and LBNP. AB - We hypothesized that gravitational stimuli elicit cardiovascular responses in the following order with gravitational stress equalized at the level of the feet, from lowest to highest response: short-(SAC) and long-arm centrifugation (LAC), tilt, and lower body negative pressure (LBNP). Up to 15 healthy subjects underwent graded application of the four stimuli. Laser-Doppler flowmetry measured regional skin blood flow. At 0.6 G(z) (60 mmHg LBNP), tilt and LBNP similarly reduced leg skin blood flow to approximately 36% of supine baseline levels. Flow increased back toward baseline levels at 80-100 mmHg LBNP yet remained stable during 0.8-1.0 G(z) tilt. Centrifugation usually produced less leg vasoconstriction than tilt or LBNP. Surprisingly, SAC and LAC did not differ significantly. Thigh responses were less definitive than leg responses. No gravitational vasoconstriction occurred in the neck. All conditions except SAC increased heart rate, according to our hypothesized order. LBNP may be a more effective and practical means of simulating cardiovascular effects of gravity than centrifugation. PMID- 14766790 TI - Three small integrin binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) bind and activate specific matrix metalloproteinases. AB - Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are critical for development, wound healing, and for the progression of cancer. It is generally accepted that MMPs are secreted in a latent form (proMMP) and are activated only upon removal of their inhibitory propeptides. This report shows that three members of the SIBLING (Small, Integrin Binding LIgand, N-linked Glycoprotein) family can specifically bind (Kd approximately equal nM) and activate three different MMPs. Binding of SIBLING to their corresponding proMMPs is associated with structural changes as indicated by quenching of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, increased susceptibility to plasmin cleavage, and decreased inhibition by specific natural and synthetic inhibitors. Activation includes both making the proMMPs enzymatically active and the reactivation of the TIMP (tissue inhibitors of MMP) inhibited MMPs. Bone sialoprotein specifically binds proMMP-2 and active MMP-2, while osteopontin binds proMMP-3 and active MMP-3, and dentin matrix protein-1 binds proMMP-9 and active MMP-9. Both pro and active MMP-SIBLING complexes are disrupted by the abundant serum protein, complement Factor H, thereby probably limiting SIBLING mediated activation to regions immediately adjacent to sites of secretion in vivo. These data suggest that the SIBLING family offers an alternative method of controlling the activity of at least three MMPs. PMID- 14766791 TI - Multicellular simulation predicts microvascular patterning and in silico tissue assembly. AB - Remodeling of microvascular networks in mammals is critical for physiological adaptations and therapeutic revascularization. Cellular behaviors such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration are coordinated in these remodeling events via combinations of biochemical and biomechanical signals. We developed a cellular automata (CA) computational simulation that integrates epigenetic stimuli, molecular signals, and cellular behaviors to predict microvascular network patterning events. Over 50 rules obtained from published experimental data govern independent behaviors (including proliferation, differentiation, and migration) of thousands of interacting cells and diffusible growth factors in their tissue environment. From initial network patterns of in vivo blood vessel networks, the model predicts emergent patterning responses to two stimuli: 1) network-wide changes in hemodynamic mechanical stresses, and 2) exogenous focal delivery of an angiogenic growth factor. The CA model predicts comparable increases in vascular density (370+/-29 mm/mm3) 14 days after treatment with exogenous growth factor to that in vivo (480+/-41 mm/mm3) and approximately a twofold increase in contractile vessel lengths 5-10 days after 10% increase in circumferential wall strain, consistent with in vivo results. The CA simulation was thus able to identify a functional patterning module capable of quantitatively predicting vessel network remodeling in response to two important epigenetic stimuli. PMID- 14766792 TI - Injury-induced NF-kappaB activation in the hippocampus: implications for neuronal survival. AB - Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB p50 protein is involved in promoting survival in hippocampal neurons after trimethyltin (TMT)-injury. In the current study, hippocampal NF-kappaB activity was examined and quantitated from transgenic kappaB-lacZ reporter mice after chemical-induced injury. NF-kappaB activity was localized primarily to hippocampal neurons and significantly elevated over that in saline-treated mice between 4 and 21 days after TMT injection. Seven days after TMT injection, a timepoint of elevated NF-kappaB activity, gene expression in the hippocampus was studied by microarray analysis through comparison of expression profiles between treated nontransgenic and p50-null mice with their saline-injected controls. Seventeen genes increased in nontransgenic TMT-treated mice relative to saline-treated as well as showing no increase in p50-null mice, indicating a role for p50 in their regulation. One of these genes, the Na+, K+ ATPase-gamma subunit, was detected in brain for the first time. Several of the genes modulated by NF-kappaB are potentially related to neuroplasticity, providing additional evidence that this transcription factor is a neuroprotective signal in the hippocampus. PMID- 14766793 TI - Differential requirement for c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in TNFalpha- and Fas mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes. AB - The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is involved in the regulation of cell death, but its role in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha- and Fas-mediated apoptosis in primary cells is not well defined. In primary rat hepatocytes expressing an IkappaB superrepressor, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 strongly decreased TNF-alpha induced cell death, caspase 3 activation, and DNA laddering. In contrast, SP600125 did not rescue mouse hepatocytes from Fas-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis in mouse hepatocytes, induced by human TNF-alpha, was blocked by SP600125, indicating that TNF-receptor (TNF-R) 1-mediated JNK activation is important for TNF-alpha-induced death. However, mouse TNF-alpha was more efficient than human TNF-alpha in activating JNK and killing mouse hepatocytes, suggesting that TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 cooperate in JNK activation and apoptosis. SP600125 rescued actinomycin D-pretreated hepatocytes and hepatocytes expressing a dominant negative c-Jun from TNF-alpha, indicating that JNK exerts its proapoptotic effect independently of transcription and c-Jun. SP600125 delayed the mitochondrial permeability transition, inhibited cytochrome c release and prevented bid degradation after TNF-alpha, suggesting that JNK-regulated proapoptotic factors act upstream of the mitochondria. Moreover, overexpression of JNK1 activated a mitochondrial death pathway in hepatocytes, albeit less efficiently than TNF alpha. This study demonstrates that JNK augments TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes through a signaling pathway that is distinct from the pathway by which it regulates proliferation. PMID- 14766794 TI - Combined effect of bradykinin B2 and neurokinin-1 receptor activation on endothelial cell proliferation in acute synovitis. AB - During acute synovitis, early angiogenesis may enhance inflammation by facilitating edema formation and cellular infiltration. We have investigated the in vivo modulation by bradykinin of neurally enhanced early angiogenesis in rat models of knee synovitis. The increased endothelial cell proliferation that was observed 24 h after intra-articular injection of substance P (10 nmols) was completely blocked by either NK1 or B2 receptor antagonists (SR140333 or FR172357, respectively). In mild synovitis induced by 0.03% Carrageenan, but not in naive animals, injection of bradykinin (100 nmols) increased endothelial cell proliferation. In moderate synovitis induced by 3% kaolin and 3% carrageenan, the combined blockade of both NK1 and B2 receptors inhibited 64% of the synovitis enhanced endothelial cell proliferation. Synovitis-enhanced endothelial cell proliferation was also inhibited by the B2 receptor antagonist alone (27%) but not by the NK1 receptor antagonist alone. B1 receptor agonist (des-Arg9 bradykinin) and antagonist (SR240612A) did not significantly modulate endothelial cell proliferation. B2 receptor mRNA was constitutively expressed in both mild and moderate inflammation, whereas B1 mRNA production was induced in the moderate inflammation model. These findings demonstrate that substance P and bradykinin can act on NK1 and B2 receptors, respectively, to promote endothelial cell proliferation in acute synovitis. PMID- 14766795 TI - Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are specific openers of skeletal muscle BK channel of K+-deficient rats. AB - Carbonic-anhydrase (CA) inhibitors are used in the treatment of hypokalaemic periodic paralysis (hypoPP) and related channelopathies but their mechanism of action is unknown. Patch-clamp experiments and molecular modeling investigations were performed to evaluate the mechanism of actions of CA inhibitors on skeletal muscle Ca2+-activated-K+ (BK) channel of K+-deficient rats used as animal model of hypoPP. CA inhibitors showing different degree of CA inhibition such as acetazolamide (ACTZ), dichlorphenamide (DCP), hydrochlorthiazide (HCT), etoxzolamide (ETX), methazolamide (MTZ), and bendroflumethiazide (BFT), which lacks inhibitory effects on CA enzymes, were tested in vitro on BK channels. The application of ACTZ, BFT, ETX, and DCP to excised patches activated the BK channel with potency: ACTZ(DE50=7.3x10(-6)M)>BFT(DE50=5.93x10( 5)M)>ETX(DE50=1.17x10(-4)M)>>DCP. In contrast, MTZ and HCT failed to activate the BK channel. Molecular modeling studies showed that the capability of CA inhibitors to open the BK channel was related to the presence in their structures of an intra-molecular hydrogen bond with calculated inter-atomic distances ranging between 1.82 A degrees and 3.01 A degrees and of an aromatic ring poor of electrons. ACTZ, BFT, ETX, and DCP showed these pharmacofores, while MTZ and HCT did not. Our data indicate that the activation of BK channel is a property of CA inhibitors that interact with the channel subunit/s and that this effect is not related to their capability to inhibit the CA enzymes. PMID- 14766796 TI - Rotenone induces non-specific central nervous system and systemic toxicity. AB - We investigated the dopaminergic (DA) neuronal degeneration in animals subjected to systemic treatment of rotenone via subcutaneous delivery. Behavioral observations revealed a hypokinetic period in rats sacrificed at 3 and 5 days, and dystonic episodes in animals sacrificed at 8 days. Less than 20% of the total number of animals given rotenone depicted brain lesions after 8 days of treatment, as demonstrated by a significant loss of DA fibers in the striatum, but not of DA nigral neurons. Tyrosine hydroxylase-negative striatal territories were characterized by post-synaptic toxicity as demonstrated by a decreased number of interneurons labeled for choline acetyltransferase, NADPH-diaphorase, parvalbumin, and projection neurons labeled for calbindin and nerve growth factor inducible-B (NGFI-B). Post-synaptic neurodegeneration was demonstrated further by abundant striatal staining for Fluoro-Jade. Decrease in the nuclear orphan receptor Nurr1 expression was the only significant change observed at the level of the substantia nigra. Autopsy reports confirmed that animals suffered from severe digestion problems. These data suggest that hypokinesia observed between 3 and 5 days is the result of general health problems rather than a specific motor deficit associated to Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms. Overall, the effects of rotenone toxicity are widespread, and subcutaneous administration of this toxin does not provide the neuropathological and behavioral basis for a relevant and reliable PD model. PMID- 14766797 TI - KR-31378 ameliorates atherosclerosis by blocking monocyte recruitment in hypercholestrolemic mice. AB - The recruitment of monocytes into the artery wall is a crucial early step in atherogenesis. A novel compound, KR-31378, has been shown to be a neuroprotective agent for ischemia-reperfusion damage in rat brain via its potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic actions. Here, we report the effects of this compound on atherogenesis and possible mechanisms of action. In Ldlr knockout mice fed with a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, treatment with KR-31378 significantly inhibited fatty streak formation and macrophage accumulation. To address the possibility that KR-31378 may influence the initial stages of atherogenesis, we examined its effect on the adhesion and migration of monocytes to endothelial cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha. KR-31378 decreased the adhesion in a dose dependent manner. The observed decreases in cell adhesion and migration correlated with KR-31378-mediated down-regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and interleukin (IL)-8. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is known to regulate the expression of adhesive and chemotactic molecules including VCAM-1 and IL-8. Indeed, transient transfection experiments, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and IkappaB degradation assay showed that KR-31378 decreased NF-kappaB activation. These results indicate that KR-31378 potently reduces fatty streak formation by inhibiting NF-kappaB-dependent cellular adhesion and chemotactic molecule expression, which are crucial to monocyte infiltration into the arterial wall during the early stages of atherogenesis. PMID- 14766798 TI - Versican/PG-M G3 domain promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis. AB - Versican/PG-M is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan, expression of which is elevated in a variety of human tumors. The significance of this change is unclear. Here we show that versican G3-containing fragments are present at high levels in human astrocytoma. Expression of a versican G3 construct in U87 astrocytoma cells enhances colony growth in soft agarose gel and tumor growth and blood vessel formation in nude mice. The G3-containing medium enhances endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration. G3-expressing cells and tumors formed by these cells express increased levels of fibronectin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Furthermore, the G3 domain directly binds to fibronectin and forms a complex together with VEGF. In the presence of these three molecules, endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration were found to be significantly enhanced. Removal of the complex containing these molecules reverses these processes. Taken together, these findings implicate G3 as a modifier of tumor growth and angiogenesis and suggest a new avenue for development of anticancer and anti-angiogenic therapies based on targeting versican G3 fragments. PMID- 14766799 TI - Melatonin stimulates cell proliferation in zebrafish embryo and accelerates its development. AB - All vertebrates show a dramatic circadian rhythm in circulating melatonin with high levels at night and very low levels during daytime. In adults, melatonin is thought to synchronize other circadian rhythms and regulate seasonal rhythms in photoperiodic animals by acting on specific G-protein coupled receptors. The role of melatonin in development is unknown, even though melatonin receptors appear to be more highly expressed in developing embryos and neonates than in adults. In this study on zebrafish embryos, we describe a role for melatonin in increasing cell proliferation and accelerating development. We propose that melatonin has a role in extending the safe limit of proliferation rate at night to allow more rapid development when potentially damaging ultraviolet light is absent. PMID- 14766800 TI - Age-associated increase in oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappaB activation are attenuated in rat liver by regular exercise. AB - The combined effects of aging and regular physical exercise was investigated on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, glutathione status, and the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in rat liver. A group of 24 male F344 rats was divided into the following categories: adult control (18 months), adult exercised (18 months), and aged control (28 months) and aged exercised (28 months). The ROS formation increased as a function of age and exercise training decreased the rate of ROS formation in the two age groups. Significant positive correlation was found between ROS production and lipid peroxidation (LIPOX). The reduced glutathione (GSH) level was higher and the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) level lower in exercised groups compared with the sedentary controls (P<0.05). An age-associated increase in NF-kappaB activity was attenuated by the regular exercise. The content of p50 and p65 subunits of NF kappaB increased with age and decreased with exercise training. The content of inhibitory factor-kappaB was inversely related to NF-kappaB activation. Regular exercise-induced adaptive responses, including attenuation of an increase in ROS production, LIPOX level, NF-kappaB activation, and reduced GSH/GSSG ratio, appear to be capable, even in old age, of reducing increases in inflammatory and other detrimental consequences that are often associated with advancing age. PMID- 14766801 TI - Inferring pathways and networks with a Bayesian framework. AB - Numerous mathematical methods have been adapted and developed to quantitatively reverse engineer biological networks, for example, signal transduction pathways, from experimental micro-array data. Compared with stochastic methods, such as Boolean networks, and deterministic methods, such as thermodynamic or differential equation-based models, Bayesian network analysis has the ability to assess, with scoring metrics, causal relations based on conditional probabilities and thus permit hypothesis testing. The goal of this paper is to illustrate the integration of several Bayesian based techniques into a unified Bayesian framework that can infer hepatocellular networks from metabolic data. Reverse engineering of pathways and networks provides a framework for predictive modeling and hypotheses testing to gain deeper insight into living organisms, disease mechanisms, and targeted therapeutics. Evaluating this methodology initially against the known biochemical network provides confidence in the networks that are uncovered from the experimental data using this framework. From the metabolic data we inferred the known sub-networks, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and urea cycles. In addition, we combined the relationships learned from the data and our current knowledge of the biological system to postulate several alternative metabolic sub-network models that can predict a particular cellular function, such as intracellular triglyceride accumulation. PMID- 14766802 TI - Neuronal apoptotic bodies: phagocytosis and degradation by primary microglial cells. AB - Neuronal loss via apoptosis is a key element in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. To avoid accumulation of apoptotic material, the remains of apoptotic cells should be degraded. It was suggested that microglial cells are phagocytosing and degrading apoptotic material. There is only limited information available concerning the fate of the remains of apoptotic neurons. In this study, we investigated the ability of microglial cells to take up and degrade neuronal apoptotic material. We isolated primary microglial cells and used apoptotic bodies of apoptotic neuron-like PC12 cells as a substrate. The apoptotic material was taken up and degraded within the microglial cells. The uptake is clearly activation dependent. We were able to demonstrate that the CD36 scavenger receptor is involved in the uptake of the apoptotic material via competition studies, antibody blockage, and use of a CD36 mutant rat strain. Blockage of other uptake mechanisms was also able to inhibit the uptake to some extent. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate the role of the microglial lysosomal and proteasomal pathways in the degradation of proteins originating from apoptotic bodies. PMID- 14766803 TI - Gating of the polycystin ion channel signaling complex in neurons and kidney cells. AB - Mutations in either polycystin-2 (PC2) or polycystin-1 (PC1) proteins cause severe, potentially lethal, kidney disorders and multiple extrarenal (including brain) disease phenotypes. PC2, a member of the transient receptor potential channel superfamily, and PC1, an orphan membrane receptor of largely unknown function, are thought to be part of a common signaling pathway. Here, we show that in rat sympathetic neurons and kidney cells, coassembly of full-length PC1 with PC2 forms a plasmalemmal ion channel signaling complex in which PC1 stimulation simultaneously activates PC2 ion channels and Gi/o-proteins. PC2 activation occurs through a structural rearrangement of PC1, independent of G protein activation. Thus, PC1 acts as a prototypical membrane receptor that concordantly regulates PC2 channels and G-proteins, a bimodal mechanism that may account for the multifunctional roles of polycystin proteins in fundamental cellular processes of various cell types. PMID- 14766804 TI - Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is present in the nucleus of cardiac myocytes and is capable of cleaving poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in vitro. AB - Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are traditionally known for their role in extracellular matrix remodeling. Increasing evidence reveals several alternative substrates and novel biological roles for these proteases. Recent evidence showed the intracellular localization of MMP-2 within cardiac myocytes, colocalized with troponin I within myofilaments. Here we investigated the presence of MMP-2 in the nucleus of cardiac myocytes using both immunogold electron microscopy and biochemical assays with nuclear extracts. The gelatinase activity found in both human heart and rat liver nuclear extracts was blocked with MMP inhibitors. In addition, the ability of MMP-2 to cleave poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) as a substrate was examined as a possible role for MMP-2 in the nucleus. PARP is a nuclear matrix enzyme involved in the repair of DNA strand breaks, which is known to be inactivated by proteolytic cleavage. PARP was susceptible to cleavage by MMP-2 in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner, yielding novel degradation products of ~66 and <45 kDa. The cleavage of PARP by MMP-2 was also blocked by MMP inhibitors. This is the first characterization of MMP-2 within the nucleus and we hereby suggest its possible role in PARP degradation. PMID- 14766805 TI - The N- and C-terminal peptides of hIL8/CXCL8 are ligands for hCXCR1 and hCXCR2. AB - Chemokines are small cytokines that function in immune responses, wound healing, and pathological conditions such as chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis. This multifunctionality has been attributed primarily to ligand interaction with multiple or dimerized receptors. However, multifunctionality could also result from interactions of the receptors with small peptides produced by processing of the chemokines. Chemokine peptides are functional in vivo, but it is not yet known whether they can interact with and activate their receptors. The work presented here examines the interactions between the two forms of human interleukin 8 (hIL-8), and its N- and C-peptides, with the chemokine receptors hCXCR1 and hCXCR2. We used a Tet-on retroviral system to introduce CXCR1 into mouse NIH 3T3 cells (that lack endogenous CXCR1) and monitored activation of this receptor by the ligands by using quantitative Ca2+ imaging and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. We found that the N and C termini of the chemokine can stimulate the respective CXCR1 to induce intracellular Ca2+ release and MAPK activation independent of the other regions of the molecules. Furthermore, we showed that these peptides can also stimulate chemotaxis of several cell types, including primary human microvascular endothelial cells, and that this function is specific and mediated by hCXCR1 and/or hCXCR2. These findings advance understanding of the multifunctionality exhibited by chemokines, reveal a new mode of functional regulation, and may serve as the basis for therapeutic targeting. PMID- 14766806 TI - Need for susceptibility testing guidelines for fastidious or less-frequently isolated bacteria. PMID- 14766807 TI - rpoB gene sequence-based identification of aerobic Gram-positive cocci of the genera Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Gemella, Abiotrophia, and Granulicatella. AB - We developed a new molecular tool based on rpoB gene (encoding the beta subunit of RNA polymerase) sequencing to identify streptococci. We first sequenced the complete rpoB gene for Streptococcus anginosus, S. equinus, and Abiotrophia defectiva. Sequences were aligned with these of S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, and S. pneumoniae available in GenBank. Using an in-house analysis program (SVARAP), we identified a 740-bp variable region surrounded by conserved, 20-bp zones and, by using these conserved zones as PCR primer targets, we amplified and sequenced this variable region in an additional 30 Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Gemella, Granulicatella, and Abiotrophia species. This region exhibited 71.2 to 99.3% interspecies homology. We therefore applied our identification system by PCR amplification and sequencing to a collection of 102 streptococci and 60 bacterial isolates belonging to other genera. Amplicons were obtained in streptococci and Bacillus cereus, and sequencing allowed us to make a correct identification of streptococci. Molecular signatures were determined for the discrimination of closely related species within the S. pneumoniae-S. oralis-S. mitis group and the S. agalactiae-S. difficile group. These signatures allowed us to design a S. pneumoniae-specific PCR and sequencing primer pair. PMID- 14766808 TI - Acquisition of high-risk human papillomavirus infections and pap smear abnormalities among women in the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union. AB - The rates of acquisition and the times of incident high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and Pap smear abnormalities and their predictive factors were analyzed in women participating in a multicenter screening study in three countries of the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union. The 423 patients were prospectively monitored for a mean of 21.6 months. At the baseline, 118 women were HR HPV DNA negative (Hybrid Capture II assay) and Pap smear negative (group 1), 184 were HPV DNA positive and Pap smear negative (group 2), and 121 were HPV DNA negative and Pap smear positive (group 3). The time to the acquisition of an incident abnormal Pap smear (19.4 months) was significantly longer in group 1 than in group 2 (9.2 months) (P = 0.0001). The times of acquisition of incident HR HPV infection were 16.6 and 11.0 months in group 1 and group 3, respectively (P = 0.006). The monthly rates of acquisition of incident HR HPV infections were very similar in group 1 (1.0%) and group 3 (0.8%), whereas the rate of acquisition of an abnormal Pap smear was significantly higher in group 2 (3.1%) than in group 1 (1.5%) (P = 0.0001). The acquisition of HR HPV infection (but not a positive Pap smear result) was significantly (P = 0.0001) age dependent. The only significant independent (P = 0.001) predictor of the incidence of an abnormal Pap smear result was a high HR HPV load of >20 relative light units/control value (CO) (rate ratio, 2.050; 95% confidence interval, 1.343 to 3.129). Independent predictors of incident HR HPV infection were patient category (a sexually transmitted disease) and ever having been pregnant. The time of acquisition of HR HPV infection was 3 months shorter than that of an abnormal Pap smear. At the baseline the high load of a particular HR HPV type is the single most important predictor of an incident Pap smear abnormality, whereas young age and having a sexually transmitted disease predict incident HR HPV infections. PMID- 14766809 TI - Detection and differentiation of in vitro-spiked bacteria by real-time PCR and melting-curve analysis. AB - We introduce a consensus real-time PCR protocol for the detection of bacterial DNA from laboratory-prepared specimens such as water, urine, and plasma. This prototype detection system enables an exact Gram stain classification and, in particular, screening for specific species of 17 intensive care unit-relevant bacteria by means of fluorescence hybridization probes and melting-curve analysis in a one-run experiment. One strain of every species was tested at a final density of 10(6) CFU/ml. All bacteria examined except Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis could be differentiated successfully; S. aureus and S. epidermidis could only be classified as "Staphylococcus species." The hands-on time for preparation of the DNA, performance of the PCR, and evaluation of the PCR results was less than 4 h. Nevertheless, this prototype detection system requires more clinical validation. PMID- 14766810 TI - Antigen capture competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using baculovirus expressed antigens for diagnosis of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. AB - Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are orbiviruses that infect both livestock and wild ruminants. Antigenic cross reactivity between BTV and EHDV often results in serologic misdiagnosis. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (c-ELISAs) show increased sensitivity and specificity for the identification of these viral diseases; however, the preparation of cell culture-derived viral antigen for these tests is laborious and variable from batch to batch, and the resulting antigen may be infectious. To overcome these problems, the genes coding for a structural protein, VP7, of BTV and EHDV were cloned into baculovirus and the recombinant proteins were expressed in Sf9 cultured insect cells. Recombinant viral proteins released into the baculovirus-infected Sf9 cell culture supernatant were used in antigen capture c-ELISAs (Ag Cap c-ELISA) tests that specifically detected antibody in the serum of cattle experimentally infected with BTV and EHDV. The diagnostic utility of the Ag Cap c-ELISA was demonstrated by comparison with a commercial c-ELISA. The Ag Cap c-ELISA offers the advantages of using an easily produced, easily standardized, noninfectious antigen that does not require further purification or concentration. PMID- 14766811 TI - Analysis of invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections after extensive vaccination against H. influenzae type b. AB - Little clinical and microbiological information is available about invasive Haemophilus influenzae infection after widespread vaccination against H. influenzae type b (Hib). We conducted an active community surveillance study on invasive H. influenzae during a 2-year period in a community of more than 5 million people after vaccination against Hib in children was introduced. The median incidence was 16.3 cases/100000 persons per year in children less than 1 year-old and 4.41 cases/100000 persons in children less than <5 years old. The highest incidence in adults was observed in patients greater than 70 years old. Clinical diagnoses included bacteremia, pneumonia, and meningitis. Of the H. influenzae-infected patients, 74.3% had underlying predisposing conditions, including impaired immunity and respiratory diseases. A total of 73.6% of the isolates were nontypeable and 16.5, 6.6, and 3.3% were types b, f, and e, respectively. Infections due to capsulated strains b, e, and f were evenly distributed between children and adults. Ampicillin and cotrimoxazole resistance occurred at frequencies of 24.2 and 48.4%, respectively. Antibiotic resistance was more prevalent in capsulated than in noncapsulated H. influenzae. Invasive isolates were highly resistant to antibiotics that were used infrequently in the community. Nontypeable H. influenzae were genetically much more heterogeneous than capsulated strains. Capsule-deficient mutants (b(-)) were not detected. Plasmid carriage was linked to antibiotic resistance and capsulated strains. Over the study period, the incidence of invasive H. influenzae infections, either encapsulated or not, did not increase. In the post-Hib vaccination era, most invasive infections were due to noncapsulated strains and occurred in the extreme ages of life in patients with predisposing conditions. PMID- 14766812 TI - High rate of transfer of Staphylococcus aureus from parental skin to infant gut flora. AB - Many Swedish infants carry Staphylococcus aureus in their intestinal microflora. The source of this colonization was investigated in 50 families. Infantile S. aureus strains were isolated from rectal swabs and stool samples at 3 days and at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks of age. The strains were identified by using the random amplified polymorphic DNA method and compared to strains from swab cultures of the mothers' hands, nipples, and nares and from the fathers' hands and nares. Maternal stool samples were also obtained at a later stage to compare infant and adult intestinal S. aureus colonization. Although 60% of 1-month-old children had S. aureus in the stools, this was true of only 24% of the mothers. The median population numbers in colonized individuals also differed: 10(6.8) CFU/g of feces among infants at 2 weeks of age versus 10(3.2) CFU/g of feces in the mothers. Of S. aureus strains in the stools of 3-day-old infants, 90% were identical to a parental skin strain. A total of 96% of infants whose parents were S. aureus skin carriers had S. aureus in their feces and 91% had the same strain as at least one of the parents. In comparison, only 37% of infants to S. aureus-negative parents had S. aureus in the stool samples. Thus, infantile intestinal S. aureus colonization was strongly associated with parental skin S. aureus carriage (P = 0.0001). These results suggest that S. aureus on parental skin establish readily in the infantile gut, perhaps due to poor competition from other gut bacteria. PMID- 14766813 TI - Use of insertion sequence element IS1126 in a genotyping and transmission study of Porphyromonas gingivalis. AB - Porphyromonas gingivalis is strongly associated with periodontal diseases and is regarded as one of the risk factors for periodontitis. Insertion sequence element IS1126-based PCR was used to investigate the genetic heterogeneity of P. gingivalis from periodontitis patients and to examine the frequency of the parent child and spouse-spouse transmission. Two sets of IS1126-specific primers were used for the PCR. The inward primer set (PI1 and PI2), which amplifies the IS1126 fragment of approximately 690 bp, was used to identify P. gingivalis. The outward primer set (PI1RC and PI2RC), which is reverse complementary to PI1 and PI2, respectively, and amplifies the gene fragments between the adjacent IS1126 elements was used to characterize the genotypes of the P. gingivalis strains. PCR of P. gingivalis with PI1RC and PI2RC resulted in the production of two to seven amplicons, which showed a unique electrophoretic pattern in each strain (4 laboratory strains and 37 clinical isolates cultured from 12 patients with aggressive periodontitis). The usefulness of the method for transmission study was confirmed by detecting identical genotypes between the isolates and the plaque samples from which the isolates were cultured and between the plaque samples from different tooth sites in the same patient. Thirty probands with periodontal diseases and their thirty immediate family members were included in the transmission study. In 11 of 14 parent-child pairs (78.6%), P. gingivalis revealed an identical or similar band pattern, whereas 5 of 16 spouse pairs (31.25%) had this similarity. These results show that IS1126-based PCR for genotyping P. gingivalis has a highly discriminating potential with reproducible data and is a simple and reliable method for a transmission study. PMID- 14766814 TI - International clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in two hospitals in Miami, Florida. AB - A total of 202 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) single-patient isolates recovered between January and June 1998 in two hospitals in Miami, Florida, were characterized by a combination of several molecular typing techniques: multilocus sequence typing, spaA typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and determination of the structure of the SCCmec element. The overwhelming majority of the isolates-187 of 202, or 93%-belonged to one of three internationally spread epidemic clones which were identified on the basis of their multilocus sequence type (ST) as E-MRSA-16 (ST36), the New York clone V (ST8), and the New York/Japan clone (ST5; SCCmec II) and its single- and double locus variants. The rest of the isolates (15 of 202, or 7%) were more genetically diverse and were each recovered from a few patients only. Of the 23 MRSA strains isolated from confirmed human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients, as many as 17 (or 70%) belonged to a single ST8 clone carrying SCCmec type IV. The data provide further evidence for the conclusion of earlier studies that most MRSA disease in hospitals is caused by relatively few pandemic clones. PMID- 14766815 TI - DNA differential diagnosis of taeniasis and cysticercosis by multiplex PCR. AB - Multiplex PCR was established for differential diagnosis of taeniasis and cysticercosis, including their causative agents. For identification of the parasites, multiplex PCR with cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene yielded evident differential products unique for Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica and for American/African and Asian genotypes of Taenia solium with molecular sizes of 827, 269, 720, and 984 bp, respectively. In the PCR-based detection of tapeworm carriers using fecal samples, the diagnostic markers were detected from 7 of 14 and 4 of 9 T. solium carriers from Guatemala and Indonesia, respectively. Test sensitivity may have been reduced by the length of time (up to 12 years) that samples were stored and/or small sample volumes (ca. 30 to 50 mg). However, the diagnostic markers were detected by nested PCR in five worm carriers from Guatemalan cases that were found to be negative by multiplex PCR. It was noteworthy that a 720 bp-diagnostic marker was detected from a T. solium carrier who was egg-free, implying that it is possible to detect worm carriers and treat before mature gravid proglottids are discharged. In contrast to T. solium carriers, 827-bp markers were detected by multiplex PCR in all T. saginata carriers. The application of the multiplex PCR would be useful not only for surveillance of taeniasis and cysticercosis control but also for the molecular epidemiological survey of these cestode infections. PMID- 14766816 TI - Characterization of cell-to-cell signaling-deficient Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains colonizing intubated patients. AB - Cell-to-cell signaling involving N-acyl-homoserine lactone compounds termed autoinducers (AIs) is instrumental to virulence factor production and biofilm development by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In order to determine the importance of cell-to-cell signaling during the colonization of mechanically ventilated patients, we collected 442 P. aeruginosa pulmonary isolates from 13 patients. Phenotypic characterization showed that 81% of these isolates produced the AI dependent virulence factors elastase, protease, and rhamnolipids. We identified nine genotypically distinct P. aeruginosa strains. Six of these strains produced AIs [N-butanoyl-homoserine lactone or N-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl)-homoserine lactone] and extracellular virulence factors (elastase, total exoprotease, rhamnolipid, hydrogen cyanide, or pyocyanin) in vitro. Three of the nine strains were defective in the production of both AIs and extracellular virulence factors. Two of these strains had mutational defects in both the lasR and rhlR genes, which encode the N-acyl-homoserine lactone-dependent transcriptional regulators LasR and RhlR, respectively. The third of these AI-deficient strains was only mutated in the lasR gene. Our observations suggest that most, but not all, strains colonizing intubated patients are able to produce virulence factors and that mutations affecting the cell-to-cell signaling circuit are preferentially located in the transcriptional regulator genes. PMID- 14766817 TI - Multicenter evaluation of the performance characteristics of the bayer VERSANT HCV RNA 3.0 assay (bDNA). AB - In this multicenter evaluation, the VERSANT HCV RNA 3.0 Assay (bDNA) (Bayer Diagnostics, Tarrytown, N.Y.) was shown to have excellent reproducibility, linearity, and analytical sensitivity across specimen collection matrices (serum, EDTA, ACD-A), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1 to 6. The VERSANT HCV bDNA Assay has a reportable range of 615 to 7690000 (7.69 x 10(6)) IU/ml. The total coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 32.4% at 615 IU/ml to 17% at 6.8 x 10(6) IU/ml. The assay was linear across the reportable range. Analytical specificity of 98.8% was determined by testing 999 specimens from volunteer blood donors. Evaluation of HCV genotypes using RNA transcripts of representative clones of 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, 4a, 5a, and 6a and patient specimens showed that the largest difference between genotype 1, upon which the assay is standardized, and non-1 genotypes was within 1.5-fold. Testing of potentially interfering endogenous substances and exogenous substances and conditions found no interference in HCV-positive or HCV-negative specimens except for unconjugated bilirubin at concentrations of >or=20 mg/dl and protein at concentrations of >or=9 g/dl. Biological variability was estimated from 29 clinically stable individuals not on HCV therapy who were tested weekly over an 8-week period. The combined estimate of total (biologic plus assay) variability was 0.15 log(10) standard deviation (CV, 36.1%), a fold change of 2.6. Thus, the observed fold change between any two consecutive HCV RNA measures is expected to be less than 2.6-fold (equivalent to 0.41 log(10) IU/ml) 95% of the time in clinically stable individuals. PMID- 14766818 TI - Polymorphism and drug-selected mutations in the protease gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from patients living in Southern France. AB - The susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) to protease inhibitors (PI) is largely unknown. We studied HIV-2 protease genes from 21 HIV-2 infected patients who were exposed or not exposed to PI. The aim of this study was (i). to characterize the polymorphism of HIV-2 protease in the absence of drug, (ii). to know whether the HIV-2 protease gene naturally harbors HIV-1 drug resistance codons, and (iii). to identify mutations emerging under PI-selective pressure. Sixty-five HIV-2 RNA or proviral DNA samples were directly sequenced from the plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 8 patients who had received PI and 13 patients who had never received any antiretroviral. In untreated patients, the highest amino acid variability in HIV-2 protease was observed at positions 14, 40, 43, 46, 65 and 70, and seven codons (10V, 32I, 36I, 46I, 47V, 71V, and 73A) associated with drug resistance in HIV-1 were highly prevalent. In addition, at six positions (positions 7, 46, 62, 71, 90, and 99), the amino acid variability or the amino acid frequencies or both differed significantly in PI-treated and untreated patients, suggesting that mutations 7K- >R, 46V-->I, 62V-->A/T, 71V-->I, 90L-->M and 99L-->F were occurring under PI selective pressure. At these positions, at least one sample simultaneously harbored both wild-type and mutated codons, while substitutions at positions 62, 71, 90, and 99 were confirmed in a longitudinal analysis. Moreover, the presence of codons 46I and 99F in the absence of drug in HIV-2 subtype B proteases may reflect natural resistance to PI. In conclusion, the present study revealed that HIV-2 strains harbor specific patterns of natural polymorphism and resistance. PMID- 14766819 TI - Evaluation of partial 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing for identification of nocardia species by using the MicroSeq 500 system with an expanded database. AB - Identification of clinically significant nocardiae to the species level is important in patient diagnosis and treatment. A study was performed to evaluate Nocardia species identification obtained by partial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing by the MicroSeq 500 system with an expanded database. The expanded portion of the database was developed from partial 5' 16S rDNA sequences derived from 28 reference strains (from the American Type Culture Collection and the Japanese Collection of Microorganisms). The expanded MicroSeq 500 system was compared to (i). conventional identification obtained from a combination of growth characteristics with biochemical and drug susceptibility tests; (ii). molecular techniques involving restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of portions of the 16S rRNA and 65-kDa heat shock protein genes; and (iii). when necessary, sequencing of a 999-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. An unknown isolate was identified as a particular species if the sequence obtained by partial 16S rDNA sequencing by the expanded MicroSeq 500 system was 99.0% similar to that of the reference strain. Ninety-four nocardiae representing 10 separate species were isolated from patient specimens and examined by using the three different methods. Sequencing of partial 16S rDNA by the expanded MicroSeq 500 system resulted in only 72% agreement with conventional methods for species identification and 90% agreement with the alternative molecular methods. Molecular methods for identification of Nocardia species provide more accurate and rapid results than the conventional methods using biochemical and susceptibility testing. With an expanded database, the MicroSeq 500 system for partial 16S rDNA was able to correctly identify the human pathogens N. brasiliensis, N. cyriacigeorgica, N. farcinica, N. nova, N. otitidiscaviarum, and N. veterana. PMID- 14766820 TI - Fully automated, internally controlled quantification of hepatitis B Virus DNA by real-time PCR by use of the MagNA Pure LC and LightCycler instruments. AB - We report on the development of a fully automated real-time PCR assay for the quantitative detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in plasma with EDTA (EDTA plasma). The MagNA Pure LC instrument was used for automated DNA purification and automated preparation of PCR mixtures. Real-time PCR was performed on the LightCycler instrument. An internal amplification control was devised as a PCR competitor and was introduced into the assay at the stage of DNA purification to permit monitoring for sample adequacy. The detection limit of the assay was found to be 200 HBV DNA copies/ml, with a linear dynamic range of 8 orders of magnitude. When samples from the European Union Quality Control Concerted Action HBV Proficiency Panel 1999 were examined, the results were found to be in acceptable agreement with the HBV DNA concentrations of the panel members. In a clinical laboratory evaluation of 123 EDTA plasma samples, a significant correlation was found with the results obtained by the Roche HBV Monitor test on the Cobas Amplicor analyzer within the dynamic range of that system. In conclusion, the newly developed assay has a markedly reduced hands-on time, permits monitoring for sample adequacy, and is suitable for the quantitative detection of HBV DNA in plasma in a routine clinical laboratory. PMID- 14766821 TI - Comparison of mismatch amplification mutation assay with DNA sequencing for characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. AB - A mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) was developed for identification of point mutations in quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA at codons 91 and 95. MAMA PCR was used to detect mutations at codons 91 and 95 of gyrA in 117 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates (with ciprofloxacin MICs of 0.004 to >32 microg/ml) from Bangladesh during 1997 to 2001. The QRDR regions of the gyrA genes from 31 randomly selected isolates were sequenced, and the results were compared with those of MAMA PCR. Using mismatch PCR, a mutation at Ser91 could be detected in all 27 (resistant and intermediate) isolates, and an Asp95-to-Gly95 mutation could be detected in all 15 isolates, as detected by sequencing. MAMA PCR offers a simple, inexpensive, rapid, and easier alternative for detection of point mutations in fluoroquinolone resistance in N. gonorrhoeae. PMID- 14766822 TI - Antigenic and genetic characterization of serotype G2 human rotavirus strains from the African continent. AB - Serotype G2 rotavirus strains were isolated in seven countries on the African continent during 1999 and 2000. To investigate the associated DS-1 genogroup characteristics, subgroup (VP6) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and P genotyping were performed on 10 G2 strains. The antigenic and genetic variation of the gene encoding the major neutralization glycoprotein (VP7) was also investigated by using G2-specific monoclonal antibodies and sequence analysis. Alterations in the characteristic DS-1 genogroup gene constellations were more likely to occur in the VP4 gene, and three genotypes were observed: P[4], P[6], and a dual P[4]-P[6] type. The failure of G2-specific monoclonal antibodies to type African G2 strains was more likely due to improper storage of the original stool, although G2 monotypes were detected. Phylogenetic analyses revealed clusters of serotype G2 strains that were more commonly associated with seasons during which G2 was predominant. No rotavirus vaccine trials have been conducted in an area where G2 strains were the predominant circulating serotype, and the continued surveillance of rotavirus epidemics in Africa will be preparation for future vaccine implementation in an area that clearly needs these preventative medicines. PMID- 14766823 TI - Smallpox and pan-orthopox virus detection by real-time 3'-minor groove binder TaqMan assays on the roche LightCycler and the Cepheid smart Cycler platforms. AB - We designed, optimized, and extensively tested several sensitive and specific real-time PCR assays for rapid detection of both smallpox and pan-orthopox virus DNAs. The assays are based on TaqMan 3'-minor groove binder chemistry and were performed on both the rapid-cycling Roche LightCycler and the Cepheid Smart Cycler platforms. The hemagglutinin (HA) J7R, B9R, and B10R genes were used as targets for the variola virus-specific assays, and the HA and DNA polymerase-E9L genes were used as targets for the pan-orthopox virus assays. The five orthopox virus assays were tested against a panel of orthopox virus DNAs (both genomic and cloned) at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). The results indicated that each assay was capable of detecting both the appropriate cloned gene and genomic DNA. The assays showed no cross reactivity to the 78 DNAs in the USAMRIID bacterial cross-reactivity panel. The limit of detection (LOD) of each assay was determined to be between 12 and 25 copies of target DNA. The assays were also run against a blind panel of DNAs at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on both the LightCycler and the Smart Cycler. The panel consisted of eight different variola virus isolates, five non-variola virus orthopox virus isolates, two varicella-zoster virus isolates, and one herpes simplex virus isolate. Each sample was tested in triplicate at 2.5 ng, 25 pg, 250 fg, and 2.5 fg, which represent 1.24 x 10(7), 1.24 x 10(5), 1.24 x 10(3), and 1.24 x 10(1) genome equivalents, respectively. The results indicated that each of the five assays was 100% specific (no false positives) when tested against both the USAMRIID panels and the CDC blind panel. With the CDC blind panel, the LightCycler was capable of detecting 96.2% of the orthopox virus DNAs and 93.8% of the variola virus DNAs. The Smart Cycler was capable of detecting 92.3% of the orthopox virus DNAs and between 75 and 93.8% of the variola virus DNAs. However, all five assays had nearly 100% sensitivity on both machines with samples above the LOD (>12 gene copies). These real-time PCR assays represent a battery of tests to screen for and confirm the presence of variola virus DNA. The early detection of a smallpox outbreak is crucial whether the incident is an act of bioterrorism or an accidental occurrence. PMID- 14766824 TI - Laboratory evaluation of a fully automated chemiluminescence immunoassay for rapid detection of HBsAg, antibodies to HBsAg, and antibodies to hepatitis C virus. AB - The performance of a fully automated, random access, enhanced chemiluminescence immunoassay (Ortho/ECi) for the detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) (anti-HCV), HBsAg, and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBsAg), in human serum was compared to a Abbott second-generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA 2.0). The Ortho/ECi assays employ an immunometric technique with enhanced chemiluminescence for optimal assay performance. With regard to the study of clinical laboratory performance, six groups of sera prescreened with Abbott EIAs were assayed: anti HCV-negative samples (n = 318), anti-HCV-positive samples (n = 177), anti-HBsAg negative samples (n = 241), anti-HBsAg-positive samples (n = 239), HBsAg-positive samples (n = 158), and HBsAg-negative samples (n = 312). Sera with discrepant results in the two serological assays were resolved by confirmatory tests. Sera with indeterminate results by one or more confirmatory tests were evaluated by reviewing medical records. The overall concordance between the Ortho/ECi assay and the Abbott EIA were 97.78, 93.54, and 97.66% for anti-HCV antibodies, anti HBsAg antibodies, and HBsAg, respectively. After resolving the discrepancies, the specificities of the new assay for anti-HCV and anti-HBsAg antibodies and HBsAg were 98.1, 92.8, and 100%, respectively. The sensitivities of the new assay for anti-HCV, anti-HBsAg, and HBsAg were 100, 98.8, and 97.4%, respectively. In conclusion, The Ortho/ECi assays for diagnosis of HCV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are highly specific and sensitive assays. The rapid turnaround time, random access, full automation, and high throughput make it an effective assay system for clinical laboratory diagnosis of HCV and HBV infections. PMID- 14766825 TI - Epidemiology and etiology of sexually transmitted infection among hotel-based sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. AB - The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among hotel-based sex workers (HBSWs) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, was studied. A total of 400 HBSWs were enrolled in the study during April to July 2002. Endocervical swabs, high vaginal swabs, and blood samples from 400 HBSWs were examined for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (by culture), Chlamydia trachomatis (by PCR), Trichomonas vaginalis (by microscopy), antibody to Treponema pallidum (by both rapid plasma reagin and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination tests), and antibody to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Sociodemographic information as well as gynecological and obstetric information was collected. Among the HBSWs, 228 women (57%) were symptomatic and 172 (43%) were asymptomatic, 35.8% were positive for N. gonorrhoeae, 43.5% were positive for C. trachomatis, and 4.3% were positive for T. vaginalis. A total of 8.5% had syphilis, 34.5% were positive for HSV-2, and 86.8% were positive for at least one RTI or STI. There was no significant difference between the prevalences of STIs among the symptomatic and asymptomatic HBSWs. These data suggested a high prevalence of STIs, particularly gonorrhea and chlamydia, among HBSWs in Dhaka. PMID- 14766826 TI - Experience with the MicroSeq D2 large-subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing kit for identification of filamentous fungi encountered in the clinical laboratory. AB - Described herein is our experience with the MicroSeq D2 large-subunit rDNA sequencing kit for the identification of filamentous fungi encountered in the mycology laboratory at the Mayo Clinic. A total of 234 filamentous fungi recovered from clinical specimens were used in the evaluation. All were identified by using phenotypic characteristics as observed macroscopically and microscopically on any medium or a combination of media, which included Sabouraud's dextrose, inhibitory mold, cornmeal, Czapek-Dox, potato dextrose, and V8 juice agars; all isolates were sequenced using the MicroSeq D2 large-subunit rDNA sequencing kit. Of the of 234 isolates, 158 were correctly identified to the appropriate genus or genus and species by using nucleic acid sequencing. Sequences for 70 (29.9%) of the isolates (27 genera) were not included in the MicroSeq library. Of the 80 dematiaceous and 154 hyaline fungi sequenced, 65 and 51.2%, respectively, gave results concordant with those determined by phenotypic identification. Nucleic acid sequencing using the MicroSeq D2 large-subunit rDNA sequencing kit offers promise of being an accurate identification system; however, the associated library needs to include more of the clinically important genera and species. PMID- 14766827 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Helicobacter pylori needs adjustment for the population investigated. AB - Helicobacter pylori infection and peptic ulcer disease are common in developing countries, e.g., Vietnam. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for screening of patients and for seroepidemiology is a useful tool but needs to be validated in the population studied. We used in-house ELISA with sonicated Swedish and Vietnamese strains as antigens to measure immunoglobulin G antibodies after absorption with sonicated Campylobacter jejuni in sera from 270 H. pylori culture-confirmed peptic ulcer patients, 128 Swedish urea-breath test and immunoblot-positive healthy controls, and 432 Vietnamese immunoblot-positive population controls. Sonicated whole-cell antigen based on the local strains showed a significantly better performance. Immunoblot-positive peptic ulcer patients had significantly higher antibody concentrations than immunoblot positive population controls, necessitating a lower cutoff level if serology is used for screening or epidemiological purposes. The study shows that the parameters of ELISA for H. pylori need to be adjusted for the population being investigated. PMID- 14766828 TI - Direct amplification and genotyping of Dientamoeba fragilis from human stool specimens. AB - Dientamoeba fragilis is a globally occurring parasite that has been recognized as a causative agent of gastrointestinal symptoms. A single-round PCR was developed to detect D. fragilis DNA directly from human stool samples. The genetic diversity of D. fragilis from 93 patients and 6 asymptomatic carriers was examined by PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of part of the small-subunit rRNA gene. The data show that D. fragilis sequences can be studied directly from fecal specimens despite the absence of a cyst stage and without the need for prior culturing. In addition, the results suggest strongly that D. fragilis shows remarkably little variation in its small subunit rRNA gene. PMID- 14766829 TI - Evaluation of the RealArt Malaria LC real-time PCR assay for malaria diagnosis. AB - PCR-based methods have advantages over traditional microscopic methods for the diagnosis of malaria, especially in cases of low parasitemia and mixed infections. However, current PCR-based assays are often labor-intensive and not readily quantifiable and have the potential for contamination due to a requirement for postamplification sample handling. Real-time PCR can address these limitations. This study evaluated the performance characteristics of a commercial malaria real-time PCR assay (RealArt Malaria LC Assay; Artus GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) on the LightCycler platform for the detection of malaria parasites in 259 febrile returned travelers. Compared to nested PCR as the reference standard, the real-time assay had a sensitivity of 99.5%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 99.6% for the detection of malaria. Our results indicate that the RealArt assay is a rapid (<45 min), sensitive, and specific method for the detection of malaria in returned travelers. PMID- 14766830 TI - Genetic diversity of cell-invasive erythromycin-resistant and -susceptible group A streptococci determined by analysis of the RD2 region of the prtF1 gene. AB - The RD2 region of the internalization-associated gene prtF1, which encodes the fibronectin-binding repeat domain type 2 of protein F1, plays a crucial role in the entry of group A streptococci (GAS) into epithelial cells. A molecular study of the variability of the RD2 region was carried out with 77 independent Italian GAS, 66 erythromycin resistant (ER) and 11 erythromycin susceptible (ES), which had previously been investigated for the association between erythromycin resistance and ability to enter human respiratory cells. The amplicons obtained from PCR analysis of the RD2 region were consistent with a number of RD2 repeats ranging from one to five, more frequently four (n = 30), three (n = 27), and one (n = 18). A new method to type cell-invasive GAS (RD2 typing) was developed by combining PCR analysis of the RD2 region and restriction analysis of PCR products with endonucleases HaeIII, DdeI, and HinfI. Overall, 10 RD2 types (a to j) were distinguished (all detected among the 66 ER isolates, four detected among the 11 ES isolates). Comparison and correlation of RD2 typing data with the genotype and phenotype of macrolide resistance and with data from PCR M typing and SmaI macrorestriction analysis allowed us to identify 41 different clones (31 among the 66 ER isolates and 10 among the 11 ES isolates). Three major clones accounted for 40% of the isolates (47% of ER strains). Some ES isolates appeared to be related to ER isolates with identical combinations of RD2 type and emm type. While simultaneous use of different typing methods is essential for a thorough investigation of GAS epidemiology, RD2 typing may be especially helpful in typing cell-invasive GAS. PMID- 14766831 TI - Serotypes, virulence genes, and intimin types of Shiga toxin (verotoxin) producing Escherichia coli isolates from cattle in Spain and identification of a new intimin variant gene (eae-xi). AB - A total of 514 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates from diarrheic and healthy cattle in Spain were characterized in this study. PCR showed that 101 (20%) isolates carried stx(1) genes, 278 (54%) possessed stx(2) genes, and 135 (26%) possessed both stx(1) and stx(2). Enterohemolysin (ehxA) and intimin (eae) virulence genes were detected in 326 (63%) and in 151 (29%) of the isolates, respectively. STEC isolates belonged to 66 O serogroups and 113 O:H serotypes (including 23 new serotypes). However, 67% were of one of these 15 serogroups (O2, O4, O8, O20, O22, O26, O77, O91, O105, O113, O116, O157, O171, O174, and OX177) and 52% of the isolates belonged to only 10 serotypes (O4:H4, O20:H19, O22:H8, O26:H11, O77:H41, O105:H18, O113:H21, O157:H7, O171:H2, and ONT:H19). Although the 514 STEC isolates belonged to 164 different seropathotypes (associations between serotypes and virulence genes), only 12 accounted for 43% of isolates. Seropathotype O157:H7 stx(2) eae-gamma1 ehxA (46 isolates) was the most common, followed by O157:H7 stx(1) stx(2) eae-gamma1 ehxA (34 isolates), O113:H21 stx(2) (25 isolates), O22:H8 stx(1) stx(2) ehxA (15 isolates), O26:H11 stx(1) eae-beta1 ehxA (14 isolates), and O77:H41 stx(2) ehxA (14 isolates). Forty one (22 of serotype O26:H11) isolates had intimin beta1, 82 O157:H7 isolates possessed intimin gamma1, three O111:H- isolates had intimin type gamma2, one O49:H- strain showed intimin type delta, 13 (six of serotype O103:H2) isolates had intimin type epsilon and eight (four of serotype O156:H-) isolates had intimin zeta. We have identified a new variant of the eae intimin gene designated xi (xi) in two isolates of serotype O80:H-. The majority (85%) of bovine STEC isolates belonged to serotypes previously found for human STEC organisms and 54% to serotypes associated with STEC organisms isolated from patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome. Thus, this study confirms that cattle are a major reservoir of STEC strains pathogenic for humans. PMID- 14766832 TI - Prevalence, risk factors, and genetic diversity of Bartonella henselae infections in pet cats in four regions of the United States. AB - Blood was collected from a convenience sample of 271 pet cats aged 3 months to 2 years (mean age, 8 months, median and mode, 6 months) between May 1997 and September 1998 in four areas of the United States (southern California, Florida, metropolitan Chicago, and metropolitan Washington, D.C.). Sixty-five (24%) cats had Bartonella henselae bacteremia, and 138 (51%) cats were seropositive for B. henselae. Regional prevalences for bacteremia and seropositivity were highest in Florida (33% and 67%, respectively) and California (28% and 62%, respectively) and lowest in the Washington, D.C. (12% and 28%, respectively) and Chicago (6% and 12%, respectively) areas. No cats bacteremic with B. clarridgeiae were found. The 16S rRNA type was determined for 49 B. henselae isolates. Fourteen of 49 cats (28.6%) were infected with 16S rRNA type I, 32 (65.3%) with 16S rRNA type II, and three (6.1%) were coinfected with 16S rRNA types I and II. Flea infestation was a significant risk factor for B. henselae bacteremia (odds ratio = 2.82, 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 7.3). Cats >or=13 months old were significantly less likely to be bacteremic than cats or=99% homology with H. pylori. These results indicate that a member of the Helicobacter species may be involved in some cases of ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14766834 TI - Association of presence of Aspergillus antibodies with hemoptysis in patients with old tuberculosis or bronchiectasis but no radiologically visible mycetoma. AB - Old tuberculosis and bronchiectasis are the two most important causes of chronic structural changes of lungs in our locality. In the absence of radiologically visible mycetoma, the cause of hemoptysis in these two groups of patients is largely unknown. A 17-month prospective study was carried out to compare the prevalence of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus antibodies in hemoptysis patients with old tuberculosis or bronchiectasis but no radiologically visible mycetoma (cases, n = 38), hemoptysis patients with other diagnosis (control group 1, n = 29), and patients with old tuberculosis or bronchiectasis but no hemoptysis (control group 2, n = 47) by a recently developed sensitive and specific A. fumigatus and A. flavus antibody assay. There were a significantly larger number of patients with antibody against A. fumigatus or A. flavus among the cases than among the patients in control groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05 in both comparisons). Molds were not recovered from any of the patients. Among the 10 cases with Aspergillus antibody, eight and two had antibody against A. flavus and A. fumigatus, respectively. We conclude that there was an association between the presence of Aspergillus antibodies and hemoptysis in patients with old tuberculosis or bronchiectasis, suggesting that these patients probably had occult infections caused by the corresponding fungi. Development of serological tests against other Aspergillus species as well as other causes of mycetoma will probably increase the detection of occult mold infections in patients with existing parenchymal lung diseases, and treatment of fungal microinvasion may help to alleviate hemoptysis in these patients with bronchiectasis or old tuberculosis who have Aspergillus antibodies. PMID- 14766835 TI - Identification of subgenus C adenoviruses by fiber-based multiplex PCR. AB - Subgenus C human adenoviruses, which include serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 6, are often associated with respiratory illness, ocular infections, gastroenteritis, and systemic infection among immunocompromised patients. To address the problems associated with the conventional typing methods, we developed a fiber-based multiplex PCR assay for simple and specific identification of adenovirus type 1, 2, 5, and 6 field isolates. To design type-specific primers, adenovirus type 1 and 6 fiber genes were sequenced. The assay correctly identified prototype strains of adenovirus serotypes 1, 2, 5, 6, as well as 21 previously typed adenovirus field isolates. Mixing two different prototype DNAs produced two amplicons of different lengths, thus clearly distinguishing the prototypes. The results correlated 100% with serological tests and 95% with the previously described PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The detection of dual infection is an added benefit of the assay. No nonspecific amplification was detected with other adenovirus serotypes or with nonadenoviral DNA. Our fiber based multiplex PCR assay will provide a convenient tool for type-specific identification of subgenus C adenovirus isolates in various clinical situations and in epidemiological investigations and is a better alternative than the hexon based assay. PMID- 14766836 TI - Genotypic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Bangladesh and prevalence of the Beijing strain. AB - Genotypic analysis was performed on 48 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains collected from a hospital in Dhaka city. Deletion analysis showed that the isolates were all M. tuberculosis; 13 of them were found to be of the "ancestral" type, while 35 were of the "modern" type, indicating that both endemic (ancestral type) and epidemic (modern type) strains cause tuberculosis in Bangladesh. Genotyping based on the spoligotype and variable-number tandem repeats (VNTR) of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) was also done. A total of 34 strains (71%) were grouped by spoligotyping into nine different clusters; the largest comprised 15 isolates of the Beijing genotype, whereas the remaining eight clusters consisted of two to five isolates. MIRU-VNTR typing detected 32 different patterns among 44 tested strains, and the 15 Beijing strains were further discriminated by MIRU-VNTR typing (7 distinct patterns for the 15 isolates). These results indicate that MIRU-VNTR typing, along with spoligotyping and deletion analysis, can be used effectively for molecular epidemiological studies to determine ongoing transmission clusters; to our knowledge, this is the first report about the type of strains prevailing in Bangladesh. PMID- 14766837 TI - Use of TaqMan 5' nuclease real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium DNA in males with and without urethritis who were attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic. AB - Mycoplasma genitalium is a cause of nongonococcal urethritis, particularly in patients not infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. A quantitative 5' nuclease assay (TaqMan PCR) was developed and validated. The assay detected a fragment of the MgPa adhesin gene by use of a TaqMan MGB (minor groove binder) probe and included an internal processing control to detect PCR inhibition. Urethral swab specimens and first-void urine samples from M. genitalium-positive men were examined, and the M. genitalium DNA load was correlated to symptoms and signs. The assay consistently detected <5 genome copies without cross-reactions with other mycoplasmas. Urine and urethral swab specimens from men with urethritis had higher M. genitalium DNA loads than specimens from men without urethritis. However, a very broad overlap of DNA loads between patients with and without urethritis was observed. Urethral swab specimens from patients with urethral discharge had a significantly higher DNA load than specimens from patients without discharge. This correlation was not found in first-void urine specimens. PMID- 14766838 TI - High genetic diversity among Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains despite their originating at a single hospital. AB - The levels of genetic relatedness of 139 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains recovered from 105 hospitalized non-cystic fibrosis patients (51% from medical wards, 35% from intensive care units, and 14% from surgical wards) and 7 environmental sources in the same hospital setting during a 4-year period were typed by the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) technique. A total of 99 well-defined distinct XbaI PFGE patterns were identified (Simpson's discrimination index, 0.996). The dendrogram showed a Dice similarity coefficient ranging from 28 to 80%. Two major clusters (I and II), three minor clusters (III, IV, and V), and two independent branches were observed when using a 36% Dice coefficient, indicating a high diversity of genetic relatedness. It is of note that 84% of strains were grouped within two major clonal lineages. No special cluster gathering was found among strains belonging to the same sample type specimen, patients' infection or colonization status, and ward of precedence. Despite this fact, three different clones (A, B, and C) recovered from respiratory samples from six, three, and two patients, respectively, and two clones, D and E, in two bacteremic patients each, were identified. Isolation of an S. maltophilia strain belonging to the clone A profile in a bronchoscope demonstrated a common source from this clone. This study revealed a high genetic diversity of S. maltophilia isolates despite their origin from a single hospital, which may be related to the wide environmental distribution of this pathogen. However, few clones could be transmitted among different patients, yielding outbreak situations. PMID- 14766839 TI - Genetic characterization and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from meats, water, and humans in Sweden. AB - The incidence of Campylobacter jejuni has increased during the last decade, and today it is the leading cause of bacterial enteritis in most developed countries. Still, there is a lack of knowledge about infection routes and to what extent identified sources are responsible for spreading the bacterium to humans. The major objective of this work was to explore the genetic similarity between C. jejuni isolated from different sources. C. jejuni isolated from patients (n = 95), five types of meat (n = 71), and raw water (n = 11) during the year 2000 were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The pulsotypes obtained after digestion with SmaI revealed not only that C. jejuni is genetically diverse but also that specific pulsotypes occur frequently. Five clusters comprising 88 of the 162 SmaI-digested isolates were obtained. After digestion with KpnI most isolates in four of the five clusters were still indistinguishable, while the fifth cluster was strongly dissolved. The clusters comprised high frequencies of human and meat isolates, while only one of nine water isolates belonged to a cluster. The largest cluster comprised 21 human isolates, one raw water isolate, and seven chicken meat isolates, originating from at least six different broiler flocks. Low frequencies of antibiotic resistance were revealed when the meat and water isolates were tested for sensitivity to six antibiotics. Interestingly, the five isolates resistant to quinolones displayed similar or identical pulsotypes. The results showed that PFGE has proved useful in identifying clones and will be used in future work focusing on identification and eradication of the major reservoirs for common clones. PMID- 14766840 TI - Use of the Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant complement regulatory protein to evaluate therapeutic efficacy following treatment of chronic chagasic patients. AB - One of the greatest concerns in Chagas' disease is the absence of reliable methods for the evaluation of chemotherapy efficacy in treated patients. The tests available to evaluate cure after the specific treatment are the complement mediated lysis (CoML) and flow cytometry tests, but they are not feasible for routine clinical use. In this study, we evaluated an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the recombinant Trypanosoma cruzi complement regulatory protein (rCRP) as a method to determine parasite clearance in comparison to the CoML and other methods such as conventional serology, hemoculture, and PCR in serum samples of 31 patients collected before and after the treatment, monitored for an average of 27.7 months after chemotherapy. The results showed that the percentage of patient samples that were positive by rCRP ELISA was reduced from 100 to 70.3, 62.5, 71.4, and 33.4% in the first, second, third, and fourth years after treatment, respectively, while the samples positive by CoML were reduced to 85.2, 81.2, 71.4, and 33.4% during the same period, demonstrating the same significant tendency in the reduction of positive samples. On the other hand, the conventional serology (CS) tests did not present this reduction. The percentage of samples positive by PCR was initially 77.4% and decreased to 55.5, 68.7, 47.7, and 50.0% at the fourth year after treatment, confirming the drastic clearance of circulating parasites after treatment. Our results strongly suggest that the rCRP ELISA was capable of detecting the early therapeutic efficacy in treated patients and confirmed its superiority over the CS tests and parasitologic methods. PMID- 14766841 TI - Identification and H(2)O(2) production of vaginal lactobacilli from pregnant women at high risk of preterm birth and relation with outcome. AB - Lactobacilli, principally the strains that are hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) producing, may have a protective effect against vaginal colonization by pathogenic species such as those that cause bacterial vaginosis. Previous reports have also suggested that H(2)O(2)-producing lactobacilli in the vagina may protect pregnant women against ascending infection of the chorioamniotic membranes and uterine cavity. We report the identification and H(2)O(2) production of lactobacilli isolated from vaginal swabs collected at 20 weeks' gestation from a population of pregnant women at high risk of preterm birth. We also report the correlation between identification and H(2)O(2) production in relation to the outcomes of chorioamnionitis and preterm birth. Lactobacilli were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. H(2)O(2) production by isolates was determined by a semiquantitative method. The most commonly isolated species were L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. vaginalis and L. jensenii. Amounts of H(2)O(2) produced by lactobacilli varied widely. The presence of lactobacilli producing high levels of H(2)O(2) in the vagina of this population of pregnant women was associated with a reduced risk of bacterial vaginosis at 20 weeks' gestation and subsequent chorioamnionitis. L. jensenii and L. vaginalis produced the highest levels of H(2)O(2). We postulate that H(2)O(2)-producing lactobacilli are able to reduce the incidence of ascending infections of the uterus and the subsequent production of proinflammatory molecules which are important in the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis and preterm birth. PMID- 14766842 TI - Multicenter comparison of the Sensititre YeastOne colorimetric antifungal panel with the NCCLS M27-A2 reference method for testing new antifungal agents against clinical isolates of Candida spp. AB - A multicenter (three centers) study compared MICs obtained by the Sensititre YeastOne Colorimetric Antifungal plate to reference microdilution broth (NCCLS M27-A2 document) MICs of three new triazoles (posaconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole) and the echinocandin caspofungin acetate for 100 isolates of Candida spp. In addition, amphotericin B and fluconazole were tested as control drugs. Colorimetric MICs of caspofungin and amphotericin B corresponded to the first blue well (no growth), and MICs of the other agents corresponded to the first slightly purple or blue well. Two comparisons of MIC pairs by the two methods were evaluated: 24-h colorimetric MICs were compared to NCCLS MICs at 24 and at 48 h. The interlaboratory reproducibility of YeastOne and reference MICs was also examined. The best performance of the YeastOne plate was with 24-h MICs (overall, 95 to 99% agreement) for all the species and antifungal agents. These results suggest the potential value of the YeastOne plate for use in the clinical laboratory for the four new antifungal agents evaluated. PMID- 14766843 TI - Purification and characterization of a 43-kilodalton extracellular serine proteinase from Cryptococcus neoformans. AB - An extracellular proteinase was purified from culture filtrates of Cryptococcus neoformans NHPY24 by DEAE ion-exchange chromatography and gelatin affinity column chromatography with azoalbumin as the substrate. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 43 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, its pH optimum was 7.0 to 8.0, and maximal activity was obtained at pH 7.5 and 37 degrees C. By isoelectric focusing, the purified enzyme had a pI of 4.77. Enzyme activity was inhibited by serine proteinase inhibitors such as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and diisopropylfluorophosphate. The purified enzyme was thus a serine proteinase. It hydrolyzed natural substrates including hemoglobin, beta-casein, and gamma globulin. PMID- 14766844 TI - Evaluations of commercial West Nile virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme immunoassays show the value of continuous validation. AB - West Nile virus was introduced into the United States in 1999 and in only four seasons has become endemic east of the Rocky Mountains. Recently, immunoglobulin M (IgM)-capture enzyme immunoassays for the detection of West Nile virus-specific IgM and indirect IgG enzyme immunoassays for the detection of IgG antibodies against West Nile virus were made available from Focus Technologies and PANBIO, Inc. We evaluated these commercial IgG and IgM test systems and determined agreement, sensitivity, and specificity for the assays, compared to immunofluorescence assay and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's IgM capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Initially, the Focus and PANBIO IgM enzyme immunoassays had at least 95% agreement, sensitivity, and specificity, and, based on the 95% confidence intervals, both IgM-capture assays performed similarly. The IgG assays also performed well, although the Focus IgG assay demonstrated greater specificity (98.8%) and the PANBIO IgG assay demonstrated greater sensitivity (99.3%). However, for 400 samples consecutively submitted for West Nile virus antibody testing during 2 days of the 2003 West Nile virus season, agreement, clinical sensitivity, and clinical specificity were 93.1, 98.0, and 92.4%, respectively, for the PANBIO IgM assay and were 97.4, 100.0, and 97.1%, respectively, for the Focus IgM assay. The specificities observed in this second evaluation equates to an overall false-positivity rate of 6.3% in the PANBIO West Nile virus IgM-capture ELISA versus 2.5% with the Focus West Nile virus IgM-capture ELISA. This experience demonstrates the importance of continuously evaluating the performance of an assay in order to detect any changes in assay performance as the test population evolves. PMID- 14766845 TI - Prospective study of use of PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA from cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in a clinical setting. AB - We have evaluated the use of a broad-range PCR aimed at the 16S rRNA gene in detecting bacterial meningitis in a clinical setting. To achieve a uniform DNA extraction procedure for both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, a combination of physical disruption (bead beating) and a silica guanidiniumthiocyanate procedure was used for nucleic acid preparation. To diminish the risk of contamination as much as possible, we chose to amplify almost the entire 16S rRNA gene. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was approximately 1 x 10(2) to 2 x 10(2) CFU/ml of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In a prospective study of 227 CSF samples, broad-range PCR proved to be superior to conventional methods in detecting bacterial meningitis when antimicrobial therapy had already started. Overall, our assay showed a sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 97%, a positive predictive value of 80%, and a negative predictive value of 98% compared to culture. We are currently adapting the standard procedures in our laboratory for detecting bacterial meningitis; broad-range 16S ribosomal DNA PCR detection is indicated when antimicrobial therapy has already started at time of lumbar puncture or when cultures remain negative, although the suspicion of bacterial meningitis remains. PMID- 14766846 TI - Genotyping of Mycobacterium leprae on the basis of the polymorphism of TTC repeats for analysis of leprosy transmission. AB - The polymorphism of TTC repeats in Mycobacterium leprae was examined using the bacilli obtained from residents in villages at North Maluku where M. leprae infections are highly endemic (as well as from patients at North Sulawesi of Indonesia) to elucidate the possible mode of leprosy transmission. TTC genotypes are stable for several generations of passages in nude mice footpads and, hence, are feasible for the genotyping of isolates and epidemiological analysis of leprosy transmission. It was found that bacilli with different TTC genotypes were distributed among residents at the same dwelling in villages in which leprosy is endemic and that some household contacts harbored bacilli with a different genotype from that harbored by the patient. Investigations of a father-and-son pair of patients indicated that infections of bacilli with 10 and 18 copies, respectively, had occurred. Genotypes of TTC repeats were found to differ between a son under treatment and two brothers. These results reveal the possibility that in addition to exposure via the presence of a leprosy patient with a multibacillary infection who was living with family members, there might have been some infectious sources to which the residents had been commonly exposed outside the dwellings. A limited discriminative capacity of the TTC polymorphism in the epidemiological analysis implies the need of searching other useful polymorphic loci for detailed subdivision of clinical isolates. PMID- 14766848 TI - Viable but nonculturable bacteria are present in mouse and human urine specimens. AB - The presence of viable but nonculturable bacteria in human clean-catch and mouse bladder-isolated urine specimens was investigated. Viable but nonculturable bacteria are alive but do not give rise to visible growth under nonselective growth conditions. Urine specimens obtained from human female volunteers with or without an active urinary tract infection were found to contain, on average, significantly more viable than culturable forms of bacteria. Additional support for the presence of viable but nonculturable cells in urine specimens considered sterile was obtained from examination of urine specimens obtained directly from the bladder of healthy mice. Because the viability assay used to study the viable but nonculturable condition is by necessity growth independent, and hence indirect, the accuracy of this assay that scores cells with intact cell membranes as being viable was studied. Greater than 95% of Escherichia coli cells exposed to lethal doses of UV irradiation were found to lose their membrane integrity within a day, a time frame similar to that used to examine urine specimens. These data suggest that viable but nonculturable cells can occur within regions of the urinary tract previously considered sterile. PMID- 14766847 TI - Determination of infectious load of Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples of human vaginal cells. AB - Mycoplasma genitalium is a leading cause of chlamydia-negative, nongonoccocal urethritis and has been directly implicated in numerous other genitourinary as well as extragenitourinary tract pathologies. Detection of M. genitalium has relied almost entirely on PCR amplification of clinical specimens and evidence of seroconversion since these mycoplasmas are highly fastidious and culture isolation by microbiological techniques is very rare. We have established a combinatorial strategy using confocal immunoanalysis (CIA) and real-time PCR to qualitatively and quantitatively assess patterns of M. genitalium infection in women attending a sexually transmitted disease-related health clinic in San Antonio, Tex. CIA allows spatial examination of mycoplasmas on surfaces and inside human target cells, plus the ability to evaluate cell-to-cell patterns and variances within samples. Real-time PCR permits determination of genome copy numbers of mycoplasmas and human cells by multiplex amplification using mycoplasma gyrA and human RNase P gene sequences, which indicates overall levels of mycoplasma infection and degree of parasitism. These assays are strongly correlated and, in combination, permit detection and elucidation of heretofore unrecognized patterns of M. genitalium infections in clinical and experimental samples. PMID- 14766849 TI - Comparison of sensitivities of virus isolation, antigen detection, and nucleic acid amplification for detection of equine influenza virus. AB - Four seronegative foals aged 6 to 7 months were exposed to an aerosol of influenza strain A/Equi/2/Kildare/89 at 10(6) 50% egg infective doses (EID(50))/ml. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for 10 consecutive days after challenge. Virus isolation was performed in embryonated eggs, and the EID(50) was determined for all positive samples. The 50% tissue culture infective dose was determined using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Samples were also tested by an in vitro enzyme immunoassay test, Directigen Flu A, and by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) using nested primers from the nucleoprotein gene and a single set of primers from the matrix gene. RT-PCR using the matrix primers and virus isolation in embryonated eggs proved to be the most sensitive methods for the detection of virus. The Directigen Flu A test was the least sensitive method. The inclusion of 2% fetal calf serum in the viral transport medium inhibited the growth of virus from undiluted samples in MDCK cells but was essential for the maintenance of the virus titer in samples subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. PMID- 14766850 TI - Molecular epidemiology of multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae with both erm(B)- and mef(A)-mediated macrolide resistance. AB - Of a total of 1043 macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected from 24 countries as part of PROTEKT 1999-2000, 71 isolates tested positive for both the mef(A) and erm(B) genes. Of 69 isolates subjected to further molecular investigations, all were resistant to tetracycline, 63 (91.3%) were resistant to penicillin, and 57 (82.6%) were resistant to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. One isolate was also fluoroquinolone resistant, and another was resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin. The ketolide telithromycin retained activity against all of the isolates. Of the 69 of these 71 isolates viable for further testing, 46 were from South Korea, 13 were from the United States, 8 came from Japan, and 1 each came from Mexico and Hungary. One major clonal complex (59 [85.5%] of 69 isolates) was identified by serotyping (with 85.5% of the isolates being 19A or 19F), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multilocus sequence typing. The remaining isolates were less clonal in nature. Representative isolates were shown to carry the mobile genetic elements Tn1545 and mega, were negative for Tn1207.1, had tetracycline resistance mediated by tet(M), and contained the mef(E) variant of mef(A). All isolates were positive for mel, a homologue of the msr(A) efflux gene. These clones are obviously very efficient at global dissemination, and hence it will be very important to monitor their progress through continued surveillance. Telithromycin demonstrated high levels of activity (MIC for 90% of the strains tested, 0.5 micro g/ml; MIC range, 0.06 to 1 micro g/ml) against all isolates. PMID- 14766851 TI - Molecular characteristics and global spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with a western cape F11 genotype. AB - In order to fully understand the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic it is important to investigate the population structure and dissemination of the causative agent that drives the epidemic. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain family 11 (F11) genotype isolates (found in 21.4% of all infected patients) are at least as successful as the Beijing genotype family isolates (16.5%) in contributing to the TB problem in some Western Cape communities of South Africa. This study describes key molecular characteristics that define the F11 genotype. A data-mining approach coupled with additional molecular analysis showed that members of F11 can easily and uniquely be identified by PCR-based techniques such as spoligotyping and dot blot screening for a specific rrs491 polymorphism. Isolates of F11 not only are a major contributor to the TB epidemic in South Africa but also are present in four different continents and at least 25 other countries in the world. Careful study of dominant compared to rare strains should provide clues to their success and possibly provide new ideas for combating TB. PMID- 14766852 TI - Comparison of Mycosis IC/F and plus Aerobic/F media for diagnosis of fungemia by the bactec 9240 system. AB - Fungemia is associated with a high mortality rate. We compared the performance of the Mycosis IC/F selective fungal medium and the Plus Aerobic/F standard bacteriological medium for the diagnosis of fungemia on the Bactec 9240 automatic system. We retrospectively analyzed 550 blood culture pairs composed of one Mycosis IC/F vial and one Plus Aerobic/F vial, drawn in 187 patients with fungemia. The positivity rate by vial was significantly higher on Mycosis IC/F medium than on Plus Aerobic/F medium (88.0% versus 74.9%, P < 0.0001). The positivity rate for fungus detection on Plus Aerobic/F medium fell to 26.9% when bacteria were present in the same vial. The positivity rate by patient was also significantly higher on Mycosis IC/F medium than on Plus Aerobic/F medium (92.5% versus 75.9%, P < 0.0001). A marked superiority of Mycosis IC/F medium was demonstrated for diagnosis of Candida glabrata fungemia (31 of 31, 100%, versus 18 of 31, 58.1%, P < 0.0001). The mean detection time was significantly shorter on Mycosis IC/F medium than on Plus Aerobic/F medium (28.9 +/- 22.2 h versus 36.5 +/- 24.6 h, P < 0.0001). The mean time saving was 8.8 h for Candida albicans and 43.7 h for C. glabrata. Mycosis IC/F medium enabled more sensitive and earlier diagnosis, particularly for the two strains most frequently responsible for fungemia, C. albicans and C. glabrata, and also in the event of the concomitant presence of both yeasts and bacteria. In patients with risk factors, it would thus appear to be sensible to draw a Mycosis IC/F vial in addition to the standard bacteriological vials. PMID- 14766853 TI - PCR assays for identification of Coccidioides posadasii based on the nucleotide sequence of the antigen 2/proline-rich antigen. AB - A conventional nested PCR and a real-time LightCycler PCR assay for detection of Coccidioides posadasii DNA were designed and tested in 120 clinical strains. These had been isolated from 114 patients within 10 years in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, known to be endemic for coccidioidomycosis. The gene encoding the specific antigen 2/proline-rich antigen (Ag2/PRA) was used as a target. All strains were correctly identified, whereas DNA from related members of the family Onygenaceae remained negative. Melting curve analysis by LightCycler and sequencing of the 526-bp product of the first PCR demonstrated either 100% identity to the GenBank sequence of the Silveira strain, now known to be C. posadasii (accession number AF013256), or a single silent mutation at position 1228. Length determination of two microsatellite-containing loci (GAC and 621) identified all 120 isolates as C. posadasii. Specific DNA was amplified by conventional nested PCR from three microscopically spherule-positive paraffin embedded tissue samples, whereas 20 human tissue samples positive for other dimorphic fungi remained negative. Additionally, the safety of each step of a modified commercially available DNA extraction procedure was evaluated by using 10 strains. At least three steps of the protocol were demonstrated to sufficiently kill arthroconidia. This safe procedure is applicable to cultures and to clinical specimens. PMID- 14766854 TI - Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in the Caribbean island of Martinique: evidence for a large radiation of HCV-2 and for a recent introduction from Europe of HCV 4. AB - Molecular epidemiological studies of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the Caribbean may help to specify the origin and spread of HCV infection. Indeed, the Caribbean population is intermixed from European and African origins and geographically close to the American continent. We characterized HCV genotypes in the Caribbean island of Martinique. HCV genotypes were analyzed by sequencing or reverse hybridization in the 5' noncoding region (5'NC) in 250 HCV-monoinfected and 85 HCV-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfected patients. In addition, sequencing in the nonstructural 5B (NS5B) gene was required to determine the subtype or to perform phylogenetic analysis in selected samples. Genotypes 1 to 6 were found, respectively, in 84.4, 6.8, 5.2, 2.8, 0.4, and 0.4% of 250 HCV monoinfected patients and in 71.7, 7.1, 15.3, 5.9, 0, and 0% of 85 HCV-HIV coinfected patients. HCV-1b was found in 66.4% of the HCV-monoinfected patients and was associated with blood transfusion, whereas HCV-1a was detected in 41.2% of the HCV-HIV-coinfected patients and was associated with intravenous drug use (IVDU). The HCV-3 strains belonged to subtype 3a and were linked to IVDU. Phylogenetic analyses were focused on HCV-2 and HCV-4, which are common in Africa. Two opposite patterns were evidenced. NS5B sequences from 19 HCV-2 isolates were affiliated with many different subtypes described either in Europe or in West Africa, suggesting an ancient radiation. In contrast, seven of the nine HCV-4 NS5B sequences ranged within HCV-4a and HCV-4d clusters spreading in continental France by the IVDU route. Epidemiological data demonstrate the recent introduction of HCV-4a and -4d subtypes into the Caribbean. PMID- 14766855 TI - spa typing method for discriminating among Staphylococcus aureus isolates: implications for use of a single marker to detect genetic micro- and macrovariation. AB - Strain typing of microbial pathogens has two major aims: (i). to index genetic microvariation for use in outbreak investigations and (ii). to index genetic macrovariation for use in phylogenetic and population-based analyses. Until now, there has been no clear indication that one genetic marker can efficiently be used for both purposes. Previously, we had shown that DNA sequence analysis of the protein A gene variable repeat region (spa typing) provides a rapid and accurate method to discriminate Staphylococcus aureus outbreak isolates from those deemed epidemiologically unrelated. Here, using the hypothesis that the genetic macrovariation within a low-level recombinogenic species would accurately be characterized by a single-locus marker, we tested whether spa typing could congruently index the extensive genetic variation detected by a whole-genome DNA microarray in a collection of 36 isolates, which was recovered from 10 countries on four continents over a period of four decades, that is representative of the breadth of diversity within S. aureus. Using spa and coa typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and microarray and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) data in molecular epidemiologic and evolutionary analyses, we determined that S. aureus likely has a primarily clonal population structure and that spa typing can singly index genetic variation with 88% direct concordance with the microarray and can correctly assign isolates to phylogenetic lineages. spa typing performed better than MLEE, PFGE, and coa typing in discriminatory power and in the degree of agreement with the microarray at various phylogenetic depths. This study showed that genetic analysis of the repeat region of protein A comprehensively characterizes both micro- and macrovariation in the primarily clonal population structure of S. aureus. PMID- 14766856 TI - Multicenter evaluation of the VERSANT hepatitis B virus DNA 3.0 assay. AB - The VERSANT hepatitis B virus (HBV) 3.0 Assay (branched DNA [bDNA]) (referred to herein as VERSANT 3.0) was evaluated at four external sites for analytical sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, linearity of quantification, and limits of detection. In addition, each of the test evaluation sites provided HBV DNA-positive clinical samples that were previously analyzed by one of three commercially available HBV DNA quantitative tests: Digene Hybrid Capture II HBV DNA Test (Digene); VERSANT HBV DNA 1.0 Assay (bDNA) (VERSANT 1.0); and COBAS AMPLICOR HBV Monitor Test (COBAS AMPLICOR). These samples were reexamined using VERSANT 3.0. The results from these studies showed that VERSANT 3.0 has high specificity (99.3%), excellent reproducibility (between-run coefficient of variation [CV] = 1.6 to 9.4%; within-run CV = 6.5 to 20.7%), and a broad linear range of quantification (2.0 x 10(3) to 1.0 x 10(8) HBV DNA copies/ml) that facilitate the monitoring of HBV DNA levels at diagnosis and throughout the course of treatment. In general, correlation was very good between results obtained from clinical samples analyzed by VERSANT 3.0 and the comparative HBV DNA quantitative assays (VERSANT 1.0, R(2) = 0.900; Digene, R(2) = 0.985; COBAS AMPLICOR, R(2) = 0.771). The greatest differences in comparative quantitation occurred at HBV DNA levels approaching the limits of the dynamic ranges for the comparative assays. The performance characteristics of the new VERSANT 3.0 assay demonstrated that it provides a reliable and robust method for routinely monitoring serum HBV DNA levels in assessing disease activity and determining response to antiviral treatment. PMID- 14766857 TI - Emergence of nonencapsulated and encapsulated non-b-type invasive Haemophilus influenzae isolates in Portugal (1989-2001). AB - Phenotypes and genetic relatedness of invasive Haemophilus influenzae strains were evaluated from 1989 through 2001. Among 119 isolates, multidrug resistance decreased (from 50 to 0%), the level of H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) strains declined (from 81 to 16%), the level of noncapsulated strains rose (from 19 to 80%), and the first invasive H. influenzae serotype f strain was described. This study documents changes in invasive H. influenzae infections in Portugal, i.e., the emergence of non-type-b strains that are genetically diverse and unrelated to Hib. PMID- 14766858 TI - Comparison of LCx with other current viral load assays for detecting and quantifying human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in patients infected with the circulating recombinant form A/G (CRF02). AB - LCx was compared to other assays in measuring human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) CRF02 viremia. LCx showed significant but low correlation with the other methods. Values of <2.60 log(10) cp/ml were observed in 29.6% of specimens with LCx and in only 14.8% with bDNA and PCR, suggesting suboptimal performance of LCx with CRF02. PMID- 14766859 TI - Aneruptive fever associated with antibodies to Rickettsia helvetica in Europe and Thailand. AB - We report that eight patients from France, Italy, and Thailand had serological evidence of Rickettsia helvetica infection. The infection presented as a mild disease in the warm season and was associated with fever, headache, and myalgia but not with a cutaneous rash. R. helvetica should be suspected in patients with unexplained fever, especially following a bite from an Ixodes sp. tick. PMID- 14766860 TI - Simultaneous presence of multiple Campylobacter species in dogs. AB - The prevalence of coinfection of Campylobacter species in dogs was determined using four isolation methods. In 26% of the positive-testing stools, multiple Campylobacter species were identified. The use of multiple isolation methods as well as the time lapse between sampling and processing are important for detection of coinfection. PMID- 14766861 TI - Molecular characterization of resistance to mupirocin in methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from nasal samples. AB - A total of 15 of 101 (14.8%) nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates exhibited mupirocin resistance (Mup(r)) compared with 1 of 154 (0.6%) methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates. A total of 14 (93%) isolates exhibiting high-level Mup(r) belonged to a single clone. Horizontal plasmid transfer and transmission of Mup(r) strains contribute to a high incidence of Mup(r) MRSA at our institution. PMID- 14766862 TI - Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Switzerland contains the Panton-Valentine leukocidin or exfoliative toxin genes. AB - Among 10 strains of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) isolated in 2002 from patients with skin infections, seven harbored the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, two harbored the exfoliative toxin A gene, and one harbored neither of these genes. CA-MRSA isolates producing a variety of exotoxins are currently spreading in the Swiss community. PMID- 14766863 TI - Gamma interferon-based immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: comparison between whole blood and enzyme-linked immunospot methods. AB - The gamma interferon secretion levels of 52 adults whose T cells had been stimulated with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens CFP-10 and ESAT-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunospot methods and a whole-blood-based assay. The test results correlated well (r = 0.689, P < 0.0001). Its simple format and use of only small volumes of blood make the whole-blood assay suitable for pediatric practice and field trials. PMID- 14766864 TI - Comparison of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from United Kingdom hospitals with predominant Northern European genotypes by amplified-fragment length polymorphism analysis. AB - Acinetobacter baumannii isolates collected between 1999 and 2001 from 46 United Kingdom hospitals were compared with previously identified northern European genotypes by amplified-fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Two predominant northern European genotypes associated with outbreaks in the mid 1980s had been superseded by new outbreak-associated genotypes. PMID- 14766865 TI - Primer pair p289-p290, designed to detect both noroviruses and sapoviruses by reverse transcription-PCR, also detects rotaviruses by cross-reactivity. AB - A primer pair (p289-p290) designed to detect both noroviruses and sapoviruses by reverse transcription-PCR (Jiang et al., J. Virol. Methods 83:145, 1999) cross reacts with rotaviruses. The rotavirus amplicon corresponds to genome segment 1. Furthermore, primer pair p289-p290 detected rotaviruses as efficiently as rotavirus-specific primers directed to rotavirus gene 4. PMID- 14766866 TI - Critical use of nucleic acid amplification techniques to test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in respiratory tract samples. AB - The usefulness of employing Belgian selection criteria before performing nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAT) was evaluated. The results of this study show that for smear-negative patients with an abnormal chest radiology result in the absence of a respiratory tract infection by bacterial pathogens, testing with NAT is of major benefit. PMID- 14766867 TI - Development of a new serological test for serotyping Haemophilus parasuis isolates and determination of their prevalence in North America. AB - Haemophilus parasuis causes polyserositis in swine. Fifteen serovars have been characterized by immunodiffusion test, but many field strains are not typeable. Isolates (n = 300) of H. parasuis from animals in North America were serotyped by a new indirect hemagglutination test. The test was rapid and effective for serotyping of H. parasuis, and serovars 4, 5, 13, and 7 were the most prevalent serotypes. PMID- 14766868 TI - Use of an internal positive control in a multiplex reverse transcription-PCR to detect West Nile virus RNA in mosquito pools. AB - We report on the use of West Nile virus Armored RNA as an internal positive control (IPC) for the extraction and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) of RNA extracted from field-collected mosquitoes and on a multiplex real-time Taqman RT PCR to simultaneously detect the 3' noncoding region of West Nile virus and the West Nile virus NS5-2 region comprising the IPC. Mosquito pools from the province of British Columbia, Canada (n = 635), were tested in duplicate and found to be negative for West Nile virus and positive for the IPC. Known West Nile virus positive supernatants from mosquito pools from the provinces of Alberta and Manitoba were tested in duplicate and found to be positive for both regions of the West Nile virus genome. The mean cycle threshold (Ct) value for the IPC in batch extraction controls +/- 2 standard deviations was found to be 36.43 +/- 1.78 cycles. IPCs of 98.4% (624) of West Nile virus-negative pools fell within this range, indicating the reproducibility of RNA extraction and RT-PCR for pools varying in mosquito genus and number. A comparison of mosquito pool genera revealed no significant genus effect on the Ct value of the IPC. The incorporation of West Nile virus Armored RNA as an IPC allows monitoring of RNA extraction and RT-PCR and detection of false-negative results due to failures in these processes or to PCR inhibition, respectively. PMID- 14766869 TI - Development of a serum-based Taqman real-time PCR assay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. AB - We compared an Aspergillus fumigatus-specific Taqman real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Platelia Aspergillus method. Patients with proven or probable IA had positive results with at least one of the two methods. The PCR method seems to be more specific, and a combination of the two should improve the diagnosis of IA. PMID- 14766870 TI - Identification of Bordetella pertussis in a critically ill human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient by direct genotypical analysis of Gram-stained material and discrimination from B. holmesii by using a unique recA gene restriction enzyme site. AB - Bordetella pertussis was diagnosed in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient by a newly developed method in which bacterial DNA is amplified directly from sputum Gram-stained slides. The validation of the method is described along with an additional new PCR-based assay that can distinguish between B. pertussis and Bordetella holmesii. PMID- 14766871 TI - Identification of a new type of Babesia species in wild rats (Bandicota indica) in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. AB - A new type of rodent babesia, which resembled Babesia microti but was phylogenetically placed closest, with the highest level of statistical support, to Babesia canis, a canine babesia, was identified in Thai Bandicota indica in Thai provinces to which malaria is endemic. Close watch should be kept on human babesiosis in Thailand. PMID- 14766872 TI - Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in prenatal screening cultures. AB - Recommendations for the perinatal treatment of women colonized with Streptococcus agalactiae include vancomycin prophylaxis for those with severe penicillin allergies and antibiotic-resistant organisms. Because of potential postpartum infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and the possible spread of vancomycin resistance, the prevalence of VRE in prenatal screening cultures was determined. PMID- 14766873 TI - Resolution of discrepant results for Candida species identification by using DNA probes. AB - Candida species bloodstream isolates were collected from institutions participating in an active, population-based surveillance for candidemia. Species identifications were performed locally and then confirmed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by phenotype-based methods. Discrepancies in species identification between the referring institution and the CDC were noted for 43 of 935 isolates (4.6%). A DNA probe-based species identification system (PCR-enzyme immunoassay [EIA]) was then used to resolve these discrepancies. The PCR-EIA result was identical to the CDC phenotypic identification method for 98% of the isolates tested. The most frequently misidentified species was Candida glabrata (37% of all discrepant identifications). Such misidentifications could lead to the administration of inappropriate therapy given the propensity of C. glabrata to develop resistance to azole antifungal drugs. PMID- 14766874 TI - Different viral rebound following discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy in cases of infection with viruses carrying L74V or thymidine-associated mutations. AB - A total of 76 patients discontinued treatment with didanosine plus hydroxyurea after 1 year of maintenance therapy. The greatest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-RNA rebounds were seen in 10 patients harboring an L74V mutation, and the presence of viruses with this mutation rapidly waned. In contrast, viral rebounds were significantly less pronounced (P < 0.01) in 12 subjects harboring thymidine associated mutations; these mutations persisted in all instances. Thus, selection of an L74V mutation during didanosine therapy may compromise HIV replication in vivo. PMID- 14766875 TI - Detection of the Candida antigen mannan in cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients suspected of having Candida meningitis. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid samples from five patients from which Candida cells were cultured were tested for the presence of mannan. Samples from four patients categorized as having proven candidosis reacted positively. Samples from the remaining patient and from patients with other central nervous system infections were negative. Detection of mannan may be valuable in the diagnosis of Candida meningitis. PMID- 14766876 TI - Direct colorimetric assay for rapid detection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. AB - The colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was standardized for direct detection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the direct MTT assay matched those of the standard indirect susceptibility assay on 7H10 medium, and interpretable results were obtained for 98.5% of the samples within 2 weeks. Traditional methods of in vitro drug susceptibility testing are time consuming and laborious. Susceptibility tests on clinical isolates require 6 to 9 weeks, and tests conducted directly on smear-positive samples take about 3 weeks (International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, The public health service national tuberculosis reference laboratory and the national laboratory network. Minimum requirements, role and operation in a low-income country, Paris, France, 1998, and P. T. Kent and G. P. Kubica, Public health mycobacteriology. A guide for the level III laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga., 1985). More-rapid methods are available but are very expensive for routine use under program conditions in countries with high levels of tuberculosis endemicity. PMID- 14766877 TI - Absence of mucosa-associated colonic Helicobacters in an Australian urban population. AB - Application of nested PCR for Helicobacter species to 416 samples obtained at colonoscopy from 15 patients with Crohn's disease, 12 with ulcerative colitis, and 43 controls revealed H. pylori DNA in only 6 individuals with no disease association. No other Helicobacter species were detected in ileal or colonic samples. PMID- 14766878 TI - Characterization of Haemophilus segnis, an important cause of bacteremia, by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. AB - We describe the application of 16S rRNA gene sequencing in defining eight cases of bacteremia due to Haemophilus species other than Haemophilus influenzae (non H. influenzae bacteremia) during a 7-year period. The first case of acute pyelonephritis due to Haemophilus segnis is also reported. In contrast to the extremely rare incidence of H. segnis infections reported previously, our results suggested that H. segnis is an important cause of non-H. influenzae bacteremia. PMID- 14766879 TI - Development, implementation, and impact of acceptability criteria for serologic tests for infectious diseases. AB - Serologic testing is essential for the diagnosis of some infectious diseases and yet is fraught with potential pitfalls. All parts of the diagnostic process must be optimized to ensure that serologic tests perform adequately. Recognizing that a lack of clinical data and correctly timed, paired sera frequently led to uninterpretable serology results at our laboratory, we developed and implemented simple acceptability criteria for serologic tests. We assessed the impact of these criteria by comparing submissions and results for the year before and the year after implementation of the criteria. The number of serologic tests performed declined by 25% after implementation of the acceptability criteria, despite an increase in requests for serologic tests. Inappropriate testing of acute-phase sera alone fell from 49 to 0% (P < 0.001) for the tests monitored. Appropriate submission of paired sera rose from 9 to 19% (P = 0.006). The proportion of results classified as interpretable rose from 52 to 100% (P < 0.001). We recommend that acceptability criteria be developed and applied to samples submitted to clinical microbiology laboratories for serologic testing. PMID- 14766880 TI - Evaluation of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for detection of tuberculosis in Argentinean population. AB - Pathozyme-Myco G (Myco G), M, A, and TB complex plus (Omega Diagnostics Ltd., Alloa, Scotland) were evaluated for the serological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in an Argentinean population. Sera from 58 patients with pulmonary TB, 24 subjects with pulmonary mycobacteriosis or mycoses (pulmonary MM group), and 45 subjects with other underlying disorders (control group) were analyzed. The sensitivities of the tests ranged from 29% (Myco M) to 82% (Myco G) in smear-positive patients (17 subjects) and from 29% (TB complex plus) to 49% (Myco G) in smear-negative patients (41 subjects). The specificities of the assays varied from 93% (Myco M) to 100% (Myco G and TB complex plus) in controls and from 62% (Myco A) to 96% (TB complex plus) in the pulmonary MM group. Overall, for the diagnosis of smear-negative patients, Myco G had the best characteristics, with a sensitivity of 49% and specificities of 100% for controls and 75% for the pulmonary MM group; after its combination with TB complex plus, its sensitivity improved to 59%. Nevertheless, despite its relatively poor capacity to discriminate between pulmonary TB and pulmonary MM, Myco G, alone or in combination with TB complex plus, would be a useful diagnostic tool for patients with suspected pulmonary TB living in areas where the relative prevalence of pulmonary MM was low. PMID- 14766881 TI - Genetic analysis of an ambler class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from Capnocytophaga ochracea. AB - A beta-lactamase gene (cfxA3, 966 bp) was isolated from a beta-lactam-resistant Capnocytophaga ochracea clinical isolate and amplified using primers from the cfxA gene of Bacteroides vulgatus. The MICs of third-generation cephalosporins were much higher than those of the transconjugant Escherichia coli strain. The deduced protein sequence, by comparison with CfxA2 of Prevotella intermedia, had a Y239D substitution and possessed the characteristics of a class A, group 2e beta-lactamase. PMID- 14766882 TI - Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from rural districts of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. AB - Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from the Western Cape Province of South Africa showed that drug resistance is widespread and recently transmitted. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates comprise 40% of this collection, and a large pool of isoniazid monoresistance may be a future source of MDR tuberculosis. PMID- 14766883 TI - IS6110-mediated deletion polymorphism in isogenic strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. AB - Previous studies have described IS6110-mediated polymorphism as an important driving force in Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome evolution and have provided indirect evidence for IS6110-driven deletion events. This study provides the first description of an IS6110-mediated deletion event in truly isogenic strains. We also provide further support for the hypothesis that the region from Rv1754 to Rv1765 is a hot spot for IS6110 insertion and deletion events. PMID- 14766884 TI - Comparison of two microdilution methods for testing susceptibility of Candida spp. to voriconazole. AB - The growing number of fungal infections, coupled with emerging resistance to classical antifungal agents, has led to the development of new agents, among them voriconazole. Susceptibility to voriconazole was tested by using two microdilution techniques: the reference method described in National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards document M27-A2 and a colorimetric method, Sensititre YeastOne. A total of 272 Candida isolates (132 of Candida albicans, 62 of C. parapsilosis, 33 of Candida glabrata, 21 of C. krusei, 15 of C. tropicalis, and 9 of C. lusitaniae) and two control strains (C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and C. krusei ATCC 6258) were tested. There was a high rate of agreement between the two methods used (97 to 100%). PMID- 14766885 TI - Virulence properties and characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Sao Paulo, Brazil, from 1976 through 1999. AB - Twenty-nine Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains were identified in a collection of 2,607 isolates from patients with diarrhea in Sao Paulo, Brazil, from 1976 to 1999. The STEC strains belonged mainly to serotypes O111:HNM (HNM, nonmotile) (13 of 29 [44.8%]), O111:H8 (7 of 29 [24%]), and O26:H11 (4 of 29 [13.8%]); stx(1) eae (26 of 29 [89.6%]), in combination with either enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA (11 of 26 [42%]) or astA (24 of 26 [92.3%]), prevailed. The O111 STEC strains were distinguished by their inability to decarboxylate lysine. The predominance of STEC O111 and O26 since the late 1970s and the identification of STEC serotypes O55:H19, O93:H19, and O118:H16 in association with human infections in Brazil are described for the first time. PMID- 14766886 TI - Novel method using a laser scanning cytometer for detection of mycobacteria in clinical samples. AB - In order to evaluate the capacity of laser scanning cytometry (LSC) to detect acid-fast bacilli directly on clinical samples, a comparison between Kinyoun stained smears analyzed under light microscopy and propidium iodide-auramine stained smears analyzed by LSC was performed. The results were compared with those for culture on BACTEC MGIT 960. LSC is a new, reliable methodology to detect MYCOBACTERIA: PMID- 14766887 TI - Evaluation of Sensititre automated reading and incubation system for automated reading of Sensititre broth microdilution susceptibility plates. AB - The Sensititre Automated Reading and Incubation System (ARIS) performs automated reading of Sensititre identification and susceptibility plates. ARIS susceptibility results were compared to manually read results. A total of 212 isolates (3352 organism-antimicrobial agent combinations) yielded 99.4% essential agreement and categorical error rates of 0.2% minor, 0% major, and 1.0% very major. ARIS yields accurate susceptibility results compared to plates read manually. PMID- 14766888 TI - Immunologically silent autochthonous acute hepatitis E virus infection in France. AB - Hepatitis E is an acute and self-limiting hepatitis, and the causative agent, hepatitis E virus, is excreted in feces and orally transmitted. The disease is common in Asia and Africa, causing outbreaks or sporadic cases. In Europe, the infection is generally observed after a history of travel in an area of endemicity. We report on an autochthonous case in southwestern France in which the diagnosis was based on molecular tools rather than serological testing. PMID- 14766889 TI - Onychomycosis due to Emericella quadrilineata. AB - Nondermatophytic fungi are increasingly being reported as etiological agents of onychomycosis. We describe here a case of hand nail infection caused by Emericella quadrilineata (anamorph Aspergillus tetrazonus), a species not so far known to be an etiological agent of onychomycosis. PMID- 14766890 TI - Bartholin's gland abscess caused by Brucella melitensis. AB - We report herein a case of Bartholin's gland abscess caused by Brucella melitensis. Clinical microbiology laboratory workers in areas where this disease is endemic should be familiar with the bacteriological features of this organism and consider the possibility of a brucellar etiology in a broad range of clinical settings. PMID- 14766891 TI - Enterococcus cecorum empyema thoracis successfully treated with cefotaxime. AB - We report the first case of Enterococcus cecorum empyema thoracis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in a 44-year-old man with underlying cirrhosis. The patient responded to cefotaxime (MIC, 0.25 microg/ml) treatment and drainage of the empyema. Susceptibility of E. cecorum to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins could be due to its production of types of penicillin-binding proteins similar to those produced by Streptococcus species rather than to those produced by Enterococcus species (as predicted by phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences). PMID- 14766892 TI - Culture-negative pericarditis caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C. AB - We describe a case of primary purulent culture-negative pericarditis caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C occurring in an 8-month-old previously healthy boy, which was detected in pericardial fluid by broad-spectrum PCR amplification. PMID- 14766893 TI - Isolation of Neosartorya pseudofischeri from blood: first hint of pulmonary Aspergillosis. AB - We report a case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Neosartorya pseudofischeri S. W. Peterson [anamorph Aspergillus thermomutatus (Paden) S. W. Peterson]. The diagnosis was initially based on a positive blood culture for a strain isolated from a neutropenic patient by means of a BACTEC 9050 blood culture system. The final diagnosis was established based on X-ray and computer tomography scan results as well as the detection of Aspergillus antigen in the patient's serum. PMID- 14766894 TI - Treatment of meningitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis with linezolid. AB - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) can cause nosocomial meningitis in the presence of prosthetic devices. Vancomycin is the treatment of choice, but its penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid is poor, especially in cases without severe meningeal inflammation. We successfully used linezolid to treat a case of posttraumatic MRSE meningitis with a low-level inflammatory response. Therapeutic effectiveness was documented microbiologically and by the simultaneous measurement of linezolid levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 14766895 TI - Two cases of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis due to Plesiomonas shigelloides. AB - We describe herein the first two cases of Plesiomonas shigelloides continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Both patients presented with abdominal pain and turbid dialysis effluent with or without fever. Both recovered after 10 days of intraperitoneal administration of cefazolin and tobramycin. The route of transmission may have been direct contamination of the connection device or bacterial translocation through the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 14766896 TI - PCR search for the herpes simplex virus type 1 genome in brain sections of patients with familial Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 14766897 TI - Inability of one-step real-time PCR to detect Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in urine. PMID- 14766898 TI - Structure and biological activity of the short-chain lipopolysaccharide from Bartonella henselae ATCC 49882T. AB - The facultative intracellular pathogen Bartonella henselae is responsible for a broad range of clinical manifestations, including the formation of vascular tumors as a result of increased proliferation and survival of colonized endothelial cells. This remarkable interaction with endotoxin-sensitive endothelial cells and the apparent lack of septic shock are considered to be due to a reduced endotoxic activity of the B. henselae lipopolysaccharide. Here, we show that B. henselae ATCC 49882(T) produces a deep-rough-type lipopolysaccharide devoid of O-chain and report on its complete structure and Toll-like receptor dependent biological activity. The major short-chain lipopolysaccharide was studied by chemical analyses, electrospray ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, as well as by NMR spectroscopy after alkaline deacylation. The carbohydrate portion of the lipopolysaccharide consists of a branched trisaccharide containing a glucose residue attached to position 5 of an alpha-(2-->4)-linked 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid disaccharide. Lipid A is a pentaacylated beta-(1'-->6)-linked 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-glucose disaccharide 1,4'-bisphosphate with two amide-linked residues each of 3 hydroxydodecanoic and 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids and one residue of either 25 hydroxyhexacosanoic or 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid that is O-linked to the acyl group at position 2'. The lipopolysaccharide studied activated Toll-like receptor 4 signaling only to a low extent (1,000-10,000-fold lower compared with that of Salmonella enterica sv. Friedenau) and did not activate Toll-like receptor 2. Some unusual structural features of the B. henselae lipopolysaccharide, including the presence of a long-chain fatty acid, which are shared by the lipopolysaccharides of other bacteria causing chronic intracellular infections (e.g. Legionella and Chlamydia), may provide the molecular basis for low endotoxic potency. PMID- 14766899 TI - Cytoprotective effect of glucosylceramide synthase inhibition against daunorubicin-induced apoptosis in human leukemic cell lines. AB - Several studies have shown that ceramide (CER) glucosylation contributes to drug resistance in multidrug-resistant cells and that inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase sensitizes cells to various drug treatments. However, the role of glucosylceramide synthase has not been studied in drug-sensitive cancer cells. We have demonstrated previously that the anthracycline daunorubicin (DNR) rapidly induces interphasic apoptosis through neutral sphingomyelinase-mediated CER generation in human leukemic cell lines. We now report that inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase using d,l-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1 propanol (PDMP) or 1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PPMP) protected U937 and HL-60 cells from DNR-induced apoptosis. Moreover, blocking CER glucosylation did not lead to increased CER levels but to increased CER galactosylation. We also observed that pretreating cells with galactosylceramide (GalCER) significantly inhibited DNR-induced apoptosis. Finally, we show that GalCER-enriched lymphoblast cells (Krabbe's disease) were significantly more resistant to DNR- and cytosine arabinoside-induced apoptosis as compared with normal lymphoblasts, whereas glucosylceramide-enriched cells (Gaucher's disease) were more sensitive. In conclusion, this study suggests that sphingomyelin derived CER in itself is not a second messenger but rather a precursor of both an apoptosis second messenger (GD3) and an apoptosis "protector" (GalCER). PMID- 14766901 TI - Genome update: 161 prokaryotic genomes sequenced, and counting. PMID- 14766900 TI - Characterization of the effects of oxygen on xanthine oxidase-mediated nitric oxide formation. AB - Under anaerobic conditions, xanthine oxidase (XO)-catalyzed nitrite reduction can be an important source of nitric oxide (NO). However, questions remain regarding whether significant XO-mediated NO generation also occurs under aerobic conditions. Therefore, electron paramagnetic resonance, chemiluminescence NO analyzer, and NO-electrode studies were performed to characterize the kinetics and magnitude of XO-mediated nitrite reduction as a function of oxygen tension. With substrates xanthine or 2,3-dihydroxybenz-aldehyde that provide electrons to XO at the molybdenum site, the rate of NO production followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and oxygen functioned as a competitive inhibitor of nitrite reduction. However, with flavin-adenine dinucleotide site-binding substrate NADH as electron donor, aerobic NO production was maintained at more than 70% of anaerobic levels, and binding of NADH to the flavin-adenine dinucleotide site seemed to prevent oxygen binding. Therefore, under aerobic conditions, NADH would be the main electron donor for XO-catalyzed NO production in tissues. Studies of the pH dependence of NO formation indicated that lower pH values decrease oxygen reduction but greatly increase nitrite reduction, facilitating NO generation. Isotope tracer studies demonstrated that XO-mediated NO formation occurs in normoxic and hypoxic heart tissue. Thus, XO-mediated NO generation occurs under aerobic conditions and is regulated by oxygen tension, pH, nitrite, and reducing substrate concentrations. PMID- 14766902 TI - Molecular detection of Yersinia pestis in dental pulp. PMID- 14766904 TI - RT-PCR detection of Candida albicans ALS gene expression in the reconstituted human epithelium (RHE) model of oral candidiasis and in model biofilms. AB - An RT-PCR assay was developed to analyse expression patterns of genes in the Candida albicans ALS (agglutinin-like sequence) family. Inoculation of a reconstituted human buccal epithelium (RHE) model of mucocutaneous candidiasis with strain SC5314 showed destruction of the epithelial layer by C. albicans and also formation of an upper fungal layer that had characteristics similar to a biofilm. RT-PCR analysis of total RNA samples extracted from C. albicans inoculated buccal RHE showed that ALS1, ALS2, ALS3, ALS4, ALS5 and ALS9 were consistently detected over time as destruction of the RHE progressed. Detection of transcripts from ALS7, and particularly from ALS6, was more sporadic, but not associated with a strictly temporal pattern. The expression pattern of ALS genes in C. albicans cultures used to inoculate the RHE was similar to that observed in the RHE model, suggesting that contact of C. albicans with buccal RHE does little to alter ALS gene expression. RT-PCR analysis of RNA samples extracted from model denture and catheter biofilms showed similar gene expression patterns to the buccal RHE specimens. Results from the RT-PCR analysis of biofilm RNA specimens were consistent between various C. albicans strains during biofilm development and were comparable to gene expression patterns in planktonic cells. The RT-PCR assay described here will be useful for analysis of human clinical specimens and samples from other disease models. The method will provide further insight into the role of ALS genes and their encoded proteins in the diverse interactions between C. albicans and its host. PMID- 14766905 TI - Accessibility of the peptide backbone of protein ligands is a key specificity determinant in Candida albicans SRS adherence. AB - Candida albicans displays a high degree of specificity in selecting and adhering to targets in vivo. The features of target recognition are poorly understood and likely to involve more than the mere chemical composition of the ligand. Using an adherence assay in which protein and peptide ligands are covalently coupled to magnetic beads, the authors have previously described a new adherence mechanism in C. albicans, henceforth referred to as SRS (stable, reversible, specific) adherence. It was previously demonstrated that C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing agglutinin-like sequence 5 protein (Als5p, previously referred to as Ala1p or Ala1/Als5p) adhere to peptides containing patches of threonine, serine and alanine residues when these are located in the free end of immobilized peptides. The interaction with protein ligands in SRS adherence predominantly involves the formation of hydrogen bonds. Accordingly, this interaction may occur (1) to the peptide backbone of the protein ligand or (2) to the amino acid side chain with an appropriate functional group. Evidence is provided that the primary interaction occurs with the peptide backbone and the secondary interaction occurs with the side chain. The primary interaction with the peptide backbone is sufficient for adherence to occur, whereas the secondary interaction with a side chain possessing an appropriate functional group stabilizes the interaction. In agreement with these results, it is also demonstrated that proteins lacking secondary and tertiary structure, wherein the peptide backbone is sterically accessible, interact with C. albicans and S. cerevisiae expressing Als5p. C. albicans Als proteins are resistant to denaturation by harsh conditions that kill the yeast cells. The proposed interactions in SRS adherence have striking similarities with those of the molecular chaperone Hsp70, which specifically binds to non-native proteins and resists denaturation. PMID- 14766906 TI - Differential surface localization and temperature-dependent expression of the Candida albicans CSH1 protein. AB - Cell-surface hydrophobicity (CSH) in Candida albicans contributes to virulence and can be conveniently regulated in planktonic cultures by altering growth temperature. The CSH1 gene is the first candidate gene that has been demonstrated to play a role in affecting the CSH phenotype. However, the primary amino acid sequence of the CSH1 gene product suggests that the protein should be restricted to the cytoplasm. A majority of the protein appears to demonstrate that localization. Cell-surface biotinylation and limited glucanase digestion were used to determine and estimate the relative amount of Csh1p in the extracellular compartment in comparison to the cytoplasmic pool. Additionally, Western and Northern blotting were used to assess expression of the CSH1 gene under different growth conditions. Compared with cells grown at 23 degrees C, the total cellular levels of Csh1p are significantly greater at elevated growth temperatures. Detection of Csh1p on the cell surface correlates with the level of overall protein expression. The temperature-dependent regulation and surface presentation of Csh1p suggests a mechanism for regulating the CSH phenotype. PMID- 14766907 TI - Expression and complexity of the PRT1 multigene family of Pneumocystis carinii. AB - Pneumocystis carinii has a multigene family, PRT1, that encodes proteins with homology to KEX2-like proteases. PRT1 genes cluster with MSG genes near the telomeres and, like MSG, PRT1 proteins seem to be surface-expressed. The clustering of PRT1 and MSG genes suggested that expression of the two multigene families might be coordinated. Studying gene expression in P. carinii has been hampered by the lack of a culture system, and by lack of clonality in P. carinii populations in naturally infected rats, the host of this fungus. Heterogeneity can be reduced, however, by low-dose intratracheal inoculation, which can produce P. carinii populations dominated by organisms derived from a single progenitor. To study PRT1 expression, nude rats were inoculated with approximately 10 P. carinii each. The clonality of the P. carinii populations from inoculated rats was assessed by analysis of the UCS locus, a site in the genome that is known to be very heterogeneous in naturally infected rats, but nearly homogeneous in rats infected by low-dose intratracheal inoculation. Each of the populations had the same MSG gene at the UCS locus in at least 80 % of the organisms. To investigate PRT1 gene expression, RNA was amplified using primers that amplify numerous PRT1 genes. Seventy-four cloned cDNAs were sequenced, including at least 12 clones from each population of P. carinii. Many differently expressed PRT1 sequences were identified in each population, and a total of 45 different sequences were detected. However, the same PRT1 sequence was present in 15 of 74 plasmids and was found in 3 of the 5 P. carinii populations, suggesting that some PRT1 genes may be either more commonly expressed or expressed at a higher level. These data show that many members of the PRT1 gene family can be expressed in populations of P. carinii derived from few progenitors and suggest that the regulation of this family is different from that governing expression of the MSG gene family. PMID- 14766908 TI - Multiplication of an ancestral gene encoding secreted fungalysin preceded species differentiation in the dermatophytes Trichophyton and Microsporum. AB - Dermatophytes are human and animal pathogenic fungi which cause cutaneous infections and grow exclusively in the stratum corneum, nails and hair. In a culture medium containing soy proteins as sole nitrogen source a substantial proteolytic activity was secreted by Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis. This proteolytic activity was 55-75 % inhibited by o-phenanthroline, attesting that metalloproteases were secreted by all three species. Using a consensus probe constructed on previously characterized genes encoding metalloproteases (MEP) of the M36 fungalysin family in Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus oryzae and M. canis, a five-member MEP family was isolated from genomic libraries of T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and M. canis. A phylogenetic analysis of genomic and protein sequences revealed a robust tree consisting of five main clades, each of them including a MEP sequence type from each dermatophyte species. Each MEP type was remarkably conserved across species (72-97 % amino acid sequence identity). The tree topology clearly indicated that the multiplication of MEP genes in dermatophytes occurred prior to species divergence. In culture medium containing soy proteins as a sole nitrogen source secreted Meps accounted for 19-36 % of total secreted protein extracts; characterization of protein bands by proteolysis and mass spectrometry revealed that the three dermatophyte species secreted two Meps (Mep3 and Mep4) encoded by orthologous genes. PMID- 14766909 TI - Light-regulated asexual reproduction in Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. AB - The entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus has been successfully used in the control of several insect pests. Asexually produced spores (conidia) are the means for dispersal and transmission of the entomopathogen; upon contact with the insect cuticle they germinate and penetrate the host. In model fungal systems it has been found that phototropism, resetting of the circadian rhythm, the induction of carotenogenesis and the development of reproductive structures are controlled by blue light. The effect of light quality on conidial yield of P. fumosoroseus was investigated. Incubation in total darkness resulted in continued vegetative growth and lack of reproductive structures. In contrast, growth of the fungus in continuous illumination or under a night-day regime resulted in prolific formation of conidiophores bearing abundant mature conidia. Conidiation was photoinduced in competent mycelia by a single pulse of blue light and colonies were competent only after they had grown at least 72 h under total darkness. The fluence-response curves generated with blue light indicated that the minimal fluence required for the photomorphogenetic response was 180 micro mol m(-2) and the half-maximal response was at 400 micro mol m(-2). A fluence of 540 micro mol m(-2) was enough to saturate the system, inducing the maximum production of 2.12x10(8) conidia per colony. Higher light intensities markedly decreased conidiation, suggesting the occurrence of a process of adaptation. The authors propose the existence of a dual light-perception system with at least two photoreceptors in P. fumosoroseus, one promoting and one inhibiting conidiation. PMID- 14766910 TI - Deregulation of Listeria monocytogenes virulence gene expression by two distinct and semi-independent pathways. AB - Expression of the major virulence cluster in Listeria monocytogenes is positively regulated by the transcription factor PrfA and is influenced by several environmental factors, including the presence of readily metabolized carbohydrates such as cellobiose and glucose. Although little is understood about the mechanisms through which environmental factors influence expression of the PrfA regulon, evidence for structural and functional similarities of PrfA to the CRP-FNR family of regulatory proteins suggests the possibility that PrfA activity could be modulated by a small molecule ligand. The identity of components of the PrfA-associated regulatory pathway was sought through the isolation of mutants that exhibit high levels of PrfA-controlled gene expression in the presence of cellobiose or glucose. Here are described the properties and preliminary genetic analysis in two different genetic loci, gcr and csr, both unlinked by general transduction to the major virulence cluster. A mutation in gcr deregulates the expression of PrfA-controlled genes in the presence of several repressing sugars and other environmental conditions, a phenotype similar to that of a G145S substitution in PrfA itself. A mutation in the csr locus, within csrA, results in a cellobiose-specific defect in virulence gene regulation. Gene products encoded by the csr locus share homology with proteins involved in the sensing and transport of beta-glucosides in other bacteria. Mutations in both gcr and csr are required for full relief of cellobiose-mediated repression of the PrfA regulon. These results suggest the existence of two semi-independent pathways for cellobiose-mediated repression and further reconcile conflicting reports in previous literature concerning the repressive effects of carbohydrates on virulence gene expression in L. monocytogenes. PMID- 14766911 TI - Physiological implications of class IIa bacteriocin resistance in Listeria monocytogenes strains. AB - High-level resistance to class IIa bacteriocins has been directly associated with the absent EIIAB(Man) (MptA) subunit of the mannose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) (EIIt(MAN)) in Listeria monocytogenes strains. Class IIa bacteriocin-resistant strains used in this study were a spontaneous resistant, L. monocytogenes B73-MR1, and a defined mutant, L. monocytogenes EGDe-mptA. Both strains were previously reported to have the EIIAB(Man) PTS component missing. This study shows that these class IIa bacteriocin-resistant strains have significantly decreased specific growth and glucose consumption rates, but they also have a significantly higher growth yield than their corresponding wild-type strains, L. monocytogenes B73 and L. monocytogenes EGDe, respectively. In the presence of glucose, the strains showed a shift from a predominantly lactic-acid to a mixed-acid fermentation. It is here proposed that elimination of the EIIAB(Man) in the resistant strains has caused a reduced glucose consumption rate and a reduced specific growth rate. The lower glucose consumption rate can be correlated to a shift in metabolism to a more efficient pathway with respect to ATP production per glucose, leading to a higher biomass yield. Thus, the cost involved in obtaining bacteriocin resistance, i.e. losing substrate transport capacity leading to a lower growth rate, is compensated for by a higher biomass yield. PMID- 14766912 TI - Absence of Yersinia pestis-specific DNA in human teeth from five European excavations of putative plague victims. AB - This study reports the results of a collaborative study undertaken by two independent research groups to (a) confirm recent PCR-based detection of Yersinia pestis DNA in human teeth from medieval plague victims in France, and (b) to extend these observations over five different European burial sites believed to contain plague victims dating from the late 13th to 17th centuries. Several different sets of primers were used, including those previously documented to yield positive results on ancient DNA extracts. No Y. pestis DNA could be amplified from DNA extracted from 108 teeth belonging to 61 individuals, despite the amplification of numerous other bacterial DNA sequences. Several methods of extracting dentine prior to the DNA extraction were also compared. PCR for bacterial 16S rDNA indicated the presence of multiple bacterial species in 23 out of 27 teeth DNA extracts where dentine was extracted using previously described methods. In comparison, positive results were obtained from only five out of 44 teeth DNA extracts for which a novel contamination-minimizing embedding technique was used. Therefore, high levels of environmental bacterial DNA are present in DNA extracts where previously described methods of tooth manipulation are used. To conclude, the absence of Y. pestis-specific DNA in an exhaustive search using specimens from multiple putative European plague burial sites does not allow us to confirm the identification of Y. pestis as the aetiological agent of the Black Death and subsequent plagues. In addition, the utility of the published tooth based ancient DNA technique used to diagnose fatal bacteraemias in historical epidemics still awaits independent corroboration. PMID- 14766913 TI - Identification of proteins in the exosporium of Bacillus anthracis. AB - Spores of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, possess an exosporium. As the outer surface layer of these mature spores, the exosporium represents the primary contact surface between the spore and environment/host and is a site of spore antigens. The exosporium was isolated from the endospores of the B. anthracis wild-type Ames strain, from a derivative of the Ames strain cured of plasmid pXO2(-), and from a previously isolated pXO1(-), pXO2(-) doubly cured strain, B. anthracis UM23Cl2. The protein profiles of SDS-PAGE-separated exosporium extracts were similar for all three. This suggests that avirulent variants lacking either or both plasmids are realistic models for studying the exosporium from spores of B. anthracis. A number of loosely adsorbed proteins were identified from amino acid sequences determined by either nanospray-MS/MS or N-terminal sequencing. Salt and detergent washing of the exosporium fragments removed these and revealed proteins that are likely to represent structural/integral exosporium proteins. Seven proteins were identified in washed exosporium: alanine racemase, inosine hydrolase, ExsF, CotY, ExsY, CotB and a novel protein, named ExsK. CotY, ExsY and CotB are homologues of Bacillus subtilis outer spore coat proteins, but ExsF and ExsK are specific to B. anthracis and other members of the Bacillus cereus group. PMID- 14766914 TI - Mouse skin passage of Streptococcus pyogenes results in increased streptokinase expression and activity. AB - The plasminogen activator streptokinase has been proposed to be a key component of a complex mechanism that promotes skin invasion by Streptococcus pyogenes. This study was designed to compare ska gene message and protein levels in wild type M1 serotype isolate 1881 and a more invasive variant recovered from the spleen of a lethally infected mouse. M1 isolates selected for invasiveness demonstrated enhanced levels of active plasminogen activator activity in culture. This effect was due to a combination of increased expression of the ska gene and decreased expression of the speB gene. The speB gene product, SpeB, was found to efficiently degrade streptokinase in vitro. PMID- 14766915 TI - Role of the hprT-ftsH locus in Staphylococcus aureus. AB - The roles of two adjacent genes in the Staphylococcus aureus chromosome with functions in starvation survival and the response to stressful conditions have been characterized. One of these, hprT, encoding a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase homologue, was initially identified in a transposon mutagenesis screen. Mutation of hprT affects starvation survival in amino-acid limiting conditions and the ability of S. aureus to grow in high-salt concentrations. Downstream of hprT is ftsH, which encodes a membrane-bound, ATP- and Zn(2+)-dependent 'AAA'-type protease. Mutation of ftsH in S. aureus leads to pleiotropic defects including slower growth, sensitivity to salt, acid, methyl viologen and potassium tellurite stresses, and reduced survival in amino-acid- or phosphate-limiting conditions. Both hprT-lacZ and ftsH-lacZ gene fusions are expressed maximally in the post-exponential phase of growth. Although secretion of exoproteins is not affected, an ftsH mutant is attenuated in a murine skin lesion model of pathogenicity. PMID- 14766916 TI - Characterization of cyst cell formation in the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum centenum. AB - Rhodospirillum centenum is an anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium that is capable of differentiating into several cell types. When grown phototrophically in liquid, cells exhibit a vibrioid shape and have a single polar flagellum. When grown on a solid surface, R. centenum will differentiate into rod-shaped swarm cells that display numerous lateral flagella. Upon starvation for nutrients, R. centenum also forms desiccation-resistant cysts. In this study, it was determined that R. centenum has heat- and desiccation-resistance properties similar to other cyst-forming species. In addition, microscopic analyses of the morphological changes that occur during cyst cell development were performed. It was observed that R. centenum typically forms multi-celled clusters of cysts that contain from four to more than 10 cells per cluster. It was also determined that cell density has a minor effect on the percentage of cyst cells formed, with cell densities of 10(5)-10(7) cells per 5 micro l spot yielding the highest percentage of cyst cells. The striking similarities between the life cycle of R. centenum and the life cycle exhibited by Azospirillum spp. are discussed. PMID- 14766917 TI - Phospholipid synthesis in Borrelia burgdorferi: BB0249 and BB0721 encode functional phosphatidylcholine synthase and phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase proteins. AB - Phospholipids are an important component of bacterial membranes. Borrelia burgdorferi differs from many other bacteria in that it contains only two major membrane phospholipids: phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). B. burgdorferi appears to lack enzymes required for synthesis of PC through the well-described methylation pathway. However, B. burgdorferi does contain a gene (BB0249) with significant identity to a recently described phosphatidylcholine synthase gene (pcs) of Sinorhizobium meliloti. B. burgdorferi also contains a gene (BB0721) with significant identity to the gene (pgs) encoding phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase, an enzyme in the synthetic pathway of PG. Activity of BB0249 was confirmed by cloning the gene into Escherichia coli, which does not produce PC. Transformation with a plasmid carrying BB0249 resulted in production of PC by E. coli, but only in the presence of exogenously supplied choline, as would be predicted for a Pcs. Because loss of Pgs activity is lethal to E. coli, activity of BB0721 was confirmed by the ability of BB0721 to complement an E. coli Pgs(-) mutant. A plasmid containing BB0721 was transformed into a Pgs(-) mutant of E. coli containing a copy of the native gene on a temperature-regulated plasmid. The temperature-regulated plasmid was exchanged for a plasmid containing BB0721 and it was shown that BB0721 was able to replace the lost Pgs function and restore bacterial growth. This study has established the existence and function of two critical enzymes in the synthesis of PC and PG in B. burgdorferi. Understanding of the biosynthetic pathways of PC and PG in B. burgdorferi is the first step in delineating the role of these phospholipids in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease. PMID- 14766918 TI - Biochemical characterization of a Rhizobium etli monovalent cation-stimulated acyl-coenzyme A carboxylase with a high substrate specificity constant for propionyl-coenzyme A. AB - Biotin has a profound effect on the metabolism of rhizobia. It is reported here that the activities of the biotin-dependent enzymes acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC; EC 6.4.1.2) and propionyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (PCC; EC 6.4.1.3) are present in all species of the five genera comprising the Rhizobiaceae which were examined. Evidence is presented that the ACC and PCC activities detectable in Rhizobium etli extracts are catalysed by a single acyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. The enzyme from R. etli strain 12-53 was purified 478-fold and displayed its highest activity with propionyl-CoA as substrate, with apparent K(m) and V(max) values of 0.064 mM and 2885 nmol min(-1) (mg protein)(-1), respectively. The enzyme carboxylated acetyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA with apparent K(m) values of 0.392 and 0.144 mM, respectively, and V(max) values of 423 and 268 nmol min(-1) (mg protein)(-1), respectively. K(+), or Cs(+) markedly activated the enzyme, which was essentially inactive in their absence. Electrophoretic analysis indicated that the acyl-CoA carboxylase was composed of a 74 kDa biotin-containing alpha subunit and a 45 kDa biotin-free beta subunit, and gel chromatography indicated a total molecular mass of 620 000 Da. The strong kinetic preference of the enzyme for propionyl-CoA is consistent with its participation in an anaplerotic pathway utilizing this substrate. PMID- 14766919 TI - Regulation of ndh expression in Escherichia coli by Fis. AB - The Escherichia coli ndh gene encodes NADH dehydrogenase II, a primary dehydrogenase used during aerobic and nitrate respiration. The anaerobic transcription factor FNR represses ndh expression by binding at two sites centred at -94.5 and -50.5. In vivo transcription studies using promoter fusions with 5' deletions confirmed that both FNR sites are required for maximum repression under anaerobic conditions. The histone-like protein Fis binds to three sites [centred at -123 (Fis I), -72, (Fis II) and +51 (Fis III)] in the ndh promoter. Using ndh : : lacZ promoter fusions carrying 5' deletions, or replacement mutations it is shown that Fis III is a repressing site and that Fis I and II are activating sites, with the greatest contribution from Fis II. Deletion of the C-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase alpha-subunit abolished Fis-mediated activation of ndh expression, suggesting that ndh has a Class I Fis-activated promoter. In accordance with the established pattern of Fis synthesis, ndh transcription was greatest during exponential growth. Thus, it is suggested that Fis enhances ndh expression during periods of rapid growth, by acting as a Class I activator, and that the binding of tandem FNR dimers represses ndh expression by preventing interaction of the RNA polymerase alpha-subunit with DNA and Fis. PMID- 14766920 TI - CtaG is required for formation of active cytochrome c oxidase in Bacillus subtilis. AB - The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis contains two respiratory oxidases of the haem-copper superfamily: cytochrome aa(3), which is a quinol oxidase, and cytochrome caa(3), which is a cytochrome c oxidase. Cytochrome c oxidase uniquely contains a di-copper centre, Cu(A). B. subtilis CtaG is a membrane protein encoded by the same gene cluster as that which encodes the subunits of cytochrome c oxidase. The role of B. subtilis CtaG and orthologous proteins present in many other Gram-positive bacteria has remained unexplored. The sequence of CtaG is unrelated to that of CtaG/Cox11p of proteobacteria and eukaryotic cells. This study shows that B. subtilis CtaG is essential for the formation of active cytochrome caa(3) but is not required for assembly of the core subunits I and II with haem in the membrane and it has no role in the synthesis of active cytochrome aa(3). B. subtilis YpmQ, a homologue to Sco1p of eukaryotic cells, is also a membrane-bound cytochrome c oxidase-specific assembly factor. Properties of CtaG- and YpmQ-deficient mutants were compared. Cells lacking YpmQ showed a low cytochrome c oxidase activity and this defect was suppressed by the supplementation of the growth medium with copper ions. It has previously been proposed that YpmQ/Sco1p is involved in synthesis of the Cu(A) centre. The results of this study are consistent with this proposal but the exact role of YpmQ in assembly of cytochrome c oxidase remains to be elucidated. PMID- 14766921 TI - The fate of extracellular proteins tagged by the SsrA system of Bacillus subtilis. AB - In bacteria, SsrA, a highly conserved RNA molecule, functions in a mechanism meant to rescue stalled ribosomes. In this process, a peptide tag encoded by SsrA is cotranslationally added to truncated polypeptides, thereby targeting these molecules for proteolytic degradation, at least when they stay inside the cell. This study examined the fate of two extracellular proteins that were tagged by the SsrA system of Bacillus subtilis. Gene constructs encoding human interleukin 3 (hIL-3) fused to a signal peptide and B. subtilis alpha-amylase, both lacking an in-frame stop codon, were used as models to achieve ribosome stalling and activation of the SsrA system. Introduction of these gene constructs into B. subtilis led to tagging of the gene products by SsrA RNA. The tagged protein products bound to antibodies that were raised against the proteolysis tag encoded by B. subtilis SsrA [(A)GKTNSFNQNVALAA]. The apolar C-terminal SsrA-tag does not function as a specific signal for proteolytic degradation of SsrA-tagged amylase directly after trans-translation or during the secretion process. Also, SsrA tagged amylase appeared to be very stable once outside the cell. In contrast, hIL 3 molecules tagged with the native, apolar SsrA-tag were considerably less stable than hIL-3 molecules that received a negatively charged control tag. Not one specific protease, but several non-specific proteases seem to play a role in the rapid degradation of SsrA-tagged hIL-3. The polarity of the C-terminus of heterologous hIL-3 protein proved to be an important determinant for protein stability when produced by B. subtilis. As observed previously in Escherichia coli and B. subtilis, SsrA tagging also occurs frequently in normally growing Gram-positive bacilli and it appears that intracellular proteins are the predominant natural substrates of SsrA. PMID- 14766922 TI - Regulation of RcsA by the ClpYQ (HslUV) protease in Escherichia coli. AB - Escherichia coli ClpYQ protease and Lon protease possess a redundant function for degradation of SulA, a cell division inhibitor. An experimental cue implied that the capsule synthesis activator RcsA, a known substrate of Lon, is probably a specific substrate for the ClpYQ protease. This paper shows that overexpression of ClpQ and ClpY suppresses the mucoid phenotype of a lon mutant. Since the cpsB (wcaB) gene, involved in capsule synthesis, is activated by RcsA, the reporter construct cpsB-lacZ was used to assay for beta-galactosidase activity and thus follow RcsA stability. The expression of cpsB-lacZ was increased in double mutants of lon in combination with clpQ or/and clpY mutation(s) compared with the wild-type or lon single mutants. Overproduction of ClpYQ or ClpQ decreased cpsB lacZ expression. Additionally, a P(BAD)-rcsA fusion construct showed quantitatively that an inducible RcsA activates cpsB-lacZ expression. The effect of RcsA on cpsB-lacZ expression was shown to be influenced by the ClpYQ activities. Moreover, a rcsA(Red)-lacZ translational fusion construct showed higher activity of RcsA(Red)-LacZ in a clpQ clpY strain than in the wild-type. By contrast, overproduction of cellular ClpYQ resulted in decreased beta galactosidase levels of RcsA(Red)-LacZ. Taken together, the data indicate that ClpYQ acts as a secondary protease in degrading the Lon substrate RcsA. PMID- 14766923 TI - alr0117, a two-component histidine kinase gene, is involved in heterocyst development in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. AB - Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was mutagenized by transposon Tn5-1087b, generating a mutant whose heterocysts lack the envelope polysaccharide layer. The transposon was located between nucleotides 342 and 343 of alr0117, a 918 bp gene encoding a histidine kinase for a two-component regulatory system. Complementation of the mutant with a DNA fragment containing alr0117 and targeted inactivation of the gene confirmed that alr0117 is involved in heterocyst development. RT-PCR showed that alr0117 was constitutively expressed in the presence or absence of a combined-nitrogen source. hepA and patB, the two genes turned on during wild-type heterocyst development, were no longer activated in an alr0117-null mutant. The two-component signal transduction system involving alr0117 may control the formation of the envelope polysaccharide layer and certain late events essential to the function of heterocysts. PMID- 14766924 TI - Interactions between intracellular Na+ levels and saxitoxin production in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii T3. AB - Saxitoxin (STX) is the most potent representative among the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, which are highly selective Na(+) channel-blocking alkaloids. This study investigated, in cultures of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii T3, the effects of pH, salt, amiloride and lidocaine hydrochloride on total cellular levels of Na(+) and K(+) ions and STX accumulation. Both Na(+) levels and intracellular STX concentrations increased exponentially in response to rising alkalinity. NaCl inhibited cyanobacterial growth at a concentration of 10 mM. In comparison with osmotically stressed controls, however, NaCl promoted STX accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. A correlation was seen in the time-course of both total cellular Na(+) levels and intracellular STX for NaCl, amiloride and lidocaine exposure. The increase in cellular Na(+) induced by NaCl at 10 mM was coupled with a proportional accumulation of STX. The two Na(+) channel-blocking agents amiloride and lidocaine had opposing effects on both cellular Na(+) levels and STX accumulation. Amiloride at 1 mM reduced ion and toxin concentrations, while lidocaine at 1 micro M increased the total cellular Na(+) and STX levels. The effects of the channel-blockers were antagonistic and dependent on an alkaline pH. The results presented suggest that, in C. raciborskii T3, STX is responsive to cellular Na(+) levels. This may indicate that either STX metabolism or the toxin itself could be linked to the maintenance of cyanobacterial homeostasis. The results also enhance the understanding of STX production and the ecology of PSP toxin-producing cyanobacteria. PMID- 14766925 TI - Characterization of a gene cluster encoding the maleylacetate reductase from Ralstonia eutropha 335T, an enzyme recruited for growth with 4-fluorobenzoate. AB - A gene cluster containing a gene for maleylacetate reductase (EC 1.3.1.32) was cloned from Ralstonia eutropha 335(T) (DSM 531(T)), which is able to utilize 4 fluorobenzoate as sole carbon source. Sequencing of this gene cluster showed that the R. eutropha 335(T) maleylacetate reductase gene, macA, is part of a novel gene cluster, which is not related to the known maleylacetate-reductase-encoding gene clusters. It otherwise comprises a gene for a hypothetical membrane transport protein, macB, possibly co-transcribed with macA, and a presumed regulatory gene, macR, which is divergently transcribed from macBA. MacA was found to be most closely related to TftE, the maleylacetate reductase from Burkholderia cepacia AC1100 (62 % identical positions) and to a presumed maleylacetate reductase from a dinitrotoluene catabolic gene cluster from B. cepacia R34 (61 % identical positions). By expressing macA in Escherichia coli, it was confirmed that macA encodes a functional maleylacetate reductase. Purification of maleylacetate reductase from 4-fluorobenzoate-grown R. eutropha 335(T) cells allowed determination of the N-terminal sequence of the purified protein, which was shown to be identical to that predicted from the cloned macA gene, thus proving that the gene is, in fact, recruited for growth of R. eutropha 335(T) with this substrate. PMID- 14766926 TI - Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola can be separated into two genetic lineages distinguished by the possession of the phaseolotoxin biosynthetic cluster. AB - The bean (Phaseolus spp.) plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola is characterized by the ability to produce phaseolotoxin (Tox(+)). We recently reported that the majority of the Spanish P. syringae pv. phaseolicola population is unable to synthesize this toxin (Tox(-)). These Tox(-) isolates appear to lack the entire DNA region for the biosynthesis of phaseolotoxin (argK-tox gene cluster), as shown by PCR amplification and DNA hybridization using DNA sequences specific for separated genes of this cluster. Tox(+) and Tox(-) isolates also showed genomic divergence that included differences in ERIC-PCR and arbitrarily primed-PCR profiles. Tox(+) isolates showed distinct patterns of IS801 genomic insertions and contained a chromosomal IS801 insertion that was absent from Tox( ) isolates. Using a heteroduplex mobility assay, sequence differences were observed only among the intergenic transcribed spacer of the five rDNA operons of the Tox(-) isolates. The techniques used allowed the unequivocal differentiation of isolates of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola from the closely related soybean (Glycine max) pathogen, P. syringae pv. glycinea. Finally, a pathogenicity island that is essential for the pathogenicity of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola on beans appears to be conserved among Tox(+), but not among Tox(-) isolates, which also lacked the characteristic large plasmid that carries this pathogenicity island. It is proposed that the results presented here justify the separation of the Tox(+) and Tox(-) P. syringae pv. phaseolicola isolates into two distinct genetic lineages, designated Pph1 and Pph2, respectively, that show relevant genomic differences that include the pathogenicity gene complement. PMID- 14766927 TI - Macro-array and bioinformatic analyses reveal mycobacterial 'core' genes, variation in the ESAT-6 gene family and new phylogenetic markers for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. AB - To better understand the biology and the virulence determinants of the two major mycobacterial human pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, their genome sequences have been determined recently. In silico comparisons revealed that among the 1439 genes common to both M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, 219 genes code for proteins that show no similarity with proteins from other organisms. Therefore, the latter 'core' genes could be specific for mycobacteria or even for the intracellular mycobacterial pathogens. To obtain more information as to whether these genes really were mycobacteria-specific, they were included in a focused macro-array, which also contained genes from previously defined regions of difference (RD) known to be absent from Mycobacterium bovis BCG relative to M. tuberculosis. Hybridization of DNA from 40 strains of the M. tuberculosis complex and in silico comparison of these genes with the near-complete genome sequences from Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium smegmatis were undertaken to answer this question. The results showed that among the 219 conserved genes, very few were not present in all the strains tested. Some of these missing genes code for proteins of the ESAT 6 family, a group of highly immunogenic small proteins whose presence and number is variable among the genomically highly conserved members of the M. tuberculosis complex. Indeed, the results suggest that, with few exceptions, the 'core' genes conserved among M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. leprae are also highly conserved among other mycobacterial strains, which makes them interesting potential targets for developing new specific anti-mycobacterial drugs. In contrast, the genes from RD regions showed great variability among certain members of the M. tuberculosis complex, and some new specific deletions in Mycobacterium canettii, Mycobacterium microti and seal isolates were identified and further characterized during this study. Together with the distribution of a particular 6 or 7 bp micro-deletion in the gene encoding the polyketide synthase pks15/1, these results confirm and further extend the revised phylogenetic model for the M. tuberculosis complex recently presented. PMID- 14766928 TI - Transcriptome and proteome analysis of Bacillus subtilis gene expression in response to superoxide and peroxide stress. AB - The Gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis responds to oxidative stress by the activation of different cellular defence mechanisms. These are composed of scavenging enzymes as well as protection and repair systems organized in highly sophisticated networks. In this study, the peroxide and the superoxide stress stimulons of B. subtilis were characterized by means of transcriptomics and proteomics. The results demonstrate that oxidative-stress-responsive genes can be classified into two groups. One group encompasses genes which show similar expression patterns in the presence of both reactive oxygen species. Examples are members of the PerR and the Fur regulon which were induced by peroxide and superoxide stress. Similarly, both kinds of stress stimulated the activation of the stringent response. The second group is composed of genes primarily responding to one stimulus, like the members of the SOS regulon which were particularly upregulated in the presence of peroxide, and many genes involved in sulfate assimilation and methionine biosynthesis which were only induced by superoxide. Several genes encoding proteins of unknown function could be assigned to one of these groups. PMID- 14766929 TI - Gene expression analyzed by high-resolution state array analysis and quantitative proteomics: response of yeast to mating pheromone. AB - The transcriptome provides the database from which a cell assembles its collection of proteins. Translation of individual mRNA species into their encoded proteins is regulated, producing discrepancies between mRNA and protein levels. Using a new modeling approach to data analysis, a striking diversity is revealed in association of the transcriptome with the translational machinery. Each mRNA has its own pattern of ribosome loading, a circumstance that provides an extraordinary dynamic range of regulation, above and beyond actual transcript levels. Using this approach together with quantitative proteomics, we explored the immediate changes in gene expression in response to activation of a mitogen activated protein kinase pathway in yeast by mating pheromone. Interestingly, in 26% of those transcripts where the predicted protein synthesis rate changed by at least 3-fold, more than half of these changes resulted from altered translational efficiencies. These observations underscore that analysis of transcript level, albeit extremely important, is insufficient by itself to describe completely the phenotypes of cells under different conditions. PMID- 14766930 TI - Transforming growth factor-beta 1 specifically induce proteins involved in the myofibroblast contractile apparatus. AB - Transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) induces alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and collagen synthesis in fibroblast both in vivo and in vitro and plays a significant role in tissue repair and the development of fibrosis. During these processes the fibroblasts differentiate into activated fibroblasts (so called myofibroblasts), characterized by increased alpha-SMA expression. Because TGF-beta(1) is considered the main inducer of the myofibroblast phenotype and cytoskeletal changes accompany this differentiation, the main objective of this investigation was to study how TGF-beta(1) alters protein expression of cytoskeletal-associated proteins. Metabolic labeling of cell cultures by [(35)S]methionine, followed by protein separation on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, displayed approximately 2500 proteins in the pI interval of 3 10. Treatment of TGF-beta(1) led to specific spot pattern changes that were identified by mass spectrometry and represent specific induction of several members of the contractile apparatus such as calgizzarin, cofilin, and profilin. These proteins have not previously been shown to be regulated by TGF-beta(1), and the functional role of these proteins is to participate in the depolymerization and stabilization of the microfilaments. These results show that TGF-beta(1) induces not only alpha-SMA but a whole set of actin-associated proteins that may contribute to the increased contractile properties of the myofibroblast. These proteins accompany the induced expression of alpha-SMA and may participate in the formation of stress fibers, cell contractility, and cell spreading characterizing the myofibroblasts phenotype. PMID- 14766931 TI - Exercise and decompression sickness: a matter of intensity and timing. PMID- 14766932 TI - Afferent modulation of neonatal rat respiratory rhythm in vitro: cellular and synaptic mechanisms. AB - In mammals, expiration is lengthened by mid-expiratory lung inflation (Breuer Hering Expiratory reflex; BHE). The central pathway mediating the BHE is paucisynaptic, converging on neurones in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. An in vitro neonatal rat brainstem-lung preparation in which mid-expiratory inflation lengthens expiration was used to study afferent modulation of respiratory neurone activity. Recordings were made from respiratory neurones in or near the pre Botzinger Complex (preBotC). Respiratory neurone membrane properties and BHE induced changes in activity were characterized. Our findings suggest the following mechanisms for the BHE: (i) lung afferent signals strongly excite biphasic neurones that convey these signals to respiratory neurones in ventrolateral medulla; (ii) expiratory lengthening is mediated by inhibition of rhythmogenic and (pre)motoneuronal networks; and (iii) pre-inspiratory (Pre-I) neurones, some of which project to abdominal expiratory motoneurones, are excited during the BHE. These findings are qualitatively similar to studies of the BHE in vivo. Where there are differences, they can largely be accounted for by developmental changes and experimental conditions. PMID- 14766933 TI - Aspartate transporter expression and activity in hypertrophic rat heart and ischaemia-reperfusion injury. AB - This study's rationale was that the expression and activity of aspartate transporters in hypertrophied hearts might be different from normal hearts, which could affect the use of aspartate in myocardial protection of hypertrophied hearts. mRNA expression of system X(ag)(-) transporters in hearts from normal (Wistar Kyoto) and hypertrophied (spontaneously hypertensive rat) rats was investigated by RT-PCR. EAAT3 protein expression in isolated cells and vesicles from normal and hypertrophied hearts was investigated by Western blotting. The same vesicles were also used to measure aspartate uptake. The effects of 0.5 mmol l(-1) aspartate supplementation on cardiac performance during ischaemia reperfusion were investigated in isolated and perfused hearts. Both normal and hypertrophied hearts expressed EAAT1 and EAAT3 mRNA. EAAT3 protein expression was significantly greater in cells and vesicles from hypertrophied hearts compared to normal hearts. The velocity (V(max)) of aspartate uptake was faster at 24.4 +/- 2.2 pmol mg(-1) s(-1) in vesicles from hypertrophied hearts compared to 8.2 +/- 0.8 pmol mg(-1) s(-1) (P < 0.001, t test, n= 6, means +/-s.e.m.) in normal heart vesicles. The affinity (K(m)) was similar for both preparations. When recoveries were matched, 0.5 mmol l(-1) aspartate addition reduced reperfusion injury and increased functional recovery of hypertrophied hearts but not normal hearts. This was associated with a greater preservation of ATP, glutamate and glutamine and less lactate production during ischaemia in aspartate-treated hypertrophied hearts compared to all other experimental groups. These results suggest that increased aspartate transporter expression and activity in hypertrophy helps facilitate aspartate entry into hypertrophied cardiomyocytes, which in turn leads to improved myocardial protection. PMID- 14766934 TI - Developmental regulation of active and passive membrane properties in rat vibrissa motoneurones. AB - We characterized the electrophysiological properties of vibrissa motoneurones (vMNs) in rat. Intracellular recordings of vMNs in brainstem slices from animals aged P4 to P5 and P9 to P11, i.e. newborn animals, showed that the subthreshold membrane impedance has the form of passive decay. In particular, the impedance follows the 1/ radical f signature for long dendrites beyond a cut-off frequency of f(c)= 8 Hz. In contrast, the impedance has the form of a resonant filter in vMNs from slices prepared from animals aged P17 to P23, i.e. young animals. The resonance has a peak near 4 Hz and an amplitude of 1.2 times that at low frequencies (f approximately 0.1Hz). The low frequency onset of the resonance is shown to depend on a hyperpolarization-activated depolarizing current, I(h). This current functions as a high-pass filter. The high frequency cut-off of the resonance results from passive decay in long dendrites, similar to the case with newborn animals but with f(c)= 20Hz. In addition to a resonance in subthreshold properties, an enhanced resonance in spiking is observed in young as opposed to newborn animals. The transition from solely passive decay in vMNs from newborn animals to resonance in young animals coincides with the onset of whisking. Further, the width of the resonance encompasses the 4-15Hz range of exploratory whisking. Nonetheless, it remains to be shown if there is a causal relation between the regulation of currents in vMNs and the onset of whisking. In particular, we further observed that the membrane impedance of hypoglossal motoneurones from both newborn and young animals exhibits a subthreshold resonance that also peaks near 4Hz. The amplitude of this resonance increases from 1.1 to 1.4 times that at low frequencies in newborn versus young animals. We conjecture that resonance properties in vibrissa, hypoglossal, and potentially other motoneurones, may serve to transiently and purposely synchronize different orofacial behaviours. PMID- 14766935 TI - Mitochondrial modulation of Ca2+ sparks and transient KCa currents in smooth muscle cells of rat cerebral arteries. AB - Mitochondria sequester and release calcium (Ca(2+)) and regulate intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in eukaryotic cells. However, the regulation of different Ca(2+) signalling modalities by mitochondria in smooth muscle cells is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the regulation of Ca(2+) sparks, Ca(2+) waves and global [Ca(2+)](i) by mitochondria in cerebral artery smooth muscle cells. CCCP (a protonophore; 1 microm) and rotenone (an electron transport chain complex I inhibitor; 10 microm) depolarized mitochondria, reduced Ca(2+) spark and wave frequency, and elevated global [Ca(2+)](i) in smooth muscle cells of intact arteries. In voltage-clamped (-40 mV) cells, mitochondrial depolarization elevated global [Ca(2+)](i), reduced Ca(2+) spark amplitude, spatial spread and the effective coupling of sparks to large-conductance Ca(2+) activated potassium (K(Ca)) channels, and decreased transient K(Ca) current frequency and amplitude. Inhibition of Ca(2+) sparks and transient K(Ca) currents by mitochondrial depolarization could not be explained by a decrease in intracellular ATP or a reduction in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) load, and occurred in the presence of diltiazem, a voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel blocker. Ru360 (10 microm), a mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake blocker, and lonidamine (100 microm), a permeability transition pore (PTP) opener, inhibited transient K(Ca) currents similarly to mitochondrial depolarization. In contrast, CGP37157 (10 microm), a mitochondrial Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange blocker, activated these events. The PTP blockers bongkrekic acid and cyclosporin A both reduced inhibition of transient K(Ca) currents by mitochondrial depolarization. These results indicate that mitochondrial depolarization leads to a voltage-independent elevation in global [Ca(2+)](i) and Ca(2+) spark and transient K(Ca) current inhibition. Data also suggest that mitochondrial depolarization inhibits Ca(2+) sparks and transient K(Ca) currents via PTP opening and a decrease in intramitochondrial [Ca(2+)]. PMID- 14766936 TI - Second generation Tibetan lowlanders acclimatize to high altitude more quickly than Caucasians. AB - Tibetan highlanders develop at altitude peak aerobic power levels close to those of Caucasians at sea level. In order to establish whether this feature is genetic and, as a consequence, retained by Tibetan lowlanders, altitude-induced changes of peak aerobic performance were assessed in four groups of volunteers with different ethnic, altitude exposure and fitness characteristics, i.e. eight untrained second-generation Tibetans (Tib 2) born and living at 1300 m; seven altitude Sherpas living at approximately 2800-3500 m; and 10 untrained and five trained Caucasians. Measurements were carried out at sea level or at Kathmandu (1300 m, Nepal) (PRE), and after 2-4 (ALT1), 14-16 (ALT2), and 26-28 (ALT3) days at 5050 m. At ALT3, of untrained and trained Caucasians was -31% and -46%, respectively. By contrast, of Tib 2 and Sherpas was -8% and -15%, respectively. At ALT3, peak heart rate (HR(peak)) of untrained and trained Caucasians was 148 +/- 11 and 149 +/- 7 beats min(-1), respectively; blood oxygen saturation at peak exercise was 76 +/- 6% and 73 +/- 6%, and haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) was 19.4 +/- 1.0 and 18.6 +/- 1.2 g dl(-1), respectively. Compared to Caucasians, Tib 2 and Sherpas exhibited at ALT3 higher HR(peak) (179 +/- 9 and 171 +/- 4 beats min(-1), P < 0.001), lower [Hb] (16.6 +/- 0.6 and 17.4 +/- 0.9 g dl(-1), respectively, P < 0.001), and slightly but non-significantly greater average values (82 +/- 6 and 80 +/- 7%). The above findings and the time course of adjustment of the investigated variables suggest that Tibetan lowlanders acclimatize to chronic hypoxia more quickly than Caucasians, independent of the degree of fitness of the latter. PMID- 14766937 TI - Human mesenchymal stem cells make cardiac connexins and form functional gap junctions. AB - Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a multipotent cell population with the potential to be a cellular repair or delivery system provided that they communicate with target cells such as cardiac myocytes via gap junctions. Immunostaining revealed typical punctate staining for Cx43 and Cx40 along regions of intimate cell-to-cell contact between hMSCs. The staining patterns for Cx45 rather were typified by granular cytoplasmic staining. hMSCs exhibited cell-to cell coupling to each other, to HeLa cells transfected with Cx40, Cx43 and Cx45 and to acutely isolated canine ventricular myocytes. The junctional currents (I(j)) recorded between hMSC pairs exhibited quasi-symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage (V(j)) dependence. I(j) records from hMSC-HeLaCx43 and hMSC-HeLaCx40 cell pairs also showed symmetrical and asymmetrical V(j) dependence, while hMSC HeLaCx45 pairs always produced asymmetrical I(j) with pronounced V(j) gating when the Cx45 side was negative. Symmetrical I(j) suggests that the dominant functional channel is homotypic, while the asymmetrical I(j) suggests the activity of another channel type (heterotypic, heteromeric or both). The hMSCs exhibited a spectrum of single channels with transition conductances (gamma(j)) of 30-80 pS. The macroscopic I(j) obtained from hMSC-cardiac myocyte cell pairs exhibited asymmetrical V(j) dependence, while single channel events revealed gamma(j) of the size range 40-100 pS. hMSC coupling via gap junctions to other cell types provides the basis for considering them as a therapeutic repair or cellular delivery system to syncytia such as the myocardium. PMID- 14766938 TI - Developmental changes in myoendothelial gap junction mediated vasodilator activity in the rat saphenous artery. AB - A role for myoendothelial gap junctions (MEGJs) has been proposed in the action of the vasodilator endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). EDHF activity varies in disease and during ageing, but little is known of the role of EDHF during development when, in many organ systems, gap junctions are up regulated. The aims of the present study were therefore to determine whether an up-regulation of heterocellular gap junctional coupling occurs during arterial development and whether this change is reflected functionally through an increased action of EDHF. Results demonstrated that in the saphenous artery of juvenile WKY rats, MEGJs were abundant and application of acetylcholine (ACh) evoked EDHF-mediated hyperpolarization and relaxation in the presence of N(omega) nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and indomethacin to inhibit nitric oxide and prostaglandins, respectively. Responses were blocked by a combination of charybdotoxin plus apamin, or 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl]-1H-pyrazole (TRAM-34) plus apamin, or by blockade of gap junctions with the connexin (Cx) mimetic peptides, (43)Gap26, (40)Gap27 and (37,43)Gap27. On the other hand, we found no evidence for the involvement of the putative chemical mediators of EDHF, eicosanoids, L-NAME-insensitive nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide or potassium ions, since 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid (14,15-EEZE), hydroxocobalamin, catalase or barium and ouabain were without effect. In contrast, in the adult saphenous artery, MEGJs were rare, EDHF-mediated relaxation was absent and hyperpolarizations were small and unstable. The present study demonstrates that MEGJs and EDHF are up-regulated during arterial development. Furthermore, the data show for the first time that this developmentally regulated EDHF is dependent on direct electrotonic coupling via MEGJs. PMID- 14766939 TI - Modulation of spontaneous Ca2+-activated Cl- currents in the rabbit corpus cavernosum by the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway. AB - The whole-cell perforated patch clamp technique was used to study membrane currents in isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells. Depolarization from -80 mV to the range -40 to -10 mV evoked a nifedipine-sensitive Ca(2+) current that was followed by a slower inward current that activated over several hundred milliseconds. The slow current reversed near the Cl(-) equilibrium potential (E(Cl)) and was reduced by anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A9C; 1 mm) and niflumic acid (100 microm), suggesting that it was a Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) current. When held constantly at -60 mV, over 70% of cells fired spontaneous transient inward currents (STICs), the amplitudes of which were reduced by A9C and niflumic acid. STICs reversed near E(Cl) in a symmetrical Cl(-) gradient and when [Cl(-)](o) was substituted with glutamate or I(-), the reversal potential shifted to more positive or more negative values, respectively, confirming that STICs were mediated by Cl(-) channels. STICS were also blocked by cyclopiazonic acid, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) and 2-nitro-4-carboxyl-N,N diphenylcarbamate (NCDC), suggesting that they depended on IP(3)-mediated Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Modulation by the NO-cGMP pathway was investigated by applying nitrosocysteine, 3-(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1), and 8-bromo cGMP, all three of which abolished STIC activity. YC 1 also reduced noradrenaline-evoked inward currents, but had no effect on similar currents evoked by caffeine, suggesting that cGMP selectively inhibited IP(3) mediated Ca(2+) release. We propose that Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) currents underlie detumescent tone in the corpus cavernosum, and that modulation of this mechanism by the NO-cGMP pathway is important during penile erection. PMID- 14766940 TI - Charged residue changes in the carboxy-terminus of alpha-tropomyosin alter mouse cardiac muscle contractility. AB - Striated muscle tropomyosin (TM) is an essential thin filament protein that is sterically and allosterically involved in calcium-mediated cardiac contraction. We have previously shown that overexpressing the beta-TM isoform in mouse hearts leads to physiological changes in myocardial relaxation and Ca(2+) handling of myofilaments. Two important charge differences in beta-TM compared to alpha-TM are the exchange of serine and histidine at positions 229 and 276 with glutamic acid and asparagine, respectively, imparting a more negative charge to beta-TM relative to alpha-TM. Our hypothesis is that the net charge at specific sites on TM might be a major determinant of its role in modulating cardiac muscle performance and in regulating Ca(2+) sensitivity of the myofilaments. To address this, we generated transgenic (TG) double mutation mouse lines (alpha-TM DM) expressing mutated alpha-TM at the two residues that differ between alpha- and beta-TM (Ser229Glu + His276Asn). Molecular analyses show 60-88% of the native TM is replaced with alpha-TM DM in the different TG lines. Work-performing heart analyses show that alpha-TM DM mouse hearts exhibit decreased rates of pressure development and relaxation (+dP/dt and -dP/dt). Skinned myofibre preparations from the TG hearts indicate a decrease in calcium sensitivity of steady state force. Protein modelling studies show that these two charge alterations in alpha TM cause a change in the surface charges of the molecule. Our results provide the first evidence that charge changes at the carboxy-terminal of alpha-TM alter the functional characteristics of the heart at both the whole organ and myofilament levels. PMID- 14766941 TI - Regulation of rat mesencephalic GABAergic neurones through muscarinic receptors. AB - Central dopamine neurones are involved in regulating cognitive and motor processes. Most of these neurones are located in the ventral mesencephalon where they receive abundant intrinsic and extrinsic GABAergic input. Cholinergic neurones, originating from mesopontine nuclei, project profusely in the mesencephalon where they preferentially synapse onto local GABAergic neurones. The physiological role of this cholinergic innervation of GABAergic neurones remains to be determined, but these observations raise the hypothesis that ACh may regulate dopamine neurones indirectly through GABAergic interneurones. Using a mesencephalic primary culture model, we studied the impact of cholinergic agonists on mesencephalic GABAergic neurones. ACh increased the frequency of spontaneous IPSCs (151 +/- 49%). Selective activation of muscarinic receptors increased the firing rate of isolated GABAergic neurones by 67 +/- 13%. The enhancement in firing rate was Ca(2+) dependent since inclusion of BAPTA in the pipette blocked it, actually revealing a decrease in firing rate accompanied by membrane hyperpolarization. This inhibitory action was prevented by tertiapin, a blocker of GIRK-type K(+) channels. In addition to its excitatory somatodendritic effect, activation of muscarinic receptors also acted presynaptically, inhibiting the amplitude of unitary GABAergic synaptic currents. Both the enhancement in spontaneous IPSC frequency and presynaptic inhibition were abolished by 4-DAMP (100 nm), a preferential M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist. The presence of M3 like receptors on mesencephalic GABAergic neurones was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. Taken together, these results demonstrate that mesencephalic GABAergic neurones can be regulated directly through muscarinic receptors. Our findings provide new data that should be helpful in better understanding the influence of local GABAergic neurones during cholinergic activation of mesencephalic circuits. PMID- 14766944 TI - Tail arteries from chronically spinalized rats have potentiated responses to nerve stimulation in vitro. AB - Patients with severe spinal cord lesions that damage descending autonomic pathways generally have low resting arterial pressure but bladder or colon distension or unheeded injuries may elicit a life-threatening hypertensive episode. Such episodes (known as autonomic dysreflexia) are thought to result from the loss of descending baroreflex inhibition and/or plasticity within the spinal cord. However, it is not clear whether changes in the periphery contribute to the exaggerated reflex vasoconstriction. The effects of spinal transection at T7-8 on nerve- and agonist-evoked contractions of the rat tail artery were investigated in vitro. Isometric contractions of arterial segments were recorded and responses of arteries from spinalized animals ('spinalized arteries') and age matched and sham-operated controls were compared. Two and eight weeks after transection, nerve stimulation at 0.1-10 Hz produced contractions of greater force and duration in spinalized arteries. At both stages, the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists prazosin (10 nm) and idazoxan (0.1 microm) produced less blockade of nerve-evoked contraction in spinalized arteries. Two weeks after transection, spinalized arteries were supersensitive to the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine, and the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, but 8 weeks after transection, spinalized arteries were supersensitive only to clonidine. Contractions of spinalized arteries elicited by 60 mm K(+) were larger and decayed more slowly at both stages. These findings demonstrate that spinal transection markedly increases nerve-evoked contractions and this can, in part, be accounted for by increased reactivity of the vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor agents. This hyper-reactivity may contribute to the genesis of autonomic dysreflexia in patients. PMID- 14766942 TI - Leukocytes, cytokines, growth factors and hormones in human skeletal muscle and blood after uphill or downhill running. AB - Muscular adaptation to physical exercise has previously been described as a repair process following tissue damage. Recently, evidence has been published to question this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate inflammatory processes in human skeletal muscle and epimysium after acute physical exercise with large eccentric components. Three groups of subjects (n= 19) performed 45 min treadmill running at either 4 deg (n= 5) or 8 deg (n= 9) downhill or 4 deg uphill (n= 5) and one group served as control (n= 9). One biopsy was taken from each subject 48 h post exercise. Blood samples were taken up to 7 days post exercise. Compared to the control group, none of the markers of inflammation in muscle and epimysium samples was different in any exercised group. Only subjects in the Downhill groups experienced delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and increased serum creatine kinase activity (CK). The detected levels of immunohistochemical markers for T cells (CD3), granulocytes (CD11b), leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1beta (HIF-1beta) were greater in epimysium from exercised subjects with DOMS ratings >3 (0-10 scale) compared to exercised subjects without DOMS but not higher than controls. Eccentric physical exercise (downhill running) did not result in skeletal muscle inflammation 48 h post exercise, despite DOMS and increased CK. It is suggested that exercise can induce DOMS by activating inflammatory factors present in the epimysium before exercise. Repeated physical training may alter the content of inflammatory factors in the epimysium and thus reduce DOMS. PMID- 14766943 TI - The role of carbon monoxide in the gastrointestinal tract. AB - Carbon monoxide (CO) is a biologically active product of haem metabolism that contributes to the normal physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. In this article, we review recent data showing that CO is an integral regulator of gastrointestinal motility and an important factor in the response to gastrointestinal injury. CO is generated by haem oxygenase-2 (HO-2), which is constitutively expressed in many inhibitory neurones of the vertebrate enteric nervous system. The membrane potential gradients along and across the muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract require the generation of CO by haem oxygenase-2. The presence of CO is also necessary for normal inhibitory neurotransmission in circular smooth muscle and appears to permit nitric oxide mediated inhibitory neurotransmission. Genetic deletion of the haem oxygenase-2 gene in mice slows gut transit. The other major CO synthetic enzyme, haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is induced under conditions of stress or injury. Recent studies have demonstrated that up-regulation of haem oxygenase-1 protects the gut from several types of gastrointestinal injury, suggesting that CO or induction of HO-1 may find therapeutic use in gastrointestinal diseases and injuries. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the understanding of CO-mediated signalling in the gastrointestinal tract will inform studies in other tissues that express haem oxygenases. PMID- 14766945 TI - Academic pharmacologists: confronting new challenges in educational programs of graduate and health care professionals. AB - Pharmacologists belong to a special fraternity, one whose members love to study drugs, even though we may have highly individualized viewpoints about what aspect of drug action delights our intellectual curiosities. Still it is this passion to understand everything about a drug that drives our need to uncover the essence of a chemical's effect on living cells and tissues, and ultimately how it exerts its therapeutic benefits. In this sense, pharmacology is a discipline key to the health sciences in that it bridges basic and clinical endeavors, as well as between professional practices. PMID- 14766947 TI - Active transport of water by insect Malpighian tubules. PMID- 14766946 TI - Nitric oxide inhibits ATP release from erythrocytes. AB - Erythrocytes have been reported to release ATP from intracellular stores into the surrounding environment in response to decreased oxygen tension and mechanical deformation. This erythrocyte-derived ATP can then act on purinergic receptors present on vascular endothelial cells, resulting in the synthesis and bidirectional release of nitric oxide (NO). NO released abluminally produces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, thereby increasing vascular caliber, leading to a decrease in deformation-induced ATP release from erythrocytes. In contrast, NO released into the vascular lumen could interact directly with formed elements in the blood, including the erythrocyte. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that NO functions in a negative-feedback manner to inhibit ATP release from the erythrocyte. The NO donor N-(2-aminoethyl)- N-(2-hydroxy-2 nitrosohydrazino)-1,2-ethylenediamine (spermine NONOate) decreased total pulmonary resistance in a dose-dependent manner when administered to isolated perfused rabbit lungs. ATP release from rabbit erythrocytes in response to decreased oxygen tension or mechanical deformation was inhibited by preincubation with spermine NONOate (100 nM, 20 min). Importantly, incubating rabbit erythrocytes with spermine (100 nM, 20 min), the polyamine remaining after the liberation of NO from spermine NONOate, did not affect decreased oxygen tension induced ATP release. Mechanical deformation-induced ATP release was also inhibited when erythrocytes were preincubated with spermine NONOate. However, NO depleted spermine NONOate had no effect on mechanical deformation-induced ATP release from rabbit erythrocytes. These data provide support for the hypothesis that NO inhibits ATP release from erythrocytes, thereby identifying an additional role of NO in the regulation of vascular resistance. PMID- 14766948 TI - The substrate specificity of hormone-sensitive lipase from adipose tissue of the Antarctic fish Trematomus newnesi. AB - Antarctic fishes of the suborder Notothenioidei characteristically possess large stores of neutral lipids that have been shown to be important both in conferring buoyant lift and as a caloric resource for energy metabolism. Previous work has established that the aerobic energy metabolism of Antarctic fish is fueled predominantly by the catabolism of fatty acids, with the catabolic machinery displaying a preference for the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The composition of the fatty acids released from adipose tissue of Antarctic fish during lipolysis, however, has not previously been demonstrated. Employing a substrate competition assay, we have characterized the substrate specificity of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) from adipose tissue of the Antarctic fish Trematomus newnesi. Rates of oleic acid release from radiolabeled triolein were quantified in the presence and absence of a nonradiolabeled cosubstrate. Polyunsaturated species of triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing 18:2 or 20:4 depressed rates of oleate release by 70-75% below control values. Most of the molecular species of TAG containing monoenoic fatty acids (i.e. those containing 14:1, 16:1 or 20:1) had no significant effect on rates of oleate release. By contrast, oleate release from triolein was actually stimulated (by 2-4-fold) by both saturated species of TAG (i.e. those containing 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0) and those possessing long-chain (22:1 and 24:1) monoenes (by 1.2-1.5-fold). Thus, the rank order of substrate preference for adipose tissue HSL was: polyunsaturates > monoenes > saturates. Degree of fatty acid unsaturation had a more marked effect on rates of hydrolysis than did fatty acid chain length. In addition, the enzyme displayed a preference for the hydrolysis of sn-1,2 rather than sn-1,3 diacylglycerols. These data indicate that the substrate specificity of adipose tissue HSL may be an important factor in determining which fatty acids are mobilized during stimulated lipolysis and which are made available for catabolism by other tissues of Antarctic fishes. Our data further suggest that TAGs containing some saturated fatty acids may be sufficiently poor substrates for catabolism by HSL to explain their disproportionate accumulation in adipose tissue. Such a mechanism could also contribute to the ontogenetic accumulation of fats that has been reported as an underlying basis for the positive correlation of buoyancy with increasing body mass in this group. PMID- 14766949 TI - Seawater acclimation causes independent alterations in Na+/K+- and H+-ATPase activity in isolated mitochondria-rich cell subtypes of the rainbow trout gill. AB - Mitochondria-rich cells (MR cells) of the gills of rainbow trout undergo changes in relative distribution and biochemical function during acclimation to partial strength (10 per thousand ) and full-strength (30 per thousand ) seawater. In isolated total gill cells, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity increased fivefold and H(+) ATPase activity decreased fourfold when trout were acclimated to either 10 per thousand or 30 per thousand seawater. When total MR gill cells were separated based on differential binding to peanut lectin agglutinin (PNA), the PNA subtypes underwent a change in relative distribution in seawater-acclimated fish. In freshwater, the ratio of PNA(-):PNA(+) was 65:35 while in seawater the distribution changed to 20:80 PNA(-):PNA(+). Additionally, differential changes in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and H(+)-ATPase activity in each of the independent cell types occurred during seawater acclimation; Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity in the PNA(-) cells increased by 197% while in PNA(+) cells Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase decreased by 57%. However, H(+)-ATPase activity was decreased in both PNA(-) (84%) and PNA(+) (72%) subtypes during acclimation to seawater. PMID- 14766950 TI - Kinematics and hydrodynamics of swimming in the mayfly larva. AB - The kinematics and hydrodynamics of free-swimming mayfly larvae (Chloeon dipterum) were investigated with the aid of a simple wake visualisation technique (tracer dyes) and drag measurements on dead insects. The basic swimming movement consists of a high-amplitude dorso-ventral undulation and, during continuous swimming, this produces a wake of ring vortices shed alternately to the dorsal and ventral sides of the body. The ring vortices propagate laterally away from the body at an angle of approximately 80 degrees relative to dead aft of the swimming line. Thus, mayfly larvae, like damsel-fly larvae, resemble eels in producing a wake consisting of separate vortices that propagate laterally rather than the reverse von Karman vortex street characteristic of most caudal fin swimming fish. The thrust estimated from the momentum in the wake of swimming mayfly larvae was comparable with the drag measured on dead specimens. Possible sources of error in these estimates are discussed, but the conclusion is reached that even though only 14% of the total force generated by vortex production is directed forwards, it is still sufficient to account for the thrust required for steady locomotion. PMID- 14766951 TI - The early ontogeny of neuronal nitric oxide synthase systems in the zebrafish. AB - To examine a putative role for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in early vertebrate development we investigated nNOS mRNA expression and cGMP production during development of the zebrafish Danio rerio. The nNOS mRNA expression in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery showed a distinct spatio-temporal pattern in developing zebrafish embryo and young larvae. nNOS mRNA expression was first detected at 19 h postfertilisation (h.p.f.), in a bilateral subpopulation of the embryonic ventrorostral cell cluster in the forebrain. The number of nNOS mRNA-expressing cells in the brain slowly increased, also appearing in the ventrocaudal cell cluster from about 26 h.p.f., and in the dorsorostral and hindbrain cell cluster and in the medulla at 30 h.p.f. A major increase in nNOS mRNA expression started at about 40 h.p.f., and by 55 h.p.f. the expression constituted cell populations in differentiated central nuclei and in association with the proliferation zones of the brain, and in the medulla and retina. In parts of the skin, nNOS mRNA expression started at 20 h.p.f. and ended at 55 h.p.f. Between 40 and 55 h.p.f., nNOS mRNA expression started in peripheral organs, forming distinct populations after hatching within or in the vicinity of the presumptive swim bladder, enteric ganglia, and along the alimentary tract and nephritic ducts. Expression of nNOS mRNA correlated with the neuronal differentiation pattern and with the timing and degree of cGMP production. These studies indicate spatio-temporal actions by NO during embryogenesis in the formation of the central and peripheral nervous system, with possible involvement in processes such as neurogenesis, organogenesis and early physiology. PMID- 14766952 TI - Migratory orientation of first-year white storks (Ciconia ciconia): inherited information and social interactions. AB - We used satellite tracking to study the migratory orientation of juvenile white storks from the population in the Kaliningrad Region (Russia) during their first autumn migration. Two series of experiments were performed. In the first series of experiments, several groups of first-year storks were raised in an aviary, kept there until all free-living conspecifics had left the area and then released. These birds had to select their migratory route on the basis of the inherited directional information they possessed, without any chance of being guided by their experienced conspecifics. In the second series of experiments, several groups of juveniles were displaced from the Kaliningrad Region to the Volga area and to Western Siberia. Both areas lie outside the breeding range of the white stork so the displaced birds also had to rely on their innate migratory program. Results from the differently designed experiments did not match. Nor did they match with the results of earlier experiments on the delayed departure of juvenile white storks as reported by several authors. We suggest that naive white storks (and maybe other soaring migrants) rely on social interactions when selecting their autumn migratory route to a much greater extent than do passerine long-distance migrants. PMID- 14766953 TI - Cloacal evaporative cooling: a previously undescribed means of increasing evaporative water loss at higher temperatures in a desert ectotherm, the Gila monster Heloderma suspectum. AB - The Gila monster Heloderma suspectum is an active forager in an environment that, at times, can be extremely hot and arid. Thus, Gila monsters face extreme thermostatic and hydrostatic demands. For a desert ectotherm routinely risking dehydration, evaporative water loss (EWL) is typically viewed as detrimental. Yet evaporation simultaneously dehydrates and cools an animal. We explored EWL in Gila monsters by measuring cutaneous, ventilatory and cloacal EWL at five ambient temperatures between 20.5 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Our results show that Gila monsters have high EWL rates relative to body mass. Cutaneous EWL underwent a consistent, temperature-dependent increase over the entire range of test temperatures (Q(10)=1.61, with EWL ranging from 0.378 to 0.954 mg g(-1) h(-1)). Ventilatory EWL did not show a significant temperature-dependent response, but ranged from 0.304 to 0.663 mg g(-1) h(-1). Cloacal EWL was extremely low and relatively constant between 20.5 degrees C and 35 degrees C, but rose dramatically above 35 degrees C (Q(10) >8.3 x 10(7), from 0.0008 at 35 degrees C to 7.30 mg g(-1) h(-1) at 40 degrees C). This steep rise in cloacal EWL coincided with an increasing suppression of body temperature relative to ambient temperature. Dehydration to 80% of initial body mass led to a delay in the onset and an attenuation of the dramatic increase in cloacal EWL. These results emphasize the potential value of EWL for thermoregulation in ectotherms and demonstrate for the first time the role of the cloaca in this process. PMID- 14766954 TI - Response latencies to postural disturbances in three species of teleostean fishes. AB - Flow in aquatic systems is characterized by unsteadiness that creates destabilizing perturbations. Appropriate correction responses depend on response latency. The time between a disturbance induced by either removal of a flow refuge or striking various parts of the body with a narrow water jet was measured for three species, chosen as examples of modes in teleostean body/fin organization that are expected to affect stability. Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus is representative of fusiform-bodied soft-rayed teleosts, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu of fusiform-bodied spiny-rayed forms and bluegill Lepomis macrochirus of deep-bodied spiny-rayed forms. Observations were made at 23 degrees C. Loss of refuge resulted in a surge that fish corrected by starting to swim within 129+/-29 ms (mean +/- 2 S.E.M.) for chub, which was significantly shorter than minimal times of approximately 200 ms for bluegill and bass. Slips and heaves induced by water jets initially resulted in extension of the median and paired fins that would damp growth of the disturbance, but otherwise these disturbances were ignored. Yaws and pitches were more likely to cause fish to swim away from the stimulus, making corrections as they did so. There were no differences in latencies for slip, heave, yaw and pitch disturbances within each species, but latencies varied among species. For these disturbances, responses averaged 123+/-19 ms for chub, again significantly smaller than those of 201+/-24 ms for bass and 208+/-52 ms for bluegill. Values for the two centrarchids were not significantly different (P>0.08). The response latency for rolling disturbances did not differ among species but was significantly smaller than that for other disturbances, with an overall latency of 70+/-15 ms. The greater responsiveness to hydrostatic rolling instability is attributed to functions requiring an upright posture and differences among species in habitat preferences. PMID- 14766955 TI - Desiccation and rehydration elicit distinct heat shock protein transcript responses in flesh fly pupae. AB - Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a ubiquitous component of the cellular response to stress in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, but their role and function during desiccation stress in terrestrial arthropods has received limited attention. Molecular responses to rehydration are arguably as important as those to desiccation in maintaining cellular integrity and enzyme activity, but the role of Hsps during stress recovery is poorly understood and has never been addressed with respect to rehydration in insects. This study identifies distinct differences in the Hsp response to desiccation and rehydration in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis, as well as differences in the desiccation responses of diapausing and nondiapausing pupae. In nondiapausing pupae, the expression of two inducible Hsps (Hsp23 and Hsp70) is upregulated by desiccation, but the water loss threshold for Hsp expression changes at different rates of dehydration. Continued desiccation results in the prolonged expression of both Hsp23 and Hsp70, which may contribute to the delayed adult eclosion noted in samples desiccated for more than 3 days at <5% relative humidity/25 degrees C. In diapausing pupae, hsp23 and hsp70 transcripts are already highly expressed and are not further upregulated by desiccation stress. Both of the constitutive Hsps investigated, Hsp90 and Hsc70, were unresponsive to desiccation in both nondiapausing and diapausing pupae. However, both Hsp90 and Hsc70 were upregulated upon rehydration in nondiapausing and diapausing pupae. These results indicate distinct roles for the different Hsps during desiccation stress and rehydration/stress recovery. The response to desiccation recovery (rehydration) is similar to the Hsp response to cold recovery identified in S. crassipalpis: Hsp90 and Hsc70 are upregulated in both cases. PMID- 14766956 TI - The cost of foraging by a marine predator, the Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddellii: pricing by the stroke. AB - Foraging by mammals is a complex suite of behaviors that can entail high energetic costs associated with supporting basal metabolism, locomotion and the digestion of prey. To determine the contribution of these various costs in a free ranging marine mammal, we measured the post-dive oxygen consumption of adult Weddell seals (N=9) performing foraging and non-foraging dives from an isolated ice hole in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Dives were classified according to behavior as monitored by an attached video-data logging system (recording activity, time, depth, velocity and stroking). We found that recovery oxygen consumption showed a biphasic relationship with dive duration that corresponded to the onset of plasma lactate accumulation at approximately 23 min. Locomotor costs for diving Weddell seals increased linearly with the number of strokes taken according to the relationship: locomotor cost = -3.78+0.04 x stroke number (r(2)=0.74, N=90 dives), where locomotor cost is in ml O(2) kg(-1). Foraging dives in which seals ingested Pleuragramma antarcticum resulted in a 44.7% increase in recovery oxygen consumption compared to non-foraging dives, which we attributed to the digestion and warming of prey. The results show that the energy expended in digestion for a free-ranging marine mammal are additive to locomotor and basal costs. By accounting for each of these costs and monitoring stroking mechanics, it is possible to estimate the aerobic cost of diving in free-ranging seals where cryptic behavior and remote locations prevent direct energetic measurements. PMID- 14766957 TI - Muscle activation and strain during suction feeding in the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. AB - Activation and strain in the sternohyoideus (SH) were measured in vivo in five largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. The SH is thought to actuate lower jaw depression, hyoid depression and suspensorial abduction during suction feeding in teleost fish. Sonomicrometry was used to measure fascicle shortening and lower jaw kinematics, while activity was measured by electromyography (EMG). SH fascicles shortened by an average of 11% during suction feeding. In three fish SH fascicles consistently shortened during fast lower jaw depression, but in two individuals they contracted isometrically or lengthened slightly during fast lower jaw depression. The SH continued shortening after peak gape, presumably actuating hyoid depression and lateral expansion of the buccal cavity. Onset of SH relengthening and onset of lower jaw elevation were simultaneous, as were the return of the SH to resting length and gape closure. Activation followed the onset of shortening by an average of 23 ms, although the muscle was active an average of 15 ms before the onset of rapid shortening. SH fascicles reached sustained shortening velocities averaging -2.5 fascicle lengths per second, and generally increased shortening velocity after peak gape. The shortening velocities measured in this study suggest that the SH actively shortens to generate power during suction feeding. This study is the first direct measurement of in vivo muscle function during suction feeding, the most common mechanism of prey capture among aquatic vertebrates. PMID- 14766958 TI - Allometry of kinematics and energetics in carpenter bees (Xylocopa varipuncta) hovering in variable-density gases. AB - We assessed the energetic and aerodynamic limits of hovering flight in the carpenter bee Xylocopa varipuncta. Using normoxic, variable-density mixtures of O(2), N(2) and He, we were able to elicit maximal hovering performance and aerodynamic failure in the majority of bees sampled. Bees were not isometric regarding thorax mass and wing area, both of which were disproportionately lower in heavier individuals. The minimal gas density necessary for hovering (MGD) increased with body mass and decreased with relative thoracic muscle mass. Only the four bees in our sample with the highest body mass-specific thorax masses were able to hover in pure heliox. Wingbeat frequency and stroke amplitude during maximal hovering were significantly greater than in normodense hovering, increased significantly with body mass during normodense hovering but were mass independent during maximal hovering. Reserve capacity for wingbeat frequency and stroke amplitude decreased significantly with increasing body mass, although reserve capacity in stroke amplitude (10-30%) exceeded that of wingbeat frequency (0-8%). Stroke plane angle during normodense hovering was significantly greater than during maximal hovering, whereas body angle was significantly greater during maximal hovering than during normodense hovering. Power production during normodense hovering was significantly less than during maximal hovering. Metabolic rates were significantly greater during maximal hovering than during normodense hovering and were inversely related to body mass during maximal and normodense hovering. Metabolic reserve capacity averaged 34% and was independent of body mass. Muscle efficiencies were slightly higher during normodense hovering. The allometry of power production, power reserve capacity and muscle efficiency were dependent on the assumed coefficient of drag (C(D)), with significant allometries most often at lower values of C(D). Larger bees operate near the envelope of maximal performance even in normodense hovering due to smaller body mass-specific flight muscles and limited reserve capacities for kinematics and power production. PMID- 14766959 TI - All rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are not created equal: intra-specific variation in cardiac hypoxia tolerance. AB - All of our previous work, and that of other investigators, shows that the trout heart only partially recovers following brief exposure to severe hypoxia or anoxia (i.e. it is hypoxia-sensitive). However, in preliminary studies, we found evidence to suggest that rainbow trout reared at a farm in Oregon (USA) have a significant degree of inherent myocardial hypoxia tolerance. To evaluate whether hearts from these trout are indeed hypoxia-tolerant, and thus to determine whether intra-specific variation in rainbow trout myocardial hypoxia tolerance exists, we measured in situ cardiac function and monitored myoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (both indices of myocardial damage) in hearts that were exposed to varying durations (10-30 min) of severe hypoxia (P(O2) =5-10 mmHg). There was a strong positive relationship between the duration of severe hypoxia and the degree of post-hypoxic myocardial dysfunction. However, the resulting dysfunction was modest, with hearts exposed to 30 min of severe hypoxia recovering 77% of their initial maximum cardiac output. Furthermore, myoglobin was not detected in the perfusate, and ventricular LDH activity did not vary in response to the duration of severe hypoxia. These data (1) indicate that trout from this farm have extremely hypoxia-tolerant hearts; (2) suggest that considerable intra-specific variation exists in trout myocardial hypoxia tolerance; and (3) provide preliminary evidence that trout hearts are not irreversibly damaged, but are merely 'stunned', following brief periods (10-30 min) of severe hypoxia. PMID- 14766960 TI - Comparative water relations of four species of scorpions in Israel: evidence for phylogenetic differences. AB - In an attempt to determine the nature of possible interspecific differences in osmotic responses to dehydration, the following species of two scorpion families were examined: Scorpio maurus fuscus (Scorpionidae) and Buthotus judaicus (Buthidae) from the mesic Lower Galilee (mean annual precipitation approximately 525 mm); and Scorpio maurus palmatus (Scorpionidae) and Leiurus quinquestriatus (Buthidae) from the xeric Negev Desert (mean annual precipitation approximately 100 mm). When sampled in the laboratory following their capture, B. judaicus (548+/-38 mOsm l(-1); mean +/- S.D.) and L. quinquestriatus (571+/-39 mOsm l(-1)) had higher and less variable haemolymph osmolarities than the scorpionids occupying the same habitats (511+/-56 and 493+/-53 mOsm l(-1) for S. m. fuscus and S. m. palmatus, respectively). In response to 10% mass loss when desiccated at 30 degrees C, the haemolymph osmolarity of the two buthids increased by 5-9%, compared to ca. 23% in the two scorpionids. Buthids had lower water loss rates than scorpionids. The similar oxygen consumption rates, when converted to metabolic water production, imply a higher relative contribution of metabolic water to the overall water budget of buthids. This could explain why the osmoregulative capabilities exhibited by buthids are better than those of scorpionids. We conclude that the observed interspecific differences in water and solute budgets are primarily phylogenetically derived, rather than an adaptation of the scorpions to environmental conditions in their natural habitat. PMID- 14766961 TI - Stabilization and mobility of the head and trunk in wild monkeys during terrestrial and flat-surface walks and gallops. AB - This study investigated the patterns of rotational mobility (> or =20 degrees ) and stability (< or =20 degrees ) of the head and trunk in wild Indian monkeys during natural locomotion on the ground and on the flat-topped surfaces of walls. Adult hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) and bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) of either gender were cine filmed in lateral view. Whole-body horizontal linear displacement, head and trunk pitch displacement relative to space (earth horizontal), and vertical head displacement were measured from the cine films. Head-to-trunk pitch angle was calculated from the head-to-space and trunk-to space measurements. Locomotor velocities, cycle durations, angular segmental velocities, mean segmental positions and mean peak frequencies of vertical and angular head displacements were then calculated from the displacement data. Yaw rotations were observed qualitatively. During quadrupedal walks by both species, the head was free to rotate in the pitch and yaw planes on a stabilized trunk. By contrast, during quadrupedal gallops by both species, the trunk pitched on a stabilized head. During both gaits in both species, head and trunk pitch rotations were symmetrical about comparable mean positions in both gaits, with mean head position aligning the horizontal semicircular canals near earth horizontal. Head pitch direction countered head vertical displacement direction to varying degrees during walks and only intermittently during gallops, providing evidence that correctional head pitch rotations are not essential for gaze stabilization. Head-to-space pitch velocities were below 350 deg. s(-1), the threshold above which, at least among humans, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) becomes saturated. Mean peak frequencies of vertical translations and pitch rotations of the head ranged from 1 Hz to 2 Hz, a lower frequency range than that in which inertia is predicted to be the major stabilizer of the head in these species. Some variables, which were common to both walks and gallops in both species, are likely to reflect constraints in sensorimotor control. Other variables, which differed between the two gaits in both species, are likely to reflect kinematic differences, whereas variables that differed between the two species are attributed primarily to morphological and behavioural differences. It is concluded that either the head or the trunk can provide the nervous system with a reference frame for spatial orientation and that the segment providing that reference can change, depending upon the kinematic characteristics of the chosen gait. PMID- 14766962 TI - Identifiable neurons inhibited by Earth-strength magnetic stimuli in the mollusc Tritonia diomedea. AB - Diverse animals use the Earth's magnetic field as an orientation cue, but little is known about the sensory, processing and motor elements of the neural circuitry underlying magnetic orientation behavior. The marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea has both a magnetic compass sense and a simple nervous system accessible to electrophysiological analysis. Previous studies have revealed that four identifiable neurons, known as LPd5, RPd5, LPd6 and RPd6, respond with enhanced electrical activity to changes in Earth-strength magnetic fields. Here we report that two additional neurons, LPd7 and RPd7, are inhibited by magnetic stimuli. Cobalt fills of the Pd7 neurons indicated that two prominent neurites emerge from the soma and project to the periphery through the ipsilateral cerebral nerves CeN6 and CeN3; in some cases, a third neurite was visible in CeN2. The nerves extend to the anterior region of the animal where they innervate the lateral body walls, oral veil and mouth region. Action potentials in the Pd7 neurons propagate from the central ganglia toward the periphery. Thus, the Pd7 cells have characteristics of efferent neurons. The precise function of these cells during magnetic orientation behavior, however, remains to be determined. PMID- 14766963 TI - A 9,000-year record of Chagas' disease. AB - Tissue specimens from 283 principally spontaneously (naturally) desiccated human mummies from coastal and low valley sites in northern Chile and southern Peru were tested with a DNA probe directed at a kinetoplast DNA segment of Trypanosoma cruzi. The time interval spanned by the eleven major cultural groups represented in the sample ranged from approximately 9,000 years B.P. (7050 B.C.) to approximately the time of the Spanish conquest, approximately 450 B.P. ( approximately 1500 A.D.). Forty-one percent of the tissue extracts, amplified by the PCR reacted positively (i.e., hybridized) with the probe. Prevalence patterns demonstrated no statistically significant differences among the individual cultural groups, nor among subgroups compared on the basis of age, sex, or weight of specimen tested. These results suggest that the sylvatic (animal-infected) cycle of Chagas' disease was probably well established at the time that the earliest humans (members of the Chinchorro culture) first peopled this segment of the Andean coast and inadvertently joined the many other mammal species acting as hosts for this parasite. PMID- 14766964 TI - Estrogen alters hippocampal dendritic spine shape and enhances synaptic protein immunoreactivity and spatial memory in female mice. AB - Estrogen (E) treatment induces axospinous synapses in rat hippocampus in vivo and in cultured hippocampal neurons in vitro. To better explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we have established a mouse model for E action in the hippocampus by using Golgi impregnation to examine hippocampal dendritic spine morphology, radioimmunocytochemistry (RICC) and silver-enhanced immunocytochemistry to examine expression levels of synaptic protein markers, and hippocampal-dependent object-placement memory as a behavioral readout for the actions of E. In ovariectomized mice of several strains and F(1) hybrids, the total dendritic spine density on neurons in the CA1 region was not enhanced by E treatment, a finding that differs from that in the female rat. E treatment of ovariectomized C57BL/6J mice, however, caused an increase in the number of spines with mushroom shapes. By RICC and silver-enhanced immunocytochemistry, we found that the immunoreactivity of postsynaptic markers (PSD95 and spinophilin) and a presynaptic marker (syntaxin) were enhanced by E treatment throughout all fields of the dorsal hippocampus. In the object-placement tests, E treatment enhanced performance of object placement, a spatial episodic memory task. Taken together, the morphology and RICC results suggest a previously uncharacterized role of E in synaptic structural plasticity that may be interpreted as a facilitation of the spine-maturation process and may be associated with enhancement of hippocampal dependent memory. PMID- 14766965 TI - Identification of a human NF-kappaB-activating protein, TAB3. AB - The NF-kappaB pathway plays a critical role in regulating cellular processes such as immune responses, stress responses, apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation, whereas dysfunction of this pathway has been associated with numerous cancer and immune disorders. We have applied our Random Activation of Gene Expression technology to an NF-kappaB reporter cell line to facilitate the discovery of positive regulators of NF-kappaB activation. A small protein expression library, corresponding to approximately 0.1x genome coverage, was generated and screened for clones exhibiting constitutive activation of NF kappaB. After isolation of cellular clones displaying the relevant phenotypes, we identified two known components of the NF-kappaB pathway and a hypothetical gene that we have designated the human ortholog of Xenopus TAK1-binding protein 3 (TAB3). Overexpression of human TAB3 was found to activate both NF-kappaB and AP 1 transcription factors. Furthermore, the activation of NF-kappaB by TAB3 was blocked by the NF-kappaB inhibitor, SN50, and by expression of dominant-negative forms of tumor necrosis factor alpha-associated factor 6 and transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase. Taken together, these data demonstrate that TAB3 transforming growth factor is a constituent of the NF-kappaB pathway functioning upstream of tumor necrosis factor alpha-associated factor 6/transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase. Interestingly, increased expression of TAB3 was found in some cancer tissues, and its overexpression in NIH 3T3 cells resulted in cellular transformation, thus establishing a causative link between elevated TAB3 expression, constitutive NF-kappaB activation, and oncogenesis. PMID- 14766966 TI - Aberrant expansion of segmented filamentous bacteria in IgA-deficient gut. AB - The mechanism to maintain homeostasis of the gut microbiota remains largely unknown despite its critical role in the body defense. In the intestines of mice with deficiency of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), the absence of hypermutated IgA is partially compensated for by the presence of large amounts of unmutated IgM and normal expression levels of defensins and angiogenins. We show here a predominant and persistent expansion of segmented filamentous bacteria throughout the small intestine of AID(-/-) mice. Reconstitution of lamina propria IgA production in AID(-/-) mice recovered the normal composition of gut flora and abolished the local and systemic activation of the immune system. The results indicate that secretions of IgAs rather than innate defense peptides are critical to regulation of commensal bacterial flora and that the segmented filamentous bacteria antigens are strong stimuli of the mucosal immune system. PMID- 14766968 TI - DNA-dependent PK inhibits adeno-associated virus DNA integration. AB - Recent studies have shown that recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) can persist in episomal form; however, factors affecting rAAV persistence are poorly understood. DNA-dependent PK (DNA-PK) is a DNA repair enzyme, which we previously found played an important role in determining the molecular fate of the rAAV genome in mouse skeletal muscle. In the present study, we tested the effect of DNA-PK on AAV serotype 2 integration in vitro and in vivo in mouse liver. In an in vitro integration system, addition of DNA-PK decreased AAV integration, whereas antibody against DNA-PKcs increased integration. In vivo, matched doses of a recombinant AAV serotype 2 vector were injected into the portal vein of either C57BL/6 (DNA-PKcs(+/+)) or severe combined immunodeficient (DNA-PKcs(-/-)) mice. After partial hepatectomy to stimulate hepatocyte proliferation, retention of vector genomes and of transgene expression was substantially higher in severe combined immunodeficient mice, indicating that in the absence of DNA-PKcs, a greater proportion of genomes integrated into the cellular genome. In summary, we have provided evidence that DNA-PK inhibits AAV integration both in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 14766969 TI - Defective cardiovascular development and elevated cyclin E and Notch proteins in mice lacking the Fbw7 F-box protein. AB - The mammalian F-box protein Fbw7 and its Caenorhabditis elegans counterpart Sel 10 have been implicated in the ubiquitin-mediated turnover of cyclin E as well as the Notch/Lin-12 family of transcriptional activators. Both unregulated Notch and cyclin E promote tumorigenesis, and inactivating mutations in human Fbw7 suggest that it may be a tumor suppressor. To generate an in vivo system to assess the consequences of such unregulated signaling, we generated mice deficient for Fbw7. Fbw7-null mice die around 10.5 days post coitus because of a combination of deficiencies in hematopoietic and vascular development and heart chamber maturation. The absence of Fbw7 results in elevated levels of cyclin E, concurrent with inappropriate DNA replication in placental giant trophoblast cells. Moreover, the levels of both Notch 1 and Notch 4 intracellular domains were elevated, leading to stimulation of downstream transcriptional pathways involving Hes1, Herp1, and Herp2. These data suggest essential functions for Fbw7 in controlling cyclin E and Notch signaling pathways in the mouse. PMID- 14766970 TI - Molecular modulation of calcium oxalate crystallization by osteopontin and citrate. AB - Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), which plays a functional role in plant physiology, is a source of chronic human disease, forming the major inorganic component of kidney stones. Understanding molecular mechanisms of biological control over COM crystallization is central to development of effective stone disease therapies and can help define general strategies for synthesizing biologically inspired materials. To date, research on COM modification by proteins and small molecules has not resolved the molecular-scale control mechanisms. Moreover, because proteins directing COM inhibition have been identified and sequenced, they provide a basis for general physiochemical investigations of biomineralization. Here, we report molecular-scale views of COM modulation by two urinary constituents, the protein osteopontin and citrate, a common therapeutic agent. Combining force microscopy with molecular modeling, we show that each controls growth habit and kinetics by pinning step motion on different faces through specific interactions in which both size and structure determine the effectiveness. Moreover, the results suggest potential for additive effects of simultaneous action by both modifiers to inhibit the overall growth of the crystal and demonstrate the utility of combining molecular imaging and modeling tools for understanding events underlying aberrant crystallization in disease. PMID- 14766971 TI - Darwin's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms. AB - Angiosperms are among the major terrestrial radiations of life and a model group for studying patterns and processes of diversification. As a tool for future comparative studies, we compiled a supertree of angiosperm families from published phylogenetic studies. Sequence data from the plastid rbcL gene were used to estimate relative timing of branching events, calibrated by using robust fossil dates. The frequency of shifts in diversification rate is largely constant among time windows but with an apparent increase in diversification rates within the more recent time frames. Analyses of species numbers among families revealed that diversification rate is a labile attribute of lineages at all levels of the tree. An examination of the top 10 major shifts in diversification rates indicates they cannot easily be attributed to the action of a few key innovations but instead are consistent with a more complex process of diversification, reflecting the interactive effects of biological traits and the environment. PMID- 14766972 TI - Seasonal behavior in Drosophila melanogaster requires the photoreceptors, the circadian clock, and phospholipase C. AB - Drosophila melanogaster locomotor activity responds to different seasonal conditions by thermosensitive regulation of splicing of a 3' intron in the period mRNA transcript. Here we demonstrate that the control of locomotor patterns by this mechanism is primarily light-dependent at low temperatures. At warmer temperatures, when it is vitally important for the fly to avoid midday desiccation, more stringent regulation of splicing is observed, requiring the light input received through the visual system during the day and the circadian clock at night. During the course of this study, we observed that a mutation in the no-receptor-potential-A(P41) (norpA(P41)) gene, which encodes phospholipase C, generated an extremely high level of 3' splicing. This cannot be explained simply by the mutation's effect on the visual pathway and suggests that norpA(P41) is directly involved in thermosensitivity. PMID- 14766973 TI - Mapping subsets of scholarly information. AB - We illustrate the use of machine learning techniques to analyze, structure, maintain, and evolve a large online corpus of academic literature. An emerging field of research can be identified as part of an existing corpus, permitting the implementation of a more coherent community structure for its practitioners. PMID- 14766974 TI - Detection of multistability, bifurcations, and hysteresis in a large class of biological positive-feedback systems. AB - It is becoming increasingly clear that bistability (or, more generally, multistability) is an important recurring theme in cell signaling. Bistability may be of particular relevance to biological systems that switch between discrete states, generate oscillatory responses, or "remember" transitory stimuli. Standard mathematical methods allow the detection of bistability in some very simple feedback systems (systems with one or two proteins or genes that either activate each other or inhibit each other), but realistic depictions of signal transduction networks are invariably much more complex. Here, we show that for a class of feedback systems of arbitrary order the stability properties of the system can be deduced mathematically from how the system behaves when feedback is blocked. Provided that this open-loop, feedback-blocked system is monotone and possesses a sigmoidal characteristic, the system is guaranteed to be bistable for some range of feedback strengths. We present a simple graphical method for deducing the stability behavior and bifurcation diagrams for such systems and illustrate the method with two examples taken from recent experimental studies of bistable systems: a two-variable Cdc2/Wee1 system and a more complicated five variable mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. PMID- 14766975 TI - Physiological contribution of the astrocytic environment of neurons to intersynaptic crosstalk. AB - Interactions between separate synaptic inputs converging on the same target appear to contribute to the fine-tuning of information processing in the central nervous system. Intersynaptic crosstalk is made possible by transmitter spillover from the synaptic cleft and its diffusion over a distance to neighboring synapses. This is the case for glutamate, which inhibits gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission in several brain regions through the activation of presynaptic receptors. Such heterosynaptic modulation depends on factors that influence diffusion in the extracellular space (ECS). Because glial cells represent a physical barrier to diffusion and, in addition, are essential for glutamate uptake, we investigated the physiological contribution of the astrocytic environment of neurons to glutamate-mediated intersynaptic communication in the brain. Here we show that the reduced astrocytic coverage of magnocellular neurons occurring in the supraoptic nucleus of lactating rats facilitates diffusion in the ECS, as revealed by tortuosity and volume fraction measurements. Under these conditions, glutamate spillover, monitored through metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated depression of GABAergic transmission, is greatly enhanced. Conversely, impeding diffusion with dextran largely prevents crosstalk between glutamatergic and GABAergic afferent inputs. Astrocytes, therefore, by hindering diffusion in the ECS, regulate intersynaptic communication between neighboring synapses and, probably, overall volume transmission in the brain. PMID- 14766976 TI - Genetic diversity and virulence potential of environmental Vibrio cholerae population in a cholera-endemic area. AB - To understand the evolutionary events and possible selection mechanisms involved in the emergence of pathogenic Vibrio cholerae, we analyzed diverse strains of V. cholerae isolated from environmental waters in Bangladesh by direct enrichment in the intestines of adult rabbits and by conventional laboratory culture. Strains isolated by conventional culture were mostly (99.2%) negative for the major virulence gene clusters encoding toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) and cholera toxin (CT) and were nonpathogenic in animal models. In contrast, all strains selected in rabbits were competent for colonizing infant mice, and 56.8% of these strains carried genes encoding TCP alone or both TCP and CT. Ribotypes of toxigenic O1 and O139 strains from the environment were similar to pandemic strains, whereas ribotypes of non-O1 non-O139 strains and TCP(-) nontoxigenic O1 strains diverged widely from the seventh pandemic O1 and the O139 strains. Results of this study suggest that (i) the environmental V. cholerae population in a cholera-endemic area is highly heterogeneous, (ii) selection in the mammalian intestine can cause enrichment of environmental strains with virulence potential, (iii) pathogenicity of V. cholerae involves more virulence genes than currently appreciated, and (iv) most environmental V. cholerae strains are unlikely to attain a pandemic potential by acquisition of TCP and CT genes alone. Because most of the recorded cholera pandemics originated in the Ganges Delta region, this ecological setting presumably favors extensive genetic exchange among V. cholerae strains and thus promotes the rare, multiple-gene transfer events needed to assemble the critical combination of genes required for pandemic spread. PMID- 14766977 TI - The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa carries a secretable arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. AB - In mammals, lipoxygenases play key roles in inflammation by initiating the transformation of arachidonic acid into potent bioactive lipid mediators such as leukotrienes and lipoxins. In general, most bacteria are believed to lack lipoxygenases and their polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates. It is therefore of interest that an ORF (PA1169) with high homology to eukaryotic lipoxygenases was discovered by analysis of the whole-genome sequence of the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using TLC and liquid chromatography-UV tandem mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS-MS), we demonstrate that PA1169 encodes a bacterial lipoxygenase (LoxA) that converts arachidonic acid into 15 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). Although mammalian lipoxygenases are cytoplasmic enzymes, P. aeruginosa LoxA activity is secreted. Taken together, these results suggest a mechanism by which a pathogen-secreted lipoxygenase may modulate host defense and inflammation via alteration of the biosynthesis of local chemical mediators. PMID- 14766978 TI - The glyceryl ester of prostaglandin E2 mobilizes calcium and activates signal transduction in RAW264.7 cells. AB - Glyceryl prostaglandins (PG-Gs) are generated by the oxygenation of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonylglycerol, by cyclooxygenase 2. The biological consequences of this selective oxygenation are uncertain because the cellular activities of PG-Gs have yet to be defined. We report that the glyceryl ester of PGE(2), PGE(2)-G, triggers rapid, concentration-dependent Ca(2+) accumulation in a murine macrophage-like cell line, RAW264.7. Ca(2+) mobilization is not observed after addition of PGE(2), PGD(2)-G, or PGF(2alpha)-G but is observed after addition of PGF(2alpha). Moreover, PGE(2)-G, but not PGE(2), stimulates a rapid but transient increase in the levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) as well as the membrane association and activation of PKC. PGE(2)-G induces a concentration-dependent increase in the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 through a pathway that requires the activities of PKC, IP(3) receptor, and phospholipase C beta. The results indicate that PGE(2)-G triggers Ca(2+) mobilization, IP(3) synthesis, and activation of PKC in RAW264.7 macrophage cells at low concentrations. These responses are independent of the hydrolysis of PGE(2)-G to PGE(2). PMID- 14766979 TI - The role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in Ras signaling. AB - Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B has been implicated as a negative regulator of multiple signaling pathways downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases. Inhibition of this enzyme was initially thought to potentially lead to increased oncogenic signaling and tumorigenesis. Surprisingly, we show that platelet derived growth factor-stimulated extracellular-regulated kinase signaling in PTP1B-deficient cells is not significantly hyperactivated. Moreover, these cells exhibit decreased Ras activity and reduced proliferation by way of previously uncharacterized pathways. On immortalization, PTP1B-deficient fibroblasts display increased expression of Ras GTPase-activating protein (p120RasGAP). Furthermore, we demonstrate that p62Dok (downstream of tyrosine kinase) is a putative substrate of PTP1B and that tyrosine phosphorylation of p62Dok is indeed increased in PTP1B-deficient cells. Consistent with the decreased Ras activity in cells lacking PTP1B, introduction of constitutively activated Ras restored extracellular-regulated kinase signaling and their proliferative potential to those of WT cells. These results indicate that loss of PTP1B can lead to decreased Ras signaling, despite enhanced signaling of other pathways. This finding may in part explain the absence of increased tumor incidence in PTP1B deficient mice. Thus, PTP1B can positively regulate Ras activity by acting on pathways distal to those of receptor tyrosine kinases. PMID- 14766981 TI - Low acetylcholine during slow-wave sleep is critical for declarative memory consolidation. AB - The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is considered essential for proper functioning of the hippocampus-dependent declarative memory system, and it represents a major neuropharmacological target for the treatment of memory deficits, such as those in Alzheimer's disease. During slow-wave sleep (SWS), however, declarative memory consolidation is particularly strong, while acetylcholine levels in the hippocampus drop to a minimum. Observations in rats led to the hypothesis that the low cholinergic tone during SWS is necessary for the replay of new memories in the hippocampus and their long-term storage in neocortical networks. However, this low tone should not affect nondeclarative memory systems. In this study, increasing central nervous cholinergic activation during SWS-rich sleep by posttrial infusion of 0.75 mg of the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine completely blocked SWS-related consolidation of declarative memories for word pairs in human subjects. The treatment did not interfere with consolidation of a nondeclarative mirror tracing task. Also, physostigmine did not alter memory consolidation during waking, when the endogenous central nervous cholinergic tone is maximal. These findings are in line with predictions that a low cholinergic tone during SWS is essential for declarative memory consolidation. PMID- 14766982 TI - A revised view of sensory cortical parcellation. AB - Traditional cortical parcellation schemes have emphasized the presence of sharply defined visual, auditory, and somatosensory domains populated exclusively by modality-specific neurons (i.e., neurons responsive to sensory stimuli from a single sensory modality). However, the modality-exclusivity of this scheme has recently been challenged. Observations in a variety of species suggest that each of these domains is subject to influences from other senses. Using the cerebral cortex of the rat as a model, the present study systematically examined the capability of individual neurons in visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortex to be activated by stimuli from other senses. Within the major modality-specific domains, the incidence of inappropriate (i.e., nonmatching) and/or multisensory neurons was very low. However, at the borders between each of these domains a concentration of multisensory neurons was found whose modality profile matched the representations in neighboring cortices and that were able to integrate their cross-modal inputs to give rise to enhanced and/or depressed responses. The results of these studies are consistent with some features of both the traditional and challenging views of cortical organization, and they suggest a parcellation scheme in which modality-specific cortical domains are separated from one another by transitional multisensory zones. PMID- 14766983 TI - Chemical-genetic inhibition of a sensitized mutant myosin Vb demonstrates a role in peripheral-pericentriolar membrane traffic. AB - Selective, in situ inhibition of individual unconventional myosins is a powerful approach to determine their specific physiological functions. Here, we report the engineering of a myosin Vb mutant that still hydrolyzes ATP, yet is selectively sensitized to an N(6)-substituted ADP analog that inhibits its activity, causing it to remain tightly bound to actin. Inhibition of the sensitized mutant causes inhibition of accumulation of transferrin in the cytoplasm and increases levels of plasma-membrane transferrin receptor, suggesting that myosin Vb functions in traffic between peripheral and pericentrosomal compartments. PMID- 14766980 TI - Identification and analysis of plasticity-induced late-response genes. AB - The excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, activates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors to induce long-lasting synaptic changes through alterations in gene expression. It is believed that these long-lasting changes contribute to learning and memory, drug tolerance, and ischemic preconditioning. To identify NMDA induced late-response genes, we used a powerful gene-identification method, differential analysis of primary cDNA library expression (DAzLE), and cDNA microarray from primary cortical neurons. We report here that a variety of genes, which we have named plasticity-induced genes (PLINGs), are up-regulated with differential expression patterns after NMDA receptor activation, indicating that there is a broad and dynamic range of long-lasting neuronal responses that occur through NMDA receptor activation. Our results provide a molecular dissection of the activity-dependent long-lasting neuronal responses induced by NMDA receptor activation. PMID- 14766984 TI - Starch granule initiation is controlled by a heteromultimeric isoamylase in potato tubers. AB - Starch granule initiation is not understood, but recent evidence implicates a starch debranching enzyme, isoamylase, in the control of this process. Potato tubers contain isoamylase activity attributable to a heteromultimeric protein containing Stisa1 and Stisa2, the products of two of the three isoamylase genes of potato. To discover whether this enzyme is involved in starch granule initiation, activity was reduced by expression of antisense RNA for Stisa1 or Stisa2. Transgenic tubers accumulated a small amount of a soluble glucan, similar in structure to the phytoglycogen of cereal, Arabidopsis, and Chlamydomonas mutants lacking isoamylase. The major effect, however, was on the number of starch granules. Transgenic tubers accumulated large numbers of tiny granules not seen in normal tubers. These data indicate that the heteromultimeric isoamylase functions during starch synthesis to suppress the initiation of glucan molecules in the plastid stroma that would otherwise crystallize to nucleate new starch granules. PMID- 14766985 TI - Computational design of water-soluble analogues of the potassium channel KcsA. AB - Although the interiors of membrane and water-soluble proteins are similar in their physicochemical properties, membrane proteins differ in having larger fractions of hydrophobic residues on their exteriors. Thus, it should be possible to water-solubilize membrane proteins by mutating their lipid-contacting side chains to more polar groups. Here, a computational approach was used to generate water-soluble variants of the potassium channel KcsA. As a probe of the correctness of the fold, the proteins contain an agitoxin2 binding site from a mammalian homologue of the channel. The resulting proteins express in high yield in Escherichia coli and share the intended functional and structural properties with KcsA, including secondary structure, tetrameric quaternary structure, and tight specific binding to both agitoxin2 and a small molecule channel blocker. PMID- 14766989 TI - The elements of draping. AB - We consider the gravity-induced draping of a 3D object with a naturally flat, isotropic elastic sheet. As the size of the sheet increases, we observe the appearance of new folded structures of increasing complexity that arise because of the competition between elasticity and gravity. We analyze some of the simpler 3D structures by determining their shape and analyzing their response and stability and show that these structures can easily switch between a number of metastable configurations. For more complex draperies, we derive scaling laws for the appearance and disappearance of new length scales. Our results are consistent with commonplace observations of drapes and complement large-scale computations of draping by providing benchmarks. They also yield a qualitative guide to fashion design and virtual reality animation. PMID- 14766987 TI - Astrocyte-mediated activation of neuronal kainate receptors. AB - Exogenous kainate receptor agonists have been shown to modulate inhibitory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, but the pathways involved in physiological activation of the receptors remain largely unknown. Accumulating evidence indicates that astrocytes can release glutamate in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner and signal to neighboring neurons. We tested the hypothesis that astrocyte derived glutamate activates kainate receptors on hippocampal interneurons. We report here that elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) in astrocytes, induced by uncaging Ca(2+), o-nitrophenyl-EGTA, increased action potential-driven spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in nearby interneurons in rat hippocampal slices. This effect was blocked by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4 isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate glutamate receptor antagonists, but not by selective AMPA receptor or N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. This pharmacological profile indicates that kainate receptors were activated during Ca(2+) elevation in astrocytes. Kainate receptors containing the GluR5 subunit seemed to mediate the observed effect because a selective GluR5-containing kainate receptor antagonist blocked the changes in sIPSCs induced by Ca(2+) uncaging, and bath application of a selective GluR5-containing receptor agonist robustly potentiated sIPSCs. When tetrodotoxin was included to block action potentials, Ca(2+) uncaging induced a small decrease in the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents, which was not affected by AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists. Our data suggest that an astrocyte-derived, nonsynaptic source of glutamate represents a signaling pathway that can activate neuronal kainate receptors. By modulating the activity of interneurons, astrocytes may play a critical role in circuit function of hippocampus. PMID- 14766990 TI - Association of rat8 with Fyn protein kinase via lipid rafts is required for rat mammary cell differentiation in vitro. AB - We previously identified rat8 in the pathway involved in epithelial cell differentiation that occurs in the rat mammary gland at pregnancy when tubules and alveoli are formed. rat8, which encodes an IFN-inducible membrane protein, is the rat homologue of the mouse gene fragilis. By differential detergent extraction and isopycnic sucrose density gradients, we show that rat8 protein is associated to lipid membrane domains together with Lyn and Fyn, members of the Src tyrosine kinase family. We also show that recruitment of rat8 to lipid membrane domains is a necessary step in mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Immunoprecipitation analysis, performed with an anti-Fyn protein antibody, shows that rat8 was present in the Fyn immunoprecipitate. Antisense oligonucleotides, used to inhibit Fyn protein expression, block mammary cell differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that the functional interaction, via lipid membrane domains, of rat8 and Fyn proteins is required for mammary cell differentiation. Therefore, rat8, like fragilis, may be involved in developmental decisions and the demarcation of a subset of cells in the mammary gland that cause epithelial cells to develop into a network of tubuloalveolar structures involved in secretion. PMID- 14766992 TI - Anemia and reversible reticulocytopenia associated with extended quinupristin/dalfopristin. PMID- 14766991 TI - Chronic restraint stress up-regulates GLT-1 mRNA and protein expression in the rat hippocampus: reversal by tianeptine. AB - Excitatory amino acids play a key role in stress-induced remodeling of dendrites in the hippocampus as well as in suppression of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. The regulation of extracellular glutamate levels has been suggested as a potential mechanism through which repeated stress causes dendritic remodeling of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Accordingly, the current study examined the distribution and regulation of the glia glutamate transporter GLT-1 and the recently identified GLT isoform, GLT-1b, in the hippocampus of rats subjected to chronic restraint stress (CRS). We also examined the ability of the antidepressant tianeptine, which blocks CRS-induced dendritic remodeling, to modulate CRS mediated changes in GLT-1 and GLT-1b expression. CRS increased GLT-1 mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus and CA3 region of Ammon's horn, increases that were inhibited by tianeptine. CRS more selectively increased GLT-1 protein levels in the subregion where dendritic remodeling is most prominent, namely the CA3 region, increases that were also inhibited by tianeptine administration. In contrast, GLT-1b mRNA expression was not modulated in the hippocampus in any of these groups, but CRS increased GLT-1b protein levels in all hippocampal subfields examined, increases that were unaffected by tianeptine treatment. These results point to the importance of understanding the mechanism for the differential and subregional regulation of GLT-1 isoforms in neuronal and glial compartments in the hippocampus as a basis for understanding the effects of chronic stress on structural plasticity as well as the neuroprotective properties of agents such as tianeptine. PMID- 14766993 TI - Possible warfarin failure due to interaction with smokeless tobacco. AB - OBJECTIVE: To report a case of possible interaction of smokeless tobacco with warfarin in a patient treated after several thromboembolic events. CASE SUMMARY: A white man with a long history of smokeless tobacco use was unsuccessfully treated with warfarin up to 25-30 mg/day. International normalized ratio (INR) values never stabilized >2.0 over 4.5 years of therapy. This patient had experienced 3 myocardial infarctions (MIs) and 2 ischemic strokes between the ages of 29 and 31 years and experienced another MI at age 33 years. This was followed by several episodes of transient ischemic attacks at age 34 years. During the final year of warfarin treatment, tobacco use was terminated, followed by an increase in INR values from 1.1 to 2.3 within one week. Warfarin therapy was discontinued and smokeless tobacco use was reinstated and tapered slowly to discontinuation. Following warfarin discontinuation, ticlopidine therapy was initiated. Subsequently, this patient was placed on long-term clopidogrel therapy. Mechanisms responsible for this interaction have not been established, but would most likely involve an increased dietary source of vitamin K from tobacco. DISCUSSION: Tobacco contains high levels of vitamin K, and its use may have contributed directly to the failure of warfarin therapy to achieve therapeutic INR levels in this patient. An objective causality scale indicates a probable association between this combination and the adverse effects. Smokeless tobacco use should be charted in patients undergoing warfarin therapy, and patients who desire to stop tobacco use should be aided in this process. CONCLUSIONS: Possible health effects of smokeless tobacco may include potential drug interactions. These interactions may be based on pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic parameters involving any of the many pharmacologically active substituents of tobacco. Proposed mechanisms of drug interaction may include increased vitamin K levels in the diet. PMID- 14766994 TI - Early experiences and clinical implications of drug-eluting stents: part 1. AB - OBJECTIVE: To review the pathogenesis of in-stent restenosis and the evolution of drug-eluting stents (DES). DATA SOURCES: Using the search terms sirolimus, paclitaxel, and drug-eluting stents, a literature review was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles and abstracts in MEDLINE (1966-June 2003). Recent meeting abstracts were accessed through the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Web sites. Citations from available articles were also reviewed for additional references. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Published reviews and studies showing the effects of in-stent restenosis and drug coated and -eluting stents were evaluated and reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Coronary stent implantation is a common form of percutaneous coronary interventions. Approximately 20-30% of patients undergoing stent placement develop restenosis 6 months after the procedure. The primary cause of in-stent restenosis is neointimal proliferation and subsequent accumulation of extracellular matrix, collagen, and macrophages. Eluting stents with an antimitotic agent may reduce the extent of restenosis. Research is ongoing in terms of finding the ideal combination of antimitotic agent, stent, and eluting medium to create the perfect stent. CONCLUSIONS: Research over the last decade has led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of in-stent restenosis and ways to prevent restenosis. DES are being developed as one of the strategies to prevent restenosis. PMID- 14766995 TI - Inert medication ingredients causing nonadherence due to religious beliefs. AB - OBJECTIVE: To report 4 cases of medication nonadherence due to presence of inert ingredients forbidden by the patients' religion. CASE SUMMARIES: We describe 4 cases in which religious concerns about prescribed medications' inert components led to discontinuation of these medications. These inert components are gelatin and stearic acid, which might be derived from pork or beef products. In these 4 cases, patients of Muslim, Orthodox Christian, and Seventh Day Adventist faiths, who consider it against their religion to consume pork products, stopped their medications on discovering this possibility. This led to relapse of their illnesses. DISCUSSION: These cases demonstrate that, for some patients, inert medication components that are forbidden by their religion may lead to discontinuation of medications. This could lead to relapse of symptoms and might even lead to hospitalization. Therefore, it is important for prescribers to inform patients of this possibility when treating patients whose religious background might conflict with these inert medication components. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with religion prohibitions against consumption of pork and/or beef products might stop their medications when prescribed those with pork- and beef derived gelatin and/or stearic acid. Prescribers should discuss this possibility with their patients, perhaps as part of informed consent. PMID- 14766996 TI - Clinical activities of an academic pediatric pharmacy team. AB - BACKGROUND: Pharmacy school faculty, residents, and students have been shown to positively impact patient care in multiple settings. However, their potential role in the care of pediatric patients has not been described. OBJECTIVE: To document the contribution of pharmacy school faculty, residents, and students to the optimization of medical care for pediatric patients. METHODS: All clinical interventions performed by faculty, residents, and students for pediatric patients seen from January through December 2002 were recorded and analyzed. The interventions were concurrently recorded using a handheld and desktop computer based documentation system, the Pharmacist's Electronic Database for Interventions, developed by the pediatric practice team. Practice sites included general pediatrics, pediatric intensive care, neonatal intensive care, and ambulatory clinics. RESULTS: Four faculty members, 5 residents, and 44 students collected intervention data. A total of 4605 interventions were performed for 3978 patients. The most common interventions performed were drug therapy change, pharmacokinetic monitoring, drug information, and medication histories/patient education. Drug added and drug deleted were the most frequent interventions performed in the drug therapy change category. The most common indications for which interventions were made were infectious (39.6%) and respiratory (23.3%) diseases. A total of 223 adverse drug events or medication errors were prevented or detected during the study period. Errors in dosing (overdose or underdose) were the most commonly encountered adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacy school faculty, residents, and students perform numerous clinical activities that play a significant role in the multidisciplinary care of pediatric patients. PMID- 14766997 TI - Nutropin or neupogen? A medication error resulting in leukocytosis. PMID- 14766998 TI - Acute renal failure and hepatotoxicity associated with roxithromycin. PMID- 14766999 TI - Bleeding and thrombosis in high-risk renal transplantation candidates using heparin. AB - BACKGROUND: Heparin can reduce the risk of renal artery/vein thrombosis in renal transplant patients with hypercoagulable states (HCS), but is associated with a high bleeding risk. Little is known about risk factors for this bleeding risk or the optimal anticoagulation target. OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with this bleeding risk and determine the optimal partial thromboplastin time (PTT) ratio. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of consecutive adult renal transplant recipients administered heparin for perioperative renal thrombosis prevention (1998-2002). RESULTS: Twenty-eight (3.86%) of 725 consecutive renal transplant recipients received heparin to prevent renal thrombosis. Eighteen patients (64.3%) had clinically important bleeding (14 major bleeding). Patients with and without bleeding were similar in baseline demographic characteristics and overall mean PTT. Bleeding occurred at a mean PTT ratio of 2.5 +/- 1, higher than the overall mean in bleeders and nonbleeders (p = 0.001). Among postoperative characteristics, higher maximum PTT (p = 0.052) and prolonged surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (p = 0.053), particularly with cefotetan (p = 0.091), trended toward a significant association with bleeding. Two renal thrombotic episodes occurred, both at PTT ratios <1.5. A PTT ratio of 1.5-1.9 resulted in no thrombosis and < or = 4.2% bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: The benefits and risks of therapeutic heparin anticoagulation in renal transplant patients with HCSs were confirmed. Higher PTTs and cefotetan antibiotic surgical prophylaxis could contribute to bleeding. The optimal PTT ratio appeared to be 1.5-1.9 to prevent thrombosis and limit bleeding risk. PMID- 14767000 TI - Hepcidin: a molecular link between inflammation and anaemia. PMID- 14767001 TI - New European guidelines for management of hypertension: what is relevant for the nephrologist. PMID- 14767002 TI - Statins to prevent cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. The ASCOT-LLA study. PMID- 14767003 TI - Diabetogenic effect of antihypertensive treatment: primum nil nocere. PMID- 14767004 TI - Disturbances of bone and mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease: an international initiative to improve diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14767005 TI - From curing to caring: one character change makes a world of difference. Issues related to withholding/withdrawing renal replacement therapy (RRT) from patients with important co-morbidities. PMID- 14767006 TI - Paid transplants in India: the grim reality. PMID- 14767007 TI - Relaxin down-regulates renal fibroblast function and promotes matrix remodelling in vitro. AB - BACKGROUND: Renal fibroblasts are important effector cells in tubulointerstitial fibrosis, with experimental antifibrotic strategies focusing on the functional down-regulation of these cells. Several experimental models of fibrosis have provided evidence for the effectiveness of the polypeptide hormone relaxin as a potential antifibrotic agent. This study was conducted to further elucidate the antifibrotic mechanisms of relaxin on renal fibroblasts in vitro. METHODS: Rat cortical fibroblasts were obtained from outgrowth culture of renal tissue isolated from kidneys 3 days post-unilateral ureteric obstruction and constituted 100% of cells studied. A relaxin radio-receptor assay was used to establish binding of relaxin to renal fibroblasts in vitro. Functional studies then examined the effects of H2 relaxin (0, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml) on fibroblast kinetics, expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), total collagen synthesis, collagenase production and collagen-I lattice contraction. CTGF mRNA expression was also measured by northern analysis. RESULTS: H2 relaxin bound with high affinity to rat renal fibroblasts, but receptor numbers were low. Consistent with its previously reported bimodal effect, transforming growth factor (TGF-beta 1) reduced fibroblast proliferation, an effect abrogated by H2 relaxin. Fibroblasts exposed to H2 relaxin (100 ng/ml) for 24 h demonstrated decreased immunostaining for alpha-SMA and reduced alpha-SMA protein expression compared with controls. There was a trend for a relaxin-mediated reduction in total collagen synthesis and alpha 1(I) mRNA expression with large dose-related increases in collagenase protein expression being observed. TGF-beta 1-stimulated collagen-I lattice contraction was significantly inhibited following co incubation with 100 ng/ml relaxin. Incremental doses of H2 relaxin had no significant effect on CTGF mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the antifibrotic effects of relaxin involve down-regulation of fibroblast activity, increase in collagenase synthesis and restructuring of collagen-I lattices, which are consistent with its known physiological role of matrix remodelling. Although there appears to be an interaction between TGF-beta 1 and H2 relaxin, this does not appear to involve a reduction in CTGF mRNA expression. PMID- 14767008 TI - In vitro treatment of dendritic cells with tacrolimus: impaired T-cell activation and IP-10 expression. AB - BACKGROUND: High doses (10(-6)-10(-8) M) of tacrolimus (FK506) were reported to induce a type-2 T-helper cell (Th2)-promoting function in developing dendritic cells (DC). We used a therapeutic dose (2.4 x 10(-9 )M) of tacrolimus to investigate its effect on human monocyte-derived DC. METHODS: Using untreated and treated immature and mature DC we compared T cell-activating capacity, surface marker expression, T cell and DC cytokine profile and transcription of genes coding for a panel of DC function-related molecules. RESULTS: Tacrolimus-treated mature DC had reduced T-cell stimulatory capacity. Although interleukin (IL)-12 production of DC was impaired, they did not promote Th2 development as T cells activated by tacrolimus-treated DC produced less interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10. The up-regulation of the T-cell activation marker CD69 and the production of IL-2 were impaired. In addition, tacrolimus-treated DC produced less IP-10 (CXCL10), which is known to be involved in allograft rejection. Other molecules related to DC function remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Tacrolimus treatment reduces the ability of DC to stimulate T cells and the impaired production of DC derived IP-10 (CXCL10) and IL-12 might play a role in the immunosuppressive action of tacrolimus. PMID- 14767009 TI - Labile iron in parenteral iron formulations: a quantitative and comparative study. AB - BACKGROUND: Evidence of iron-mediated oxidative stress, neutrophil dysfunction and enhanced bacterial growth after intravenous (IV) iron administration has been ascribed to a labile or bioactive iron fraction present in all IV iron agents. METHODS: To quantify and compare the size of the labile fraction in several classes of IV iron agents, we examined iron donation to transferrin (Tf) in vitro. We added dilutions of ferric gluconate, iron sucrose and each of two iron dextran preparations to serum in vitro, passed the resulting samples through alumina columns to remove iron agent and free organic iron, and measured Tf-bound iron in the resulting eluates. Comparing results to serum samples without added iron, we calculated delta Tf-bound iron for each agent at each concentration. Finally, we compared delta Tf-bound iron to the concentration of added agent and calculated the percent iron donation to Tf. RESULTS: We found that Tf-bound iron increased with added iron concentration for each agent: delta Tf-bound iron was directly related to the concentration and type of iron agent (P<0.001). Mean percent iron donation to Tf ranged from 2.5 to 5.8% with the following progression: iron dextran-Dexferrum or = 5 years (Kaplan-Meier and Cox multivariate analysis). The control group consisted of DNA from 171 organ donors. RESULTS: We found no relationship between single or combined variations of the four gene polymorphisms and development of MGN. Among single gene variations, there were no independent genetic risk factors for the progression of renal disease, after adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, proteinuria, s-Cr, chronicity and activity index. However, double variation coincidences such as the combination of the allele a of ecNOS4b/a and both the allele D of ACE I/D (chi(2) =4.80, P = 0.028; HR = 1.97, 95% CI 0.98-3.96) and the allele T of AGT (M235T) (chi(2) = 5.09, P = 0.024; HR = 2.84, 95% CI 1.39-5.82) exerted an additional effect that was higher than that of the single gene variations. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to demonstrate a role for an interaction between simultaneous variations of genes encoding for NOS and components of RAS in the progression of MGN. Interactions between various polymorphisms may explain conflicting results obtained in previous studies that examined single gene variations, since the effect of a single locus variation may be influenced by the simultaneous presence of other variant alleles in polygenic diseases such as primary GN. However, the small sample sizes and possible multiple interactions limited the interpretation of the current findings, which may represent true biological interaction or simply statistical interactions or spurious results due to the small sample sizes. PMID- 14767014 TI - No association of the -2518 MCP-1 A/G promoter polymorphism with incidence and clinical course of IgA nephropathy. AB - BACKGROUND: The clinical course of IgA nephropathy is highly variable, ranging from complete remission to progression with end-stage renal disease. Although the mechanisms involved in disease progression are not characterized in detail, loss of renal function is positively correlated with mononuclear cell infiltration. In general, chemokines play an important role in the directional recruitment of inflammatory cells. Recently, a polymorphism in the distal 5' regulatory region of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which affects gene expression, has been described (A/G at position -2518). The aim of our study was to evaluate a possible association of this polymorphism with disease progression in patients with IgA nephropathy, as well as susceptibility to this form of glomerulonephritis. METHODS: Blood samples from 207 patients with biopsy proven IgA nephropathy and 140 ethnically, age and sex-matched healthy controls were collected and genomic DNA was extracted. MCP-1 -2518 genotype was assessed by PCR, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Genotype distribution between the two groups was compared by chi(2) test. Cumulative renal survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier plot and log-rank analysis. RESULTS: 111 (53.6%) patients had the MCP-1 -2518 wild-type A/A, 83 (40.1%) were heterozygous for the G allele and 13 (6.3%) patients showed homozygosity. The allelic distribution was not significantly different in the control group of 140 healthy blood donors (P = 0.71). Renal survival analysis of patients did not reveal statistically significant differences in cumulative survival (P = 0.32), median survival time and 5 year survival rate between the wild-type group and carriers of the G allele. Furthermore, the number of infiltrating CD68-positive monocytes/macrophages into the kidneys of patients with IgA nephropathy was not statistically different between the groups. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that no association exists between the -2518 A/G polymorphism and susceptibility to IgA nephropathy or its clinical course. PMID- 14767015 TI - Galectin-3-positive cell infiltration in human diabetic nephropathy. AB - BACKGROUND: Galectin-3 has several functions, such as cell proliferation, regulation of apoptosis and interaction of cell adhesion, and has a high binding affinity for advanced glycation end products. In animal models with diabetic nephropathy (DMN) or acute renal failure, galectin-3 is known to be upregulated. However, galectin-3 expression has not been investigated in human kidney diseases. METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry we examined galectin-3 expression in renal biopsy specimens obtained from 37 patients with nephropathy: DMN (n = 9), IgA nephropathy (n = 9), crescentic glomerulonephritis (n = 8), membranous nephropathy (n = 6) and minimal change nephrotic syndrome (n = 5). RESULTS: In normal human kidney, galectin-3 was found in distal tubuli, but not in glomeruli. However, galectin-3-positive cell infiltration was observed in glomeruli of 12 patients. Galectin-3-positive cells, also stained with CD68, were significantly more numerous in glomeruli of DMN than in glomeruli of other nephropathies. The ratio of galectin-3-positive cells to the total number of macrophages in tubules was also significantly increased in DMN. There was a significant correlation between the number of galectin-3-positive cells in glomeruli and urinary protein excretion in all patients (r = 0.616, P<0.001). In diabetic patients, the number of galectin-3-positive cells in glomeruli closely correlated with the regression rate of renal function (r = -0.930, P<0.005). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that galectin-3-positive cell infiltration may play an important role in the progression of DMN, and the degree of its expression may be predictive of poor prognosis of DMN. PMID- 14767016 TI - Bladder function impairment in aquaporin-2 defective nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. AB - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the urological complications associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) due to a mutation in aquaporin-2 (AQP2), a collecting-duct protein activated by ADH signalling. METHODS: We provide a case series description of a group of seven patients with autosomal recessive NDI due to AQP2 gene mutation, receiving routine medical management since diagnosis in the first months of life. RESULTS: Mean urine osmolarity at diagnosis and last follow-up was 89+/-25 and 83+/-18 mosm/l, respectively. Hydroureteronephrosis was observed in all children, beginning at age 3 years. Two children have daytime enuresis at ages 7 and 10 years and all children older than 6 years continue to have nocturnal enuresis. Markedly enlarged bladders were observed as early as age 4 years in all patients. Trabeculated bladder walls were found in three children. Urodynamic studies performed in two daytime incontinent children revealed a hypotonic-large-capacity type of neurogenic bladder. No impairment in kidney function is currently observed. CONCLUSIONS: The severe renal concentrating defect in this type of NDI is associated with the development of hydroureteronephrosis followed by bladder enlargement and dysfunction. Careful follow-up is needed in order to assure that no bladder outlet obstruction and/or renal insufficiency develop. PMID- 14767017 TI - Monocyte adhesion molecule expression in interstitial inflammation in patients with renal failure. AB - BACKGROUND: Patients with renal failure have an increased susceptibility to infections. We therefore studied the recruitment of monocytes and their expression of adhesion molecules CD11b and CD62L at the site of interstitial inflammation in patients with renal failure. Furthermore, we studied if the capacity of monocytes to up-regulate CD11b in interstitial inflammation was determined by the interstitial concentration of chemotactic factors. METHODS: Three intensities of interstitial inflammation (0, intermediate and intense) were established in skin blister chambers. Leukocyte count, CD11b/CD62L expression, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and blister activity in terms of CD11b mobilization were determined. RESULTS: The CD62L expression on monocytes was lower in the peripheral circulation in patients with renal failure compared with healthy subjects (P<0.005 and P<0.001). At the site of interstitial inflammation patients had a higher expression of CD62L (intermediate, P<0.05; intense, P<0.005). Furthermore, monocytes from patients had an impaired capacity to mobilize CD11b both in the peripheral circulation (P<0.005) and at the intermediate and intense sites of interstitial inflammation (P<0.005 and P<0.001, respectively) compared with cells collected from healthy subjects. We incubated monocytes in blister exudates, in order to explore whether this phenomenon is caused by cellular factors and/or to the interstitial concentration of chemotactic mediators. The expression of CD11b on monocytes from healthy blood donors incubated in blister exudates from either patients or healthy subjects in vitro was similar. The interstitial concentration of MCP-1 at the site of intermediate inflammation was significantly lower in patients with renal failure compared with the corresponding blister exudate collected from healthy subjects (P<0.05), but no differences were observed at the site of intense inflammation. Furthermore, neutralizing the action of MCP-1 in blister exudates with monoclonal antibodies did not have any impact on monocyte CD11b expression following incubation in blister exudates. CONCLUSION: These studies indicate that the impaired capacity of monocytes to mobilize CD11b at the site of inflammation in patients with renal failure is more dependent on constitutive cellular factors than the concentration of CD11b mobilizing factors in the interstitium. PMID- 14767018 TI - Effects of continuous venovenous haemofiltration-induced cooling on global haemodynamics, splanchnic oxygen and energy balance in critically ill patients. AB - BACKGROUND: A number of haemodialysis studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of cooler dialysates on global haemodynamics in chronic dialysis patients. However, the effects of continuous venovenous haemofiltration (CVVH) induced cooling on regional perfusion and energy metabolism in critically ill septic patients have not been well defined. METHODS: Nine septic mechanically ventilated patients (age 40-69 years) were investigated during CVVH (ultrafiltration 30-35 ml/kg/h). Baseline data (=WARM 1) were collected when core temperature (Tc) was >37.5 degrees C; the second data set (=COLD) was obtained after 120 min of 'cooling'; and a third set (=WARM 2) was obtained after 120 min of 'rewarming'. During 'warming' (WARM 1 and 2, respectively), both substitution fluids (SFs) and 'returned' blood (RB) were warmed (37 degrees C), whereas during 'cooling', the SFs were at 20 degrees C and RB was not warmed. We measured hepatic venous (HV) haemoglobin oxygen saturation (ShvO(2)), blood gases, lactate and pyruvate. Gastric mucosal PCO(2) (PgmCO(2)) was measured by air tonometry and the gastric mucosal - arterial PCO(2) difference (PCO(2) gap) was calculated. Haemodynamic monitoring was performed with arterial and pulmonary arterial thermodilution catheters. RESULTS: Tcs were significantly altered [WARM 1, 37.9 degrees C (37.6, 38.3); COLD, 36.8 degrees C (36.3, 37.1); WARM 2, 37.5 degrees C (37.0, 38.0); P<0.001; data are median, 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively]. Systemic vascular resistance significantly increased during cooling. As a result, mean arterial pressure increased. Cooling was associated with significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, systemic oxygen delivery and consumption. ShvO(2) did not change [WARM 1, 51.0% (44.0, 59.5); COLD, 49.0% (42.0, 58.0); WARM 2, 51.0% (46.0, 57.0); P = NS]. The splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio, the HV lactate to pyruvate ratio, HV acid base status and PCO(2) gap remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Mild core cooling induced by CVVH may not affect hepatosplanchnic oxygen and energy balance in septic critically ill patients, even though it affects global haemodynamics. PMID- 14767020 TI - Haemodialysis acutely improves endothelium-independent vasomotor function without significantly influencing the endothelium-mediated abnormal response to a beta 2 agonist. AB - BACKGROUND: Increased aortic stiffness markers--aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx)--have emerged as powerful predictors of survival in haemodialysis (HD). Various and often contradictory abnormalities of endothelium dependent (ED) and endothelium-independent (EID) vasomotor function, have been described in dialysis subjects, pre- and post-dialysis, using methods that are difficult to export to the clinical setting or to large prospective trials assessing their relevance. Therefore, we determined the influence of a HD session on PWV and the ED and EID vascular reactivity, employing pulse wave analysis (PWA) of the aortic waveforms, combined with provocative pharmacological stimuli known to reduce wave reflection. METHODS: PWV and aortic AIx (difference between the first and second systolic peak on the aortic pressure waveform divided by the pulse wave height) were determined from PWA of arterial waveforms recorded by applanation tonometry using a SphygmoCor device in 41 HD (20 males, age 41.8 years) and in 20 controls with essential hypertension (10 males, age 43.6 years). ED and EID vascular reactivity were assessed by changes in AIx following inhaled salbutamol and sublingual nitroglycerin (GTN), respectively, pre- and post dialysis session. Echocardiography was performed in all patients, pre-HD and before the PWV recordings. RESULTS: Pre-HD AIx (27.9+/-11.9%) was significantly higher compared with hypertensive patients with normal renal function (16.5+/ 17%, P<0.05). Dialysis significantly reduced AIx to 18.2+/-18.3% (P<0.05 compared with pre-HD AIx), a level comparable with non-renal subjects (P = NS). Overall, PWV increased following HD to 7.89+/-2.09 m/s (P = 0.004 vs pre-HD, 6.34+/-1.32 m/s in essential hypertensive patients, P<0.05); however, a 19.1% increase was seen in 29 subjects and a 9.1% decrease in the remaining 12 subjects, both P<0.05. In HD patients, either pre- or post-HD, the EID vascular reactivity is significantly greater than the ED vasodilatation elicited by a beta 2-agonist. Moreover, when compared with hypertensive patients with normal renal function, the dialysis session only improved the EID abnormality (post-HD GTN AIx(HD) = 20.8+/-22.9% vs post-GTN AIx(hypertensive) = -14.2+/-5.7%, P = NS), while it had a non-additive effect on the ED response. A smaller response to a GTN challenge was associated with a greater left ventricular mass: r =-0.42, P = 0.007. In contrast, a diminished response to a beta 2-agonist did not represent a marker for cardiac abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: The HD session acutely restores EID but not ED vasomotor function comparable with essential hypertensive patients. Pulse wave analysis methodology, combined with provocative pharmacological testing may be used to unveil subsets of patients with more severe cardiac structural abnormalities. PMID- 14767019 TI - Increased levels of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine and N(epsilon) (carboxyethyl)lysine in type 1 diabetic patients with impaired renal function: correlation with markers of endothelial dysfunction. AB - BACKGROUND: Diabetic and non-diabetic patients with renal failure have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, which may be the result of uraemic toxins, including advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The aim of the study was to investigate the levels of well-characterized AGEs, N(epsilon) (carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) in relation to kidney function and to study the relationship of these AGEs to endothelial function and inflammation in type 1 diabetic patients. METHODS: Plasma levels of CML and CEL were measured in 60 type 1 diabetic patients categorized as having normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (>80 ml/min, n = 31) or decreased GFR (<80 ml/min, n = 29) as estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula. To assess the relationship of these AGEs to endothelial function and inflammation, markers of endothelial function von Willebrand factor (vWf), soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), tissue type-specific plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammatory activity, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Plasma levels of CML and CEL were increased in diabetic patients with decreased GFR as compared with patients with normal GFR [CML 4.9 (2-12.6) vs 2.9 (1.7-4.4) micromol/l, P<0.000; and CEL 1.7 (0.9-3.3) vs 1.2 (1.7-4.4) micromol/l, P = 0.004, respectively). Independently of the GFR, the plasma levels of CML and CEL were significantly associated with sVCAM-1, vWf and sTM. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma levels of CML and CEL rise with deterioration of GFR. Furthermore, CML and CEL levels are associated with markers of endothelial activation independently of renal function. This suggests an involvement of these AGEs in the acceleration of cardiovascular complications in patients with renal impairment. PMID- 14767022 TI - Continuous haematocrit monitoring during intradialytic hypotension: precipitous decline in plasma refill rates. AB - BACKGROUND: Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) during ultrafiltration remains a major source of haemodialysis related morbidity, despite technological advances including continuous haematocrit monitoring and automated blood volume controlled dialysis machines. We hypothesized that studying the relationship between ultrafiltration rate and plasma refill rate (UFR, PRR) before and during IDH would provide insight into its mechanism and possible prevention. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 17 patients (mean age 50 years) with IDH treated solely by turning off the ultrafiltration, none having received hypertonic saline, mannitol or albumin. All patients had archived data for continuous haematocrits, UFR, ultrafiltration goal, vital signs and symptoms. We used the Crit-Line III optical haematocrit monitor to calculate the PRR for intervals preceding and during IDH. RESULTS: Prior to IDH the PRR was 1360+/-550 ml/h; which was less than the UFR of 1471+/-602 ml/h and was associated with a 4.4% rise in haematocrit. However, during IDH the PRR was dramatically lower (P<0.001): only 242+/-151 ml/h. The PRR was not correlated (P>0.05) with the absolute, per cent change or rate of rise in haematocrit, UFR, ultrafiltration goal or heart rate. CONCLUSIONS: On-line haematocrit monitoring allows for the calculation of plasma volume changes, UFR and PRR, and the mismatch in those rates helps explain the physiology of hypotension episodes. The precipitous fall in PRR during sudden IDH supports activation of the cardiodepressor Bezold Jarisch reflex. As both the UFR and PRR variables can change during a single dialysis session, this supports the use of devices with automated continuous adjustments of the UFR and suggests additional profiling methodologies. PMID- 14767021 TI - The assessment of fluid status in haemodialysis patients: usefulness of the Doppler echocardiographic parameters. AB - BACKGROUND: In end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing regular haemodialysis (HD), the maintenance of fluid status within an optimal range is critical. We therefore examined the role of Doppler echocardiographic parameters in the assessment of fluid status in these patients. METHODS: Three study groups were enrolled: 40 healthy volunteers (NTNR), 40 HD patients who were normotensive without receiving antihypertensive agents (NTHD) and 38 HD patients who had remained hypertensive (HTHD) despite antihypertensive treatment. Measurements of Doppler echocardiographic parameters from pulmonary vein (PV) and mitral inflow (Mi) were performed on a non-dialysis day. Extracellular water as a percentage of body weight (ECW%) and pre-dialysis mean blood pressure (BDMBP) were references for fluid status. The best Doppler parameter for fluid status assessment identified from the study groups was then tested in another validation groups (38 NTHD and 38 HTHD). RESULTS: Among all of the PV and Mi parameters, the S/D ratio (peak systolic velocity divided by peak diastolic velocity) was correlated with fluid status parameters best (with ECW%, r = -0.49, P<0.001; with BDMBP, r = 0.51, P<0.001). The correlations were independent of age, sex and Mi parameters. The receiver operating characteristics curve analysis demonstrated that an S/D ratio >1.33 had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 77% in identifying NTHD patients. When the same criterion was applied to the validation groups, the positive predictive value was 64% and the negative predictive value was 86%. CONCLUSION: The Doppler-derived S/D ratio is a potentially useful marker for the assessment of fluid status in HD patients. PMID- 14767023 TI - Percutaneous ethanol (PEIT) and calcitrol (PCIT) injection therapy are ineffective in treating severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. AB - BACKGROUND: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT) is a frequent complication of long-term dialysis treatment and, despite recent advances in medical therapy, surgical parathyroidectomy (PTX) is required in a considerable number of uraemic patients. Recently, other modalities of therapy, such as ultrasound-guided percutaneous parathyroid injection of ethanol (PEIT) or of calcitriol (PCIT), have been used to treat refractory 2HPT. Our objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of these therapeutic modalities and to analyse their effects on parathyroid cell proliferation. METHODS: Nineteen haemodialysis patients with severe 2HPT were studied. Ten underwent PEIT (Group I) and nine underwent PCIT (Group II). After treatment, five patients in each group were submitted to PTX. Parathyroid cell proliferation was appraised at the beginning and at the end of the study by fine-needle aspiration biopsy, making use of immunocytochemical testing for Ki-67. The surgically removed glands were submitted to histopathological analysis and cellular proliferation was evaluated. RESULTS: Both PEIT and PCIT proved inefficient in controlling 2HPT. Comparing study onset with day 60, both groups showed a significant decrease in serum-ionized calcium: 5.3+/-0.3 vs 5.1+/-0.5 mg/dl (P = 0.03) in Group I and 5.5+/-0.4 vs 5.4+/-0.3 mg/dl (P = 0.03) in Group II. Other laboratory parameters were unchanged. There was a significant, although transitory, enlargement in glandular volume in Group II at day 30 when compared with study onset (1.5+/-0.6 vs 1.7+/-0.7 cm(3), P = 0.02). When comparing the two groups, Group I showed a glandular volume smaller than that of Group II at days 30 (1+/-0.5 vs 1.7+/-0.7 cm(3), P = 0.003), 60 (0.8+/-0.4 vs 1.5+/-0.9 cm(3), P = 0.006) and 90 (0.8+/-0.5 vs 1+/-0.7 cm(3), P = 0.02). Cellular proliferation, which was equally elevated in both groups at the beginning of the study, could not be evaluated at the end due to lack of material. The majority of glands obtained through PTX presented intensive cellular proliferation and contained areas of nodular hyperplasia, even those glands with a volume of <0.5 cm(3). CONCLUSION: In our experience, both PCIT and PEIT were unable to control severe 2HPT in chronic haemodialysis patients. We believe that the severity of the 2HPT in the study patients, in conjunction with the fact that we excluded from treatment parathyroid glands with a volume of <0.5 cm(3), were the most important causes of this failure. PMID- 14767024 TI - Diabetic muscle infarction in end-stage renal disease. AB - BACKGROUND: Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is an unusual disorder of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with advanced microvascular damage including nephropathy. Few reports describe this complication among dialysis patients. METHODS: We studied four patients with terminal renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy who developed isolated skeletal muscle infarction at our institution between January 1998 and January 2003, and reviewed 15 additional cases of DMI reported among dialysis patients (Medline database search). RESULTS: Analysis of available data for all 19 cases revealed the following features: mean age at symptom onset of 46.4 years; average duration of renal replacement 25.7 months (range 36 h to 72 months); male predominance (2.2:1); higher prevalence of type 2 vs type 1 diabetes (2.2:1); and more common use of haemodialysis than peritoneal dialysis (2.6:1). One patient developed symptoms after being immobilized during surgery and initiating dialysis. Thigh involvement was frequent (17/19). Fever, leucocytosis and elevated serum creatine kinase levels were noted inconsistently, but were seen commonly with early evaluation after symptom onset. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels were high when checked. All 16 instances of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated increased T2-weighted signal from affected muscles. Seven patients were managed without muscle biopsy. Histological features included myofibre necrosis (8/12), inflammatory infiltrates (8/12) and microvasculopathy (6/12). Symptoms resolved with conservative therapy, but patients were at high risk for subsequent infarctions of other muscles (14/19). CONCLUSIONS: DMI should be suspected in any diabetic dialysis patient who develops a painful, swollen muscle. A conservative MRI-based diagnostic approach may lead to satisfactory outcomes. The pathogenesis of the disorder is controversial, but the clinical sequence of one of our cases suggests precipitation by immobilization, direct pressure and/or haemoconcentration. PMID- 14767025 TI - Compared to tunnelled cuffed haemodialysis catheters, temporary untunnelled catheters are associated with more complications already within 2 weeks of use. AB - BACKGROUND: Comparison of outcome of untunnelled catheters (UCs) and tunnelled cuffed catheters (TCCs) is difficult because they are usually used for different patients and conditions. The aim of the present study is to compare the outcome of TCCs with UCs limiting as much as possible the influence of confounding factors. The second purpose was to see whether our results support the time recommendations for maximum use of UCs outlined in the NKF-DOQI guidelines. METHODS: Catheter and patient characteristics, catheter-related complications and all cultures taken from haemodialysis catheters inserted during a 3 year period were collected. RESULTS: We analysed the outcome of 272 catheters (149 patients, 11 612 catheter-days, 37 TCC and 235 UC). Patients with an UC suffered more often from acute renal failure (40 vs 8% for TCCs, P<0.001), their hospitalization rates were higher (54 vs 14%, P<0.001) and coumarins were used less (11 vs 27%, P<0.01). Rates of preliminary removal were 1.8 per 1000 catheter-days for TCCs, 35.3 for untunnelled femoral catheters (UFCs) and 17.1 for untunnelled jugular catheters (UJCs). Infection rates were 2.9 per 1000 catheter-days for TCCs, 15.6 for UJCs and 20.2 for UFCs. Hospitalization was an independent risk factor for an adverse outcome and more apparent in patients with an UC. After correction for patient differences, the strongest risk factor for preliminary removal (RR 9.69, P<0.001) and infection (RR 3.76, P<0.001) was having an UC inserted. Already, within 2 weeks actuarial and infection-free survival were better for TCCs (P<0.05 vs all separate groups). CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, a TCC should be used whenever it can be foreseen that a haemodialysis catheter is needed for more than 14 days. PMID- 14767026 TI - The incidence of treated end-stage renal disease in New Zealand Maori and Pacific Island people and in Indigenous Australians. AB - BACKGROUND: Although Indigenous Australians, New Zealand Maori and Pacific Island people comprise an unduly high proportion of patients treated for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the two countries, no population-based age- and disease specific rates have been published. METHODS: From data provided to the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA), truncated age- and sex-standardized incidence rates were calculated for treated ESRD due to all causes and by primary renal disease, in four broad age groups of Maori, Pacific Island people and all 'other' New Zealanders and Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians, for the period 1992-2001. RESULTS: The incidence of ESRD did not differ in persons aged 0-14 years. In adults, Maori and Pacific Island people had similar rates of ESRD, a little more than half those of Indigenous Australians except in persons aged 65 years and over in whom the rates were nearly equal, but two to ten times the rates in 'other' New Zealanders and non-indigenous Australians. The excess of ESRD in Indigenous Australians was due principally to type II diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis (all common types except lupus nephritis), but was seen also in respect of type I diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive renal disease and analgesic nephropathy, while the excess in Maori and Pacific Island people was confined to type II diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive renal disease and glomerulonephritis (especially lupus nephritis and type I mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, but not mesangial IgA disease). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and pattern of treated ESRD differs quantitatively and qualitatively between Maori, Pacific Island people and other New Zealanders, and Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. PMID- 14767027 TI - Death after withdrawal from dialysis: the most common cause of death in a French dialysis population. AB - BACKGROUND: Discontinuation of dialysis is a common cause of death in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in North America and the UK, but appears to be unusual in the rest of Europe. The aim of this retrospective study was to characterize withdrawal from dialysis in a French population cohort. METHODS: We assessed the cause of death, and the medical and social characteristics of chronic dialysis patients in a French population who died in 2001. We compared patients who died after withdrawal from dialysis and patients continuing dialysis until death. We determined the decision-making process when dialysis was withdrawn. RESULTS: In a population cohort of 1436 dialysis patients, 196 died (13.9%). Of them, 40 patients (20.4%) died following withdrawal from dialysis. This was the most common cause of death, followed by cardio-vascular disease (18.4%). Patients withdrawing from dialysis had a significantly higher rate of dementia (17.5 vs 6.4%, P = 0.02), a poor general condition (55 vs 15.4%, P < 0.001), and were dependent in their life for everyday activities in comparison with patients who died from other causes. They were not different in age, sex, duration of dialysis treatment, dialysis technique, cardio-vascular disease, diabetes, stroke or cancer, but the sample size was small. Treatment was more often removed in patients with severe medical complications and/or cachexia (90%). The decision to stop dialysis was made most often by a physician (77.5%). CONCLUSION: Death after withdrawing from dialysis was the most common cause of death in ESRD patients in our French population cohort. The patients who died after discontinuation of treatment were more often in a poor general condition, near the end of life, and most often the physician decided to stop dialysis treatment. PMID- 14767028 TI - Simulation model of renal replacement therapy: predicting future demand in England. AB - BACKGROUND: The demand for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in England has risen steadily, although from a lower base than many other developed countries. Predicting the future demand for RRT and the impact of factors such as the acceptance rate, transplant supply and patient survival, is required in order to inform the planning of such services. METHODS: A discrete event simulation model estimates the future demand for RRT in England in 2010 for a range of scenarios. The model uses current prevalence and current and projected future acceptance rates, survival rates and the transitions between modalities to predict future patient numbers. National population and mortality data, published literature and data from the UK Renal Registry and UK Transplant, are used to estimate unmet need for RRT, the impact of changing demography and incidence of Type 2 diabetes, patient haemodialysis (HD) survival and transplant supply. RESULTS: By 2010 the predicted prevalence will have increased from about 30,000 in 2000 to between 42 and 51,000 (900-1000 p.m.p.), an average annual growth of 4.5-6%. Changing transplant supply has a small effect on overall numbers but changes the proportion of patients with functioning graft by up to 8%. Even with an optimistic increase in transplant supply (11% p.a. for 5 years), numbers on HD will continue to rise substantially, especially in the elderly. The factors most influencing future patient numbers are the acceptance rate and dialysis survival. CONCLUSION: This model predicts a substantial growth in the RRT population to 2010 to a rate approaching 1000 p.m.p., particularly in the elderly and those on HD, with a steady state not being reached for at least 25 years. PMID- 14767029 TI - FTY720 exerts differential effects on CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte subpopulations expressing chemokine and adhesion receptors. AB - BACKGROUND: FTY720 (FTY), a novel immunomodulator with the potential to improve immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation, is currently under clinical investigation. Previous experimental animal studies have shown that FTY has a unique mechanism of action associated with altered lymphocyte recirculation. METHODS: Participating in a phase I clinical trial, we studied the pharmacodynamic effects of FTY in stable renal allograft recipients. We analysed the effect of FTY on surface marker expression on T-cell subpopulations by flow cytometry. RESULTS: A single oral dose of FTY (0.25-3.5 mg) significantly reduced peripheral lymphocyte counts by 30-70%. FTY reduced all T-lymphocyte subsets, CD4(+) cells more than CD8(+) cells. However, we observed that lower doses of FTY (0.25-2 mg, n = 11) did not affect peripheral CD4(+)CCR5(+) T-lymphocyte counts, while the highest FTY dose of 3.5 mg (n = 2) exerted a rapid reduction of CD4(+)CCR5(+) cells. Peripheral CD8(+)CCR5(+) T-lymphocyte counts were reduced by either low (0.25-2 mg) or high (3.5 mg) doses of FTY. In contrast to CCR5(+) cells, cells expressing CD62L were preferentially reduced after administration of FTY. In particular, CD4(+)CD62L(+) T cells declined after treatment. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocyte subpopulations expressing the other chemokine and adhesion receptors (CXCR4, CD11a and CD49d) were reduced to a similar extent as compared with overall CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-lymphocyte counts. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limited number of patients, especially in the placebo (n = 3) and the high-dose groups (n = 2), our observations suggest that FTY exerts differential effects on T-cell subpopulations. FTY predominantly reduces CD4(+)CD62L(+) cells in the peripheral blood suggesting increased migration into lymph nodes. It seems that only FTY doses above 2 mg are able to reduce peripheral CD4(+)CCR5(+) T lymphocytes, which are potentially capable of infiltrating into the allograft during rejection. PMID- 14767030 TI - Review of clinical outcomes in nocturnal haemodialysis patients after renal transplantation. AB - BACKGROUND: Nocturnal haemodialysis (NHD) is a novel form of haemodialysis therapy that is associated with improved blood pressure control when compared to conventional haemodialysis (CHD). Current studies suggest that NHD lowers blood pressure through a decrease in peripheral resistance. The graft and blood pressure outcomes of NHD patients who undergo renal transplantation are unknown. METHODS: We reviewed the renal allograft and blood pressure outcomes of 15 NHD patients who underwent renal transplantation. An age and vintage matched cohort of 29 CHD patients was used as controls. RESULTS: The rate of delayed graft function (DGF) tended to be higher in the NHD group compared to the CHD group (64 vs 41%, P = 0.15), however the 1-year graft function (53+/-6 vs 59+/-5 ml/min, P = 0.426) and graft survival (92 vs 95%, P = 0.751) were similar. Intra operatively, NHD patients had lower minimum systolic (92+/-5 vs 109+/-4, P = 0.03) and diastolic (48+/-3 vs 64+/-2, P = 0.02) blood pressures in comparison to the CHD cohort. Pathologically, acute tubular necrosis accounted for 100% of DGF in the NHD group in contrast to 75% in the CHD population (P = 0.01). Pre transplant mean systolic BP (sBP) was significantly lower in the NHD group compared to the CHD group (113+/-6 vs 145+/-10 mmHg, P<0.001). At 12 months post transplant, mean sBP increased from baseline in the NHD group ( triangle up sBP 22+/-7 mmHg, P = 0.009) while in the CHD group mean sBP fell (Delta sBP -14+/-5 mmHg, P = 0.014). Mean arterial and diastolic BP exhibited similar changes. These trends persisted after 24 months of post-transplant follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: One year graft outcomes and blood pressures are similar for NHD and CHD patients who undergo renal transplantation. Unlike CHD patients, NHD patients experienced a significant fall in their intra-operative blood pressures, which likely contributed towards the delayed graft function in this cohort of patients. Further prospective studies are needed to examine the underlying differences in haemodynamics and long-term graft survival between the two renal replacement modalities. PMID- 14767031 TI - Stonemason's systemic vasculitis: three cases and a dilemma. PMID- 14767032 TI - Collapsing glomerulopathy induced by long-term treatment with standard-dose pamidronate in a myeloma patient. PMID- 14767033 TI - Factor H deficiency and fibrillary glomerulopathy. PMID- 14767034 TI - Single kidney eliciting a search for associated genital tract anomaly. PMID- 14767035 TI - Thrombotic microangiopathy in a patient with Sezary syndrome treated with interferon-alpha. PMID- 14767036 TI - Diagnosis of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency as the underlying cause of renal failure in a renal transplant recipient. PMID- 14767037 TI - Lymphadenopathy and proteinuria. PMID- 14767038 TI - A 63-year-old man with acute abdominal pain and laboratory signs of rapid progressive renal disease. PMID- 14767039 TI - Obstructive uropathy associated with endovascular repair of an inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm. PMID- 14767040 TI - Anti-proteinuric effect of losartan: statistical vs clinical significance. PMID- 14767043 TI - Renal artery thrombosis and acute renal failure after sartan withdrawal. PMID- 14767045 TI - Prevention of activation of coagulation during haemodialysis and the use of warfarin. PMID- 14767047 TI - Is there also a critical BV for minor intra-dialytic complaints? PMID- 14767048 TI - Vascular access for haemodialysis in extreme situations: surgically placed inferior vena cava catheter. PMID- 14767049 TI - Phenytoin efficacy in treating the diabetic foot ulcer of a haemodialysis patient. PMID- 14767053 TI - The PXL1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a paxillin-like protein functioning in polarized cell growth. AB - The Saccharomyces cerevisiae open reading frame YKR090w encodes a predicted protein displaying similarity in organization to paxillin, a scaffolding protein that organizes signaling and actin cytoskeletal regulating activities in many higher eucaryotic cell types. We found that YKR090w functions in a manner analogous to paxillin as a mediator of polarized cell growth; thus, we have named this gene PXL1 (Paxillin-like protein 1). Analyses of pxl1Delta strains show that PXL1 is required for the selection and maintenance of polarized growth sites during vegetative growth and mating. Genetic analyses of strains lacking both PXL1 and the Rho GAP BEM2 demonstrate that such cells display pronounced growth defects in response to different conditions causing Rho1 pathway activation. PXL1 also displays genetic interactions with the Rho1 effector FKS1. Pxl1p may therefore function as a modulator of Rho-GTPase signaling. A GFP::Pxl1 fusion protein localizes to sites of polarized cell growth. Experiments mapping the localization determinants of Pxl1p demonstrate the existence of localization mechanisms conserved between paxillin and Pxl1p and indicate an evolutionarily ancient and conserved role for LIM domain proteins in acting to modulate cell signaling and cytoskeletal organization during polarized growth. PMID- 14767054 TI - Regulation of Chk1 kinase by autoinhibition and ATR-mediated phosphorylation. AB - The checkpoint kinase Chk1 undergoes ATR-mediated phosphorylation and activation in response to unreplicated DNA, but the precise mechanism of Chk1 activation is not known. In this study, we have analyzed the domain structure of Xenopus Chk1 and explored the mechanism of its activation by ATR-mediated phosphorylation. We show that the C-terminal region of Xenopus Chk1 contains an autoinhibitory region (AIR), which largely overlaps with a bipartite, unusually long ( approximately 85 amino acid) nuclear localization signal. When coexpressed in oocytes or embryos, the AIR can interact with and inhibit the kinase domain of Chk1, but not full length Chk1, suggesting an autoinhibitory intramolecular interaction in the Chk1 molecule. If linked with the preceding ATR phosphorylation domain that has either phospho-mimic mutation or genuine phosphorylation, however, the AIR can no longer interact with or inhibit the kinase domain, suggesting a conformational change of the AIR by ATR-mediated phosphorylation. Even in full-length Chk1, such phospho mimic mutation can interfere with the autoinhibitory intramolecular interaction, but only if this interaction is somewhat weakened by an additional mutation in the AIR. These results provide significant insights into the mechanism of Chk1 activation at the DNA replication checkpoint. PMID- 14767055 TI - Tumor suppressor activity of profilin requires a functional actin binding site. AB - Profilin 1 (PFN1) is a regulator of the microfilament system and is involved in various signaling pathways. It interacts with many cytoplasmic and nuclear ligands. The importance of PFN1 for human tissue differentiation has been demonstrated by the findings that human cancer cells, expressing conspicuously low PFN1 levels, adopt a nontumorigenic phenotype upon raising their PFN1 level. In the present study, we characterize the ligand binding site crucial for profilin's tumor suppressor activity. Starting with CAL51, a human breast cancer cell line highly tumorigenic in nude mice, we established stable clones that express PFN1 mutants differentially defective in ligand binding. Clones expressing PFN1 mutants with reduced binding to either poly-proline-stretch ligands or phosphatidyl-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate, but with a functional actin binding site, were normal in growth, adhesion, and anchorage dependence, with only a weak tendency to elicit tumors in nude mice, similar to controls expressing wild-type PFN1. In contrast, clones expressing a mutant with severely reduced capacity to bind actin still behaved like the parental CAL51 and were highly tumorigenic. We conclude that the actin binding site on profilin is instrumental for normal differentiation of human epithelia and the tumor suppressor function of PFN1. PMID- 14767056 TI - Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinasebeta is critical for functional association of rab11 with the Golgi complex. AB - Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinasebeta (PI4Kbeta) plays an essential role in maintaining the structural integrity of the Golgi complex. In a search for PI4Kbeta-interacting proteins, we found that PI4Kbeta specifically interacts with the GTP-bound form of the small GTPase rab11. The PI4Kbeta-rab11 interaction is of functional significance because inhibition of rab11 binding to PI4Kbeta abolished the localization of rab11 to the Golgi complex and significantly inhibited transport of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane. We propose that a novel function of PI4Kbeta is to act as a docking protein for rab11 in the Golgi complex, which is important for biosynthetic membrane transport from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane. PMID- 14767057 TI - Bidirectional transepithelial IgG transport by a strongly polarized basolateral membrane Fcgamma-receptor. AB - The human MHC class I-related neonatal Fc receptor, hFcRn, mediates bidirectional transport of IgG across mucosal barriers. Here, we find that at steady state hFcRn distributes predominantly to an apical intracellular compartment and almost exclusively to the basolateral cell surface of polarized epithelial cells. It moves only transiently to the apical membrane. Ligand binding does not redistribute the steady state location of the receptor. Removal of the cytoplasmic tail that contains di-leucine and tryptophan-based endocytosis motifs or incubation at low temperature (18 degrees C) redistributes the receptor apically. The rates of endocytosis of the full-length hFcRn from the apical or basolateral membrane domains, however, are equal. Thus, the strong cell surface polarity displayed by hFcRn results from dominant basolateral sorting by motifs in the cytoplasmic tail that nonetheless allows for a cycle of bidirectional transcytosis. PMID- 14767058 TI - Microtubule plus-end dynamics in Xenopus egg extract spindles. AB - Microtubule dynamics underlie spindle assembly, yet we do not know how the spindle environment affects these dynamics. We developed methods for measuring two key parameters of microtubule plus-end dynamic instability in Xenopus egg extract spindles. To measure plus-end polymerization rates and localize growing plus ends, we used fluorescence confocal imaging of EB1. This revealed plus-end polymerization throughout the spindle at approximately 11 microm/min, similar to astral microtubules, suggesting polymerization velocity is not regionally regulated by the spindle. The ratio of EB1 to microtubule fluorescence revealed an enrichment of polymerizing ends near the spindle middle, indicating enhanced nucleation or rescue there. We measured depolymerization rates by creating a front of synchronized depolymerization in spindles severed with microneedles. This front could be tracked by polarization and fluorescence microscopy as it advanced from each cut edge toward the associated pole. Both imaging modalities revealed rapid depolymerization ( approximately 30 microm/min) superimposed on a subset of microtubules stable to depolymerization. Larger spindle fragments contained a higher percentage of stable microtubules, which we believe were oriented with their minus ends facing the cut. Depolymerization was blocked by the potent microtubule stabilizing agent hexylene glycol, but was unaffected by alpha-MCAK antibody and AMPPNP, which block catastrophe and kinesin motility, respectively. These measurements move us closer to understanding the complete life history of a spindle microtubule. PMID- 14767059 TI - The Oxa2 protein of Neurospora crassa plays a critical role in the biogenesis of cytochrome oxidase and defines a ubiquitous subbranch of the Oxa1/YidC/Alb3 protein family. AB - Proteins of the Oxa1/YidC/Alb3 family mediate the insertion of proteins into membranes of mitochondria, bacteria, and chloroplasts. Here we report the identification of a second gene of the Oxa1/YidC/Alb3 family in the genome of Neurospora crassa, which we have named oxa2. Its gene product, Oxa2, is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Deletion of the oxa2 gene caused a specific defect in the biogenesis of cytochrome oxidase and resulted in induction of the alternative oxidase (AOD), which bypasses the need for complex IV of the respiratory chain. The Oxa2 protein of N. crassa complements Cox18-deficient yeast mutants suggesting a common function for both proteins. The oxa2 sequence allowed the identification of a new subfamily of Oxa1/YidC/Alb3 proteins whose members appear to be ubiquitously present in mitochondria of fungi, plants, and animals including humans. PMID- 14767060 TI - Calcineurin regulates cyclin D1 accumulation in growth-stimulated fibroblasts. AB - Calcium (Ca(2+)) and calmodulin (CaM) are required for progression of mammalian cells from quiescence into S phase. In multiple cell types, cyclosporin A causes a G(1) cell cycle arrest, implicating the serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin as one Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent enzyme required for G(1) transit. Here, we show, in diploid human fibroblasts, that cyclosporin A arrested cells in G(1) before cyclin D/cdk4 complex activation and retinoblastoma hyperphosphorylation. This arrest occurred in early G(1) with low levels of cyclin D1 protein. Because cyclin D1 mRNA was induced normally in the cyclosporin A-treated cells, we analyzed the half-life of cyclin D1 in the presence of cyclosporin A and found no difference from control cells. However, cyclosporin A treatment dramatically reduced cyclin D1 protein synthesis. Although these pharmacological experiments suggested that calcineurin regulates cyclin D1 synthesis, we evaluated the effects of overexpression of activated calcineurin on cyclin D1 synthesis. In contrast to the reduction of cyclin D1 with cyclosporin A, ectopic expression of calcium/calmodulin-independent calcineurin promoted synthesis of cyclin D1 during G(1) progression. Therefore, calcineurin is a Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent target that regulates cyclin D1 accumulation in G(1). PMID- 14767061 TI - c-Fos activated phospholipid synthesis is required for neurite elongation in differentiating PC12 cells. AB - We have previously shown that c-Fos activates phospholipid synthesis through a mechanism independent of its genomic AP-1 activity. Herein, using PC12 cells induced to differentiate by nerve growth factor, the genomic effect of c-Fos in initiating neurite outgrowth is shown as distinct from its nongenomic effect of activating phospholipid synthesis and sustaining neurite elongation. Blocking c Fos expression inhibited differentiation, phospholipid synthesis activation, and neuritogenesis. In cells primed to grow, blocking c-Fos expression determined neurite retraction. However, transfected cells expressing c-Fos or c-Fos deletion mutants with capacity to activate phospholipid synthesis sustain neurite outgrowth and elongation in the absence of nerve growth factor. Results disclose a dual function of c-Fos: it first releases the genomic program for differentiation and then associates to the endoplasmic reticulum and activates phospholipid synthesis. Because phospholipids are key membrane components, we hypothesize this latter phenomenon as crucial to support membrane genesis demands required for cell growth and neurite elongation. PMID- 14767062 TI - HIV-1 Vpr induces defects in mitosis, cytokinesis, nuclear structure, and centrosomes. AB - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr is a 15-kDa accessory protein that contributes to several steps in the viral replication cycle and promotes virus-associated pathology. Previous studies demonstrated that Vpr inhibits G2/M cell cycle progression in both human cells and in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here, we report that, upon induction of vpr expression, fission yeast exhibited numerous defects in the assembly and function of the mitotic spindle. In particular, two spindle pole body proteins, sad1p and the polo kinase plo1p, were delocalized in vpr-expressing yeast cells, suggesting that spindle pole body integrity was perturbed. In addition, nuclear envelope structure, contractile actin ring formation, and cytokinesis were also disrupted. Similar Vpr-induced defects in mitosis and cytokinesis were observed in human cells, including aberrant mitotic spindles, multiple centrosomes, and multinucleate cells. These defects in cell division and centrosomes might account for some of the pathological effects associated with HIV-1 infection. PMID- 14767063 TI - The C terminus of peripherin/rds participates in rod outer segment targeting and alignment of disk incisures. AB - Protein targeting is essential for domain specialization in polarized cells. In photoreceptors, three distinct membrane domains exist in the outer segment: plasma membrane, disk lamella, and disk rim. Peripherin/retinal degeneration slow (rds) and rom-1 are photoreceptor-specific members of the transmembrane 4 superfamily of transmembrane proteins, which participate in disk morphogenesis and localize to rod outer segment (ROS) disk rims. We examined the role of their C termini in targeting by generating transgenic Xenopus laevis expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins. A GFP fusion containing residues 317 336 of peripherin/rds localized uniformly to disk membranes. A longer fusion (residues 307-346) also localized to the ROS but exhibited higher affinity for disk rims than disk lamella. In contrast, the rom-1 C terminus did not promote ROS localization. The GFP-peripherin/rds fusion proteins did not immunoprecipitate with peripherin/rds or rom-1, suggesting this region does not form intermolecular interactions and is not involved in subunit assembly. Presence of GFP-peripherin/rds fusions correlated with disrupted incisures, disordered ROS tips, and membrane whorls. These abnormalities may reflect competition of the fusion proteins for other proteins that interact with peripherin/rds. This work describes novel roles for the C terminus of peripherin/rds in targeting and maintaining ROS structure and its potential involvement in inherited retinal degenerations. PMID- 14767064 TI - Inhibition of membrane tubule formation and trafficking by isotetrandrine, an antagonist of G-protein-regulated phospholipase A2 enzymes. AB - Previous studies have established a role for cytoplasmic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity in tubule-mediated retrograde trafficking between the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, little else is known about how membrane tubule formation is regulated. This study demonstrates that isotetrandrine (ITD), a biscoclaurine alkaloid known to inhibit PLA(2) enzyme activation by heterotrimeric G-proteins, effectively prevented brefeldin A (BFA) induced tubule formation from the Golgi complex and retrograde trafficking to the ER. In addition, ITD inhibited BFA-stimulated tubule formation from the trans Golgi network and endosomes. ITD inhibition of the BFA response was potent (IC(50) approximately 10-20 microM) and rapid (complete inhibition with a 10-15 min preincubation). ITD also inhibited normal retrograde trafficking as revealed by the formation of nocodazole-induced Golgi mini-stacks at ER exit sites. Treatment of cells with ITD alone caused the normally interconnected Golgi ribbons to become fragmented and dilated, but cisternae were still stacked and located in a juxtanuclear position. These results suggest that a G-protein binding PLA(2) enzyme plays a pivotal role in tubule mediated trafficking between the Golgi and the ER, the maintenance of the interconnected ribbons of Golgi stacks, and tubule formation from endosomes. PMID- 14767065 TI - Cell cycle-dependent expression of thyroid hormone receptor-beta is a mechanism for variable hormone sensitivity. AB - Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are ligand-regulatable transcription factors. Currently, little is known about the expression of TRs or other nuclear hormone receptors during the cell cycle. We thus developed a stable expression system to express green fluorescent protein-TRbeta in HeLa cells under tetracycline regulation, and studied TR expression during the cell cycle by laser scanning cytometry. Only approximately 9-15% of the nonsynchronized cell population expressed TR because the majority of cells were in G(1) phase and did not express detectable amounts of TR. However, when cells were synchronized in early S phase with hydroxyurea and then released, TR expression levels increased in a cell cycle-dependent manner and peaked to 30-40% cells expressing TR at late G(2)/M phase before declining to nonsynchronized levels. Moreover, we observed a direct correlation between transcriptional activity and TR expression during the cell cycle. Similar cell cycle-dependent findings also were observed for endogenous TR in rat pituitary GH(3) cells. Last, cycloheximide studies demonstrated that the increase in TR expression was primarily due to increased translation. These novel observations of cell cycle-dependent expression of TR suggest that differential hormone sensitivity can occur during the cell cycle and may contribute to cell cycle progression during normal development and oncogenesis. PMID- 14767066 TI - p38 MAPK-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activity is required for skeletal muscle differentiation: role of interleukin-6. AB - p38 MAPK and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathways have been implicated in the control of skeletal myogenesis. However, although p38 is recognized as a potent activator of myoblast differentiation, the role of NF kappaB remains controversial. Here, we show that p38 is activated only in differentiating myocytes, whereas NF-kappaB activity is present both in proliferation and differentiation stages. NF-kappaB activation was found to be dependent on p38 activity during differentiation, being NF-kappaB an effector of p38, thus providing a novel mechanism for the promyogenic effect of p38. Activation of p38 in C2C12 cells induced the activity of NF-kappaB, in a dual way: first, by reducing IkappaBalpha levels and inducing NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity and, second, by potentiating the transactivating activity of p65-NF kappaB. Finally, we show that interleukin (IL)-6 expression is induced in C2C12 differentiating myoblasts, in a p38- and NF-kappaB-dependent manner. Interference of IL-6 mRNA reduced, whereas its overexpression increased, the extent of myogenic differentiation; moreover, addition of IL-6 was able to rescue significantly the negative effect of NF-kappaB inhibition on this process. This study provides the first evidence of a crosstalk between p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways during myogenesis, with IL-6 being one of the effectors of this promyogenic mechanism. PMID- 14767067 TI - Dissection of the dislocation pathway for type I membrane proteins with a new small molecule inhibitor, eeyarestatin. AB - The mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-cytosol degradation pathway for disposal of misfolded proteins is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in diseases that are characterized by impaired protein degradation. The ability to do so is hampered by the small number of specific inhibitors available and by our limited understanding of the individual steps involved in this pathway. Cells that express a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) heavy chain-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion protein and the human cytomegalovirus protein US11, which catalyzes dislocation of the class I MHC EGFP reporter, show only little fluorescence. Treatment with proteasome inhibitors increases their fluorescence by stabilizing EGFP-tagged MHC class I molecules. We used this change in signal intensity as a readout to screen a chemical library of 16,320 compounds and identified two structurally related compounds (eeyarestatin I and II) that interfered with the degradation of both EGFP-heavy chain and its endogenous unmodified class I MHC heavy chain counterpart. Eeyarestatin I also inhibited degradation of a second misfolded type I membrane protein, T-cell receptor alpha. Both compounds stabilize these dislocation substrates in the ER membrane, without preventing proteasomal turnover of cytosolic substrates. The new inhibitors must therefore interfere with a step that precedes proteasomal degradation. The use of eeyarestatin I thus allows the definition of a new intermediate in dislocation. PMID- 14767068 TI - Requirement for Bbp1p in the proper mitotic functions of Cdc5p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AB - The polo-box domain of the budding yeast polo kinase Cdc5p plays an essential role for targeting the catalytic activity of Cdc5p to spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and cytokinetic neck-filaments. Here, we report the isolation of Bbp1p as a polo box interacting protein by a yeast two-hybrid screen. Bbp1p localizes to the periphery of the central plaque of the SPB and plays an important role in SPB duplication. Similarly, Cdc5p localized to the cytoplasmic periphery of the SPB. In vitro binding studies showed that Cdc5p interacted with the N-terminal domain of Bbp1p (Bbp1pDeltaC), but apparently not with Mps2p, a component shown to form a stable complex with Bbp1p. In addition, Bbp1p, but likely not Mps2p, was required for proper localization of Cdc5p to the SPB. The C-terminal coiled-coil domain of Bbp1p (Bbp1p(243-385)), which is crucial for both the homodimerization and the SPB localization, could target the localization-defective Cdc5pDeltaC to the SPB and induce the release of Cdc14p from the nucleolus. Consistent with this observation, expression of CDC5DeltaC-BBP1(243-385) under CDC5 promoter control partially complemented the cdc5Delta defect. These data suggest that Bbp1pDeltaC interacts with the polo-box domain of Cdc5p, and this interaction is critical for the subcellular localization and mitotic functions of Cdc5p. PMID- 14767069 TI - Rapid, endoplasmic reticulum-independent diffusion of the mitotic Golgi haze. AB - Early in mitosis, the mammalian Golgi apparatus disassembles, and fluorescence microscopy reveals Golgi clusters and an extensive, nonresolvable haze that either represents scattered vesicles or a merged endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi compartment. To help decide between these alternatives, we have carried out a combined microscopic and pharmacological analysis, by using a BS-C-1 cell line stably coexpressing ER and Golgi markers. Video fluorescence microscopy showed that these two organelles were morphologically distinguishable at all stages of mitosis, and photobleaching experiments showed that diffusion of the Golgi marker was unaffected by the presence of the ER. Fragmentation of the ER by using filipin III completely blocked diffusion of the ER marker but had no effect on the Golgi marker, unless it was first relocated to the ER by using brefeldin A. The Golgi haze was also studied using BODIPY ceramide. Its diffusion was slower in mitotic Golgi than in mitotic ER, but similar to that of a Golgi enzyme marker in the mitotic Golgi haze or in Golgi vesicles generated by ilimaquinone. Together, these results support the idea that the Golgi and the ER remain separate during mitosis and strongly suggest that Golgi markers move by vesicle diffusion, as opposed to lateral diffusion in continuous membranes. PMID- 14767070 TI - Mmd1p, a novel, conserved protein essential for normal mitochondrial morphology and distribution in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. AB - The mmd1 mutation causes temperature-sensitive growth and defects in mitochondrial morphology and distribution in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In mutant cells, mitochondria aggregate at the two cell ends, with increased aggregation at elevated temperatures. Microtubules, which mediate mitochondrial positioning in fission yeast, seem normal in mmd1 cells at permissive temperature and after several hours at the nonpermissive temperature but display aberrant organization after prolonged periods at 37 degrees C. Additionally, cells harboring both mmd1 and ban5-4, a temperature sensitive allele of alpha2-tubulin, display synthetic defects in growth and mitochondrial distribution. The mmd1 mutation maps to an open reading frame encoding a novel 35.7-kDa protein. The Mmd1p sequence features repeating EZ-HEAT motifs and displays high conservation with uncharacterized homologues found in a variety of organisms. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells depleted for their MMD1 homologue show increased sensitivity to the antimicrotubule drug benomyl, and the S. cerevisiae gene complemented the S. pombe mutation. Mmd1p was localized to the cytosol. Mmd1p is the first identified component required for the alignment of mitochondria along microtubules in fission yeast. PMID- 14767071 TI - Impaired p53 expression, function, and nuclear localization in calreticulin deficient cells. AB - The tumor suppressor protein, p53 is a transcription factor that not only activates expression of genes containing the p53 binding site but also can repress the expression of some genes lacking this binding site. Previous studies have shown that overexpression of wild-type p53 leads to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. DNA damage, such as that caused by UV irradiation, results in p53 stabilization and nuclear localization that subsequently induces apoptosis. Recently, the level of calreticulin (CRT) has been correlated with the rate of apoptosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of CRT in the regulation of apoptosis via modulating p53 function and expression. Here we show a significant decrease in both basal and DNA damage induced p53 functions in the CRT-deficient cells (crt-/-). This study is the first to demonstrate that CRT function is required for the stability and localization of the p53 protein. By using immuonocytochemical techniques, we showed that observed changes in p53 in the crt-/- cells are due to the nuclear accumulation of Mdm2 (murine double minute gene). These results, lead us to conclude that CRT regulates p53 function by affecting its rate of degradation and nuclear localization. PMID- 14767072 TI - Directed evolution relieves product inhibition and confers in vivo function to a rationally designed tyrosine aminotransferase. AB - The Escherichia coli aspartate (AATase) and tyrosine (TATase) aminotransferases share 43% sequence identity and 72% similarity, but AATase has only 0.08% and 0.01% of the TATase activities (k(cat)/K(m)) for tyrosine and phenylalanine, respectively. Approximately 5% of TATase activity was introduced into the AATase framework earlier both by rational design (six mutations, termed HEX) and by directed evolution (9-17 mutations). The enzymes realized from the latter procedure complement tyrosine auxotrophy in TATase deficient E. coli. HEX complements even more poorly than does wild-type AATase, even though the (k(cat)/K(m)) value for tyrosine exhibited by HEX is similar to those of the enzymes found from directed evolution. HEX, however, is characterized by very low values of K(m) and K(D) for dicarboxylic ligands, and by a particularly slow release for oxaloacetate, the product of the reaction with aspartate and a TCA cycle intermediate. These observations suggest that HEX exists largely as an enzyme-product complex in vivo. HEX was therefore subjected to a single round of directed evolution with selection for complementation of tyrosine auxotrophy. A variant with a single amino acid substitution, A293D, exhibited substantially improved TATase function in vivo. The A293D mutation alleviates the tight binding to dicarboxylic ligands as K(m)s for aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate are >20 fold higher in the HEX + A293D construct compared to HEX. This mutation also increased k(cat)/K(m)(Tyr) threefold. A second mutation, I73V, elicited smaller but similar effects. Both residues are in close proximity to Arg292 and the mutations may function to modulate the arginine switch mechanism responsible for dual substrate recognition in TATases and HEX. PMID- 14767073 TI - Retarded protein folding of deficient human alpha 1-antitrypsin D256V and L41P variants. AB - alpha(1)-Antitrypsin is the most abundant protease inhibitor in plasma and is the archetype of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily. Genetic variants of human alpha(1)-antitrypsin are associated with early-onset emphysema and liver cirrhosis. However, the detailed molecular mechanism for the pathogenicity of most variant alpha(1)-antitrypsin molecules is not known. Here we examined the structural basis of a dozen deficient alpha(1)-antitrypsin variants. Unlike most alpha(1)-antitrypsin variants, which were unstable, D256V and L41P variants exhibited extremely retarded protein folding as compared with the wild-type molecule. Once folded, however, the stability and inhibitory activity of these variant proteins were comparable to those of the wild-type molecule. Retarded protein folding may promote protein aggregation by allowing the accumulation of aggregation-prone folding intermediates. Repeated observations of retarded protein folding indicate that it is an important mechanism causing alpha(1) antitrypsin deficiency by variant molecules, which have to fold into the metastable native form to be functional. PMID- 14767075 TI - Correlation between sequence hydrophobicity and surface-exposure pattern of database proteins. AB - Hydrophobicity is thought to be one of the primary forces driving the folding of proteins. On average, hydrophobic residues occur preferentially in the core, whereas polar residues tend to occur at the surface of a folded protein. By analyzing the known protein structures, we quantify the degree to which the hydrophobicity sequence of a protein correlates with its pattern of surface exposure. We have assessed the statistical significance of this correlation for several hydrophobicity scales in the literature, and find that the computed correlations are significant but far from optimal. We show that this less than optimal correlation arises primarily from the large degree of mutations that naturally occurring proteins can tolerate. Lesser effects are due in part to forces other than hydrophobicity, and we quantify this by analyzing the surface exposure distributions of all amino acids. Lastly, we show that our database findings are consistent with those found from an off-lattice hydrophobic-polar model of protein folding. PMID- 14767074 TI - Enterococcus faecalis mevalonate kinase. AB - Gram-positive pathogens synthesize isopentenyl diphosphate, the five-carbon precursor of isoprenoids, via the mevalonate pathway. The enzymes of this pathway are essential for the survival of these organisms, and thus may represent possible targets for drug design. To extend our investigation of the mevalonate pathway in Enterococcus faecalis, we PCR-amplified and cloned into pET-28b the mvaK1 gene thought to encode mevalonate kinase, the fourth enzyme of the pathway. Following transformation of the construct EFK1-pET28b into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells, the expressed C-terminally hexahistidine-tagged protein was purified on a nickel affinity support to apparent homogeneity. The purified protein catalyzed the divalent ion-dependent phosphorylation of mevalonate to mevalonate 5-phosphate. The specific activity of the purified kinase was 24 micromole/min/mg protein. Based on sedimentation velocity data, E. faecalis mevalonate kinase exists in solution primarily as a monomer with a mass of 32.2 kD. Optimal activity occurred at pH 10 and at 37 degrees C. Delta H(a) was 22 kcal/mole. Kinetic analysis suggested that the reaction proceeds via a sequential mechanism. K(m) values were 0.33 mM (mevalonate), 1.1 mM (ATP), and 3.3 mM (Mg(2+)). Unlike mammalian mevalonate kinases, E. faecalis mevalonate kinase utilized all tested nucleoside triphosphates as phosphoryl donors. ADP, but not AMP, inhibited the reaction with a K(i) of 2.7 mM. PMID- 14767076 TI - Increase in the conformational flexibility of beta 2-microglobulin upon copper binding: a possible role for copper in dialysis-related amyloidosis. AB - A key pathological event in dialysis-related amyloidosis is the fibril formation of beta(2)-microglobulin (beta 2-m). Because beta 2-m does not form fibrils in vitro, except under acidic conditions, predisposing factors that may drive fibril formation at physiological pH have been the focus of much attention. One factor that may be implicated is Cu(2+) binding, which destabilizes the native state of beta 2-m and thus stabilizes the amyloid precursor. To address the Cu(2+)-induced destabilization of beta 2-m at the atomic level, we studied changes in the conformational dynamics of beta 2-m upon Cu(2+) binding. Titration of beta 2-m with Cu(2+) monitored by heteronuclear NMR showed that three out of four histidines (His13, His31, and His51) are involved in the binding at pH 7.0. (1)H (15)N heteronuclear NOE suggested increased backbone dynamics for the residues Val49 to Ser55, implying that the Cu(2+) binding at His51 increased the local dynamics of beta-strand D. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange of amide protons showed increased flexibility of the core residues upon Cu(2+) binding. Taken together, it is likely that Cu(2+) binding increases the pico- to nanosecond fluctuation of the beta-strand D on which His51 exists, which is propagated to the core of the molecule, thus promoting the global and slow fluctuations. This may contribute to the overall destabilization of the molecule, increasing the equilibrium population of the amyloidogenic intermediate. PMID- 14767077 TI - Combination of multiple alignment analysis and surface mapping paves a way for a detailed pathway reconstruction--the case of VHL (von Hippel-Lindau) protein and angiogenesis regulatory pathway. AB - Using the tumor suppressor VHL protein as an example, we show that detailed analysis of conservation versus variation pattern in the multiple alignment can be coupled with the genomic pathway/complex conservation analysis to provide a more complete picture of the entire interaction/regulatory network. Results from the present study have allowed us to hypothesize that two additional proteins are involved in the VHL-mediated regulation of angiogenesis. Detailed modeling also has led to a prediction of the possible interaction mode between the known and the proposed parts of the VHL complex. To aid in an analysis of the VHL protein regulation of HIF-1 alpha degradation, an important and only partially understood process that directly influences angiogenesis, we performed a comprehensive search for the orthologs of the VHL as well as for VHL-interacting proteins in all the available eukaryotic genomes. Analysis of a multiple alignment of thus identified VHL orthologs reveals an unusually high degree of conservation of the surface amino acid residues that almost exactly correspond to positions mutated in the VHL disease-associated tumors. In addition, these positions form well defined clusters in three-dimensional space, and presence or absence of individual clusters correlates with the presence or absence of pathway elements in different genomes. We have also shown that relation trees derived from the multiple sequence alignment, functional surface-mapping, and HIF-1 alpha degradation pathway structure are in complete agreement, linking the functional and structural evolution of the VHL protein and VHL-dependent HIF-1 alpha degradation complex. PMID- 14767078 TI - The peculiar nature of unfolding of the human prion protein. AB - Spontaneous conformational transition of the prion protein from an alpha-helical isoform to a beta-sheet-rich isoform underlies the pathogenesis of sporadic prion diseases. To study the rate-limiting steps of spontaneous conversion, the formation of amyloid fibrils by the recombinant human PrP C-terminal fragment spanning residues 90-231 (recPrP) was monitored in the presence of urea. The kinetics of spontaneous fibril formation displayed sigmoidal behavior involving a lag phase. The shortest lag phase was observed at partially denaturing conditions, close to the concentration of urea corresponding to the middle point of unfolding. This result indicates that unfolding intermediates may be important for the conversion. To test whether unfolding intermediates are formed, we employed size-exclusion chromatography and circular dichroism spectroscopy to monitor urea denaturation of recPrP. Both techniques showed a single sigmoidal transition with very similar thermodynamic parameters of denaturation and that the transition can be described by a simple equilibrium between folded and denatured states. Detailed analyses of data, however, revealed that the dimensions of both the native and denatured species gradually increases with urea. Expansion of the native species is also accompanied by an increase in efficiency of the energy transfer from a single Trp residue to 1 anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate dye as measured by fluorescence. These data illustrate that thermodynamic character of the native ensemble changes gradually with environmental conditions. Such behavior is consistent with the thermodynamically variable model, and may be linked to the ability of PrP to adopt distinct abnormal conformations under pathologic conditions. PMID- 14767079 TI - The solution structure of the pH-induced monomer of dynein light-chain LC8 from Drosophila. AB - The structure of Drosophila LC8 pH-induced monomer has been determined by NMR spectroscopy using the program AutoStructure. The structure at pH 3 and 30 degrees C is similar to the individual subunits of mammalian LC8 dimer with the exception that a beta strand, which crosses between monomers to form an intersubunit beta-sheet in the dimer, is a flexible loop with turnlike conformations in the monomer. Increased flexibility in the interface region relative to the rest of the protein is confirmed by dynamic measurements based on (15)N relaxation. Comparison of the monomer and dimer structures indicates that LC8 is not a domain swapped dimer. PMID- 14767081 TI - Steric restrictions in protein folding: an alpha-helix cannot be followed by a contiguous beta-strand. AB - Using only hard-sphere repulsion, we investigated short polyalanyl chains for the presence of sterically imposed conformational constraints beyond the dipeptide level. We found that a central residue in a helical peptide cannot adopt dihedral angles from strand regions without encountering a steric collision. Consequently, an alpha-helical segment followed by a beta-strand segment must be connected by an intervening linker. This restriction was validated both by simulations and by seeking violations within proteins of known structure. In fact, no violations were found within an extensive database of high-resolution X-ray structures. Nature's exclusion of alpha-beta hybrid segments, fashioned from an alpha-helix adjoined to a beta-strand, is built into proteins at the covalent level. This straightforward conformational constraint has far-reaching consequences in organizing unfolded proteins and limiting the number of possible protein domains. PMID- 14767082 TI - Adolescent sexual and reproductive health. PMID- 14767080 TI - Crystal structure of the phosphorolytic exoribonuclease RNase PH from Bacillus subtilis and implications for its quaternary structure and tRNA binding. AB - RNase PH is a member of the family of phosphorolytic 3' --> 5' exoribonucleases that also includes polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase). RNase PH is involved in the maturation of tRNA precursors and especially important for removal of nucleotide residues near the CCA acceptor end of the mature tRNAs. Wild-type and triple mutant R68Q-R73Q-R76Q RNase PH from Bacillus subtilis have been crystallized and the structures determined by X-ray diffraction to medium resolution. Wild-type and triple mutant RNase PH crystallize as a hexamer and dimer, respectively. The structures contain a rare left-handed beta alpha beta motif in the N-terminal portion of the protein. This motif has also been identified in other enzymes involved in RNA metabolism. The RNase PH structure and active site can, despite low sequence similarity, be overlayed with the N terminal core of the structure and active site of Streptomyces antibioticus PNPase. The surface of the RNase PH dimer fit the shape of a tRNA molecule. PMID- 14767083 TI - Metered dose inhaler with spacer versus dry powder inhaler for delivery of salbutamol in acute exacerbations of asthma: a randomized controlled trial. AB - BACKGROUND: Delivery of various drugs by aerosol inhalation is the mainstay of treatment of asthma. Many delivery systems have been developed for children, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. Studies comparing the clinical efficacy of metered dose inhalers (MDI) and dry powder inhalers (DPI) in the treatment of acute exacerbations of asthma in children are limited. We conducted a study to compare the response to salbutamol inhalation delivered by metered dose inhaler with a spacer versus rotahaler (DPI) in children presenting with mild or moderate acute exacerbations of asthma. METHODS: Children in the age group of 5-15 years who presented with a mild or moderate acute exacerbation of asthma were randomized to receive 400 micrograms salbutamol by either a MDI with spacer or a DPI. The changes in the wheezing and accessory muscle scores, SaO2, and PEFR were recorded and subjected to statistical tests for significance. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty three children were studied; 78 were assigned to the MDI-spacer group and 75 to rotahaler (DPI) group. After receiving treatment, the PEFR improved by about 11% in both the groups. The oxygen saturation increased by 2% in both the groups. Within each group, the improvement in PEFR, SaO2, wheeze and accessory muscle score after the treatment was statistically significant. In both the groups the children co-operated equally well. CONCLUSION: Metered dose inhaler with spacer and dry powder inhaler have equal efficacy in delivering salbutamol in therapy of mild to moderate acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma in children between 5-15 years of age. PMID- 14767084 TI - Comparative efficacy of desferrioxamine, deferiprone and in combination on iron chelation in thalassemic children. AB - OBJECTIVE: Ascertainment of an appropriate strategy of iron chelation for multi transfused thalassemic children in developing countries. DESIGN: Prospective study from May 2000 to April 2001. SETTING: Urban tertiary care center. METHODS: Thirty thalassemic children having received more than 20 blood transfusions and a serum ferritin greater than 1500 ng/ml were enrolled and randomized into three groups. Group I received desferrioxamine (DFX) at a dose of 40 mg/kg subcutaneously, 5 days/week. Children in group II received oral deferiprone (L1) at a dose of 75 mg/kg/day daily and group III received a combination of daily L1 at a dose of 75 mg/kg/day and DFX at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day two times per week. The assessment of chelation was done by 24-hr urinary iron excretion (UIE) and measurement of serum ferritin levels at start and after 6 months of follow up. Statistical difference of serum ferritin levels between the three groups was assessed by applying analysis of variance. Analysis of covariance was applied to find out the urinary iron excretion keeping serum ferritin values same in each groups. RESULTS: Ferritin levels after 6 months of intervention were maximally decreased in group I. There was a significant difference between groups I and II however, no difference was noted between groups I and group III. There was no statistically significant difference in mean urinary iron excretion by keeping the initial serum ferritin levels equal though it was found to be more in group III as compared to other groups. CONCLUSIONS: DFX is the most effective chelating drug in iron overloaded multi-transfused thalassemic patients. In view of cost and unacceptability of daily DFX injections, combination therapy is an effective method of chelation thus increasing the compliance and cost effectiveness. Deferiprone (L1) alone is not an effective mode of chelation when used for a short period. PMID- 14767085 TI - Physician pharmaceutical industry interaction: changing dimensions and ethics. PMID- 14767086 TI - IAP National Task Force for Childhood Prevention of Adult Diseases: the effect of childhood physical activity on prevention of adult diseases. PMID- 14767087 TI - Effect of fortification with human milk fortifier (HMF) and other fortifying agents on the osmolality of preterm breast milk. AB - This study was conducted to test the effect of fortification with human milk fortifier (HMF), low birth weight (LBW) formula and coconut oil, initially and upon subsequent storage, on the osmolality of preterm breast milk. Milk samples (n = 48) were collected from mothers (n = 25) delivered at 34 pounds weeks and fortified with HMF (Lactodex-HMF), LBW formula (Lactodex-LBW) and edible coconut oil. Osmolality was measured before and after fortification and after 6 hours,.The gestation and birth weight (median) was 31 (range 29-32) weeks and 1198 (range 716-1478) grams. The median (range) postnatal age at testing was 15 days (range 3-60 days). There was a significant increase in osmolality of breast milk (302.3 +/- l.82) after addition of HMF (392.9 +/- 3.01) and LBW formula (390.5 +/- 2.4). There was no change in osmolality with addition of coconut oil (304 +/- 1.6). There was no further change in the osmolality after 6 hours of storage at 4 degrees C. PMID- 14767088 TI - Comparison of pediatric emergency patients in a tertiary care hospital vs a community hospital. AB - This study was conducted to compare the profile of patients attending the pediatric emergency services of a tertiary care teaching and referral hospital, Chandigarh, and a community level hospital in Ambala district, Haryana. Records of children ( 115 degrees ), and an intermolecular C-H.O=C contact and pi-pi stacking complete the intermolecular interactions. PMID- 14767143 TI - Two triclinic polymorphs of 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(naphthalen-2 ylsulfanylmethyl)pyrazine. AB - The title compound, C(48)H(36)N(2)S(4), can be crystallized as two polymorphic structures, (I) and (II), both of which are in the triclinic space group P-1 and possess C(i) symmetry. In the crystal structure of polymorph (I), the adjacent naphthalene moieties are orientated towards one another and are inclined to one another by 78.7 (1) degrees, resulting in weak C-H.pi interactions. In polymorph (II), the adjacent substituents are orientated away from one another, enclosing the pyrazine N atoms. In this way, the S atom of one substituent sits below the plane of the naphthalene ring of the other substituent. PMID- 14767144 TI - sp-9-(o-Methylphenyl)fluorene. AB - While the barriers of rotation of the sp and ap rotamers of 9-(o methylphenyl)fluorene, C(20)H(16), are sufficiently similar to permit them to equilibrate, both being observed (NMR) in solution, crystallization provides the sp rotamer, (I), exclusively. Although in the sp conformation the intramolecular distance between adjacent C atoms of the phenyl and fluorene rings is small [3.382 (4) A, within 0.02 A of the sum of the van der Waals radii], in the ap conformation the distance between the adjacent o-CH(3) group on the phenyl ring and C atom of the fluorene ring would be much closer, based on that exhibited in the crystalline ap progenitor 9-(o-methylphenyl)-9-fluorenol. The angle between the fluorene and 9-aryl planes of (I) is 75.82 (10) degrees. PMID- 14767145 TI - An aza-steroidal [17,16-c]pyrazole derivative: 2'-(p-fluorophenyl)-17a-aza-2'H pyrazolo[4',3':16,17]-D-homoandrost-4-en-3-one. AB - The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(26)H(30)FN(3)O, contains two crystallographically independent molecules, the core skeletons of which have the same absolute configuration and almost identical conformations, except for differences in the orientation of the p-fluorophenyl ring. The tetrahydropyridine ring adopts a half-chair conformation, while the cyclohexenone ring has a slightly distorted envelope conformation. The cyclohexane rings have chair conformations, sometimes slightly distorted. Intermolecular N-H.O, N-H.N and C H.F interactions and an intramolecular C-H.N interaction are observed. PMID- 14767146 TI - 16-Cyano-13alpha-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-13,16-seco-17-norandrost-5-en 3beta-yl acetate. AB - In the title compound, C(23)H(31)N(3)O(3), the outer cyclohexane rings have chair conformations, while the central cyclohexene ring adopts a half-chair conformation. In the solid state, intra- and intermolecular C-H.N interactions are observed. PMID- 14767147 TI - Psychopathology in endocrine disorders: why so persistent after the cure? PMID- 14767148 TI - New trends in alexithymia research. AB - Research investigating the alexithymia construct is advancing rapidly and has broadened considerably in recent years as a result of interdisciplinary efforts, new methodologies, and experimental techniques. New developments in the field include a shift from measurement-based validational studies to experimental investigations, which explore the relation between alexithymia and various aspects of emotional processing; the use of functional brain imaging techniques to explore neural activity associated with alexithymia; and experimental studies that measure multiple indices of physiological response to standardized emotion inducing stimuli. Developmental research and attachment studies are providing ways for investigating potential etiological sources of the construct; and experimental approaches are being used to explore relations between alexithymia and other health-related personality constructs. In addition, longitudinal and treatment studies are clarifying the relation between alexithymia and psychopathology and the extent to which alexithymia predicts treatment outcome. Investigators need to embrace the new methods and techniques for the field of research to further increase understanding of the alexithymia construct and its association with physical and mental illness. PMID- 14767149 TI - Persistent psychological distress in patients treated for endocrine disease. AB - BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to assess the frequency and characteristics of psychological distress, even after adequate treatment, in the heterogeneous population of an endocrine outpatient clinic. METHODS: 146 endocrine patients (31 males/115 females; age 39.4 +/- 12.5 years), who were cured or in remission, were studied in a university endocrine outpatient clinic. Semistructured clinical interviews to assess psychiatric (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV) and psychological (Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research, DCPR) diagnoses were employed and were supplemented by self-rated instruments (the Psychosocial Index and the Medical Outcome Study short form General Health Survey) which could provide the patients' perception of their own quality of life. RESULTS: There were 118 patients (81%) who presented with at least 1 psychiatric (DSM-IV) or psychological (DCPR) diagnosis. The most frequent diagnostic findings were generalized anxiety disorder (29%), major depression (26%), irritable mood (46%), demoralization (34%) and persistent somatization (21%). By self-rated instruments, patients with at least 1 DSM-IV or DCPR diagnosis reported significantly more stressful life circumstances, psychological distress and an impaired quality of life compared to those who had none. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of psychological distress may be encountered in the long-term follow-up of endocrine patients. A biopsychosocial consideration of the person and his/her quality of life appears to be mandatory for improving therapeutic effectiveness in endocrine disorders. PMID- 14767150 TI - Alexithymia and psychopathology in patients with psychiatric and functional gastrointestinal disorders. AB - BACKGROUND: Alexithymia and psychopathology may influence the way individuals experience psychological distress and somatic symptoms. This study evaluated patients referred to psychiatric and gastroenterologic outpatient settings in order to investigate the levels of alexithymia and psychopathology, and the possible role of alexithymia in symptom perception and health care utilization. The association between psychiatric disorders and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) was also assessed. METHODS: Psychopathology (by the Revised 90 item Symptom Checklist), alexithymia (by the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale), and gastrointestinal symptoms (by the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale) were evaluated in 52 psychiatric outpatients and 58 medical outpatients with FGIDs. Two comorbid subgroups of 25 psychiatric patients with FGIDs and 38 FGID patients with psychiatric disorders were formed and compared. RESULTS: Forty-eight percent of the psychiatric patients had associated FGIDs, and 65.5% of the FGID patients had associated psychiatric disorders. The FGID patients had significantly less psychopathology, but significantly higher alexithymia and more severe gastrointestinal symptoms, than the psychiatric patients. In the comparison of the two subgroups with comorbidity, FGID patients with psychiatric disorders were still more alexithymic and had less psychopathology than psychiatric patients with FGIDs, but gastrointestinal symptoms were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Patients with 'functional' gastrointestinal symptoms attending a medical care service are likely to be highly alexithymic, whereas those attending a psychiatric care service are likely to show severe psychopathology. Alexithymia seems to influence the presentation of 'functional' somatic symptoms and the type of health care utilization. PMID- 14767151 TI - Communicating with alexithymic and non-alexithymic patients: an experimental study of the effect of psychosocial communication and empathy on patient satisfaction. AB - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that alexithymia is associated with a wide range of somatic and psychiatric conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate experimentally how psychosocial communication and empathic response from the physician affects satisfaction in alexithymic and non-alexithymic patients. METHOD: Seven physicians and 65 female patients from a fibromyalgia patient association participated in the study. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS 20) was used to categorise patients as alexithymic or non-alexithymic. Patients also completed questionnaires regarding trait anxiety and satisfaction with their consultation. Physicians were instructed to differentiate their communication in terms of both psychosocial matters and empathic response. The content of the consultation was analysed using the Roter Interactional Analysis System. RESULTS: Regression analyses revealed that alexithymic patients were significantly more satisfied when they received a greater empathic response from the physician. Non alexithymic patients, however, were more satisfied when the consultation was of longer duration. Psychosocial communication did not have any statistically significant effect on satisfaction in either of the two subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Verbalised empathic response from the physician may be crucial for the alexithymic patient's post-consultation satisfaction and may thereby become the basis for a solid treatment alliance. The validity of this hypothesis should be tested in different clinical settings and with different patient populations. Future research on alexithymic patients' response to psychosocial communication may benefit from determining to what extent this communication is concerned with general distress or more complex emotional phenomena. PMID- 14767152 TI - A prospective study of alexithymia in obsessive-compulsive patients treated with multimodal cognitive-behavioral therapy. AB - BACKGROUND: Alexithymia as a predictor of treatment outcome in psychotherapy has often been discussed but rarely evaluated in prospective studies. The present study evaluated the absolute and relative stability of alexithymia in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and the predictive value of alexithymia for the outcome of treatment. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study with 42 inpatients receiving intensive, multimodal cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Patients were assessed for alexithymia at pre- and post-treatment with the 20 item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), for obsessive-compulsive symptoms and depression with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the 21 item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). RESULTS: OCD and comorbid depression showed a highly significant symptom-reduction from pre- to post treatment while no absolute changes in the TAS-20 total scores and its factors 1 and 3 occurred. Only factor 2 scores decreased significantly, but with a smaller effect size than the effect sizes for the changes in Y-BOCS and HDRS. Alexithymia scores at pre-treatment correlated significantly with alexithymia scores at the end of treatment, indicating its relative stability. In the linear regression analyses, no variables were identified that predicted significantly the outcome of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the view that alexithymia is a stable personality trait rather than a state-dependent phenomenon in obsessive compulsive patients. Alexithymia scores do not predict response to multimodal CBT in OCD. It might be an effect of CBT that patients could at least partly regain or newly learn the capability to describe their feelings. PMID- 14767153 TI - Childhood adversities as risk factors for alexithymia and other aspects of affect dysregulation in adulthood. AB - BACKGROUND: Affect regulation is assumed to be a biologically based function that can become disrupted by inadequate parenting and by traumatic experiences. We studied the relation between the perceived parental parenting style, and sexual and physical abuse, with alexithymia, dissociation, anxiety and depression. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study psychiatric outpatients were administered a structured interview on childhood physical and sexual abuse and they completed a number of questionnaires about the parenting styles of their parents, and about alexithymia, dissociation and mood pathology. RESULTS: Maternal and paternal parenting styles were moderately correlated with alexithymia and depression. The paternal parenting style was also correlated with dissociation. Optimal parenting of one of the parents had a buffering effect on the degree of alexithymia, but not on the severity of other forms of affect dysregulation. The effect of sexual or physical abuse did not add to that of parental parenting style in terms of predicting affect dysregulation. However, a positively perceived maternal parenting style was found to have a buffering effect in terms of the degree of alexithymia, if sexual abuse had also taken place. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived parenting does appear to be of some significance in the development of alexithymia. Optimal parenting of one of the parents may protect against the development of alexithymia when the parenting of the other parent is perceived as non-optimal. However, it is likely that other factors besides parental care and sexual or physical abuse play an important role in the development of an adequate affect regulation. PMID- 14767155 TI - Family intervention approach to loss of clinical effect during antidepressant treatment. PMID- 14767154 TI - Interhemispheric transfer in alexithymia: a transcallosal inhibition study. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the hypothesis that alexithymia is associated with an interhemispheric transfer deficit via the corpus callosum (CC). METHOD: The transcallosal inhibition paradigm was used to assess interhemispheric transfer. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and peripheral electromyographic recordings were performed in 10 right-handed male and 10 female students with Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) scores of > or = 61 and controls (TAS-20 scores of < 61). The transcallosal conduction time (TCT) reflects the TMS induced inhibitory cortical activity that is mediated via the CC. RESULTS: There was a significant interaction between gender and alexithymia (Wilks lambda = 0.89; F = 3.4; d.f. = 2, 57; p = 0.04) indicating that alexithymic males had shorter bidirectional TCTs than controls and a significantly shorter left to right TCT than controls (p = 0.002). However, the left to right TCT was not significantly different from the right to left TCT in alexithymic males (p = 0.39). Alexithymic females were not different from controls. CONCLUSION: Our results clearly stand in contrast to the hypothesis of a transfer deficit due to a dysfunction of the CC in alexithymia. Facilitated, bidirectional transcallosal inhibition of the contralateral motor activity is associated with alexithymia in males. Facilitated cortical inhibition may be a neurobiological correlate of alexithymia. PMID- 14767156 TI - Emotional and linguistic perception of prosody. Reception of prosody. AB - The objective of the study was to find out whether there is a connection between the perception of linguistic intonation contours and emotional intonation. Twenty four subjects were asked to identify and discriminate emotional prosody listening to subtests 8A and 8B of the Tubinger Affect Battery as well as to 36 utterances that differed in linguistic intonation contour and were first presented normally and then low-pass-filtered. The subjects were divided into an older and a younger group in order to detect a possible age effect. The results showed that the ability to recognize and identify emotional prosody did not decline with age. These results are in contrast to the linguistic intonation contours, for which performance typically declined with age. Also, the low-pass-filtered utterances are more difficult to identify if the intonation contour is not salient, as in imperatives. Finally, the results do not show a gender difference. In sum the results indicate that emotional prosody and the reception of linguistic intonation contours seem to be processed by the same or similar brain structures. PMID- 14767157 TI - Comprehension of emotional information in patients with aphasia. AB - Comprehension of emotional information has traditionally been attributed to right hemispheric processing. Especially nonverbal emotional communication seems to be much better than verbal competence in aphasics. Yet evidence stressing the importance of the left hemisphere for an adequate interpretation of emotional information has been reported. This article reports data on two experiments primarily aimed at emotional inferences in text comprehension. Patients with cortical lesions in their left vs. right hemisphere showed similar deficits in perceiving both verbal and nonverbal emotion tasks. The question arises, which underlying deficits may result in these similar comprehension patterns. Best predictors in regression analyses differed for patients with left hemisphere and right hemisphere lesions. PMID- 14767158 TI - The influence of hearing impairment on preverbal emotional vocalizations of infants. AB - The aim of the study was to compare the vocalizations of normally hearing and profoundly hearing-impaired infants in the first year of life. After the first recording all hearing-impaired infants were provided with hearing aids. We focused on three issues: (1) Are there different types of preverbal vocalizations in the vocal repertoire of normally hearing and hearing-impaired infants? (2) Do the vocal types emerge at similar age? (3) Does hearing impairment influence the acoustic structure of the preverbal vocalization types common to normally hearing and hearing-impaired infants? The study shows that both normally hearing and hearing-impaired infants have the same vocal repertoire. Except for babbling, there were no differences in the time of emergence of preverbal utterances. Structural differences could only be found in 'cries'. In general, it seems that normal auditory input is not essential for the production of single preverbal utterances. PMID- 14767159 TI - Differences in the speech of 10- to 13-year-old boys from divorced and nondivorced families against the background of emotional attachment. AB - In Germany, an increasing number of children live with one parent alone and have to cope with the separation or divorce of their parents. Emotional drawbacks have frequently been hypothesized for these children. Thus, we studied if such experiences are reflected in speech behavior. Twenty-eight 10- to 13-year-old boys from separated parents (physical separation of the parents was 2 years before the investigation) were compared with 26 boys from parents living together in an interview focusing on attachment-related themes and everyday situations. The interviews were analyzed with regard to coherence of speech, coping with emotional problems, reflectivity, child representation of both parents, and verbal and nonverbal expression of feelings. Boys from separated parents had incoherent speech, difficulties in coping with emotional problems, a poorer reflectivity (thinking about their own mental states and those of others), they represented neither parent supportively and did not show their feelings openly. These results can be traced back to an insecure attachment representation of the boys with separated parents. PMID- 14767160 TI - Emotional satisfaction of parents and speech-language therapists with outcome of training intervention in children with speech and language disorders. AB - The compliance of children and their parents is very important for the outcome of speech-language therapy in children. We analyzed 169 questionnaires of parents whose children had received speech-language therapy and 140 questionnaires of speech-language therapists (logopedists) concerning their satisfaction with the outcome of the intervention. Treatment was usually once weekly. We found that the majority of the parents was very satisfied with the outcome of the speech language therapy, the professional knowledge of the speech-language therapists and the type of therapy. The speech-language therapists were in most cases pleased with the compliance of the parents. Speech-language therapists who have been working for many years tend to spend less time with parents, to consider insufficient progress as a challenge and to treat less frequently. PMID- 14767161 TI - Voice handicap of laryngectomees with tracheoesophageal speech. AB - The evaluation of diagnostics and therapies includes more and more subjective, i.e. emotional and social aspects. Focussing on the handicap experienced by dysphonic patients, the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) has previously been found to be of significant clinical and scientific value for different voices. In this study the VHI questionnaire was applied to demonstrate the voice handicap of 20 male laryngectomees using tracheoesophageal voice (Provox), aged 65.5 +/- 8.7 years. Their VHI was 45.5 +/- 24.1, which was significantly higher than the score of patients with functional voice disorders, but differed only slightly from patients with organic laryngeal dysphonia. Focussing on individual data, VHI scores ranged from values similar to persons without voice disorder to maximum handicap of 101. Comparing the VHI scores with the laryngectomees' gradual self perception of voice disorder severity, no consistent relationship was found. Considering the large interindividual differences, the VHI may serve as a valuable instrument for the assessment of individual interventional needs rather than for the identification of a general laryngectomees' handicap. PMID- 14767162 TI - Identification of chromosomes associated with dental caries susceptibility using quantitative trait locus analysis in mice. AB - Dental caries is a multifactorial, infectious disease with little known about the host genetic factors influencing susceptibility. This study aimed to identify the major candidate chromosomes for dental caries susceptibility and to detect the relevant regions within these. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed on genetic crosses of C3H/HeJ (caries-resistant) and C57BL/6J (caries susceptible) mice inoculated with Streptococcus mutans serotype C. In a genomewide scan, three suggestive QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, and 7, one significant QTL was found on chromosome 2, and one highly significant QTL was detected on chromosome 8. The likelihood ratio statistic (LRS) was raised around the marker D1Mit21 in the middle region of chromosome 1, between D2Mit255 and D2Mit311 in the distal region of chromosome 2, and the region distal to D7Mit31 on chromosome 7. A significant QTL was located between the markers D2Mit237 and D2Mit101 on chromosome 2. The LRS was highly significantly raised between markers D8Mit208 and D8Mit280 on chromosome 8, and exceeded a highly significant level between markers D8Mit211 and D8Mit280. These results suggest that major gene(s) responsible for dental caries susceptibility or resistance are located in one or more of these regions. PMID- 14767163 TI - Influence of weight on removal of co-adhering bacteria from salivary pellicles by different modes of brushing. AB - This study compared removal of pairs of co-adhering and non-co-adhering oral actinomyces and streptococci from salivary pellicles by manual, rotating/oscillating electric and sonic toothbrushes, applying weights up to 240 g. First, actinomyces were allowed to adhere to a pellicle in a parallel plate flow chamber, after which streptococci suspended in saliva were perfused through the chamber at 33 degrees C. On average, 34-39% of the adhering bacteria were adhering as single organisms. For co-adhering and non-co-adhering pairs, 33 and 10% of the adhering bacteria were involved, respectively, in aggregates comprising more than 10 organisms. Brushing by hand removed 82% at low weight (40 g), which was less than by electric (93%) or sonic (92%) brushing, while for all modes of brushing bacterial removal increased with increasing weight to 95-99%. For a non-co-adhering pair, subsequent exposure of brushed pellicles to a streptococcal suspension yielded only 2-16% of bacteria involved in large aggregates, regardless of the mode of brushing. For the co-adhering pair, however, de novo streptococcal adhesion to hand-brushed pellicles yielded 34-57% of bacteria involved in large aggregates, while electric and sonic brushing left 22-35% of the bacteria involved in large aggregates. De novo streptococcal adhesion for the co-adhering pair increased with increasing weight for the electric and sonic brush in contrast to the manual brush. Since a strong influence of co-adhesion is evident in de novo streptococcal adhesion, despite nearly complete removal of all actinomyces, these observations suggest that the three modes of brushing leave footprints to which streptococci preferentially adhere. PMID- 14767164 TI - Efficacy of occlusal plaque removal in erupting molars: a comparison of an electric toothbrush and the cross-toothbrushing technique. AB - The aim of this prospective crossover study was to compare the efficacy of two methods of plaque removal on partially erupted occlusal surfaces, which comprise about 80% of the sites affected by caries in schoolchildren. After a baseline examination, 16 children (aged 5-7 years) and their parents were instructed in cleaning the occlusal surface of an erupting molar either with an electric toothbrush or with a manual toothbrush in the cross-brushing technique. After 2 weeks, the proportion of the occlusal surface covered by plaque was measured again using the occlusal plaque index, a new, highly reproducible method (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.90). For the next 2 weeks, they used the other technique. In the multifactorial variance analysis, the individual child and parents were the most important factor for the amount of plaque present. Secondly, both methods resulted in about 50% less plaque on occlusal surfaces compared to baseline (29.2%) with a slightly but significantly smaller mean value for the electric toothbrush (14.7%, manual cross-brushing technique 16.7%; p = 0.025). PMID- 14767165 TI - Colonization of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus genotypes and caries development in children to mothers harboring both species. AB - The major route of early acquisition of mutans streptococci in humans is a vertical transmission from mother to child. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the acquisition, distribution and persistence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in children whose mothers harbored both species and to study the caries incidence in relation to colonization of these bacteria. Fifteen mother-child pairs were followed during the child's first 7 years. Stimulated salivary samples were taken from the mothers and the children. Plaque samples were also collected from the teeth and the tongue of the children. The samples were analyzed by cultivating techniques together with genomic fingerprinting and hybridizing. The caries experience was evaluated on the sampling occasions and retrospectively using the records of caries registrations from the community clinics. During the 7-year period 10 of the 15 children acquired mutans streptococci. Only 4 of them were colonized by both S. mutans and S. sobrinus despite the fact that their mothers harbored both species. In 2 of the children S. sobrinus was found later than S. mutans. A total of 26 genotypes were found in the children and 9 of them were identical to their mothers. New genotypes and a gain-loss pattern were noted especially in the children but also in their mothers. The groups of teeth first positive for the two species were the deciduous molars. The caries experience was low during the study period with 8 children showing no caries. PMID- 14767166 TI - Effects of drying time and the presence of plaque on the in vitro performance of laser fluorescence in occlusal caries of primary teeth. AB - The diode laser fluorescence device was introduced to diagnose caries lesions in occlusal and smooth surfaces. Despite promising results, much variation has been found in the protocol of utilization. The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of dental plaque and drying time on the laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent) performance in occlusal sites of primary molars. For the drying time study, 63 suspected occlusal sites in primary molars were used. The same sites were evaluated in four different conditions: (1) moist teeth, (2) teeth dried for 3 s with a 3-in-1 syringe, (3) teeth dried for 15 s, and (4) dehydrated teeth. For the plaque experiment, we selected 28 occlusal sites. After the baseline laser fluorescence readings, plaque collected from children was placed on the suspected site. New laser fluorescence measurements were performed. For both studies, we compared the laser fluorescence values, as well as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under ROC curve. For different drying times, the more dehydrated the teeth, the higher the values. Nevertheless, the performance of the method did not change significantly, except for dehydrated teeth. In the presence of plaque, the laser fluorescence values were reduced, and the evaluated parameters were worse than with no plaque. In conclusion, the hydration state of the teeth did not change the results significantly, but the presence of plaque worsened the performance of the laser fluorescence method. PMID- 14767167 TI - Fingernails and toenails as biomarkers of subchronic exposure to fluoride from dentifrice in 2- to 3-year-old children. AB - This work evaluated the use of fingernails and toenails as biomarkers of subchronic exposure to fluoride (F) from fluoride dentifrice (FD) in 2- to 3-year old children. Ten 2- to 3-year-old children used a placebo dentifrice (without F) for 28 days, FD (1,570 ppm F as monofluorophosphate) for the following 28 days, and then placebo dentifrice for an additional 28 days, then returned to their usual dentifrices. Fingernails and toenails were clipped every 2 weeks, during the experimental period and for an additional 22 weeks. Nail F was analyzed by electrode following hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion. There were no significant differences between fingernail and toenail F concentrations. Mean peak F concentrations occurred 16 weeks after starting the use of FD. Results suggest that fingernails and toenails may be suitable biomarkers of subchronic exposure to F from FD in small children. PMID- 14767168 TI - Caries-inhibiting effect of professional fluoride gel application in low-caries children initially aged 4.5-6.5 years. AB - It was the purpose of the study to investigate the caries-reducing effect of semi annual professional fluoride gel application in a low-caries child population initially aged 4.5-6.5 years during a 4-year follow-up period. In a double-blind randomised controlled trial (n = 773) the effect of sodium fluoride gel on D3MFS and d3mfs was compared with a placebo gel. The mean caries reduction of professionally applied fluoride gel after 4 years in subjects with baseline caries experience D3MFS = 0 as well as d3mfs = 0 was 0.08 D3MFS (SE = 0.06) and 0.36 d3mfs (SE = 0.22). The prevented fraction for D3MFS and d3mfs was 26% (SE = 16%) and 20% (SE = 11%), respectively. It was concluded that in the investigated low-caries 4.5- to 6.5-year-olds, fluoride gel treatment showed a statistically significant (tested one-sided) caries-inhibiting effect on D3MFS, which was considered not clinically relevant, and no significant effect on d3mfs. PMID- 14767169 TI - The effect of chewing urea-containing gum on plaque acidogenic and alkaligenic parameters. AB - The aim of this double-blind crossover study was to determine the effect of chewing urea-containing gum on selected microbiological plaque properties. Eleven subjects chewed either urea-containing or urea-free placebo gum 3 times daily, each for 4 weeks, with at least a 4-week separation between regimes. After each chewing regime, plaque was sampled from all available surfaces, and inoculated into media indicative of acid or base production. In addition, interdental pH measurements were taken using touch Beetrode electrodes following sucrose and sorbitol mouthrinses, and sucrose mouthrinses followed by urea rinse, urea gum, or placebo gum. No significant differences in plaque acidogenic and alkaligenic properties were found between the urea and placebo gum regimes. Urea rinsing, urea gum and placebo gum all reduced the depth and duration of the pH fall following a sucrose mouthrinse. They also enhanced a rise in pH above the resting pH, but although urea gum produced a larger increase than placebo gum, the difference was not significant. PMID- 14767170 TI - Caries incidence and lesion progression from adolescence to young adulthood: a prospective 15-year cohort study in Sweden. AB - The objectives were (1) to assess caries development, including the incidence and rate of lesion progression, in a Swedish cohort from adolescence to young adulthood and (2) to compare the caries incidence rates in adolescents with those of young adults. The original material consisted of 536 children aged 11-13 years at baseline. This cohort had been followed through annual bitewing radiographs to 21-22 years of age. In 1998-1999, 250 of these individuals were re-examined at the age of 26-27, and the new caries data were added to the original data. The results showed that fewer new enamel lesions developed on approximal surfaces during young adulthood than during adolescence; the caries incidence rates for enamel lesions decreased from 4.3 in the age group 12-15 years to 2.7 new caries lesions/100 surface-years in the age group 20-27 years. The same applied to the rate of lesion progression, where the corresponding values from the enamel-dentin border to the outer dentin were 32.5 for the youngest and 10.9 new lesions/100 surface-years for the oldest age group. The caries incidence of outer dentin lesions on approximal surfaces was low but increased from 0.2 in the age group 12 15 years to 0.9 new outer dentin lesions/100 surface-years in the age group 20-27 years. The incidence rates varied considerably between different tooth surfaces. Also for occlusal surfaces, fewer new dentin lesions developed during young adulthood than during adolescence; the incidence was 2.0 new dentin lesions/100 surface-years in the youngest age group and 0.7 during young adulthood. At the age of 13, the proportion of DFS of occlusal surfaces predominated over DFS of approximal surfaces but at the age of 26-27 the proportions of occlusal and approximal DFS were almost equal. PMID- 14767171 TI - Sucrose intake since infancy and dental health in 10-year-old children. AB - The dental health of children in western countries has improved without a concomitant decrease in the mean sucrose consumption. Our aim was to analyse the association of long-term sucrose consumption with dental health in children representing the highest (n = 33, 18 boys) and the lowest 5 percentiles (n = 33, 21 boys) of sucrose intake, in a study where food consumption was prospectively recorded from infancy to 10 years of age. The sum of decayed, missing and filled teeth in the primary (dmft) and permanent (DMFT) teeth was assessed. Children's sucrose intake in the high intake group was constantly higher than in their counterparts (p < 0.001), and already exceeded 10% of energy intake (E %) at 2 years of age. The mean +/- SD of the dmft + DMFT scores was higher in the high than in the low sucrose intake group (3.9 +/- 3.9 and 1.9 +/- 2.5, respectively; p = 0.032). We conclude that a persistently high sucrose intake increases the risk of dental caries in children. PMID- 14767172 TI - Caries experience and background factors in 4-year-old children: time trends 1967 2002. AB - In cross-sectional studies conducted in 1967, 1971, 1976, 1980, 1987, 1992, 1997 and 2002, 4-year-old children in Umea, a city in northern Sweden, were examined for dental caries and background factors such as oral hygiene habits, use of fluorides, and sugar consumption. The same methods and criteria have been used in each of the studies from 1967 to 2002. The number of children with caries had declined from 87% in 1967 to 42% in 1987, but then the decline levelled out. In 2002, 46% of the children had caries with a mean dmfs value of 2.0 +/- 3.6. Six percent of the children had 10 or more dmfs. Immigrant children had a higher caries prevalence (p < 0.01). A significant difference in the dmfs values was found in children according to tooth-brushing frequency (p < 0.01). Although the consumption of sugary products between meals increased between 1987 and 1997, no changes were noted from 1997 to 2002. In conclusion, no important changes in caries prevalence have taken place during the last 15 years. The frequency of tooth-brushing and immigrant background had a significant association with caries prevalence. PMID- 14767173 TI - Assessment of caries risk in preschool children. AB - The study aimed to assess the additional caries-predictive value of visible plaque, gingival bleeding, and the reported use of fluorides and candies, when combined with the information about mutans streptococci (MS) and incipient carious lesions. The subjects were 2 years of age at the baseline examination (n = 226), and they were all given conventional prevention during the 3-year follow up period. None of the studied single risk indicators reached an accuracy of 80% in predicting the 3-year caries increment. At best, the accuracy was 75% for the MS strip. Use of candies and incipient caries lesions had additional caries predictive value (multiple logistic regression analysis). The combined use of these three risk indicators resulted in an accuracy of 81%. The present results indicate that in 2-year-old children, the combination of two or three risk indicators (MS strip, incipient caries lesions, and use of candies) might have caries-predictive power enough for clinical implications. PMID- 14767174 TI - Functional disability and associated factors among older Zuni Indians. AB - Few studies have focused on American Indian elderly and functional disability, and none have explored potential moderating or mediating factors that may lend themselves to subsequent intervention. The purpose of this study was to describe the extent of functional disability in elders and to determine which factors were associated with a higher number of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) limitations. The study was a secondary data analysis of an existing survey of American Indian elders in one southwest tribe. Functional disability was defined as limitations in ADLs and was measured by the percent of respondents reporting specific limitations and by the mean total ADL limitations. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the demographic, socioeconomic and health factors associated with ADL limitations. In the 90 elders surveyed, 40 percent of respondents reported a limitation with bathing, 31 percent with walking, and 22 percent with dressing. Only 6 percent of the elders surveyed, however, reported their health status as "poor" on a 5-point scale. Factors associated with more ADL limitations included poorer health status, less frequent exercise, and more elder care services used. Rates of functional disability in this tribe were higher than those found in the U.S. for all races. Further studies are needed to understand functional disability in American Indian elders and their need for long-term care services. PMID- 14767175 TI - Elderly health disparities on the U.S.-Mexico border. AB - The Ageless Health Needs Assessment is a multi-phase project designed to assess the health and quality of life of the 60 and older population along the U.S. Mexico border. The present study used a health survey, which was administered to 1,450 participants by telephone and through face-to-face interviews in Western Texas and Southern New Mexico. Several demographic differences were found between the samples: 52% of the Texas sample was Hispanic compared to 23% of the New Mexico sample; 63% of the Texas sample was born in the U.S. compared to 92% of the New Mexico sample; and Texans reported less education and lower incomes than New Mexicans. Exploratory factor analysis revealed four health-related factors, which were labeled Physical Health, Emotional Health, General Health, and Activity Potential. A MANCOVA showed significant differences between groups after controlling for socioeconomic status and age. PMID- 14767176 TI - Issues in caring for Afghan American elders: insights from literature and a focus group. AB - OBJECTIVES: To increase the information available for clinicians and educators to care for, and educate others to care for, elders from Afghan backgrounds more effectively. DESIGN: Focus group methodology. SETTING: Community senior center in Fremont, CA, United States. PARTICIPANTS: Nine leaders of an Afghan elders group. MEASUREMENTS: Content analysis of translated proceedings of focus group. RESULTS: The two most important themes were: 1) Participants identified their health status and effective treatments with their faith in, and practice of, Islam. 2) They also emphasized the importance of care given by same-sex providers. CONCLUSION: Clinicians providing care for older Afghan refugees need to be aware of the importance of respecting the practices of Islam, especially using same sex providers. Allowing for Muslim practices in the hospital is also important, such as washing before daily prayers, not serving pork products (e.g. gelatin), and having the bed face Mecca (Southeast) for prayers, especially for a dying patient. PMID- 14767177 TI - Ethnic differences using behavior rating scales to assess the mental health of children: a conceptual and psychometric critique. AB - This article reviews the literature on using behavior-rating scales to assess the mental health of children from different ethnic groups in the United States. Particular emphasis is placed on children referred to child welfare and juvenile justice systems. Differences between categorical and dimensional classification, as well as broadband versus narrowband classification approaches are discussed. Sources of potential bias and the best available methods used to assess ethnic group differences in ratings scales are presented. Finally, the extent to which behavior rating scales have been examined for measurement equivalence is critiqued and directions for future research are forward. PMID- 14767178 TI - Maternal rigidity in infancy and level of intelligence at school age in children born preterm. AB - Forty-four children who had been born preterm and their mothers participated in the follow-up study. At 3 and 14 months (corrected age) cognitive development was assessed using the BOS 2-30, the Dutch version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. The BOS yields measures of mental and motor development. At 7.5 years, intelligence was measured using the WISC-RN, the Dutch version of the WISC R. A composite measure of maternal rigidity, tapping rigidity as a personality trait and rigid attitudes to child-rearing was used. The results of a multiple regression analysis indicated that maternal rigidity, measured in the first year of the child's life, was not associated with mental performance at 3 or 14 months. At 7.5. years, however, it was strongly associated with cognitive development, contributing uniquely to performance IQ. PMID- 14767179 TI - The family psychosocial characteristics of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with or without oppositional or conduct problems in Japan. AB - We investigated whether the correlates of family psychosocial characteristics among Japanese children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) differ according to the comorbid condition of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD). Three groups of children (12 ADHD, 15 ADHD + ODD/ CD, and 14 control) were compared on family psychosocial variables. Findings indicated that the interpersonal relationships in ADHD + ODD/ CD children's family were more conflictive and less organized than those of the control. Mental health among mothers of ADHD + ODD/CD children was worse than those of ADHD and control children. Childhood ADHD symptoms of parents were the most severe among parents of ADHD + ODD/CD children. These results support the nosological distinction between ADHD comorbid with ODD and CD. The need for specific clinical intervention according to the comorbid condition is stressed. PMID- 14767180 TI - A factor analytic study of the loneliness and social dissatisfaction scale in a sample of African-American and Hispanic-American children. AB - This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction Scale (LSDS) in a sample of African-American and Hispanic American children. Participants were a non-clinical sample ( N = 186) of children ages 11 to 13 in the fifth and sixth grades in a school in the Metropolitan New York area. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed a two-factor model fits the sample data better than a one-factor model. Internal consistencies were acceptable across the two factors, and convergent validity of the LSDS was supported by a moderately positive relation with a self-report measure of depressive symptomatology. In a structural equation model, ethnicity, grade, and gender predicted little variance in each LSDS factor, suggesting little measure bias. These preliminary findings suggest that the LSDS is a psychometrically sound instrument for African-American and Hispanic-American children, yet future inspection of its factor structure in more diverse samples of children is warranted. PMID- 14767181 TI - The stability of threat perception abnormalities and anxiety disorder symptoms in non-clinical children. AB - The current study examined the temporal stability of threat perception abnormalities and anxiety disorder symptoms in non-clinical children. One-hundred and-thirteen primary school children aged 9 to 13 years completed a self-report measure of anxiety disorder symptoms, and were interviewed individually using an ambiguous story paradigm from which a number of threat perception indices were derived. The assessment was repeated some 4 weeks later, so that it became possible to study prospective relationships for threat perception abnormalities and anxiety disorder symptoms. Results indicated that, on both occasions, anxiety disorder symptoms were significantly associated with threat perception abnormalities. Furthermore, threat perception abnormalities were moderately stable with test-retest correlations between 0.44 and 0.63 for the various threat indices and a test-retest correlation of 0.61 for the threat perception composite score. Finally, no evidence was obtained for a direct prospective link between threat perception and anxiety disorder symptoms. Implications for the role of threat perception distortions in the maintenance of anxiety complaints in children are briefly discussed. PMID- 14767192 TI - The solutions for one generation may become the problems of the next. PMID- 14767193 TI - Diabetes mellitus in long-term survivors of pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation. AB - To identify risk factors associated with the development of diabetes mellitus and to describe the prevalence of diabetes in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) survivors. The follow-up records of 748 patients who survived for at least 2 years after pediatric HCT were retrospectively reviewed for diagnosis of diabetes. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes were analyzed using multivariate statistics. Among 748 patients with a median of 11 years of follow-up, 38 developed diabetes after HCT. Four patients (three leukemia and one neuroblastoma) developed type 1 diabetes 8 to 14 years after HCT, at between 10 and 19 years of age. Thirty-four patients (32 leukemia and 2 aplastic anemia) developed type 2 diabetes 1 to 24 years after HCT, at between 11 and 41 years of age. Of the 34 patients with type 2 diabetes, 23 were non-Hispanic white, 3 had experienced asparaginase toxicity (hyperglycemia and/or pancreatitis), and 26 had a family history of diabetes. Risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes were diagnosis of acute or chronic leukemia, race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic white, family history of diabetes, and asparaginase toxicity. The prevalence of type 1 diabetes among all surviving patients was 0.52%, or three times higher than the general U.S. population. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 9% among leukemia survivors and 2% among aplastic anemia survivors, both higher than expected. Pediatric HCT survivors are more likely to develop diabetes than the general population. PMID- 14767194 TI - Busulfan and cyclophosphamide as a conditioning regimen for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. AB - Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has become the standard therapy for children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The authors report their experience with histocompatible BMT for 52 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia conditioned with a non-total body irradiation (TBI) regimen using busulfan and cyclophosphamide (Bu/Cy). The efficacy and long-term toxicity of the Bu/Cy regimen were determined. Overall survival was 35%. One-year, 3-year, and 7-year event-free survival rates were 54%, 33%, and 23%, respectively. Of the 52 BMT recipients, 26 relapsed. Thirteen of the relapsed patients received a second BMT and three were surviving as of this writing. The most frequent cause of death was leukemia relapse. An initial remission duration of less than 18 months was a factor in decreasing the event-free survival. The Bu/Cy regimen was well tolerated, with minimal transplant-related mortality. Neurocognitive function was tested before BMT and 1 year after BMT. When 1-year posttransplant neurocognitive test scores were compared with pretransplant scores, there was no decrease. However, there was a significant decrease in the pretransplant neurocognitive test scores in BMT recipients compared with their normal siblings. The use of Bu/Cy as a conditioning regimen for BMT does not appear to affect posttransplant neurocognitive function. Other long-term side effects, such as endocrinopathies and secondary malignancies, were also minimal. These data show that the Bu/Cy regimen is well tolerated, but the overall survival rate remains low. PMID- 14767195 TI - Successful unrelated cord blood transplantation following reduced-intensity conditioning for refractory acute myeloid leukemia. AB - Patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia following autograft have a poor prognosis. The possibility of allograft is frequently time-limited, as the disease reappears before a stem cell donor can be found in the worldwide registries. Cord blood transplantation is a new therapeutic approach, since cord blood units are rapidly available. The authors show how a relapsed chemotherapy refractory patient was successful transplanted with a mismatched cord blood unit after reduced-intensity conditioning. Twenty-three months after transplantation, the child is in continuous complete remission and has full donor chimerism and no signs of chronic graft-versus-host disease. PMID- 14767196 TI - Congenital neuroblastoma arising in the deltoid muscle. AB - Neuroblastoma almost always arises in association with sympathetic neural crest tissues that flank the spinal axis, including the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the neck, mediastinum, retroperitoneum, and pelvis, or in the adrenal glands. Neuroblastoma in the newborn period, which can present as localized or metastatic disease, often resolves spontaneously and requires little or no therapy. The authors describe a 5-week-old infant with an isolated primary neuroblastoma arising in the deltoid muscle. Histologic and biologic characteristics were consistent with a favorable-prognosis stage 1 neuroblastoma. Following a complete local excision, the child remains in complete remission 3 years from diagnosis. PMID- 14767197 TI - Primary follicular lymphoma of the testis: excellent outcome following surgical resection without adjuvant chemotherapy. AB - The authors report a case of follicular lymphoma of the testis in a 3-year-old boy. Follicular lymphoma of childhood is rare, accounting for less than 5% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the pediatric population. Children with follicular NHL have typically been described as presenting with localized disease, with a preponderance of male patients. The authors conducted a comprehensive review of the literature and found that this patient is the only child reported to have localized follicular lymphoma of the testis successfully treated without systemic chemotherapy. In all previously reported cases, a favorable outcome was seen following surgical resection and chemotherapy. This patient has remained disease free for more than 2 years after surgical resection alone. The successful outcome in this case following surgical resection, without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, suggests that localized follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children may not be associated with occult systemic disease and that subsequent chemotherapy may not be necessary for cure. PMID- 14767198 TI - Herpes simplex virus pneumonia in a patient with ependymoma. AB - The authors report a fatal outcome in a 4-year-old boy with herpes simplex virus (HSV) pneumonia and ependymoma. The patient had respiratory distress that worsened despite antibiotic treatment. Bronchoalveolar lavage showed intranuclear viral inclusions, and culture was positive for HSV type 1. His T-cell count was significantly decreased. Although acyclovir and foscarnet were given, the patient died. Postmortem examination showed HSV pneumonitis with severe alveolar damage and severe involutional changes of the thymus with absence of Hassall's corpuscles. HSV must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with interstitial pneumonia and T-cell deficiency, especially after craniospinal irradiation. PMID- 14767199 TI - Reactivation of the bacille Calmette-Guerin scar following immune reconstitution during treatment of infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia. AB - The authors describe an infant presenting at 2 weeks of age with congenital acute lymphoblastic leukemia who had previously received routine bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination at birth. The risk of BCG dissemination in immunocompromised infants is discussed and the use of antimycobacterial prophylaxis in such cases considered. PMID- 14767200 TI - Unusual presentation of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case presenting with hypercalcemia symptoms only. PMID- 14767201 TI - Methylene blue reversal of ifosfamide-related encephalopathy. PMID- 14767202 TI - Successful treatment of invasive aspergillosis with oral voriconazole following intravenous liposomal amphotericin in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PMID- 14767203 TI - Low-grade myofibrosarcoma of the head and neck: importance of surgical therapy. PMID- 14767204 TI - Congenital infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma type II treated with orthotopic liver transplantation. AB - The authors describe a 10-week-old girl with infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma who initially presented with difficulty feeding, hepatomegaly, and multiple hemangiomas of the skin. Six weeks of steroid therapy and 2 weeks of chemotherapy failed to produce clinical improvement. The patient underwent split liver transplantation. A definitive diagnosis of hemangioendothelioma type II was made. Imaging studies cannot differentiate between hemangioendothelioma and angiosarcoma. Treatment modalities for this condition remain unclear. The patient continues to do well. PMID- 14767205 TI - Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder after a cord blood stem cell transplantation presenting with pulmonary nodules. AB - Sixteen months after a cord blood stem cell transplantation, a 6-year-old girl was diagnosed with Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (EBV-PTLD). A CT scan revealed nodules in both lungs, but the patient had neither lymphadenopathy nor other lesions. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic evaluation and the increased level of EBV DNA in the peripheral blood. The patient was successfully treated with rituximab, and a complete regression of the tumors was achieved. This case reveals the need to include EBV-PTLD in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules, as well as demonstrating that rituximab may be effective treatment of EBV-PTLD after cord blood stem cell transplantation. PMID- 14767206 TI - Management of hemophilic pseudotumor of thumb in a child. AB - A case of hemophilic pseudotumor of the thumb in a child is reported. Combined treatment with radiation therapy and factor VIII replacement resulted in complete resolution of the lesion with no recurrence at the 6-month follow-up. The combination of radiotherapy and factor replacement should be strongly considered in the treatment of bone pseudotumors in children. PMID- 14767207 TI - Acute parvovirus B19 infection mimicking congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. AB - Infection with human parvovirus B19 is known to cause transient erythroid aplasia in children with hemolytic anemia but has also been associated with bone marrow necrosis and morphologic changes suggesting myelodysplasia. The authors describe a previously healthy child who presented with severe hypoplastic anemia. Initial bone marrow aspiration revealed erythroid hyperplasia, dyserythropoiesis, and multinucleated erythroid cells with nuclear budding and bridging, consistent with the diagnosis of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. Serologic testing documented acute parvovirus infection, and on recovery the correct diagnosis of unsuspected congenital spherocytosis was established. This case expands the spectrum of hematologic disease associated with acute parvovirus infection. PMID- 14767208 TI - Thoracic lymphangiomatosis in a child. AB - An 8-year-old boy who presented with a mediastinal mass, pulmonary infiltrates, and disseminated intravascular coagulation was diagnosed with lymphangiomatosis. Despite medical management, he developed multiple organ failure and died. The authors discuss the diagnostic findings, medical management, and pathology and review 52 additional cases of thoracic lymphangiomatosis from the literature. Patients presented with chylothorax (49%), a mass (47%), pulmonary infiltrates (45%), bone lesions (39%), splenic lesions (19%), cervical involvement (15%), disseminated intravascular coagulation (9%), and skin involvement (7%). Children (<16 years) had a worse prognosis than older patients (39% vs. 0% mortality). All patients who died had either parenchymal lung involvement or pleural effusion. Thoracic lymphangiomatosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of a mediastinal mass with pulmonary findings. PMID- 14767209 TI - Thrombocytosis in an infant with high thrombopoietin concentrations. AB - Patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) usually have normal thrombopoietin (TPO) concentrations because of negative feedback from thrombocytosis. TPO mutations in familial ET cases result in increased translation efficiency with excessive TPO stimulation and thrombocytosis. The authors describe an infant with a high platelet count (1300 x 103/mm3) and an elevated TPO concentration who was successfully treated with anagrelide. Sequencing of TPO revealed no genetic cause. This case may represent a case of atypical ET in which thrombocytosis results from TPO stimulation rather than clonal proliferation. Measuring TPO concentrations may be warranted for children with unexplained extreme thrombocytosis. PMID- 14767210 TI - The child with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: is pharmacotherapy or watchful waiting the best initial management? A panel discussion from the 2002 meeting of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. AB - The initial management of immune thrombocytopenic purpura is a topic of debate among pediatric hematologists. The decision whether to start a patient on pharmacotherapy or to employ an approach of watchful waiting and patient education is problematic for this group of physicians. A wide variety of research studies and review articles have been published on either side of this debate. Here, the proceedings from a panel discussion, held at the 2002 American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology meeting, are presented. The panel, composed of experts on both sides of the debate, presented the rationale, benefits, and risks of both pharmacotherapy and the watchful waiting strategy. PMID- 14767211 TI - On the estimation of lung cancer mortality caused by occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in Finland. PMID- 14767212 TI - Fifty years of hope and concern for the future of occupational medicine. AB - Recently, there has been considerable concern expressed from a number of sources about the future of occupational medicine. A review of the literature and other sources reveals that over the past 50 years there has been continuous hope and concern for the specialty. Occupational medicine became a certified specialty in 1955, growing slowly until 1970, when the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, growth accelerated. The marked decrease in classic occupational diseases, injuries, and deaths is a major triumph but may also be a factor in declining interest in specialization by physicians. Potential conflicts of interest have been at issue for over 50 years. Occupational medicine is now mostly clinical, in contrast to previous years. However, occupational medicine is a distinct and solid specialty that still offers many challenges. PMID- 14767213 TI - Immune markers and ornithine decarboxylase activity among electric utility workers. AB - The effects of a 60-Hz magnetic field (MF) exposure on white blood cell ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, natural killer (NK) cell activity, lymphocyte phenotypes, and differential cell counts were studied among 60 electric utility workers. Personal MF exposure monitoring over 3 consecutive workdays was followed by collection of a peripheral blood sample. There were no MF-related changes in NK activity or the number of circulating neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, or T-lymphocytes (CD4, CD8, CD4:CD8 ratio). MF exposure intensity was associated with decreased ODC activity (P<0.01) and lower NK cell counts (P=0.04). Melatonin production, which stimulates the immune system, was quantified on the night preceding immune marker determinations. Exposure-related reductions in ODC activity, NK and B cells, and monocytes were strongest among workers with reduced melatonin production. The biological significance or long-term health consequences associated with these changes are not known. PMID- 14767214 TI - Early respiratory abnormalities in emergency services police officers at the World Trade Center site. AB - The effects of exposure to the environment around the World Trade Center after the attack of September 11, 2001, are not fully described. We evaluated 240 police first-responders; respiratory symptoms occurred in 77.5% but resolved or improved in around three fourths of subjects by the time of their evaluation (mean 69 days after the attack). Cough was the most common symptom (62.5%). Spirometric abnormalities were mild and occurred in 28.8%. Independent risk factors for abnormal spirometry were previous pulmonary disease or symptoms (adjusted odds ratio, 2.76) and intensity of exposure (AOR, 2.32). Previous pulmonary conditions were associated with obstructive defects (P<0.002). Exposure intensity was associated with a lower forced vital capacity (P<0.03) and a higher prevalence of abnormal spirometry (P<0.03). Officers with dyspnea, chest discomfort, or wheeze were more likely to have abnormal spirometry (P=0.04). A significant minority of officers had symptoms a few months after the exposure. Long-term effects of this respiratory tract exposure will need additional evaluation. PMID- 14767215 TI - Cancer in US Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War. AB - Cancer incidence and mortality were summarized in Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War. The index subjects were Operation Ranch Hand veterans who sprayed 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin)-contaminated herbicides in Vietnam. Comparisons served in Southeast Asia during the same period but did not spray herbicides. We assessed cancer incidence and mortality using national rates and contrasted cancer risk in each of three Ranch Hand dioxin exposure categories relative to comparisons. The incidence of melanoma and prostate cancer was increased among white Ranch Hand veterans relative to national rates. Among veterans who spent at most 2 years in Southeast Asia, the risk of cancer at any site, of prostate cancer and of melanoma was increased in the highest dioxin exposure category. These results appear consistent with an association between cancer and dioxin exposure. PMID- 14767216 TI - Seeking care for neck/shoulder pain: a prospective study of work-related risk factors in a healthy population. AB - This study estimated the 5-year cumulative incidence of neck/shoulder pain and identified work-related risk factors leading subjects to seek care for this problem. Four to six years after the case-referent MUSIC-Norrtalje Study, a postal questionnaire was sent to the referents of this study, and 81% responded. At baseline, 516 men and 697 women were assessed as to their work-related exposures. The 4- to 6-year cumulative incidence for seeking care for neck/shoulder pain was 29% for women and 18% for men. For men, moderately increased risks were found for manual handling, night work/shift work, hindrances at work, and solitary work. For men, the risk increased with an increasing number of risk indicators. No work-related risk factors were found for women, highlighting the difficulty of identifying risk factors in a general population. PMID- 14767217 TI - Cancer incidence in the workers cohort of textile manufacturing factory in Alytus, Lithuania. AB - Altogether 14,650 workers employed at least for 1 year a the textile factory in Alytus, Lithuania, were included in the cohort and followed during the period from 1978 to 1997. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for men was 1.28. The incidence of esophagus cancer was significant higher (SIR 3.42). It increased only slightly for lung (SIR 1.35). In the women cohort, SIR was 1.05. However, there was a significant increase of the incidence of gallbladder cancer (SIR 3.19). Among textile-processing (spinning and weaving departments) women workers, we found elevated total cancer incidence (SIR 1.35), incidence of breast cancer (SIR 1.49), and cervical cancer (SIR 1.82). In this cohort increased SIR values were observed for more than 10 years since first exposure for all cancer (SIR 1.70) and cervical cancer (SIR 2.44). PMID- 14767218 TI - Continued epidemic of bladder cancer in workers exposed to ortho-toluidine in a chemical factory. AB - Ortho-toluidine (o-toluidine), an aromatic amine, is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a probable human carcinogen. A cohort study published in 1991 reported a 6.5-fold excess incidence of bladder cancer in a chemical plant that used o-toluidine. We report 19 additional cases of bladder cancer among workers in this cohort, yielding a total of 34 cases of bladder cancer in the cohort to date. The number of bladder cancers diagnosed in the recent period has increased. The timing of onset of exposure to o-toluidine of numerous cases of bladder cancer after 1968, and especially 1975, suggests that potentially confounding occupational exposures other than o-toluidine were not responsible for the observed excess bladder cancer. A formal cohort update is strongly indicated. This study further supports the human bladder carcinogenicity of o-toluidine. PMID- 14767219 TI - A 50-year historical cohort mortality study of workers in a pharmaceutical plant. AB - An historical cohort study was conducted of workers at a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant. The cohort mortality experience of workers ever employed at the plant over the period from 1950 to 1999 was examined. The 1958 workers accumulated 44,294 person-years of experience at the plant, and a total of 384 deaths were identified. Our findings from external comparisons based on standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) in the cohort provide no evidence of excess mortality risk from all causes combined (SMR=0.75), all cancers combined (SMR=0.96), or from certain other individual causes of death. No patterns of excess mortality risk were apparent after stratifying on age and sex or job classification. The mortality experience of this cohort was generally more favorable than that of the general population. PMID- 14767220 TI - Computer-based data collection boosts productivity, regulatory compliance. PMID- 14767221 TI - Automate best practices with electronic healthcare records. PMID- 14767222 TI - Computerized provider order entry improves workflow and outcomes. PMID- 14767223 TI - Champion a national health care employee screening system. PMID- 14767225 TI - Beam up staff with technology-savvy leadership. AB - Review tips you may use to implement technological changes in your facility. PMID- 14767226 TI - Stay current with staffing effectiveness standards. AB - Get the latest information on the Joint Commission's staffing effectiveness standards. PMID- 14767227 TI - Maintain privacy with electronic charting. AB - Learn the principle elements that must be addressed in electronic documentation. PMID- 14767228 TI - Avoid common management pitfalls. PMID- 14767229 TI - Technology and the IOM: making the work environment safer. AB - Learn how technology can play a role in helping health care respond to the issues highlighted in the most recent Institute of Medicine report. PMID- 14767230 TI - Aortic dissection: the tear that kills. AB - Patient survival of aortic dissection hinges on timely diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14767231 TI - Redefine care delivery and documentation. AB - Explore how nurse leaders redesigned their facility's acute care and documentation procedures for evidence-based practice. PMID- 14767232 TI - What's your project's ROI? PMID- 14767233 TI - Quantify technology's benefits. AB - The growth of health care technology continues with improved applications and innovative solutions. PMID- 14767234 TI - How much do you know about anticoagulant therapy? AB - Review necessary management techniques regarding safe use of anticoagulant therapy. PMID- 14767235 TI - Change strategies make for smooth transitions. AB - Nurse managers can usher in change successfully by focusing on evidence-based change concepts, such as selecting the right leadership skill, anticipating how people will respond to change, and choosing the correct implementation strategies. PMID- 14767236 TI - ACSM and MSSE: nutrition and metabolism perspective. PMID- 14767237 TI - Exercise-related sudden death due to an unusual coronary artery anomaly. AB - Coronary artery anomalies are, after hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the second most common cause of exercise-related sudden cardiac death in young American athletes. These anomalies have been associated with myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia, and sudden death during exercise. A 14-yr-old male with no previous abnormal medical history collapsed during soccer practice and was successfully resuscitated without defibrillation. An extensive cardiac workup did not reveal any abnormalities. Two weeks later, he experienced a cardiac arrest while running and could not be resuscitated. Autopsy demonstrated an acute angle take-off of the left main coronary artery and a transverse slit-like opening with a fibrous cushion, which created a kink near its origin. This case report illustrates the difficulty in diagnosing coronary artery anomalies in general, and acute angle take-off and ostial ridges in particular. PMID- 14767238 TI - Cardiorespiratory outcome after corrective surgery for pectus excavatum: a case study. AB - PURPOSE: The purpose of this case study was to examine the effect of pectus excavatum before and after surgical correction on ventilatory and cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal and maximal exercise. METHODS: The patient was a 30-yr-old longshoreman who had mild pectus excavatum since infancy that became worse during his adolescent growth years. The deformity persisted into adulthood with increasing symptoms. Although he had a history of habitual aerobic exercise, the patient experienced frequent episodes of pain in the lower anterior chest, breathlessness, and reduced stamina when performing activities of daily living. He performed pulmonary function tests, submaximal and maximal incremental exercise testing, before and 6 months after corrective surgery. RESULTS: Six months after corrective surgery, the patient demonstrated increases in FEV1 (13.0%), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV, 32.3%), maximum power output (max, 15.5%), [OV0312]O2max (7.9%), metabolic threshold ([OV0312]O2theta, 30.8%), oxygen-pulse ([OV0312]O2/fc, 14.0%), and maximal tidal volume (VTmax, 11.7%). On submaximal testing, we found that the time constant for oxygen uptake kinetics was 46.8 s for the on-transit and 46.5 s for the off-transit before surgery and 33.6 s for the on-transit and 30.3 s for the off-transit six months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The information derived from this case study supports the opinion that corrective surgery for pectus excavatum may alleviate the impaired ventilatory and cardiorespiratory performance seen preoperatively. PMID- 14767239 TI - Responses of children with cerebral palsy to arm-crank exercise in the heat. AB - PURPOSE: In response to passive heating, adults with hemispheric brain infarction demonstrate lower skin temperatures (Tsk) and higher sweating rates (SR) on the affected side. It is unknown whether children with similar conditions demonstrate a similar response and whether this response is advantageous to defending body temperature during exercise in the heat. The purpose of this study was to determine whether children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) demonstrate less thermal strain than healthy peers during short (10 min each) bouts of arm cranking, a mode of exercise where metabolic rate can be matched between the two groups. METHODS: Eleven young people (8.3-18.3 yr) with spastic CP and 11 individually matched (body size, age, and maturity) healthy controls (CON) performed 3 x 10-min arm-cranking bouts (40 rpm) in 35 degrees C, 50% RH. Body mass, metabolic and heart rate (HR) responses, and body temperatures were periodically measured. Individuals within each CP-CON pair worked at the same intensity (0.55 +/- 0.18 W.kg-1 body mass). Data were analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: Subjects with CP showed no difference from CON in metabolic and HR responses, or SR (as inferred from body mass changes corrected for fluid intake and output). There were also no differences between the groups in the rectal temperature change from room temperature (21-23 degrees C). The increase in Tsk from room temperature, however, was slightly (0.6 degrees C) but significantly lower (P < 0.0001; 95% CI = 0.5-0.7 degrees C) in the subjects with CP compared with CON. CONCLUSION: Subjects with CP demonstrate thermal strain responses similar to CON during upper-body exercise at relatively low intensities for short duration in a warm climate. PMID- 14767240 TI - A longitudinal study of fitness and activity in girls predisposed to obesity. AB - PURPOSE: To determine whether physical activity and fitness change in girls with and without a predisposition to obesity from 8 to 10 yr of age. METHODS: Normal weight girls (N = 91) were recruited at 8 yr of age according to parental body mass index (BMI): LN = girls with two lean (BMI < 25 kg.m-2) parents, LNOB = girls with one obese and one lean parent, and OB = girls with two obese (BMI > 28 kg.m-2) parents. A longitudinal study was undertaken with annual assessments at 8, 9, and 10 yr of age. The primary outcomes were fitness ([OV0312]O2peak) measured by treadmill testing, and physical activity measured by heart rate monitoring and by questionnaire. Sedentary behavior was assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS: [OV0312]O2peak (mL.kg-1.min-1) did not change over time; however, [OV0312]O2peak (L.min-1 and mL.kg-1.min-1), time on the treadmill, and treadmill stage were different across groups (P < 0.02). Girls with LNOB parents had a lower absolute [OV0312]O2 than the LN girls by 2.5 mL.kg-1.min-1 (P < 0.05). The OB group had a 3.9 mL.kg-1.min-1 lower [OV0312]O2 than the LN group (P < 0.001). The girls of LN parents also exercised longer on the treadmill (P < 0.05) than girls with OB parents. The percent of the day spent active on the weekday and weekend did not change over time or between groups. Time spent watching TV during the school year and summer was similar over the study period and between groups. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that fitness and physical activity remain fairly constant in girls from 8 to 10 yr of age, but girls of obese parents tend to be less fit. PMID- 14767241 TI - Pedometer accuracy in nursing home and community-dwelling older adults. AB - PURPOSE: The accuracy of pedometers has not been thoroughly tested with older adult populations. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of walking speed and gait disorders on the accuracy of Yamax pedometers with nursing home residents (NH) relative to older adults living in the community. METHODS: Pedometer accuracy was evaluated against observed steps taken during a self-paced walking test (slow, normal, and fast speeds) in 26 NH residents and 28 seniors' recreation center members (SC). Devices were attached to clothing at the waist. Walking speed was ascertained from the timed walk and a gait assessment was conducted. Percent error was calculated as ([pedometer steps - observed steps]/observed steps) x 100. RESULTS: The walking speeds of both samples increased across self-selected paces (P < 0.0001). The community-dwelling older adults walked significantly faster (P < 0.0001) in all trials and had significantly higher (P < 0.0001) gait assessment scores (indicating fewer gait problems). Gait scores were positively associated with walking speed and pedometer percent error. Pedometers significantly underestimated NH residents' observed steps taken by 74% (slow), 55% (normal), and 46% (fast) paces (P < 0.0001). In the SC sample, the instruments failed to detect 25%, 13%, and 7% of actual steps taken, respectively (P < 0.0001). The magnitude of the error was greater for NH versus SC older adults (P < 0.0001) across all trials. CONCLUSIONS: Slow walking speed and gait disorders hamper the utility of pedometers for physical activity measurement in frail seniors, such as NH residents, when worn at the usual attachment site. Pedometers, however, can be confidently used with ostensibly healthy older adult populations for both assessment and motivation purposes. PMID- 14767242 TI - Beneficial effect of glutamine on exercise-induced apoptosis of rat neutrophils. AB - INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: The effect of a single bout of intensive exercise on apoptosis of rat neutrophils and the possible prevention by glutamine administration was examined. The experiments were performed in sexually immature and sexually mature male rats as to examine the possible involvement of sexual maturation in the effect of exercise. METHODS: Exercise was carried out on a treadmill for 1 h before rats were killed by decapitation. Aqueous solution of glutamine was given by gavage (1 g.kg-1 body weight), 1 h before exercise. Neutrophils were obtained by intraperitoneal lavage with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 4 h after injection of oyster glycogen solution. The cells were then analyzed for apoptosis by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Pro- and antiapoptotic gene expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: Neutrophils obtained from immature and mature exercised rats showed an increase in DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and phosphatidylserine externalization. This suggests that all neutrophils suffered apoptosis. To study the possible mechanism involved, the production of reactive oxygen metabolites, expression of genes involved in apoptosis and mitochondrial transmembrane potential were examined. Acute exercise raised reactive oxygen metabolites production by neutrophils. Exercise did not change the expression of antiapoptotic (bcl-xL) and apoptotic (bax and bcl-xS) genes in neutrophils from immature rats but caused a significant increase of bax and bcl xS expression and provoked a significant decrease of bcl-xL expression in cells from mature rats. Exercise also induced a marked loss of mitochondrial depolarization in neutrophils. Oral glutamine supplementation partially prevented the exercise-induced apoptosis in neutrophils from sexually immature and mature rats. CONCLUSION: The protective effect of glutamine on neutrophil apoptosis induced by acute exercise possibly occurs by preservation of mitochondrial function. PMID- 14767243 TI - The 24-h urinary cortisol/cortisone ratio for monitoring training in elite swimmers. AB - PURPOSE: The effect of training variations on 24-h urinary cortisol/cortisone (C/Cn) ratio was investigated in highly trained swimmers to determine whether it could be a good marker of training stress and performance. METHODS: Fourteen swimmers (five female and nine male) were tested after 4 wk of intense training (IT), 3 wk of reduced training (RT), and 5 wk of moderate training (MT). At the end of each period, the swimmers performed in their best event at an official competition. Individual performances were expressed as a percentage of the previous season's best performance. The fatigue state was evaluated with a questionnaire. RESULTS: The C/Cn ratio was statistically different for the three periods (IT: 1.10 +/- 0.7, RT: 0.64 +/- 0.3, and MT: 0.57 +/- 0.2). The differences in the C/Cn ratio between two consecutive performances were related to the differences in performance (r = -0.52, P < 0.01), and the C/Cn ratio was significantly related to the total training (r = 0.32, P < 0.05) and total score of fatigue (TSF) (r = 0.35, P < 0.03) over the follow-up period. Cn levels were related to the dryland training (r = -0.46; P < 0.01) and TSF (r = -0.40; P < 0.02). During IT, variations in the C/Cn ratio were related to the changes in the mean intensity (r = -0.67; P < 0.02) and to TSF (r = 0.69; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The 24-h C/Cn ratio was moderately related to both training and performance whereas Cn levels were only related to training. The C/Cn ratio could be a useful indicator for monitoring the overreaching state in elite swimmers. PMID- 14767244 TI - Effects of training status and exercise intensity on phase II VO2 kinetics. AB - PURPOSE: To test the hypotheses that: 1) the time constant for the fast component of .VO2 kinetics (tau1) at exercise onset would be faster in trained than in untrained subjects for both moderate and heavy exercise, and that 2) tau1 would become progressively slower in untrained subjects at higher power outputs but be invariant in trained subjects. METHODS: Eight untrained subjects (.VO2peak: 42.9 +/- 5.1 mL.kg-1.min-1) and seven trained cyclists (.VO2peak: 66.6 +/- 2.5 mL.kg 1.min-1) completed square-wave transitions to power outputs requiring 60% and 80% of gas exchange threshold (GET), and 50% of the difference between GET and .VO2 peak (50%Delta) from a baseline of "unloaded" cycling. .VO2 was measured breath by-breath and individual responses were modeled using nonlinear regression techniques. RESULTS: A repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the tau1 was significantly smaller (i.e., the kinetics were faster) in the trained compared with the untrained subjects and that tau1 became significantly greater (i.e., the kinetics were slowed) at higher power outputs both in the untrained (60%GET: 17.8 +/- 3.8 s, 80%GET: 21.5 +/- 6.6 s, and 50%Delta: 23.5 +/- 2.8 s) and the trained (60%GET: 8.9 +/- 1.3 s, 80%GET: 11.7 +/- 2.5 s, and 50%Delta: 15.2 +/- 2.0 s) subjects (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Phase II .VO2 kinetics became progressively slower at higher power outputs in both trained and untrained subjects. That a greater tau1 was evident at a higher power output within the moderate exercise intensity domain ( 20 microg.L 1; ML, males < or = 45 microg.L-1; MN, males > or = 50 microg.L-1) to determine the impact of initial iron status on measured responses. RESULTS: Weight training increased strength and fat-free mass and decreased levels of percent body fat. Hemoglobin concentration declined after 12 wk of training (13.7 +/- 1.6 vs 13.2 +/- 1.7 g.dL-1), independent of gender or initial iron status. Only the MN group experienced a decline in SF level after 8 wk of training (129.7 +/- 77.9 vs 102.0 +/- 57.8 microg.L-1). No significant changes were observed for hematocrit, SI, TIBC, TS, sTfR, or CK measures. Total iron intake, but not heme or bioavailable iron intakes, declined at the 12th week of training compared with baseline (13.4 +/- 6.5 vs 10.7 +/- 4.8 mg.d-1) and was not significantly correlated with hematological or iron status measures. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoglobin concentration declines without alterations in SI, TIBC, TS, or sTfR after 12 wk of weight training. The SF level of males with adequate iron status is lowered with weight training but not among females or males with low iron status. PMID- 14767247 TI - Factors related to rapid weight loss practices among international-style wrestlers. AB - PURPOSE: The deaths of three intercollegiate wrestlers in 1997 prompted the NCAA and governing bodies that oversee high school sports to adopt new policies prohibiting unsafe weight loss practices. Similar policies have not yet been adopted for international style wrestling, a style that attracts thousands of youth once the regulated scholastic season is over. Therefore, this study examined the rapid weight loss practices in high school wrestlers participating in international style wrestling. To do this, rapid weight gain (RWG), an index that reflects the degree of rapid weight loss (RWL), was examined. METHODS: Wrestlers (N = 2638) participating in the 1997 and 1998 National wrestling championships were randomly selected to be weighed at matside with electronic scales. The methods wrestlers used to accomplish weight loss were also assessed in a subsample of wrestlers. RESULTS: Wrestlers gained an average of 3.4 kg, which represents a 4.81% gain of body weight. The range across weight classes and age groups was -2.68 kg (-2.1% loss of body weight) to +16.73 kg (13.4% gain of body weight). No differences in RWG existed as a function of the represented state teams. In addition, wrestlers who were older and more successful (i.e., placers) gained significantly more weight that their younger and less successful counterparts (P < 0.001). Excessive running, using saunas, and wearing vapor impermeable suits were cited as the most common methods used to achieve RWL. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that RWL still exists in international style wrestling, and similar policies to those recently instituted by the NCAA are warranted. PMID- 14767248 TI - An estimate of physical activity prevalence in a large population-based cohort. AB - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of self reported moderate and vigorous physical activity (PA) among 40,261 native Californians in relation to age, gender, education, race/ethnicity, and self reported disease risk factors. METHODS: Subjects, from the California Twin Program, completed a questionnaire that included three PA questions and were categorized by their level of PA: moderate and vigorous PA sufficient to meet CDC and ACSM guidelines. The relationship between demographic variables, chronic disease risk factors, and meeting the PA guidelines are reported. RESULTS: For moderate and vigorous PA, 22.3% and 37.4% of the total group reported meeting the guidelines respectively. Approximately one-half of all subjects met either duration or frequency criteria, but not both, for moderate and vigorous PA. Only 11.2% and 27.4% reported no moderate or vigorous PA, respectively. Significant age and education gradients existed for both moderate and vigorous PA. An inverse association was noted between both moderate and vigorous PA guidelines and prevalence of chronic disease risk factors. Both frequency and duration of PA were required to adequately characterize the association between PA and health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate 1) greater prevalence of sufficient moderate and vigorous PA and lower prevalence of sedentary behavior in this sample compared with adults nationwide, 2) a greater association between vigorous PA and improved health outcomes than was observed for moderate PA, 3) PA guidelines must focus on both frequency and duration of activity, and 4) age and education gradients in moderate and vigorous PA that could have implications for more effective targeting of guidelines to improve the PA prevalence of American adults. PMID- 14767249 TI - Interaction of step length and step rate during sprint running. AB - A "negative interaction" between step length and step rate refers to an increase in one factor resulting in a decrease in the other. PURPOSES: There were three main purposes: a) to investigate the relative influence of the determinants of step length and step rate, b) to determine the sources of negative interaction between step length and step rate, and c) to investigate the effects of manipulation of this interaction. METHODS: Thirty-six athletes performed maximal effort sprints. Video and ground reaction force data were collected at the 16-m mark. Sprint velocity, step length, step rate, and their underlying determinants were calculated. Analyses included correlations, multiple linear regressions, paired t-tests, and a simple simulation based on alterations in flight determining parameters. RESULTS: A wide range of step length and step rate combinations was evident, even for subgroups of athletes with similar sprint velocities. This was partly due to a negative interaction that existed between step length and step rate; that is, those athletes who used a longer step length tended to have a lower step rate and vice versa. Vertical velocity of takeoff was the most prominent source of the negative interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Leg length, height of takeoff, and vertical velocity of takeoff are all possible sources of a negative interaction between step length and step rate. The very high step lengths and step rates achieved by elite sprinters may be possible only by a technique that involves a high horizontal and low vertical velocity of takeoff. However, a greater vertical velocity of takeoff might be of advantage when an athlete is fatigued and struggling to maintain a high step rate. PMID- 14767250 TI - Reduced eccentric loading of the knee with the pose running method. AB - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical changes during natural heel-toe running with learned midfoot and Pose running. METHODS: Twenty heel-toe runners were instructed in midfoot running and a novel running style in which the acromium, greater trochanter, and lateral malleolus are aligned in stance (Pose running). Clinical gait analysis was performed for each running style and the biomechanical variables compared. RESULTS: In comparison with midfoot and heel-toe running Pose running was characterized by shorter stride lengths and smaller vertical oscillations of the sacrum and left heel marker. Compared with midfoot and Pose running heel-toe running was characterized by greater magnitudes and loading rates of the vertical impact force. In preparation for initial contact, the knee flexed more in Pose than in heel-toe and midfoot running. The ankle at initial contact was neutral in Pose compared with a dorsiflexed and plantarflexed position in heel-toe and midfoot running, respectively. The knee power absorption and eccentric work were significant lower (P < 0.05) in Pose than in either heel-toe or midfoot running. In contrast, there was a higher power absorption and eccentric work at the ankle in Pose compared with heel-toe and midfoot running. CONCLUSIONS: Pose running was associated with shorter stride lengths, smaller vertical oscillations of the sacrum and left heel markers, a neutral ankle joint at initial contact, and lower eccentric work and power absorption at the knee than occurred in either midfoot or heel-toe running. The possibility that such gait differences could be associated with different types and frequencies of running injuries should be evaluated in controlled clinical trails. PMID- 14767251 TI - Physical fitness, injuries, and team performance in soccer. AB - PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between physical fitness and team success in soccer, and to test for differences in physical fitness between different player positions. METHODS: Participants were 306 male soccer players from 17 teams in the two highest divisions in Iceland. Just before the start of the 1999 soccer season, the following variables were tested: height and weight, body composition, flexibility, leg extension power, jump height, and peak O2 uptake. Injuries and player participation in matches and training were recorded through the 4-month competitive season. Team average physical fitness was compared with team success (final league standing) using a linear regression model. Physical fitness was also compared between players in different playing positions. RESULTS: A significant relationship was found between team average jump height (countermovement jump and standing jump) and team success (P = 0.009 and P = 0.012, respectively). The same trend was also found for leg extension power (P = 0.097), body composition (% body fat, P = 0.07), and the total number of injury days per team (P = 0.09). Goalkeepers demonstrated different fitness characteristics from outfield players. They were taller and heavier, more flexible in hip extension and knee flexion, and had higher leg extension power and a lower peak O2 uptake. However, only minor differences were observed between defenders, midfield players, and attackers. CONCLUSION: Coaches and medical support teams should pay more attention to jump and power training, as well as preventive measures and adequate rehabilitation of previous injuries to increase team success. PMID- 14767252 TI - Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with lower abdominal fat independent of body mass index. AB - PURPOSE: To determine whether, for a given body mass index (BMI), men with high cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) have lower waist circumference (WC) and less total abdominal, abdominal subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue (AT) compared with men with low CRF. METHODS: Subjects were categorized into HIGH CRF (N = 169) and LOW CRF (N = 124) groups based on age and CRF measured using a maximal treadmill test. Total abdominal, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral AT were measured by computerized tomography. RESULTS: For a given BMI, men in the HIGH CRF group had significantly lower WC (P < 0.001), total abdominal (P < 0.001), visceral AT (P < 0.001), and abdominal subcutaneous AT (P < 0.001) compared with men in the LOW CRF group. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the ability of CRF to attenuate the health risks associated with BMI may be partially mediated through a reduction in abdominal AT. Accordingly, our observations reinforce the importance of regular physical activity in the prevention and reduction of obesity-related health risk independent of a corresponding reduction in body weight. PMID- 14767253 TI - Effect of high-intensity submaximal work, with or without rest, on subsequent VO2max. AB - PURPOSE: In practice, tests of maximal oxygen uptake (.VO2max) are often preceded by a lactate profile, a highly intense but submaximal exercise bout. The .VO2max response to preceding high-intensity submaximal exercise, with or without a rest period, has not been determined. If .VO2max is limited after a lactate profile, exercise-induced hypoxemia (EIH) may explain the deficit. The purposes of this study were to: 1) examine the effects of high-intensity submaximal exercise, with or without rest, on subsequent .VO2max; and 2) evaluate the role of EIH in causing any observed changes. METHODS: Ten healthy, well-trained, male cross country skiers (age = 20.5 +/- 4.7 yr, height = 181.6 +/- 6.0 cm, mass = 72.1 +/- 5.7 kg) completed three exercise trials: an incremental run to fatigue (MAX), MAX preceded by a high-intensity submaximal run (lactate profile) and a 20-min rest period (discontinuous protocol [DC]), and MAX preceded by a high-intensity submaximal exercise run with no rest (continuous protocol [C]). .VO2max, minute ventilation, and arterial oxygen saturation were measured throughout, and diffusion capacity was evaluated 2 min postexercise. RESULTS No significant between trial differences were observed, although the difference between .VO2max determined during the MAX trial (62.7 +/- 6.7 mL.kg-1.min-1) and during the DC trial (58.3 +/- 4.4 mL.kg-1.min-1) approached significance (P = 0.059). DC .VO2max responses could be separated into two groups: five responders whose .VO2max suffered during the DC trial (decreased >7.5% from MAX) and five nonresponders, whose .VO2max was unaffected by preceding submaximal exercise and a rest period. Responders showed greater aerobic capacity during the MAX trial. CONCLUSION: .VO2max is significantly reduced in approximately 50% of cross country skiers when a maximal exercise test is preceded by high-intensity submaximal exercise and a 20 min rest period; the role of EIH in causing these reductions is unclear. PMID- 14767254 TI - .VO2 is attenuated above the lactate threshold in endurance-trained runners. AB - PURPOSE: To determine whether a deviation from linearity occurs in the .VO2-speed relationship, above the lactate threshold (LT) in running; and whether the length of the submaximal exercise bouts alters the magnitude of any deviation. METHODS: Ten endurance-trained runners (N = 3 state level, N = 4 club level, and N = 3 recreational) (mean +/- SE; age 24.4 +/- 2.8 yr, mass 76.1 +/- 2.2 kg, .VO2 59.3 +/- 10.6 mL.kg-1.min-1) completed a .VO2, LT test and 10 x 4-min submaximal constant load exercise bouts. Data were evenly spread above and below LT, which was fitted by a dual linear regression model. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease (51.4%) in slope of the .VO2-speed relationship above LT. The use of 3 min, in comparison with 4-min, submaximal data did not alter the slope of the .VO2-speed regression above LT. There was no significant difference in the .VO2max estimated from the .VO2-speed regression above LT (58.1 +/- 3.3 mL.kg 1.min-1) but a significant difference below LT (63.6 +/- 3.9 mL.kg-1.min-1) to that obtained during the .VO2max test. CONCLUSION: Data from the current study suggest that the use of the linear regression of .VO2-speed data below the LT may potentially overestimate the prediction of .VO2 values above LT. PMID- 14767255 TI - Passive versus active recovery during high-intensity intermittent exercises. AB - PURPOSE: To compare the effects of passive versus active recovery on muscle oxygenation and on the time to exhaustion for high-intensity intermittent exercises. METHODS: Twelve male subjects performed a graded test and two intermittent exercises to exhaustion. The intermittent exercises (15 s) were alternated with recovery periods (15 s), which were either passive or active recovery at 40% of .VO2max. Oxyhemoglobin was evaluated by near-infrared spectroscopy during the two intermittent exercises. RESULTS: Time to exhaustion for intermittent exercise alternated with passive recovery (962 +/- 314 s) was significantly longer (P < 0.001) than with active recovery (427 +/- 118 s). The mean metabolic power during intermittent exercise alternated with passive recovery (48.9 +/- 4.9 mL.kg-1.min-1) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than during intermittent exercise alternated with active recovery (52.6 +/- 4.6 mL.kg 1.min-1). The mean rate of decrease in oxyhemoglobin during intermittent exercises alternated with passive recovery (2.9 +/- 2.4%.s-1) was significantly slower (P < 0.001) than during intermittent exercises alternated with active recovery (7.8 +/- 3.4%.s-1), and both were negatively correlated with the times to exhaustion (r = 0.67, P < 0.05 and r = 0.81, P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: The longer time to exhaustion for intermittent exercise alternated with passive recovery could be linked to lower metabolic power. As intermittent exercise alternated with passive recovery is characterized by a slower decline in oxyhemoglobin than during intermittent exercise alternated with active recovery at 40% of .VO2max, it may also allow a higher reoxygenation of myoglobin and a higher phosphorylcreatine resynthesis, and thus contribute to a longer time to exhaustion. PMID- 14767256 TI - Anticipatory pacing strategies during supramaximal exercise lasting longer than 30 s. AB - PURPOSE: This study assessed whether pacing strategies are adopted during supramaximal exercise bouts lasting longer than 30 s. METHODS: Eight healthy males performed six Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT). Subjects were informed that they were performing four 30-s WAnT, a 33-s, and a 36-s WAnT. However, they actually completed two trials of 30, 33, and 36 s each. Temporal feedback in the deception trials was manipulated so that subjects were unaware of the time discrepancy. Power output was determined from the angular displacement of the flywheel. The peak power (PPI), mean power (MPI), and fatigue (FI) indices were calculated for each trial. RESULTS: Power output was similar for all trials up to 30 s. However, at 36 s, the power output was significantly lower in the 36-s deception trial compared with the 36-s informed trial (392 +/- 32 W vs 470 +/- 88 W) (P < 0.001). The MPI was significantly lower in the 36-s trials (714 +/- 76 W and 713 +/- 78 W) compared with the 30-s trials (745 +/- 65 W and 764 +/- 82 W) although they were not different at 30 s (764 +/- 83 W and 755 +/- 79 W). The significant reduction in FI was greatest in the 36-s deception trial. CONCLUSIONS: The significant reduction in power output in the last 6 s of the 36 s deception trial, but not in the 36-s informed trial, indicates the presence of a preprogrammed 30-s "end point" based on the anticipated exercise duration from previous experience. The similarity in pacing strategy suggests that the pacing strategy is centrally regulated. PMID- 14767257 TI - Effect of frequency of carbohydrate feedings on recovery and subsequent endurance run. AB - PURPOSE: This study examined the effect of feeding pattern of a high glycemic index (GI) meal during a short-term recovery on subsequent endurance capacity. METHODS: Eight men ran at 70% .VO2max on a level treadmill for 90 min (T1) on two occasions, followed by 4-h recovery (R) and a further exhaustive run at the same speed (T2). During the R, subjects consumed a prescribed meal with a GI of 77 in either a "gorging" (GOR) or "nibbling" (NIB) intake pattern, providing 1.5 g carbohydrate (CHO) per kilogram body mass. In the GOR trial, the foods were consumed in a single bolus, 20 min after the end of T1. In the NIB trial, the same quantity of food was ingested in three equal portions; the first consumed 20 min after the end of T1 and the remainder at hourly intervals thereafter. RESULTS: The run time during T2 was similar between trials (GOR vs NIB: 68.1 +/- 8.2 vs 66.8 +/- 8.7 min, P > 0.05). However, CHO utilization was lower and fat utilization higher during T2 in the GOR trial compared with the NIB trial (GOR vs NIB: CHO: 94.4 +/- 11.4 vs 117.6 +/- 10.6 g, P < 0.05; FAT: 55.9 +/- 8.0 vs 44 +/ 8.6 g, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that serial consumption of a high GI meal during a 4-h recovery increased the reliance on CHO oxidation for energy provision during a subsequent run when compared with a single feeding. However, there was no difference in the duration of the exhaustive run after the recovery between the GOR and NIB trials. PMID- 14767258 TI - Intermonitor variability of the RT3 accelerometer during typical physical activities. AB - PURPOSE: To evaluate the reliability and variability of eight RT3 accelerometers. METHODS: The RT3 were subjected to two repeated trials of six activities: rest, walking (4 and 6 km.h-1), running (8 and 10 km.h-1), and sit-stand position (20 min). One person performed all trials (female: age 24 yr, height 158.0 cm, mass 48.2 kg). Each activity lasted 12 min. The middle 10 min were taken from each 12 min trial and used as the output measure (cts.min-1). Data were analyzed for activity ( 6), monitor ( 8), and trial ( 2) effects using four three-way ANOVA: vector magnitude, X (vertical), Y (anterioposterior), and Z (mediolateral) axes. RESULTS: Intermonitor coefficient of variation was <6% during locomotive activities, however, increased to 8-25% during sit-stand. A three-way interaction was found for vector magnitude (F35,315=88945.7, P < 0.001) and Y (F35,315=978435.6, P < 0.001) and Z axes (F35,315=103802.8, P < 0.001). A two-way activity x monitor interaction was found for the X axis (F35,315=1037787.0, P < 0.001). Follow-up tests revealed no differences between trials 1 and 2 for vector magnitude, X and Z axes. One monitor recorded significantly lower activity counts in trial 1 compared with trial 2 along the Y axis. Intermonitor differences were evident at 4, 6, 8, and 10 km.h-1 for the Y and Z axes, and at 6, 8, and 10 km.h 1 for the vector magnitude and X axis. Variability between monitors at each activity increased as intensity increased. CONCLUSION: Reliability of the RT3 is good; however, intermonitor variability exists. The vertical axis of the RT3 accelerometer showed the least variability and was the most reliable. It is recommended that intermonitor variability and reliability of RT3 on each axis be assessed before use. PMID- 14767259 TI - Pedometer measures of free-living physical activity: comparison of 13 models. AB - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the step values of multiple brands of pedometers over a 24-h period. The following 13 electronic pedometers were assessed in the study: Accusplit Alliance 1510 (AC), Freestyle Pacer Pro (FR), Colorado on the Move (CO), Kenz Lifecorder (KZ), New-Lifestyles NL-2000 (NL), Omron HJ-105 (OM), Oregon Scientific PE316CA (OR), Sportline 330 (SL330) and 345 (SL345), Walk4Life LS 2525 (WL), Yamax Skeletone EM-180 (SK), Yamax Digi Walker SW-200 (YX200), and the Yamax Digi-Walker SW-701 (YX701). METHODS: Ten males (39.5 +/- 16.6 yr, mean +/- SD) and 10 females (43.3 +/- 16.6 yr) ranging in BMI from 19.8 to 35.4 kg.m-2 wore two pedometers for a 24-h period. The criterion pedometer (YX200) was worn on the left side of the body, and a comparison pedometer was worn on the right. Steps counted by each device were recorded at the end of the day for each of the thirteen pedometers. RESULTS: Subjects took an average of 9244 steps.d-1. The KZ, YX200, NL, YX701, and SL330 yielded mean values that were not significantly different from the criterion. The FR, AC, SK, CO, and SL345 significantly underestimated steps (P < 0.05) and the WL, OM, and OR significantly overestimated steps (P < 0.05) when compared with the criterion. In addition, some pedometers underestimated by 25% whereas others overestimated by 45%. CONCLUSION: The KZ, YX200, NL, and YX701 appear to be suitable for most research purposes. Given the potential for pedometers in physical activity research, it is necessary that there be consistency across studies in the measurement of "steps per day." PMID- 14767260 TI - Dose Response to Exercise in Women aged 45-75 yr (DREW): design and rationale. AB - INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE: Physical inactivity in postmenopausal women contributes to a rise in atherogenic risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Although regular physical activity positively contributes to health, inactivity progressively increases with age. The Dose Response to Exercise in Women aged 45 75 yr (DREW) study is designed to investigate the effect of different amounts of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women at moderately increased risk of CVD. METHODS: DREW will recruit 450 sedentary, healthy, postmenopausal women with a body mass index of 25-40 kg.m-2, resting systolic blood pressure (BP) of 120-159 mm Hg, and a resting diastolic BP of < or = 99 mm Hg. Laboratory and self report measures completed at baseline and 6 months include maximal oxygen consumption (.VO2max), resting BP, anthropometry, dietary habits, physical activity history, medication use, menstrual history, personal and family medical history, and fasting HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose. Eligible participants are randomly assigned to a nonexercise group or one of three exercise groups. Participants exercise 3 to 4x wk-1 at a heart rate equivalent to 50% of .VO2max expending 4, 8, or 12 kcal.kg-1.wk-1, depending on group assignment. This study will allow quantification of possible dose-response relations (50%, 100%, and 150% of the consensus physical activity recommendation) between exercise training and study outcomes. CONCLUSION: DREW can make important contributions to our understanding of the effects of physical activity in postmenopausal women and help refine public health and clinical recommendations for this group. PMID- 14767261 TI - Could the correlation between maximal oxygen uptake and "economy" be spurious? PMID- 14767262 TI - Pedometer sensitivity and specificity. PMID- 14767263 TI - Incontinence and voiding difficulties associated with prolapse. AB - PURPOSE: Prolapse is the protrusion of a pelvic organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. It represents the failure of fibromuscular supports. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A MEDLINE search was done using the keywords cystocele, uterine prolapse, vault prolapse, enterocele or rectocele in combination with urinary incontinence. We reviewed 97 articles. From this material the definition, classification, incidence, symptoms and evaluation are described. RESULTS: Prolapse and urinary incontinence often occur concomitantly and cystocele, rectocele, enterocele, uterine descent or vaginal vault prolapse may also be present. The pathophysiology of prolapse encompasses direct and indirect injury, metabolic abnormalities and chronic high intra-abdominal pressure. Anterior vaginal wall prolapse may present as stress incontinence. A large cystocele may cause urethral kinking and overflow incontinence. Uterine descent can cause lower back and sacral pain. Enterocele may cause only vague symptoms of vaginal discomfort. A rectocele can lead to incomplete evacuation of stool. A thorough history and physical examination are the most important means of assessment. A voiding diary helps determine functional bladder capacity. Uroflow examination determines the average and maximum flow rates, and the shape of the curve can help identify Valsalva augmented voiding. Multichannel urodynamics or video urodynamics with prolapse reduced can be important. The advantages of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging include excellent depiction of the soft tissues and pelvic organs, and their fluid content during various degrees of pelvic strain. To our knowledge whether it is cost-effective in this manner has not been determined. CONCLUSIONS: Correction of prolapse must aim to restore vaginal function and any concomitant urinary incontinence. PMID- 14767264 TI - Alpha1-adrenergic receptors and their inhibitors in lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia. AB - PURPOSE: We provide a comprehensive overview of the role of alpha1-adrenergic receptors (alpha1ARs) as critical mediators of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and pathophysiology in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and we review the pharmacological antagonists of alpha1ARs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review was performed of pertinent studies in the literature relating to the pathophysiology of LUTS and BPH, focusing on the role of alpha1ARs, and of clinical trial and practice data evaluating the different agents that inhibit these receptors. RESULTS: Further characterization of the alpha1AR gene family indicates that 3 receptor subtypes exist in humans. Their different distribution between urinary tract and cardiovascular tissues has provided a strategy for the development of improved therapeutic agents. Since excessive activity of the alpha1aAR and alpha1dAR subtypes appears to be a common feature in symptomatic BPH and alpha1aARs are enriched in prostatic tissue, drugs that demonstrate high alpha1aAR selectivity have attracted attention. Tamsulosin, which has high affinity for alpha1aAR and alpha1dAR subtypes but not for alpha1bAR, shows efficacy similar to the nonsubtype selective agents terazosin and doxazosin. It is associated with fewer cardiovascular side effects, although it has some ejaculatory side effects. The nonsubtype selective agent alfuzosin also demonstrates efficacy and offers an enhanced side effect profile, particularly minimizing hypotension. Other agents with super selective specificity for the alpha1aAR subtype are under investigation. CONCLUSIONS: Further advances in the treatment of LUTS associated with BPH may depend not only on receptor subtype selectivity, but also on other pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. PMID- 14767265 TI - Immunological effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and autologous tumor vaccine in patients with renal cell carcinoma. AB - PURPOSE: Biological therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) uses agents that mobilize immune effector cells which are able to recognize and destroy cancer. We evaluated the effects of weekly then monthly autologous tumor vaccine combined with daily granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in patients with RCC as a method of stimulating antigen presenting cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eligible patients with pathological stage II to IV RCC were entered into this pilot study. Autologous tumor vaccine (0.5 to 1 x 107 irradiated tumor cells) admixed with 250 microg GM-CSF per vaccine was given subcutaneously weekly for 4 weeks and then monthly for 4 months. GM-CSF (125 microg/m2) was given subcutaneously for 13 days after vaccine injection 1 and injections 4 to 8. Treatment related tumor specific CD4 and CD8 positive T cell precursors were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients were entered into this study. Patients were stratified by bulk of disease (group 1, 9 patients with micrometastatic disease, and group 2, 13 patients with macrometastatic disease). In general treatment was well tolerated. Of 9 patients in group 1 7 remained disease-free after nephrectomy. In group 2, 6 patients had stable (46.2%) and 7 patients had progressive disease (53.8%). Statistically significant treatment related increases in CD4 (p = 0.028) and CD8 (p = 0.018) positive tumor specific T cell precursors were observed for the entire group of patients. Changes in CD4 and CD8 positive precursors correlated significantly with each other (p = 0.0001). This correlation was seen in the 2 patient subpopulations as well (group 1 p = 0.003, group 2 p = 0.013). Patients with minimal disease, and with changes in CD4 and CD8 positive tumor specific T cell precursors greater than the median appeared to have an improved time to progression as well as a survival benefit. CONCLUSIONS: GM-CSF and autologous vaccine can be given safely in combination to patients with renal cell cancer. We observed treatment related changes in tumor specific circulating lymphocyte populations. PMID- 14767266 TI - Long-term outcome after surgical kidney revascularization for fibromuscular dysplasia and atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. AB - PURPOSE: At a time of minimally invasive surgery in urology, the role of surgical kidney revascularization in the management of renal artery disease has changed during the last decade. Our experience with surgical kidney revascularization, and the long-term clinical outcomes of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis are reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group comprised 140 patients with renovascular hypertension, 72 with FMD and 68 with atherosclerotic renal artery disease, who underwent surgical revascularization between 1982 and 1999. The indications for surgical revascularization were the treatment of hypertension and the preservation of renal function in 17 patients with renal artery occlusion, 55 with ostial stenosis, 52 with branch stenosis, 6 with bilateral artery stenosis, 7 with solitary kidney renal artery stenosis and 3 with solitary kidney renal artery occlusion. RESULTS: Postoperative blood pressure and renal function were monitored for 1 to 17 years (mean 11.3). Long-term blood pressure control was observed in 93% of patients with FMD and in 71% of those with atherosclerosis. Improvement or stabilization of renal function was observed in 92% of patients with FMD and in 68% of those with atherosclerosis. The preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate compared to postoperative was significantly increased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical kidney revascularization is effective in secondary hypertension with a high long-term efficacy in the normalization of blood pressure and in the preservation of renal function, especially in patients with a solitary or 1 functional kidney. PMID- 14767267 TI - Biochemical and physicochemical presentations of patients with brushite stones. AB - PURPOSE: We determined whether the biochemical and physicochemical backgrounds of patients with brushite stones differ from those with hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate stones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a computer data base of patients completing ambulatory evaluation 19 with brushite stones, 24 with hydroxyapatite stones and 762 with calcium oxalate stones were identified with the specified composition in greater than 70% of stones. RESULTS: Absorptive hypercalciuria type I was present in 63% of patients with brushite, 17% with hydroxyapatite and 30% with calcium oxalate stones. Distal renal tubular acidosis was noted in 32% of patients with brushite, 42% with hydroxyapatite and 3% with calcium oxalate stones. Mean urinary calcium in the brushite group was significantly higher than in the hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate groups (265 +/- 125 vs 186 +/- 103 and 187 +/- 95 mg daily, respectively). Urinary pH in the brushite group was slightly but significantly higher than in the calcium oxalate group (6.15 +/- 0.30 vs 5.91 +/- 0.42). The brushite relative saturation ratio in the brushite group was marginally higher than in the hydroxyapatite group and significantly higher than in the calcium oxalate group (3.25 +/- 2.03 vs 2.34 +/- 1.51 and 1.83 +/- 1.66, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with predominantly brushite stones could be distinguished from those with predominantly hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate stones by higher urinary saturation with respect to brushite due mainly to hypercalciuria from absorptive hypercalciuria. PMID- 14767268 TI - The 3-port laparoscopic pyeloplasty. AB - PURPOSE: We describe our technique of a 3 port approach for transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty and its evolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 1999 and February 2003, 56 patients underwent laparoscopic transperitoneal pyeloplasty. The operative procedure, including patient positioning, surgical technique and postoperative care, is described in detail. For analysis patients were divided into 2 groups, namely an initial 4 port approach and a later 3 port approach. The number of additional ports placed and the reasons why were determined. RESULTS: In the initial 14 patients a 4 port plan was used and 1 (7.2%) required a fifth port. In the subsequent 42 patients surgery was initiated with a 3 port plan and 8 (19%) required 1 additional port, while 2 (4.8%) required 2 additional ports. Of the extra ports used 50% were necessary for liver retraction in procedures on the right side. In patients with greater than 10 renal calculi a retrieval pouch was used, necessitating an additional port. A planned 3 port approach was feasible in 32 of the 42 cases (76.2%) and even initially a 4 port approach was sufficient in 13 of 14 (92.9%). CONCLUSIONS: We believe that our 3 port, transabdominal laparoscopic pyeloplasty technique is an efficient one with the least number of incisions and morbidity to the patient. It has proved to be feasible in more than 75% of our cases. Additional ports can easily be added but usually they are not required. PMID- 14767269 TI - Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy of solid renal masses without hilar clamping using a monopolar radio frequency device. AB - PURPOSE: Partial nephrectomy is currently recommended for most amenable solid renal tumors, especially if they are exophytic and less than 4 cm. We reviewed our initial experience with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for solid renal masses without clamping the renal vasculature using a monopolar device that uses radio frequency energy with low volume saline irrigation for simultaneous blunt dissection, hemostatic sealing and coagulation of the renal parenchyma (TissueLink, TissueLink Medical, Inc., Dover, New Hampshire). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From September 2002 to April 2003, 10 patients underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, including 9 with solid renal masses and 1 with a complex cyst. In all cases the renal hilum was dissected and the renal vessels were isolated but none had renal vascular clamping. The TissueLink DS dissecting sealer or Floating Ball (TissueLink Medical, Inc.) was used to dissect the tumor free bluntly, while simultaneously sealing and coagulating bleeders. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 54.6 years (range 42 to 72). Mean American Society of Anesthesiologists score was 2.3 (range 2 to 4). Mean tumor size was 3.9 cm (range 2.1 to 8). The mass had a peripheral location in 7 cases and a central location in 3. Mean operative time was 232 minutes (range 144 to 280) and mean blood loss was 352 ml (range 20 to 1000). One patient received blood transfusion and all tumor margins were negative. Mean hospital stay was 1.7 days (range 1 to 5) and pain medication use was minimal. One patient had a brief period of urine leakage from the lower pole calix, which was managed successfully by ureteral stenting and Foley catheter drainage of the bladder. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy can be performed without renal vascular clamping. TissueLink technology allows complete tumor resection and provides adequate parenchymal hemostasis of the tumor bed. Its scant tissue charring production does not interfere with the pathological assessment of the tumor margin status. PMID- 14767270 TI - Renal vein or inferior vena caval extension in patients with renal cortical tumors: impact of tumor histology. AB - PURPOSE: We determined the prognostic significance of renal vein or inferior vena caval (IVC) extension in patients with nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or oncocytoma undergoing surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The charts of patients undergoing radical or partial nephrectomy from 1989 to 2001 for nonmetastatic RCC or oncocytoma were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 1082 patients (1120 renal units) underwent radical (850 renal units) or partial (270 renal units) nephrectomy. RESULTS: Renal vein extension was present in 60 patients (65.9%) and IVC extension was present in 31 (34.1%). The histological type associated with an increased risk of renal vein/IVC extension was conventional (80 of 702 cases, p <0.0001) and histological types with a decreased risk were oncocytoma (0 of 117, p = 0.00052) and papillary histology (0 of 146, p <0.0001). The 5-year actuarial recurrence-free probability was 59%, 65% and 91% in patients with IVC extension, renal vein extension and no renal vein or IVC extension, respectively. Larger tumor size, nodal metastases and conventional histology were associated with an increased risk of recurrence (RR = 3.38, 95% CI 2.53 to 4.51 for a doubling in size, RR = 9.97, 95% CI 5.51 to 18.1 and RR 3.78, 95% CI 2.15 to 6.65) as well as death (RR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.74 for a doubling in size, RR = 5.39, 95% CI 2.86 to 10.2 and RR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.24, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Conventional RCC is associated with an increased risk, and oncocytoma and papillary histology are associated with a decreased risk of renal vein or IVC extension. Renal vein or IVC extension alone does not impart a worse prognosis independent of tumor size, nodal status and histology. PMID- 14767271 TI - Ketorolac: safe and effective analgesia for the management of renal cortical tumors with partial nephrectomy. AB - PURPOSE: Ketorolac has demonstrated advantages as a supplement to opioid based analgesia in several surgical settings, including donor nephrectomy. To our knowledge there has been no published data to date on the use of ketorolac in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy. We compared analgesia with ketorolac and opioids to analgesia with opioids alone with regard to pain control, postoperative recovery and effects on renal function in patients with renal cortical tumors surgically managed by partial nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records for 154 patients treated with partial nephrectomy for renal cortical tumors were retrospectively analyzed. Clinicopathological variables examined were age, gender, medication use, comorbidity profile, operation side, estimated blood loss, hospital stay, operative duration, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, histopathology results, perioperative transfusion status, ischemia type (warm vs cold vs none), duration of renal artery cross clamping, tumor size and intraparenchymal location, pathological stage and perioperative complications. Postoperative duration to the initiation of solid diet, discontinuation of patient controlled analgesia and overall pain control were assessed. Serum creatinine was measured during the preoperative period, and at 1, 3 or greater and 30 or greater days postoperatively. RESULTS: Patients who received ketorolac demonstrated superior postoperative recovery with an earlier return to solid diet and earlier discontinuation of patient controlled analgesia. Treatment groups were similar with respect to changes in serum creatinine, blood loss, transfusion rates and complication rates. Ketorolac was not associated with an increased risk of acute renal failure. CONCLUSIONS: Ketorolac is a safe and effective supplement to opioid based analgesia for pain control after partial nephrectomy. PMID- 14767272 TI - Nephron sparing surgery for appropriately selected renal cell carcinoma between 4 and 7 cm results in outcome similar to radical nephrectomy. AB - PURPOSE: We compared outcomes between patients treated with nephron sparing surgery (NSS) without imperative indications for renal preservation and radical nephrectomy (RN) for 4 to 7 cm renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 91 patients treated with NSS and 841 patients treated with RN for 4 to 7 cm RCC between 1970 and 2000. Cancer specific, distant metastases-free and recurrence-free survivals were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Cancer specific survival rates at 5 years for patients treated with NSS and RN for 4 to 7 cm RCC were 98% and 86%, respectively. On univariate analysis patients treated with RN for 4 to 7 cm RCC were more likely to die of RCC compared to patients treated with NSS. However, after adjusting for features associated with death from RCC including stage, grade, histological tumor necrosis and histological subtype, this difference was no longer statistically significant (risk ratio 1.60, 95% CI 0.50-5.12, p = 0.430). Distant metastases-free survival rates at 5 years for patients treated with NSS and RN were 94% and 83%, respectively. On univariate analysis patients treated with RN were more likely to have tumors that metastasized compared to patients treated with NSS, although this difference was no longer significant after adjusting for the features listed previously (risk ratio 1.76, 95% CI 0.64-4.83, p = 0.273). Recurrence-free survival rates at 5 years for patients treated with NSS and RN were 94% and 98%, respectively. On univariate analysis patients treated with RN were less likely to have recurrence compared to patients treated with NSS (risk ratio 0.32, 95% CI 0.12-0.85, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences in cancer specific survival and distant metastases-free survival between patients treated with NSS and RN for 4 to 7 cm RCC after adjusting for important pathological features. NSS for 4 to 7 cm RCC results in excellent outcome in appropriately selected patients. PMID- 14767273 TI - Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis. AB - PURPOSE: Metastatic renal cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. Recent advances in immunotherapy for this problem have rekindled interest in cytoreductive nephrectomy. We report a combined analysis of 2 prospective randomized trials that used an identical study protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 331 patients were randomized to 2 identical protocols comparing cytoreductive nephrectomy plus interferon alpha-2b vs interferon alpha-2b alone in patients with metastatic renal cancer, in whom the primary tumor was present and believed to be resectable. The primary end point for each trial was overall survival with a secondary end point of the response rate. Patients were stratified at pre-randomization by performance status (0 or 1), site of metastases (lung only vs other) and disease measurability. All results were analyzed by intent to treat criteria. Assuming a median survival of 1 year for interferon only, the Southwest Oncology Group trial was designed to detect a 50% improvement in median survival duration and a 15% improvement in response rate with a power of 0.85. The European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer accrued an additional 80 patients in that study. RESULTS: The combined analysis of these 2 trials yielded a median survival of 13.6 months for nephrectomy plus interferon vs 7.8 months for interferon alone. This difference represents a 31% decrease in the risk of death (p = 0.002). There was no evidence of a difference in the size of the treatment effect according to pre randomization stratification factors. CONCLUSIONS: Cytoreductive nephrectomy appears to improve significantly overall survival in patients with metastatic renal cancer treated with interferon immunotherapy independent of patient performance status, the site of metastases and the presence of measurable disease. Although it is highly statistically significant, the overall survival advantage is only 5.8 months for the entire group. These data emphasize the need to determine if this survival advantage can be further improved using more aggressive immunotherapy or other novel agents in the setting of cytoreductive nephrectomy. PMID- 14767274 TI - Increased body mass index predicts increased blood loss during radical cystectomy. AB - PURPOSE: Historically obesity has been thought to impact negatively patients undergoing surgery. We evaluated the impact of body mass index (BMI), an objective measure of obesity, on operative and perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 304 consecutive patients who underwent radical cystectomy and urinary diversion between October 1995 and July 2000. Factors analyzed included BMI, clinical demographic characteristics, comorbidities, operative variables (eg estimated blood loss [EBL], transfusion requirement and operative time), length of stay and postoperative complications. Results were analyzed using the nonpaired heteroscedastic Student t test assuming unequal variances to determine statistical significance. RESULTS: Of the patients 61% were overweight or obese (BMI 25 or greater). BMI did not correlate with type of urinary diversion, gender or race. On univariate analysis the preoperative variables age, American Society of Anesthesiologists score and BMI correlated with EBL. However, on multivariate analysis BMI was the only preoperative or operative variable that significantly correlated with EBL (p = 0.01). Mean EBL in patients with a normal BMI (less than 25) was 595 ml compared to the mean EBL for overweight and obese patients (25 or greater of 811 ml (p <0.001). However, BMI did not correlate with the complication rate or hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: On multivariate analysis considering preoperative and operative variables BMI was the only preoperative variable that predicted increased blood loss. Despite this finding overweight or obese patients in this series did not have a higher complication rate or longer hospital stay. PMID- 14767275 TI - Prognostic significance of endothelial Per-Arnt-sim domain protein 1/hypoxia inducible factor-2alpha expression in a subset of tumor associated macrophages in invasive bladder cancer. AB - PURPOSE: Endothelial Per-Arnt-Sim domain protein 1 (EPAS1) is induced under hypoxia and it transactivates a series of genes involved in angiogenesis and energy metabolism. Recent studies showed that EPAS1 is expressed in tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), which have multifaceted roles in tumor progression. We hypothesized that EPAS1 expressed in TAMs may contribute to bladder cancer progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinicopathological and followup data on 69 patients undergoing radical cystectomy for T1-4N0-2M0 high grade bladder urothelial carcinoma were reviewed. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of TAMs and EPAS1 was performed separately in invasive front and in other superficial parts of carcinoma tissues. TAM counts and EPAS1 positive cell counts were compared with pathological variables and cancer specific survival (CSS). RESULTS: The 5-year CSS rate in the 69 patients was 69% at a median followup of 58 months (range 2 to 196). EPAS1 expression was restricted to a small subset of TAMs. Although TAM counts were not associated with T stage or lymph node metastasis, EPAS1 expressing TAM counts were significantly associated with higher T stage. On univariate and multivariate analyses higher EPAS1 expressing TAM counts in invasive front along with higher T stage and positive lymph node metastasis were significantly associated with shorter CSS, while total TAM counts or EPAS1 expressing TAM counts in other superficial parts did not. CONCLUSIONS: Despite limited prognostic effects of total TAMs EPAS1 expressing TAMs were associated with a poor prognosis of invasive bladder cancer, suggesting that EPAS1 expressed in a subset of TAMs mediates bladder cancer progression. PMID- 14767276 TI - Treatment and outcome of invasive bladder cancer in patients after renal transplantation. AB - PURPOSE: Optimal management and clinical outcome of bladder cancer in renal transplant recipients are not well-defined. We analyzed single institution treatment strategies and outcomes of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the University of California, San Francisco transplant database which contains information on 6,288 renal transplants performed between 1964 and 2002. The United Network for Organ Sharing database and Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry were also queried to characterize the global nature of bladder cancer in renal transplant recipients. RESULTS: The United Network for Organ Sharing database (1986 to 2001) contained information on 31 patients who were found to have bladder cancer (0.024% prevalence) and the Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry (1967 to 2001) contained information on 135 patients representing 0.84% of all reported malignancies. We identified 7 renal transplant recipients with bladder cancer at our institution. Invasive transitional cell carcinoma developed in 5 patients at a median of 2.8 years after transplant. Three patients underwent uncomplicated radical cystectomy and preservation of the renal allograft. Overall survival at 48 months was 60%. CONCLUSIONS: Bladder cancer after renal transplantation is not common. For patients who present with invasive disease, traditional extirpative surgery should be considered. Moreover, the allograft is rarely the source of transitional cell carcinoma and can be preserved. In our experience the cancer and urinary outcomes compare favorably with nontransplant patient outcomes after treatment. PMID- 14767277 TI - Improved detection of clinically significant, curable prostate cancer with systematic 12-core biopsy. AB - PURPOSE: While systematic 12-core (S12C) biopsy detects more cancers than sextant biopsy, to our knowledge the clinical significance of these additionally detected tumors has not been established. We studied pathological parameters of prostatectomy specimens from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer detected with a S12C biopsy to determine the clinical significance of these cancers in comparison with sextant detected cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 179 consecutive patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer detected by S12C biopsy were studied. The groups compared consisted of the sextant core subset of the S12C and the entire S12C set. Total tumor volume, Gleason score, organ confined status, surgical margin status, seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node involvement, and clinical significance of tumors detected by sextant and by S12C templates were compared. RESULTS: S12C biopsy detected a greater number of cancers scored as moderate (Gleason score 2 to 6) or high (Gleason score 7 or greater) grade, and cancers of all sizes regardless of organ confined status than the sextant cores alone (all p <0.05). S12C biopsy identified a greater number of biologically significant and insignificant tumors regardless of how they were defined. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the sextant set S12C biopsy detects a significantly greater number of surgically curable, biologically significant tumors as well as those that might be considered clinically insignificant. PMID- 14767278 TI - Tumor length and location of cancer on biopsy predict for side specific extraprostatic cancer extension. AB - PURPOSE: We studied preoperative variables in a contemporary series of men who underwent nonnerve sparing radical prostatectomy in an effort to establish criteria that would predict side specific extraprostatic extension (EPE) of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 430 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer with no prior therapy between 1996 and 1998, and for whom we had at least sextant biopsy information. We evaluated biopsy data (Gleason score, maximum length of cancer in positive cores, percent of cancer per involved core, proportion of positive biopsy cores, tumor location and number of positive biopsy cores) and correlated these findings with EPE at the neurovascular bundle and posterior lateral (NVB/PL) region. RESULTS: We found that a higher number of positive cores, a higher biopsy Gleason score on a side, a positive core at the basal region, 50% or greater tumor in the core or a maximum tumor length of 7 mm or greater increased the likelihood that EPE was present at the NVB/PL region on the corresponding side of the prostate. On multivariate analysis maximum tumor length 7 mm or greater and positive basal core location were the strongest independent predictors of EPE at the NVB/PL region on a given side (p <0.0001 and 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Excluding any patient with 1 positive biopsy core with a maximum tumor length of 7 mm or greater plus a positive basal core of any tumor length and grade can decrease the risk of EPE at the NVB/PL region to approximately 10%. PMID- 14767279 TI - High dose rate brachytherapy as prostate cancer monotherapy reduces toxicity compared to low dose rate palladium seeds. AB - PURPOSE: We evaluated the potential for differing acute and chronic toxicities between 2 monotherapy methods of image guided conformal brachytherapy, high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy alone and low dose rate (LDR) permanent palladium seeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 149 patients with biopsy proven, early stage prostate cancer were consecutively treated with interstitial brachytherapy as the sole method of treatment at William Beaumont Hospital between 1999 and 2001. Of the 149, 65 patients were treated with HDR using 192 iridium (192Ir), and 84 patients were treated with LDR using 103 palladium (103Pd). The majority of patients had clinical stage II, T1c or T2a disease, pretreatment prostate specific antigen less than 10 ng/ml and Gleason score 6 or less. Neoadjuvant hormones were used in 36% of patients for gland volume optimization. All treatments were performed transperineally with trans-rectal ultrasound guidance and fluoroscopy for verification of needle/seed positions. The HDR dose was 38 Gy delivered in 4 fractions, 2 times daily during 2 days. The LDR dose was 120 Gy. Acute and chronic toxicities were scored according to the Common Toxicity Criteria scale, version 2.0. RESULTS: Median followup for all patients was 35 months. The 2 treatment groups were well-balanced with respect to age, clinical stage, prostate specific antigen, Gleason score, use of neoadjuvant hormones, pretreatment genitourinary symptoms, implanted gland volume and length of followup. Biochemical control (American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology definition) was 97% and 98% for LDR and HDR, respectively. HDR brachytherapy alone was associated with decreased acute rates of grade 1 to 3 dysuria (67% versus 36%, p <0.001), urinary frequency/urgency (92% versus 54%, p <0.001) and rectal pain (20% versus 6%, p = 0.017). These differences remained significant when patients who received prior hormonal therapy were excluded from analysis. Selected chronic toxicities were also decreased with HDR, including long-term urinary frequency and urgency, 32% (HDR) vs 56% (103Pd), p = 0.004. There were no differences in the rates of chronic dysuria, urinary incontinence, retention or hematuria. Urethral stricture rates were 8% in the HDR alone group vs 3% for 103 Pd (p = 0.177). The 3-year actuarial impotence rate was 45% for the LDR group and only 16% for HDR. The majority of complications were grade 1. No grade 4 toxicities were encountered in either group. HDR decreased treatment cost by 19%. CONCLUSIONS: While HDR (192 iridium) and LDR (103Pd) monotherapy maintained the same biochemical control, the use of HDR brachytherapy as monotherapy was associated with decreased rates of acute urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria and rectal pain compared to LDR. Chronic urinary frequency, urgency and grade 2 rectal toxicities were also decreased with HDR. A dramatic decrease (66%) was noted in the rate of sexual impotency with HDR. In addition, patients treated with HDR did not remain radioactive after treatment. There was a decrease in cost from not purchasing seeds per patient. HDR monotherapy as prostate cancer treatment resulted in the same biochemical control with much lower toxicity. It is an accepted, convenient, cost-effective method of prostate brachytherapy for patients with favorable risk prostate cancer. PMID- 14767280 TI - Late urinary morbidity with high dose prostate brachytherapy as a boost to conventional external beam radiation therapy for local and locally advanced prostate cancer. AB - PURPOSE: Late urinary retention (UR) is a known complication that may occur when using high dose rate brachytherapy (HDR-B) to boost external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) when treating prostate cancer. However, the dosimetric, treatment and clinical factors associated with this complication are not well-known. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 1997 to March 2000 a total of 108 patients with local or locally advanced prostate adenocarcinoma were treated with EBRT (45 Gy) and HDR-B as a boost, when 16 to 20 Gy was given in 4 fractions twice daily. Median patient age was 68 years and median followup was 44 months (range 36 to 72). Each implant was performed using 8 to 18 needles with a median active length of 3 cm. Planning ultrasound target volume ranged from 23 to 65 cc. RESULTS: Biological effective doses for the urethral region ranged from 107 to 138 Gy3 (median 113). Crude and 5-year actuarial UR-free survival were 95.4% and 86.2%, respectively. Predictive factors for UR on univariate analysis were age more than 65 years (p = 0.0416), planning ultrasound target volume greater than 35 cc and active length of needles more than 3.5 cm (p = 0.0158). On multivariate analysis by Cox regression age was the only predictive factor (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: HDR-B appears to offer a safe, reproducible and effective method of boosting conventional EBRT in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. Results with this technology reveal late urinary morbidity rates paralleling those achieved with other forms of treatment, but further long-term followup is still needed to warrant a definitive conclusion. PMID- 14767281 TI - Is brachytherapy a kinder, gentler treatment for prostate cancer? PMID- 14767282 TI - Watchful waiting and factors predictive of secondary treatment of localized prostate cancer. AB - PURPOSE: Watchful waiting remains an important treatment option for some patients with localized prostate cancer. We defined the demographic, clinical and outcome features of men selecting watchful waiting as an initial treatment strategy, and determined factors predictive of eventual progression to secondary treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 8390 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1990 to 2001 in the Department of Defense Center for Prostate Disease Research Database, 1158 patients chose watchful waiting as initial treatment. The demographic and clinical differences between patients on watchful waiting and those choosing other initial treatments were compared using the chi-square test. Secondary treatment-free survival according to various prognostic factors was plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method and differences were tested using the log rank test. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to determine which factors were independent predictors of secondary treatment. RESULTS: Compared to other patients, those selecting watchful waiting were older, had lower prostate specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis, and were more likely to have lower stage (cT1) and lower grade (Gleason sum 7 or less) cancers. Age, PSA and clinical stage were all significant and independent predictors of secondary treatment. The relative risk of secondary treatment can be expressed as EXP (-0.034 x age at diagnosis + 0.284 x LOG (diagnostic PSA) + 0.271 x clinical stage T2 + 0.264 x clinical stage T3). CONCLUSIONS: Men who elect watchful waiting as initial management for prostate cancer are older with lower Gleason sums and serum PSA. In these men, age at diagnosis, serum PSA and clinical stage are the most significant predictors of requiring or selecting secondary treatment. PMID- 14767283 TI - Prostate stem cell antigen expression is associated with gleason score, seminal vesicle invasion and capsular invasion in prostate cancer. AB - PURPOSE: Few successful therapeutic options exist for men who present with metastatic prostate cancer (CaP) or for the 30% with recurrence. The development and characterization of molecular markers are vital to the development of prognostic and therapeutic modalities in CaP. We investigated the expression and potential clinical usefulness of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) in CaP using tissue microarrays. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis using a PSCA monoclonal antibody was performed on tissue microarrays constructed from paraffin embedded specimens from 246 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy. PSCA staining was correlated with established prognostic factors, such as Gleason score, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and seminal vesicle invasion. In addition, recurrence-free survival was analyzed. RESULTS: A high PSCA intensity of 3 was associated with adverse prognostic features, such as Gleason score 7 and above (p = 0.001), seminal vesicle invasion (p = 0.005) and capsular involvement (p = 0.033). On univariate analysis tumors with a PSCA intensity of 3 carried an increased risk of PSA recurrence (p = 0.031, HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.96). However, after adjusting for these variables a PSCA intensity of 3 was no longer an independent predictor of PSA recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: We found that high PSCA intensity is significantly associated with adverse prognostic features such as high Gleason score and extra-organ disease. The results of this study suggest that PSCA is a promising tumor marker for the selection of patients at high risk but additional studies are necessary to assess the usefulness of PSCA in patient biopsies. PMID- 14767284 TI - Lymphovascular invasion is a pathological feature of biologically aggressive disease in patients treated with radical prostatectomy. AB - We examined whether invasion of lymphatic and/or vascular vessels (LVI), or perineural spaces (PNI) is associated with prostate cancer features and outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 630 consecutive men underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy for clinically localized disease. LVI and PNI examination was part of the routine specimen evaluation. RESULTS: Foci of LVI were identified in 32 patients (5%) and 381 (60.5%) had PNI. LVI and PNI were associated with clinical stage T2 disease, higher biopsy and final Gleason sum, extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle involvement, positive surgical margins and a higher percent of positive biopsy cores (p <0.001). LVI was associated with metastases to regional lymph nodes and higher preoperative serum prostate specific antigen (p <0.001 and 0.004, respectively). PNI and LVI were associated with an increased risk of rapid biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy on univariate (p <0.001 and 0.001, respectively) but not on multivariate analysis. LVI was associated with shorter prostate specific antigen doubling time after biochemical progression (p = 0.012) and higher probabilities of failed local salvage radiation therapy (p = 0.0169), distant metastases (p <0.001) and death (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Only LVI is associated with metastases to regional and distant sites, and most importantly with overall survival. LVI and PNI are associated with established markers of biologically aggressive disease and rapid biochemical progression in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. Our findings support the routine evaluation of LVI status in radical prostatectomy specimens and its inclusion in predictive models for clinical outcomes, since it appears to be a pathological marker of the lethal phenotype of prostate cancer. PMID- 14767285 TI - Lymph node positive prostate cancer: long-term survival data after radical prostatectomy. AB - PURPOSE: We retrospectively reviewed the outcome in our patients with prostate cancer and regional positive lymph nodes who underwent prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1984 and December 2002, 147 men were found to have local lymph node metastases after surgery, of whom 135 underwent further androgen ablation, including 88% within 6 weeks after prostatectomy. We especially determined overall, cancer specific and progression-free survival rates. RESULTS: Median patient age was 63.2 years (range 46 to 75 years). Postoperative followup was up to 214 months (median 41.9). There was 1 death secondary to surgery. To date 49 patients (33.3%) had disease progression, including 6 with a prostate specific antigen increase later than 100 months after surgery, and 36 (24.5%) died, including 22 of prostate cancer and 14 of other causes. Overall and cause specific survival probabilities at 5, 10 and 15 years were 76.6% and 86.5%, 60.1% and 73.7%, and 47.2% and 57.9%, respectively. Median overall survival was 144 months and median cancer specific survival was greater than 145 months. Overall progression-free probabilities at 5, 10 and 15 years were 72.7%, 49.8% and 31.6%, respectively. Biochemical progression-free survival rates were 77.4% after 5, 53.0% after 10 and 33.7% after 15 years. CONCLUSIONS: Since three-quarters of our patients were likely not to die of prostate cancer within the 10 years after surgery despite histological evidence of lymph node metastases, radical prostatectomy with or without hormonal therapy is a viable option for patients with local lymph node involvement, particularly in view of long-term survival. PMID- 14767286 TI - Prostate cancer radiotherapy dose response: an update of the fox chase experience. AB - PURPOSE: The effectiveness of increasing radiotherapy dose for men with prostate cancer was evaluated with reference to prognostic groups as defined by pretreatment serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score, T stage and perineural invasion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were 839 men treated between April 1989 and December 1997 with conformal radiotherapy alone. Cox multivariate analysis was used to establish important predictors of biochemical failure (BF) separately for patients with an initial pretreatment PSA (iPSA) of less than 10, 10 to 19.9, or 20 or greater ng/ml. Radiotherapy (RT) dose was evaluated as a continuous and categorical (dose groups of less than 72, 72 to 75.9 and 76 Gy or greater) variable. RESULTS: At a median 63-month followup multivariate analysis demonstrated that iPSA and radiotherapy (RP) dose were the most significant predictors of BF, followed by Gleason score and T stage. Perineural invasion was not an independent correlate of outcome. RT dose was significant in all iPSA groups (less than 10, 10 to 19.9 and 20 or greater ng/ml). Gleason score was significant when iPSA was less than 10 ng/ml. T stage was significant when iPSA was 20 ng/ml or greater and it was borderline when iPSA was 10 to 19.9 ng/ml (p = 0.08). Prognostic subgroups were derived from these results and tested for an effect of RT dose on univariate analysis. Radiation dose was not a correlate of BF in the most favorable (PSA less than 10 ng/ml and Gleason score 2 to 6) and the most unfavorable (PSA 20 ng/ml or greater and stage T3-T4) prognostic groups but it was otherwise an influential determinant of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: RT dose escalation to 76 Gy or greater improved patient outcome for all prognostic groups except those at the favorable and unfavorable extremes. PMID- 14767287 TI - The efficacy and sequencing of a short course of androgen suppression on freedom from biochemical failure when administered with radiation therapy for T2-T3 prostate cancer. AB - PURPOSE: We evaluated the benefits and sequencing of androgen suppression (AS) administered with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in T2-T3 prostate cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 1999, 481 patients were entered in 2 successive, prospective, randomized studies, including 161 in the study 1 and 325 in study 2. Eligible patients had clinical stages T2-T3 prostate cancer. In the first study (L-101) subjects were randomly allocated among EBRT alone (group 1), EBRT preceded by 3 months of AS (group 2), and neoadjuvant, concomitant and adjuvant AS for a total of 10 months (group 3). In the second study (L-200) we analyzed neoadjuvant and concomitant AS (total 5 months) vs neoadjuvant, concomitant and short course adjuvant (total 10 months) AS with EBRT. In each study we used a total AS (a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist plus an antiandrogen) and a standard dose of radiation therapy at that time. Patient characteristics were well balanced in regard to age, stage, prostate specific antigen and Gleason score. No biochemical evidence of disease (BNED) was defined as an end point according to the Vancouver rule. RESULTS: In the study 1 at a median followup of 5 years 7-year biochemical-free survival rates were 42%, 66% and 69% in groups 1 to 3, respectively. BNED was significantly different between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.009) and between groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.003) but not between groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.6). Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model showed an HR of 6.1 for Gleason score (p = 0.001), 1.4 for PSA (p = 0.002), 0.5 for group 1 vs group 2 (p = 0.01) and 0.35 for group 1 vs group 3 (p = 0.008). In study 2 BNED at 4 years was 65%. There was no significant difference between arms 1 and 2 (p = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of study 1 shows a benefit of using a short course of neoadjuvant AS with EBRT vs EBRT alone for localized T2-T3 prostate cancers. Moreover, in each study adding a short course of adjuvant AS after neoadjuvant 1 provided no more advantage in these patients. PMID- 14767289 TI - Intravesical nitric oxide production discriminates between classic and nonulcer interstitial cystitis. AB - PURPOSE: Interstitial cystitis (IC) is one of the most bothersome conditions in urological practice. There are 2 subtypes, classic and nonulcer IC, with similar symptoms but different outcomes with respect to clinical course and response to treatment. Histologically there are fundamental differences between the 2 subtypes, classic IC presenting a severe abnormality of the urothelium and characteristic inflammatory cell infiltrates while inflammation is scant in nonulcer IC. Regulation of urinary nitric oxide synthase activity has been proposed to be of importance for immunological responses in IC. We present evidence of a profound difference between the 2 subtypes concerning nitric oxide production, mirroring the differences in inflammatory response in IC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 17 patients with both subtypes and active disease as well as patients with disease in remission were included in the study, all diagnosed according to National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases criteria. Luminal nitric oxide was measured in the bladder of patients using a chemiluminescence nitric oxide analyzer. RESULTS: All patients with classic IC had high levels of NO. None of the other patients had any significant increase in NO levels in the bladder. The NO level in patients with classic IC was not related to symptoms but rather to the assignment to this specific subgroup of IC. The highest levels of NO were found in patients in the initial phase of classic IC. CONCLUSIONS: The difference in NO evaporation between classic and nonulcer IC allows for subtyping of cases meeting National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases criteria without performing cystoscopy. The findings in the present series together with previous findings clearly demonstrate that the 2 subtypes of IC represent separate entities. This separation further emphasizes the need to subtype all cases included in all scientific matters, ensuring that the 2 subtypes are evaluated separately in clinical studies. PMID- 14767288 TI - Early versus delayed hormonal therapy for prostate specific antigen only recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. AB - PURPOSE: Hormonal therapy (HT) is the current mainstay of systemic treatment for prostate specific antigen (PSA) only recurrence (PSAR), however, there is virtually no published literature comparing HT to observation in the clinical setting. The goal of this study was to examine the Department of Defense Center for Prostate Disease Research observational database to compare clinical outcomes in men who experienced PSAR after radical prostatectomy by early versus delayed use of HT and by a risk stratified approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 5382 men in the database who underwent primary radical prostatectomy (RP), 4967 patients were treated in the PSA-era between 1988 and December 2002. Of those patients 1352 men who had PSAR (PSA after surgery greater than 0.2 ng/ml) and had postoperative followup greater than 6 months were used as the study cohort. These patients were further divided into an early HT group in which patients (355) received HT after PSA only recurrence but before clinical metastasis and a late HT group for patients (997) who received no HT before clinical metastasis or by current followup. The primary end point was the development of clinical metastases. Of the 1352 patients with PSAR clinical metastases developed in 103 (7.6%). Patients were also stratified by surgical Gleason sum, PSA doubling time and timing of recurrence. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the effect of early and late HT on clinical outcome. RESULTS: Early HT was associated with delayed clinical metastasis in patients with a pathological Gleason sum greater than 7 or PSA doubling time of 12 months or less (Hazards ratio = 2.12, p = 0.01). However, in the overall cohort early HT did not impact clinical metastases. Race, age at RP and PSA at diagnosis had no effect on metastasis-free survival (p >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The retrospective observational multicenter database analysis demonstrated that early HT administered for PSAR after prior RP was an independent predictor of delayed clinical metastases only for high-risk cases at the current followup. Further study with longer followup and randomized trials are needed to address this important issue. PMID- 14767290 TI - Carbon coated zirconium beads in beta-glucan gel and bovine glutaraldehyde cross linked collagen injections for intrinsic sphincter deficiency: continence and satisfaction after extended followup. AB - PURPOSE: The durability of Durasphere (Carbon Medical Technologies, Saint Paul, Minnesota), used to treat stress urinary incontinence, has not been shown beyond 12 months of followup. Women treated with Durasphere and Contigen (Bard, Inc., Covington, Georgia) at 1 institution between 1996 and 2000 were compared to determine patient satisfaction and urinary continence after extended followup. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between April 1996 and September 2000, 56 women were treated with Durasphere at this institution, of whom 43 were available for extended followup. Aged matched patients treated with Contigen were analyzed for comparison. Patient satisfaction and continence at last followup were subjectively assessed via telephone interview. Survival methods (Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards model) were used to analyze time to failure as a function of treatment group and other potential predictors. RESULTS: Treatment groups (Contigen and Durasphere) were similar with respect to all baseline factors. Treatment was initially effective in 63% of Durasphere and Contigen cases (p = 1.0). At 24 and 36 months Durasphere remained effective in 33% and 21% of patients compared with 19% and 9% for Contigen, respectively. At last followup only 9 patients (21%) treated with Durasphere and 2 (5%) treated with Contigen (median followup 51 and 62 months, respectively) claimed that treatment was still effective. After controlling for differences in followup time there was no significant difference in time to failure between the treatment groups (p = 0.25). A third of patients in each group believed that treatment was a success. CONCLUSIONS: Neither Contigen nor Durasphere provides durable improvement in continence. Despite this outcome a third of patients in the 2 groups were satisfied with the treatment outcome. PMID- 14767291 TI - Urethral evoked sympathetic skin responses and viscerosensory evoked potentials as diagnostic tools to evaluate urogenital autonomic afferent innervation in spinal cord injured patients. AB - PURPOSE: In most spinal cord injured (SCI) patients the objective assessment of afferent neuronal pathways from the lower urinary tract and the recording of a disturbed urethral sensation and/or desire to void are still difficult. Viscerosensory evoked potentials (VSEPs) might be helpful, but they remain technically difficult to obtain and interpretation is delicate. As a new approach, sympathetic skin response (SSR) of the hand and foot were recorded after electrical stimulation of the posterior urethral mucosa. This technique should allow assessment of the integrity or deterioration of the autonomic afferent pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 males and 8 females with SCI somatosensory incomplete 15, somatosensory complete 13 and 6 healthy male volunteers were prospectively examined. During urodynamic examination electrical stimulation (single square pulses of 0.2 ms, 2 to 3-fold sensory threshold, 60 mA in complete SCI patients) of the posterior urethra/bladder neck was performed using a bipolar electrode inserted into a microtip pressure catheter. SSR recordings of the right palm and sole were simultaneously taken using surface electrodes and were analyzed by an electromyography unit. Patient reports on evoked urethral sensations at individual sensory thresholds were simultaneously noted. Additionally, well-known electrophysiological measurements such as pudendal sensory evoked potential and urethral VSEP were recorded to check clinical assessed somatosensory and viscerosensory status, and to compare SSR results with these conventional methods. RESULTS: Electrical stimulation of the posterior urethra evoked clear urethral sensation and SSRs in normal subjects. In 14 of 15 sensory incomplete SCI patients with disturbed urethral sensation SSRs could be recorded as well. Electrically evoked urethral sensations resembled the subjective desire to void at full bladder reported by controls and patients. In 13 sensory complete SCI patients with loss of any urethral sensation SSRs could not be recorded even at maximal electrical stimulation strength. All subjects with electrically induced urethral sensation had positive evoked (supralesional) SSRs of the hand. However, none of the patients with absent urethral sensation presented SSRs. Simultaneously recorded VSEPs could not be recorded clearly in 5 patients and 2 control subjects, whereas SSRs delivered clear results in all controls and patients, matching their reports. CONCLUSIONS: SSR recordings above a spinal lesion level after urethral electrostimulation might provide a useful and technically simple objective diagnostic tool to assess integrity of autonomic (visceral) afferent nerves from the lower urinary tract. Somatosensory deficits are not always paralleled by viscerosensory loss and vice versa. In this study SSRs were superior to VSEPs, the latter being more difficult to record. The subjective sensations reported by subjects during stimulation could be confirmed in an objective way in 100% of cases by positive/negative SSR findings. PMID- 14767292 TI - Urodynamic study of women in urinary retention treated with sacral neuromodulation. AB - PURPOSE: We investigated the action of sacral neuromodulation in restoring voiding function in women with urinary retention attributable to sphincter overactivity (Fowler's syndrome). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited women within retention who were able to void following neuromodulation by temporary test stimulation or a permanent implant. Urethral pressure profiles, cystometry and sphincter electromyography were performed before and after neuromodulation. RESULTS: A total of 30 women 19 to 52 years old were recruited, including 21 with a permanent implant and 9 undergoing temporary stimulation. Mean maximum urethral closure pressure was elevated compared to expected pressure and it did not change significantly after neuromodulation. The electromyographic abnormality persisted during neuromodulation and voiding was often done with an interrupted flow. There was a slight increase in detrusor contractility. CONCLUSIONS: This evidence suggests that neuromodulation does not restore voiding in these patients by a direct relaxant effect on the sphincter. The modest increase in detrusor pressure appears to be sufficient to overcome the resistance of the overactive sphincter. PMID- 14767293 TI - Prevention of urinary incontinence by behavioral modification program: a randomized, controlled trial among older women in the community. AB - PURPOSE: We determined whether a behavioral modification program (BMP) taught to groups of continent older women would decrease the incidence of urinary incontinence, increase pelvic muscle strength and improve voiding control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a randomized, controlled trial comparing a BMP treatment group to a control, no treatment group in ambulatory, postmenopausal, continent women (0 to 5 days of incontinent episodes in the previous year) 55 years and older who were followed for 12 months. Qualified volunteers from 4 Michigan counties were randomly assigned to a control or a treatment group, consisting of a 2-hour classroom presentation on BMP followed 2 to 4 weeks later with individualized evaluation to test knowledge, adherence and skills in behavioral techniques, and brief reinforcement of the technique as needed. Followup was done by telephone and mail every 3 months except month 12, when all participants underwent final clinical evaluation. Outcome measures were continence status, pelvic floor muscle strength and voiding frequency/intervoid interval. RESULTS: A total of 195 control and 164 treated participants completed the study. Baseline data on the 2 groups were not statistically different. At 12 months the treatment group was statistically significantly better than the control group in continence status (p = 0.01), pelvic muscle strength (pressure score p = 0.0003 and displacement score p <0.0001), improved voiding frequency (p <0.0001) and intervoid interval (p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge we report the first randomized, controlled trial of BMP for preventing urinary incontinence in older women. It demonstrated feasibility and efficacy in improving continence status, pelvic muscle strength and voiding control as long as a year after treatment. PMID- 14767294 TI - Treatment of primary bladder neck obstruction in women with transurethral resection of the bladder neck. AB - PURPOSE: We describe the presentation, clinical characteristics, treatment and followup of a series of women with primary bladder neck obstruction (PBNO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A patient data base was searched for women who underwent transurethral resection for bladder outlet obstruction diagnosed by videourodynamic study (VUDS) according to the Blaivas-Groutz nomogram for female bladder outlet obstruction between 1993 and 2002. A total of 37 women with obstruction were identified. Patients with neurogenic, traumatic, anatomical or iatrogenic causes of obstruction were excluded. Seven patients remained who had been diagnosed with PBNO, of whom all underwent transurethral bladder neck resection. Office records were reviewed for history, presentation, surgical treatment and clinical outcome. RESULTS: Seven patients were diagnosed with PBNO. Age was 39 to 81 years. Six of 7 patients presented with symptoms of obstruction, including a weak or intermittent stream and urinary hesitancy. These 6 patients had unremarkable physical examination findings with normal perianal sensation, anal sphincter tone and lower extremity reflexes. One patient presented with abdominal swelling, which on physical examination was found to be a markedly distended bladder containing more than 1000 cc urine. All patients had overt urethral obstruction on VUDS. In 6 of 7 patients obstruction was clearly at the vesical neck and in 1 the obstruction site was equivocal. Three patients were treated or had previously been treated pharmacologically with alpha-blockers. All patients were subsequently treated with intermittent self-catheterization. All patients then underwent transurethral bladder neck resection at the vesical neck and proximal urethra. Surgical specimens weighed 1 to 5 gm and showed urethral fragments or fibromuscular tissue without specific pathological findings. Followup was 1 to 10 years (median 3) and it included physical examination, uroflowmetry, post-void residual urine measurement and videourodynamic study. Six patients considered themselves cured of lower urinary tract symptoms and 1 was improved. In 1 patient the obstruction site was not clear. One patient had mild stress incontinence under rare circumstances not severe enough to require protective pads. The average change in flow was 6 +/- 10 vs 30 +/- 17 ml per second (p <0.03). The average change in voided volume was 194 +/- 170 vs 416 +/- 206 ml per second (p <0.06). Average change in post-void residual urine was 680 +/- 445 vs 173 +/- 366 ml (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PBNO is an exceedingly rare condition, which is easily treatable when properly diagnosed by VUDS. The presentation of patients in urinary retention in middle age suggests that PBNO may be more common in less apparent forms than has previously been recognized. PMID- 14767295 TI - Abdominal sacral colpopexy using autologous fascia lata. AB - PURPOSE: Numerous techniques and materials have traditionally been used to correct vaginal vault prolapse, including cadaveric fascia, synthetic materials and autologous rectus fascia. We report our experience with autologous fascia lata used for abdominal sacral colpopexy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review identified all women who underwent abdominal sacral colpopexy using autologous fascia lata for vaginal vault prolapse with at least 18 months of followup. Preoperative and postoperative pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) scores, relevant clinical and operative parameters, treatment efficacy, harvest site morbidity and patient satisfaction were assessed. RESULTS: Ten women underwent this procedure between 1999 and 2001. Mean patient age was 68.3 years (range 55 to 82). Followup was 19 to 42 months (mean +/- SD 30.5 +/- 7.78). Preoperatively POP-Q stages were II to IV in 3, 5 and 2 cases, respectively. Postoperative POP-Q scores improved to and remained at stage II or lower in all 10 patients. Mean operative time was 182 +/- 40.94 minutes (range 136 to 265). Mean blood loss was 107.5 +/- 50.07 cc (range 50 to 200). There was no morbidity associated with fascia lata harvest. Eight of the 9 women alive at review completed and returned the survey. When asked if they could return to how they were before surgery, would they still have the same procedure done and would they recommend the procedure to a friend, all respondents answered yes to each question. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous fascia lata compares favorably in efficacy to that reported for other materials in the contemporary literature and it is not associated with any significant morbidity. PMID- 14767296 TI - Efficacy and morbidity of autologous fascia lata sling cystourethropexy. AB - PURPOSE: Sling cystourethropexy for intrinsic sphincter deficiency has more recently been accepted as effective surgical treatment for all types of stress urinary incontinence. We report our experience using autologous fascia lata for sling cystourethropexy, regarding treatment efficacy, harvest site morbidity and patient satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective data base review identified all women who underwent sling cystourethropexy using autologous fascia lata for stress urinary incontinence. A followup survey study using questionnaires (Black and Urogenic Distress Inventory-6) combined with questions regarding pad use, satisfaction and leg morbidity was done. RESULTS: A total of 100 women who could be contacted and who had undergone autologous fascia lata sling cystourethropexy performed by a single surgeon between 1993 and 2002 were surveyed. Mean patient followup was 4.4 years (range 0.8 to 9.3). Of the women 85% stated that they were dry or improved and 93% were pain-free at the harvest site by 7 days. There was no harvest site infection and no lower extremity thrombotic complication. Of the patients 83% indicated that the procedure had a positive effect on their life with only 4% stating that it had a negative effect, while 77% were satisfied with the procedure, 82% would recommend the procedure to a friend with incontinence and 83% would undergo the procedure if making the decision again. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous fascia lata sling cystourethropexy is associated with high patient satisfaction and treatment efficacy comparable to that of other sling cystourethropexy materials, as determined by questionnaire. Harvest site morbidity is low. Sling cystourethropexy using autologous fascia lata should be considered as a primary surgical approach in women with stress urinary incontinence. PMID- 14767297 TI - The influence of age on quality of life outcome in women following a tension-free vaginal tape procedure. AB - PURPOSE: Tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) has been introduced and demonstrated to be an effective treatment for stress urinary incontinence. Improved general health in the elderly population has led to a greater number of patients seeking surgical treatment for incontinence. We evaluated the impact of TVT on quality of life in elderly patients, defined as age 70 and older. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 67 patients with genuine stress incontinence differentiated by age into 2 groups, namely 21 who were 70 years and older, and a control group of 46 younger than 70 years, with a validated questionnaire. We assessed quality of life changes following TVT for incontinence treatment. RESULTS: At the most recent followup quality of life scores improved significantly in the 2 groups (p <0.05). Stress incontinence improved significantly in the 2 groups (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: TVT is effective in each group. It is a viable treatment option to improve quality of life in older women with stress urinary incontinence. PMID- 14767298 TI - Efficacy of sildenafil in the treatment of female sexual dysfunction due to multiple sclerosis. AB - PURPOSE: We assessed the tolerability, safety and efficacy of sildenafil for the treatment of women with sexual dysfunction secondary to multiple sclerosis, as well as the role of somatosensory evoked potential neurophysiological testing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, crossover study investigating the effects of sildenafil in women with multiple sclerosis and sexual dysfunction. Assessments were done by validated questionnaires. Pudendal and tibial evoked potentials were also recorded. RESULTS: A total of 19 women completed the 2 arms of the double-blind phase and 12 completed the optional open label extension phase. Statistically significant improvement following sildenafil was only reported in the lubrication domain of sexual function during the double-blind phase. There was no overall change in quality of life after sildenafil. There was a significant correlation between the latency of tibial and pudendal evoked potentials. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil only appeared to produce limited benefit in certain individuals with female sexual dysfunction. Some measure of the extent of neurological deficit in these patients could be ascertained from the latency of tibial evoked potentials, which correlated with pudendal evoked potentials. However, it could not predict the extent of sexual dysfunction. Sildenafil is unlikely to help all patients with neurogenic female sexual dysfunction. PMID- 14767299 TI - Sustained decrease in incidence of acute urinary retention and surgery with finasteride for 6 years in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. AB - PURPOSE: We determined the effect of long-term treatment with finasteride on the incidence of acute urinary retention (AUR) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) related surgery in men with BPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Proscar (Merck and Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey) Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Study (PLESS) was comprised of 3040 men with enlarged prostates, moderate to severe symptomatic BPH and no clinical evidence of prostate cancer. Patients were randomized to placebo or 5 mg finasteride daily for 4 years. Of the 3016 randomized patients with available efficacy data 62% completed the original 4 year study (1006 on finasteride and 891 on placebo) and 89% of these (908 from the original finasteride arm and 785 from the placebo arm) continued in a 2-year open extension on finasteride. Followup was attempted in discontinued patients. Complete 6-year outcomes data, including 6-year followup in 770 men who had discontinued treatment during years 1 to 6, were available for 2463 (82%) of the 3016 originally randomized patients. RESULTS: For patients on continuous finasteride treatment the decrease in incidence of AUR and/or BPH related surgery in the 4-year base study was sustained during the open extension. In patients who were switched from placebo to finasteride in the extension, the incidence of AUR and/or BPH related surgery was similar to that in the continuous finasteride arm. CONCLUSIONS: The 6-year data from PLESS confirmed and further extended the findings from the original 4-year trial, demonstrating that finasteride treatment led to a sustained decrease in the incidence of AUR and/or BPH related surgery in men with BPH and enlarged prostates. PMID- 14767300 TI - Melatonin pharmacotherapy for nocturia in men with benign prostatic enlargement. AB - PURPOSE: Nocturia is a common condition often attributed in aging men to benign prostatic enlargement. Older adults are prone to nocturnal sleep disturbance, of which disturbed circadian rhythm may be a component since it improves with nighttime administration of melatonin. This study was designed to investigate melatonin as a potential treatment for nocturia associated with bladder outflow obstruction in older men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 men with urodynamically confirmed bladder outflow obstruction and nocturia were entered into a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled crossover study assessing the effect of 2 mg controlled release melatonin at night on nocturia. Symptoms were assessed at baseline and after each 4-week treatment period using a frequency volume chart, the International Prostate Symptom Score and symptom problem index. Maximum urinary flow rate and post-void residual urine volume were also assessed. RESULTS: Baseline frequency of nocturia was 3.1 episodes per night. There were 7 men (35%) with detrusor overactivity and 10 (50%) had nocturnal polyuria. Melatonin and placebo caused a decrease in nocturia of 0.32 and 0.05 episodes per night (p = 0.07) and a decrease in the nocturia bother score of 0.51 and 0.05, respectively (p = 0.008). Nocturia responder rates (a reduction from baseline of at least -0.5 episodes per night) differed between the active medication and placebo groups (p = 0.04). Daytime urinary frequency, International Prostate Symptom Score, relative nocturnal urine volume, maximum urinary flow rate and post-void residual were unaffected by melatonin treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Melatonin treatment is associated with a significant nocturia response rate, improvement in nocturia related bother and a good adverse effect profile. However, it is uncertain whether the observed changes in this study are clinically significant. PMID- 14767301 TI - Holmium laser enucleation versus transurethral resection of the prostate. Are histological findings comparable? AB - PURPOSE: We investigated if an adequate histological diagnosis can be made from tissue after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and whether it is comparable to transurethral prostate resection (TURP) tissue findings in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 40 HoLEP and 40 age matched TURP tissue specimens from patients who underwent 1 of the 2 procedures between January 2001 and August 2002. Each histological specimen was reviewed by a single pathologist. Preoperative prostate ultrasound volume, total serum prostatic specific antigen and postoperative tissue weight were evaluated. Microscopic histological diagnosis was assessed by standard histological techniques and immunohistochemical evaluation. RESULTS: Patients were comparable in terms of age and preoperative total serum prostate specific antigen. Tissue remaining following the procedure was estimated to be 36.3% of preoperative ultrasound volume after HoLEP and 52.8% after TURP (p <0.001). Incidental adenocarcinoma and high grade PIN of the prostate were diagnosed in a comparable percent of specimens in the 2 groups. Tissue thermal artifacts induced by the laser were mostly due to coagulation. Thus, the alterations were similar to those after TURP. CONCLUSIONS: Tissue quality is altered after HoLEP and TURP. General prostatic architecture was maintained in the majority of HoLEP histological specimens. A moderately higher percent of prostatic tissue obtained by the Ho laser is lost by vaporization and coagulation. Nevertheless, these differences do not seem to alter pathologist ability to detect incidental prostate cancer and PIN. PMID- 14767302 TI - Benign prostatic hyperplasia management--statistical significance may not translate into clinical relevance. PMID- 14767303 TI - Modified corporoplasty for ventral penile curvature: description of the technique and initial results. AB - PURPOSE: We report our initial results with an original modification of Yachia corporoplasty to correct congenital and acquired ventral penile deviations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 12 patients with congenital or acquired ventral curvature of the penis underwent modified corporoplasty. The surgical procedure, which was performed during artificial erection, consists of Yachia plasty done in the bed of the deep dorsal vein, which was previously resected. To our knowledge the procedure that we describe is the only corporoplasty for ventral deviation that does not require any manipulation of the neurovascular bundle but ensures at the same time definitive coalescence of the tunical edges. RESULTS: Penile curvature was completely eliminated in all patients. No change in erectile function was reported by 11 patients (92%). Eight patients (67%) reported penile shortening (1 to 2.5 cm) but the decreased length did not cause interference with sexual activity. No other surgery related complication, such as pain or loss of sensitivity, was reported. Ten of the 12 patients interviewed (83%) reported full satisfaction with the results. Two patients (17%) reported partial satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The modified Nesbit procedure that we propose allows complete and definitive correction of ventral penile curvature without any manipulation of the dorsal bundle. Excellent penile straightening and the lack of significant postoperative complications result in high patient satisfaction rates. PMID- 14767304 TI - Continence following radical retropubic prostatectomy using self-reporting instruments. AB - PURPOSE: We performed a global self-assessment of continence following radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) and determined how this global self-assessment of continence correlates with commonly used definitions of continence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between October 2000 and February 2002 all men who underwent RRP were encouraged to complete the University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index 3, 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively. Beginning October 2002 a single question capturing the patient global self-assessment of continence status was added to the postoperative continence assessment. The study design was cross sectional since only continence surveys submitted between October 2002 through February 2003 were evaluated. Sensitivity, specificity and kappa coefficient was determined for the relationship between the patient global assessment of continence vs the definition of continence based on pad requirement, problem due to incontinence and frequency of incontinence. RESULTS: Continence progressively improved 3 to 24 months following RRP for all continence outcomes. At 24 months following RRP 97.1% of men considered themselves continent, while 97.1%, 94.1% and 97.1% were considered continent using continence definitions, including the requirement of no or 1 pad in a 24-hour interval, no or slight bother due to incontinence and total control or occasional dribbling, respectively. Our 3 definitions of continence derived from responses to the University of California Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index had excellent agreement with patient global self-assessment of continence (kappa coefficients between 0.76 and 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of men achieve continence without invasive intervention following RRP. Final continence status should be ascertained at 24 months. The patient global assessment of continence provides face validity for other definitions of continence based on responses to validated self-administered questionnaires. PMID- 14767305 TI - The impact of open radical retropubic prostatectomy on continence and lower urinary tract symptoms: a prospective assessment using validated self administered outcome instruments. AB - PURPOSE: We determined the impact of radical retropubic prostatectomy on continence and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between October 2000 and August 2002, 500 men with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy by a single surgeon, and completed the UCLA Prostate Cancer Index and American Urological Association (AUA) symptom index at baseline, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after radical prostatectomy. Univariate analysis was performed to identify factors predisposing the early return of continence. RESULTS: A total of 100%, 98.3%, 97.1%, 94.2% and 98.6% of patients filled out the UCLA Prostate Cancer Index and AUA symptom index at baseline, and 3, 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Based on protective pad requirement or frequency of incontinence 100%, 90.9%, 87.2%, 92.1% and 98.5% vs 98.8%, 80.6%, 91.2%, 95.2% and 98.5% of men were continent at baseline, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery, respectively. Age, severity of lower urinary tract symptoms, Gleason score, nerve sparing status, blood loss or presence of benign prostatic tissue in the apical soft tissue margin did not predict early return of continence. All of the individual urinary symptoms captured by the AUA symptom score showed significant improvement after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Radical prostatectomy was associated with a mean 5.4 unit decrease in AUA symptom score (40% decrease) in men with baseline moderate/severe LUTS (AUA symptom score 8 or greater). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of men regain continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy and maximal continence is achieved by 24 months. No factors were identified that predicted early return of continence in our cohort of men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Radical prostatectomy has a clinically significant impact on improving LUTS. PMID- 14767306 TI - Computer aided learning versus standard lecture for undergraduate education in urology. AB - PURPOSE: The current model of undergraduate medical education is under debate since knowledge retention and student interest seem to be decreasing. To clarify this situation we developed and evaluated a computer aided learning program using a multimedia presentation about prostate cancer for undergraduate teaching in urology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 medical students from years 2 and 3 were divided into group 1-31 who used the multimedia program and group 2-29 who attended a standard lecture on the same subject. At the end the level of knowledge acquisition for the 2 groups was evaluated by a multiple choice test. Group 1 students also answered a questionnaire about subjective feelings on computer based teaching. RESULTS: Test performance in groups 1 and 2 was similar (60% vs 62% correct answers, p >0.05). On the other hand, 23 of 31 students using the multimedia program believed that it did not adequately replace the instructor and interaction with a mentor still seems to be relevant. CONCLUSIONS: According to this study computers and multimedia programs can be used for undergraduate education in urology, providing that direct contact with an instructor is concomitantly offered to students. PMID- 14767307 TI - Laparoscopic radical adrenalectomy with adrenal vein tumor thrombectomy: technical considerations. AB - PURPOSE: We describe the technique of adrenal vein tumor thrombectomy during laparoscopic radical adrenalectomy for cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During laparoscopic adrenalectomy for a heterogeneous 7 cm left adrenal mass an adrenal vein thrombus was detected intraoperatively. Laparoscopic ultrasonography was used to delineate precisely the tumor thrombus and its extension into the left main renal vein. The left renal artery and vein were transiently controlled with atraumatic vascular clamps. The renal vein was incised and the intact tumor thrombus was removed en bloc with the radical adrenalectomy specimen. The renal vein was suture repaired with 4-zero prolene and the kidney was revascularized. RESULTS: Renal warm ischemia time was 21 minutes, blood loss was 300 cc and operative time was 6.2 hours. Pathological evaluation revealed a 7.5 cm 68 gm adrenal cortical cancer with tumor thrombus. Soft tissue and adrenal vein margins were negative for cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic radical adrenalectomy with en bloc adrenal vein tumor thrombectomy can be exclusively performed intracorporeally, while respecting oncological principles. Essential technical steps include wide margin excision of the adrenal gland, intraoperative ultrasonography, renal vascular control, en bloc tumor thrombectomy and renal venous suture repair in a bloodless field. PMID- 14767308 TI - Laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy: initial experience. AB - PURPOSE: Ureterocalicostomy is a reconstructive option in the rare patient with surgically failed or difficult ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction with fibrosis and significant hydronephrosis. We introduce the technique of laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy was performed in 2 patients, of whom 1 had UPJ obstruction and multiple secondary calculi in a dilated, dependent lower pole calix, and 1 had surgically failed UPJ obstruction with a scarred pelvis and significant hydronephrosis. Using a transperitoneal technique the UPJ was dismembered and suture ligated, the cut end of the ureter was spatulated, the attenuated lower pole renal parenchyma was amputated and mucosa-to-mucosa ureterocaliceal anastomosis was performed with running 4-zero absorbable suture over a stent. In the first case 32 renal calculi were also removed using a combination of laparoscopic nephroscopy and intraoperative ultrasonography. RESULTS: In cases 1 and 2 operative time was 5.2 and 2.5 hours, estimated blood loss was 200 and 75 cc, and hospital stay was 2 days, respectively. There were no intraoperative complications. The stent was removed at 8 and 5 weeks, respectively. Postoperative retrograde pyelogram and diuretic renal scan confirmed anastomotic patency and improved drainage in each patient. At 9 months patient 1 remains without flank symptoms and a second renal scan at 6 months showed further improvement in drainage. Patient 2, who continued to be symptomatic with flank discomfort despite objective improvement in drainage parameters, elected secondary nephrectomy at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy is feasible and it effectively duplicates established open surgical principles. To our knowledge the initial experience in the literature is presented. PMID- 14767309 TI - Laparoscopic repair of chylous ascites. PMID- 14767310 TI - Vesicolithotomy for acute intestinal obstruction. PMID- 14767311 TI - Port site recurrence of renal cell carcinoma following retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy with manual extraction without using entrapment sac or wound protector. PMID- 14767312 TI - Renal metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with inferior vena caval thrombus. PMID- 14767313 TI - The fate of the retractile testis. PMID- 14767314 TI - Extratesticular Leydig cell tumor of the spermatic cord. PMID- 14767315 TI - Re-epithelialization of a scar tract using an intraurethral metallic stent after long urethral defect. PMID- 14767316 TI - Intractable chronic pelvic pain relieved after bone anchor removal. PMID- 14767317 TI - Re: diagnostic potential of serum proteomic patterns in prostate cancer. PMID- 14767318 TI - Re: malignant extragastrointestinal stromal tumor of bladder. PMID- 14767319 TI - Re: histological changes of minimally invasive procedures for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: clinical implications. PMID- 14767320 TI - Re: prostate specific antigen based biennial screening is sufficient to detect almost all prostate cancers while still curable. PMID- 14767321 TI - Re: improved clinical staging system combining biopsy laterality and TNM stage for men with T1c and T2 prostate cancer: results from the search database. PMID- 14767322 TI - Urological manifestations of Down syndrome. AB - PURPOSE: We identified the urological anomalies seen in patients with Down syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the literature on Down syndrome and its associated genitourinary pathology. RESULTS: Associated defects have been reported throughout the genitourinary tract. The most common renal anomalies seen are renal hypoplasia, obstructive uropathy and glomerular microcysts. Decreased creatinine clearance has also been noted. Developmental anomalies, such as megaureter and vesicoureteral reflux, have been reported. Dysfunctional voiding and urinary retention have been found in these patients. Posterior urethral valves and hypospadias have also been seen. The testicular abnormalities most frequently reported are cryptorchidism, testicular cancer and infertility. CONCLUSIONS: Improved understanding and identification of the various urological anomalies associated with Down syndrome will aid in the care of these patients. In addition, an awareness of perioperative issues will further facilitate a smooth clinical course. PMID- 14767323 TI - Calcified ureteral stricture in a child with polyarteritis nodosa. PMID- 14767324 TI - Pneumothorax in pediatric patients after urological laparoscopic surgery: experience with 4 patients. AB - PURPOSE: Pneumothorax is a rare but known complication of adult urological laparoscopic surgery and has been described occasionally in children as well. The etiologies for pneumothorax during such procedures are discussed as is the management of pneumothorax in this setting. We investigate the occurrence of pneumothorax during laparoscopic pediatric urological procedures in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pneumothorax developed during urological laparoscopic procedures in 4 pediatric patients (3 females, 1 male). Patient age ranged from 8 months to 11 years (mean 5.4 years). Laparoscopic surgical procedures performed included right upper pole partial nephrectomy, left upper pole partial nephroureterectomy, removal of left multicystic dysplastic kidney and bilateral Cohen reimplantation of ureters. Procedures were performed with a maximum insufflation pressure of 15 mm Hg. During the same time period as these four cases, a total of 285 laparoscopic urologic procedures were performed at our institution. RESULTS: Pneumothorax was suspected due to decreased oxygen saturations, subcutaneous emphysema, increased respiratory effort and decreased chest lung sounds unilaterally. Pneumothorax was confirmed with chest x-rays. Operative time ranged from 171 to 249 minutes (mean 199.5). Duration of surgery before pneumothorax developed ranged from 75 to 239 minutes (mean 176, median 168). Conservative management of pneumothorax was used in 3 patients and a pigtail chest tube was used in 1. In all cases the estimated blood loss was minimal. CONCLUSIONS: Urologists performing laparoscopy in children should be aware of the possibility of a pneumothorax developing during the procedure. Evaluation for decrease in O2 saturation should include a search for pneumothorax in these patients. Close observation generally suffices for management. PMID- 14767325 TI - Effect of urethral plate characteristics on tubularized incised plate urethroplasty. AB - PURPOSE: We determined outcomes of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty based on preoperative urethral plate configuration or width. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of consecutive prepubertal boys undergoing tubularized incised plate distal hypospadias repair were reviewed. The urethral plate was characterized as flat, cleft or deep, and results in each group were noted. In addition, the width of the plate after separation from the glans wings before midline incision was measured in some patients, with outcomes determined according to those less than 8 mm versus 8 mm or greater. RESULTS: Of 159 patients plate configuration was recorded in 143, widths in 48 and both in 46. Outcomes were determined at a mean of 8 months postoperatively. Overall, there were no cases of meatal stenosis and fistulas occurred in 3 patients (2%). No significant difference in results was predicted by plate configuration or width. CONCLUSIONS: Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias repair has a low complication rate regardless of urethral plate configuration or width. Therefore, this procedure is potentially applicable in all cases of primary distal hypospadias. PMID- 14767326 TI - Ulaanbaatar procedure for tubularization of the glans in severe hypospadias. AB - PURPOSE: We developed a new procedure for the repair of proximal hypospadias in which the distal urethra is constructed as part of the first of 2 stages, and reviewed the results of 34 cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed stage 1 of the Ulaanbaatar procedure in 35 children 0.6 to 11 years old (average age 2.5), and stage 2 in 20. The meatus was at the posterior third of the shaft in 14 children, at the penoscrotal junction in 16 and in the perineum in 5. Three patients had a previous operation, and none had Byars flaps formed. Followup was less than 2(1/2) years for stage 1 and less than 1(1/2) years for stage 2. In 2 stage 2 procedures a free graft was also used to augment the proximal part of the urethroplasty. RESULTS: Urethral fistula did not develop in any patient, a minor early stricture occurred in 2 patients and 1 urethral diverticulum occurred in 1 patient after stage 2. In all patients the glans and meatus were more normal compared to other 2-stage procedures after the first operation, and the cosmetic result was usually satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: The Ulaanbaatar technique provides an alternative approach to the formation of the glans urethra in severe hypospadias. It does not have the risks associated with a single stage procedure but has the benefit of enabling tunneling of the urethra through the glans, thus facilitating a favorable cosmetic outcome and an easy stage 2. PMID- 14767327 TI - Vesicoureteral reflux in the Hispanic child with urinary tract infection. AB - PURPOSE: Hispanic individuals have become the largest minority in the United States. Prior studies of minorities revealed real differences in vesicouretal reflux rates between white and black Americans. We studied the incidence of reflux in the Hispanic population to see if the reflux rate was different from that of the white population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the results of voiding cystourethrograms performed in Hispanic children as our normal screening for reflux and compared them to voiding cystourethrograms results in a group of white children. The children were identified as Hispanic or white by their parents on an intake form. RESULTS: Of the Hispanic children 27% had vesicoureteral reflux on voiding cystogram, while 32% of the white children had vesicoureteral reflux. CONCLUSIONS: Hispanic patients presenting with the first urinary tract infection seem to be afflicted with vesicoureteral reflux as often as their white contemporaries. Hispanic children should be screened as aggressively as white children when they present with urinary tract infections. PMID- 14767328 TI - Paravesical abscess as an unusual late complication of inguinal hernia repair in children. AB - PURPOSE: We analyzed pitfalls in the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients who had a paravesical abscess (PVA) resulting from previous inguinal hernia repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 6 children undergoing operation for PVA related to previous inguinal hernia repair between 1994 and 2002. RESULTS: All patients were male and 1.5 to 8 years old. The location of PVA was the right side of the bladder in 4 patients and the left side in 2. History showed that only 2 cases were complicated by early postoperative wound infection. Four patients were hospitalized with a relapse of symptoms following antibiotic treatment for possible urinary tract infection. The interval between initial inguinal hernia repair and the diagnosis of PVA was 6 to 48 months. Five patients had from recurrent lower urinary tract symptoms, 2 had ipsilateral groin discomfort and 1 had lower abdominal discomfort. There were swelling and tenderness at palpation of the ipsilateral groin in 5 patients not present at previous examinations. Only 1 patient had fever and leukocytosis. Urinalysis showed microscopic hematuria in all patients, of whom 2 had also leukocyturia. All patients had negative urine cultures. Ultrasound and computerized tomography findings suggested features of abscess formation at the paravesical space with concomitant focal thickening of the adjacent bladder wall. At surgery when entering the abscess cavity, thick pus and granulation tissues were debrided. Transfixing silk sutures were found to be secured to the adjacent bladder wall in 2 patients and in the area of the internal ring in 4. They were removed. The adjacent bladder walls needed no additional intervention. Biopsy specimens revealed only chronic inflammatory components. Antibiotics were continued for a mean of 7 days. Weekly ultrasound was performed to evaluate bladder wall thickening, which resolved completely within 3 to 5 weeks. Followup was 5 months to 6 years and no recurrence was noted. CONCLUSIONS: In children presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (early period) plus findings of soft tissue infection at the ipsilateral inguinal region (late period) after inguinal hernia repair clinicians should be aware of the possibility of PVA as a primary problem to avoid insufficient treatment because its definitive treatment is removal of the infected suture material. PMID- 14767329 TI - Incidence and management of hydrocele following varicocele surgery in children. AB - PURPOSE: Hydrocele seems to be the most frequent complication in children who undergo surgery for varicocele and the issue of the optimal management of hydrocele remains controversial. In this retrospective study we evaluated the incidence and management of hydrocele following surgical treatment of varicocele in children treated at 8 European centers of pediatric surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a 5-year period 278 children between 7 and 17 years old underwent surgical treatment for unilateral left varicocele, including 187 using video surgery and 91 via an open inguinal approach. RESULTS: At an average followup of 24 months (range 12 to 60) 34 children (12.2%) had a left hydrocele. Of the 278 children 14 (5%) were lost to followup. The hydrocele appeared between 1 week and 44 months (median 2 months) after surgery. Concerning hydrocele management 16 of 34 children (47%) were treated with scrotal puncture while under local anesthesia, which led to hydrocele regression after a median of 3 punctures (range 1 to 5), 12 (35.3%) underwent clinical observation since the hydrocele reduced spontaneously within a median of 12 months after its appearance and 6 (17.7%) were treated with open surgery. In 4 cases the hydrocele disappeared and in 2 it recurred after surgery and was successfully treated with punctures. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the median incidence of hydrocele after varicocele surgery is about 12% but it seems higher after artery nonsparing vs sparing procedures (17.6% vs 4.3%). On the contrary, no difference was found when the procedure was performed using video surgery or with the open approach. Hydroceles generally develop a few months later but may also appear several years after the surgical repair of varicocele. Noninvasive procedures (scrotal punctures or clinical observation) seem to induce total hydrocele regression in more than 82% of cases. Children who undergo surgery for varicocele should undergo long-term followup to detect a possible hydrocele. In fact, the 5.4% of children lost to followup in our study may potentially have had a hydrocele. Surgery is not always successful for this condition, as shown in the 2 cases of recurrent hydrocele after surgical repair. PMID- 14767330 TI - Epididymal cysts in children: natural history. AB - PURPOSE: We reviewed the outcome of conservative management of epididymal cyst in children at our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients with epididymal cyst from 1991 to 2002. Age and mode of presentation as well as time to complete involution of the cysts were studied. Diagnosis of epididymal cyst was confirmed by scrotal ultrasound in all cases. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients were identified with epididymal cyst. Average patient age at presentation was 10.5 years. Fifteen patients presented with scrotal mass and 4 with scrotal pain. Cysts were between 3 and 30 mm. Only 1 patient required surgical excision due to persistent pain. Epididymal cysts resolved in 10 patients who completed followup. Average time to complete regression was 17 months. None of our patients had a history of exposure to diethylstilbestrol, cryptorchidism, cystic fibrosis or von Hippel-Lindau disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings imply that most epididymal cysts involute with time. PMID- 14767331 TI - A novel, inexpensive, double lumen suprapubic catheter for urodynamics. AB - PURPOSE: We describe a novel, double lumen, intravesical, suprapubic catheter designed to meet the requirements of pediatric urodynamics that is easy to use and has minimal complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A commercially available 10Fr pediatric suprapubic pigtail catheter forms the outer lumen for instilling filling media. A 16 gauge epidural catheter is inserted through the outer catheter providing an inner lumen for measuring intravesical pressures. The resultant double-lumen catheter is inserted suprapubically using a peel away needle supplied with the 10Fr catheter, with the patient under general anesthetic. RESULTS: The catheter has been used for 15 years in more than 700 patients with good reliability and few complications. The concentric construction of the double lumens and the rigidity of the inner intravesical pressure channel ensure there is no transmission of pressure from the filling channel to the inner lumen. The catheter has a circular cross section and a pigtail distal end which help to retain it within the bladder. There is low resistance to filling that allows adequate filling rates to be achieved by gravity rather than necessitating a pump. The catheter is easily made from readily available components and is less expensive than other double-lumen catheters suitable for suprapubic use. CONCLUSIONS: A reliable, double lumen catheter that fulfills criteria not found in commercially available alternatives can be inexpensively made for urodynamics. PMID- 14767332 TI - Voiding cystourethrography in boys. Does the presence of the catheter during voiding alter the evaluation of the urethra? AB - PURPOSE: We determined whether the presence of the catheter during the voiding phase of voiding cystourethrography alters the evaluation of the urethra concerning the normal structures as well as pathological findings, especially posterior urethral valves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 123 males 3 days to 16 years old (median age 2.6 months) underwent voiding cystourethrography. Urethral catheterization was performed in all cases. Four views were taken during the voiding phase with and without the catheter in place. Only 80 patients had available results. These examinations were studied with special attention to the normal structures and pathological findings. RESULTS: A total of 36 examinations (45%) were normal. Pathological findings were observed in 44 patients (55%), with abnormal vesical findings and/or vesicoureteral reflux in 33 (41.25%). In 11 patients (13.75%) 12 urethral abnormalities were found (posterior urethral valves 3, hypospadias 4, prostatic utricle 1, verumontanum polyp 1, prune belly syndrome with urethral dilatation 1, imperforate anus with urethral fistula 1 and urethral duplication 1). In all cases excluding those involving hypospadias there was no difference between the views with and without the catheter. However, concerning the normal structures, the verumontanum and fossa navicularis were better delineated without the catheter in 27% and 33% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that a urethral catheter does not alter the diagnosis of abnormalities of the posterior urethra but may hamper the observation of normal structures or abnormalities of the anterior urethra. PMID- 14767333 TI - Ordinary glass spheres as an alternative injectable material for endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux. AB - PURPOSE: Although they are therapeutically effective, injectable materials for urinary tract are associated with various disadvantages, precluding their universal acceptance. In this study we investigated glass spheres (GSs) as an alternative injectable substance to correct vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 150 to 300 micro GSs suspended in agarose gel to form the injection paste. GS paste was injected into the rectus muscle and submucosa of the bladder in 8 adult New Zealand male rabbits. As a control group, vehicle only was injected into 4 rabbits. The rabbits were sacrificed to harvest the bladder, pelvic lymph nodes, kidney, liver, brain, spleen and lung at month 1 and year 1 of injection. A VUR model was then created by unroofing the 2 ureteral orifices of 12 adult sheep. GS paste was injected into the right subureter and vehicle only was injected into the left subureter. Cystourethrographies were performed at month 3 and year 1 of injection. The sheep were sacrificed at cystourethrography to harvest the bladder, lymph nodes, kidney, liver, brain, spleen and lung. RESULTS: At month 3 and year 1 of injection into rabbit tissues nodule formation was stable in position and volume. Histopathological studies of local and distant organs of the rabbit did not show any granuloma formation or migration of GS. GS paste injection corrected VUR in sheep. Re-injection of GS into still refluxing left units corrected VUR. Local and distant organs harvested from sheep did not demonstrate distant migration. CONCLUSIONS: When injected into bladder submucosa and rectus muscle, GS appears to be inert, biocompatible and efficient. Similarly it is effective for correcting VUR in an animal model. We present our data on GS, encouraging further investigation to develop an alternative injectable material for endoscopic VUR correction. PMID- 14767334 TI - Efficacy of polydimethylsiloxane injection to the bladder neck and leaking diverting stoma for urinary continence. AB - PURPOSE: Achieving urinary continence is a major goal in the treatment of patients with bladder exstrophy/epispadias, spinal dysraphism and other urological disorders. Endoscopic injection of bulking materials is an evolving, minimally invasive procedure that provides an attractive alternative to open bladder surgery to increase outlet resistance. We evaluated the efficacy of bladder outlet (bladder neck and diverting stoma) polydimethylsiloxane injection (BOMI) to achieve continence in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the continence status of 33 patients prior to and following BOMI for urinary incontinence. The variables evaluated as predictors of success were underlying disease, ambulatory status, voiding status, bladder capacity, type and time from previous bladder neck reconstruction, anticholinergic treatment, injection site, amount of polydimethylsiloxane used, detrusor leak point pressure and immediate or delayed clean intermittent catheterization. Improvement was considered a 2-fold increase in the dry interval or 4 hours between bladder emptying in patients on clean intermittent catheterization and a 2-fold decrease in the number of absorbent pads needed. RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2002, 25 male and 8 female patients 4 to 19 years old (mean age 12.4 +/- 3.9) underwent 42 BOMIs for incontinence. Mean followup was 13 +/- 9 months (range 3 to 42). Incontinence was via the urethra in 28 cases and via a diverting stoma in the remaining 5. Of the 28 patients with leakage via the urethra none were cured, 12 (42%) were improved and 16 (58%) had no change in continence status. However, 3 of the 5 inpatients (60%) with leakage via a diverting stoma were cured. No perioperative complications were recorded. Injecting to a diverting stoma was the only factor found to be predictive of success. Extrusion of polydimethylsiloxane during the procedure was the only factor predictive of failure (3 of 3 cases or 100%). New onset dilatation of the collecting system was noted in 2 patients and all had improved continence following injection. CONCLUSIONS: Injection to the bladder neck did not result in any cure and had a low improvement rate of 42%. BOMI is a good therapeutic option for patients with leakage from a diverting stoma. Although no perioperative complications were recorded, 2 patients had new dilatation of the upper tract on ultrasound. Hence, long-term followup is warranted. PMID- 14767335 TI - Unusual variety of posterior cloaca. PMID- 14767336 TI - Influence of donor pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat kidney grafts. AB - PURPOSE: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been shown to ameliorate ischemic acute renal failure. We determined the effect of donor pretreatment with NAC on ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat kidney grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lewis rats were divided into 3 groups (8 per group) and treated with saline, mannitol (1 gm/kg) or NAC (1 gm/kg intravenously) prior to donor nephrectomy. Cold stored kidneys (24 hours in UW solution) were transplanted into bilaterally nephrectomized recipients. Blood and graft tissue samples were taken 24 hours after transplantation for assessment of metabolic changes, histological damage and renal function. Metabolites associated with renal I/R injury were quantified in blood and renal tissue by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: The degree of histological damage was similar between the treatment groups. Of the counted tubules 60%were mildly damaged, whereas 40% showed moderate damage. Measurement of the metabolites allantoin and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) indicated a beneficial effect of NAC treatment. In graft tissue and recipient blood allantoin, a uric acid metabolite, was significantly lower in the NAC group vs the mannitol and saline groups (p <0.05). In recipient blood TMAO, an established marker of renal medullary injury, was significantly decreased in the NAC group vs mannitol and saline (p <0.05). Serum creatinine levels were not different between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Donor pretreatment with NAC preserves renal metabolism and may improve outcomes of I/R injured kidney transplants. Allantoin and TMAO are sensitive metabolic markers of renal I/R injury that can be detected before the onset of functional and morphological changes. PMID- 14767337 TI - A porcine model of calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. AB - PURPOSE: The pig has been extensively used in biomedical research because of the similarities in organ structure and function to humans. It is desirable to have an animal model of oxaluria and urolithiasis with physiological, anatomical and nutritional characteristics that more closely resemble those of man. In this study we determined if feeding pigs trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline (HP) increased urine oxalate levels and if it would serve as a model for human hyperoxaluria and stone disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Yorkshire-Durox cross-bred pigs were fed HP for up to 20 days. Urine was periodically collected and analyzed for oxalate levels and the presence of crystalluria. After 20 days of feeding the kidneys were removed and examined grossly and microscopically for indications of injury, crystal deposition and stone formation. RESULTS: Feeding pigs 10% HP (weight per weight HP/food) produced hyperoxaluria, which reached a maximum and leveled off by day 6. Urine oxalate remained near this level until the study ended at 20 days regardless of the further increase in HP to 20% of the weight of the food. When the kidneys were removed and grossly examined, calcium oxalate encrustations were observed on multiple papillary tips. Histopathological observation of the papillary tissue showed tissue injury and crystal deposition. CONCLUSIONS: Pigs fed HP have hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate crystalluria, and calcium oxalate papillary deposits form that may be precursors of kidney stones. The use of the pig as a model of human hyperoxaluria and stone formation should prove ideal for studies of these human diseases. PMID- 14767338 TI - Minipump induced hyperoxaluria and crystal deposition in rats: a model for calcium oxalate urolithiasis. AB - PURPOSE: Unraveling the mechanisms leading to clinically active calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone disease and the development of effective medical therapies to treat it have been hampered by the lack of appropriate animal models. To address this problem we developed a model of hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate crystal deposition by implanting osmotic minipumps subcutaneously into male rats, that is minipump induced hyperoxaluria and crystal deposition in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Harlan-Sprague Dawley rats (225 to 290 gm) were implanted subcutaneously with 1-week 2 ml osmotic minipumps containing 1.5 M potassium oxalate (360 microM KOx/24 hours, [KOx-trt], 11) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS-trt, 9) on days 1 and 7. The 24-hour urine collections were performed on days 0, 4, 7, 11 and 14. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's HSD. Urinary crystals were analyzed by light microscopy. Kidneys were harvested on day 14 and processed for light and polarizing microscopy, and RNA analysis.RESULTS Mean overall creatinine excretion +/- SEM (PBS-trt 107 +/- 7 and KOx-trt 123 +/- 6 microM/24 hours, p >0.07) and day 14 serum creatinine (PBS-trt 83 +/- 4 and KOx trt 83 +/- 5 microM, p >or=0.9) were similar in the 2 treatment groups. Overall urinary volume (PBS-trt 11.3 +/- 0.8 and KOx-trt 18.0 +/- 1.5 ml/24 hours, p 5 years. GAD is associated with pronounced functional impairment, resulting in decreased vocational function and reduced quality of life. Patients with GAD tend to be high users of outpatient medical care, which contributes significantly to healthcare costs. Currently, benzodiazepines and buspirone are prescribed frequently to treat GAD. Although both show efficacy in acute treatment trials, few long-term studies have been performed. Benzodiazepines are not recommended for long-term treatment of GAD, due to associated development of tolerance, psychomotor impairment, cognitive and memory changes, physical dependence, and a withdrawal reaction on discontinuation. The antidepressant venlafaxine extended release (XR) has received approval for the treatment of GAD in the United States and many other countries. Venlafaxine XR has demonstrated efficacy over placebo in two randomized treatment trials of 6 months' duration as well as in other acute trials. Paroxetine is the first of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to receive US approval for the treatment of GAD. Paroxetine demonstrated superiority to placebo in short-term trials, and investigations into the use of other SSRIs are ongoing. This suggests that other SSRIs, and serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, are likely to be effective in the treatment of GAD. Of the psychological therapies, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) shows the greatest benefit in treating GAD patients. Treatment gains after a 12-week course of CBT may be maintained for up to 1 year. Currently, no guidelines exist for the long-term treatment of GAD. PMID- 14767399 TI - Maximal but not submaximal performance is reduced by constant-speed 10-km run. AB - AIM: Effects of endurance exercise on running economy, mechanics, force generating capacity and their interactions were examined. During the exercise, metabolic, kinetic and kinematic variables were recorded to find out adaptive mechanisms in the course of the fatiguing run. In addition, before and after it maximal force and power production was tested. METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: comparative. SETTING: University. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION: 7 men unaccustomed to endurance training run 10 km at individually chosen constant speed (3.5+/-0.5 m x s(-1)) on an indoor track. MEASURES: 3-D ground reaction forces, electromyographic (EMG) activities from 7 leg muscles, pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, heart rate and movement kinematics were measured during the run. Blood lactate and serum creatine kinase activity were determined. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) with superimposed double twitch (DT), and passive DT tests in plantarflexor muscles were performed before and after the 10 km run. Changes in 20 m sprint performance were evaluated in before-after comparison. RESULTS: The 10 km run caused significant reductions in maximal running speed (8.2 vs 7.6 m x s(-1), p<0.05), in MVC (1216 vs. 984 N, p<0.05), and in passive DT (271 vs 211 N, p<0.05). During the submaximal run, however, the subjects were able to maintain relatively constant oxygen consumption and running kinematics. Greatest changes in EMG activity and kinetics were seen during the first 2 km. CONCLUSION: After initial adjustment, the runners are able to maintain submaximal running speed with very little changes in running economy, kinetics and kinematics. However, fatigue-induced impairment in the force generating capacity of the contractile component can be revealed by tests measuring maximum performance. PMID- 14767400 TI - A comparison between land and sand-based tests for beach volleyball assessment. AB - AIM: Vertical-jumping ability is critical for success in beach volleyball. However, as beach volleyball is a relatively new sport, its testing procedures have largely been adopted from the indoor game and are consequently performed on firm surfaces. The purpose of this paper was to determine whether vertical jumping ability is specific to the test surface (i.e., wood or sand). METHODS: Eighteen beach volleyball players performed 4 different vertical jumps on a wood surface or on the sand, followed by the alternate surface, in a random, counterbalanced order. Correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the degree of association between the 4 jumps and between the test results on the 2 surfaces. RESULTS: When compared with the land condition, all jump heights were significantly lower when performed on sand (p<0.05). There was however, a significant correlation between the land and sand results for all jumps (mean r=0.93; p<0.05). While all 4 vertical jump variations were significantly correlated with each other (mean r=0.91; p<0.05), the correlation between static jumps and the spike jump (3-step run up) tended to be lower. CONCLUSION: It is likely that vertical jump height on sand is lower than on land due to a reduction in the ground reaction force. However, despite this, the strong correlation between land and sand scores suggests that vertical-jumping ability exists as a general quality and is not greatly influenced by test surface in the subjects tested. This suggests that land-based tests can be used to assess sand jumping ability in experienced beach volleyball players. PMID- 14767401 TI - Effects of recovery type after a judo combat on blood lactate removal and on performance in an intermittent anaerobic task. AB - AIM: The objective of this study was to verify the effects of active (AR) and passive recovery (PR) after a judo match on blood lactate removal and on performance in an anaerobic intermittent task (4 bouts of upper body Wingate tests with 3-min interval between bouts; 4WT). METHODS: The sample was constituted by 17 male judo players of different competitive levels: A) National (Brazil) and International medallists (n. 5). B) State (Sao Paulo) medallists (n. 7). C) City (Sao Paulo) medallists (n. 5). The subjects were submitted to: 1) a treadmill test for determination of V.O2peak and velocity at anaerobic threshold (VAT); 2) body composition; 3) a 5-min judo combat, 15-min of AR or PR followed by 4WT. RESULTS: The groups did not differ with respect to: body weight, V.O2peak, VAT, body fat percentage, blood lactate after combats. No difference was observed in performance between AR and PR, despite a lower blood lactate after combat (10 and 15 min) during AR compared to PR. Groups A and B performed better in the high-intensity intermittent exercise compared to athletes with lower competitive level (C). CONCLUSION: The ability to maintain power output during intermittent anaerobic exercises can discriminate properly judo players of different levels. Lactate removal was improved with AR when compared to PR but AR did not improve performance in a subsequent intermittent anaerobic exercise. PMID- 14767402 TI - Blood lactate and heart rate during national and international women's basketball. AB - AIM: In order to measure game intensity in female basketball players, 2 teams (Olympic National Team - I -and a team at 1(st) National Division - N) were studied for a total of 12 games (10 official competitions and 2 practice games P). METHODS: Both blood lactate concentration ([La](b)) and mean heart rate (HR) were measured during the games and then compared with a progressive field test where maximal blood lactate (max[La](b)), individual lactate threshold and maximal heart rate (HR max) values were obtained. All different categories (International, National and Practice) and positions (Guard, Forward and Center) were taken into account in this study. RESULTS: Differences (p<0.05) in HR were found between all positions (Guard=185+/-5.9; Forward=175+/-11 and Center=167+/ 12 beats x min(-1)) and between the International team and the rest of the categories (International=186+/-6; National=175+/-13 and Practice=170+/-11 beats x min(-1)). The [La](b) differed between the Guard and the other 2 positions (Guard=5.7+/-2.1; Forward=4.2+/-2.1 and Center=3.9+/-2.0 mmol x L(-1)) and between Practice and the rest of the categories (International=5.0+/-2.3; National=5.2+/-2.0 and Practice=2.7+/-1.2 mmol x L(-1)). The game intensity of International players reached 94.6% of their maximum HR value, whereas National players reached 90.8%, this percentage descending to 89.8% during Practice. International games reached the individual lactate threshold at 89.2% of the maximum HR; National games at 88.6%. CONCLUSION: We can conclude that the game intensity of female basketball increases according to the level of competition. It may also differ according to playing position, being greatest in guards. The game intensity at international level surpasses the individual lactate threshold, whereas it reaches a lower level in training games. PMID- 14767403 TI - Reproducibility of the instant of equality of pulmonary gas exchange and its physiological significance. AB - AIM: The goal of this work was to highlight the effectiveness of a new submaximal exercise index of aerobic endurance using a single incremental test: the time at which oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output are equal, i.e., when the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)=1.00. We studied 2 experimental sets, the 1(st) to assess the reproducibility and the variability of measured variables, the 2(nd) to assess the physiological significance of the instant RER=1.00. METHODS: The 1(st) group consisted of 8 subjects who performed 3 maximal ramp tests, the 2(nd) of 32 athletes. All subjects performed an incremental ramp test until exhaustion with determination of 1(st) and 2(nd) ventilatory and lactic thresholds (VT(1)-LT(1), VT(2)-LT(2)) and the RER=1.00 instant. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the used fractions of reserves (UF r) for heart rate, oxygen uptake and power output for RER=1.00 between tests, the coefficients of variation being non-significant. In group 2, there were no significant difference of UF r between VT(1) and LT(1), VT(2) and RER=1.00, LT(2) and RER=1.00. In contrast, VT(2) differed significantly from LT(2). CONCLUSION: Measurement of the instant of equality of pulmonary gas exchange was therefore reproducible with a low intraindividual variability. Moreover, it exists a concordance of the apparitions of VT(1) and LT(1) and between these of RER=1.00 and VT(2) and LT(2). Thus, with the instant RER=1.00 provides the physiologist and the sports physician with an efficient submaximal tool to evaluate aerobic endurance of athletes using a single incremental exercise test. PMID- 14767404 TI - Isokinetic peak torque and hamstring/quadriceps ratios in young basketball players. Effects of age, velocity, and contraction mode. AB - AIM: The purpose of this study was to provide an extensive isokinetic profile, including peak torque and "functional" and "conventional" muscle group ratios, of basketball players throughout the developmental years 12-17. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of age and angular velocity on peak torque and reciprocal muscle group ratios, and observed the force-velocity pattern. METHODS: Basketball players (n=180) 12 to 17 years. were divided according to their age in 6 equal (n=30) groups aged 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 years. All subjects performed maximum knee extension and flexion efforts at 60 inverted exclamation mark /s and 180 inverted exclamation mark /s angular velocities under eccentric and concentric conditions. The absolute (Nm) peak torque was measured, and the relative peak torque (PT/BW) and "functional" and "conventional" reciprocal muscle group ratio (%) were calculated. RESULTS: PT/BW values of knee flexors ranged from 0.98 to 2.29 Nm/kg and of extensors from 1.53 to 3.69 Nm/kg, across all age, velocity, and muscle action levels. PT/BW was higher at slow speed and during eccentric contraction irrespective of age and angular velocity/muscle action. The results indicated a significant (p<0.05) age-related increase in peak torque independent of changes in BW. The force-velocity patterns were similar across ages. The "functional" and "conventional" ratios were not affected by age, but increased with increase in angular velocity, except the CON(KF)/ECC(KE) ratio that was higher (p<0.05) at slow speed. CONCLUSION: The present study provides an extensive isokinetic profile of a knee joint in basketball players throughout developmental years 12-17. Coaches and physical therapist may use these information when evaluating and planning exercise programs during training and rehabilitation. PMID- 14767405 TI - Age-related differences in knee extension rate of isometric force development and vertical jumping performance in women. AB - AIM: The purpose of this study was to compare knee extension rate of isometric force development and vertical jumping performance characteristics in young, middle-aged and elderly women. METHODS: Unilateral knee extension maximal rate of isometric force development (RFD) was measured by a dynamometer. Maximal squat (SJ) and counter-movement jumps (CMJ) were performed on a force platform. Twelve young (21- to 24-year-old), 12 middle-aged (50- to 58-year-old) and 13 elderly (70- to 76-year-old) women participated. RESULTS: Young women had greater (p<0.05) maximal isometric RFD as compared to older groups. No significant differences in maximal isometric RFD between middle-aged and elderly women have been found. The jumping height in SJ and CMJ was greater in young women as compared to older groups, and in middle-aged women greater as compared to elderly women. Absolute and body mass-related values of CMJ height was greater as compared to SJ height only in young women. Young women had greater jumping height relative to body mass in SJ and CMJ than the other groups. CONCLUSION: The ability to develop isometric force of the knee extensor muscles rapidly did not differ significantly in middle-aged and elderly women. Middle-aged and elderly women had a reduced ability to use the potentiating effect of stretch-shortening cycle to vertical jumping performance during CMJ. PMID- 14767406 TI - Growth trends of dynamic strength in adolescent boys. A 2-year follow-up survey. AB - AIM: The present study aims to investigate the growth trends of dynamic torque during adolescence through a 2-year follow-up survey. METHODS: Concentric torque during elbow flexions and knee extensions at 3 constant velocities (1.05, 3.14, and 5.24 rad x sec(-1)) were determined year-by-year, i.e., 3 times (T1, T2, and T3), using an isokinetic dynamometer in 10 boys aged 12.7 to 13.5 years at the start of the study. In addition, the muscle thickness at the anterior sites of the upper arm and thigh were measured using a brightness mode ultrasound apparatus. For the two motions, torque output at 1.05 rad x sec-1 increased significantly year by year, but those at 3.14 and 5.24 rad x sec-1 did not show significant changes between T2 and T3. RESULTS: The muscle thickness showed significant differences between T1 and T3 for the anterior upper arm and between T3 and either T1 or T2 for the anterior thigh. In both motions, the ratio of torque output at 1.05 rad x sec-1 to the product of muscle thickness squared and height was significantly higher in T2 and T3 than in T1. The corresponding ratios in elbow flexions at 3.14 and 5.24 rad x sec-1 were also significantly higher in T2 compared to T1, but those in the knee extensions did not show significant effects of age. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that, for adolescent boys, 1) the age-related changes in dynamic torque at high velocity contractions differ from those at slow velocity contractions, and 2) the growth rate of dynamic torque at slow velocity contractions exceeds that of muscle size in the earlier stage of adolescence. PMID- 14767407 TI - Growth and physical fitness of Polish youths in two successive decades. AB - AIM: The aim of the study was to determine changes in somatic growth and physical fitness of Polish schoolchildren aged 7 to 19 years over the last 2 decades of the 20(th) century, during which Poland underwent a political and socio-economic transformation. Another objective has been to relate such changes to fathers' education, which is a comprehensive indicator of socio-economic status. METHODS: The study was conducted on representative random cohorts on 3 occasions: in 1979, 1989 and 1999, the numbers of subjects ranging from 73000 to 230000, i.e. about 1 3% of the total population of that age. Apart from determining basic somatic variables, all children were subjected to 8 tests of the International Committee on the Standardisation of Physical Fitness Tests (ICSPFT), 9 EUROFIT tests and Cooper's test. RESULTS: A clear-cut secular trend was observed for body height and mass, the former incrementing by about 2 cm per decade. Ponderal index increased which indicated a slightly excessive slimming tendency, especially in older girls. Physical fitness indices did not parallel the somatic trend, and in the last decade the results were even worse than at the beginning of the study. This was attributed to altered life styles induced by system transformation. When somatic and fitness variables were related to fathers' education, a markedly pronounced diversification was found the lower the education, the worse were all indices studied. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that special programmes should be designed to improve health-oriented attitudes and physical fitness, especially of children from the lowest social classes, in order to arrest and, possibly, to reverse the progressing decline in physical fitness. PMID- 14767408 TI - Effect of tropical climate on performance during repeated jump-and-reach tests. AB - AIM: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of tropical climate (i.e., hot and humid) on performance during multiple jump-and-reach tests. METHODS: Fourteen male basketball players volunteered to perform 2 randomized series of jump-and-reach tests, which consisted of a jump-and-reach test every 15 sec for 5 min (21 jump-and-reach tests) in two thermal conditions: tropical (TR, 30.4 degrees C, 70% rh) and thermoneutral (TN, 23.1 degrees C, 53% rh). During each test, lactate concentration [La(-)], tympanic temperature (Tty), sweat rate (SR), heart rate (HR), and performance (height: H) were noted at rest, during exercise and recovery. Two hours of recovery separated the TN and TR tests. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean height, maximal height or the kinetics between TN and TR. Both conditions induced an increase in height over time (time effect: p<0.002). There were no significant differences in [La( )] at rest or during exercise or recovery in the 2 conditions. Both conditions induced an increase in [La(-)] (time effect: p<0.002). There was a tendency toward a higher mean [La(-)] during TR than TN (situation effect, p<0.07). However, compared to resting values, [La(-)] values were significantly increased only in TR and not in TN. Tty, was significantly greater (p<0.001) at rest and during exercise and recovery in TR than in TN. SR and HR were also significantly greater at rest and during exercise and recovery in TR (p<0.001 for SR and HR). CONCLUSION: We conclude that tropical climate affects physiological responses without improving or decreasing performance during successive jump tests. PMID- 14767409 TI - Effects of creatine loading on muscular strength and endurance of female softball players. AB - AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Cr supplementation on muscle strength and endurance of the trained females, the effect of anaerobic exercises performed before the supplementation and disappearance of the effects on the performance. METHODS: Twenty-six collegiate female softball players were divided into the Cr1, 2, Control (Cont.)1 or 2 group, randomly. They performed maximal 2-isometric and 30-isokinetic knee extensions at the angular velocities of 180 degrees and 60 degrees /s. Thereafter, the subjects of the Cr2 and Cont.2 groups performed resistance exercises with 10 RM and cycling with 0.01 kg x kg-1 body weight, alternately during the 1(st) week. During the 2(nd) week, the subjects of the Cr1 and 2 groups ingested 20 g Cr a day for 1 week. Thereafter, the subjects in the Cr2 group continued 3 g Cr ingestion a day for 2 weeks while the Cr1 group ingested the same amount of placebo during the 3(rd) and 4(th) weeks. The subjects of the Cont.1, 2 groups ingested the same amount and taste of placebo during the 1(st) to 4(th) weeks. This study was undergone in double blind fashion. The similar measurements, to which the subjects performed the 1(st) day, were carried out on the final day of the 2(nd), 3(rd) and 4(th) weeks. RESULTS: Though maximal isometric strength did not differ in intra- and intergroups, the isokinetic peak torque in the Cr1 group was significantly decreased in the 4(th) measurement (p<0.01). The mean torque of the 1(st) to 10th knee contractions at 60 inverted exclamation mark /s was significantly decreased from the 2(nd) measurement in the Cont.1, 2 groups, compared with that in the 1(st) measurement (p<0.01). In the Cr groups, the significant decrease was detected from the 3(rd) in the Cr1 and in the 4(th) measurement in the Cr2 group. The mean torque of the latter 20 contractions at 180 inverted exclamation mark /s was significantly increased in the Cr2 group (p<0.001). In the 1(st) measurement, the mean torque in the Cr1 group was significantly higher than that in the Cr2 group (p<0.05). However, the differences between Cr1 and 2 groups were not detected from the 2(nd) measurement. CONCLUSION: Twenty g Cr supplementation a day for a week to the trained females improves not the maximal static strength and dynamic peak torque but the mean strength and endurance of repeated contractions. However, the effects on females are not so great as that ever found in males. The effects are enhanced by anaerobic exercises performed before the supplementation and would disappear in a week if the supplementation were stopped. PMID- 14767410 TI - Effects of high dose oral creatine supplementation on anaerobic capacity of elite wrestlers. AB - AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high dose oral creatine supplementation on anaerobic capacity of elite wrestlers. METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: comparative randomized design. SETTING: Wingate anaerobic tests of the participants were taken at the Human Performance Laboratory of the Department of Physical Education and Sports in The Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. PARTICIPANT: 20 active international level wrestlers participated (22 to 27 years old). INTERVENTIONS: the daily dosage of creatine or placebo was divided into 4 equal amounts (5 gx4 = 20 g). Every 5 g of supplement was dissolved in 250 ml water and it was given to participants 1 hour before breakfast, lunch, dinner, and workout session. MEASURES: subjects underwent a 30 s Wingate Anaerobic tests until exhaustion in pre- and post-tests. After the pretest measurements were completed, participants were classified as creatine (Cr., n=10) and placebo (Pl., n=10) groups with regard to their average anaerobic power scores obtained during the test. RESULTS: Results of paired "t"-test revealed that there was no significant change in placebo group between pre- and post-test in average and peak anaerobic power. However, average and peak power mean scores obtained from post-test (8.123+/-0.448 W/kg and 10.523 +/-1.004 W/kg) were significantly (p<0.01) higher than pretest (7.233+/-0.483 W/kg and 8.992+/- 0.665 W/kg) for creatine group. Results of the independent "t"-test also indicated that the mean gained scores of creatine group in average and peak power were significantly higher than placebo group (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that short-term high dose oral creatine supplementation has an ergogenic effect on anaerobic capacity of elite wrestlers. PMID- 14767411 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of the rotator cuff muscles after baseball pitching. AB - AIM: The purposes of present study were to investigate quantitatively using functional MR imaging the effect of a series of throwing activities on rotator cuff muscles and to compare the effect of pitching with that of all-out shoulder external rotator exercise as the targeted external rotator muscle group (the infraspinatus and the teres minor). METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: MRI measurements after 135 baseball pitches or all-out shoulder external rotator exercise (concentric mode) in each subject's nondominant shoulder. PARTICIPANTS: 6 amateur baseball pitchers. MEASURES: serial T2-weighted images of rotator cuff muscles were obtained before pitching (or shoulder exercise) and immediately, 30, 60 min, 24, 48, 96 hrs after pitching (or shoulder exercise). T2 relaxation times (T2) at each measurement time were calculated for the rotator cuff muscles. RESULTS: Both the supraspinatus and the external rotator muscle group showed significant T2 elevations until 96 hrs after pitching. The subscapularis also showed significantly increased T2 until postpitching 48 hrs. On the other hand, a significant T2 elevation continued until 60 min after shoulder exercise, but thereafter returned towards the value at rest over the next 24 hrs. CONCLUSION: Long lasting T2 elevations in rotator cuff muscles would be associated with an increase in each intramuscular water content, and may be attributed to the muscle damage that resulted from eccentric contraction during pitching. This information should serve as a useful complement to shoulder injury prevention for baseball pitchers. PMID- 14767412 TI - Ice massage. Effects on exercise-induced muscle damage. AB - AIM: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ice massage on the signs and symptoms associated with exercise-induced muscle damage. METHODS: Nine recreationally resistance trained males performed an exercise protocol designed to induce muscle damage on 2 separate occasions; this was performed on the dominant or non-dominant arm in a random cross over design. The protocol consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions of single arm biceps curls, at 70% of a pre determined one repetition maximum (1RM), with the eccentric phase of the contraction extended to 7 seconds. Subjects were also randomly assigned to an ice massage group or control group in the cross over design and received treatments immediately post-exercise, 24 hours and 48 hours post-exercise. 1RM, plasma creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness (DOMS), limb girth and range of motion (ROM) were measured pre, immediately post, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours post exercise. RESULTS: Significant time effects were observed for all dependent variables (p<0.05), though no significant group effects were observed. A group by time interaction was found for CK (p<0.05), which at 72 hours post-exercise was significantly lower in the ice massage group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that although ice massage reduces the appearance of CK it has no other effect on signs and symptoms associated with exercise-induced muscle damage. PMID- 14767413 TI - Night heart rate variability during overtraining in male endurance athletes. AB - AIM: The purpose of the study was to examine whether an unaccustomed increase in training volume would result in characteristics changes in heart rate variability (HRV), in order to determine if this marker can be used to diagnose overtraining. METHODS: Nine experienced endurance athletes increased their usual amount of training by 100% within 4 weeks. Night ECG was recorded before (baseline) and after (OVER) this period of overload, and after 2 weeks of recovery (REC). RESULTS: We diagnosed overtraining in 6 subjects using both physiological and psychological criteria. No difference was noted in heart rate for night periods (56+/-12, 55+/-10 and 53+/-15 bpm, respectively; p>0.05). We found no significant changes of LF/HF (1.10+/-0.92, 0.96+/-0.57 and 0.59+/-0.43, respectively; p>0.05) or HF expressed in normalized units (54.81+/-20.12, 53.81+/-11.35 and 66.15+/ 15.12%, respectively; p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In the conditions of the present study, HRV during sleep does not seem to be a valid marker of overtraining in male endurance athletes. Before concluding to the uselessness of this tool in the monitoring of the syndrome, longitudinal studies with elite or sub-elite athletes are needed to determine if spontaneously developed overtraining results in the same response. PMID- 14767414 TI - Improvements in physical fitness of non-psychotic psychiatric patients following psychomotor therapy programs. AB - AIM: To investigate the changes in physical fitness after participation in 1 of 2 psychomotor therapy programs in a sample group of non-psychotic psychiatric patients. METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: randomized controlled parallel group trial with follow-up measures after 8 weeks and after 16 weeks. SETTING: 3 treatment units of a university psychiatric hospital in Belgium. PATIENTS: 141 (51 males, 90 females) patients with severe depressive and/or anxious symptoms, and/or personality disorders. INTERVENTIONS: patients followed a personalized psychomotor fitness program (PF), consisting of aerobic and resistance training, or a general program of psychomotor therapy (GPMT), consisting of different forms of physical exercises and relaxation training. MEASURES: the maximum dynamic strength, the strength endurance and physical work capacity at 60% and 80% of the estimated maximal heart rate reserve. RESULTS: After 8 weeks it was observed that the PF group enhanced in all parameters of cardio-respiratory as well as muscular fitness; the GPMT group had improved in 7 out of the 9 muscular fitness measurements. At the end of the 16 weeks, both groups had shown an improvement in all of the muscular fitness parameters, but only the PF group had increased in cardio-respiratory fitness. CONCLUSION: In order to improve both muscular and cardio-respiratory fitness in these patients, a balanced personalized training program, which includes aerobic and resistance training, is necessary during a period of at least 8 weeks. The less specific GPMT, when followed for a period of 16 weeks, is sufficient for improving muscular fitness and for maintaining cardio respiratory fitness. PMID- 14767415 TI - Relationships of perceived benefits and barriers to physical activity, physical activity participation and physical fitness in Hong Kong female adolescents. AB - AIM: Previous studies that examined participation in physical activity suggested that female adolescents were less active compared with males. However, the relationship between physical fitness, physical activity participation, and perceived benefits and barriers for physical activity to adolescents, irrespective of gender, has not been made clear. This study examines the association of these factors in female adolescents. METHODS: Physical activity participation and perceived benefits and barriers to physical activity were determined in 206 secondary school female subjects (aged 11 to 18) using a validated questionnaire. RESULTS: Subjects with a correct concept about optimal physical activity participation to maintain health engaged in an activity level higher than the group without a correct concept (t=2.37, p=0.02). A significant correlation was established between the physical activity participation with "health" (r=0.22, p<0.001) and "body image" (r=0.17, p=0.02) in the perceived benefit category. The individual factor, "make me feel better in general" in the "health" category (p=0.04) and the intention to participate (p<0.001) were shown to be significant predictors for physical activity participation. The combined effects of the regression model explained 35.9% of the variance in participation in physical activity. CONCLUSION: Policies to support regular physical activity participation at school and out-of-school should be strategically developed and promoted, highlighting the promotion of health benefits in exercise and the reinforcement of initial intent towards exercise. PMID- 14767416 TI - Identification of dropout reasons in young competitive swimmers. AB - AIM: The purpose of this study was to examine reasons for discontinuing sport participation in Spanish competitive swimmers. METHODS: Sixty-two swimming dropouts (40 males and 22 females, ranging in age from 14 to 30 years) were administered the Questionnaire of Reasons for Attrition of Gould et al. RESULTS: The results of the survey indicated that having other things to do was the most important reason for attrition. Other items rated important were related to lack of fun, perception of failure or low skill, while low ratings were given to items related to achievement/status or affiliation. A significant multivariate effect was obtained for gender and for experience at dropout. Analysis of individual items by "t"-test demonstrated that females placed greater emphasis than males on excessive pressure, hard training, dislike of competition, not winning enough and not feeling important enough. Former swimmers with less experience at dropout rated interest in another sport as more important and being too old as less important than swimmers with more experience. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support the importance of negative factors related with aspects of the athletic environment that lead to discontinuing in competitive swimming. PMID- 14767417 TI - Oral theophylline supplementation and high-intensity intermittent exercise. AB - AIM: The present study was carried out to investigate whether oral theophylline supplementation exerts an ergogenic effect during intermittent high-intensity exercise. METHODS: Ten healthy subjects undertook intermittent exercise (1 min cycling at 120% of VO(2max) with 3 min of recovery until exhaustion). The exercise test was repeated twice, 1 week apart. On each occasion, the subject ingested, in a double blind setting, either theophylline (4.5 mg/kg) or placebo 90 min before commencing the exercise test. RESULTS: Three subjects could not complete both trials due to nausea and dizziness after theophylline had been administered. Time to exhaustion in the remaining subjects was slightly increased after theophylline administration (55.9+/-6 min vs 59.3+/-5.9 min; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Present data indicate that oral theophylline supplementation delays fatigue onset during intermittent high-intensity exercise. The effect, although statistically significant, does not appear to be marked. The possibility of occurrence of negative side effects and the evidence for its ergogenic potential suggests the necessity to include theophylline in the International Olympic Committee (IOC) World Antidoping Agency (WADA) list as a banned or restricted substance. PMID- 14767418 TI - The stress of competition dissociates neural and cortisol homeostasis in elite athletes. AB - AIM: Stressful situations affect autonomic nervous system activity and hormonal responses. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the stress of sports competition on both endocrine system functioning and neurovegetative control of heart rate (HR) in elite athletes. METHODS: In 7 top-level pentathletes salivary cortisol levels and autoregressive power spectral analysis of HR variability (HRV) were assessed in the morning and in the afternoon on a regular training day (control) and on the day of a competitive selection trial, held 4 weeks apart. RESULTS: HR, as well as low (LF) and high (HF) frequency components of HRV did not differ significantly both between and within the control and the trial days. On the selection day, morning cortisol levels were significant and markedly greater than on the control day and increased further in the afternoon in contrast to the control day, when cortisol levels decreased in the afternoon as expected from the normal diurnal variation. CONCLUSION: These results would indicate a dissociation of the neural and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning in response to the stress of competition in elite athletes, and the considerable extent to which competition may alter selectively the physiology of stress-related hormones while sparing autonomic cardiac regulation. PMID- 14767419 TI - Effect of sprint duration (6 s or 30 s) on plasma glucose regulation in untrained male subjects. AB - AIM: We have explored in the following study the glucoregulatory responses (glycemia, insulinemia, catecholamines) at the end of 2 supramaximal tests of different durations. METHODS: Seven untrained male subjects (21.9+/-0.3 y) performed an isolated exercise of 6 s (T6) and a Wingate-test of 30 s. To determine the levels of lactate (La), plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA), blood samples have been collected successively at rest, after a warm-up period of 15 min, immediately after T6 and T30, and after 5, 10, 20, and 30 min of recovery. RESULTS: Whether expressed as absolute or relative values, the peak power recorded during the 2 tests is statistically the same in T6 and T30. The maximal value of lactate (L(amax)) measured 5 min after the end of the 2 exercises is significantly greater after T30 (12.3+/-0.9 mmol x L(-1)) than after T6 (5.4+/-0.4 mmol x L(-1)) and T30 (4.2+/-0.2 mmol x L(-1)). No significant difference is observed between the plasma glucose concentrations recorded after the 2 tests until the first 10 min of recovery. However the plasma glucose values recorded after 20 and 30 min of recovery are significantly higher after T6 than after T30. Whatever the duration of the test, the insulinemia level remains unchanged at the end of the exercise and during the 30 min of recovery. On the other hand, the values of adrenaline and noradrenaline after T6 and T30 become considerably higher than those recorded at rest. However, the increase remains significantly higher after T30 (13.5+/-1.8 nmol x L(-1) for NA and 2.7+/-0.7 nmol x L(-1) for A) than after T6 (4.9+/-0.3 nmol x L(-1) for NA and 1.2+/-0.2 nmol x L(-1) for A). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the mechanism responsible for increasing blood glucose surpass those which decrease it during supramaximal exercise. However, plasma glucose concentrations is affected by the duration of supramaximal exercise. The lower increase of plasma glucose concentration after T30 than after T6 might be explained by the resting of muscle glycogen stores which are more used during T30 than after T6, but in the absence of muscle glycogen content measurement we cannot conclude. PMID- 14767420 TI - Acute exposure to moderate high altitude decreases growth hormone response to physical exercise in untrained subjects. AB - AIM: Physical exercise in recreational mountain sports is frequently performed without acclimatization to hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia may modify the hormonal and metabolic adaptive response to exercise depending on the type of exercise and on the physical fitness of the subject. This study aims at investigating the growth hormone (GH) response to submaximal exercise after acute exposure to moderate high altitude. METHODS: Ten trained (T) and 10 untrained (UT) male volunteers (mean age 23.8+/-3.2 y) underwent, in random order, 2 submaximal exercise (ergocycle) tests of the same absolute intensity. One test was performed at their habitual living altitude (690 m above sea level); the other, after acute exposure to 2325 m above sea level. Plasma levels of GH, Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and lactate were measured before and immediately after the exercise tests. RESULTS: Plasma GH levels increased after exercise (p<0.05) in both experimental conditions, and for both T and UT subjects. Hypoxia decreased the GH-IGF-1 response to exercise in the UT group. By contrast, the GH-IGF-1 response to exercise was not modified in the T group. The increase in plasma lactate levels induced by exercise was much higher in the UT than in the T group, and it was not affected by hypoxia. CONCLUSION: Acute exposure to hypoxia blunts the GH response to submaximal physical exercise in untrained individuals. PMID- 14767427 TI - Sampling for indoor fungi. AB - BACKGROUND: A great deal of concern has arisen recently regarding the potential adverse effects of indoor fungi. Our understanding of this complex problem has been hampered by a lack of standardized protocols for performing an indoor assessment for fungi. Without such standards, it is difficult to compare results from one study with those from another or to measure the effect of indoor fungal contamination on a building and its occupants. METHODS: We reviewed the medical literature and here describe a hypothesis-driven approach to planning, sampling, and interpreting the results of indoor assessments for fungi. RESULTS: Fungi cause 3 primary adverse effects: (1) they can damage a building, (2) they can render a building unpleasant to live in by looking and smelling bad, and (3) they might cause adverse health effects in sensitive individuals. Sampling methods used to test hypotheses include air sampling for spores, measurement of allergens in house dust, and determination of microbially generated volatile organic compounds, ergosterols, glucans, and mycotoxins, as well as environmental conditions that lead to fungal contamination. CONCLUSIONS: Standardized approaches for performing and reporting assessments of indoor fungi are essential if our understanding of this complex field is to improve. PMID- 14767429 TI - Attributes of Stachybotrys chartarum and its association with human disease. AB - Mold contamination and toxicities are not limited to crops and animals; they are also a concern in human health. Molds occur in outdoor and indoor environments, and water-damaged buildings harbor and provide substrate for several mold species. Of these, Stachybotrys chartarum poses a particular threat to occupants. Patients with building-related symptoms and infant idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage often have histories of living in moldy, water-damaged buildings. Although a causal connection is far from being unequivocally proven, S. chartarum has been associated with such clinical conditions. These illnesses could be attributed in part to mycotoxins released by S. chartarum. Recently, a hemolysin released by this mold was found to be hemolytic in vitro and in vivo. In addition, allergenic proteins have been characterized from S. chartarum. The exact mechanism of S. chartarum pathogenesis has not yet been defined. Moreover, a causality-effect relation is not yet established. This review summarizes available information on the pathogenic attributes of S. chartarum and calls for well-controlled objective studies. PMID- 14767431 TI - Manufacturing and standardizing fungal allergen products. AB - The importance of fungal allergen products in the practice of clinical allergy is frequently underestimated. A wide variety of fungal species have been demonstrated to elicit allergic symptoms and to sensitize patients. The quality of fungal allergen preparations might have a significant effect on the specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic tests. Varying degrees of cross reactivity have been shown among fungal genera, and the clinical relevance of this cross-reactivity has been neither fully appreciated nor applied to clinical practice. In addition, an increasing number of potentially new fungal allergen sources for which commercial extracts are not available are being identified. Manufacturers of allergen products have the formidable task of providing quality fungal allergen extracts that are routinely used for specific allergy diagnosis and treatment in the clinic. Currently there are no standardized fungal allergen products available in the United States because of inherent difficulties with manufacturing and standardizing fungal extracts. Without intervention, progress will not be forthcoming. PMID- 14767432 TI - Mold allergy: some progress made, more needed. PMID- 14767433 TI - Increasing compliance with inhaled corticosteroids through the use of combination therapy. PMID- 14767434 TI - Alternaria-induced asthma. AB - Acute, severe asthma attacks can be precipitated by a variety of stimuli including exposure to aeroallergens, viral respiratory infections, pollutants, and occupational chemicals. Alternaria is a major aeroallergen in many parts of the world. Sensitivity to Alternaria has been increasingly recognized as a risk factor for the development and persistence of asthma, asthma severity, and potentially fatal asthma exacerbations. We present the case of a patient with IgE mediated sensitivity to Alternaria who developed an acute, life-threatening asthma attack during the peak Alternaria season. We describe the aerobiology, pathophysiobiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for patients with Alternaria induced asthma. PMID- 14767435 TI - Amb a 1-immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide conjugate immunotherapy decreases the nasal inflammatory response. AB - BACKGROUND: Amb a 1-immunostimulatory phosphorothioate oligonucleotide conjugate (AIC) is a novel immunotherapeutic compound consisting of purified Amb a 1 from short ragweed proteins covalently linked to an immunostimulatory phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotide. In sensitized animals AIC can stimulate an Amb a 1 specific T(H)1 response and decrease pulmonary reactivity to ragweed challenge. Clinical trials have documented reduced allergic response to AIC in comparison with licensed ragweed extract. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the in vivo effect of short-course immunotherapy with AIC on eosinophilia and cytokine mRNA expression in the nasal mucosa of ragweed-sensitive patients. METHODS: Ragweed sensitive patients with allergic rhinitis were treated with 6 escalating doses of AIC (0.06-12 microg, n = 28) or placebo (n = 29) at weekly intervals immediately before the 2001 ragweed season. Symptom scores and medication use were recorded for the 2001 and 2002 ragweed seasons for all patients. A subset of patients (12 receiving AIC and 7 receiving placebo) consented to have nasal biopsy specimens taken before immunization and before and after the first ragweed season. The preseason and postseason biopsy specimens were taken 24 hours after ragweed allergen challenge and compared with the initial unchallenged biopsy specimen to assess cytokine and inflammatory cell responses by using immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. RESULTS: AIC was safe and well tolerated by all patients. There was no difference between the AIC and placebo groups in the number of allergen-induced major basic protein-, IL-4-, IL-5-, or IFN-gamma-positive cells in the mucosa in the first weeks after AIC immunization. On rechallenge and rebiopsy after the end of the 2001 ragweed season, however, AIC-treated patients had a significantly reduced increase in eosinophils and IL-4 mRNA-positive cells and an increased number of IFN-gamma mRNA-positive cells compared with placebo treated patients. No difference between treatment groups was observed in symptom scores or medication use during the first ragweed season. During the second ragweed season, however, there was a significant decrease in chest symptoms and a trend toward reduced nasal symptoms in the AIC-treated group. CONCLUSION: Short course immunotherapy with AIC can modify the response of nasal mucosa to allergen challenge by increasing T(H)1 cytokine production and decreasing T(H)2 cytokine production and eosinophilia. This modification was not immediate but was observed 4 to 5 months after completion of immunotherapy and seasonal ragweed-pollen exposure. The T-cell subset shift after immunization and seasonal exposure was followed by evidence of clinical efficacy in the second ragweed season without additional AIC immunizations. PMID- 14767436 TI - Near-fatal asthma related to menstruation. AB - BACKGROUND: Menstruation has been suggested as a possible trigger of near-fatal asthma (NFA), but the evidence supporting this association remains weak. OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the role of menstruation as a contributing factor in the development of NFA episodes in women of reproductive age. METHODS: Forty four female patients of reproductive age with near-fatal attacks were enrolled in a multicenter study. Data on patient and clinical characteristics were collected. We also performed spirometric and allergy studies when the patients were in stable condition. RESULTS: Significantly more NFA episodes were observed on the first day of menstruation (11 [25%] patients) than on the remaining days (33 [75%] patients, P =.022), and patients who presented for care on the first day of menstruation used more inhaled salbutamol as rescue medication (9 [9.5] vs 1.8 [3.7] microg/d during the 7 days before the asthma exacerbation, P =.003). CONCLUSION: Menstruation might act as a contributing factor in the development of NFA episodes in patients with unstable asthma. Specific recommendations should be included in educational programs, and the self-management plans of asthmatic women of reproductive age should include the systematic recording of their asthma symptoms and pulmonary function in the perimenstrual phase. PMID- 14767437 TI - Improved refill persistence with fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in a single inhaler compared with other controller therapies. AB - BACKGROUND: Improved adherence to inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) has also been associated with decreased asthma-associated morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess patient medication refill persistence with fluticasone propionate (FP) and salmeterol combination in a single inhaler (FSC), FP and salmeterol in combination from 2 separate inhalers, FP and montelukast in combination, FP as monotherapy, and montelukast as monotherapy. METHODS: We performed a retrospective, observational, 24-month (12-month baseline and 12-month follow-up) database study using medical and pharmacy claims from a large managed care organization. We identified 2511 subjects 12 years of age or older with a claim for asthma (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision: 493.XX): 563 patients receiving FSC, 224 receiving FP plus salmeterol, 75 receiving FP plus montelukast, 798 receiving FP only, and 776 receiving montelukast only. Refill rates of FP, as a measure of adherence, were compared for each FP-containing cohort during the 12-month follow-up period. In addition, refill rates were compared between FSC, an inhaler, and montelukast, an oral medication. RESULTS: Twelve-month baseline asthma medication use and patient demographics were comparable among cohorts. Patients in the FSC cohort obtained significantly more refills compared with the number of FP refills in the other FP containing cohorts (4.06 for FSC vs 2.35 for FP plus salmeterol, 1.83 for FP plus montelukast, and 2.27 for FP alone) over the 12-month follow-up period. In addition, patients taking FSC had similar refill persistence compared with patients taking the oral leukotriene modifier montelukast (4.51). CONCLUSION: FSC might increase ICS refill persistence compared with FP alone in a single inhaler, FP in combination with salmeterol from 2 separate inhalers, and FP in combination with montelukast. In addition, FSC in a dry powdered inhaler had similar refill rates compared with an oral asthma agent, montelukast. Use of a single inhaler containing both an ICS (FP) and a long-acting bronchodilator (salmeterol) might increase the likelihood that patients are getting more optimal ICS therapy, as well as the benefits from the long-acting bronchodilator, with patient adherence comparable to an oral agent. PMID- 14767438 TI - Both inflammation and remodeling influence nitric oxide output in children with refractory asthma. AB - BACKGROUND: Exhaled nitric oxide can be used to monitor airway inflammation in asthma. We hypothesized that the strong link between nitric oxide and inflammation may obscure a weaker link with airway remodeling. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether airway remodeling influenced exhaled nitric oxide in 28 asthmatic children (median age [25th-75th], 11 [10-14] years old) with refractory asthma defined as airflow limitation and/or exacerbations despite high-dose inhaled steroids. METHODS: Multiple-flow analysis of exhaled nitric oxide was used to correlate alveolar nitric oxide concentration and maximal conducting airway nitric oxide output to pulmonary function tests, bronchoalveolar lavage, and bronchial biopsy findings. RESULTS: Nitric oxide measurements were related to inflammation and T(H)1/T(H)2 balance, that is, subepithelial eosinophilic infiltration and eosinophilic cationic protein and IFN gamma/IL-4 ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Nitric oxide measurements were also correlated with several parameters of airway remodeling: alveolar nitric oxide concentration with TGF-beta in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (r = 0.42, P =.03) and maximal conducting airway nitric oxide output with reticular basement membrane thickness (r = 0.61, P =.0007) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 1/matrix metalloproteinase 9 ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (r = 0.43, P =.04). Moreover, alveolar nitric oxide concentration was correlated with MEF(25-75) (r = 0.60, P =.02). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that both subacute inflammation and remodeling influence nitric oxide output in refractory asthma. PMID- 14767439 TI - Leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate of children with stable and unstable asthma. AB - BACKGROUND: Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) and 8-isoprostane are biomarkers of airway inflammation and oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate cys-LT and 8-isoprostane levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of children with different degrees of asthma severity. METHODS: EBC was collected from 14 steroid-naive children with mild persistent asthma, 13 children with stable mild- to-moderate persistent asthma treated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), 9 ICS-treated children with unstable asthma, and 19 healthy children. RESULTS: In the three groups of asthmatic children, EBC concentrations of cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane were significantly higher than in control children (steroid naive asthmatic children: cys-LTs median, 10.8 pg/mL, P <.001, 8-isoprostane, 16.2 pg/mL, P <.001; ICS-treated stable asthmatic children: cys-LTs, 12.7 pg/mL, P <.001, 8-isoprostane, 18.1 pg/mL, P <.001; children with unstable asthma: cys LTs, 106.0 pg/mL, P <.01, 8-isoprostane, 29.7 pg/mL, P <.01; control children: cys-LTs, 4.3 pg/mL, 8-isoprostane, 3.5 pg/mL). Cys-LT levels were higher in children with unstable asthma than in the other two asthmatic groups (P <.05). FE(NO) levels were significantly higher in steroid-naive and in children with unstable asthma compared with ICS-treated children with stable asthma (P <.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that EBC cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane concentrations are higher in asthmatic children than in healthy control children, with scattered values in patients with unstable asthma. These findings suggest that EBC eicosanoid measurement may have useful clinical implications for investigating phenotype differences among asthmatic patients. PMID- 14767440 TI - Asthma deaths during sports: report of a 7-year experience. AB - BACKGROUND: Asthma mortality and the mortality of athletes during sports have been described separately in detail in the medical literature. However, asthma has not been reported as a cause of death in competitive athletes. OBJECTIVE: The object of this study was to raise the awareness of physicians, coaches, trainers, and parents that children and adults can have fatal asthma exacerbations during and immediately after participating in sports. METHODS: The Temple Sports Asthma Research Center identified athletes from 1993 until 2000 who died during or after sporting activity by using the nationwide Burrell's Information Service. Once a possible asthma-related sports death was identified, the autopsy report was requested from the coroner or medical examiner, and an attempt was made to contact the family. Contact with the family was limited to information about the death, medical history, sports involvement, and any medication usage by the person who had died. Secondary sources, including news reports, were used to confirm whether the subject died of asthma during or immediately after a sporting activity. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-three possible cases were identified. Sixty one deaths met the criteria for study inclusion. White deaths outnumbered black deaths by 2 to 1. Deaths among male subjects predominated. Most subjects were younger than the age of 20 years, with the most prevalent age group being between 10 to 14 years old. Fifty-one percent (18 of 35) of the competitive athletes had their fatal event while participating in organized sport, 14 in a practice situation and 4 deaths during a game or meet setting. Basketball and track were the 2 most frequent activities performed at the time of the fatal event. CONCLUSION: The subjects who had fatal asthma exacerbations were usually white male subjects between the ages of 10 and 20 years. Mild intermittent or persistent asthma by history was commonly identified. Sudden fatal asthma exacerbations occur in both competitive and recreational athletes and can be precipitated by sporting activity. PMID- 14767441 TI - Immunomodulatory effect of the antiasthma Chinese herbal formula MSSM-002 on TH2 cells. AB - BACKGROUND: T(H)2 cytokines play a central role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. We previously showed that the "antiasthma" Chinese herbal formula MSSM 002 exhibited therapeutic effects on established allergic airway responses in a murine model of allergic asthma. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether and how MSSM-002 modulates an established T(H)2 response and whether the actions of MSSM-002 on T(H)2 cell differs from corticosteroids. METHODS: T(H)2 polarized splenocytes (T(H)2-SPCs) from mice with antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and T(H)2 cloned cells, D10 G4.1 (D10), were cultured in the presence or absence of antigen with or without MSSM-002 and dexamethasone, and the proliferative responses and cytokine profiles were determined. Apoptosis and T(H)2 transcription factor GATA-3 expression and binding to IL-4 gene promoter and V(A) enhancer in MSSM-002-treated D10 cells were also determined. RESULTS: MSSM-002 significantly decreased antigen-induced proliferation and IL-4 and IL-5 production but increased IFN-gamma production by T(H)2-SPCs, whereas dexamethasone suppressed IFN-gamma as well as IL-4 and IL-5. Anti-IL-12 antibody, although abrogating MSSM-002 induction of IFN-gamma, had no significant effect on MSSM-002 suppression of IL-4 and IL-5 secretion. MSSM-002 also suppressed T(H)2 cytokine secretion by D10 cells, and in contrast to dexamethasone, MSSM-002 did not induce apoptosis of D10 cells. MSSM-002 markedly suppressed GATA-3 mRNA and protein expression and the binding to IL-4 gene promoter and V(A) enhancer in D10 cells. CONCLUSION: MSSM-002, in contrast to the overall suppression of T cells by dexamethasone, exhibits immunomodulatory actions on T(H)2 cells caused, at least partially, by downregulation of GATA-3. PMID- 14767442 TI - Clinical features of asthmatic patients with increased urinary leukotriene E4 excretion (hyperleukotrienuria): Involvement of chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. AB - BACKGROUND: The urinary leukotriene E4 (U-LTE4) concentration is significantly increased in patients with aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA). However, the relationship between the clinicopathogenetic factors of asthma and the U-LTE4 concentration remains undetermined. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the clinical features of asthmatic patients with increased excretion levels of U-LTE4 (hyperleukotrienuria). METHODS: We measured the U-LTE4 concentrations in 137 asthmatic patients (including 64 patients with AIA) who were in clinically stable condition. A U-LTE4 concentration of 150 pg/mg creatinine or greater (mean U-LTE4 + 3 SDs of normal healthy control subjects) was indicative of hyperleukotrienuria. RESULTS: The basal concentration of U-LTE4 was significantly higher in the patients with AIA than in those with aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA; median, 227.2 vs 90.3 pg/mg creatinine; P <.01). Compared with normal leukotrienuria in the patients with AIA, hyperleukotrienuria in the patients with AIA was associated with older age and decrease in pulmonary function. On the other hand, compared with normal leukotrienuria in the patients with ATA, hyperleukotrienuria in the patients with ATA was associated with severe asthma and chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CHRS/NP), which are well-known symptoms of the aspirin triad, as well as hypereosinophilia and anosmia. The patients with ATA with CHRS/NP excreted U-LTE4 at significantly high concentrations. There were significant decreases in the U-LTE4 concentrations before and after the sinus surgery in both the AIA and ATA groups (P <.05). CONCLUSION: Cysteinyl leukotrienes are not strictly associated with aspirin intolerance itself but rather with clinical features, such as CHRS/NP, that are similar to those seen in AIA. CHRS/NP might be involved in cysteinyl leukotriene overproduction in asthmatic patients. PMID- 14767443 TI - Parental asthma as a risk factor for the development of early skin test sensitization in children. AB - BACKGROUND: Recent epidemiologic evidence has challenged the paradigm suggesting a direct causal relationship between allergic sensitization and asthma. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the role of a familial predisposition for asthma in the development of atopy in children. METHODS: Subjects were participants in the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study. Skin tests to aeroallergens were performed in parents and in children at ages 6, 11, and 16 years. Parents were considered asthmatic if they reported physician-confirmed asthma. Parents were divided into 4 phenotypes on the basis of skin sensitization (Skt+ or Skt-) and asthma status (As+ or As-): Skt-/As-, Skt-/As+, Skt+/As-, and Skt+/As+. RESULTS: Children's allergic sensitization differed among parental phenotypes at all ages (P <.0001). Children in the Skt+/As- and Skt+/As+ groups were significantly more likely to be allergic than children in the Skt-/As- group at all ages. Among children with allergic parents, those with at least one parent with asthma were significantly more likely to have positive skin test responses than those with nonasthmatic parents at age 6 years (52.4% vs 37.4%, P <.005) and 11 years (70.1% vs 55.6%, P <.005) but not at age 16 years (82.3% vs 75.1%, P =.180). Results were independent of wheezing in the child and of the characteristics of atopy in parents. The Skt-/As+ group had too few subjects for meaningful comparisons. CONCLUSION: Among children of atopic parents, parental asthma is a risk factor for allergic sensitization in early childhood. The strong association between allergic sensitization and asthma is at least in part explained by an increased susceptibility to allergen sensitization in subjects predisposed to asthma. PMID- 14767444 TI - The relationship between early fever and allergic sensitization at age 6 to 7 years. AB - BACKGROUND: The hygiene hypothesis suggests that early infections might protect against later allergic sensitization. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether fevers before age 1 year were associated with allergic sensitization at age 6 to 7 years. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from suburban Detroit, Michigan, were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first year were abstracted for episodes of fever, antibiotic use, and respiratory infections. Fever was defined as a rectal temperature of 38.3 degrees C (101 degrees F) or greater or its equivalent measured at another site. At age 6 to 7 years, 441 children underwent allergy testing. The primary outcome measures were atopy (>/=1 positive skin prick test result), seroatopy (>/=1 positive allergen-specific IgE level), and allergic sensitization (either seroatopy or atopy). RESULTS: By age 1 year, 207 (46.9%) of the 441 participants had a documented fever. Among children with 0, 1, or 2 or more fevers in the first year, 33.3%, 31.3%, and 26.0% demonstrated atopy at age 6 to 7 years, respectively (P =.504); 43.4%, 39.7%, and 25.0% had seroatopy, respectively (P =.032); and 50.0%, 46.7%, and 31.3% had allergic sensitization, respectively (P =.028). After adjusting for potential confounders, each febrile episode in the first year was associated with reduced odds for allergic sensitization (adjusted odds ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.47-1.00). Febrile upper respiratory tract infections, in particular, were associated with lower odds of allergic sensitization (adjusted odds ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.31-0.97) per episode. CONCLUSION: This study provides direct support for the hygiene hypothesis because children with fevers before age 1 year were less likely to demonstrate allergic sensitivity at age 6 to 7 years. PMID- 14767445 TI - Omalizumab rapidly decreases nasal allergic response and FcepsilonRI on basophils. AB - BACKGROUND: Omalizumab is a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody that is effective for the treatment of allergic respiratory disorders; however, its onset of action is unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine the onset of action of omalizumab through the use of a challenge model to determine time-dependent inhibition of ragweed-induced changes in nasal volume as well as correlate the kinetics of omalizumab-induced decreases in serum free IgE and FcepsilonRI receptors on basophils. METHODS: We conducted a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 24 rhinitic patients with ragweed allergy. After PD(30) ragweed nasal allergen challenge, patients received either omalizumab, approximately 0.016 mg/kg per IgE (IU/mL), or placebo at days 0 and 28 and were rechallenged with ragweed PD(30) dose biweekly. FcepsilonRI expression on blood basophils was determined by flow cytometry at baseline and 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after treatment. IgE levels were measured at baseline and on days 3, 28, and 42. RESULTS: Mean IgE levels decreased by 96% (P <.001) from baseline within 3 days in the omalizumab group. Baseline 30% ragweed-induced nasal volume response was decreased to 20.4% at 7 to 14 days (P <.001) and 12.2% at 35 to 42 days (P <.001) for the omalizumab group. There was a median decrease in basophil FcepsilonRI expression of 73% (P <.001) in the omalizumab group, with maximum inhibition occurring within 14 days of treatment. No significant changes in IgE levels, nasal allergen challenge responses, or basophil FcepsilonRI expression were observed throughout the study in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the onset of action by omalizumab in blunting ragweed-induced nasal responses is within 2 weeks, and this response was associated with 2 putative mechanisms of action: decreased serum free IgE and decreased FcepsilonRI receptor expression on immune effector cells. PMID- 14767446 TI - Influence of outdoor aeroallergens on hospitalization for asthma in Canada. AB - BACKGROUND: The risk of hospitalization for asthma caused by outdoor aeroallergens is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the association between changes in outdoor aeroallergens and hospitalizations for asthma from the Pacific coast to the Atlantic coast of Canada. METHODS: A daily time series analysis was done to test the association between daily changes in aeroallergens and daily changes in hospitalizations for asthma during a 7-year period between 1993 and 2000 in 10 of the largest cities in Canada. Results were adjusted for long-term trends, day of the week, climate, and air pollution. RESULTS: A daily increase, equivalent to the mean value of each allergen, was associated with the following percentage increase in asthma hospitalizations: 3.3% (95% CI, 2.3 to 4.1) for basidiomycetes, 3.1% (95% CI, 2.8 to 5.7) for ascomycetes, 3.2% (95% CI, 1.6 to 4.8) for deuteromycetes, 3.0% (95% CI, 1.1 to 4.9) for weeds, 2.9% (95% CI, 0.9 to 5.0) for trees, and 2.0% (95% CI, 1.1 to 2.8) for grasses. After accounting for the independent effects of trees and ozone, the combination of the 2 was associated with an additional 0.22% increase in admissions averaged across cities (P <.05). CONCLUSION: These findings provide evidence for the hypothesis that aeroallergens are an important cause of severe asthma morbidity across Canada, and in some situations there might be a modest synergistic adverse effect of ozone and aeroallergens combined. PMID- 14767447 TI - Effects of dog ownership and genotype on immune development and atopy in infancy. AB - BACKGROUND: Exposure to furred pets might confer protection against the development of allergic sensitization through a mechanism that is incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pet exposure and genotype on immunologic development and the incidence of atopic markers and diseases in the first year of life. METHODS: Pet exposure in the home was compared with cytokine secretion patterns (mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cells at birth and age 1 year) and indicators of atopy (allergen specific and total IgE, eosinophilia, food allergy, atopic dermatitis) in 285 infants. Interactions with genotype at the CD14 locus were also evaluated in the data analyses. RESULTS: Exposure to dogs was associated with reduced allergen sensitization (19% vs 33%, P =.020) and atopic dermatitis (30% vs 51%, P <.001). The risk for atopic dermatitis was further influenced by genotype at the CD14 locus (P =.006), even after adjusting for exposure to dogs (P =.003). Furthermore, infants with the genotype -159TT were less likely to develop atopic dermatitis if they were exposed to a dog (5% vs 43%, P =.04). Last, dog exposure was associated with increased IL-10 (117 vs 79 pg/mL, P =.002) and IL-13 (280 vs 226 pg/mL, P =.013) responses at age 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Having a dog in infancy is associated with higher IL-10 and IL-13 cytokine secretion profiles and reduced allergic sensitization and atopic dermatitis. These findings suggest that postnatal exposure to dogs can influence immune development in a genotype specific fashion and thereby attenuate the development of atopy in at-risk children. PMID- 14767448 TI - German cockroach extract activates protease-activated receptor 2 in human airway epithelial cells. AB - BACKGROUND: The German cockroach has been reported to act as an allergen that might be associated with a protease reaction in asthma. However, the molecular identities of the antigens in German cockroach extract (GCE) with protease activity and the protease-activated receptors (PARs) that are activated by GCE in human airway epithelial cells have not been characterized. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the direct effect of GCE on Ca(2+) signaling in human airway epithelial cells and the type of PARs activated by GCE. METHODS: The Ca(2+) sensitive dye Fura2 was used to determine intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) by means of spectrofluorometry. RESULTS: GCE induced a baseline type of [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations in a dose-dependent manner. The oscillations persisted for long periods of time in the absence of Ca(2+) entry across the plasma membrane, suggesting that the observed [Ca(2+)](i) increases were due to Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. Accordingly, after depleting endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) with thapsigargin, an endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase inhibitor, the GCE-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) signals were abolished. Whereas desensitization of PAR-1, PAR-3, and PAR-4 had no effect on GCE-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization, no GCE-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) increase was observed after desensitization of PAR-2. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that GCE has a direct effect on human airway epithelial cells, in particular generating [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations through Ca(2+) release from thapsigargin-sensitive Ca(2+) stores through activation of PAR-2. PMID- 14767449 TI - Asthmalike biphasic airway responses in Brown Norway rats sensitized by dermal exposure to dry trimellitic anhydride powder. AB - BACKGROUND: Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) can induce specific IgE and occupational asthma. The significance of dermal exposure to TMA in immunologic sensitization and on subsequent airway responses is not clearly known. An animal model displaying both an early-phase airway response (EAR) and a late-phase airway response (LAR) after sensitization and subsequent inhalation challenge to a low molecular-weight chemical has not been previously reported. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated EAR and LAR after TMA inhalation challenge in Brown Norway rats sensitized by skin exposure to TMA dry powder. METHODS: Twenty milligrams of dry TMA powder was applied to the skin of each clipped rat's dorsum on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 and occluded overnight with surgical tape. Rats were challenged for 10 minutes with 0.2 to 40 mg/m(3) of TMA aerosol after day 35. Enhanced pause (an index of airway resistance) was recorded overnight in a whole body plethysmography system. Specific IgE and pulmonary eosinophilia were also measured. RESULTS: Concentration-dependent responses to TMA were observed: provocation with 0.2 mg/m(3) produced no response; 1 mg/m(3) induced only EAR; and 5 mg/m(3) and 40 mg/m(3) induced both EAR and LAR. Specific IgE was positive; airway eosinophilic inflammation was observed. CONCLUSION: TMA powder applied to the skin can lead to both immunologic sensitization and subsequent dose-dependent biphasic airway responses after TMA aerosol challenge. PMID- 14767450 TI - Modification of the human allergic immune response by allergen-DNA-transfected dendritic cells in vitro. AB - BACKGROUND: Atopic-allergic diseases are characterized by T(H)2-dominated immune responses, resulting in IgE production. DNA-based immunotherapies have been shown to shift the immune response toward a T(H)1-type response in animal models. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze whether dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with allergen-DNA conjugates are able to stimulate human autologous CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, or both from atopic individuals to produce T(H)1 cytokines instead of T(H)2 cytokines. METHODS: For this purpose, human mature DCs from atopic donors were transfected with an adenovirus encoding the allergen Phl p 1. Autologous CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were stimulated with these transfected DCs, and proliferation and cytokine production were measured. RESULTS: By using an adenoviral vector, a transfection rate of 92% could be achieved. The proliferative response of CD4(+) T cells stimulated with autologous transfected DCs was concentration dependent and almost as high as that of T cells stimulated with mature allergen-pulsed DCs. The proliferation of CD8(+) T cells stimulated with transfected DCs, however, was higher than that of cells stimulated with allergen-pulsed DCs. The cytokine pattern showed a shift toward a T(H)1 immune response compared with T cells stimulated with allergen-pulsed DCs. CONCLUSIONS: Human DCs can be transfected with allergen-DNA conjugates very efficiently by using an adenoviral vector yielding DCs with high T-cell stimulatory capacities, directing the atopic-allergic immune response from T(H)2 dominance toward T(H)1 dominance. PMID- 14767451 TI - Serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and cutaneous T cell- attracting chemokine (CTACK) levels in allergic diseases: TARC and CTACK are disease-specific markers for atopic dermatitis. AB - BACKGROUND: Tissue infiltration of CD4(+) T cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. T-cell trafficking is mediated by specific chemokines and their receptors. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the participation of the chemokines thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK) in a large population of patients with allergic diseases. METHODS: Serum TARC and CTACK levels were measured in 455 patients with allergic disease. Patients were characterized as having atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, or combinations or as healthy control subjects. Serum TARC and CTACK levels were correlated with disease activity in patients with AD. Furthermore, in 7 patients with AD, serum TARC and CTACK levels were studied after the start of systemic cyclosporin A treatment. Finally, TARC and CTACK localization was checked by immunohistochemistry in lesional skin biopsy specimens of patients with AD. RESULTS: Both TARC and CTACK serum levels in patients with AD were significantly higher than those in healthy control subjects and patients with allergic respiratory disease. Furthermore, serum TARC and CTACK levels significantly correlated with disease activity in patients with AD. Serum TARC levels paralleled clinical improvement in patients treated with cyclosporin A. Immunoreactive TARC was found in infiltrating cells and endothelial cells of the dermis but not in epidermal cells. CONCLUSIONS: The serum TARC level is an objective parameter for disease severity specific for AD. Furthermore, it is a promising tool for treatment monitoring. PMID- 14767452 TI - Development and validation of challenge materials for double-blind, placebo controlled food challenges in children. AB - BACKGROUND: The use of double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFCs) is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of food allergy. Despite this, materials and methods used in DBPCFCs have not been standardized. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate recipes for use in DBPCFCs in children by using allergenic foods, preferably in their usual edible form. METHODS: Recipes containing milk, soy, cooked egg, raw whole egg, peanut, hazelnut, and wheat were developed. For each food, placebo and active test food recipes were developed that met the requirements of acceptable taste, allowance of a challenge dose high enough to elicit reactions in an acceptable volume, optimal matrix ingredients, and good matching of sensory properties of placebo and active test food recipes. Validation was conducted on the basis of sensory tests for difference by using the triangle test and the paired comparison test. Recipes were first tested by volunteers from the hospital staff and subsequently by a professional panel of food tasters in a food laboratory designed for sensory testing. Recipes were considered to be validated if no statistically significant differences were found. RESULTS: Twenty-seven recipes were developed and found to be valid by the volunteer panel. Of these 27 recipes, 17 could be validated by the professional panel. CONCLUSION: Sensory testing with appropriate statistical analysis allows for objective validation of challenge materials. We recommend the use of professional tasters in the setting of a food laboratory for best results. PMID- 14767453 TI - Multicenter study of emergency department visits for food allergies. AB - BACKGROUND: Relatively little is known about the characteristics of patients who visit the emergency department (ED) for an acute allergic reaction. Although anaphylaxis guidelines suggest treatment with epinephrine, teaching about self injectable epinephrine, and referral to an allergist, current ED management remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the management of food-related acute allergic reactions. METHODS: The Multicenter Airway Research Collaboration performed a chart review study in 21 North American EDs. Investigators reviewed a random sample of 678 charts of patients who presented with food allergy (International Classification of Diseases-ninth revision codes 693.1, 995.0, 995.3, and 995.60-995.69). RESULTS: Patients had an average age of 29 years; the cohort was 57% female and 40% white. A variety of foods provoked the allergic reaction, including nuts (21%), crustaceans (19%), fruit (12%), and fish (10%). Although exposure to these foods can be life threatening, only 18% of patients came to the ED by ambulance. In the ED, 72% of patients received antihistamines, 48% received systemic corticosteroids, and 16% received epinephrine; 33% received respiratory treatments such as inhaled albuterol. Among patients with severe reactions (55% of total), 24% received epinephrine. Overall, 97% of patients were discharged to home. At ED discharge, 16% of patients were prescribed self-injectable epinephrine, and 12% were referred to an allergist. CONCLUSIONS: Although guidelines suggest specific approaches for the management of acute allergic reactions, ED concordance for food allergy appears low. These findings support a new collaboration between professional organizations in allergy and emergency medicine and the development of educational programs and materials for ED patients and staff. PMID- 14767454 TI - A father's IgE-mediated contact urticaria from mother's milk. PMID- 14767455 TI - Protein contact dermatitis to asparagus. PMID- 14767456 TI - Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: Result of a novel therapy with 0.1% topical ophthalmic FK-506 ointment. PMID- 14767457 TI - Walnut-induced anaphylaxis with cross-reactivity to hazelnut and Brazil nut. PMID- 14767458 TI - Effect of omalizumab in health care workers with occupational latex allergy. PMID- 14767459 TI - Occupational asthma caused by tali and jatoba wood dusts. PMID- 14767460 TI - Guidelines for management of people with histories of insect sting anaphylaxis and subsequent negative venom skin tests. PMID- 14767462 TI - An atlas of fungal spores. PMID- 14767469 TI - Gene array analysis of macronodular adrenal hyperplasia confirms clinical heterogeneity and identifies several candidate genes as molecular mediators. AB - Corticotropin (ACTH)-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) is a heterogeneous condition in which cortisol secretion may be mediated by gastrointestinal peptide (GIP), vasopressin, catecholamines and other hormones. We studied the expression profile of AIMAH by genomic cDNA microarray analysis. Total RNA was extracted from eight tissues (three GIP-dependent) and compared to total RNA obtained from adrenal glands from 62 normal subjects. Genes had to be altered in 75% of the patients, and be up- or downregulated at a cutoff ratio of at least 2.0; 82 and 31 genes were found to be consistently up- and downregulated, respectively. Among the former were regulators of transcription, chromatin remodeling, and cell cycle and adhesion. Downregulated sequences included genes involved in immune responses and insulin signaling. Hierarchical clustering correlated with the two main AIMAH diagnostic groups: GIP-dependent and non-GIP-dependent. The genes encoding the 7B2 protein (SGNE1) and WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2 (WISP2) were specifically overexpressed in the GIP-dependent AIMAH. For these, and six more genes, the data were validated by semiquantitative amplification in samples from a total of 32 patients (the original eight, six more cases of AIMAH, and 18 other adrenocortical hyperplasias and tumors) and the H295R adrenocortical cancer cell line. In conclusion, our data confirmed AIMAH's clinical heterogeneity by identifying molecularly distinct diagnostic subgroups. Several candidate genes that may be responsible for AIMAH formation and/or progression were also identified, suggesting pathways that affect the cell cycle, adhesion and transcription as possible mediators of adrenocortical hyperplasia. PMID- 14767470 TI - Interleukin-8 confers androgen-independent growth and migration of LNCaP: differential effects of tyrosine kinases Src and FAK. AB - Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine implicated in the metastasis and angiogenesis of a variety of cancers, has been reported to be overexpressed in prostate cancer. In this study, we ascribe a new role for IL-8 in prostate cancer progression using LNCaP cells. We demonstrate that IL-8 activates the androgen receptor and confers androgen-independent growth, while serving as a potent chemotactic factor. Our evaluation of the possible signal pathways involved in androgen-independence and cell migration shows that the tyrosine kinases Src and FAK (focal adhesion kinase) are involved in IL-8-induced signaling. Pharmacological and genetic inhibitors of Src and FAK interfere with IL-8-induced cell migration, while only the Src inhibitor was able to repress androgen independent growth. This suggests that both growth and migration depend on the activity of Src, whereas cell migration also requires the activation of FAK. Our evidence that IL-8-induced androgen-independent growth is, at least in part, due to androgen receptor activation includes (1) an inhibitor of androgen receptor activity diminishes cell growth; (2) androgen receptor transactivation potential is augmented by IL-8 and (3) androgen receptor is recruited to the promoter of prostate specific antigen (PSA) upon IL-8 treatment, based on chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments. Taken together, our data suggest that in addition to its role in metastasis and angiogenesis, IL-8 may also serve as a facilitator for androgen-independent transition of prostate cancers. To our knowledge, this is the first report about the tyrosine kinase signals and androgen receptor activation induced by IL-8 in prostate cancer cells. The observation that IL-8 mediates its growth and chemotactic effects via Src and FAK suggests the potential use for tyrosine kinase inhibitors at early stage of prostate cancer development. PMID- 14767471 TI - Identification of a novel SP3 binding site in the promoter of human IGFBP4 gene: role of SP3 and AP-1 in regulating promoter activity in CaCo2 cells. AB - Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP4/BP4) gene expression plays an important role in the transition from proliferation to differentiation of a human colon cancer cell line, CaCo2. We recently cloned and identified multiple cis elements (including putative binding sites for activator protein 1 (AP-1) and specificity proteins (Sps) ) in the promoter of human BP4 gene, and measured a significant upregulation of the promoter activity in response to c-Jun. We therefore examined the role of the single AP-1 site (-869/-863) and other cis elements, in regulating the expression of hBP4 gene, in the current studies. Deletion of a 25 bp sequence from -872 to -848, which contains the AP-1 site, significantly reduced BP4 promoter activity by approximately 50%. Surprisingly, mutation of the AP-1 site did not produce significant alteration in the activity of the BP4 promoter. However, mutation of 7 bp (5'-TGCTGCA) at the 3' end of the AP-1 site resulted in significantly decreasing the promoter activity by >50%. Proteins bound to the 25 bp probe (-872/-848) could be supershifted by antibodies specific for JunD and Sp3 in an EMSA. JunD binding was abolished on mutation of the AP-1 site and Sp3 binding was abolished on mutation of the 7 bp at -861/-855; binding of the purified Sp3 protein to the 25 bp probe was similarly abolished on mutation of the newly discovered Sp3 binding site (TGCTGCA). BP4 promoter activity was upregulated in insect cells in response to Sp3 expression, confirming a functional importance of the novel Sp3 binding site. These studies suggest that the Sp3 binding site, rather than the AP-1 site, may be playing a significant role in regulating the expression of IGFBP4 gene in CaCo2 cells. PMID- 14767473 TI - Genome-wide cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression profiles in pancreatic cancers using populations of tumor cells and normal ductal epithelial cells selected for purity by laser microdissection. AB - To characterize molecular mechanism involved in pancreatic carcinogenesis, we analysed gene-expression profiles of 18 pancreatic tumors using a cDNA microarray representing 23,040 genes. As pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas usually contain a low proportion of cancer cells in the tumor mass, we prepared 95% pure populations of pancreatic cancer cells by means of laser microbeam microdissection, and compared their expression profiles to those of similarly purified, normal pancreatic ductal cells. We identified 260 genes that were commonly upregulated and 346 genes that were downregulated in pancreatic cancer cells. Because of the high degree of purity in the cell populations, a large proportion of genes that we detected as upregulated or downregulated in pancreatic cancers were different from those reported in previous studies. Comparison of clinicopathological parameters with the expression profiles indicated that altered expression of 76 genes was associated with lymph-node metastasis and that of 168 genes with liver metastasis. In addition, expression levels of 30 genes were related to the recurrence of disease. These genome-wide expression profiles should provide useful information for finding candidate genes whose products might serve as specific tumor markers and/or as molecular targets for treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer. PMID- 14767472 TI - ESX induces transformation and functional epithelial to mesenchymal transition in MCF-12A mammary epithelial cells. AB - ESX is an epithelial-restricted member of a large family of transcription factors known as the Ets family. ESX expression has been shown to be correlated with Her2/neu proto-oncogene amplification in highly aggressive breast cancers and induced by Her2/neu in breast cell lines, but its role in tumorigenesis is unknown. Previously, we have shown that ESX enhances breast cell survival in colony-formation assays. In order to determine whether ESX can act as a transforming gene, we stably transfected MCF-12A human mammary epithelial cells with the ESX expression vector, pCGN2-HA-ESX. The MCF-12A cell line is immortalized, but nontransformed, and importantly, these cells fail to express endogenous ESX protein. We used pCGN2-HA-Ets-2 and pSVRas expression vectors as positive controls for transformation. Like HA-Ets-2 and V12-Ras, stable expression of ESX induced EGF-independent proliferation, serum-independent MAPK phosphorylation and growth in soft agar. Additionally, stable ESX expression conferred increased cell adhesion, motility and invasion in two-dimensional and transwell filter assays, and an epithelial to mesenchymal morphological transition. In three-dimensional cultures, parental and vector control (pCGN2) cells formed highly organized duct-like structures with evidence of cell polarity, ECM adhesion-dependent proliferation and cell survival, and lack of cellular invasion into surrounding matrix. Remarkably, the ESX stable cells formed solid, disorganized structures, with lack of cell polarity, loss of adhesion junctions and cytokeratin staining and loss of dependence on ECM adhesion for cell proliferation and survival. In addition, ESX cells invaded the surrounding matrix, indicative of a transformed and metastatic phenotype. Taken together, these data show that ESX expression alone confers a transformed and in vitro metastatic phenotype to otherwise normal MCF-12A cells. PMID- 14767474 TI - Gene expression patterns in acute myeloid leukemia correlate with centrosome aberrations and numerical chromosome changes. AB - Centrosomes, which mediate accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis, undergo duplication precisely once per cell division at the G1/S boundary. Recently, we described centrosome aberrations as a possible cause of aneuploidy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and found a correlation of the percentage of cells carrying abnormal centrosomes to their cytogenetic risk profile. To elucidate the molecular events responsible for the development of centrosome aberrations in AML, tumor RNA of 29 AML samples was hybridized to cDNA microarrays. The microarrays comprised some 2800 different genes with relevance to hematopoiesis, tumorigenesis and mitosis and included a set of 359 centrosome associated genes. We identified two gene expression signatures, which allowed an accurate classification according to the extent of centrosome aberrations and the ploidy status in 28 of 29 patients each. Specifically, 18 genes were present in both signatures, including genes that code for cell cycle regulatory proteins (cyclin A2, cyclin D3, cyclin H, CDK6, p18INK4c, p21Cip1, PAK1) and centrosome associated proteins (pericentrin, alpha2-tubulin, NUMA1, TUBGCP2, PRKAR2A). In conclusion, the high expression of centrosome-associated genes matches the description of centrosome aberrations in several tumor types. Moreover, in AML the identification of G1/S-phase stimulatory genes suggests that one mechanism of aneuploidy induction might be the deregulation of centrosome replication at the G1/S boundary. PMID- 14767475 TI - Activation of caspase-9 with irradiation inhibits invasion and angiogenesis in SNB19 human glioma cells. AB - Glioblastoma multiforme, the most common brain tumor, typically exhibits markedly increased angiogenesis, which is crucial for tumor growth and invasion. Antiangiogenic strategies based on disruption of the tumor microvasculature have proven effective for the treatment of experimental brain tumors. Here, we have overexpressed human caspase-9 by stable transfection in the SNB19 glioblastoma cell line, which normally expresses low levels of caspase-9. Our studies revealed that overexpression of caspase-9 coupled with radiation has a synergistic effect on the inhibition of glioma invasion as demonstrated by Matrigel assay (> 65%). Furthermore, sense caspase stable clones cocultured with fetal rat brain aggregates along with radiation showed complete inhibition as compared to the parental and vector controls. During in vitro angiogenesis, SNB19 cells cocultured with human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC) showed vascular network formation after 48-72 h. In contrast, these capillary-like structures were inhibited when HMEC cells were cocultured with sense caspase stable SNB19 cells. This effect was further enhanced by radiation (5 Gy). Signaling mechanisms revealed that apoptosis is induced by cleavage of caspase-9 by radiation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase-3. These results demonstrate that activation of caspase-9 disrupts glioma cell invasion and angiogenesis in vitro. Hence, overexpression of proapoptotic molecules such as caspase-9 may be an important determinant of the therapeutic effect of radiation in cancer therapy. PMID- 14767476 TI - The transforming acidic coiled coil proteins interact with nuclear histone acetyltransferases. AB - Dysregulation of the human transforming acidic coiled coil (TACC) genes is thought to be important in the development of multiple myeloma, breast and gastric cancer. However, even though these proteins have been implicated in the control of cell growth and differentiation, the mechanism by which they function still remains to be clarified. Using the yeast two-hybrid assay, we have now identified the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) hGCN5L2 as a TACC2-binding protein. GST pull-down analysis subsequently confirmed that all human TACC family members can bind in vitro to hGCN5L2. The authenticity of these interactions was validated by coimmunoprecipitation assays within the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293, which identified the TACC2s isoform as a component consistently bound to several different members of HAT family. This raises the possibility that aberrant expression of one or more TACC proteins may affect gene regulation through their interaction with components of chromatin remodeling complexes, thus contributing to tumorigenesis. PMID- 14767477 TI - A novel dominant-negative mutant form of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) selectively and differentially impairs LMP1 and TNF signaling pathways. AB - The latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) is an integral membrane molecule expressed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) during viral latency and displays properties of a constitutively activated member of the TNF receptor family. LMP1 is required for B-cell or monocyte immortalization induced by EBV and is sufficient to transform rodent fibroblasts. Transforming potential of LMP1 is mediated by its cytoplasmic C-terminal domain, which activates various cellular signaling pathways including NFkappaB and JNK. In this report, we constructed mutants of LMP1 with preserved membrane spanning domain but mutated in the C-terminal domain and a second truncated C-terminal LMP1 fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein. This latter mutant, termed LMP1-CT, impairs signaling by ectopic LMP1 as well as endogenous EBV-expressed wild-type (wt) LMP1. In contrast to dominant-negative mutants of LMP1 with preserved membrane spanning domains, LMP1-CT was unable to bind wt LMP1 to form an inactive complex. Its dominant-negative effects were due to binding and sequestration of LMP1 adapters TRAF2 and TRADD as assessed by coimmunoprecipitation experiments and confocal analysis. The effect was selective since LMP1-CT did not inhibit IL-1beta-induced signaling, whereas it impaired TNF triggered NFkappaB and JNK signals without affecting TNF-induced apoptosis. In addition and in contrast to LMP1 constructs with membrane localization, LMP-CT did not display cytostatic properties in noninfected cells. Importantly, LMP1-CT inhibited survival induced by LMP1 in an EBV-transformed T-cell line expressing the type II viral latency commonly found in the majority of EBV-associated human tumors. These data demonstrate that LMP1-CT is a new tool to explore the differences between LMP1 and TNF signaling and may facilitate the design of molecules with potential therapeutic roles. PMID- 14767478 TI - Cyclin A/Cdk2 complexes regulate activation of Cdk1 and Cdc25 phosphatases in human cells. AB - Mitotic entry, a critical decision point for maintaining genetic stability, is governed by the cyclin B/Cyclin dependent kinase 1 (Cdc2) complex. In Xenopus oocytes and early embryos, accumulation of cyclin B activates Cdk1, which then phosphorylates and activates the positive regulator Cdc25 in an autocatalytic feedback loop. However, cyclin B levels do not increase as some human cells approach mitosis, and the key factors regulating Cdk1 activation in human cells are unknown. We report here that reducing cyclin A expression by RNA interference (RNAi) in primary human fibroblasts inhibited activation of Cdc25B and Cdc25C and dephosphorylation of Cdk1 on tyrosine (tyr) 15. These results were reproduced in U2-OS cells by inducing the expression of a dominant-negative (dn) mutant of Cdk2, the principal cyclin A binding partner. Cdk2-dn induction could inhibit Cdc25B activity and foster Cdk1 tyr phosphorylation within the S phase, temporally dissociating these events from Cdk1 activation at mitosis. In contrast, reducing Cdk1 expression delayed mitotic entry without markedly impairing Cdc25B or Cdc25C activity. These results suggest that cyclin A/Cdk2 complexes are key regulators of Cdc25 and Cdk1 activation in human cells. This pathway appears to be commonly deregulated in cancer. PMID- 14767479 TI - Non-proteolytic inactivation of geminin requires CDK-dependent ubiquitination. AB - In late mitosis and G1, a complex of the essential initiation proteins Mcm2-7 are assembled onto replication origins to 'license' them for initiation. At other times licensing is inhibited by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and geminin, thus ensuring that origins fire only once per cell cycle. Here we show that, paradoxically, CDKs are also required to inactivate geminin and activate the licensing system. On exit from metaphase in Xenopus laevis egg extracts, CDK dependent activation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) results in the transient polyubiquitination of geminin. This ubiquitination triggers geminin inactivation without requiring ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, and is essential for replication origins to become licensed. This reveals an unexpected role for CDKs and ubiquitination in activating chromosomal DNA replication. PMID- 14767480 TI - Correcting improper chromosome-spindle attachments during cell division. AB - For accurate segregation of chromosomes during cell division, microtubule fibres must attach sister kinetochores to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle (bi orientation). Aurora kinases are linked to oncogenesis and have been implicated in the regulation of chromosome-microtubule attachments. Although loss of Aurora kinase activity causes an accumulation of mal-orientated chromosomes in dividing cells, it is not known how the active kinase corrects improper chromosome attachments. The use of reversible small-molecule inhibitors allows activation of protein function in living vertebrate cells with temporal control. Here we show that by removal of small-molecule inhibitors, controlled activation of Aurora kinase during mitosis can correct chromosome attachment errors by selective disassembly of kinetochore-microtubule fibres, rather than by alternative mechanisms involving initial release of microtubules from either kinetochores or spindle poles. Observation of chromosomes and microtubule dynamics with real-time high-resolution microscopy showed that mal-orientated, but not bi-orientated, chromosomes move to the spindle pole as both kinetochore-microtubule fibres shorten, followed by alignment at the metaphase plate. Our results provide direct evidence for a mechanism required for the maintenance of genome integrity during cell division. PMID- 14767481 TI - Lipid raft proteins have a random distribution during localized activation of the T-cell receptor. AB - The extent to which lipid raft proteins are organized in functional clusters within the plasma membrane is central to the debate on structure and function of rafts. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked proteins are characteristic components of biochemically defined rafts. Several studies report a function for rafts in T-cell stimulation, but it is unclear whether molecules involved in T cell receptor (TCR) signalling are recruited to (or excluded from) T-cell synapses through asymmetric distribution of raft microdomains or through specific protein-protein interactions. Here we used FRET analysis in live cells to determine whether GPI-linked proteins are clustered in the plasma membrane of unstimulated cells, and at regions where TCR signalling has been activated using antibody-coated beads. Multiple criteria suggested that FRET between different GPI-linked fluorescent proteins in COS-7 or unstimulated Jurkat T-cells is generated by a random, un-clustered distribution. Stimulation of TCR signalling in Jurkat cells resulted in localized increases in fluorescence of GPI-linked fluorescent proteins and cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB). However, measurements of FRET and ratio imaging showed that there was no detectable clustering and no overall enrichment of GPI-linked proteins or CTB in these regions. PMID- 14767482 TI - Distribution and immunoregulatory properties of antisecretory factor. AB - Inflammatory processes and the mechanisms by which they are initiated and controlled within the central nervous system (CNS) involve a vast array of cell types and molecules. One cell type believed to be involved in the control of inflammation in the CNS is the microglial cell. The TLD antibodies are a panel of monoclonal antibodies reactive to rat microglial antigens. One antibody from this panel, clone TLD-1A8A, is specific for antisecretory factor (ASF). ASF is a previously identified protein characterized as a potent inhibitor of enterotoxin induced intestinal fluid secretion. Our results extend the function of this molecule to include the regulation of immune reactions. Administration of TLD 1A8A to T-cell proliferation or mixed leukocyte response assays resulted in increased proliferation of T cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicates that ASF is expressed on macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, but not on T cells or granulocytes. Immunohistochemical analysis indicates that ASF is expressed by macrophages and cells of dendritic morphology in the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, Peyer's patch, and in the perivascular area in the CNS. Furthermore, Western blot analysis indicates that ASF is expressed in many tissues including all secondary lymphoid organs. These data suggest that ASF may have a previously unsuspected role in regulating the immune system. PMID- 14767483 TI - Modeling formalin fixation and antigen retrieval with bovine pancreatic RNase A II. Interrelationship of cross-linking, immunoreactivity, and heat treatment. AB - In this study, gel electrophoresis and capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to assess the effect of formaldehyde treatment on the structural and immunological properties of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A). Prolonged incubation of RNase A in a 10% formalin solution leads to the formation of extensive intra- and intermolecular cross-links. However, these formaldehyde cross-links do not completely eliminate the recognition of RNase A by a polyclonal antibody. Comparative immunotitration of monomers, dimers, and oligomers greater than pentamers isolated from formalin-treated RNase A demonstrated that reduction of immunoreactivity due to intramolecular modifications prevails over the excluded volume effect of intermolecular cross links. The latter only becomes important for intermolecular cross-links involving four or more molecules. The restoration of RNase A immunoreactivity during heating correlates with the reversal of formaldehyde cross-links if the incubation temperature does not exceed the denaturation temperature of the formalin-treated RNase A preparation. We conclude that formaldehyde cross-links stabilize antigens against the denaturing effects of high temperature, but the reversal of these cross-links is necessary for the restoration of immunoreactivity. PMID- 14767484 TI - Extraction and purification of biologically active intestinal trefoil factor from human meconium. AB - Intestinal trefoil factor (TFF3/ITF), a member of trefoil factor family (TFF) domain peptides, is normally expressed by goblet cells and secreted into the lumen of the intestinal tract, and plays an important role in the maintenance and repair of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Significant amounts of TFF3/ITF are present in the meconium of human infants. Here, we describe a relatively simple method for extraction and purification of natural human TFF3/ITF from meconium. The purification methods include acid treatment, ammonium sulfate precipitation, isoelectric precipitation, and iron exchange chromatography. A relatively large amount of natural TFF3/ITF can be purified from meconium of full-term infants and this purified, natural TFF3/ITF is biologically active in an ethanol-induced rat gastric mucosal injury model. PMID- 14767485 TI - Stabilized beta-catenin promotes hepatocyte proliferation and inhibits TNFalpha induced apoptosis. AB - The human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. The mechanisms of liver cell oncogenic transformation are still unknown. The beta-catenin mutations are identified in up to 30% of HCC and 80% of hepatoblastoma, suggesting a potential role of beta-catenin in the pathogenesis of liver cancers. To define the biological role of the stabilized beta-catenin in liver cell growth and transformation, we examined the effect of mutant beta catenin on an immortalized murine hepatocyte cell line, AML12. A cell line that stably expresses mutant beta-catenin was established. The cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell transformation of this cell line were characterized. Our data indicate that the stabilized beta-catenin enhances hepatocyte proliferation, suppresses TNFalpha/Act D-induced cell apoptosis, and causes weak anchorage independent cell growth. The stabilized beta-catenin-containing cells did not develop tumor in immune-deficient mice. The target genes, c-myc and cyclin D1, were activated by beta-catenin in the hepatocytes. Our study suggests that mutant beta-catenin can promote cell proliferation and cell survival ability, but the stabilized beta-catenin alone is insufficient for completely oncogenic transformation. PMID- 14767486 TI - cDNA microarray analysis of invasive and tumorigenic phenotypes in a breast cancer model. AB - The fms oncogene encodes the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R), a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor, which is abnormally expressed in breast cancer. Transfection of wild-type CSF1R into HC11 mammary epithelial cells (HC11-CSF1R) renders the transfectants capable of in vitro local invasion and in vivo tumorigenesis. Transfection with CSF1R mutated to express phe at the tyr-721 autophosphorylation site (HC11-CSF1R-721) creates a phenotype that lacks metastastic competence but maintains local invasiveness. Conversely, HC11 cells transfected with CSF1R mutated at tyr-807 (HC11-CSF1R-807) retain their metastatic competence, but are not locally invasive. Our aims were to determine which genes were differentially expressed with transfection of HC11 with wild type CSF1R, and to determine the effect of mutation at the autophosphorylation sites on gene expression, using 4.6 K cDNA microarrays. Complementary DNA from HC11, HC11-CSF1R-721 and HC11-CSF1R-807 were each hybridized together with HC11 CSF1R on individual arrays. A principal component spectral method combined with prenormalization procedures was used for sample clustering. Differentially expressed genes were identified by the analysis of variance. Confirmation by Northern blotting was performed for MAP kinase phosphatase-1, WDNM1 (extracellular proteinase inhibitor), Trop 2 (tumor-associated calcium signal transducer-2), procollagen type IV alpha, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor, prenylated snare protein Ykt6, ceruloplasmin and chaperonin 10. Many of these genes have not previously been associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. We have successfully identified genes that can be linked to the invasive phenotypes or to tumorigenesis. These genes provide a basis for further studies of metastatic progression and local invasiveness, and can be evaluated as therapeutic targets. PMID- 14767487 TI - A porous defense: the leaky epithelial barrier in intestinal disease. AB - A critical function of the intestinal mucosa is to form a barrier that separates luminal contents from the interstitium. This intestinal barrier is compromised in a number of intestinal diseases, most notably inflammatory bowel disease. In vitro studies have demonstrated that cytokines elaborated by immune cells can cause the mucosal barrier to become leaky; these cytokines are known to be increased in intestinal mucosa involved in inflammatory bowel disease. Detailed information describing the mechanisms by which altered cytokine signaling occurs is not available, but recent data implicate the cytoskeleton within epithelial cells as a critical regulator of the mucosal barrier under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Using available data, we describe a model of intestinal disease where an initial insult to the epithelial barrier may trigger a self-amplifying cycle of immune activation, cytokine release, and further barrier dysfunction. This model is supported by the observation that pharmacological abrogation of cytokine signaling corrects both barrier defects and clinical disease in animal models and human patients, although such therapy clearly has multiple mechanisms. Other therapeutic targets that represent strategies to prevent or reverse disease processes are also considered. The overarching hypothesis is that modulation of the mucosal epithelial barrier plays a critical role in the initiation and propogation of inflammatory intestinal diseases. PMID- 14767488 TI - Similarities of prosurvival signals in Bcl-2-positive and Bcl-2-negative follicular lymphomas identified by reverse phase protein microarray. AB - Overexpression of Bcl-2 protein has been known to play a role in the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma (FL). However, 10-15% of FLs are negative for Bcl-2 by immunohistochemistry, raising the possibility that another gene product(s) may provide prosurvival signal(s). We used reverse phase protein microarray to analyze lysates of follicle center cells isolated by laser capture microdissection from: Bcl-2+ FL, Bcl-2- FL and reactive follicular hyperplasia (FH) (nine cases each group). TUNEL assay confirmed similar and reduced levels of apoptosis in Bcl-2+ FL and Bcl-2- FL, indicating the likelihood of Bcl-2 independent inhibition of apoptosis. Arrays were quantitatively analyzed with antibodies to proteins involved in the apoptotic pathway. As expected, Bcl-2 levels were up to eight-fold higher in Bcl-2+ FL than in FH and Bcl-2- FL. However, there was no difference in levels of Mcl-1 and survivin among these three groups. Bcl-X(L) showed a trend for increased expression in Bcl-2- FL as compared with Bcl-2+ FL, although the differences did not reach statistical significance (P>0.1). The increase in Bcl-X(L) may provide an alternative antiapoptotic signal in FL negative for Bcl-2 protein. Interestingly, Bax expression was higher in FL (Bcl-2+ or -) than in FH (P=0.001). Notably, phospho Akt (Ser-473) was increased in FL (Bcl-2+ or -) (P<0.03) with increased phospho Bad (Ser-136), as compared with levels in FH. The activation of the Akt/Bad pathway provides further evidence of prosurvival signals in FL, independent of Bcl-2 alone. These data suggest that nodal FL represents a single disease with a final common biochemical pathway. PMID- 14767489 TI - Comparison of renal morphology in the Streptozotocin and the SHR/N-cp models of diabetes. AB - The Streptozotocin (STZ) model of diabetes is commonly used for studies of diabetic nephropathy although the histological lesions of the kidney are mild and do not resemble those seen in diabetic patients. The SHR/N-cp rat model of type II diabetes spontaneously develops pronounced abnormalities in renal histology. In the present study, we compared renal morphology in the STZ rat and the diabetic SHR/N-cp rat. Sprague-Dawley rats received STZ, developed diabetes after 2 days and were treated with insulin. In the SHR/N-cp rat, obesity is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The progeny are either lean (used as controls) or obese and diabetic. After 6 months of observation, STZ and SHR/N-cp rats were killed. The renal damage was evaluated by assessing damage indices and by using stereological techniques. In addition, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy were performed. The glomerular and tubulointerstitial changes were much more pronounced in the diabetic SHR/N-cp compared to the STZ model. In parallel glomerular PCNA+cells were significantly more frequent and expression of TGF-beta and PDGF by immunohistochemistry in glomeruli and in the tubulointerstitial space was more pronounced in SHR/N-cp compared to STZ rats. The glomeruli of SHR/N-cp contained less and larger podocytes as well as smaller mesangial cells embedded in more mesangial matrix compared to STZ. Similarly, less, but larger endothelial cells were found in SHR/N-cp than in STZ rats. The mean glomerular volume was similarly increased in the two models. Albumin excretion was only modestly increased in STZ diabetes, but pronounced in the SHR/N-cp rat. Although the STZ model of diabetes exhibits numerous biochemical sequelae of hyperglycemia, the morphological lesions are unimpressive. In contrast, the diabetic SHR/N-cp exhibits marked structural lesions, particularly podocyte damage and mesangial expansion that promise to make it a more suitable model for investigation of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. PMID- 14767490 TI - Rapid method for measurement of surface tension in multiwell plates. AB - We describe an optical method for quantifying surface tension in 96-well microtitre plates. Absorbance and fluorescence measurements in vertical beam systems as in 96-well plate photometers are complicated by the interaction of the light with the curved surface of the liquid. If the samples do not all have the same meniscus, errors in the data proportional to the degree of curvature are produced, which may confound interpretation of the data. We have harnessed this effect by modifying a 96-well plate spectrophotometer, and show that the apparent optical density measurements correlate very closely with surface tension. The method is much quicker than conventional methods for measuring multiple samples and requires considerably less technical skill. We demonstrate the applicability of the method to the study of biomolecules by investigating the surfactant properties of two peptides (Abeta and AChE(586-599)) that form amyloid fibrils in vitro, in one case replicating previously published results, and in the other case highlighting the similarity, and possibly generic nature, of the biophysical properties of these amyloidogenic peptides. PMID- 14767491 TI - Neuroblastoma cells with overexpressed MYCN retain their capacity to undergo neuronal differentiation. AB - Amplification of MYCN in neuroblastoma strongly correlates to unfavorable outcome, but little is known of how the high MYCN expression translates into an aggressive tumor phenotype. More aggressive neuroblastomas are generally immature and overexpression of exogenous MYCN in cultured neuroblastoma cells and other neuronal cell types has been reported to inhibit induced differentiation, suggesting a link between high MYCN expression and an immature phenotype. However, we show here that MYCN is expressed in human neuroblasts of sympathetic chain ganglia at fetal week 8.5, a developmental stage at which these neuroblasts express a number of sympathetic neuronal differentiation marker genes. Analyses of 28 neuroblastoma tumor specimens and 27 cell lines for the expression of MYCN and a panel of neuronal differentiation marker genes did not reveal any correlation between MYCN and marker gene expression levels. Finally, we tested five separate differentiation protocols and show that MYCN overexpressing neuroblastoma cells with a neuronal phenotype, derived from the non-MYCN amplified human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH, retain their capacity to differentiate despite constitutive MYCN overexpression. Our results show that high MYCN expression and sympathetic differentiation are compatible, and indirectly our findings lend support to previously published MYCN neuroblastoma tumor data, which suggest that in single MYCN copy neuroblastomas there is no direct correlation between a high cellular MYCN protein content and aggressive tumor cell behavior. PMID- 14767492 TI - Cell wounding in early experimental acute pancreatitis. AB - It is well established that damage to the outer membrane of cells is a common phenomenon allowing abnormal transmission of substances into the cytosol. Penetration of albumin into acinar cells has been detected in experimental acute pancreatitis, raising the possibility that membrane damage is a very early event, potentially representing the first changes leading to pancreatitis. To determine if direct damage to the cell membrane is a key factor during induction of acute pancreatitis, thus altering the balance of extra- and intracellular substances, fluorescein-dextran was administered with supramaximal doses of caerulein via the jugular vein or by injection directly into the pancreas. This tracer rapidly penetrates into cells. Two patterns of tracer penetration are observed: cytosolic and vesicular/vacuolar. Fluorescein-dextran administered intravenously with caerulein penetrates into the cytosol of acinar cells within 10 min. Strong cytoplasmic fluorescence occurs within 5 min after direct injection. It may be concluded that supramaximal caerulein, administered in vivo, damages the cell membrane of acinar cells, allowing large molecules to enter the cytosol. Thus Ca(2+) and other substances may enter the cells in abnormally high concentrations, initiating the cellular changes characteristic of pancreatitis. The results raise the question whether membrane wounding may play a role in the initiation of human pancreatitis. PMID- 14767494 TI - Hydralazine as antihypertensive therapy in obesity-related hypertension. AB - OBJECTIVE: The objectives were two-fold: (1) determine whether the use of hydralazine as antihypertensive therapy during obesity development exacerbated obesity-related cardioacceleration and hormonal abnormalities; (2) determine whether the absence of hypertension in obesity attenuated obesity-related abnormalities in hemodynamics, cardiac hypertrophy, and hormonal profile. DESIGN: Female New Zealand White rabbits were divided into lean control (n=12), lean hydralazine-treated (n=9), obese control (n=11), and obese hydralazine-treated (n=8) groups. Pretreatment mean blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were determined using telemetry. Pretreatment BP was maintained during 12 weeks of obesity development using hydralazine. MEASUREMENTS: Chronically measured BP and HR; plasma/blood volume; wet and dry ventricular weights; body fat/water; and hormonal profile (plasma renin activity, aldosterone, cortisol, atrial natriuretic peptide, adrenaline, and noradrenaline). RESULTS: Hydralazine treatment in obese animals attenuated obesity-related renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation. In contrast, RAS was activated in lean hydralazine, as indicated by increased plasma aldosterone. The absence of hypertension in obese hydralazine did not result in attenuation of cardioacceleration, cardiac hypertrophy, or intravascular volumes. CONCLUSIONS: Hydralazine treatment in obese rabbits did not exacerbate obesity-related cardiovascular and hormonal alterations. Cardioacceleration and cardiac hypertrophy persisted in obese hydralazine despite BP control, suggesting hypertension-independent effects of obesity on these variables. Hydralazine's effects on RAS activation differed in lean and obese rabbits, suggesting that the systemic effects of hydralazine as a control therapy in evaluation of antihypertensive medications may differ depending on the underlying pathology. PMID- 14767497 TI - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation restores IGF-I production and linear growth in a gamma-SCID patient with abnormal growth hormone receptor signaling. AB - Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a severe defect of both T- and B-cell immunity, which generally require allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) within the first years of life. We previously reported a patient affected with an X-linked SCID due to L183S hemizygous missense gamma chain mutation, whose severe short stature was due to a peripheral growth hormone (GH) hyporesponsiveness associated to abnormal GH receptor (GH-R) signal transduction. In this study, we report the effect of BMT on the GH-R/insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis. After BMT, the patient showed a significant improvement in linear growth and normalization of basal- and GH-stimulated IGF-I values, which paralleled a fully competent immunological reconstitution. This suggests that cells derived from the hematopoietic stem cell may exert an unexpectedly significant role in producing IGF-I. This may also suggest that stem cell-based therapies may be useful for the correction of non hematopoietic inherited disorders, such as those of GH-R/IGF-I axis. PMID- 14767498 TI - Activity of single-agent melphalan 220-300 mg/m2 with amifostine cytoprotection and autologous hematopoietic stem cell support in non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma. AB - High-dose chemotherapy using melphalan (HDMEL) is an important component of many conditioning regimens that are given before autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). In contrast to the situation in myeloma, and to a lesser degree acute leukemia, only a very limited published experience exists with the use of HDMEL conditioning as a single agent in doses requiring AHSCT for lymphoma, both Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and especially non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Thus, we report results of treating 26 lymphoma patients (22 with NHL and four with HL) with HDMEL 220-300 mg/m(2) plus amifostine (AF) cytoprotection and AHSCT as part of a phase I-II trial. Median age was 51 years (range 24-62 years); NHL histology was varied, but was aggressive (including transformed from indolent) in 19 patients, indolent in two patients and mantle cell in one. All 26 patients had been extensively treated; 11 were refractory to the immediate prior therapy on protocol entry and two had undergone prior AHSCT. All were deemed ineligible for other, 'first-line' AHSCT regimens. Of these 26 patients, 22 survived to initial tumor evaluation on D +100. At this time, 13 were in complete remission, including four patients who were in second CR before HDMEL+AF+AHSCT. Responses occurred at all HDMEL doses. Currently, seven patients are alive, including five without progression, with a median follow-up in these latter patients of D +1163 (range D +824 to D +1630); one of these patients had a nonmyeloablative allograft as consolidation on D +106. Conversely, 14 patients relapsed or progressed, including five who had previously achieved CR with the AHSCT procedure. Two patients, both with HL, remain alive after progression; one is in CR following salvage radiotherapy. Six patients died due to nonrelapse causes, including two NHL patients who died while in CR. We conclude that HDMEL+AF+AHSCT has significant single-agent activity in relapsed or refractory NHL and HL. This experience may be used as a starting point for subsequent dose escalation of HDMEL (probably with AF) in established combination regimens. PMID- 14767499 TI - Dialysis-dependent renal failure in patients with myeloma can be reversed by high dose myeloablative therapy and autotransplant. AB - To evaluate the role of high-dose melphalan and autologous transplant (AT) in reversing dialysis-dependent renal failure, 59 patients still on dialysis at the time of AT were analyzed. A total of 37 patients had been on dialysis < or =6 months. A 5-year event-free and overall survival rate of all patients after AT was 24 and 36%, respectively. Of 54 patients evaluable for renal function improvement, 13 (24%) became dialysis independent at a median of 4 months after AT (range: 1-16). Dialysis duration < or =6 months prior to first AT and pre transplant creatinine clearance >10 ml/min were significant for renal function recovery: 12 of 36 (33%) < or =6 months vs one of 18 patients (6%) >6 months on dialysis recovered renal function; 10 of 26 (38%) with >10 ml/min vs three of 28 (11%) with < or =10 ml/min of creatinine clearance (both P<0.05). Quality of response after autotransplant was also significant: 12 of 31 (39%) being greater than partial remission after AT vs one of 21 patients (5%) attaining partial remission or less became independent of dialysis (P<0.05). Our data suggest that significant renal failure can be reversible and AT should be considered early in the disease course. PMID- 14767500 TI - Cytomegalovirus-specific immune recovery following allogeneic HLA-identical sibling transplantation with reduced-intensity preparative regimen. AB - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) represents a major cause of morbidity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Using interferon-gamma-enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and HLA-peptide tetramers, we analysed 54 patients who received a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen, including fludarabine, busulphan and antithymocyte globulin (ATG), with the aim of defining essential elements of protective immunity to CMV. The cumulative incidence of CMV positive antigenaemia was 37% occurring at a median of 43 days (range, 7-104) after allo-SCT. In univariate analysis, conditioning regimen (ATG dose) and graft characteristics (graft source and CD3+ T-cell dose) significantly influenced CMV-specific immune recovery. A significant correlation (P=0.000002) was found between CMV-specific T cells detected by IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay and pp65-specific CD8+ T-cell frequency quantified by tetramers. CMV-specific CD8+ T cells presented a phenotype of effector cells (perforin and 2B4 positive). In multivariate analysis, bone marrow (BM) as a graft source was the only variable associated with an increased risk of CMV positive antigenaemia (P=0.0001) in line with the ELISPOT assay showing a higher frequency of functional CMV-specific effectors within peripheral blood stem cell grafts as compared to BM. Thus, early monitoring of CMV-specific immune recovery using sensitive new tools might prove useful for patient management after allo-SCT. PMID- 14767502 TI - Current progress in the asymmetric aldol addition reaction. AB - Control of stereochemistry during aldol addition reactions has attracted considerable interest over the years as the aldol reaction is one of the most fundamental tools for the construction of new carbon-carbon bonds. Several strategies have been implemented whereby eventually any single possible stereoisomeric aldol product can be accessed by choosing the appropriate procedure. With earlier methods, stoichiometric quantities of chiral reagents were required for efficient asymmetric induction, with the auxiliary most often attached covalently to the substrate carbonyl. Lewis acid catalyzed addition reactions of silyl enolates to aldehydes (Mukaiyama reaction) later opened the way for catalytic asymmetric induction. In the last few years, both chiral metal complexes and small chiral organic molecules have been found to catalyse the direct aldol addition of unmodified ketones to aldehydes with relatively high chemical and stereochemical efficiency. These techniques along with the more recent developments in the area are discussed in this tutorial review. PMID- 14767501 TI - Hydroxyurea treatment for sickle cell disease: impact on haematopoietic stem cell transplantation's outcome. AB - Since 1988, 24 children have undergone haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for severe sickle cell disease (SCD) in our unit, 13 being grafted after having been exposed to hydroxyurea (HU) to control SCD-related complications. Different pre-transplant conditioning regimens were given over time: Bu14/Cy200 in six patients (group 1), Bu16/Cy200/antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in five (group 2) and Bu16/Cy200/ATG with HU prior to HSCT in 13 (group 3). The aim of this study is to compare the outcome after HSCT of these groups of patients, which differ according to pre-transplant drug exposure. Overall, 20 of the 24 transplanted children had stable engraftment and have remained free of SCD related symptoms after HSCT; 19 of them are currently alive and cured of SCD. In group 1 (HU-, ATG-), we observed one unexplainable late death, one absent engraftment, one late rejection and one mixed stable chimerism. In group 2 (HU-, ATG+), we observed the absence of engraftment in two patients and one early rejection. In group 3 (HU+, ATG+), we observed no cases of either absent engraftment, mixed stable chimerism or late rejection. In our experience, pre transplant treatment with HU seems to be associated with a lower incidence of rejection/absent engraftment in severe SCD patients. These results need to be confirmed with a larger number of patients. PMID- 14767503 TI - Design of chiral dimesogens containing cholesteryl groups; formation of new molecular organizations and their application to molecular photonics. AB - Photoresponsive liquid crystals and organogels are finding increasing application in information technology and photonics. In this tutorial review, the authors describe how weak intermolecular interactions facilitate molecular organization of cholesterol-containing dimesogens to form such materials. Design considerations and photoresponsive properties of both organogels and glassy liquid crystals are discussed and their applications to molecular photonics highlighted. The review will be of value to readers interested in the development of new materials which respond to the different properties of light. PMID- 14767504 TI - Recent progresses on diarylethene based photochromic switches. AB - Organic photochromic materials have received considerable attention because of their potential for photonic applications, especially for fast and high density data storage. In 2000, Chemical Reviews published a special issue on photochromic materials including a review about the properties and applications of diarylethene photochromic compounds. Since then much impressive progress has been made in this area. Various new diarylethene derivatives have been prepared and examined. The tutorial review presented herein describes developments in diarylethene-based molecular switches made in the last three years. In addition, the synthetic aspects of diarylethene photochromic compounds, which are important issues and neglected in most previous reviews, have been included. PMID- 14767505 TI - Theoretical insights in enzyme catalysis. AB - In this tutorial review we show how the methods and techniques of computational chemistry have been applied to the understanding of the physical basis of the rate enhancement of chemical reactions by enzymes. This is to answer the question: Why is the activation free energy in enzyme catalysed reactions smaller than the activation free energy observed in solution? Two important points of view are presented: Transition State (TS) theories and Michaelis Complex (MC) theories. After reviewing some of the most popular computational methods employed, we analyse two particular enzymatic reactions: the conversion of chorismate to prephenate catalysed by Bacillus subtilis chorismate mutase, and a methyl transfer from S-adenosylmethionine to catecholate catalysed by catechol O methyltransferase. The results and conclusions obtained by different authors on these two systems, supporting either TS stabilisation or substrate preorganization, are presented and compared. Finally we try to give a unified view, where a preorganized enzyme active site, prepared to stabilise the TS, also favours those reactive conformations geometrically closer to the TS. PMID- 14767506 TI - Heterogeneous enantioselective catalysts: strategies for the immobilisation of homogeneous catalysts. AB - Enantioselective formation of C-H, C-C, C-O and C-N bonds has been extensively studied using homogeneous asymmetric catalysts for many years. However, these catalysts have yet to make a significant impact in the industrial synthesis of fine chemicals. A central reason is that homogeneous asymmetric catalyst design requires relatively bulky ligands and catalyst re-use through recovery and recycle often causes problems. One mechanism to overcome this problem is to immobilise the asymmetric catalyst onto a support and the resulting heterogeneous asymmetric catalyst can, in principle, be readily re-used. This tutorial review covers the different methodologies for immobilisation, including: adsorption, encapsulation, tethering using a covalent bond and electrostatic interaction and is aimed at both researchers new to the field and those with a wider interest in the immobilisation of homogeneous catalysts. Most importantly, recent studies will be highlighted that demonstrate that immobilised catalysts can give higher enantioselection when compared with their non-immobilised counterparts and the question of how high enantioselection can be achieved is addressed. PMID- 14767507 TI - Matrix infrared spectra and density functional calculations of transition metal hydrides and dihydrogen complexes. AB - Metal hydrides are of considerable importance in chemical synthesis as intermediates in catalytic hydrogenation reactions. Transition metal atoms react with dihydrogen to produce metal dihydrides or dihydrogen complexes and these may be trapped in solid matrix samples for infrared spectroscopic study. The MH(2) or M(H(2)) molecules so formed react further to form higher MH(4), (H(2))MH(2), or M(H(2))(2), and MH(6), (H(2))(2)MH(2), or M(H(2))(3) hydrides or complexes depending on the metal. In this critical review these transition metal and dihydrogen reaction products are surveyed for Groups 3 though 12 and the contrasting behaviour in Groups 6 and 10 is discussed. Minimum energy structures and vibrational frequencies predicted by Density Functional Theory agree with the experimental results, strongly supporting the identification of novel binary transition metal hydride species, which the matrix-isolation method is well suited to investigate. 104 references are cited. PMID- 14767508 TI - Recent clinical trials using cisplatin, carboplatin and their combination chemotherapy drugs (review). AB - Cisplatin continues to play a central role in cancer chemotherapy in spite of its toxicity. It is used as first-line chemotherapy against epithelial malignancies of lung, ovarian, bladder, testicular, head and neck, esophageal, gastric, colon and pancreatic but also as second- and third-line treatment against a number of metastatic malignancies including cancers of the breast, melanoma, prostate, mesothelioma, leiomyosarcomas, malignant gliomas and others. Cisplatin has become the gold standard treatment against cervical cancer in combination with radiotherapy. This review summarizes the state of the art on clinical trials published mainly in 2002 using cisplatin and carboplatin in their combinations with other anticancer drugs. For most advanced cancers the response rate to chemotherapy is about 50% in first-line treatments and about 15% in second- or third-line treatments; for example response rates of 25-50% have been observed for chemonaive patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with cisplatin or carboplatin in combination with gemcitabine or taxanes and in exceptional cases these rates are up to 80% with addition of radiotherapy. Response rates are very discouraging in second- or third-line chemotherapy treatments (7-25%). Despite an increase in response rate from the use of modern day chemotherapy drugs, no major difference in long-term survival has been achieved. It is a high priority to invent novel approaches for cancer treatment. It is hoped that a fraction of the numerous experimental drugs will show virtues in the anticancer arena especially combined with existing treatment regimens. Efforts should focus on diminution of side effects improving the quality of life of the patient. A preferential tumor targeting of chemotherapy treatments would bring a revolution in molecular medicine and would greatly advance cancer therapy in the upcoming years. PMID- 14767509 TI - H-ras mutation is an additional event of sarcomatous transformation in aerodigestive spindle cell carcinoma. AB - The conversion from a carcinomatous component to a sarcomatous one in spindle cell carcinoma (SPCC) of the upper aerodigestive tract is thought to occur via a series of molecular alterations; however the detailed mechanism is still unknown. We examined mutations at the H-ras and p53 genes in 16 SPCCs of upper aerodigestive tracts using PCR-RFLP, PCR-SSCP and direct sequencing analysis. The two distinct components, sarcomatous and carcinomatous components in SPCC, were analyzed independently. p53 mutations were detected in both components of SPCC (50.0%, 8/16), and those in the sarcomatous component were completely in accordance with those in the carcinomatous one. In contrast, H-ras mutations were detected only in the sarcomatous component (12.5%, 2/16), and not in the carcinomatous one (0%, 0/16). There was a statistically significant difference in prognosis between the patients with the H-ras mutation (n=2) and those without (n=14); the former had poorer prognosis (P=0.0049). Our results seem to suggest that the H-ras mutation is a relatively uncommon event in SPCC; however, the presence of H-ras mutations may be associated with a more malignant potential in SPCC, while actually occurring during the sarcomatous change itself. PMID- 14767510 TI - Expression of EphA2 and E-cadherin in colorectal cancer: correlation with cancer metastasis. AB - Recently, overexpression of EphA2, a member of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases, has been reported in several cancers. Reduced expression of E cadherin, an intercellular adhesion molecule of epithelial cells, has been reported to be associated with aggressive clinicopathological phenotypes in various cancers. In epithelial cells, EphA2 and E-cadherin co-localize to sites of cell-cell contact, and it has been shown that E-cadherin regulates EphA2. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the expression of the EphA2 and E cadherin proteins and clinicopathological characteristics, with reference to the expression levels of both EphA2 and E-cadherin, in patients with colorectal cancer. We performed immunohistochemical staining of EphA2 and E-cadherin with EphA2 and E-cadherin monoclonal antibodies in samples from 194 primary lesions of colorectal cancer. The expression level of EphA2 had a statistically significant relationship with liver metastasis, lymphatic vessel invasion and clinical stage (p=0.0477, 0.0316 and 0.0467, respectively). In addition, the positivity rate of EphA2 was significantly higher in primary lesions with lymph node metastasis than in those without metastasis (p=0.0014). However, the expression level of E cadherin had an inverse relationship with both differentiation level of the tumor and lymphatic vessel invasion (p=0.0430 and 0.0320, respectively). Furthermore, a significant relationship between the expression of EphA2 and E-cadherin was observed. In conclusion, our study revealed that the overexpression of EphA2 protein in colorectal carcinoma tissue correlates closely with cancer progression and hematogenous and lymphogenous metastasis, suggesting that both EphA2 and E cadherin may play an important role in tumor metastasis in colorectal cancer. PMID- 14767511 TI - In vitro targeted killing of human endothelial cells by co-incubation of human serum and NGR peptide conjugated human albumin protein bearing alpha (1-3) galactose epitopes. AB - The NGR/alpha1,3Gal-HSA peptide was designed to specifically target CD13 positive cells and induce cell lysis. NGR is the targeting component of the peptide in that it binds the CD13 isoform (aminopeptidase) that is expressed in tumor vessels. Galactose alpha1,3-galactose terminal carbohydrate epitope (alpha1,3Gal) induces a strong antibody reaction in human and Old World Monkeys and in vivo, this reaction leads to organ rejection. The human serum albumin (HSA) bearing alpha1,3Gal epitope was therefore used to lyse cells. In the present study, we were able to demonstrate that NGR/alpha1,3Gal-HSA binds CD13 positive human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We also found by live/dead fluorescent staining that NGR/alpha1,3Gal-HSA was able to induce lysis of HUVECs upon incubation with human serum. Therefore, by conjugating NGR to HSA bearing alpha1,3Gal epitopes, we are able to specifically target and lyse cells expressing CD13. This strategy may be potentially useful in tumor anti angiogenesis therapy. PMID- 14767512 TI - Loss of estrogen receptor-alpha expression is associated with hypermethylation near its ATG start codon in gastric cancer cell lines. AB - The proportion of gastric cancers positive for estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha expression is reported to be between 0-67%, depending upon the study. The role of ER-alpha in gastric carcinogenesis is unclear. The ER-alpha gene is located at chromosome 6q25.1, and the long arm of chromosome 6 has been known as a site with frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in gastric cancer. ER expression is linked to suppression of cell proliferation in vitro. Epigenetic inactivation might explain the loss of ER-alpha gene expression in gastric cancer. Given there is no information available regarding the methylation status of the ER-alpha gene promoter region in gastric cancer, we investigated such methylation in 13 gastric cancer cell lines. Western blot analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR) and bisulfite sequencing analyses were used. ER-alpha protein was not detected in any cell line, although ER-alpha mRNA was detected in 1 of 13 gastric cancer cell lines. MS-PCR and bisulfite sequencing showed all 13 gastric cancer cell lines had methylated CpG regions in their ER-alpha gene promoters. In conclusion, inactivation of ER-alpha gene expression in gastric cancer cell lines appears associated with CpG island methylation near the TGA initiation codon of the ER-alpha gene. PMID- 14767513 TI - Significance of postoperative adjuvant immunochemotherapy after curative resection of colorectal cancers: identification of responders incorporating the age factor. AB - To identify responders when protein-bound polysaccharide (PSK) is used in adjuvant immunochemotherapy after curative resection of colorectal cancers, we examined the host and tumor factors that affect the prognosis incorporating the age factor. A total of 101 patients who had undergone macroscopic curative resection of colorectal cancer were treated with mitomycin C + fluoropyrimidine oral antineoplastics + PSK (MFP therapy) for two years in principle. These cases were divided into two age groups of <65 years [n=55; 54.8 +/- 8.3 years (mean +/- SD)] and > or =65 years (n=46; 69.1 +/- 3.3 years). Host factors including humoral factors (complement C3 and C4), immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP), lymphocyte transformation (cellular factors) induced by various mitogens [phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and PSK], and tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9) were measured. The cases were divided by the cut-off value of each parameter into > or = cut-off value and < cut-off value groups, and the 5-year survival rates were compared. The cut-off values obtained for these parameters and the tumor factor (Dukes class) were subjected to multivariate analysis to identify the markers that affect prognosis. The 5-year mortality rate was 74.5% in the <65 age group and 56.8% in the > or =65 age group, with a tendency of better prognosis in the <65 age group (p=0.1109). Compared to the <65 age group, the > or =65 age group showed higher levels of C3 (2-way ANOVA: p=0.0582), C4 (p=0.0009) and IAP (p=0.0110) over time, but lower PSK-induced stimulation index (SI) as an indicator of cellular immunity) (p=0.0001) and PHA-induced SI (p=0.2650) over time. These results indicated that compared to patients aged <65 years, patients aged > or =65 years were characterized by lowered cellular immunity in addition to augmented complement production and an aggravated immunosuppressive state, suggesting the presence of some differences in host immune function with aging. Using the Cox proportional hazard model, the prognostic determinant was found to be Dukes C in the <65 age group, and CEA level in the > or =65 age group. The present results suggested that analysis of prognostic determinants of this therapy should take into account the age factor. Especially in elderly subjects, responders to PSK may be identified using the preoperative CEA value. PMID- 14767514 TI - Combination of alpha-fetoprotein mRNA-based detection of hematogenously disseminating hepatocellular carcinoma cells and analysis of cancer cell membrane fluidity is more accurate in screening patients at risk of postoperative recurrence. AB - We developed an mRNA-based, highly specific and sensitive method to detect hepatocellular carcinoma cells present in blood. However, the reason for some patients being positive for blood analysis and negative for recurrence has yet to be found. We recently established a method to measure membrane fluidity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and used it to analyze the actual membrane fluidity of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. We found that patients with carcinoma cells with lower membrane fluidity less frequently developed recurrence. The analysis of both membrane fluidity and alpha-fetoprotein mRNA thus greatly increased the accuracy of the prediction of postoperative recurrence. PMID- 14767515 TI - Chemotherapeutic potential of plant alkaloids and multidrug resistance mechanisms in malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the heart. AB - Primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of the heart is a rare and highly malignant soft tissue tumor, which is largely resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, we analyzed growth inhibitory effects of different chemotherapeutic agents and mechanisms of drug resistance in the recently established cell line MFH-H derived from a human primary cardiac MFH. The growth inhibitory effects of etoposide, vincristine, and paclitaxel were tested using the MTT assay. The expression and function of multidrug resistance related proteins, i.e. the P-glycoprotein, the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and the lung resistance-related protein (LRP) were determined by FACScan and functional assays of cellular drug efflux. The concentration required for a 50% inhibition of growth (IC50) was 0.001 microM for etoposide and 0.035 microM for vincristine. Paclitaxel dissolved in Cremophor EL/ethanol inhibited the cell growth of MFH-H cells more intensively (IC50: 0.27 microM) than paclitaxel dissolved in DMSO (IC50: 11.09 microM) suggesting that Cremophor EL is contributing to the inhibitory effects of paclitaxel. The response of MFH-H to etoposide, vincristine and paclitaxel/Taxol could not be predicted by the expression and function of P-glycoprotein, MRP and LRP. This study demonstrates that etoposide and to a lesser extent vincristine can effectively inhibit the growth of MFH-H cells, irrespective of the multidrug resistance phenotype. MFH-H cells are relatively insensitive to paclitaxel dissolved in DMSO, in contrast to paclitaxel dissolved in Cremophor EL/ethanol indicating that the diluent Cremophor contributes to the antiproliferative effects of the taxane paclitaxel. PMID- 14767516 TI - The multistage process of carcinogenesis in human esophageal epithelial cells induced by human papillomavirus. AB - To investigate the multistage process of carcinogenesis, the progressive alteration of the morphology, telomerase, cytogenesis, oncogenes and tumorigenicity in the process of immortalization and malignant transformation of the human fetal esophageal epithelial cell (SHEE) was studied. The SHEE cells were immortalized by gene E6E7 of human papilloma virus (HPV) type 18 in our laboratory and continually cultivated over 100 passages, which had been malignantly transformed. Cells at the 11th, 35th, 65th and 100th passage were examined according to the following criteria: morphological changes of cell growth, contact-inhibition and anchorage-independent growth (AIG); the cell proliferative and apoptotic index; the modal number of chromosomes; c-myc, p53, bcl-2, ras; telomere length and activities of telomerase and tumorigenicity in nude mice or severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The cells of the 11th passage were well differentiated and the cells of 100th passage were relatively poorly differentiated with polymorphism, while the cells of 35th and 65th had two distinct differentiations. The proliferative indexes were 21.1%, 32.5%, 33.2%, and 40.9% and the apoptotic indexes were 3.3%, 2.7%, 3.5%, 2.7% in the 11th, 35th, 65th and 100th passage respectively. Karyotypes of four cell passages belonged to hyperdiploidy and hypotriploidy. C-myc, ras, p53 genes were low in the 10th and 35th, and high in the 65th and 100th passage, but bcl-2 was low in 4 passages. Telomere length sharply decreased from normal fetal esophagus cells until the 35th passage, but it was stably expressed in the 65th and 100th passage. The activities of telomerase were expressed in cells of the 35th, 65th and 100th passages. The efficiency of AIG varied in different passages of the SHEE cell and was absent in the 11th passage, low efficiency in the 35th passage and 65th passage, and high efficiency in the 100th passage. Transplanted cells of the 65th and 100th passage into SCID mice resulted in tumor formation, but only the 100th passage cells could grow in nude mice. All of these characteristic changes were in dynamic progressive process. These data demonstrate that carcinogenesis of esophageal epithelial cells induced by HPV is the multistage process, which goes through the initial, immortal, premalignant and malignant transformation stages. The generation of esophageal carcinoma is caused by the accumulation of cellular, genetic and molecular changes. PMID- 14767517 TI - PPP2R1B gene alterations inhibit interaction of PP2A-Abeta and PP2A-C proteins in colorectal cancers. AB - The chromosome region 11q is frequently deleted in colorectal cancers. The PPP2R1B tumor suppressor gene, encoding the beta isoform of the A subunit of serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A-Abeta), located at 11q22 23, is inactivated in patients with cancer. The present study investigated whether or not PP2A-Abeta is altered in colorectal cancers. We searched for alterations of the PPP2R1B gene and interactions between PP2A-Abeta and PP2A-C proteins in 50 surgically resected colorectal cancer tissues. Missense mutations and homozygous deletions of the PPP2R1B gene were found in 4 of 50 patients (8%) and in 1 of 50 patients, respectively, with colorectal cancers. Deletions and/or point mutations within 412-601 amino acid sequences (binding regions of PP2A-C protein) of the PPP2R1B gene derived from colorectal cancer tissues inhibited co immunoprecipitation of PP2A-Abeta and PP2A-C proteins. These finding suggested that the PPP2R1B gene functions as a tumor suppressor gene and acts as a molecular switch that becomes active in response to specific up-stream signals. Upon activation, the gene alters the activities of specific downstream target proteins for the cell cycle regulations and/or metabolism in some colorectal cancers. PMID- 14767518 TI - Reduced expression of death-associated protein kinase in human uterine and ovarian carcinoma cells. AB - The expression of the death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) protein and promoter methylation in 11 human uterine and ovarian carcinoma cell lines originally established from histopathologically-different carcinoma tissues were examined to investigate the relationship between DAPK and carcinogenesis in female reproductive tissues. The 11 cell lines included three cervical carcinomas, three endometrial carcinomas and five ovarian carcinomas. Western blot analysis showed no detectable expression of DAPK protein in 4 cell lines (ME180, HOKUG, MCAS and OVK-18) while moderate levels of DAPK protein were readily detected in normal human endometrium, and normal murine uterus and ovary. Methylation-specific PCR of the 11 cell lines revealed that 5 carcinoma cell lines (ME180, HOKUG, MCAS, OVK-18 and HEC-1) expressed hypermethylated promoters in the DAPK genes, while DAPK promoters in the other 6 carcinoma cell lines remained unmethylated. These results indicate that DAPK protein expression is reduced or silenced in some human uterine and ovarian carcinoma cells by methylation of the DAPK gene promoter region. Therefore, reduced DAPK expression and methylation of the DAPK promoter may be involved in carcinogenesis of human uterine and ovarian tissues. PMID- 14767519 TI - Growth-inhibitory signals by activin A do not affect anticancer drug-sensitivity and acquired multi-drug-resistance in human ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma OVK-18 cells. AB - Using the human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line, OVK-18, which is sensitive to activin A-mediated inhibition of growth and various anticancer drugs, we determined whether activin A altered the sensitivity of these cells to seven anticancer drugs. The relationship between the sensitivity to activin and the resistance to anticancer drugs was also investigated in OVK-18 parent cells and OVK-18-derived CDDP-resistant cells. Activin A inhibited proliferation of OVK-18 parent cells in a dose-dependent manner, although it did not affect the sensitivity of OVK-18 parent cells to the seven anticancer drugs, CDDP, CBDCA, adriamycin, paclitaxel, SN38, terarubicin and etoposide (VP16). Both the sensitivity to activin A-mediated inhibition of growth and the sensitivity to anticancer drug-induced apoptosis were reduced in CDDP-resistant cells, while their sensitivity to the seven anticancer drugs was not affected by activin A. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a significant reduction in type IIA activin receptor expression on the surface of CDDP-resistant cells. These results indicate that the activin A-induced intracellular signals inhibiting cell growth are independent of the inhibition caused by the seven anticancer drugs, and suggest that the reduced sensitivity of CDDP-resistant cells to activin A is derived in part from reduced activin receptor expression and not acquired drug resistance. PMID- 14767520 TI - An increase in the percentage of HLA-DR-positive peripheral leukocytes predicts a poor prognosis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. AB - Immunologic factors that predict survival in patients with lung cancer have not been established. We examined the relationship between the percentage of HLA-DR positive peripheral leukocytes [HLA-DR+ (%)] and survival of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Before initiating therapy, peripheral blood was taken from 105 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. HLA-DR positivity was determined by flow cytometry. Patients were divided into 2 groups; a high and a low percentage group. The significance of the intergroup difference in the Kaplan-Meier survival curves was determined by the log rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. The average HLA-DR+ (%) was 25.9 +/- 10.6% (mean +/- SD). Survival in the high percentage group (HLA-DR+ (%) > or =25.9%, n=44) was much worse than that in the low percentage group (HLA-DR+ (%) <25.9%, n=61; p=0.0002). The 5-year survival rate in the high percentage group was only 7.4%, while that in the low group was 54.3%. Multivariate analysis identified a significant association between survival and lymph node metastasis (p=0.0028) and HLA-DR+ (%) (p=0.0004). Survival of patients with stages I, II, and IIIA was worse in the high percentage group (n=32) than that in the low percentage group (n=43; p<0.0001). However, survival of patients with more advanced disease, stages IIIB and IV, was similar in the high percentage (n=12) and low percentage groups (n=18; p=0.7610). The peripheral HLA-DR+ (%) predicts survival of patients with resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. PMID- 14767521 TI - Different transcriptional expression of KIAA1324 and its splicing variants in human carcinoma cell lines with different metastatic capacity. AB - To identify new genes involved in metastasis, we compared the cDNA patterns of the high-metastatic MCF-7 and non-metastatic Hbl100 breast tumor cell lines by subtractive hybridization and verified the results by real-time RT-PCR in various carcinoma cell lines. One of the differentially expressed genes is KIAA1324, which is overexpressed in some high-metastatic breast and lung cancer cell lines. We have found two new splice variants of KIAA1324 mRNA in non-metastatic carcinoma cell lines and normal epithelial cells that predict the existence of truncated proteins. In summary, KIAA1324 could be involved in tumor progression and metastasis either by its expression level or through variable expression of alternative splice products. PMID- 14767522 TI - Anti-angiogenic efficacy of grape seed extract in endothelial cells. AB - The present study is focused on the investigation of in vitro angiogenic potential of grape seed extract (GSE). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in culture were used to assess the effect of GSE on proliferation, survival, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) secretion and capillary tube formation. Our data show that GSE significantly inhibited cell growth (< or =91%, P<0.001) and cell viability (< or =64%, P<0.005) of HUVEC. Further studies by BrdU incorporation and annexin V staining showed that GSE strongly inhibits DNA synthesis (< or =76%, P<0.001) and induces apoptotic cell death (< or =42.8% versus control 2.6%, P<0.05) in HUVEC, respectively. Similar GSE treatment decreased secreted levels of MMP-2 from HUVEC. GSE also inhibited capillary tube formation on Matrigel by endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that GSE possesses an anti-angiogenic potential, which is associated with its antiproliferative, proapoptotic and inhibition of MMP-2 secretion in endothelial cells. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the in vivo anti-angiogenic efficacy of GSE for its possible usefulness in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. PMID- 14767523 TI - Distinction of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions from high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions based on quantitative analysis of proliferative activity. AB - The management of cervical dysplasia is determined by the grade of SIL (LSIL, conservative management; HSIL, ablative/excisional therapy). The grading, however, is subjective and its reproducibility is low. This study evaluates if quantitative differences in mitotic activity and MIB-1 expression (ME) in LSIL and HSIL are helpful in their discrimination. Twenty-seven cervical biopsies with LSIL and 16 with HSIL were immunostained for MIB-1. ME was evaluated in 100 contiguous cells of lesional squamous epithelium in basal layer, lower-third, middle-third, and upper-third, in areas with highest staining. Mitoses were counted in 10 contiguous high power fields in areas with the highest mitotic activity (mitotic index, MI). MI was significantly increased in HSIL (mean 27.5) as compared to LSIL (mean 14.3). MI at cut-off values < or =10 and > or =25, favored a diagnosis of LSIL, and HSIL, respectively. ME, in all four layers, was significantly greater in HSIL vs. LSIL. ME in the basal and the upper-third layer proved useful in grading SIL with equivocal MI: all LSIL cases with MI >10 had <30% of ME in the basal layer; and all, except one, had <30% of ME in the upper third; all, except one HSIL cases with MI <25 had >30% of ME in either the basal or the upper-third layer. MI and ME (percentage) appear helpful in grading equivocal SIL cases. PMID- 14767524 TI - Combining flavopiridol with various signal transduction inhibitors. AB - Treatment of human tumors with a combination of chemotherapeutic agents results in improved response as well as the ability to use less toxic concentrations of the drugs. Recent phase I clinical trials with the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, flavopiridol, have shown some promise in the treatment of a variety of human tumors. Because of the severe toxicity, however, the use of less toxic doses in combination with other antiproliferative agents would be desirable. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of combining flavopiridol with several signal transduction inhibitors: the SC236 COX-2 inhibitor, a PKC kinase inhibitor and LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor in a control vector transfected MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line (MCF/neo) and a HER-2/neu transfected MCF-7 cell line (MCF/18). Enhanced (better than that seen with either agent alone but not additive) growth inhibition was observed in both cell lines with the combination of flavopiridol and the PKC kinase inhibitor. The combination of flavopiridol and the SC236 COX-2 inhibitor resulted in an enhanced effect in the MCF/18 cell line and a synergistic effect in the MCF/neo cells. The combination of flavopiridol and LY294002 resulted in a synergistic effect in the MCF/18 cell line and an additive effect in the MCF/neo cells. These data suggest that combinations of flavopiridol and signal transduction inhibitors warrant further studies as treatments for breast tumors, and that HER-2/neu expression may influence the choice of inhibitor to combine with flavopiridol. PMID- 14767526 TI - Correlation among loss of heterozygosity, promoter methylation and protein expression of MLH1 in larynx cancer. AB - Extensive molecular studies in development of the squamous cell carcinoma of larynx (SCCL) indicated the involvement of a variety of genes including the MLH1. To search for possible mechanism leading to MLH1 silencing in SCCL we studied LOH and promoter methylation in a homogeneous set of 62 larynx cancers. Then we evaluated immunohistochemically the MLH1 expression for 51 tumor specimens. Further, the results were correlated with microsatellite instability and subsequently with the clinical course of the disease. LOH at the MLH1 locus and aberrant methylation of its promoter were found in 47.9 and in 22.6% of tumors, respectively. A decreased expression was observed in 27.5% of the cases. MSI analysis of tumor DNA showed a microsatellite stable phenotype in 59 cases (95.2%). From our study it can be concluded that: i) molecular alterations of MLH1 play an important role in SSCL development, ii) both LOH and aberrant methylation contribute to the MLH1 inactivation in SCCL and are associated with a less advanced stage of differentiation of larynx tumors, iii) MLH1 inactivation does not lead to MSI in larynx cancer and MSI may not contribute to the development of SCCL. PMID- 14767525 TI - Determination of the in vivo effects of cladribine alone and its combination with cyclophosphamide or cyclophosphamide and mitoxantrone on Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression in B-CLL cells. AB - The present study investigated a correlation between expression of Bcl-2 family members, Bax and Bcl-2 (the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio values) in B-CLL cells in vivo and the response of these cells to chemotherapy. Western blot technique combined with videodensitometry was used for Bax and Bcl-2 determination in homogenate, nuclear and postnuclear fractions of mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood of B-CLL patients treated with cladribine alone (C), and in combination with cyclophosphamide (CC) or mitoxantrone and cyclophosphamide (CMC). The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio values were changed in B-CLL cells originated from blood samples of patients treated by the three therapy protocols, and was the most elevated in the case of CMC treatment. High degree of B-CLL cell apoptosis induction with cladribine combined with mitoxantrone and cyclophosphamide was confirmed by DNA fragmentation and an appearance of apoptotic morphology among leukemic cells from the blood of patients treated with this form of combined therapy. PMID- 14767527 TI - Hemoglobin levels during radiation therapy and their influence on local control and survival of patients with endometrial carcinoma. AB - Anemia is a common complication of cancer that has been associated with poor response to treatment and decreased survival in a number of malignancies. By chart review the effects of prognostic factors (e.g. age, body mass index, tumor stage) and hemoglobin levels, measured prior to and during adjuvant (724/996; 72.7%) and primary radiotherapy (185/996; 18.6%) in 996 endometrial cancer patients treated between 1986 and 1998 were investigated using Kaplan-Meier survival on disease-free and overall survival. Preoperative hemoglobin levels were of no prognostic value. Patients with normal hemoglobin had an improved survival during primary radiotherapy (p<0.05). Anemia and course of hemoglobin during adjuvant radiotherapy were significantly associated with poor survival in patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy (p=0.001). Cox regression analysis confirmed these findings for adjuvant treatment. Local recurrences were also less frequently observed in patients with normal hemoglobin levels (p=0.044). Hemoglobin levels prior to and during radiotherapy seem to be important with respect to treatment outcome for endometrial cancer. This finding supports the use of measures to maintain adequate hemoglobin levels (transfusions, erythropoietin) to improve local control and patient survival. PMID- 14767528 TI - In vitro antitumor potential of 4-BPRE, a butyryl aminophenyl ester of retinoic acid: role of the butyryl group. AB - Retinoic acid (RA) and sodium butyrate (NaB) have been implicated in the regulation of growth and differentiation in various cancer cells. To produce an agent with the properties of both RA and NaB, a butyryl aminophenyl ester of RA (4-BPRE) was synthesized. The agent was compared with an aminophenyl ester devoid of the butyryl group (4-APRE) for antitumor potential in vitro. Like RA, 4 hydroxyphenyl retinamide (4-HPR) and 4-APRE, 4-BPRE was an active ligand for all three subtypes of RAR, but not for RXR, as determined by transcription assays in COS-1 cells. In addition, regardless of the butyryl group, 4-BPRE actively suppressed c-Jun transcriptional activity, which may result in reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-2), and effectively inhibited HCT116 cell invasion into Matrigel. In these respects, 4-BPRE is similar to 4-APRE, and even to RA and 4-HPR. However, our results showed that in HCT116 colon and A549 lung cancer cells, 4-BPRE was much more cytotoxic than RA and 4-APRE, and was also more cytotoxic than 4-HPR, which is the most cytotoxic retinoid derivative under clinical investigation. Subsequent assays using DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, and FACS analysis suggested that the cytotoxic effect of 4-BPRE is mediated by apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Moreover, 4-BPRE inhibited histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity to some degree, although inhibition was less than that induced by the known HDAC inhibitors TSA and NaB. These results suggest that 4-BPRE could be a promising antitumor retinoid with both NaB activity and RA function. PMID- 14767529 TI - Quercetin-induced growth inhibition and cell death in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells are associated with increase in Bad and hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma expressions. AB - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a common cancer in South-East Asia, especially among people of Chinese origin. In this report, we investigate the effects of quercetin on the growth of wild-type and mutant p53 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines, HK1 and CNE2 respectively. The wild-type p53 HK1 was more susceptible to growth inhibition by quercetin than the mutant p53 CNE2. The ID50 values for HK1 and CNE2 were 35.0 and 54.5 microM respectively. Cell growth arrest was initiated by the up-regulation of retinoblastoma gene expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest in either the G2/M or G0/G1 phase at 14.8 and 52.1 microM quercetin respectively regardless of the p53 status. Flow cytometry experiments revealed that quercetin-induced apoptosis during the first 24 h followed by necrosis in both HK1 and CNE2. Western blot experiments confirmed that cytotoxic killing of HK1 and CNE2 by quercetin was mediated by the up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bad, caspase-3 and -7, resulting in cell death by apoptosis. Our study demonstrates that quercetin inhibits cell growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines HK1 and CNE2 by inhibiting cell cycle progression to S phase. Quercetin is also able to induce apoptosis and necrosis in these cells regardless of the p53 status. PMID- 14767530 TI - Suppression of prostate tumor cell growth in vivo by WT1, the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene. AB - The primary form of therapy for prostate cancer is androgen ablation resulting in apoptosis and expression of apoptotic genes (i.e. par-4). Prostate cancer cells that survive androgen ablation therapy express pro-survival genes (i.e. bcl-2) permitting these androgen independent (AI) cells to overcome apoptotic signals and proliferate in the absence of normal growth signals. To disrupt tumor growth and progression to AI, we expressed the tumor suppressor gene, WT1 in LNCaP prostate tumor cells. The WT1 transcription factor modulates expression and activity of several prostate growth control genes (i.e. par-4, bcl-2 and AR) in vitro. To provide insight into potential mechanisms of prostate cancer growth suppression both the transcriptionally active form of wild-type WT1 (D) and an inactive WT1 (D) R394W mutant form were stably transfected in LNCaP cells. Surprisingly both transfected lines underwent apoptosis and were growth suppressed in nude mice. A 3-fold reduction in overall tumor incidence and volume was associated with increased apoptosis, as evidenced by DNA fragmentation and par-4 expression, and was reduced or absent in early forming LNCaP tumors. After several months the indolent WT1-LNCaP cells became proliferative forming small tumors lacking par-4 protein. Although bcl-2 protein was present in all LNCaP tumors at this late-stage, it was detected in only a minority of WT1-LNCaP tumors, suggesting that pro-survival signals continued to be reduced in WT1 suppressed tumor cells. While the mechanisms of WT1-mediated growth suppression and apoptosis in LNCaP tumor cells are unknown, our results argue against simple transcriptional regulation since the mutant WT1 (D) R394W suppressed tumor formation similarly to wild-type WT1. This suggests that the mechanism of WT1 mediated growth suppression does not rely upon DNA binding at known WT1 recognition sites. PMID- 14767531 TI - Cathepsin D protein levels in colorectal tumors: divergent expression patterns suggest complex regulation and function. AB - Cathepsin D protein patterns were analyzed in 59 colorectal tumors by Western blotting, glycosylation and immunohistochemical assays. Measurement of protein content by laser densitometry of tumor/normal pairs on Western blots revealed loss of cathepsin D protein in more than 50% of colorectal tumors. Independent loading controls and statistical estimates of reproducibility on duplicate assays confirmed frequent decreases in cathepsin D. For cases having a tumor/normal ratio (T/N) <1, the average T/N was 0.50+/-0.19, equivalent to the loss of one cathepsin D allele. However, 2-fold increases in cathepsin D protein levels were also observed in approximately 1/3 of tumors, supporting the concept that colorectal cancers develop via divergent molecular pathways and that cathepsin D may function differently in different cancers. Although normal cathepsin D expression was detected in some earlier stage tumors, protein levels became increasingly bimodal with progression such that cathepsin D levels were increased in 1/3 but decreased in 2/3 of stage III and IV cancers. Other laboratories have reported both significant loss and gain of chromosome 11 (site of the cathepsin D gene) in different colorectal tumors, providing a possible mechanism for our observations on cathepsin D. However, differential regulation of cathepsin D expression by mutant versus wild-type p53 may also contribute to variable cathepsin D levels in colorectal cancers. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated a shift from a predominantly punctate distribution of cathepsin D protein in normal mucosa to a more diffuse cytoplasmic distribution in tumor tissues. Mutant forms of cathepsin D were not detected in tumors either as changes in electrophoretic mobility or altered glycosylation but minor changes in protein sequence could not be ruled out. Loss of cathepsin D protein may provide an advantage to colorectal tumors related to a loss of cathepsin D function in proapototic or antiangiogenic pathways while increased cathepsin D may promote cancer cell proliferation or invasion. PMID- 14767532 TI - Ectopeptidases are differentially expressed in hepatocellular carcinomas. AB - We investigated the expression pattern of neprilysin (CD10), aminopeptidase N (CD13) and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (CD143) in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), and their putative roles in hepatocarcinogenesis. Tissue samples were obtained from 31 patients with HCC. Tissue samples obtained from non-neoplastic liver, fetal livers and focal nodular hyperplasias (FNH) were used by comparison. Transcription and expression of CD10, CD13, and CD143 were studied by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation assays were performed with the C3A hepatoma cell line. The mRNA and protein of each of CD10, CD13 and CD143 were differentially expressed in HCCs. CD10 was decreased in HCCs as compared to non-neoplastic liver tissue, while CD13 and CD143 were mildly increased. In fetal liver and FNHs, the expression of CD10 was less intense than in the surrounding non-tumorous liver. The expression patterns of CD13 and CD143 in fetal livers and FNHs were similar to HCCs and were predominantly localized in bile canaliculi (CD13) and endothelial cells (CD143). CD10 and CD13 mRNAs were expressed by C3A cells and blocking either CD10 or CD13 ectopeptidase activity retarded cell growth significantly in vitro. We demonstrate that ectopeptidases are differentially expressed in HCCs and may have influence on tumor biology. Overall, expression of CD10 in non-neoplastic and neoplastic hepatocytes appears to correlate inversely with their state of proliferation or differentiation. CD13 shows a characteristic canalicular distribution pattern and may be important for cell polarization and bile compartmentalization in HCCs, while CD143 may influence angiogenesis. PMID- 14767533 TI - Pathway analysis of informative genes from microarray data reveals that metabolism and signal transduction genes distinguish different subtypes of lymphomas. AB - Recent clinicopathological studies identified a unique subgroup of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) that expresses CD5 on the cell surface. This 'de novo CD5+ DLBCL' comprises 10% of all DLBCL and has a poorer prognosis than CD5- DLBCL. Comparison of gene expression profiles between de novo CD5+ DLBCLs and CD5 DLBCLs shows that de novo CD5+ DLBCL expresses high levels of integrin beta1 in tumor cells and CD36 in the vascular cells. On the other hand, comparison between mantle cell lymphomas (MCLs) and DLBCLs expectedly identified cyclin D1 as a top feature gene. To gain insight into the molecular pathway differences among the three types of lymphoma, we evaluated the functional categories of groups of genes important for the discrimination among the three groups. We first selected 280 (from 2,142) genes, according to their individual discriminatory power. We then used the gene-shaving clustering algorithm and identified 22 clusters of genes. Of the 22 clusters, six were highly correlated with the class labels of the patients and the top three clusters accounted for the major difference among the three lymphoma subtypes. A multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis using the average genes from the top three clusters separated the three lymphoma subtypes quite well. The functions of the genes in the top three gene clusters showed a significant enrichment of metabolism and signal transduction. To further examine whether genes of particular functions reflect more faithfully the difference between the subtypes of lymphomas, we separated the 280 informative genes into six different functional groups and performed MDS analysis using each of the gene groups. Four of the gene-function groups (metabolism, signal transduction pathway, transcriptional factors, cell adhesion and migration), separated the three lymphoma subtypes well, whereas apoptosis genes and cell cycle genes did not result in good separation. PMID- 14767534 TI - Evidence that long-term COX-treatment improves energy homeostasis and body composition in cancer patients with progressive cachexia. AB - Cancer patients lose weight due to negative energy balance because of insufficient appetite and inappropriately high energy expenditure. Host and tumor derived cytokines and more recently eicosanoids have been held responsible as mediators. Accordingly, observations in animal experiments and short-term clinical trials in selected groups of cancer patients, have implied that cyclo oxygenase (COX) blockade can improve host metabolism and well-being, and long term COX-treatment of unselected groups have implied improved survival. The aim of this study was to search for evidence that long-term COX-treatment improves energy and cardiovascular homeostasis in unselected weight-losing cancer patients. A retrospective case control analysis was performed on a data-base material collected consecutively. Weight-losing untreated cancer patients had elevated resting energy expenditure compared to undernourished non-cancer patients (23.3+/-0.1, n=702 vs 20.9+/-0.3 kcal/kg/day, n=132, p<0.001). This difference became significantly reduced by long-term indomethacin treatment (p<0.003). Heart rate was correspondingly decreased, while systolic blood pressure increased following indomethacin treatment of cancer patients (p<0.006 0.008). Total body fat was more preserved (p<0.005), while lean body mass was uninfluenced by long-term indomethacin to cancer patients. All these beneficial effects were parallel to a decrease in systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate) in cancer patients on indomethacin (p<0.0004). Systemic inflammation and resting energy metabolism predicted weight loss in progressive cancer (p<0.0001). Our data support the concept that COX-treatment may offer beneficial metabolic effects to weight-losing cancer patients by attenuation of resting metabolism and improved appetite due to decreased systemic inflammation. PMID- 14767535 TI - DSCP1, a novel TP53-inducible gene, is upregulated by strong genotoxic stresses and its overexpression inhibits tumor cell growth in vitro. AB - TP53-inducible genes play crucial roles from many biological aspects including cell cycle control, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Herein we report the identification and characterization of a novel TP53-inducible gene, DSCP1 (damage stimulated cytoplasmic protein 1), localized at 17q11. The gene was expressed ubiquitously in normal adult tissues; its protein product was localized mainly in the cytoplasm with anchoring on unknown subcellular structures. Exogenous expression of TP53 induced expression of DSCP1, but more interestingly, DSCP1 was induced by strong genotoxic stresses not only in TP53-maintaining cells but also in TP53-dysfunctioning cells, although the induction was much more efficient in the former than in the latter. In cultured cancer cells, the basal expression level appeared to depend on the functional status of TP53. Moreover, exogenous overexpression of DSCP1 retarded cancer cell growth in vitro. These results indicate that DSCP1 is a stress-inducible gene in both a TP53 dependent and independent manner and that its protein product can inhibit cancer cell growth. PMID- 14767536 TI - Effect of salivary gland adenocarcinoma cell-derived alpha-N acetylgalactosaminidase on the bioactivity of macrophage activating factor. AB - The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of alpha-N acetylgalactosaminidase (alpha-NaGalase) produced by human salivary gland adenocarcinoma (SGA) cells on the bioactivity of macrophage-activating factor (GcMAF). High exo-alpha-NaGalase activity was detected in the SGA cell line HSG. HSG alpha-NaGalase had both exo- and endo-enzyme activities, cleaving the Gal GalNAc and GalNAc residues linked to Thr/Ser but not releasing the [NeuAc2 6]GalNac residue. Furthermore, GcMAF enzymatically prepared from the Gc protein enhanced the superoxide-generation capacity and phagocytic activity of monocytes/macrophages. However, GcMAF treated with purified alpha-NaGalase did not exhibit these effects. Thus, HSG possesses the capacity to produce larger quantities of alpha-NaGalase, which inactivates GcMAF produced from Gc protein, resulting in reduced phagocytic activity and superoxide-generation capacity of monocytes/macrophages. The present data strongly suggest that HSG alpha-NaGalase acts as an immunodeficiency factor in cancer patients. PMID- 14767537 TI - Differential expression of chemokines, chemokine receptors, cytokines and cytokine receptors in diffuse large B cell malignant lymphoma. AB - Host immunity, particularly T cell immunity (Th1/Th2 balance), plays an important role in clinicopathological features of malignant disease. However, the T cell immunity has not been fully investigated in patients with lymphoid malignancies. Recent studies suggested the important role of dysregulation of the endogenous immune system in lymphomagenesis. The relationships between cytokines/chemokines and their receptors, are important in determining the selectivity of local immunity. To investigate differences in the endogenous immune system of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBL), we performed gene expression profiling using cDNA microarrays of cytokines/chemokines and their receptors. We studied 5 cases each of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL), extranodal and nodal lymphomas. PCNSL exhibited diffuse down-regulated profiles, compared to normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. While extranodal and nodal lymphomas also exhibited diffuse down-regulated profiles, some genes displayed up-regulated profiles. Hierarchical clustering analysis separated PCNSL and extranodal lymphomas into distinct groups based on their gene expression profiles, as well as extranodal and nodal, but not PCNSL and nodal. PCNSL exhibited significantly lower expression of BLC/BCA-1 and CCR-3 (Th2 type), and higher expression of IL-8 and MIP-1beta (Th1 type) than extranodal lymphomas. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR revealed frequent CCR-3 and BLC/BCA-1 expression in extranodal lymphomas, compared with PCNSL. Our results provide new insights into the pathogenesis of each DLBL. A better understanding of the immune response in each DLBL could help in the design of novel therapeutic strategies based on cytokines/chemokines and their receptors. PMID- 14767538 TI - Clinical significance of angiopoietin-2 expression at the deepest invasive tumor site of advanced colorectal carcinoma. AB - Angiopoietin (Ang)-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are thought to be critical regulators in tumor angiogenesis. We investigated the clinical significance of Ang-2 expression at the deepest invasive tumor site under the influence of VEGF expression in relation to angiogenesis, invasive/metastatic potential, and prognosis of advanced colorectal carcinoma (CRC). One hundred and fifty-two patients who underwent surgical resection for advanced CRC were enrolled in this study. Ang-2 and VEGF expression were examined immunohistochemically. Tumor microvessel density (MVD) was examined by immunohistochemical staining against CD34. Ang-2 and VEGF were expressed at the deepest invasive tumor site in 90 (59.2%) and 64 (42.1%) of 152 lesions, respectively. Patients with Ang-2 expression at the deepest invasive tumor site showed significantly (p<0.01) more frequent poorly histologic grade (71.9%), lymphatic involvement (65.9%), venous involvement (69.1%), lymph node metastasis (75.0%), liver metastasis (80.0%) and advanced disease (Dukes' stage C, 70.2%; stage D, 80.0%) than patients without Ang-2 expression. MVD was not significantly up-regulated by Ang-2 expression alone at the deepest invasive tumor site but was significantly up-regulated by VEGF expression at the deepest invasive tumor site under the positive-Ang-2 condition. In patients treated by curative surgery, patients with tumors showing both positive-Ang-2 and positive-VEGF condition at the deepest invasive tumor site had significantly poorer prognoses than patients with tumors under other conditions. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression for 5-year survival in cases of curative surgery showed that lymph node metastasis, VEGF expression and Ang-2 expression were significant factors to predict poor prognosis. Our results suggest that Ang-2 expression in collaboration with VEGF expression at the deepest invasive tumor site may result in tumor angiogenesis and that these angiogenic factors at the deepest invasive tumor site may be correlated with invasive/malignant potential and prognosis of advanced CRC. PMID- 14767539 TI - Gene therapy eradicating distant disseminated micro-metastases by optimal cytokine expression in the primary lesion only: novel concepts for successful cytokine gene therapy. AB - The most serious problem in current gene therapy is that clinical applications have often led to unsatisfactory results. Here we show novel concepts and crucial factors that have been missing for successful cytokine gene therapy. A clinically relevant mouse model of primary and micro-metastatic osteosarcoma was generated by subcutaneously and intravenously injecting murine osteosarcoma LM8 cells, in which adenoviral gene transduction efficiencies were extremely low; current therapies remain less effective for such disseminated micro-metastases. A single injection of adenoviral vector encoding interleukin-2 gene (Ad.IL-2) was given only into the established primary tumor. Notably, antitumoral immunity was successfully elicited by IL-2 secretion from connective tissues adjacent to the primary tumor, and this immunity not only suppressed primary tumor growth but also eradicated disseminated micro-metastases in distant organs. Most importantly, not only minimal side effects but also maximal therapeutic effects were exerted only in the case of injecting the optimal (i.e., not the highest) dose of Ad.IL-2, because spleen injuries caused by excessive levels of circulating IL-2 might diminish the therapeutic effect. Although the narrow range of the optimal therapeutic expression level of IL-2 may be crucial, it was feasibly determined by serum IL-2 levels. Thus, a crucial factor for successful cytokine gene therapy is not the high gene transduction efficiency in the tumor, which has been generally recommended, but the use of the optimal therapeutic expression level. In conclusion, just a single injection of Ad.IL-2 into a primary tumor lesion, which is feasible, not invasive and cost effective, is potently therapeutic for distant disseminated micro-metastases, as long as the optimal therapeutic level is monitored. These novel concepts, which contradict those of previous studies, warn researches about the possible problems with the ongoing clinical cytokine gene therapy. PMID- 14767540 TI - Ribozyme against mutant K-ras mRNA suppresses tumor growth of pancreatic cancer. AB - Point mutations in the K-ras gene are observed at a high incidence in human pancreatic carcinomas. These alterations can be used as potential targets for specific ribozyme-mediated reversal of the malignant phenotype. We designed an anti-K-ras ribozyme against codon 12 of the mutant K-ras gene transcripts (GGT right curved arrow GTT), and generated a recombinant adenovirus to express the ribozyme (rAd/anti-K-ras Rz). We inoculated Capan-1 human pancreatic carcinoma cells in athymic mice, and made Capan-1 tumor xenografts. When the Capan-1 tumors in athymic mice became approximately 100 mm(3), rAd/anti-K-ras Rz was directly injected into the tumor xenografts. Fifteen (68%) of 22 tumors injected with rAd/anti-K-ras Rz showed tumor growth suppression or tumor regression; 6 of 15 tumors were completely regressive, and 1 tumor was recurrent after the tumor regression. By using the recombinant adenovirus in a mice model system, it was possible to accomplish efficient reversion of the malignant phenotype in human pancreatic tumors with K-ras gene mutation. PMID- 14767541 TI - Molecular signature in three types of hepatocellular carcinoma with different viral origin by oligonucleotide microarray. AB - Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C virus (HBV or HCV) is the most clearly established risk factor for hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC). One type of HCC (non B, non-C HCC) also appears to develop in patients negative for both HBV and HCV. Using a supervised learning method, we investigated gene expression in 11 non-B, non-C HCCs with high-density oligonucleotide microarrays, and compared the patterns of gene expression with those of HBV-infected HCCs (B-type HCCs) and HCV infected HCCs (C-type HCCs) in the previous dataset. Our gene selection identified 112 and 64 genes that were differentially expressed in non-B, non-C HCC in comparison with B- and C-type HCCs, respectively. In both gene selections, we found that the false discovery rate, the percentage of genes identified by chance, was less than 5%. Additionally, in combination with the previous data, our present data revealed a set of genes specific to each type of B- and C-type HCCs and non-B, non-C HCC. Among these, an interferon-induced gene, IFI27, was differentially expressed among all three types of HCCs, and this result was confirmed by RT-PCR. Thus, our present study provides a framework to characterize the molecular features in the three subtypes of HCC with different viral origin. PMID- 14767542 TI - Evaluation of HER-2/neu status by real-time quantitative PCR in malignant cartilaginous tumors. AB - The expression of HER-2/neu has been proposed to be a prognostic indicator in osteosarcoma. To clarify the actual frequency of HER-2/neu expression in primary malignant cartilaginous tumors, we examined 89 cases comprising 17 conventional chondrosarcomas, 33 mesenchymal chondrosarcomas, and 39 clear cell chondrosarcomas. We used real-time PCR (LightCycler) assay to quantify the HER 2/neu gene status. The crossing point of HER-2 in normal control bone was 27.77. The crossing points of HER-2 in conventional, mesenchymal, and clear cell chondrosarcomas were 28.48+/-1.79, 27.74+/-3.02, 28.57+/-1.54, respectively. In conclusion, the amplification and overexpression of the HER-2/neu oncogene is absent or at least very rare in malignant cartilaginous tumors. The level of expression of HER-2/neu was similar in all cartilaginous tumor types. PMID- 14767543 TI - Expression of cytoplasmic-domain substituted epidermal growth factor receptor inhibits tumorigenicity of EGFR-overexpressed human glioblastoma multiforme. AB - The accumulated results of recent clinical studies have indicated that aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation due to gene amplification and/or rearrangement contributes to increased malignancy and poor prognosis in many human cancers, especially in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The elevated EGFR signaling in GBM has been correlated with shorter interval to relapse and lower survival rates, even in patients treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. Therefore, the blockade of EGFR signaling in GBM may provide an ideal alternative therapeutic strategy. In this study, two EGFR-overexpressing human GBM cell lines (i.e., DBTRG and GBM 8901) were used as a model system. We demonstrated that expression of a human EGFR (EGFRt-EGFP) chimera protein in which the cytoplasmic domain is substituted by EGFP significantly reduced the EGF-induced endogenous EGFR autophosphorylation, EGF induced downstream extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt signaling, and the proportion of internalized receptors in EGF stimulated cells. Furthermore, these cells' anchorage-independent growth in vitro was decreased and their tumorigenicity in vivo abrogated or strongly suppressed. Our data suggest that EGFRt-EGFP abrogates tumor growth by disrupting receptor activation via competing for EGF-like ligands, forming non-activated heterodimers with endogenous EGFR, and inhibiting the EGFR endosomal signaling by substantially diminishing receptor internalization. This treatment modality (termed 'dominant negative EGFR therapy') and its efficacy for gliomas or other tumors are under scrutiny. PMID- 14767544 TI - Novel signaling molecules implicated in tumor-associated fatty acid synthase dependent breast cancer cell proliferation and survival: Role of exogenous dietary fatty acids, p53-p21WAF1/CIP1, ERK1/2 MAPK, p27KIP1, BRCA1, and NF kappaB. AB - A biologically aggressive subset of human breast cancers has been demonstrated to overexpress fatty acid synthase (FAS), the key enzyme of endogenous FA biosynthesis. This breast cancer-specific activation of FAS-dependent lipogenesis, an anabolic-energy-storage pathway of minor importance in normal cells, would render breast cancer cells more vulnerable to anti-metabolite interventions with FAS as therapeutic target. Not surprisingly, pharmacological inhibitors of FAS have been reported to produce both cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells, as well as to suppress DNA replication. However, the signal transduction pathway(s) that link FAS hyperactivity and breast cancer cell growth has been unresolved. Here, we have attempted to provide a systematic approach to assess the role of FAS signaling on the survival and proliferation of human breast cancer cells. First, we assessed the level of FAS protein in a panel of human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB 453, MDA-MB-435, ZR-75B, T47-D, BT-474, and SK-Br3). FAS expression was graded from ++++ (overexpression) in SK-Br3 cells to + (very low expression) in MDA-MB 231 cells. No correlation was noted between FAS overexpression and estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PR) status, whereas a positive correlation was found between high levels of FAS expression and the amplification and/or overexpression of HER-2/neu oncogene. Because metabolic adaptation of breast cancer cells to the ambient fatty acid concentration may be relevant to the goal of utilizing FAS inhibition as a chemotherapeutic target, we evaluated the effect of exogenous dietary fatty acids on the cytotoxicity resulting from the inhibition of FAS activity. Pharmacological inhibition of FAS activity by the natural antibiotic cerulenin [(2S,3R)-2,3-epoxy-4-oxo-7E,10E-dodecadienamide] resulted in a dose-dependent cytotoxicity which positively paralleled the endogenous level of FAS. Supraphysiological levels of exogenous oleic acid (OA), a omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid synthesized from a primary-end product of FAS palmitate, significantly diminished cell toxicity caused by cerulenin. Indeed, OA exposure significantly reduced FAS activity and expression by 55% in FAS-overexpressing SK-Br3 cells. omega-3 (alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) and omega-6 (linoleic acid and arachidonic acid) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), however, were unable to rescue breast cancer cells from cerulenin-induced cytotoxicity. Pharmacological blockade of FAS activity in FAS-overexpressing SK-Br3 cells resulted in apoptosis as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for histone-associated DNA fragments, and confirmed by TUNEL DNA-end labeling experiments. We further characterized signaling molecules that participate in the cellular events that follow inhibition of FAS activity and precede apoptosis in breast cancer cells. In SK Br3 cells, cerulenin-induced inhibition of FAS activity resulted in down regulation of p53, and up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKi) p21WAF1/CIP1. Treatment with cerulenin or a novel small-molecule inhibitor of FAS C75 resulted in a dramatic accumulation of CDKi p27KIP1, which was accompanied by a noteworthy translocation of p27KIP1 from cytosol to cell nuclei. Strikingly, FAS inhibition also caused a significant activation of the Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) cell survival pathway. Interestingly, we demonstrated that inhibition of FAS activity increased the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of BRCA1, a breast cancer tumor suppressor protein, as well as it induced a nuclear translocalization of the anti-apoptotic nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). In conclusion, here we demonstrate that: a) breast cancer cells retain dependence on endogenous fatty acid synthesis and sensitivity to FAS inhibition in the presence of supraphysiological levels of dietary fatty acids, supporting the notion that FAS inhibition may be useful in treFAS inhibition may be useful in treating breast cancer in vivo; b) endogenous fatty acid synthesis is functional in breast cancer cells and is vital since its pharmacological inhibition is cytotoxic by promoting apoptosis, and c) specific blockade of FAS activity induces the accumulation, activation, and/or cellular relocalization of multiple and diverse pro- and anti apoptotic signaling pathways, suggesting that p53-p21WAF1/CIP1, ERK1/2 MAPK, p27KIP1, BRCA1, and NF-kappaB play a novel role in the breast cancer cell response to a metabolic stress after perturbation of FAS-dependent de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. PMID- 14767545 TI - Heat shock protein expression induced by percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo. AB - Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to be of crucial importance in host-tumor interactions. The goal of this study was to determine whether there was an increase in HSP expression in a patient suffering from unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Immediately before RF ablation, a computed tomography (CT)-guided core needle biopsy (diameter, 18 gauge) was obtained from the tumor. The RF ablation was then performed using a saline-perfused RF ablation system (diameter of RF electrode, 15 gauge; ablation time, 10 min). Twenty-four hours after tumor ablation, core needle biopsy was repeated, and biopsy specimens were obtained from the residual tumor margin visible on contrast-enhanced CT. For both procedures, no side effects or clinically relevant complications were observed. The specimens were mapped by immunohistochemistry, determining the cellular expression of HSP 70 and HSP 90. After RF ablation, in the cytoplasm and at the tumor cell surface, an 8 fold increase in HSP 70 and a 1.2-fold increase in HSP 90 was observed, respectively. In the cell nucleus, the HSP 90 expression before RF ablation was 10%, and decreased to 0% after RF ablation. We have demonstrated that, following RF ablation, cellular expression of HSP 70 and HSP 90 in hepatocellular carcinoma is increased. We further suggest that routing of HSP 90 from the nucleus to the cell surface occurred after RF ablation. This may be of relevance in further therapeutic anti-tumor strategies. PMID- 14767546 TI - Bcl-2 targeting siRNA expressed by a T7 vector system inhibits human tumor cell growth in vitro. AB - A T7 promoter driven siRNA expression vector system (Bcl-2/T7) that targets Bcl-2 mRNA in MCF-7 human cancer cells was designed in the present study. In the presence of prebound T7 RNA polymerase, successful expression of Bcl-2 siRNA as well as its function was demonstrated via cell proliferation assays, Bcl-2 Elisa, and TUNEL assay. MCF-7 breast cancer cells transfected with Bcl-2/T7 show decreased levels of Bcl-2 expression at the protein level as well as decreased cell proliferation. Also, the number of apoptotic cells was increased in cells expressing Bcl-2 siRNA. Previous studies have shown that Bcl-2 levels are increased in a large number of different types of cancer. Therefore, the ability of Bcl-2/T7 to produce functional Bcl-2 siRNA in breast cancer cells suggests a potential role for this delivery system in cancer gene therapy. PMID- 14767547 TI - Importance of serine 200 for functional activities of the hemagglutinin neuraminidase protein of Newcastle Disease Virus. AB - Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus with replication competence in human tumor cells and interesting anti-neoplastic and immune stimulatory properties. In order to increase tumor selectivity of replication, we prepared mutants from the avirulent strain Ulster with monocyclic replication cycle and adapted them for multicyclic replication in human melanoma cells. Two mutants (M1 and M2) showed interesting functional differences: while M2 showed T cell co-stimulatory effects in a tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay, M1 did not. A distinct difference of these 2 virus mutants appeared also when testing their capacity to induce interferon-alpha and -beta as well as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) molecules in human monocytes. Sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) molecules of the 2 virus mutants showed 7 non-silent mutational differences. Upon cloning of the HN mutant genes into an expression vector and transfection of cells, only HN derived from M2 (HN-M2) was detected at the cell surface by immunostaining with specific antibodies and showed hemadsorption and neuraminidase activity. In order to define which amino acid was responsible for the loss of functional activity of HN derived from M1 (HN-M1), distinct HN mutants were generated via site-directed mutagenesis and tested. Substitution of serine 200 by a proline abrogated HN expression and its hemadsorption and neuraminidase activities. Molecular modeling revealed that proline 200 in HN influences flexibility of a loop near the entrance to the neuraminidase active site, a function that may be crucial for the functions of this viral protein. PMID- 14767548 TI - Beneficial effect of cepharanthine on overcoming drug-resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma. AB - Despite improvement in liver surgery, patient prognoses after surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unsatisfactory. One of the obstacles in managing post-operative recurrence is resistance to chemotherapy. We examined the effect of Cepharanthin (CEP), a natural alkaloid extracted from Stephania cepharantha Hayata, in overcoming P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-associated doxorubicine (DOX) resistance, using 2 DOX-resistant HCC cell lines, and their DOX-sensitive parental cell lines. P-gp expression in surgically removed HCC tumours was also examined. In the in vitro study, overexpression of P-gp in the resistant cells was confirmed by immunoblotting and RT-PCR. Drug sensitivity testing with MTT assay showed that co-administration of CEP significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of DOX, but only in resistant cells. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that CEP significantly increased intracellular DOX concentration by inhibiting DOX efflux. P-gp expression in 107 patients with HCC was examined retrospectively by immunohistochemistry. P-gp was overexpressed in the tumours of 36% of these patients, especially in well-differentiated tumours that are often insensitive to chemotherapy, supporting the use of P-gp modulation as a new chemotherapeutic approach. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that serum alpha fetoprotein level was inversely related to P-gp expression. Our data suggest that co-administration of CEP with DOX may potentiate the effect of chemotherapy on drug-resistant HCC. PMID- 14767549 TI - Prediction of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma by gene expression profiles. AB - To establish a method for predicting the response to chemotherapy for osteosarcoma (OS), we performed expression profile analysis using cDNA microarray consisting of 23,040 genes. Hierarchical clustering based on the expression profiles of 19 biopsy samples of OS demonstrated two major clusters, one of which consisted exclusively of typical OS, i.e. conventional central OS in long bone of patients in the second decade. A set of genes was identified to characterize this subgroup, some of which have previously indicated some relation to carcinogenesis. Thirteen of the 19 patients were treated with an identical protocol of chemotherapy containing doxorubicin, cis-platinum and ifosfamide, and histological examination of resected specimens after operation classified 6 cases as responder and 7 as non-responder. A comparison of expression profiles of these two groups identified 60 genes whose expression levels were likely to be correlated with the response to chemotherapy (P<0.008). A drug response scoring (DRS) system was developed based on the expression levels of these genes, which proved to be applicable to predict the response to chemotherapy irrespective for the subclassification of OS. The reliability of the DRS system was further confirmed by testing additional 5 OS cases. These results indicated that scoring system based on gene-expression profiles might be useful to predict the response to chemotherapy for OS. PMID- 14767550 TI - Modulation of Matrix metalloproteinase-1 in nasopharyngeal cancer cells by photoactivation of hypericin. AB - Singlet oxygen (1O2) generated by ultraviolet A irradiation has been reported to induce cytokine-dependent Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression in dermal fibroblasts. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of hypericin-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) on MMP-1 expression in two nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) cell lines and an animal tumor model. MMP-1 protein and mRNA expression were evaluated by Western blot analysis and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respectively. Photoactivation of hypericin, a polycyclic phenanthroperylenedione, elicited an increase in MMP-1 protein and mRNA expression in well differentiated HK1 and poorly differentiated CNE-2 NPC cells in vitro. Similarly, there was up-regulation of MMP1 mRNA expression in hypericin-PDT-treated NPC/HK1-tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first time that modulation of MMP-1 expression has been demonstrated as a photodynamic effect of hypericin in NPC cells. This has clinical implications as MMP-1 is known to play an essential role in the biological process of matrix remodeling. PMID- 14767551 TI - Male breast cancer: a special therapeutic problem. Anything new? (Review). AB - Carcinoma of the male breast (MBC) is an uncommon phenomenon, accounting for <1% of all malignancies in man. It represents a biologically heterogeneous disorder, and its clinical course may vary from indolent and slowly progressive to rapidly metastatic disease. Most of our current knowledge regarding its biology, natural history, and treatment strategies has been extrapolated from its female counterpart. Information regarding prognostic relevance of new molecular markers is limited. At the European Institute of Oncology we performed a study showing data in which p21Waf1 and p27Kip1 proteins were evaluated in a series of male breast cancer patients. Our data suggest that the immunohistochemical evaluation of p21Waf1 and p27Kip1 expression in male breast carcinomas may be a further useful marker for selecting patients who express functional proteins that can be predictive for the most efficient endocrine response. Moreover, searching for more conservative treatment, we introduced in our clinical practice sentinel node biopsy, and if present, sentinel node biopsy of the internal mammary chain. The potential clinical implications of complete nodal staging are far-reaching, and give us a major new opportunity to stratify male patients with breast cancer for appropriate surgery as well as giving valuable prognostic information. Male breast cancer has biological differences compared with female breast cancer. It responds to hormonal manipulation and chemotherapy, but optimal treatment regimens in males are unknown. By analogy to the female breast cancer, post mastectomy radiotherapy should be proposed in case of advanced T stage and/or lymph node positivity (considering the small volume of the male mammary gland, we suggest post-mastectomy irradiation in case of T >1 cm and/or presence of >1 metastatic axillary lymph node). Breast conserving surgery, performed in selected cases of male breast cancer, should be always followed by radiotherapy. Despite a wealth of small retrospective studies on MBC, its rarity means there is a lack of prospective randomized controlled treatment trials, which needs to be addressed if significant advances are to be made in the treatment of this unusual challenging disease. PMID- 14767552 TI - Increased expression of IGF II mRNA-binding protein 1 mRNA is associated with an advanced clinical stage and poor prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of IGF II mRNA-binding protein (IMP-1, -2, and -3) mRNA in epithelial ovarian tumors, and to identify the association of IMP-1, -2, and -3 expression levels with patient survival. IMP mRNA expression levels were examined by semi-quantitative PCR in 59 epithelial ovarian tumors (8 adenomas, 5 LMP tumors, and 46 adenocarcinomas) and in 7 normal ovaries. Results of semiquantitative PCR were correlated with clinicopathological variables and overall survival. Human normal and tumor tissue cDNAs were included in all of the analyses. The IMP family mRNA expression was detected in almost all cancer tissues examined, including breast, lung, colon, prostatic, and ovarian carcinoma with the exception of pancreatic carcinoma. The mean value of the relative IMP-1 mRNA expression ratio was significantly higher in both ovarian cancer and adenoma samples compared to normal ovarian samples (p<0.05). IMP-2 and IMP-3 expression levels were significantly higher in both ovarian cancer and ovarian LMP tumor samples compared to either ovarian adenomas or to normal ovary samples (p<0.05). A significantly higher IMP-1 mRNA expression level was observed in patients with an advanced clinical stage (p=0.015) and high histological grade (p=0.023). Log-rank testing showed that IMP-1 overexpression (p=0.0398) and an advanced clinical stage (p=0.0050) were significantly correlated with poor patient survival, whereas neither IMP-2 nor IMP-3 overexpression were associated with poor prognoses. In multivariate analysis, IMP-1 overexpression lost its significance, whereas the clinical stage (p=0.0432) remained significantly associated with overall survival. IMP mRNA expression levels might play an important role in ovarian cancer development and progression, and IMP-1 overexpression is a prognostic marker for patients with ovarian cancer. PMID- 14767553 TI - FR901228, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, induces cell cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis in refractory human pancreatic cancer cells. AB - Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have antiproliferative activity against human cancer cells via cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, no report has focused on the apoptotic potential of HDAC inhibitors in refractory human pancreatic cancer. This study was designed to examine the apoptotic potential of FR901228, a novel HDAC inhibitor, in five human pancreatic cancer cell lines: Capan-1, BxPC-3, HPAF, Panc-1, and MIAPaCa-2. FR901228 markedly inhibited the proliferation of all five cell lines (IC50: 1-500 nM), with the greatest effect in MIAPaCa-2 cells. Treatment of each cell line with FR901228 (10-100 nM) caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 or G2/M phase and subsequent apoptosis. FR901228 induced expression of hyperacetylated histone H3 after 3 h of treatment and overexpression of p21Waf-1 after 6 h. In addition, FR901228 induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3, which led to cleavage of p21Waf-1 into a 15-kDa breakdown product and drove cancer cells from cell cycle arrest into apoptosis. FR901228 also decreased the protein level of survivin dramatically. Our results show that FR901228 markedly inhibits the growth of pancreatic cancer cells, not only through cell cycle arrest, but also through subsequent apoptosis; this was accompanied by caspase-3 activation, survivin degradation, and p21Waf-1 cleavage. FR901228 may prove clinically useful as an agent for refractory pancreatic cancers. PMID- 14767554 TI - Quantitative detection of mutant alleles of the K-ras gene with minor groove binder-conjugated fluorogenic DNA probes. AB - Tumor-specific point mutations are stable biomarkers compared with tumor-specific mRNA expression, and are therefore useful to detect occult tumor cells. These mutations have never been used for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) assays, because the ability of conventional probes to discriminate between wild-type and mutant alleles is poor. Recently, DNA probes with conjugated minor groove binder (MGB) have been developed. Because of their high melting temperature, these probes achieve high performance in detecting single nucleotide mismatches. Using the MGB technology, we developed a new RQ-PCR system for detecting occult tumor cells in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), targeting K-ras point mutations. Sixteen MGB-conjugated DNA probes were designed for all previously reported K-ras mutations. The performance of these probes was examined with plasmid DNAs into which K-ras point mutations had been inserted, 32 cancer cell lines and 338 lymph nodes obtained from 15 CRC patients. Fifteen of the 16 MGB probes designed were useful for accurate quantitative assessment, and achieved high sensitivity (1/10(4)-10(5) background cells) and high reproducibility (coefficients of variation <10%). Performance in discriminating single nucleotide mismatches was superior for MGB probes compared with non-MGB probes. We detected a micrometastasis (5.85/10(4) cells equivalent) in one (0.9%) of 110 lymph nodes obtained from 6 patients with K-ras mutations. There was no true false-positive result in 209 lymph nodes obtained from 9 patients without K ras mutations. The MGB RQ-PCR assay targeting K-ras mutations is an accurate quantitative method for detecting occult tumor cells in CRC. PMID- 14767555 TI - Effect of exogenous MSH6 and POLD1 expression on the mutation rate of the HPRT locus in a human colon cancer cell line with mutator phenotype, DLD-1. AB - The DLD-1 human colon cancer cell line displays an elevated spontaneous mutation rate. Since DLD-1 carries frameshift mutations in both alleles of the MSH6 gene and missense mutations in the POLD1 gene, either or both of these mutations were suggested to be involved in this mutator phenotype. Therefore, we examined the effect of exogenous wild-type MSH6 and POLD1 expression on the spontaneous mutation rate at the HPRT locus in DLD-1 cells. POLD1 genotypes were first determined, since four POLD1 missense mutations were previously reported in DLD-1 cells. Sequencing analyses on the genomic DNA and cDNA of the POLD1 gene revealed that DLD-1 cells are a mixture of two distinct sublines with regard to POLD1 genotypes. Moreover, the wild-type POLD1 allele was not present in either of the two DLD-1 sublines. We next established MSH6- and POLD1-transfected DLD-1 clones from both sublines, respectively. The two DLD-1 sublines exhibited HPRT mutation rates of 4.8 x 10(-6) and 5.4 x 10(-6) mutations/cell/generation. The mutation rates were more than 4-fold decreased in both of the MSH6-transfected DLD-1 clones examined, while they were not significantly decreased in three of four POLD1-transfected DLD-1 clones. Thus, it was indicated that mutations in the MSH6 gene, and not in the POLD1 gene, are primarily responsible for the elevated mutation rates in DLD-1 cells. PMID- 14767556 TI - EGCG down-regulates telomerase in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells, leading to suppression of cell viability and induction of apoptosis. AB - Telomerase is elevated in >90% of breast carcinomas and therefore has received much attention as a target for breast cancer therapy and cancer diagnostic research. Dietary components that are capable of inhibiting the growth of cancer cells without affecting the growth of normal cells are receiving considerable attention in developing novel cancer-preventive approaches. Studies have shown that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea imparts a growth inhibitory effect on cancer cells. Here, we show that treatment of EGCG dose dependently inhibited (20-100%) the reproductive or colony forming potential, and also decreased cell viability at different time points studied ( approximately 80% inhibition) in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells but had no adverse effect on the growth of normal mammary cells. Treatment of EGCG for 48 and 72 h markedly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells (32-51%) in MCF-7 cells compared to that of non-EGCG treated cells (8-14%). In order to identify the possible mechanism of decreased cell viability and induction of apoptosis in breast carcinoma cells by EGCG, we found that treatment of MCF-7 cells with EGCG dose dependently inhibited telomerase activity (40-55%), and also inhibited the mRNA expression (40-55%) of hTERT, a catalytic subunit of telomerase. Additional studies demonstrated that EGCG also inhibited the protein expression of hTERT, which indicated that inhibition of telomerase was associated with down-regulation of hTERT. Together, our results indicate that EGCG down-regulates telomerase in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells, leading to the suppression of cell viability and induction of apoptosis, thus providing the molecular basis for the development of EGCG as a novel chemopreventive and pharmacologically safe agent against breast cancer. PMID- 14767557 TI - Patterns of recurrence in patients treated with photodynamic therapy for intraperitoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patterns of recurrence in patients treated with Photofrin-mediated intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy (IP PDT). Sixty-six patients with gastrointestinal cancers, ovarian cancers, and sarcomas have been enrolled to date and 51 patients underwent IP PDT. Photofrin, 2.5 mg/kg, was administered intravenously 48 h prior to surgical debulking and intraoperative light treatment. Forty-five, and 49 patients were evaluable for response rates, and patterns of recurrence, respectively. Response to treatment was evaluated by CT or MRI scans of the abdomen and pelvis every 3 months. Patterns of recurrence were determined by evaluating the abdomen as a combination of different treatment regions. Of the 51 patients enrolled and treated with IP PDT two are alive without evidence of recurrence. Eleven of 45 patients showed no evidence of recurrence 3 months after treatment. No evidence of recurrence was noted in 7/17 sarcoma patients, 2 of 13 ovarian cancer patients, and 2 of 15 gastrointestinal cancer patients. The most common site of recurrence as determined by radiographs was the pelvis, which was noted in 19 of 49 (39%) patients. The presence of gross residual disease before light treatment (as determined by the attending surgeon) did not affect the site of recurrence. When studying those patients who had only locoregional recurrence, 9 of 33 evaluated radiographically and 10 of 24 evaluated operatively recurred only in peritoneal areas not previously involved with gross disease. The pelvis was the site with the highest rate of recurrence after IP PDT. A significant minority of patients recurred only in sites not previously involved with gross disease. Patients with gross residual disease before light therapy had similar recurrence rates to those without gross residual disease. Since sites involved with gross residual tumor often received boost doses of light, this could suggest a dose-response relationship for IP PDT. PMID- 14767558 TI - Role of an internal ribosome entry site in the translational control of the human transcription factor Sp3. AB - Sp1 and Sp3 are transcription factors involved in the regulation of numerous genes involved in oncogenesis. Sp3 is a bi-functional transcription factor with three different isoforms. Its bi-functional activity may in part be regulated by the relative expression of these isoforms. Northern blot analysis of Sp3 detects only a single transcript. Analysis of the known Sp3 cDNA sequence shows a high GC content and seven out-of-frame AUG codons located between the 5'-end of the mRNA and the two internal AUG initiation sites. This makes it highly unlikely that cap recruited, translation initiation competent ribosomes could reach the internal start sites. A full human Sp3 expression construct was cloned. A bicistronic vector using Renilla and firefly luciferase showed internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity in Sp3 RNA immediately 5' to the internal AUG sites. Also, the two smaller isoforms were translated more efficiently when full-length, uncapped transcripts were used, while the larger isoform was not translated. Mutants of Sp3 with AUG codons introduced 5' of the two internal start sites were generated. Results showed that they were unable to suppress the smaller isoforms in vitro. Furthermore, dual non-AUG to AUG mutations showed occlusion of the second introduced isoform (i.e., the isoform situated more 3') but not of the internally initiated isoforms. These experiments are consistent with IRES-mediated translation of the two smaller isoforms of Sp3. The presence of an IRES allows the possibility that Sp3 isoform ratios and activity are controlled at the translational level. This mechanism may allow cells to control the expression of numerous genes during mitosis and, thus, have profound effects on cell cycle regulation and tumorigenesis. PMID- 14767559 TI - Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix regulates the expression of Galphas and Galphai protein subunits and adenylate cyclase activity in rat ovary, breast and pituitary. AB - The mechanisms by which luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonists act on extra-pituitary tissues are poorly understood. In view of extensive use of Cetrorelix in gynecology and oncology, we investigated its effects on signal transduction pathways of G-protein coupled receptors and adenylate cyclase which are involved in a huge array of cellular events including normal and pathological cell proliferation. Thirty days after a single i.m. injection of 3 mg Cetrorelix pamoate depot to female rats, normal or ovariectomized, we evaluated the effects of this chronic treatment on the expression of alphas and alphai G-protein subunits in the ovary, breast and pituitary, as well as the adenylate cyclase response in vitro to LH-RH, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). Varied patterns of response to Cetrorelix, depending on the gland and estrogenic status were observed. Western blot analysis showed a modest decrease of alphas and a modest increase of alphai G-protein subunit levels in ovary, a marked increase of alphas and alphai levels in breast, and a lack of effect on alphas/alphai levels in pituitary. In the ovary, adenylate cyclase activity was not changed by in vitro addition of LH-RH, but the responses to VIP and PACAP increased after Cetrorelix treatment. In the breast, chronic administration of the LH-RH antagonist decreased the adenylate cyclase response to PACAP, which returned to normal after ovariectomy. In the pituitary, Cetrorelix abolished the stimulatory effect of VIP upon adenylate cyclase activity. Thus, the LH-RH antagonist Cetrorelix exerted selective modifications at different steps of the G-protein coupled receptors/adenylate cyclase system of signal transduction in the rat ovary, breast and pituitary. PMID- 14767560 TI - Control of gene therapy by MDR1 and EGR1 promoter sequences in transcriptional targeting by chemotherapy (Review). AB - The promising benefits of cancer gene therapy have been limited by the inability to deliver therapeutic genes homogeneously throughout the tumor mass and to control gene expression within the tumor cells. Transcriptional targeting, the use of DNA regulatory promoter sequences to localize transgene expression, has been employed as a solution to circumvent these limitations. TNF-alpha is a cytokine that exhibits potent anticancer properties, but its utility following systemic administration is limited by toxicity. We review a strategy whereby ligating TNF-alpha to segments of the chemo-inducible EGR1 or MDR1 promoters activates expression of TNF-alpha cDNA and enhances effectiveness of gene therapy and chemotherapy. PMID- 14767561 TI - Identification and characterization of human LLGL4 gene and mouse Llgl4 gene in silico. AB - Drosophila Discs large (Dlg), Scribble (Scrib) and Lethal giant larvae (Lgl) act in concert as regulators of epithelial polarity, and human homologs of Drosophila dlg, scrib, and lgl are cancer-associated genes. LLGL1, LLGL2, and LLGL3/STXBP5 genes, encoding LGL1, LGL2, and LGL3/Tomosyn, respectively, are human homologs of Drosophila lgl gene. Here, we identified and characterized LLGL4 (also known as STXBP5L) gene encoding LGL4 protein, by using bioinformatics. Uncharacterized human KIAA1006 cDNA (AB023223) was derived from human LLGL4 gene. LLGL4 mRNA was expressed in kidney, brain hippocampus, and also in lung carcinoid, and germ cell tumors. LLGL4 gene, consisting of 28 exons, was mapped to human chromosome 3q13.33. Mouse A830015P08Rik cDNA (NM_172440.1) was a 3'-truncated partial Llgl4 cDNA. Nucleotide sequence of full-length mouse Llgl4 cDNA was determined in silico by assembling A830015P08Rik cDNA, BU609516 EST and last two exons of Llgl4 gene within mouse genome clone RP24-174G4 (AC118742.3). Human LGL4 showed 95.8% total-amino-acid identity with mouse Lgl4, and 68.4% total-amino-acid identity with human LGL3. LGLH1 domain (codon 1-11 of LGL4), LGLH2 domain (codon 52-98) and LGLH3 domain (codon 994-1054) were identified as novel conserved regions among LGL family members. LGL1 and LGL2 consist of LGLH1, LGLH2, LGLH3 domains and five WD40 repeats, while LGL3 and LGL4 consist of LGLH1, LGLH2, LGLH3 domains, five WD40 repeats and the C-terminal Syntaxin-binding SNARE domain. This is the first report on identification and characterization of human LLGL4 and mouse Llgl4 genes. PMID- 14767562 TI - Identification and characterization of Crumbs homolog 2 gene at human chromosome 9q33.3. AB - Drosophila Crumbs (Crb)--Stardust (Sdt)--Discs lost (Dlt) complex plays a pivotal role in the establishment and the maintenance of epithelial polarity. CRB1 and CRB3 are human homologs of Drosophila Crb, MPP1-MPP7 are human homologs of Drosophila Sdt, INADL/PATJ and MPDZ/MUPP1 are human homologs of Drosophila Dlt. Here, we identified and characterized a novel Crumbs family gene, Crumbs homolog 2 (CRB2), by using bioinformatics. CRB2 isoform 1 was assembled by adding nucleotide position 1-3353 of FLJ16786 cDNA (AK123000) to the 5'-end of 5' truncated FLJ38464 cDNA (NM_173689.1), while that of CRB2 isoform 2 was derived from FLJ16786 cDNA. CRB2 isoform 1, consisting of exon 1-13, encoded a 1285-aa transmembrane protein. CRB2 isoform 2, consisting of exon 1-10 and intron 10, encoded a 1176-aa secreted protein. CRB2 gene was found to encode transmembrane protein as well as secreted protein due to alternative splicing. CRB2 isoform 1, showing 24.4% total amino-acid identity with CRB1, was type I transmembrane protein with 14 extracellular EGF-like domains, 3 extracellular Laminin G-like domains and the Crb cytoplasmic tail (CCT) domain. CCT domain, functioning as the binding site for PDZ domain of Sdt homologs, was conserved among human CRB1, CRB2, CRB3, mouse Crb1, Crb3, Drosophila Crb, and C. elegans crb. Comparative genomics revealed that CRB2-KIAA1608-LHX2-NEK6 locus at human chromosome 9q33.3 and CRB1-MGC27044-LHX9-NEK7 locus at human chromosome 1q31.3 were paralogous regions within the human genome. This is the first report on identification and characterization of the CRB2 gene. PMID- 14767563 TI - CNS dopamine oxidation and catechol-O-methyltransferase: importance in the etiology, pharmacotherapy, and dietary prevention of Parkinson's disease. AB - In this article, a particular emphasis has been placed on the conceptual development and understanding of the unique pathogenic changes that are indigenous to the striatal dopaminergic neurons as an important etiological factor in human Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as on the understanding of their clinical implications. Specifically, I have discussed the etiological roles of central nervous system dopamine oxidation in PD, along with a critical review of the available evidence in support of the proposed hypotheses. The chemically reactive dopamine quinone/semiquinone intermediates are known to be highly neurotoxic and potentially genotoxic. There is considerable evidence for the suggestion that the long-term use of levodopa accelerates the progression of PD. In comparison, centrally-acting non-catechol dopamine receptor agonists would be an excellent alternative to levodopa for the treatment of PD (particularly for late-stage PD) because these agents would not undergo redox cycling to cause oxidative neuronal damage. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)-mediated methylation metabolism of catecholamine neurotransmitters is a crucial first-line detoxification pathway, and its role in the causation and prevention of PD is also discussed. On the basis of the modulation of COMT-mediated methylation of catecholamines, it is mechanistically explained that hyperhomocysteinemia would be a pathogenic factor in PD whereas vitamins B6, B12, and folate would be a protective factor. Lastly, according to the mechanistic understanding developed here, a novel dietary strategy is proposed that is specifically tailored toward lowering the risk of human PD, which includes eating a nutritionally-balanced diet that contains adequate (but not excessive) amounts of fruits and vegetables, along with adequate dietary supplementation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine, vitamins C, B6, B12, and folate. It is believed that these conceptual developments would also aid in our better understanding of other age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. PMID- 14767564 TI - Kinetics of tumor cell apoptosis and immune cell activation during the regression of tumors induced by lipid A in a rat model of colon cancer. AB - Despite the wide range of available therapies, human colon cancers remain difficult to cure. Evidence for efficient antitumoral immune responses to be raised is now widely accepted, and numerous strategies exploiting the host immune system have been developed. A treatment based on the lipid-A derivative OM-174 has been developed in our laboratory. OM-174 induces the rejection of tumors established by injection of PROb colon cancer cells in syngeneic BDIX rats. Our immunohistochemistry study demonstrated that OM-174 treatment is associated with tumor cell apoptosis. Caspase 3 activation was detected 24 h after the first OM 174 injection. Six days after the beginning of the treatment, dendritic cells were the first immune cells that invaded tumor nodules. When dendritic cells came into contact with apoptotic tumor cells, an increased expression of the costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 was detected at the surface of these cells. Five days later, macrophages were found in the tumor nodules. Lymphocytes organized into a crown surrounding the nodules that progressively regressed during the treatment. T lymphocytes were not in contact with tumor cells or apoptotic cells at any time point. The kinetics of tumor cell apoptosis induced by OM-174, as well as the appearance of innate followed by adaptative immune cells in the tumor nodules, were compatible with cell activation and the development of immune response. PMID- 14767565 TI - New immortalized human stromal cell lines enhancing in vitro expansion of cord blood hematopoietic stem cells. AB - One of the most promising technique for the in vitro expansion of cord blood (CB) hematopoietic stem cells (SCs) seems to be their co-culture with stromal feeder layers. Hence, we developed and immortalized by retroviral transduction with the temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen three new human cell lines, two derived from bone marrow (HM1-SV40 and HM2-SV40) and one from umbilical cord (HCB1-SV40), and investigated the inductive capacity of their conditioned culture media on clonal growth of CB hematopoietic SCs. Immunocytochemistry showed that cell lines were positive to either cytokeratins or stromal markers, as well as to epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and adrenomedullin. Moreover, cell lines expressed interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF and stem cell factor (SCF), and secreted variable amount of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and GM-CSF. Collectively, these findings indicate that cell lines possess the stromal-cell phenotype. The conditioned supernatants of the three cell lines induced similar increases in the clonal growth of both fresh and cryopreserved-thawed CB hematopoietic SCs cultured on semisolid media deprived of growth factors and cytokines. However, the inductive capacity was significantly higher in the case of cryopreserved cells, where the rise in clonal growth reached that induced by the addition to the culture media of IL-3, GM-CSF and SCF. Our findings allow us to conclude that our new human stromal cell lines could be used as feeder-layers for CB hematopoietic SC expansion in vitro. PMID- 14767566 TI - Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition protect neurons and the white matter and regulates the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor in stroke. AB - Focal cerebral ischemia activates the nuclear protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a flavoprotein that is normally confined to the mitochondria, but translocates to the nucleus, as shown by in vitro models of neuronal injury. Using INO-1001, a novel potent inhibitor of PARP, we determined the role of PARP activation in the process of AIF translocation in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. The potency of INO-1001 as a PARP inhibitor and its cytoprotective potential in oxidant-challenged human neuronal SK-N-MC cells was first confirmed in vitro. PARP inhibition markedly reduced infarct size and improved neurological status in both transient and permanent models of MCA occlusion in Sprague-Dawley rats, with a therapeutic window of 6 h and 2 h in the transient and permanent ischemia models, respectively. The PARP inhibitor reduced the accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) in the ischemic/reperfused hemisphere and reduced the accumulation of APP in the white matter of the affected hemisphere, consistently with protection against neuronal necrosis and axonal damage, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the appearance of AIF labeling in neuronal nuclei of the border zone ischemic area in the striatum after stroke. Cytoplasmatic (axonal) AIF staining was significantly diminished in the necrotic core of the striatum, while it was somewhat enhanced at the borderline ischemic territories of the white matter. Inhibition of PARP with INO-1001 reshifted the location of the apoptotic marker to the axons in the ipsilateral striatum. Thus, PARP inhibition is neuroprotective and regulates the ischemic nuclear translocation of AIF in stroke. PMID- 14767567 TI - Reactive oxygen species-producing site in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of human peripheral T cells: involvement of lysosomal membrane destabilization. AB - In our previous study, we examined the effect of exogenous hydrogen peroxide, which causes a potent oxidative stress and has been demonstrated to be a potent apoptosis-inducer in many kinds of cells. We found that the addition of 1 or 10 mM hydrogen peroxide induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, oxidative DNA damage, dysfunction of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and early apoptotic changes in the human osteosarcoma cell line HS-Os-1. We therefore concluded that intracellular ROS formation was involved in the hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis of HS-Os-1 cells. In contrast to the osteosarcoma cell line HS Os-1, human peripheral T cells are considered to be easily susceptible to oxidative stress, because these cells lack peroxidase activity. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the site of ROS formation by utilizing MitoCapture, H2DCFDA (succinimidyl ester of dichloro-dihydrofluorescein diacetate), DAPI (4',6 diamidino-2-phenylindole), and LysoSensor. Our results showed that ROS formation was apparently diffusely distributed in T cells oxidatively stressed with 0.1 mM hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, lysosomal swelling and deformity, possibly revealing lysosomal membrane destabilization, were observed in these cells. Based on the above results, there exists an apoptotic cascade involving early lysosomal membrane destabilization in the hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of human peripheral T cells. Therefore, the possible involvement of lysosomal protease leakage caused by hydroxyl radical formation in lysosomes (possibly resulting in mitochondrial membrane dysfunction) is considered to play an important role in hydrogen peroxide-induced T cell apoptosis. PMID- 14767568 TI - Relationship between lipoxygenase and human testicular cancer. AB - The metabolism of arachidonic acid by either the cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway generates eicosanoids, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including cancer. They are now believed to play important roles in tumor promotion, progression, and metastasis, and the involvement of LOX expression and function in tumor growth and metastasis has been reported in human tumor cell lines. Expressions of 5-LOX and 12-LOX in human testicular cancer (TC), and normal testis (NT) tissues were examined, as well as effects of their inhibitors on cell proliferation in TC cell line. Expressions of 5-LOX and 12-LOX were detected by immunohistochemistry. Effects of LOX inhibitors on TC cell growth were examined by MTT assay. While 5-LOX and 12 LOX expressions were slightly detected in NT tissues, expressions of 5-LOX and 12 LOX were significant detected in TC tissues by immunohistochemistry. The LOX inhibitors inhibited the growth of TC cells. LOX is induced in TC, and results may suggest that LOXs are essential for cell growth of TC cells. PMID- 14767569 TI - VEGF mRNA in adipocytes increase with rebound weight-gain after diet-restriction. AB - The mechanism of rebound body weight-gain after a restricted-diet state is unclear. We investigated the expression of angiogenic factors in human adipocytes with a changing nutritional state in culture medium, and attempted to ascertain the mechanisms involved in rebound weight-gain. Adipocytes were divided into three groups; the first group (control group) was cultured in medium with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), the second (DR3% group) was cultured in medium with 3% FCS, and the third (DR6% group) was cultured in medium with 6% FCS. After being cultured for 48 h, each was next cultured with 12% FCS for a further 48 h. When made to change from a low nutrition state to a higher one, adipocytes changed from hypotrophic to hypertrophic. Simultaneously, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the culture medium increased significantly. When investigated immunohistochemically, the expression of VEGF was similarly shown in the cytoplasm of adipocytes. The same tendency with the same quantity of mRNA was shown by RT-PCR. These results show that VEGF produced and secreted from adipocytes increases, when the cultivation state of adipocytes is changed from a low nutritional state to a higher one. VEGF produced and secreted from adipocytes may be related to rebound weight-gain. PMID- 14767570 TI - A variety of phenotype with R161Q germline mutation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene in Japanese kindred. AB - Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome is an autosomal dominant neoplastic disorder characterized by hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and retina, renal cell carcinomas, pheochromocytoma, and islet cell tumors. This syndrome is closely related with the VHL, a tumor suppressor gene, implying that loss of function or inactivating mutations of both alleles or copies of this gene cause tumor formation. The product of the VHL gene, pVHL, is known to be a component of ubiquitin ligase which targets the transcription factor such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) for degradation in the presence of oxygen. Different VHL mutations confer different site-specific risks of cancer. However, the precise role of pVHL to develop only some specified tumors, especially pheochromocytoma, is not fully understood. We identified a missense mutation of VHL gene, 695 G --> A (R161Q), in a Japanese kindred with type 2A VHL syndrome. We analysed 16 members of this family and detected the same mutation in 8 individuals. All 5 members with tumors possessed the same mutation. Interestingly, one of the identical twins, who had the same R161Q germline mutation, did not show any visible tumors throughout the body, while another of the twins developed a huge pheochromocytoma and retinal angioma. Moreover, one of the affected members in the kindred developed pancreatic neuro-endocrine tumors without pheochromocytoma in spite of possessing the identical germline mutation of the VHL gene. These findings suggest that there are some other additional factors including environmental exposures to initiate and develop tumor formation in the VHL syndrome although abnormalities of VHL gene might be involved. PMID- 14767571 TI - Cepharanthine enhances in vitro and in vivo thermosensitivity of a mouse fibrosarcoma, FSa-II, based on increased apoptosis. AB - Cepharanthine (Ce) is a biscoclaurine alkaloid extracted from Stephania cepharantha Hayata. In our previous study, Ce significantly enhanced thermosensitivity and thereby reduced thermotolerance in vitro, and intra peritoneal injection of Ce slightly enhanced thermosensitivity in vivo. In the present study, we investigated Ce's effect in vitro on the pattern of cell death after heating and the effect of intra-tumoral injection of Ce on in vivo thermosensitivity using a mouse fibrosarcoma, FSa-II, and C3H/He mice. Ce significantly enhanced the in vitro thermosensitivity of FSa-II cells with heating at 44 degrees C, with increased Ce concentration. Time-lapse microscopic observation of individual cells confirmed that Ce treatment hastened both apoptosis (specifically, apoptotic budding) and necrosis (as indicated by staining with propidium iodide). Staining with annexin V-enhanced green fluorescent protein indicated that Ce used concomitantly with heating significantly increased the proportion of cells in the early stage of apoptosis. Ce combined with heating also significantly increased the proportion of cells with high intracellular caspase-3 activity, as detected by a substrate of caspase 3, PhiPhiLux-G1D2. The intra-tumoral injection of Ce, followed by heating at 44 degrees C, significantly delayed in vivo tumor growth, and this delay increased in a Ce concentration-dependent manner. Ce injected 30 min before heating delayed tumor growth more than Ce injected immediately before heating. These findings suggest the potential of Ce as a thermosensitizer to increase apoptosis of tumor cells. PMID- 14767572 TI - Hypermethylation of the MYOD1 gene is a novel prognostic factor in patients with colorectal cancer. AB - MYOD1 promoter methylation occurs in various malignancies including colorectal cancer. We analyzed MYOD1 methylation in 80 colorectal cancer and 74 adjacent normal tissues using MethyLight, which enabled quantitative DNA methylation analysis. The measured methylation value was expressed as a percentage of methylated reference (PMR). The results were compared with clinicopathological features and patient prognosis in order to investigate whether MYOD1 methylation may serve as an independent prognostic factor of colorectal cancer. MYOD1 promoter methylation was detectable in all samples and was significantly higher in tumor compared to normal mucosa, where the median level of methylation was 5.3 PMR (range 0.03-133.4) in normal mucosa and 42.3 PMR (range 0.44-742.9) in tumor. The methylation value of MYOD1 was higher with elder patients both in normal colonic mucosa (p=0.034) and in cancer tissues (p=0.0012). Patients without MYOD1 hypermethylation showed significantly longer survival than those with hypermethylation (p=0.0077). In multivariate analysis of prognostic factors, MYOD1 hypermethylation was a significant prognostic factor (p=0.015) independent to patients' age. These results suggest that MYOD1 hypermethylation plays an important role in colorectal cancer and may be a novel prognostic factor. In addition, quantitative methylation analysis by MethyLight is encouraged for other genes showing age-related and non-cancer-specific methylation. PMID- 14767573 TI - The Notch ligand, Delta-1, partially inhibits GM-CSF-induced differentiation and apoptosis along with reducing the cleavage of PARP in U937 cells. AB - Notch signaling plays an important role in the regulation of self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Human monoblastic U937 cells undergo differentiation into macrophage-like cells, growth suppression, and apoptosis following stimulation with GM-CSF. We examined the effects of Notch activation induced by Notch ligands on GM-CSF-induced differentiation and apoptosis in U937 cells. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of the effects was investigated. A recombinant Notch ligand, Delta-1 protein did not affect the growth of U937 cells by itself. GM-CSF-induced growth suppression and apoptosis of U937 cells were partially rescued by incubation with Delta-1. Delta-1 also reduced the GM-CSF induced differentiation. Incubation with Delta-1 did not affect the expression of GM-CSF receptor. GM-CSF stimulation induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT5 and the cleavage of caspase-8, which were not affected by Delta-1 incubation, either. GM-CSF stimulation induced the cleavage of PARP, which is the key molecule for differentiation and apoptosis. We found that incubation with Delta-1 significantly suppressed the GM-CSF-induced cleavage of PARP. Taken together, we found that Notch activation induced by Delta-1 partially inhibited GM-CSF-induced differentiation, growth suppression, and apoptosis, along with reducing the GM-CSF-induced cleavage of PARP. These findings suggest one of the mechanisms by which Notch activation inhibits differentiation and apoptosis. PMID- 14767574 TI - Telomerase activation in endometrial epithelial cells by paracrine effectors from stromal cells in primary cultured human endometrium. AB - Uterine endometrium displays telomerase activity in a menstrual cycle-dependent manner, despite its somatic origin. This study was performed to elucidate the regulation of telomerase in human endometrium. Telomerase activity and human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA expression in proliferative endometrium were significantly stronger than those in secretory endometrium. Their expression was only detected in epithelial cells, although stromal cells also showed proliferation. The growth of epithelial cells decreased day by day in accordance with the decline of telomerase activity. Telomerase activity was significantly stronger in co-cultures of epithelial and stromal cells than in cultures of epithelial cells alone. Moreover, the telomerase activity of co-cultured cells was increased by estradiol or basic fibroblast growth factor, whereas that of epithelial cells cultured alone showed no change. Thus, human endometrium shows reversible telomerase activation during the menstrual cycle, unlike cancer tissues. Also, the telomerase activity of uterine endometrial epithelial cells might be modulated by paracrine effectors released from stromal cells, and not only by the direct action of sex steroids such as estradiol and progesterone. PMID- 14767575 TI - Cdc25A and cdc25B expression in malignant lymphoma of the thyroid: correlation with histological subtypes and cell proliferation. AB - Cdc25B and cdc25A phosphatases are representative stimulators of cell cycle progression, and recent studies have also indicated their oncogenic roles. In this study, we investigated the expression of these phosphatases in malignant lymphoma of the thyroid by immunohistochemistry. These phosphatases were not expressed in follicular cells in normal follicles, but were heterogeneously or diffusely expressed in the follicles in chronic thyroiditis and malignant lymphoma. In infiltrating lymphocytes in chronic thyroiditis, they were only occasionally expressed. Of the 47 cases of lymphoma, 30 (63.8%) were classified as high group for cdc25B because it was expressed in more than 25% of lymphoma cells. Cdc25B expression level was inversely associated with MIB-1 labeling index (p=0.0008), and aberrant p53 expression (p=0.0077). Furthermore, cases of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MZBL) were more frequently classified as high group (p=0.0318) than those of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBL). On the other hand, 22 cases (46.8%) were regarded as high group for cdc25A, but its expression level was not linked to those parameters. These findings suggest that i) cdc25B plays a role in the early phase of thyroid lymphoma possibly including the malignant transformation from chronic thyroiditis, and ii) cdc25A may contribute to the progression of lymphoma. PMID- 14767576 TI - Expression of regucalcin in rat bone marrow cells: involvement of osteoclastic bone resorption in regucalcin transgenic rats. AB - The expression of regucalcin in rat bone marrow cells was investigated. The expression of regucalcin mRNA in the bone marrow cells of normal (wild-type) rat was shown by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with a specific primer of regucalcin cDNA. Regucalcin protein was detected in the marrow cells of normal (wild-type) rats using Western blot analysis. Regucalcin levels were significantly increased in the marrow cells of regucalcin transgenic (TG) male and female rats with increasing age (5-36 weeks old). When the marrow cells obtained from normal or regucalcin TG rats (36-week-old) were cultured for 7 days, the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), a marker enzyme of osteoclasts, positive multinucleated cells (MNCs) were significantly increased in the marrow culture of regucalcin TG rats. This increase was remarkable in female TG rats as compared with male TG rats. The effect of parathyroid hormone [human PTH (1-34); 10(-7) M] or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3; 10(-7) M] in stimulating TRACP-positive MNCs formation was significantly enhanced in female regucalcin TG rats. Calcium content in the femoral-diaphyseal and -meta-physeal tissues was significantly decreased in regucalcin TG rats (10- or 36-week-old). This decrease was greater in female than in male. Femoral-metaphyseal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content was significantly reduced in regucalcin TG male and female rats (36-week-old). Moreover, serum inorganic phosphorus, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and albumin concentrations were significantly increased in regucalcin TG female rats (36-week old), while serum calcium, zinc, and glucose concentrations were not significantly altered in TG male and female rats. In TG male rats, serum triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly raised. This study demonstrates that regucalcin is expressed in rat bone marrow cells, and that osteoclastic bone resorption is stimulated in regucalcin TG rats with increasing age. Also, regucalcin TG aged rats was found to induce serum metabolic disorder. PMID- 14767577 TI - Genetic and environmental factors associated with plasma paraoxonase activity in healthy Chinese. AB - To characterize factors associated with plasma paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity in healthy Chinese Han population, we carried out the present study, not only taking into account the total set of frequent polymorphisms present in PON1 gene in the Chinese Han population, but also some environmental factors. The -107T/C polymorphism as well as drinking and smoking were independently associated with plasma PON1 activity, determined by rates of phenylacetate hydrolysis. The 107T/C polymorphism had the predominant effect and accounted for 16% of the observed variability in plasma PON1 activity. Alcohol consumption can modulate the effects of cigarette smoking on PON1 activity, and smoking only decreases PON1 activity in non-drinkers. The increase of PON1 activity by drinking or the inhibition of PON1 activity by smoking varies according to PON1 -107T/C genotypes, and the associations were only observed in -107T allele carriers. The results illustrate the complexity of polymorphism-phenotype associations. The observed interactions constitute concrete examples of gene-environment and environment-environment interactions. PMID- 14767578 TI - Nucleic acids from intact epithelial cells as a target for stool-based molecular diagnosis of colorectal cancer. AB - Stool-based molecular techniques may improve strategies for colorectal cancer screening. Molecular methods have successfully been applied to detect tumour DNA in stool from patients diagnosed for colorectal carcinoma. In these assays human DNA has to be analyzed against a background of excess nucleic acids from bacteria and dietary waste products. More recently a different diagnostic approach has been described characterizing intact cells isolated from stool. In this study we combine both approaches preparing nucleic acids from isolated epithelial cells to evaluate if: a) tumour cell-specific RNA can be analyzed since cellular RNA molecules are prevented from early digestion by an intact cell membrane; and b) specificity or sensitivity of established DNA-based methods can be improved when epithelial cells are separated from other stool components. Comparing different protocols we found cell isolation using epithelium-specific antibodies to be more effective and reproducible than a technique using density gradient centrifugation. A detection limit of 10(4) cells per ml stool was determined when samples from healthy volunteers were spiked with epithelial cells. Amplification of human sequences from total stool DNA was more efficient than a correspondent amplification of DNA extracted from isolated cells, so that an improvement of DNA based methods cannot be expected by introducing cell isolation procedures. RNA detection was successful in 1 of 5 patients with confirmed diagnosis of colorectal cancer. The authors suggest that low numbers of detectable cells might rather be a biological than an analytical problem limiting a routinely performed method for colorectal cancer diagnosis. PMID- 14767579 TI - Association of angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism with tachycardia cardiomyopathy. AB - Despite incessant tachycardia, not all patients develop tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy. The cardiac renin-angiotensin system may be involved in cardiac remodelling and fibrosis. The level of angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) in the serum is associated with a 287 bp insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism in intron 16 of the ACE gene. The DD genotype is associated with increased serum ACE levels and a higher incidence of idiopathic dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy. The objective of this study was to assess whether the ACE gene I/D polymorphism is responsible for development of tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy. We identified 20 consecutive patients with persistent tachycardia and cardiomyopathy who showed significant improvement in ejection fraction after rate control (group A, tachycardia cardiomyopathy group). We compared the I/D genotype frequency of group A with the gene frequency of a separate group of 20 patents who, despite rapid atrial arrhythmias had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (group B, tachycardia without cardiomyopathy group). These two groups were then compared with 24 healthy normal volunteers (group C). After a mean follow-up of 30 months, group A patients showed improvement in ejection fraction from 20+/-7 to 43+/-9% (p<0.001). Group A had a significantly higher frequency of the DD genotype than groups B and C (p-value <0.035 and <0.009 respectively). The profile of group B patients was intermediate between normal and patients with tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy. I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene may account for cardiomyopathy secondary to tachycardia. PMID- 14767580 TI - Inhibition of the O-glycan elongation limits MUC1 incorporation to cell membrane of human endometrial carcinoma cells. AB - We have studied how benzyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide, O-glycosylation inhibitor, affects the polymorphism and shedding of membrane-bound MUC1 mucin, and change in adhesive properties of cancer cells. In endometrial adenocarcinoma cells (Ishikawa line), high molecular weight MUC1 mucin was shed from cellular membrane and could be detected in culture medium 24 h after [14C]threonine labelling. Short-time (2 days) exposure of these cells to benzyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D galactosaminide was associated with a reduction in sialic acid level and increase in T antigen content in cellular MUC1 mucin. These changes could be inverted after removal of the inhibitor. A longer, 6-day action of the inhibitor induced a decrease in sialic acid and T antigen levels in cellular MUC1 mucin. Benzyl-N acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide treatment caused the occurrence of a few incompletely glycosylated glycoforms of MUC1 in cells, but not in culture medium. Adhesion of endometrial cells to ECM compounds (type I collagen) was increased by benzyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide treatment, indicating that glycosylation of extracellular domain of MUC1 can modulate adhesive properties of cells. PMID- 14767581 TI - Comparative study of the growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities of black tea theaflavins and green tea catechin on murine myeloid leukemia cells. AB - Among the black tea polyphenols, theaflavins are generally considered to be the more effective components for the inhibition of carcinogenesis. In this study, we attempted to compare the growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities of the four black tea theaflavins (TF-1, TF-2A, TF-2B and TF-3) with the major green tea catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the murine myeloid leukemia WEHI-3B JCS cells. All the four black tea theaflavins were shown to exert potent anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects on the leukemia WEHI-3B JCS cells in a dose-dependent manner. The observed anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects were in the following order of potency: EGCG > TF-2B > TF-3 > TF-2A > TF-1. In addition, all theaflavins were capable of inducing apoptosis in the leukemia WEHI 3B JCS cells. Among the four theaflavins tested, TF-2B and TF-3 were found to be slightly more potent in inducing apoptosis of the WEHI-3B JCS cells than that of TF-2A and TF-1 but were comparable to the major green tea epicatechin EGCG. More interestingly, both TF-2B and TF-3 were found to be much more effective than TF-1 and TF-2B in reducing both the in vitro clonogenicity and in vivo tumorigenicity of the WEHI-3B JCS cells, suggesting that these two black tea theaflavins might represent potential candidates for the treatment of some forms of leukemia. PMID- 14767582 TI - Identification and characterization of human DIAPH3 gene in silico. AB - Formin homology proteins with FH1 and FH2 domains are signaling effectors for assembly and polarization of actin filaments. FH1 is the binding domain for Profilin, SRC, EMS1/Cortactin, FNBP1, FNBP2, FNBP3, FNBP4 and WBP4/Fbp21, while FH2 is the actin-filament modification domain. Here, we identified and characterized a novel member of Formin-homology gene family, Diaphanous homology 3 (DIAPH3), by using bioinformatics. DIAPH3 isoform 1, corresponding to 3' truncated FLJ34705 cDNA and 5'-divergent IMAGE5265490 cDNA, encodes full-length DIAPH3 protein (1112 aa), while DIAPH3 isoform 2, identical to NM_030932.2 cDNA, encodes N-terminally truncated DIAPH3 protein (849 aa). DIAPH3 isoform 1, consisting of exons 1-27, was expressed in lymph node, erythroid progenitor cells as well as in pancreatic cancer. DIAPH3 isoform 2, consisting of exons 1b and 8 27, was expressed in testis. DIAPH3 gene at human chromosome 13q21.2 was found to encode two isoforms due to alternative splicing of the alternative promoter type. Full-length human DIAPH3 protein, consisting of FDD, FH1 and FH2 domains, showed 51.3% total-amino-acid identity with DIAPH1, and 57.3% total-amino-acid identity with DIAPH2. FMNL1/FMNL, FMNL2/FHOD2, FMNL3/WBP3, DAAM1, DAAM2, DIAPH1, DIAPH2 and DIAPH3 were classified as the FDD-type Formin homology proteins, while GRID2IP/Delphilin, FHOD1, Fmn1 and Fmn2 were classified as the non-FDD-type Formin homology proteins. This is the first report on identification and characterization of human DIAPH3 gene. PMID- 14767583 TI - Body mass index. An additional prognostic factor in ICU patients. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality in adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients. DESIGN. A prospective multi-center study. INTERVENTIONS: None. METHODS: A cohort study (yielding the OUTCOMEREA database) was conducted over 2 years in 6 medical-surgical ICUs. In each participating ICU, the following were collected daily: demographic information, admission height and weight, comorbidities, severity scores (SAPS II, LOD, and SOFA), ICU and hospital lengths of stay, and ICU and hospital mortality rates. RESULTS: A total of 1,698 patients were examined and divided into 4 groups based on BMI: <18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, and >30 kg/m(2). These groups differed significantly for age, gender, admission category (medical, scheduled surgery, unscheduled surgery), ICU and hospital lengths of stay, and comorbidities. Severity at admission and within the first 2 days was similar in the 4 groups, except for the SOFA score. Overall hospital mortality was 31.3% (532 out of 1,698 patients). By multivariate analysis, a BMI below 18.5 kg/m(2) was independently associated with increased mortality (odds ratio 1.63; 95% confidence intervals 1.11-2.39). None of the other BMI categories were associated with higher mortality and even a BMI>30 kg/m(2) was protective of mortality (odds ratio 0.60, 95% confidence intervals 0.40-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: A low BMI was independently associated with higher mortality and a high BMI with lower mortality in this large cohort of critically ill patients. Since BMI is absent from currently available scoring systems, further studies are needed to determine whether adding BMI would improve the effectiveness of scores in predicting mortality. PMID- 14767584 TI - Terlipressin for catecholamine-resistant septic shock in children. AB - OBJECTIVE: To report the effects of terlipressin treatment in four paediatric patients with catecholamine-resistant hypotensive septic shock. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case report in the pediatric intensive care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Four children with severe septic shock and hypotension resistant to high doses of norepinephrine and other cathecolamines. INTERVENTIONS: Terlipressin was added to the standard treatment, by intravenous bolus at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg every 4 h during a maximum time of 3 days. MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS: In all cases, terlipressin induced a rapid and sustained improvement in mean arterial pressure, which allowed the lessening or even withdrawal of norepinephrine infusion. No related adverse effects were detected. CONCLUSION: Terlipressin might be considered, at least as a rescue therapy, for hypotension resistant to catecholamines in children with septic shock. Further studies are needed to confirm the beneficial effects found in our patients. The optimal administration schedule remains to be elucidated. PMID- 14767585 TI - Hyperventilation impairs brain function in acute cerebral air embolism in pigs. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, in a model of cerebral air embolism (CAE), the effects of ventilation-induced hypocapnia and hyperoxemia on intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), brain oxygen (PbrO(2)), brain carbon dioxide (PbrCO(2)), brain pH (brpH) and levels of brain glucose and lactate. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective animal study in a university medical center. SUBJECTS: Fifteen Landrace/Yorkshire pigs. INTERVENTIONS: In 15 anesthetized pigs ICP, PbrO(2), PbrCO(2) and brpH were measured with multi-parameter sensors, and brain glucose and lactate by microdialysis. All these parameters were recorded for 2 h after injection of air into the internal carotid artery. Nine animals were hyperventilated (PaCO(2 )+/-25 mmHg) and hyperoxygenated (FiO(2) 1.0) and six animals were normoventilated (PaCO(2)()+/-40 mmHg with an FiO(2) 0.4) and served as controls. RESULTS. In the treatment group the ICP rose from 8+/-1 to 52+/-6 mmHg, which was similar to that in the control group (12+/-1 to 57+/-8 mmHg). At the end of the 2-h study period, there were no significant differences in PbrO(2), PbrCO(2) and brpH between the two groups. The decreased brain glucose and increased brain lactate reached severe pathological values in both groups by the end of the 2-h study period. CONCLUSIONS: Hypocapnia and hyperoxemia in acute CAE did not improve pathological functional brain parameters compared with normoventilated controls. Similarly, the pathological changes in brain glucose/lactate could also not be improved by hypocapnia and hyperoxemia. PMID- 14767586 TI - Post-pyloric enteral nutrition in septic patients: effects on hepato-splanchnic hemodynamics and energy status. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of post-pyloric enteral nutrition (EN) on hepato-splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics, metabolism and gastric mucosal energy balance in septic patients. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: Medical intensive care unit (ICU) in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Ten hemodynamically stable, mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis. Eight patients required norepinephrine. INTERVENTION: Low dose post-pyloric EN (Survimed, 40 ml bolus, 40 ml h(-1) continuously). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Three data sets: F1 = baseline fasting, EN(120) = after 120 min of EN, F2=120 min after EN cessation. In addition to global hemodynamics and gastric mucosal PCO(2), we measured hepato-splanchnic blood flow (HSBF) using continuous primed indocyanine green dye infusion with hepatic venous sampling. The mean arterial pressure remained unchanged. During EN systemic vascular resistance decreased ( p<0.05), while cardiac index increased (p<0.001). Simultaneously, HSBF increased during EN and decreased again at F2 (1.54 [0.88; 1.66] l min(-1) m(-2 )at F1; 1.72 [1.18; 1.83] l min(-1) m(-2 )at EN and 1.38 [0.91; 1.63] l min(-1) m-(2 )at F2, p<0.001). Hepatic venous acid base status, lactate/pyruvate ratio and splanchnic lactate balance remained unchanged. There was also no change in splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio or in gastric mucosal to arterial PCO(2) difference. CONCLUSION: The initiation of low dose post-pyloric EN in medical ICU patients with severe sepsis led to the parallel increase of systemic and hepato splanchnic blood flow. Hepato-splanchnic energy metabolism, oxygen kinetics and gastric mucosal energy balance did not deteriorate during EN, suggesting that EN during sepsis may not be harmful even in patients requiring norepinephrine. PMID- 14767587 TI - Expression of nitric oxide synthase, aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in rat after bleomycin inhalation. AB - OBJECTIVE: Nitric oxide (NO) and aquaporins (AQPs) are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation and edema. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of NO synthase (NOS) and AQP in acute lung injury (ALI) lung following bleomycin inhalation in rats. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective controlled trial in a university research laboratory. ANIMALS AND INTERVENTIONS: Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by inhalation of 10 U/kg bleomycin hydrochloride in 5 ml of normal saline. Control rats were treated with 5 ml normal saline alone. The animals (6-8 rats per group) were killed on days 4, 7 or 14. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: We analyzed the change in expression of inducible NOS (iNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) over time by Western blot. Nitrate and nitrite concentrations were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) using a modified Griess reaction. The nitrite and nitrate concentrations in BALF from rats 4 days after bleomycin exposure were greater than those from saline-treated rats. Immunoblotting studies demonstrated increased levels of eNOS in the rat lung at 4, 7 and 14 days and iNOS at 7 and 14 days after bleomycin inhalation. However, nNOS expression was unaltered. Although AQP1 expression was decreased in rats at 4 days, AQP5 expression was increased at 4, 7 and 14 days. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that NO metabolites increase along with eNOS and iNOS expression during the acute exudative phase in ALI, and that AQP and NOS are regulated independently in bleomycin-induced pulmonary edema. PMID- 14767588 TI - Linezolid in VAP by MRSA: a better choice? PMID- 14767589 TI - Post-traumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in relatives of patients following intensive care. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the provision of information in the form of a rehabilitation program following critical illness in reducing psychological distress in the patients' close family. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial, blind at follow-up with final assessment at 6 months. SETTING: Two district general hospitals and one teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: The closest family member of 104 recovering intensive care unit (ICU) patients. INTERVENTIONS: Ward visits, ICU clinic appointments at 2 and 6 months. Relatives and patients received the rehabilitation program at 1 week after ICU discharge. The program comprised a 6-week self-help manual containing information about recovery from ICU, psychological information and practical advice. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Psychological recovery of relatives was assessed by examining the rate of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related symptoms by 6 months after ICU. The proportion of relatives scoring in the range >19 on the Impact of Events Scale (cause for concern) was high in both groups at 49% at 6 months. No difference was shown in the rate of depression, anxiety, or PTSD-related symptoms between the study groups. CONCLUSION: A high incidence of psychological distress was evident in relatives. Written information concerning recovery from ICU provided to the patient and their close family did not reduce this. High levels of psychological distress in patients were found to be correlated with high levels in relatives. PMID- 14767590 TI - Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the intensive care unit. Opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality--Part 2: Practical aspects and side effects. AB - Induced hypothermia can be used to protect the brain from post-ischemic and traumatic neurological injury. Potential clinical applications and the available evidence are discussed in a separate paper. This review focuses on the practical aspects of cooling and physiological changes induced by hypothermia, as well as the potential side effects that may develop. These side effects can be serious and, if not properly dealt with, may negate some or all of hypothermia's potential benefits. However, many of these side effects can be prevented or modified by high-quality intensive care treatment, which should include careful monitoring of fluid balance, tight control of metabolic aspects such as glucose and electrolyte levels, prevention of infectious complications and various other interventions. The speed and duration of cooling and rate of re-warming are key factors in determining whether hypothermia will be effective; however, the risk of side effects also increases with longer duration. Realizing hypothermia's full therapeutic potential will therefore require meticulous attention to the prevention and/or early treatment of side effects, as well as a basic knowledge and understanding of the underlying physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. These and other, related issues are dealt with in this review. PMID- 14767592 TI - Characteristics and outcomes of HIV-infected patients in the ICU: impact of the highly active antiretroviral treatment era. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has changed the rate of admission, the clinical spectrum, and the mortality of HIV-infected ICU patients. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Infectious diseases ICU in a teaching hospital, Paris, France. PATIENTS: All HIV infected patients admitted during a pre-HAART era (1995-1996; n=189) and a HAART era (1998-2000; n=236). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: At the HAART era, 79% of patients had derived no or little benefit from the availability of HAART at ICU admission: 44% had no history of antiretroviral (ARV) medications and 35% had failed to respond to ARV. As compared with the pre-HAART era, the rate of hospitalized HIV-infected patients requiring the ICU stay increased (HAART, 5.9% vs pre-HAART, 4.4%; p=0.004). The admission was more likely to occur through the emergency room (45 vs 29%, p=0.0004), and the patients to be foreigners (38.1 vs 28.6%; p=0.04). After adjustment for significant prognostic covariates (AIDS-related tumors at admission, CD4 count <50/mm(3), poor functional status (Knaus score C or D), SAPSII, and need for mechanical ventilation), ICU survival was unchanged (adjusted OR=0.613, 95% CI=0.312-1.206), but 3-month survival was significantly improved (adjusted OR=0.57; 95% CI=0.32 0.99; p=0.045). CONCLUSION: The number of HIV-infected patients admitted to the ICU remained high in the HAART era. Underutilization of HAART and limited access to health care are possible explanations. The ICU mortality has remained unchanged, but 3-month mortality has decreased. PMID- 14767593 TI - Does ICU-acquired paresis lengthen weaning from mechanical ventilation? AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ICU-acquired paresis (ICUAP) is an independent risk factor of prolonged weaning. DESIGN: Second study of a prospective cohort of 95 patients who were enrolled in an incidence and risk factor study of ICUAP. SETTING: Three medical and two surgical ICUs in four hospitals. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-five patients without pre-existing neuromuscular disease recovering from the acute phase of critical illness after > or =7 days of mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Duration of weaning from mechanical ventilation was defined as the duration of mechanical ventilation between awakening (day 1) and successful weaning. Muscle strength was evaluated at day 7 after awakening using the Medical Research Council (MRC) score. Patients with an MRC <48 were considered to have ICUAP. Among the 95 patients (mean age 62.0+/-15.3 years, SAPS 2 on admission 48.7+/-17.4) who regained satisfactory awakening after 7 or more days of mechanical ventilation, 67 (70.5%) were hospitalized in a medical ICU and 28 (29.5%) in a surgical ICU. Median duration (25th-75th percentiles) of weaning was longer in patients with ICUAP than in those without ICUAP: 6 days (1-22 days) vs 3 days (1-7 days); p=0.01; log-rank analysis. In multivariate analysis, the two independent predictors of prolonged weaning were ICUAP [hazard ratio (HR): 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-4.2] and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.6-4.5) CONCLUSIONS: ICU-acquired paresis is an independent predictor of prolonged weaning. Prevention of ICU-acquired neuromuscular abnormalities in patients recovering from severe acute illness should result in shorter weaning duration. PMID- 14767591 TI - Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the ICU: opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality. Part 1: Indications and evidence. AB - OBJECTIVE: Hypothermia has been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. This paper reviews the current potential clinical applications for mild hypothermia (32-35 degrees C). DESIGN AND SETTING: Induced hypothermia is used mostly to prevent or attenuate neurological injury, and has been used to provide neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, stroke, and various other disorders. The evidence for each of these applications is discussed, and the mechanisms underlying potential neuroprotective effects are reviewed. Some of this evidence comes from animal models, and a brief overview of these models and their limitations is included in this review. RESULTS: The duration of cooling and speed of re-warming appear to be key factors in determining whether hypothermia will be effective in preventing or mitigating neurological injury. Some other potential usages of hypothermia, such as its use in the peri-operative setting and its application to mitigate cardiac injury following ischemia and reperfusion, are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Although induced hypothermia appears to be a highly promising treatment, it should be emphasized that it is associated with a number of potentially serious side effects, which may negate some or all of its potential benefits. Prevention and/or early treatment of these complications are the key to successful use of hypothermia in clinical practice. These side effects, as well as various physiological changes induced by cooling, are discussed in a separate review. PMID- 14767596 TI - A molecular linkage map with associated QTLs from a hulless x covered spring oat population. AB - In spring-type oat ( Avena sativa L.), quantitative trait loci (QTLs) detected in adapted populations may have the greatest potential for improving germplasm via marker-assisted selection. An F(6) recombinant inbred (RI) population was developed from a cross between two Canadian spring oat varieties: 'Terra', a hulless line, and 'Marion', an elite covered-seeded line. A molecular linkage map was generated using 430 AFLP, RFLP, RAPD, SCAR, and phenotypic markers scored on 101 RI lines. This map was refined by selecting a robust set of 124 framework markers that mapped to 35 linkage groups and contained 35 unlinked loci. One hundred one lines grown in up to 13 field environments in Canada and the United States between 1992 and 1997 were evaluated for 16 agronomic, kernel, and chemical composition traits. QTLs were localized using three detection methods with an experiment-wide error rate of approximately 0.05 for each trait. In total, 34 main-effect QTLs affecting the following traits were identified: heading date, plant height, lodging, visual score, grain yield, kernel weight, milling yield, test weight, thin and plump kernels, groat beta-glucan concentration, oil concentration, and protein. Several of these correspond to QTLs in homologous or homoeologous regions reported in other oat QTL studies. Twenty-four QTL-by-environment interactions and three epistatic interactions were also detected. The locus controlling the covered/hulless character ( N1) affected most of the traits measured in this study. Additive QTL models with N1 as a covariate were superior to models based on separate covered and hulless sub populations. This approach is recommended for other populations segregating for major genes. Marker-trait associations identified in this study have considerable potential for use in marker-assisted selection strategies to improve traits within spring oat breeding programs. PMID- 14767595 TI - Decreased beta-cell mass in diabetes: significance, mechanisms and therapeutic implications. AB - Increasing evidence indicates that decreased functional beta-cell mass is the hallmark of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. This underlies the absolute or relative insulin insufficiency in both conditions. In this For Debate, we consider the possible mechanisms responsible for beta-cell death and impaired function and their relative contribution to insulin insufficiency in diabetes. Beta-cell apoptosis and impaired proliferation consequent to hyperglycaemia is one pathway that could be operating in all forms of diabetes. Autoimmunity and other routes to beta-cell death are also considered. Recognition of decreased functional beta-cell mass and its overlapping multifactorial aetiology in diabetic states, leads us to propose a unifying classification of diabetes. PMID- 14767597 TI - Chromosomal imbalances detected by comparative genomic hybridisation in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours. AB - INTRODUCTION: Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours (AT/RT) are highly malignant embryonal tumours of the brain composed of rhabdoid cells. Inactivating mutations of the hSNF5/INI-1 gene located in the chromosomal region 22q11.2 are regarded as a crucial step in their molecular pathogenesis. Apart from monosomy or deletions of chromosome 22 not much data exists on additional chromosomal aberrations. METHODS: We investigated seven primary AT/RT by comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) and found DNA copy number changes in each case. RESULTS: These consisted of loss of 22q in 7 out of 7 (100%) and loss of 19 in 3 out of 7 (43%) patients. In 4/7 AT/RT (57%), loss of chromosome 22q was the sole aberration whereas one patient showed additional losses of 16p, 17p and 20q. CONCLUSIONS: Our CGH data suggest that apart from monosomy 22 additional genetic pathways may seem feasible for a subset of AT/RT that is yet to be defined. Furthermore, this study also emphasises the potential practical value of loss of chromosome 22 as a diagnostic marker for AT/RT. PMID- 14767598 TI - The ventilatory response to environmental hypercarbia in the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus. AB - To study the effects of environmental hypercarbia on ventilation in snakes, particularly the anomalous hyperpnea that is seen when CO(2) is removed from inspired gas mixtures (post-hypercapnic hyperpnea), gas mixtures of varying concentrations of CO(2) were administered to South American rattlesnakes, Crotalus durissus, breathing through an intact respiratory system or via a tracheal cannula by-passing the upper airways. Exposure to environmental hypercarbia at increasing levels, up to 7% CO(2), produced a progressive decrease in breathing frequency and increase in tidal volume. The net result was that total ventilation increased modestly, up to 5% CO(2) and then declined slightly on 7% CO(2). On return to breathing air there was an immediate but transient increase in breathing frequency and a further increase in tidal volume that produced a marked overshoot in ventilation. The magnitude of this post hypercapnic hyperpnea was proportional to the level of previously inspired CO(2). Administration of CO(2) to the lungs alone produced effects that were identical to administration to both lungs and upper airways and this effect was removed by vagotomy. Administration of CO(2) to the upper airways alone was without effect. Systemic injection of boluses of CO(2)-rich blood produced an immediate increase in both breathing frequency and tidal volume. These data indicate that the post hypercapnic hyperpnea resulted from the removal of inhibitory inputs from pulmonary receptors and suggest that while the ventilatory response to environmental hypercarbia in this species is a result of conflicting inputs from different receptor groups, this does not include input from upper airway receptors. PMID- 14767599 TI - Neuronal adaptation improves the recognition of temporal patterns in a grasshopper. AB - The recognition of the temporal structure of sound patterns by grasshopper males was investigated in behavioural experiments. Males were tested with short (165 335 ms) song models in which the characteristic subunit pattern of syllables and pauses was modified either at the beginning or at the end of the stimuli. The highly specific responses of the animals indicate that neuronal adaptation has a substantial influence on the detection of the pauses which are essential cues for the subunit structure: pauses were less likely detected shortly after the beginning of a song model than at later positions. Even adaptation in auditory neurons that was induced by unspecific stimulation (with unmodulated noise) facilitated the processing of sound envelopes. The effects of stimulus prolongation and introduction of pauses appeared to combine linearly, similar to the effects of introducing two pauses instead of a single one. In the responses to some song models large interindividual differences were observed. Comparison across stimuli and repeated testing of a smaller number of individuals indicated a considerable consistency of behavioural preferences. However, the data yielded no clear evidence for the existence of individually distinct processing types among males, that conceivably would focus on different features of the stimuli. PMID- 14767600 TI - MRI of slow flow in artificial duct in swine. AB - Our aim was to evaluate whether it is possible to visualize slow flow within a small catheter placed inside a living animal. We used a flow-sensitive, single shot turbo spin-echo (SS-TSE) MRI sequence, developed in house, based on diffusion-weighted (DW) techniques. Four anesthetized pigs were used as models. A plastic catheter was surgically placed within the common bile duct (CBD). To mimic flow, the catheter was filled with Ringer's acetate and connected to a pump. b factors (s/m(2)) of 0, 6, and 12, with flow velocities raging from 0 to 1.32 cm/s, were used. A total of 375 images were obtained and examined. After correction for bowel movement artifacts, all images displayed the catheter on zero flow. With a flow of 0.66 cm/s or higher, no images displayed the catheter with a b factor of 6 or 12. On the slower flow velocities, it was variable whether the catheter was visible or not, but at b=6 and flow 0.17 cm/s all catheters were viewable. This method made it possible to perform a semiquantitative evaluation of flow velocities in vivo, dividing flow into three groups. PMID- 14767601 TI - Ultrasound during dissection of cadaveric specimens: a new method for obtaining ultrasound-anatomic correlations in musculoskeletal radiology. AB - We report a new technique for ultrasound-anatomic correlations consisting of dissection of embalmed specimens during ultrasound examination. Our method consists of performing ultrasound during the different stages of dissection. The technique was developed by making observations of selected structures in two embalmed and two non-embalmed cadaver hands. The image quality was subjectively graded by consensus of two investigators, before and after denudation of the selected structures of the hand. As an example, the technique is demonstrated for the flexors at the metacarpophalangeal joint level, the extensor complex at the level of the proximal phalanx, and the dorsal hood of the second to fourth fingers. Before dissection the image quality in fresh specimens was graded moderate, and in embalmed specimens good. After dissection the image quality was good in fresh specimens and excellent in embalmed specimens. Our method is simple and does not require sophisticated material. Our results indicate that embalmed specimens could be better than non-embalmed specimens, because of the presence of artefacts in the non-embalmed specimens (gas deposits). The described methodology can yield excellent results regarding precise identification of different interfaces and structures, as observed at ultrasound. PMID- 14767602 TI - Methods for volume assessment of prostate cancer. AB - This paper presents current knowledge on the prognostic significance of prostate cancer volume, reviews the feasibility of state-of-the-art imaging techniques for its assessment, and briefly introduces future perspectives regarding technical developments. PMID- 14767603 TI - Epidural fat interposition between dura mater and spinous process: a new sign for the diagnosis of spondylolysis on MR imaging of the lumbar spine. AB - The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of epidural fat interposition between the dura mater and spinous process of L5 as an indirect sign of spondylolysis on mid-sagittal MR imaging of the lumbar spine. Mid sagittal T1-weighted MR images of the lumbar spine of 85 patients with spondylolysis and 93 patients without pars interarticularis fractures were randomized and evaluated by a masked reader. After a training sample of five cases, the reader was asked to note the presence or absence of epidural fat interposition between the dura mater and spinous process of L5 on the randomized images. The epidural fat interposition between the dura mater and spinous process of L5 was noted in 67 out of the 85 patients with spondylolysis (78.8%) and three of the patients without pars interarticularis fracture (3.2%). The difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01). This sign has a specificity of 96.7%, sensitivity of 78.8%, positive predictive value of 95.7%, negative predictive value of 83.3% and accuracy of 88.2% for diagnosis of spondylolysis. Epidural fat interposition between the dura mater and spinous process may be a helpful sign for the diagnosis of spondylolysis on mid-sagittal MR imaging of the lumbar spine. PMID- 14767604 TI - Diffusion-weighted MRI of soft tissue tumours. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of a multi-shot spin-echo echo-planar (SE-EPI) diffusion-weighted sequence in the diagnostic work up of soft tissue tumours. There were 29 patients, 16 with a benign lesion and 13 with a sarcoma. Four of the sarcomas were examined both before and after radiation therapy. Diffusion-weighted imaging was performed with a multi-shot SE EPI sequence. The b values were 0 and 600 s/mm(2). Phase navigation and pulse trigging were applied. The apparent diffusion constant (ADC) value of a large region of interest (ROI) representing the lesion was measured and compared to diagnosis and treatment. The ADC values of the benign lesions (mean 1.8 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s) overlapped with non-treated sarcomas (mean 1.7 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s). The ADC value increased in all radiated sarcomas. A multi-shot SE-EPI diffusion imaging sequence of less than 2-min duration is technically feasible in soft tissue tumours of the extremities and the trunk. The ADC values of benign soft tissue tumours and sarcomas overlapped and could not be used to differentiate between the bulk of benign and malignant tumours. However, the increase in ADC values of soft tissue sarcomas after radiotherapy warrants further studies of diffusion imaging for evaluating therapy response. PMID- 14767605 TI - Stereological estimation of total intracranial volume on CT images. AB - This study aims to investigate the possibility of generating stereological estimations of total intracranial volume (TIV) on CT scans. The study group included 16 consecutive patients referred for a cranial CT examination. The TIV was estimated using the stereological point counting technique. Volume measurements were optimized by systematically sampling CT sections and by defining an optimum spacing between test points of the grid. The intraobserver and interobserver variability of the optimized volumetric technique was determined. Stereological TIV estimations were compared with the respective planimetric measurements. The application of a test grid with a point spacing of 2.4 cm on 6-8 systematically sampled CT sections provided TIV estimations with a coefficient of error of less than 5%. The intraobserver and interobserver coefficient of variation values were found to be 2.4 and 4.0%, respectively. The 95% limits of agreement between stereological and planimetric TIV measurements were equal to -91.4 and 103.4 cm3. The mean time (+/- SD) needed to obtain stereological TIV estimations was 2.9 +/- 0.6 min. The application of the optimized stereological technique on CT scans enables the efficient estimation of TIV. PMID- 14767606 TI - Regeneration of herbicide-tolerant black locust transgenic plants by SAAT. AB - A protocol based on SAAT (sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation) has been developed to obtain herbicide-resistant transgenic black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) plants. Cotyledon explants were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium AGL1 strain carrying the pTAB16 plasmid (bar and gusA genes). The effects of bacterial concentration (OD550 of 0.3, 0.6, 0.8) and method of infection (sonication vs immersion) on bacterial delivery were determined by assaying cotyledons for transient beta-glucuronidase expression 3 days after infection. SAAT increases transient expression efficiency especially at an OD550 of 0.6. After determining bacterial concentration and infection method, other factors affecting transformation efficiency, such as explant preconditioning and period of time before applying selection, were tested. From these experiments, the preferred protocol for black locust cotyledon transformation should include sonication of preconditioned cotyledons in AGL1 suspension, coculture for 3 days with 100 microM acetosyringone and transfer to selection medium with 4 mg/l phosphinothricin and 150 mg/l timentin. Of the initial explants, 2% produced at least one transgenic shoot. Genetic transformation was confirmed by Southern hybridization, chlorophenol red assay and herbicide tolerance of the regenerated plants. PMID- 14767607 TI - [Laryngeal epithelial dysplasia vs. laryngeal intraepithelial neoplasia]. AB - Laryngeal cancer is the most frequent malignancy of the upper respiratory tract. Only the very early treatment of tumors or even of their precursor lesions will be both curative and organ preserving. Microsurgical techniques facilitate early detection and complete removal of limited lesions can be achieved quite frequently, but follow-up data for such lesions are difficult to obtain. The resulting lack of endpoint observations (i.e., malignant transformation, spontaneous involution) hampers the development, testing, and application of grading systems focusing on epithelial alterations, especially changes with only mild nuclear atypia and minimal structural alteration. Such lesions may be entirely benign or may indicate premalignant stages of well-differentiated carcinoma. For diagnosis we recommend a modified Kleinsasser's system to classify premalignant epithelial changes. Only the complete removal of suspicious lesions as far as possible or regular clinical follow-up in cases where complete removal cannot be achieved can prevent the development of advanced stage cancer. PMID- 14767608 TI - [Nasal sinus carcinoma after wood dust exposure. Morphological spectrum of 100 cases]. AB - Sinonasal carcinomas are usually of the squamous cell or transitional cell type. Adenocarcinomas of the inner nose and the paranasal sinus correlate with exposure to wood dust. However, this is only true for adenocarcinomas of the intestinal type and not for salivary gland carcinomas or polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas. Of 160 cases with a history of wood dust exposure and malignant tumors of the inner nose, 134 were sinonasal adenocarcinomas of the intestinal type (SNAIT). In addition, there were 24 other carcinomas as well as 1 malignant melanoma and 1 malignant synovial tumor. The SNAIT showed various subtypes with great morphological similarities to colorectal adenocarcinomas (papillary tubular cylinder cell: 72.4%; alveolar goblet cell: 5.2%; signet ring cell: 3.7%; transitional type: 18.7%). Highly differentiated adenocarcinomas (G1) and mucinous adenocarcinomas were relatively frequent: they accounted for 23.1% and 29.1% of the 134 SNAIT, respectively. Apart from wood dust, wood additives are discussed as a carcinogenic factor. With the development of SNAIT, a metaplasia dysplasia-carcinoma in situ sequence is probable. If the clinical course shows few symptoms, the first manifestation of such a tumor often occurs in an advanced stage. PMID- 14767609 TI - [Viral carcinogenesis of head and neck tumors]. AB - Approximately 15% of malignant diseases are caused by infectious agents. Human papilloma viruses (HPV) can be frequently found in oral carcinomas, especially tonsillar cancer. A group of HPV-infected tumors shows clear signs for a virally induced transformation process: high-risk HPVs can be detected in all tumor cells, the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 are constantly expressed and lead to upregulation of cellular p16(INK4a), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. The patients frequently lack typical risk factors associated with head and neck cancers such as drinking and smoking. Epstein-Barr viruses (EBV) are associated with lymphoproliferative disorders and cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). NPC has a high incidence in some East Asian countries. In this review, the molecular pathogenesis of HPV- and EBV-associated malignancies are described and the clinical relevance of the presented findings is discussed. PMID- 14767610 TI - [Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) expression. Tumorigenesis of epithelial carcinoma of the mouth]. AB - Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) is a heterodimeric enzyme involved in the regulation of mitogenesis, apoptosis, cell adhesion, and motility. PI3-K was suggested as a protooncogene in human cancer. To determine the expression of PI3 K during cancerogenesis and tumor invasion of HNSCC, we investigated normal and dysplastic epithelium of the oral cavity, squamous cell carcinoma and lymph node metastasis by immunohistochemistry. The strongest immunoreactivity for p85alpha and p110alpha was found in invasive tumors and their metastases. Carcinomas in situ showed a focal positivity. Dysplasias and normal epithelium reacted predominantly negatively. The PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 inhibited proliferation and invasion of the HNSCC cell line CAL-27 and induced apoptosis in vitro. Our data suggest PI3-K as a marker of malignancy and tumor invasion. We suggest including PI3-K in the multistep carcinogenesis model of HNSCC. In addition, PI3 K is a potential target for pharmacological intervention. PMID- 14767611 TI - [Salivary gland tumors--tumor typing and grading]. AB - In addition to staging, histological typing and grading provide important information for prognosis and adequate treatment of salivary gland cancers. Current classification and grading systems for mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and malignant mixed tumor (carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma) are discussed. PMID- 14767612 TI - [Differential diagnosis of basaloid salivary gland tumors]. AB - The diagnosis of basaloid tumors of the salivary glands can be challenging. In most cases, conventional histologic examination, if carried out meticulously, will be sufficient. Yet, immunohistochemistry will be of help for the definition of purely myoepithelial tumors, basaloid squamous cell carcinomas, and canalicular adenomas. The differential diagnosis of canalicular adenoma, basal cell adenoma and basal cell adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, myoepithelial tumors, epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma, and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma is discussed. PMID- 14767613 TI - [Undifferentiated salivary gland carcinomas]. AB - Undifferentiated salivary gland carcinomas may be divided into small cell and large cell types. Among large cell undifferentiated carcinomas, lymphoepithelial carcinomas have to be distinguished, the latter of which are endemic in the Arctic regions and southern China where virtually all cases of these tumors are associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Association with EBV may also be observed in sporadic cases, and detection of EBV gene products may aid their diagnosis. Immunohistology may be employed to resolve the differential diagnosis of undifferentiated salivary gland carcinomas, comprising malignant lymphomas, amelanotic melanomas, Merkel cell carcinomas, and adenoid cystic carcinomas, in particular in small biopsy materials. Because of the rarity of undifferentiated salivary gland carcinomas, the differential diagnosis should always include metastases of undifferentiated carcinomas arising at other primary sites, particularly when expressing the thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). PMID- 14767614 TI - [Salivary gland lymphomas]. AB - This tutorial focuses on malignant lymphomas and inflammatory conditions as potential precursors of primary malignant lymphomas in salivary glands. Salivary glands display a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and are often associated with intra- and periglandular lymph nodes. Inflammation of the glands may variably produce duct ectasia, lymphoepithelial lesions, atrophy, and fibrosis. Primary lymphomas of the salivary glands may develop on the basis of autoimmune sialadenitis and comprise most frequently marginal zone lymphomas, less often monocytoid lymphomas or other lymphoma entities. In a large proportion of cases, lymphoma infiltrates are attributable to extraglandular lymphomas either as a leukemic infiltrate with diffuse enlargement or as a localized manifestation of primary nodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Diagnosis is based on conventional histology and immunohistology. PMID- 14767615 TI - [Lymphadenoma of the parotid gland without sebaceous differentiation. Immunohistochemical investigations]. AB - An encapsulated tumor measuring 8 cm was removed from the parotid gland in a 42 year-old man. The tumor had grown for about 5 years. The histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation revealed a lymphadenoma without sebaceous differentiation of the epithelial component. The tumor consisted of exclusively solid epithelial islands and a lymphoid stroma with rare lymph follicles and abundant predominantly IgG plasma cells. The histogenesis of lymphadenomas is discussed in consideration of the differential diagnosis from Warthin's tumor and the data in the literature. PMID- 14767616 TI - [Skin adnexal and salivary gland neoplasms. Similarities and differences of selected patients]. AB - Benign and malignant skin adnexal neoplasms, especially glandular lesions, show morphologically striking similarities to salivary gland tumors. On the other hand, histological and clinical differences are evident, and knowledge of their existence is important for adequate treatment and reliable prognostication. In this review similarities and differences of selected entities are briefly described and discussed. The following entities are reviewed: cylindroma (vs. membranous variant of basal cell adenoma), sebaceoma (vs. sebaceous adenoma), syringocystadenoma papilliferum (vs. sialadenoma papilliferum), chondroid syringoma (vs. pleomorphic adenoma), cutaneous myoepithelioma (vs. myoepithelioma of salivary glands), cutaneous malignant myoepithelioma (vs. malignant myoepithelioma of salivary glands), cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma (vs. adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands), and mucinous eccrine carcinoma (vs. mucous carcinoma of salivary glands). PMID- 14767617 TI - A multicenter phase II study of cisplatin and docetaxel (Taxotere) in the first line treatment of advanced ovarian cancer: a GINECO study. AB - PURPOSE: A multicenter phase II study to evaluate the antitumor effect and safety of docetaxel in combination with cisplatin as first-line chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. METHODS: Enrolled in the study were 45 patients who were to receive six courses of docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) plus cisplatin 75 mg/m(2) every 21 days with hydration and steroid prophylaxis after initial debulking surgery. Imaging techniques and radiography were used to assess clinical tumor response, and second-look surgery was required for patients with complete clinical responses and for those without clinically measurable disease. RESULTS: The overall clinical response rate in 29 patients with clinically measurable disease was 58% (41% complete response). A complete pathologic response was seen in 9 of 34 patients who underwent second-look laparotomy, while microscopic disease was found in 10 patients. The median time to progression was 14.4 months (95% CI 8.4 20.4 months), with a median overall survival of 43 months (95% CI 21.1-65.0 months). Patients received a median number of six cycles at a dose intensity of 98%. Grade 3-4 neutropenia was seen in 80% of patients, but was manageable. No patients withdrew because of fluid retention. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of docetaxel with cisplatin confers high clinical and pathologically verified tumor response rates and is well tolerated in the first-line management of advanced ovarian cancer. PMID- 14767621 TI - Differences in SPET analysis of thyroid-associated orbitopathy. PMID- 14767623 TI - Production and induction of manganese peroxidase isozymes in a white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. AB - The production of MnP by Pleurotus ostreatus in different liquid cultures was investigated. The highest level of activity was observed after 8 days of culture in peptone-glucose-yeast extract medium (PGY), whereas maximal activity was achieved after 30 days in glucose-yeast extract medium (GY). MnP was purified to homogeneity from PGY (designated MnP-PGY) and GY (MnP-GY). The isoelectric points of MnP-PGY and MnP-GY were 3.77 and 4.06, respectively. The molecular mass of both enzymes was 42 kDa. Analysis of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of purified MnPs and nucleotide sequence of cloned mnp indicated that MnP-GY has VTCATGQTTANE at the N-terminus, whereas MnP-PGY has ATCADGRTTANA. A putative exposed tryptophan residue (W170) was found in MnP-GY. Both isozymes oxidized veratryl alcohol, although the K(m) of MnP-GY was lower than that of MnP-PGY. Thus, the presence of peptone in the medium affected the production of MnP isozymes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicated that the synthesis of MnP isozymes is controlled by culture conditions at the transcriptional level. PMID- 14767624 TI - The clinical significance of lung hypoexpansion in acute childhood asthma. AB - BACKGROUND: Many children experiencing acute asthmatic episodes have chest radiographs, which may show lung hyperinflation, hypoinflation, or normal inflation. Lung hypoinflation may be a sign of respiratory fatigue and poor prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical course in children with asthma according to the degree of lung inflation on chest radiographs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study during a 24-month period (from July 1999 to July 2001) of children aged 0-17 years, who presented to a pediatric emergency department or outpatient clinic with an asthma exacerbation. Chest radiographs obtained at presentation were reviewed independently by three pediatric radiologists who were blinded to the admission status of the patient. The correlation between hypoinflation and hospital admission was assessed in three age groups: 0-2 years, 3-5 years, and 6-17 years. RESULTS. Hypoinflation on chest radiographs was significantly correlated with hospital admission for children aged 6-17 years (odds ratio 16.00, 95% confidence interval 1.89-135.43). The inter-reader agreement for interpretation of these radiographs was strong, with a kappa score of 0.76. Hypoinflation was not correlated with admission in younger children. CONCLUSION: Lung hypoinflation is associated with a greater likelihood of hospital admission in children aged 6 years or older. Therefore, hypoinflation was a poor prognostic sign and may warrant more aggressive therapy. PMID- 14767628 TI - Laxative treatment elevates plasma homocysteine: a study on a population-based Swedish sample of old people. AB - OBJECTIVES: Elevated plasma homocysteine might indicate an increased risk of cancer, and cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The homocysteine level depends on the supply of folate and cobalamine, and constipation and/or laxative treatment might compromise this supply. The present study examined the impact of constipation and laxative treatment on the blood levels of homocysteine, folate and cobalamine in a population-based sample of aged people, including consideration of frailty and impaired renal function, both of which may also influence the homocysteine level. METHODS: The study was based on biochemical tests in 341 females and 183 males aged 82 years or older. The concentrations of homocysteine (plasma), folate, cobalamine and urea (serum) were measured in subjects with and without ongoing treatment with laxative drugs. Values were adjusted for age, gender and frailty, as well as for clinical diagnoses and drug therapies known to affect homocysteine levels. RESULTS: Homocysteine levels were increased and those of folate reduced in aged subjects on laxatives. Homocysteine remained elevated after adjusting for frailty and various neurological disorders. There was no significant effect on homocysteine and folate in constipated subjects without laxatives. PMID- 14767629 TI - Pharmacokinetic modelling of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime--a population study in 25 elderly patients. AB - OBJECTIVE: To develop a pharmacostatistical model to simultaneously characterise the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime and its main metabolite, desacetylcefotaxime, in elderly patients. METHODS: Cefotaxime, 1 g, was infused three times daily to 25 elderly patients, 66-93 years old. Cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime plasma concentrations (289 and 304 samples, respectively), along with demographic and physiological characteristics, were analysed using a population approach. RESULTS: Cefotaxime pharmacokinetics was best described by a two-compartment open model in which desacetylcefotaxime was produced from the central compartment. The final parameter estimates were derived from simultaneous fit of parent/metabolite data. Cefotaxime clearance, mean 5.5 l/h, was positively influenced by body weight and serum protein concentration and negatively influenced by serum creatinine and age. In contrast, desacetylcefotaxime elimination was only decreased by age. The mean terminal half-lives of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime were 1.7 h and 2.6 h, respectively. The stability and predictive performance of the final population pharmacokinetic model was assessed using 200 bootstrap samples of the original data. CONCLUSION: Cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime elimination decreased with increasing age above 60 years. This decreased elimination was related to individual characteristics that are typically related to renal function. PMID- 14767630 TI - Fooling the brain into thinking it sees both hands moving enhances bimanual spatial coupling. AB - This study examined the hypothesis that the mirror reflection of one hand's movement directly influences motor output of the other (hidden) hand, during performance of bimanual drawing. A mirror was placed between the two hands during bimanual circle drawing, with one hand and its reflection visible and the other hand hidden. Bimanual spatial coupling was enhanced by the mirror reflection, as shown by measures of circle size. Effects of the mirror reflection differed significantly from effects of vision to one hand alone, but did not differ from a control task performed in full vision. There was no evidence of a consistent phase lead of the visible hand, which indicates that the observed effects on spatial coupling were immediate and not based on time-consuming feedback processes. We argue that visual mirror symmetry fools the brain into believing it sees both hands moving rather than one. Consequently, the spatial properties of movement of the two hands become more similar through a process that is virtually automatic. PMID- 14767631 TI - Effects of corticosterone on place conditioning to ethanol. AB - RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: Effects of corticosterone on place conditioning to ethanol were investigated in mice using two conditioning schedules; the conventional method and a rapid conditioning schedule in which exposure to the CS+ followed immediately on exposure to the CS-. METHODS: Effects of administration of corticosterone, 10 mg/kg, on the acquisition of place conditioning produced by ethanol, 1-2.5 g/kg, were investigated using the conventional method of conditioning, with exposure to the CS+ and the CS- on alternate days, and also using the rapid conditioning method. Total and free blood corticosterone concentrations were measured after administration of ethanol and corticosterone. RESULTS: In the conventional, alternate day, conditioning schedule, ethanol produced significant place preference at 2 and at 2.5 g/kg, but when these alcohol doses were given with corticosterone 10 mg/kg, significant place conditioning was not seen. In contrast, in the rapid, same day, conditioning schedule corticosterone significantly decreased the dose at which ethanol produced an apparent place preference, with significant place conditioning being seen with ethanol at 1 and 1.5 g/kg in combination with corticosterone, 10 mg/kg. Total and free corticosterone concentrations were increased after ethanol, 1.5 g/kg, compared with controls, and administration of corticosterone, 10 mg/kg, caused a significantly greater increase. There were no significant differences in spontaneous locomotor activity or brain alcohol concentrations between any of the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of corticosterone on ethanol-induced place conditioning are substantially affected by the conditioning schedule used. PMID- 14767632 TI - Characterization of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor function in socially housed cynomolgus monkeys self-administering cocaine. AB - RATIONALE: Social rank has been shown to influence dopamine (DA) D(2) receptor function and vulnerability to cocaine self-administration in cynomolgus monkeys. The present studies were designed to extend these findings to maintenance of cocaine reinforcement and to DA D(1) receptors. OBJECTIVE: Examine the effects of a high-efficacy D(1) agonist on an unconditioned behavior (eyeblinking) and a low efficacy D(1) agonist on cocaine self-administration, as well as the effects of cocaine exposure on D(2) receptor function across social ranks, as determined by positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS: Effects of the high-efficacy D(1) agonist SKF 81297 and cocaine (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) on spontaneous blinking were characterized in eight monkeys during 15-min observation periods. Next, the ability of the low-efficacy D(1) agonist SKF 38393 (0.1-17 mg/kg) to decrease cocaine self-administration (0.003-0.1 mg/kg per injection, IV) was assessed in 11 monkeys responding under a fixed-ratio 50 schedule. Finally, D(2) receptor levels in the caudate and putamen were assessed in nineteen monkeys using PET. RESULTS: SKF 81297, but not cocaine, significantly increased blinking in all monkeys, with slightly greater potency in dominant monkeys. SKF 38393 dose dependently decreased cocaine-maintained response rates with similar behavioral potency and efficacy across social rank. After an extensive cocaine self administration history, D(2) receptor levels did not differ across social ranks. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that D(1) receptor function is not substantially influenced by social rank in monkeys from well-established social groups. While an earlier study showed that dominant monkeys had higher D(2) receptor levels and were less sensitive to the reinforcing effects of cocaine during initial exposure, the present findings indicate that long-term cocaine use changed D(2) receptor levels such that D(2) receptor function and cocaine reinforcement were not different between social ranks. These findings suggest that cocaine exposure attenuated the impact of social housing on DA receptor function. PMID- 14767633 TI - Blockade of substantia nigra dopamine D1 receptors reduces intravenous cocaine reward in rats. AB - RATIONALE: We have recently found that blockade of dopamine D1-type receptors in the ventral tegmental area reduces the rewarding effects of intravenous cocaine; here, we explored the possibility that blockade of D1 receptors in the adjacent substantia nigra (SN)--not usually considered part of reward circuitry--might have similar effects. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that blockade of dopamine D1 receptors in the SN reduces the rewarding effects of cocaine. METHODS: Twenty one rats were prepared with intravenous catheters and with bilateral guide cannulae implanted such that injections could be made directly into the SN or just dorsal to the SN. The rats were trained to self-administer intravenous cocaine (1.0 mg/kg per injection) on a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) schedule of reinforcement. After stable responding developed, 13 of the animals were tested following pretreatment with bilateral microinjections of SCH 23390 at doses of 0, 1, 2 or 4 microg/0.5 microl into the SN and 8 were tested with injections of 0 microg or 4 microg/0.5 microl into a site 2 mm dorsal to the SN site. RESULTS: Microinjections of SCH 23390 in the SN significantly increased rates of cocaine self-administration, while injections dorsal to SN had no significant effect on responding. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that blockade of dendritically released DA in the SN reduces the rewarding effects of cocaine. These findings complement accumulating evidence that the rewarding effects of cocaine are not restricted to the drug's ability to elevate dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. PMID- 14767634 TI - Differential effect of nitrogen species on changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability due to mitomycin c in lung epithelial cells. AB - The effect of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) against the cytotoxicity of mitomycin c (MMC) in lung epithelial cells was assessed by measuring the effect on mitochondrial membrane permeability. RNS had a differential effect against cytotoxicity of MMC depending on concentration. Viability loss in cells exposed to MMC was decreased by inhibitors of caspase-3, -8 and -9 and attenuated by antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine, dithiothreitol, ascorbate and rutin). Addition of 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) differentially affected the MMC-induced cell death and GSH depletion concentration dependently with a maximal inhibitory effect at 150 microM. Ascorbate, superoxide dismutase and haemoglobin prevented the inhibitory effect of 150 microM SIN-1 on 10 microg/ml MMC-induced cell death. SIN-1 inhibited the MMC-induced nuclear damage, loss in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, cytosolic accumulation of cytochrome c, caspase-3 activation, increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and depletion of GSH. SIN-1 also attenuated cell death due to H(2)O(2). The cytotoxicity of MMC in the presence of oxidants or RNS producers was much less than the sum of the each effect of MMC and producer. SIN-1 may inhibit the MMC-induced viability loss in lung epithelial cells by suppressing the mitochondrial membrane permeability change and by interaction of its products with MMC. PMID- 14767635 TI - Biphasic action of vigabatrin on cortical epileptic after-discharges in rats. AB - The time course of the anticonvulsant effect of vigabatrin against cortically induced epileptic after-discharges (ADs) was studied in freely moving rats with implanted electrodes. Adult rats (n=30) were exposed to five stimulation sessions each consisting of six stimulation series at 20-min intervals. The first session was a control one, then two groups of animals (n=10 each) were given vigabatrin (600 or 1,200 mg/kg i.p.), the control animals received physiological saline. Stimulation sessions were repeated 1, 24, 48, and 96 hours after the injection. Control animals exhibited an increased transition from the spike-and-wave type of AD to the second, "limbic" type and an increased intensity of movements accompanying stimulation. ADs in the second and subsequent sessions were, however, shorter than in the first session. Vigabatrin facilitated the transition to the second type of AD 1 h after administration but suppressed this transition as well as decreased the number of stimulations eliciting ADs 48 h later. AD duration and the severity of clonic seizures accompanying spike-and-wave ADs were influenced similarly. The effects of the lower dose of vigabatrin were more marked than those of the higher dose. The biphasic action of vigabatrin in our model might be due either to uneven changes of GABA concentration in different brain structures or to an additional mechanism of action. Our results in a cortical model of seizure demonstrate that the sequence of pro- and anticonvulsant actions of vigabatrin is not restricted to seizures of limbic origin and might represent a general phenomenon. PMID- 14767636 TI - Differential expression of sialylglycoconjugates and sialidase activity in distinct morphological stages of Fonsecaea pedrosoi. AB - The expression of sialoglycoconjugates in Fonsecaea pedrosoi conidia, mycelia, and sclerotic cells was analyzed using influenza A and C virus strains, sialidase treatment, and lectin binding. Conidium and mycelium whole cells were recognized by Limax flavus (LFA), Maackia amurensis (MAA), and Sambucus nigra (SNA) lectins, denoting the presence of surface sialoglycoconjugates containing alpha 2,3- and alpha 2,6-sialylgalactosyl sequences. Sialidase-treated conidia reacted more intensively with peanut agglutinin (PNA), confirming the occurrence of sialyl galactosyl linkages. Conidial cells agglutinated in the presence of influenza A and C virus strains, which confirmed the results obtained from lectin-binding experiments and revealed the presence of sialoglycoconjugates bearing 9-O-acetyl N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac(2)) surface structures. Western blotting analysis with peroxidase-labeled LFA demonstrated the occurrence of sialylglycoproteins in protein extracts from conidia and mycelia, with molecular masses corresponding to 56 and 40 kDa. An additional band of 77 kDa was detected in conidial extracts, suggesting an association between sialic acid expression and morphogenesis. Synthesis of sialic acids was correlated with sialidase expression, since both conidial and mycelial morphological stages presented secreted and cell-associated enzyme activity. Sialoglycoconjugates were not detected in F. pedrosoi sclerotic cells from in vitro and in vivo sources, which also do not express sialidase activity. The surface sialyl residues in F. pedrosoi are apparently involved in the fungal interaction with immune effector cells, since sialidase-treated conidia were less resistant to phagocytosis by human neutrophils from healthy individuals. These findings suggest that sialic acid expression in F. pedrosoi varies according to the morphological transition and may protect infecting propagules against immune destruction by host cells. PMID- 14767637 TI - Intergeneric conjugal transfer of plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli to Kitasatospora setae, a bafilomycin B1 producer. AB - An effective transformation procedure for Kitasatospora setae was established based on transconjugation from Escherichia coli ET12567 (pUZ8002) using a phi C31 derived integration vector, pSET152, containing oriT and attP fragments. While no transconjugation was observed under the standard transconjugation conditions for Streptomyces species, sufficient transconjugation (>1 x 10(-6)) was achieved on ISP4 medium containing 30 mM MgCl(2) using a 25- to 125-fold excess of E. coli donor cells. In addition, the sequence and location of the chromosomal integration site attB of K. setae was identified for the first time in genera of non- Streptomyces actinomycetes. K. setae contains a single phi C31 attB site. Similar to the case of Streptomyces species, the attB site of K. setae is present within an ORF encoding a pirin-homolog, but the K. setae-attB sequence deviates slightly from the consensus sequence of Streptomyces attB sequences. PMID- 14767638 TI - Pediatric reference curves for multi-site quantitative ultrasound and its modulators-reply. PMID- 14767639 TI - Calcification of the patellar tendon after ACL reconstruction. A case report with long-term follow-up. AB - Extensive calcification of the patellar tendon following ACL reconstruction with central-third bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft is a rarely seen complication. A 45-year-old male patient underwent combined intraarticular reconstruction of ACL with 1/3 central patellar bone-tendon-bone graft and extraarticular reconstruction with modified MacIntosh technique. Two cm of calcification of the patellar tendon was observed incidentally when he underwent a high tibial osteotomy due to medial compartment degeneration, secondary to varus malalignment, 18 months after the ACL surgery. The calcification, being painless, was left untouched during the surgery. At the final examination, 136 months postoperatively, the patient still had no complaint relating to the patellar tendon. PMID- 14767640 TI - Optimal screw diameter for interference fixation in a bone tunnel: a porcine model. AB - The study investigates the optimal interference screw dimensions required to secure a tendon graft in a bone tunnel. A standard 8 mm pig flexor-tendon graft was inserted into a standard open-ended 8 mm bone tunnel of a porcine distal femur and secured using either 7 mm, 8 mm or 9 mm diameter metal interference screws (Arthrex Inc, Naples, FL). The construct was tested to failure using a Shimadzu ASG 10KN Universal Material Testing Machine (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). Load and mode of construct failure were recorded for 37 individual constructs. There was no significant difference in the load at failure between the 7 mm screw (192 N; range 151-232) and 8 mm screw (181 N; range 150-212) (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between the 7 mm screw and the 9 mm screw (109 N; range 67-151) (p=0.006) and between the 8 mm screw and the 9 mm screw (p=0.015). When using a 9 mm screw, 100% of the constructs failed by cut out of the graft at the tunnel opening. The 7 mm constructs failed by slippage of the tendon from the bone tunnel in 83% of cases, with only 17% failing by cut out at the tunnel opening. The 8 mm constructs demonstrated a mixture of failure modes, with slippage occurring in 58% of cases, cut out in 38% and failure of the graft substance in one case (4%). In this model, screw diameters equal to or 1 mm less than the tunnel/tendon diameter provides better fixation than using a screw 1 mm larger. The mode of failure differs for each of these screws. PMID- 14767641 TI - The comparison of patellar tendon-bone autografting and free flexor-tendon autografting in infraspinatus defect of the shoulder: biomechanical and histological evaluation in a sheep model. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical and histological features of patellar tendon-bone autografting and free flexor-tendon autografting, which were fixed by two different techniques at the tendon-bone junction in reconstruction of an infraspinatus defect in sheep. Merino type sheep ( n=10) were divided into two groups. Following a defect in the infraspinatus tendon, in group I (flexor-tendon autografting) the free end of the flexor tendon was passed through the holes in the greater tuberosity for fixation. In group II (patellar tendon-bone autografting), fixation was obtained by impaction of the tibial bone plug to the greater tuberosity. Twelve weeks later, animals were sacrificed and specimens were evaluated biomechanically and histologically. Recovery of tensile mechanical properties was achieved to a level of approximately 50% in Group I and 70% in Group II at the end of the 12th week. No difference in the stiffness values was found. In group I, there was a difference between operated and contralateral (non-operated) tendons for the ultimate tensile strength values, but no difference was found in group II. Histologically, in group I, the defective area, which filled with a hypercellular connective tissue, could hardly be differentiated from the normal tendon tissue. In group II, complete incorporation of the bone block was seen in all specimens. These results suggested that patellar tendon-bone autografting is more advantageous than free flexor-tendon autografting in infraspinatus defect, providing rapid healing and better mechanical properties, especially in the early period of healing. PMID- 14767642 TI - Effects of an eyeglass-free 3-D display on the human visual system. AB - PURPOSE: To investigate the effect on the human visual system of viewing 3 dimensional (3-D) computer graphics (CG) images with an eyeglass-free rear-cross lenticular-type 3-D display. METHODS: Positive accommodation velocity (GRAD) during the accommodative step response was measured in ten healthy young adults before and after they viewed CG images. Although the distance between the viewer and the 3-D display was 600 mm, the apparent distance between the viewer and the virtual object was varied (515, 600, and 722 mm) by changing the visual disparity. RESULTS: A significant slowdown of average GRAD was observed by 60 min after a 30-min 3-D viewing of 3-D CG images [P<0.05, analysis of variance (ANOVA)] but not after a 30-min viewing of the CG images on a 2-D display or after a 15-min 3-D viewing. When the virtual object was at 722 mm, a significant slowdown of average GRAD was observed only at 30 min after the 30-min 3-D viewing (P<0.05, ANOVA). When the virtual object was at 515 mm, a significant slowdown of average GRAD was observed at 30 and 60 min after the 3-D viewing (P<0.05, ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS: The effect on the human visual system of 3-D viewing of 3-D CG images depends on both the duration of the viewing and the apparent distance between the viewer and the virtual objects. PMID- 14767643 TI - Sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma of the eyelid. AB - BACKGROUND: Sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma (SSDC) is a rare variant of sweat gland carcinomas. We report a case of SSDC of the eyelid. CASE: A 33-year-old woman presented with a painless, slowly enlarging nodule in her left lower eyelid. Incisional biopsy revealed proliferated ducts lined by two layers of epithelium embedded in a dense fibrous stroma. Cytologic atypia was not evident. Initial histopathological diagnosis was a syringoma or an inflammatory reaction. OBSERVATIONS: Four years after initial biopsy, the mass had enlarged slightly. Madarosis was observed thereafter. The lesion was excised completely with frozen section evaluation of the margins and repaired by a semicircular rotation flap. Microscopically, variable sized tubular structures could be seen invading the deep dermis and muscle. The final diagnosis was SSDC. CONCLUSIONS: This tumor is seldom recognized and is frequently confused with benign syringoma or inflammation. Wide and deep excisional biopsy is necessary for correct diagnosis and successful treatment. PMID- 14767644 TI - Mutation analysis of the TGFBI gene in Vietnamese with granular and Avellino corneal dystrophy. AB - PURPOSE: Mutations of the human transforming growth factor beta-induced gene (TGFBI) were reported to cause granular (GCD) and Avellino (ACD) corneal dystrophy in various nationalities. In this study we examined the TGFBI gene in a Vietnamese population with GCD and ACD. METHODS: Eight unrelated Vietnamese families, including 20 affected and 24 unaffected individuals, were examined; 50 normal Vietnamese individuals were used as controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. The TGFBI gene was analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. The corneal button was studied. RESULTS: Slit-lamp examination revealed typical features of GCD in most cases. A few features of ACD and a patient with an atypical form of GCD were also seen. Histopathological analysis of a GCD cornea showed deposits that stained bright red with Masson trichrome. Sequencing revealed three distinct mutations: R555W in six families, R124H in one family, and D123H in another. CONCLUSIONS: R555W and R124H mutations were co-segregated with the disease phenotype and thus caused GCD and ACD, respectively, in the families studied. The R555W detected in six of the eight families indicates that the GCD phenotype may be the most common in Vietnamese individuals, unlike in other Asians (Japanese and Korean), where ACD is most common (>90%). The D123H mutation may cause an atypical variant of GCD. PMID- 14767645 TI - Gelatinase expression in ocular surface disorders. AB - PURPOSE: To determine the expression of gelatinase A [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2] and gelatinase B (MMP-9) in ocular surface disorders, we carried out examinations of the eyes of patients with such disorders. METHODS: The cases consisted of a normal group comprising three eyes as the control and a patient group comprising six eyes of patients with ocular surface disorders. These groups underwent the following examinations. (1) Gelatin zymography: Tear samples taken by using the Schirmer I test were eluted and analyzed by gelatin zymography. (2) Immunohistochemical study: By using the alkaline phosphate-anti-alkaline phosphatase or avidin-biotin complex method, corneal or conjunctival tissue was examined for the presence of MMP-2, MMP-9, and membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP, which activates MMP-2. (3) Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR): Total RNA was eluted from the specimens, and the expression patterns of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP mRNA were analyzed. RESULTS: (1) Gelatin zymography: Only the proforms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were detected in the normal group. Both active MMP-2 and active MMP-9 were detected in all studied cases in the patient group. (2) Immunohistochemical study: In the normal group, only MMP-2-positive cells were present in conjunctival epithelium. In the patient group, cells positive for MMP 2, MMP-9 and MT1-MMP were present in the epithelium of the conjunctiva or cornea except in one thermal burn case. (3) RT-PCR: In the normal group, only MMP-2 expression was observed. MMP-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP mRNA expression was observed in three cases in the patient group. CONCLUSIONS: MMP-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP, which activates MMP-2, were expressed in the patients with various ocular surface disorders. In ocular surface disorders, therefore, the expression of gelatinases is upgraded. PMID- 14767646 TI - Pathogenic Acanthamoeba induces apoptosis of human corneal epithelial cells. AB - PURPOSE: To determine if trophozoites or lysate of pathogenic Acanthamoeba induce apoptosis in cultured human corneal epithelial cells. METHODS: SV40-immortalized human corneal epithelial (HCE-2) cells were co-incubated with trophozoites or lysate of pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii (ATCC 30868) in peptone-yeast glucose (PYG) medium. Control cells were exposed to PYG only or extracts similarly prepared from fibroblasts. At 6, 12, and 18 h of incubation with trophozoites, HCE-2 cells were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Assessment of DNA fragmentation and flow cytometry were performed to detect apoptotic signals in HCE-2 cells treated with Acanthamoeba lysate. RESULTS: Apoptosis was not detected at 6 h, but became detectable at 12 h and readily evident at 18 h. HCE-2 cells co-incubated with trophozoites displayed morphological features characteristic of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies, and nuclear condensation. Characteristic DNA laddering was seen in the DNA of HCE-2 cells exposed to Acanthamoeba lysate. Flow cytometry demonstrated that apoptosis induction was dose- and time-dependent; up to 60% of HCE-2 cells were apoptotic following exposure to parasite lysate for 18 h. In marked contrast, the control cells receiving mouse fibroblast lysate displayed normal morphology at all time points, and only 5% of cells exhibited DNA fragmentation after 18 h of incubation. CONCLUSIONS: Acanthamoeba trophozoites or lysate can induce apoptosis of cultured human corneal epithelial cells as at least one mechanism of cell death. PMID- 14767647 TI - Bilateral Candida albicans endophthalmitis associated with an infected deep venous thrombus. AB - BACKGROUND: To describe the clinical and histopathologic findings in a patient with bilateral Candida albicans endophthalmitis due to an infected deep venous thrombus. CASE: A 43-year-old patient with bilateral Candida albicans endophthalmitis due to an infected central venous thrombus. The patient's ophthalmology and hospital charts were reviewed. Histopathologic sections of the Candida albicans retinal granuloma were examined under light microscopy. OBSERVATIONS: Our patient had multiple blood cultures positive for Candida albicans owing to an infected subclavicular venous thrombosis. Bilateral Candida albicans endophthalmitis was diagnosed. Bilateral vitrectomy and membrane peeling for macular traction retinal detachments were performed. In the right eye, a large retinal granuloma was excised during surgery to adequately relieve traction on the macula. Vision improved in both eyes after surgery. Histopathologic findings revealed branching hyphae surrounded by giant cells, endothelial cell lined vascular channels, and inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of an infected deep venous thrombosis causing bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis. Appropriate management of these patients requires clear differentiation between endogenous chorioretinitis and endophthalmitis. Patients with documented fungemia should have a dilated fundus examination on a regular basis until complete clearance of the infection. PMID- 14767648 TI - Binding affinity of bunazosin, dorzolamide, and timolol to synthetic melanin. AB - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the binding affinity of bunazosin and dorzolamide to synthetic melanin relative to that of timolol. METHODS: Synthetic melanin was prepared from dopa by the action of tyrosinase. Timolol, dorzolamide, and bunazosin were incubated separately at a concentration of 10(-4) M in 2 ml of 0.066 M phosphate buffer containing 5 mg of synthetic melanin. After centrifugation, the absorbance of each free drug in the supernatant was measured at its optimum wavelength. The percentage of each drug bound to melanin was calculated directly from the change in absorbance relative to the initial value. RESULTS: The increase in the binding rates of all three drugs seemed to reach a plateau after 30 min. After incubating for 60 min, the binding rate of timolol was 22.2% +/- 4.9%, bunazosin 36.3% +/- 2.5%, and dorzolamide 8.5% +/- 1.9%. There were statistically significant differences between the binding rates of each drug. CONCLUSIONS: Under our study conditions, the order of binding affinity of these ocular hypotensive agents to synthetic melanin seems to be as follows: bunazosin>timolol>dorzolamide. PMID- 14767649 TI - Visual acuity in a community-dwelling Japanese population and factors associated with visual impairment. AB - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of visual acuity and investigate the predictors of visual impairment in a Japanese population. METHODS: Best-corrected visual acuity was measured in 2263 subjects aged 40-79 years randomly selected from a local community. Relations between visual impairment and possible risk factors were investigated. RESULTS: Among these subjects, 41 individuals (1.8%) were identified as visually impaired (best corrected visual acuity in the better eye <0.5). Both sexes in the older age groups had a higher frequency of visual impairment (Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test: P<0.001). A multiple logistic regression indicated that an increase in age of 10 years [odds ratio (OR) 3.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3-6.7] and myopia (OR 2.9; 95%CI 1.4-6.0) were independent risk factors for visual impairment. Individuals with the highest level of education (college or higher) had a lower risk of visual impairment (OR 0.1; 95%CI 0-0.7) compared to individuals with the lowest level of education. CONCLUSIONS: As expected, visual impairment increased with advancing age, although the prevalence of visual impairment in our population was lower than in other surveys. Racial and regional differences and differences in study design may be responsible for discrepancies between surveys. It is noteworthy that myopia was a significant risk factor for visual impairment, although the reasons for this association are uncertain and need further investigation. PMID- 14767650 TI - Anterior chamber angle assessment using gonioscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy. AB - PURPOSE: Comparison of anterior chamber angle measurements using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and gonioscopy. METHODS: Five hundred subjects were evaluated for grading of angle width by the Shaffer method. UBM was done in the same group to document angle width, angle opening distance (AOD 500), and anterior chamber depth. Biometric parameters were documented in all subjects. UBM and gonioscopic findings were compared. RESULTS: A study was conducted in 282 men and 218 women with a mean age of 57.32 +/- 12.48 years. Gonioscopic grading was used to segregate occludable (slit-like, grades 1 and 2) from nonoccludable (grades 3 and 4) angles. Subjective assessment by gonioscopy resulted in an overestimation of angle width within the occludable group when compared with values obtained by UBM. This did not affect the segregation of occludable versus nonoccludable angles by gonioscopy. Biometric parameters in eyes with occludable angles were significantly lower in comparison with eyes with nonoccludable angles, except for lens thickness. AOD 500 correlated well with angle width. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that clinical segregation into occludable and nonoccludable angles by an experienced observer using gonioscopy is fairly accurate. However, UBM is required for objective quantification of angles, and AOD 500 can be a reliable and standard parameter to grade angle width. PMID- 14767651 TI - Applicability of American and British criteria for screening of the retinopathy of prematurity in Thailand. AB - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to verify the applicability of standard guidelines for the screening of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and to determine the appropriate criteria for Thai neonates. METHODS: Records of ROP screening of infants born in our hospital between 1995 and 2000 with a birth weight below 2000 g or a gestational age of less than 36 weeks were studied. Criteria to screen infants with a birth weight below 1500 g or a gestational age of less than 28 weeks in the American guidelines and similar birth weight but a gestational age of less than 31 weeks in the British recommended guidelines were applied and evaluated in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Criteria reaching 100% sensitivity with the maximum specificity were deemed appropriate. RESULTS: Of the 514 screened infants, 33 had developed stage 2+ ROP and beyond. The mean +/- SD birth weight and gestational age were 1046 +/- 257 (710-1680 g) and 29.2 +/- 2.5 weeks (24-35 weeks), respectively. The age at intervention was 6-16 weeks. Sensitivity for both American and British guidelines was 93.9%. By screening infants with birth weights below 1500 g or gestational age less than 33 weeks, we could achieve 100% sensitivity with 18.3% specificity. We decided that the initial examination should be performed 4-6 weeks after birth. By applying these criteria to 62 referred cases we also were able to include in the screening all cases of concern in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Regional criteria for ROP screening is required and should be evaluated periodically and modified accordingly. PMID- 14767652 TI - The clinical role of N-isopropyl-p-[123I]-iodoamphetamine single photon emission computed tomography in the follow-up of choroidal melanoma after radiotherapy. AB - BACKGROUND: Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images with N isopropyl-p-[123I]-iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP) have recently been used for the sensitive and specific detection of melanoma. CASES: Using 123I-IMP SPECT, we observed three patients over a period of 18 months in whom choroidal melanoma had been diagnosed. Two underwent radiotherapy (cyber knife) in our clinic; the other patient was referred to us after 8 months of proton beam irradiation at another clinic. OBSERVATIONS: In two of the three cases, no metastasis or tumor recurrence has been observed up to the present time. In these individuals, the average 123I-IMP uptake in the pathological eye gradually and progressively decreased after radiotherapy to levels seen in the fellow eye. One eye of the three patients examined here, however, exhibited tumor recurrence in the ciliary body as well as hepatic metastasis 12 months after radiation treatment. In the pathological eye of this patient, the average 123I-IMP uptake gradually decreased, but never reached the levels in the fellow eye during the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: 123I-IMP SPECT is a useful examination method not only for diagnosis but also for the follow-up of patients with choroidal melanoma. PMID- 14767653 TI - Optic disk manifestation in diabetic eyes with low serum albumin: late fluorescein staining and high blood flow velocities in the optic disk. AB - PURPOSE: To evaluate ocular findings and blood flow characteristics in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with low serum albumin (ALB). METHODS: We studied 106 eyes of 53 type II DM patients without proliferative diabetic retinopathy and panretinal photocoagulation. All underwent standard ophthalmic examinations, color Doppler imaging, and serum ALB measurements. The patients were divided into Group 1 (34 cases) with a serum ALB > or =3.8 g/dl and Group 2 (19 cases) with ALB<3.8 g/dl. RESULTS: All of the optic disks appeared normal by Ophthalmoscopy except one case with the lowest serum ALB. The number of optic disks showing late fluorescein staining was significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 1. Peak systolic velocities in the central retinal artery (CRA, P=0.02) and central retinal vein (CRV, P<0.001) were significantly higher in Group 2, and significantly correlated with the serum ALB value (CRA; r=0.41, P=0.003 and CRV; r=0.60, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that low serum ALB enhances the permeability of the vessels in or around the optic disk and induces subclinical optic disk edema, which is characterized by late fluorescein staining and high blood flow velocities in the CRA and CRV. PMID- 14767654 TI - Retinal vasculitis due to secondary syphilis. AB - BACKGROUND: Retinal vasculitis is one of the manifestations of ocular syphilis. CASE: A 29-year-old man was referred to our hospital with the complaint of sudden visual loss in the left eye lasting more than three weeks. OBSERVATIONS: Ophthalmoscopic examination showed retinal hemorrhages, edema, and sheathing of large retinal arteries and veins. Fluorescein angiography revealed extensive occlusion of the affected retinal arteries, veins, and capillaries. Little evidence of uveitis or vitritis was observed. The fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test was positive, and the Treponema pallidum hemagglutination titer was 1:10,240. The treatment with penicillin was effective, leading to resolution of the retinal hemorrhages and edema, although occlusion of the retinal vessels persisted. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular occlusion occurred simultaneously in large retinal arteries, arterioles, and capillaries as well as in segments of retinal veins, resulting in irreversible changes in the vascular walls. PMID- 14767655 TI - Risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity requiring photocoagulation. AB - PURPOSE: To analyze risk factors other than birthweight (BW) and gestational age for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) requiring photocoagulation in infants (BW<1500 g). METHODS: We divided 45 eyes with ROP into three groups (A, without photocoagulation; B, with <6 clock hours photocoagulation; C, with > or =6 clock hours photocoagulation) and analyzed maternal and neonatal factors by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 13 factors, the number of days of infection, defined as C-reactive protein (CRP) greater than 1.0 mg/dl, was a significant risk between groups A and B+C [Odds ratio (OR), 1.549; 95% Confidence interval (CI), 1.008-2.381; P=0.046]. Among six after-birth factors, the number of days of infection (OR, 1.404; 95% CI, 1.023-1.928; P=0.036) was significant between groups A and B+C, and the number of blood transfusions (OR, 4.959; 95% CI, 1.002 24.54; P=0.050) and use of rescue surfactant (OR, 413.9; 95% CI, 1.163-147306; P=0.044) were significant between groups B and C. CONCLUSIONS: CRP should be routinely monitored while observing the progress of preterm infants. The probability of requiring photocoagulation increased in infants who received a blood transfusion or rescue surfactant. PMID- 14767656 TI - A case of sectorial benign flecked retina. AB - PURPOSE: A case of sectorial benign flecked retina not associated with an RDH5 gene mutation is reported. METHODS: A 51-year-old woman showed multiple yellow white flecks in both eyes similar to those of benign flecked retina but in only the upper half of the retina. We carried out clinical, electrophysiological, and molecular genetic examinations of the patient. RESULTS: Visual acuity was 20/20 OD and 20/20 OS. Fluorescein angiography showed diffuse irregular hypofluorescence that did not correspond to the flecked lesions. A Goldmann Weeker adaptometer test revealed that the visual threshold of the upper retina was approximately 0.6 to 0.8 log units higher than that of the lower retina. No mutations of the RDH5 gene were detected in exons 2-5 or in the flanking intron sequences. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of sectorial benign flecked retina, and the flecks may not be caused by an RDH5 gene mutation. PMID- 14767657 TI - Intraocular formation of heavy oil in the subretinal space. AB - BACKGROUND: Heavy oil formation was found in the subretinal space in three patients with repeated vitreoretinal surgery. CASES: These patients had received perfluorocarbon liquid (PFL) and silicone oil injection for retinal detachment in a previous surgery. OBSERVATIONS: A transparent "heavy density" oil bubble was found in the subretinal space in these patients. The heavy oil bubble was eventually removed by manual aspiration with a blunt-tipped 21-gauge needle. The retinas were reattached in all three cases. CONCLUSIONS: Silicone oil may mix with incompletely removed PFL to form heavy oil. During reoperation for persistent retinal detachment, these substances should be specifically sought and removed. PMID- 14767658 TI - Successful percutaneous incision and pathological examination of a rare nerve sheath myxoma: diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14767659 TI - A case of corneal dystrophy treated with automated lamellar therapeutic keratoplasty. PMID- 14767660 TI - Bilateral drug-induced cataract in a patient receiving anticonvulsant therapy. PMID- 14767661 TI - Corneal and macular manifestations in a case of deficient lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. PMID- 14767662 TI - Delayed and repeated massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage after pars plana vitrectomy. PMID- 14767663 TI - Metastatic uveal tumor secondary to testicular choriocarcinoma. PMID- 14767674 TI - Chromium recycling of tannery waste through microbial fermentation. AB - An Aspergillus carbonarius isolate, selected from an established microbial culture collection, was used to study the biodegradation of chromium shavings in solid-state fermentation experiments. Approximately 97% liquefaction of the tannery waste was achieved and the liquid obtained from long-term experiments was used to recover chromium. The resulting alkaline chromium sulfate solution was useful in tanning procedures. A proteinaceous liquid was also obtained which has potential applications as a fertilizer or animal feed additive and has several other industrial uses. The A. carbonarius strain proved to be a very useful tool in tannery waste-treatment processes and chromium recovery in the tanning industries. PMID- 14767675 TI - Organization of genes required for gellan polysaccharide biosynthesis in Sphingomonas elodea ATCC 31461. AB - Sphingomonas elodea ATCC 31461 produces gellan, a capsular polysaccharide that is useful as a gelling agent for food and microbiological media. Complementation of nonmucoid S. elodea mutants with a gene library resulted in identification of genes essential for gellan biosynthesis. A cluster of 18 genes spanning 21 kb was isolated. These 18 genes are homologous to genes for synthesis of sphingan polysaccharide S-88 from Sphingomonas sp. ATCC 31554, with predicted amino acid identities varying from 61% to 98%. Both polysaccharides have the same tetrasaccharide repeat unit, comprised of [-->4)-alpha- l-rhamnose-(1-->3)-beta- d-glucose-(1-->4)-beta- d-glucuronic acid-(1-->4)-beta- d-glucose-(1-->]. Polysaccharide S-88, however, has mannose or rhamnose in the fourth position and has a rhamnosyl side chain, while gellan has no sugar side chain but is modified by glyceryl and acetyl substituents. Genes for synthesis of the precursor dTDP- l rhamnose were highly conserved. The least conserved genes in this cluster encode putative glycosyl transferases III and IV and a gene of unknown function, gelF. Three genes ( gelI, gelM, and gelN) affected the amount and rheology of gellan produced. Four additional genes present in the S-88 sphingan biosynthetic gene cluster did not have homologs in the gene cluster for gellan biosynthesis. Three of these gene homologs, gelR, gelS, and gelG, were found in an operon unlinked to the main gellan biosynthetic gene cluster. In a third region, a gene possibly involved in positive regulation of gellan biosynthesis was identified. PMID- 14767676 TI - Influence of temperature on the properties of the xylanolytic enzymes of the thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus phoenicis. AB - This study reports on the effects of growth temperature on the secretion and some properties of the xylanase and beta-xylosidase activities produced by a thermotolerant Aspergillus phoenicis. Marked differences were observed when the organism was grown on xylan-supplemented medium at 25 degrees C or 42 degrees C. Production of xylanolytic enzymes reached maximum levels after 72 h of growth at 42 degrees C; and levels were three- to five-fold higher than at 25 degrees C. Secretion of xylanase and beta-xylosidase was also strongly stimulated at the higher temperature. The optimal temperature was 85 degrees C for extracellular and 90 degrees C for intracellular beta-xylosidase activity, independent of the growth temperature. The optimum temperature for extracellular xylanase increased from 50 degrees C to 55 degrees C when the fungus was cultivated at 42 degrees C. At the higher temperature, the xylanolytic enzymes produced by A. phoenicis showed increased thermostability, with changes in the profiles of pH optima. The chromatographic profiles were distinct when samples obtained from cultures grown at different temperatures were eluted from DEAE-cellulose and Biogel P-60 columns. PMID- 14767677 TI - Towards in vivo aorta material identification and stress estimation. AB - This paper addresses the problem of constructing a mechanical model for the abdominal aorta and calibrating its parameters to in vivo measurable data. The aorta is modeled as a pseudoelastic, thick-walled, orthotropic, residually stressed cylindrical tube, subjected to an internal pressure. The model parameters are determined by stating a minimization problem for the model pressure and computing the optimal solution by a minimization algorithm. The data used in this study is in vivo pressure-diameter data for the abdominal aorta of a 24-year-old man. The results show that the axial, circumferential and radial stresses have magnitudes in the span 0 to 180 kPa. Furthermore, the results show that it is possible to determine model parameters directly from in vivo measurable data. In particular, the parameters describing the residual stress distribution can be obtained without interventional procedures. PMID- 14767678 TI - In silico comparative analysis reveals a mosaic conservation of genes within a novel colinear region in wheat chromosome 1AS and rice chromosome 5S. AB - Comparative RFLP mapping has revealed extensive conservation of marker order in different grass genomes. However, microcolinearity studies at the sequence level have shown rapid genome evolution and many exceptions to colinearity. Most of these studies have focused on a limited size of genomic fragment and the extent of microcolinearity over large distances or across entire genomes remains poorly characterized in grasses. Here, we have investigated the microcolinearity between the rice genome and a total of 1,500 kb from physical BAC contigs on wheat chromosome 1AS. Using ESTs mapped in wheat chromosome bins as an additional source of physical data, we have identified 27 conserved orthologous sequences between wheat chromosome 1AS and a region of 1,210 kb located on rice chromosome 5S. Our results extend the orthology described earlier between wheat chromosome group 1S and rice chromosome 5S. Microcolinearity was found to be frequently disrupted by rearrangements which must have occurred after the divergence of wheat and rice. At the Lr10 orthologous loci, microrearrangements were due to the insertion of mobile elements, but also originated from gene movement, amplification, deletion and inversion. These mechanisms of genome evolution are at the origin of the mosaic conservation observed between the orthologous regions. Finally, in silico mapping of wheat genes identified an intragenomic colinearity between fragments from rice chromosome 1L and 5S, suggesting an ancestral segmental duplication in rice. PMID- 14767679 TI - Ganciclovir for severe cytomegalovirus primary infection in an immunocompetent child. AB - Described here is the unusual case of a previously healthy 17-month-old girl who developed severe cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease with prolonged fever and hepatitis. The severity of her illness required hospitalization and prompted antiviral treatment. Short-term intravenous ganciclovir treatment was associated with immediate and sustained resolution of the symptoms as well as a sharp decrease of CMV viremia. This observation suggests that antiviral therapy might be considered in select cases of severe primary CMV infection in immunocompetent children. PMID- 14767680 TI - Protocol for the accelerated detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from blood cultures. AB - The study presented here was performed to evaluate an accelerated protocol for the early detection of organisms producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). The procedure involved testing isolates directly from positive blood culture bottles, and a total of 40 clinical isolates (10 ESBL-producing and 10 non-ESBL-producing isolates of both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) were used. The isolates were inoculated into blood cultures bottles and, upon growth signal, fluid from the bottle was cultured directly onto plates with combination discs containing cefotaxime or ceftazidime with and without clavulanate. Results were compared with those of standard methods for the detection of ESBL. High concordance between the two methods was found, and the direct test showed high sensitivity (95%) and specificity (100%). Use of this accelerated protocol may speed detection of the ESBL phenotype and thereby facilitate the early administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. PMID- 14767681 TI - The subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: power spectral density analysis of neural intraoperative signals. AB - To test a new tool for the neurophysiological identification of the human subthalamic nucleus (STN) during stereotactic surgery for the implantation of deep-brain-stimulation (DBS) electrodes, we analysed off-line the intraoperative signals recorded from patients with Parkinson's disease. We estimated the power spectral density (PSD) along each penetration track (8 patients, 13 sides) and determined the spatial correlation of the PSD with the target location estimated from neuroimaging procedures ("anatomical target"), and with the final target location derived from standard intraoperative neurophysiological procedures for STN localization ("clinical target"). At each step we recorded the 'on-line' signal for 120 seconds; because the PSD was estimated by calculating the periodogram for 6-second epochs of neural signal, we had 20 epochs at each step. When the electrode track crossed the STN, the PSD in the 0.25-2.5 kHz band increased, peaking on average <0.5 mm cranial to the clinical target and 1.00+/ 1.51 mm caudal to the anatomical target. When the track was outside the nucleus, the PSD remained unchanged. Even on recordings with low signal-to-noise ratio, off-line PSD analysis of neural signals showed a good correspondence with the target indicated by the surgical team. On-line intraoperative estimation of the PSD may be a simple, reliable, rapid and complementary approach to electrophysiological monitoring during STN surgery for Parkinson's disease. PMID- 14767682 TI - Italian version of the Chicago multiscale depression inventory: translation, adaptation and testing in people with multiple sclerosis. AB - Depression is the commonest psychiatric disturbance in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), with prevalence higher than in the general population and other chronic diseases. However, accurate assessment of depressive symptoms can be biased by somatic symptoms which are part of both MS and depression. We translated and adapted into Italian the Chicago multiscale depression inventory (CMDI) and assessed its acceptability, internal consistency and test-retest reliability in 213 MS outpatients and 213 individually matched healthy controls. The questionnaire was also tested in 32 people with major depression. Acceptability, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were good overall. We found greater odds for depressive symptoms in people with MS than healthy controls, with highest odds ratio for somatic symptoms (vegetative subscale). The Italian CMDI is characterized by good acceptability, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. These findings support the use of the CMDI in Italian subjects with MS to screen for and follow depressive symptoms. PMID- 14767683 TI - General practitioners facing dementia: are they fully prepared? AB - We assessed knowledge about Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a sample of Italian general practitioners (GPs). We first carried out a propedeutic study to verify the ability of an Italian version of the University of Alabama at Birmingham's AD Knowledge Test for Health Professionals to distinguish between 20 AD specialists and 20 non-specialists and to gain reference values. We then administered the test, together with a short questionnaire, to 139 GPs attending an educational programme in November 2000. The cut-off score for discriminating specialists from non-specialists was >/=9. Among the 95 GPs who performed the AD Knowledge Test (68.3% response rate), 21% had a total score >/=9. Our findings suggest that particular focus should be given to dementia in continuing medical education (CME) programmes for GPs. PMID- 14767685 TI - Anoxic-ischemic alpha coma: prognostic significance of the incomplete variant. AB - The prognostic significance of post-anoxic-ischemic alpha coma (AC) is controversial. We recorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and performed serial electroencephalography (EEG) in a 60-year-old woman in coma after cardiac arrest. The first EEG was recorded after 48 hours (GCS=5; E1-V1-M3); brain-stem reflexes were preserved. The EEG pattern showed monotonous alpha frequencies (10 11 Hz) with posterior predominance; acoustic and noxious stimuli evoked EEG reactivity. Early cortical SEPs (72 h) were normal. On the fifth day (GCS=8; E4 V1-M3), the EEG alpha pattern was replaced by a diffuse delta activity; rhythmic theta changes appeared spontaneously or in response to stimuli. The patient regained consciousness on the tenth day and EEG showed posterior theta activity (6-7 c/s) partially reactive to stimuli. At the 6-month follow-up, cognitive evaluation showed mild dementia. Recent studies identified two forms of AC. Patients with complete AC have an outcome that is almost invariably poor. Conversely, incomplete AC (posteriorly accentuated alpha frequency, reactive and with SEPs mostly normal) reflects a less severe degree of anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. The case we report should be classified, according to the SEPs and EEG features, as incomplete AC. The fact that the patient has regained consciousness, even if with residual cognitive impairment, confirms the need to distinguish this variant from complete AC. PMID- 14767684 TI - Tumor necrosis factor alpha serum levels and inflammatory response in acute ischemic stroke patients. AB - Experimental evidence indicates that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is involved in brain damage following ischemic injury. The present study was designed to monitor serum TNF-alpha levels in acute stroke patients and to correlate TNF-alpha levels with lesion size, neurological impairment and vascular risk factors. In 41 patients with ischemic stroke, serum TNF-alpha levels were serially measured by a solid enzyme amplified sensitivity immunoassay (EASIA) in the first 10 days after stroke onset. Serum fibrinogen and C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts were determined on the same days to monitor acute phase response changes. Lesion size was calculated on computed tomograms by a computer-assisted procedure. Neurological impairment was evaluated on the Canadian Neurological Scale. Forty age-matched subjects were used as controls. Compared to baseline, TNF-alpha levels significantly increased during the study ( p=0.0001), peaking on day 7. Peak TNF-alpha levels did not correlate with neurological impairment or lesion size. Multivariate analysis showed that sex, age, vascular risk factors and infectious complications did not influence TNF-alpha levels. Fibrinogen, CRP, WBC and neutrophil concentrations increased, indicating an acute phase response occurred after stroke. In conclusion, serum TNF-alpha levels showed an early and prolonged increase after stroke onset, unrelated to lesion size, neurological impairment, age, sex, vascular risk factors or infectious complications. Serum increase of TNF-alpha may be explained as part of the acute phase response occurring in stroke patients. PMID- 14767686 TI - An Italian case of CADASIL with mutation CGC-TCG in codon 1006, exon 19 Notch3 gene. AB - Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is commonly overlooked or misdiagnosed owing to its recent identification. It is characterized clinically by recurrent cerebral infarcts, usually appearing between the ages of 30 and 50 years, subcortical dementia, and pseudobulbar palsy. It begins with migraine with aura in approximately one-third of patients. The pathological hallmark of angiopathy is the presence of characteristic granular osmiophilic material (GOM) within the basal lamina of smooth muscle cells. The defective gene in CADASIL is Notch3, which encodes a large transmembrane receptor, and 70% of missense mutations are in exons 3 and 4. Each gene defect leads to either a gain or loss of a cysteine residue in the extracellular N-terminal domain of the molecule. We report the case of a 53-year-old woman admitted to the hospital for transient ischemic attack and stroke-like episodes recurrent since age 43 years. The patient had pseudobulbar palsy, pyramidal signs, and cognitive impairment but not frank dementia. Cerebral MRI showed periventricular diffuse and confluent ischemic lesions. Ultrastructural study revealed an abnormal deposition of granular osmiophilic material (GOM) within the basal lamina in skin capillaries. Direct sequence analysis of the Notch3 gene was performed. Since no mutation was detected in exons 3 and 4, the remaining exons were sequenced and a missense mutation, CGC-TGC in codon 1006 of exon 19 was found. The mutation led to a gain of a cysteine residue. This is the first missense mutation in codon 1006 of exon 19 of the Notch3 gene to be described in Italy and the second reported in the literature. PMID- 14767687 TI - Central pontine myelinolysis induced by hypophosphatemia following Wernicke's encephalopathy. AB - A 62-year-old woman, after a resection and ileostomy for multiple perforations of the terminal ileum and prolonged postoperative parenteral nutrition, developed thiamine deficiency with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of Wernicke's disease. Later on the patient developed central pontine myelinolysis. For this condition, a pathogenetic role of a transient hypophosphatemia was suggested by both laboratory data and course of the disease. PMID- 14767688 TI - Autopsy-proven Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a patient with a negative 14-3-3 assay and nonspecific EEG and MRI. AB - Detection of 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in combination with findings on electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic test for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in patients premortem. We present a case of classic, sporadic CJD, confirmed on autopsy and by Western blot. However, all routine premorbid testing was negative, the CSF was negative for the 14-3-3 protein, EEG did not show periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWC), and MRI failed to show hyperintense signal in the basal ganglia. Thus, laboratory support for the diagnosis of CJD was not obtained premortem. The chances of all three diagnostic testing modalities to be negative in a single case of sporadic CJD are extremely remote. Autopsy with neuropathologic confirmation remains the only definitive way to make a diagnosis of CJD. PMID- 14767689 TI - A case of metastatic spinal Ewing's sarcoma misdiagnosed as brucellosis and transverse myelitis. AB - An 11-year-old girl was admitted with back pain for 2 months, inability to walk for 15 days, and enuresis and encopresis for 2 days. She had been hospitalized with the diagnosis of brucellosis in another hospital. At presentation, she had paraplegia, sphincter dysfunction, and bilateral sensory loss below the T6 level, and was initially diagnosed with transverse myelitis caused by brucellosis. On the third day of hospitalization, however, agglutination test for brucella was negative, but it was positive for Salmonella. Therefore, transverse myelitis was considered to be due to salmonellosis. Thoracic spine magnetic resonance imaging showed an extradural, paraspinal mass at the level of T6-T7. The mass was totally extracted, and histopathological examination revealed Ewing's sarcoma. During follow-up, no improvement in paraplegia was noted and an enlarged presacral decubital ulcer developed. Aside from supportive care, local radiotherapy was applied. Unfortunately, the patient died from probable infection 9 months after the diagnosis. We emphasize that metastatic spinal Ewing's sarcoma may mimic brucellosis and transverse myelitis in childhood. PMID- 14767690 TI - Seasonal variation of multiple sclerosis exacerbations in Japan. AB - Several reports have described the seasonal variation of multiple sclerosis (MS) attacks in the European countries and in the US. Some have insisted that attacks occurred more frequently in winter or spring. We investigated the possibility of a seasonal variation in the frequency of MS attacks among patients in Japan. A total of 172 MS exacerbations in 34 MS patients were analyzed retrospectively. Attacks were divided into two groups: opticospinal type and brain type. The 12 months of the year were assigned to 6 groups based on average monthly temperature. Of the 172 MS exacerbations, 123 were opticospinal type and 49 were brain type of attacks. The total number of attacks was significantly more frequent in the warmest (July and August) and coldest (January and February) months. The heat of summer in warmer, low latitude areas may be a risk factor for MS attacks. PMID- 14767691 TI - Treatment of phonic tics in patients with Tourette's syndrome using botulinum toxin type A. AB - We assessed the effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) on phonic tics in patients with Tourette's syndrome. A total of 30 patients received 2.5 IU BTX-A (BOTOX; Allergan) in both vocal cords. All patients were assessed after 15 days and then 4 times over a 12-month period. At each visit the following data were collected: phenomenology of tics, global impression of changes by physician and patient, number of BTX-A injections given, interval between injections, time to response, duration of response, presence of post-injection hypophonia and side effects, presence of premonitory sensory tic component, and interference with social life and work or school activities. Vocal tics improved after treatment in 93% patients, with 50% being tic-free. Mean response time was 5.8 days, and mean duration of response was 102 days. Quality of life improved, and premonitory experiences dropped from 53% to 20%. Hypophonia was the only side effect of note (80% of patients). BTX-A is an effective and safe treatment for phonic tics associated with Tourette's syndrome. PMID- 14767692 TI - Acute confusional state with fatal outcome in a cancer patient. PMID- 14767694 TI - Linkage and association of childhood asthma with the chromosome 12 genes. AB - Several studies have shown linkage of chromosome region 12q13-24 to bronchial asthma and related phenotypes in ethnically diverse populations. In the Japanese population, a genome-wide study failed to show strong evidence of linkage of this region. Chromosome 12 genes that showed association with the disease in at least one report include: the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 gene ( STAT6), the nitrogen oxide synthetase 1 gene ( NOS1), the interferon gamma gene ( IFNG), and the activation-induced cytidine deaminase gene ( AICDA). To evaluate the linkage between chromosome 12 and childhood asthma in the Japanese population, we performed sib-pair linkage analysis on childhood asthma families using 18 microsatellite markers on chromosome 12. To investigate association between chromosome 12 candidate genes and asthma, distributions of alleles and genotypes of repeat polymorphisms of STAT6, NOS1, and IFNG were compared between controls and patients. Single nucleotide polymorphism of AICDA was also investigated. Chromosome region 12q24.23-q24.33 showed suggestive linkage to asthma. The NOS1 intron 2 GT repeat and STAT6 exon 1 GT repeat were associated with asthma. Neither the IFNG intron 1 CA repeat nor 465C/T of AICDA showed any association with asthma. Our results suggest that NOS1 and STAT6 are asthma susceptibility genes and that chromosome region 12q24.23-q24.33 contains other susceptibility gene(s). PMID- 14767695 TI - Functional prediction of a T-DNA tagged gene of Arabidopsis thaliana by in silico analysis. AB - We have employed a gene-knockout approach using T-DNA tagging and in vivo gene fusion in Arabidopsis thaliana for identification and isolation of specific plant genes. Screening of about 3,000 T-DNA tagged lines resulted in identification of a mutant line (no. 197) exhibiting a significant delay in flowering. From this line a 600-bp plant DNA fragment downstream of the left T-DNA junction was cloned by inverse PCR. BLAST searching in the A. thaliana genomic database indicated a putative gene, frf (flowering regulating factor), with unknown function downstream of the T-DNA insert. Bioinformatic tools were used to predict possible protein structure and function. The protein structure predicted by fold recognition indicates that frf is a transcriptional regulator, a ligand-binding receptor responsive to steroids and hormones. Analyzing the predicted results and the phenotype of the T-DNA tagged plant we hypothesized that FRF might be involved in hormone response in A. thaliana. For verification of this hypothesis we exposed the plants of line no. 197 to gibberellic acid (GA3), a potential growth regulator in higher plants. This treatment resulted in an earlier onset of flowering, almost similar to that in wild type control plants. PMID- 14767697 TI - Nationwide survey of hip fractures in Japan. AB - To elucidate the current status of hip fracture incidence and treatment in Japan, a tally of hip fractures in patients from 1998 to 2000 was conducted in Japanese Orthopaedic Association-related hospitals. Response rates were from 40.5% to 55.6% in each observation year. The survey found a total of 110,747 new hip fractures aged 35 years old and over during the survey years. Age- and gender specific number of patients increased with age and peaked at the age of 80-84 years, then leveled off after 85 years of age. The number of patients with femoral neck fractures exceeded that with trochanteric fractures before 75 years of age, and these figures became inverted thereafter. More left hips were fractured than right in all survey years; however, the difference was not significant. The most common cause of hip fractures was a simple fall; 68.8% sustained fractures indoors, and there was a significant monthly variation. Ninety-three percent of the patients with femoral neck fractures and 94% of the patients with trochanteric fractures were treated surgically, and about three fourths were treated with hemiarthroplasty among patients with femoral neck fractures. The mean hospitalization period was 56.4 days during the observation period. PMID- 14767696 TI - Healing of human intrabony defects following regenerative periodontal therapy with a bovine-derived xenograft and guided tissue regeneration. AB - The purpose of the present study was to histologically evaluate the healing of human intrabony defects following treatment with either a bovine-derived xenograft (BDX) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) [BDX + GTR] or a bovine derived xenograft mixed with collagen (BDX Coll) and GTR [BDX Coll + GTR]. Eight patients with chronic periodontitis and each with one very deep intrabony defect around a tooth scheduled for extraction were treated with either a combination of BDX + GTR (five patients) or with BDX Coll + GTR (three patients). The postoperative healing was uneventful in all eight cases. After a healing period of 6 months, the teeth or roots were extracted together with some of their surrounding soft and hard tissues and subsequently fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Following decalcification in EDTA, the specimens were embedded in paraffin and 8-microm histological sections were cut in the mesio-distal direction, parallel to the long axes of the teeth. The sections were alternatively stained with hematoxylin and eosin, van Giesson's connective tissue stain or with the Ladevig's connective tissue staining method and examined under the light microscope. Generally, formation of new cementum with inserting collagen fibers was found in seven out of the eight treated cases, whereas in the remaining case (treated with BDX + GTR) the healing was characterized by formation of a long junctional epithelium along the debrided root surface and no formation of cementum or bone. In the specimens demonstrating periodontal regeneration the new cementum was always of a cellular type. In most cases, the graft particles were surrounded by bone. In some areas, the bone tissue around the graft particles was connected by perpendicularly inserting collagen fibers to the newly formed cementum on the root surface. The epithelium downgrowth stopped always at the most coronal part of the newly formed cementum. No remnants of the membrane material were observed in any of the biopsies. Connective tissue encapsulation of the graft particles was rarely observed and was limited to the most coronal part of the defects. The findings of the present study provide evidence that treatment of intrabony defects with both BDX + GTR and BDX Coll + GTR may enhance periodontal regeneration in humans. PMID- 14767698 TI - Identifying the center of the femoral head using ultrasonography to assess the higher accuracy of femoral extramedullary guides in TKA. AB - To identify the center of the femoral head (FHC), which is critical for determining the mechanical axis of the femur in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), we used a high-resolution ultrasound technique in 200 hips in 128 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. FHC was defined as the intersection of two lines: the maximum diameter of the femoral head between the superior and inferior edges of the head and the maximum diameter of the femoral head between the medial and lateral edges. Ultrasound identified the FHC within 5 mm in 56% of cases and within 10 mm in 89.5%. Ultrasound appears to be a highly reliable, noninvasive imaging modality for identifying the FHC preoperatively or even intraoperatively. Therefore, our procedure might ultimately be helpful in establishing the correct alignment of the prosthesis. PMID- 14767699 TI - Automatic measurement of polyethylene modification in metal-backed artificial hip joints using three-dimensional CT. AB - A new method has been developed for automatic measurement of polyethylene linear modification using three-dimensional CT in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BHP). We obtained a three-dimensional digital image of the metal components by widening the maximum window width, adjusting the proper cutoff threshold level, and removing the metal artifact. The centric coordinates of both the metal-backed cup and the femoral head were calculated from this image. Modification was defined as a change in distance between those two points from their original interval. Phantom studies of the accuracy and reproducibility of the method indicated that the average error ranged from 0.02 to 0.12 mm and the standard deviation ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 mm. Clinical in vivo measurement was performed without error of computer software on 19 hips in which modification of highly cross-linked polyethylene components was significantly large. PMID- 14767700 TI - Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index (BASFI) evaluation of postoperative patients with OPLL. AB - Although surgical decompression of the involved spinal cord achieves a good recovery of neurological conditions, one of the most important complaints of patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is disability as a result of spinal immobility. The activities of daily living (ADL) of postoperative patients with OPLL were examined. To evaluate the ADL of postoperative patients with OPLL in the cervical spine, we utilized the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), one of the most widely used functional indexes for ankylosing spondylitis. We investigated consecutive cases that underwent surgery for OPLL of the cervical spine in our department from 1978 to 1998. The latest and postoperative scores were compared to the preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores (range, 0-17) to assess neurological recovery. We also evaluated ADL at the latest follow-up, using BASFI scores. Significant recoveries of JOA scores were confirmed; however, 77% of patients complained of disability. In BASFI, questions that seemed to reflect spinal condition received low scores in the present study. BASFI scoring was not sufficient in the present form; however, it is one of the candidate functional indexes for evaluating ADL in postoperative patients with OPLL. Establishment of an ideal functional index for such evaluation is needed. PMID- 14767701 TI - Biomechanical investigation of the primary stability of intramedullary compression nails in the proximal tibia: experimental study using interlocking screws in cryopreserved human tibias. AB - The biomechanical properties of the proximal tibia with respect to the application of compressible intramedullary nails were examined in a biomechanical model using human cadaver bones. A reference level was examined histomorphometrically in 24 cryopreserved human tibias. Three series of single or double interlocking fixations were tested at various distances from the tibial plateau. Yield strength, rigidity of the bone stock, maximum load, and compression distances were determined during axial strain. The positioning of the interlocking screws had a considerable influence on maximum load and deformation behavior of the bone. The double interlocking tended to display the best stability in the bone stock, and the distally placed single interlocking method was next best. Failure of the bone stock was observed with significant variations in compression distance and load, with great variations between individual specimens. The stability of the bone stock could not be accurately predicted using such clinical parameters as the patient's age, bone dimensions, radiographic parameters, and bone density. When using a tibial compression nail, the proximal interlocking screw should be placed relatively distal to achieve adequate support. It is possible to apply compression with one proximal interlocking screw under low preload or, preferably, with two interlocking screws. PMID- 14767702 TI - Distribution of type VI collagen in chondrocyte microenvironment: study of chondrons isolated from human normal and degenerative articular cartilage and cultured chondrocytes. AB - The chondron is the microanatomical unit composed of a chondrocyte and its pericellular microenvironment (PCME), including the pericellular matrix and capsule. In the present study, we extracted chondrons from human articular cartilages and investigated the relationship between the distribution of the matrix molecules, including type VI collagen, and the degeneration of articular cartilage. We also investigated the effects of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1) on the distribution of type VI collagen in cultured chondrocytes. Chondrons were extracted by low-speed homogenization from cartilage pieces obtained from forensic autopsies and from patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Cartilage sections were classified into three groups (normal, slight degeneration, and moderate degeneration) based on the degree of degeneration according to Mankin's score. Extracted chondrons were immunostained, and the distribution of the matrix molecules, including type VI collagen, was investigated using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The chondrocytes isolated by enzymic treatment were subjected to three-dimensional culture in agarose gel and then treated with IL-1beta or TGF-beta1. The distribution of newly synthesized type VI collagen in agarose gel was also investigated using the CLSM. Type VI collagen was localized specifically within the PCME of chondrons. The volume ratio of PCME to chondrocyte (P/C ratio) was significantly higher in the moderate degeneration group than in the other two groups. The accumulation of type VI collagen around a chondrocyte was obviously increased by the addition of TGF-beta1. The P/C ratio significantly increased as the severity of the OA progressed, suggesting that type VI collagen distributed specifically in the PCME was playing a protective role for chondrocytes by maintaining the pericellular microenvironment in OA. PMID- 14767703 TI - Lateral ligament injury of the ankle and associated articular cartilage degeneration in the talocrural joint: anatomic study using elderly cadavers. AB - We investigated degenerative changes (DCs) of the articular cartilage using 33 cadaveric talocrural joints with anterior talofibular ligament injuries. The control group (93 normal ankles) were age- and sex-matched with the injury group. The injured ligament carried unusual wavy collagen bundles with hyalinization (or elongation) or rupture with scar. In both groups, we found talar-side dominance of DCs, multifocus occurrence, and a high incidence of mirror-image DCs in the medial parts of the joint. However, the mirror-image lesion was multiple or large (or both) in the injury group in contrast to its restricted nature in the control. Thus, the averaged numbers of affected areas or sectors in the injury group were almost twice as large as in the controls. A significantly high incidence of DCs, especially of the mirror-image lesion, was found in the lateral malleolar facet in the injury group. Although initial DC lesions might be at a medial site in the joint, as hypothesized in the control group, the lateral ligament injury seemed to increase the dominance of DCs on the lateral site. Consequently, early evaluation and treatment for lateral ligament insufficiency is more necessary in elderly patients than in younger patients to avoid widespread development of osteoarthritis. PMID- 14767704 TI - Biomechanical analysis of the mechanism of elbow fracture-dislocations by compression force. AB - Fracture-dislocations of the coronoid and olecranon were produced experimentally, and their onset mechanisms were analyzed to clarify the effects of compression force on the coronoid and olecranon. The study used two-dimensional finite element method (2D-FEM) simulations and static loading experiments. The latter applied axial force distally to 40 cadaveric elbows. Posterior fracture dislocations occurred between 15 degrees of extension and 30 degrees of flexion, anterior or posterior fracture-dislocations at 60 degrees, and only anterior fracture-dislocations at 90 degrees. Injuries were mainly to anterior or posterior support structures. The 2D-FEM simulations showed that the stress concentration areas moved from the coronoid process to the olecranon as position changed from extension to flexion. The very high frequency of concurrent fracture dislocations of radial head or neck in the current study indicated that the radial head may also function as a stabilizer in the anterior support system. PMID- 14767705 TI - Anatomical study of the popliteofibular ligament and surrounding structures. AB - Although the popliteofibular ligament (PFL) is an important posterolateral structure of the knee joint, the anatomical characteristics of this ligament remain unclear. We morphologically classified and measured the PFLs from 78 cadaver knees. The PFL was observed in all knees, and it was classified into type I (with one layer) or type II (with two layers). The mean lengths of the anterior and posterior margins were 12.7 and 6.8 mm, respectively; and the mean width and thickness were 10.4 mm and 2.1 mm, respectively. The PFL inclined forward at a mean sagittal angle of 20.7 degrees, which is similar to the 21.2 degrees of the posterior cruciate ligament, indicating that the PFL contributed to posterolateral rotatory stability. PMID- 14767706 TI - Does the fabella contribute to the reinforcement of the posterolateral corner of the knee by inducing the development of associated ligaments? AB - The fabellofibular (FF) and arcuate ligaments are closely colocated at the posterolateral corner of the knee. However, a bony fabella is often absent in Japanese subjects. We investigated these structures morphometrically using 212 knees. A thick FF ligament was found in 38.1% (40/105) of knees with a hard fabella. When identified histologically, a bony fabella accompanied a thick FF in 82.8% (24/29). Conversely, a thin or indefinite FF ligament and an elastic textured fabella co-existed in 77.9% (60/70) of knees. There were no strong correlations between the morphology of the fabella and the arcuate ligament. Thus, a hard or bony fabella seemed to relate to thickening of the FF ligament. In contrast, the thicknesses of the FF and arcuate ligaments were negatively correlated. When the FF ligament was more than 5 mm thick, indicating that it was as strong as the lateral collateral ligament, no arcuate ligament could be identified. Conversely, a thin or indefinite FF ligament often accompanied a well developed arcuate ligament (61.9%, 96/155). Our observations suggest that these ligaments act in a complementary manner to stabilize the posterolateral corner. A possible common function is fixation of the popliteal tendon on the joint capsule and lateral meniscus, rather than direct stabilization against rotation stress. PMID- 14767707 TI - Technical feasibility and precision of radiostereometric analysis as an outcome measure in canine cemented total hip replacement. AB - Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) is an analytical technique in which biplanar radiographs are used to quantify the migration of implants in vivo. RSA is now considered the benchmark for quantifying implant migration in clinical studies of total joint replacement, yet its use in preclinical animal models has not been widely reported. The same attributes that make RSA appealing as an analytical method in humans (i.e., high precision and accuracy, noninvasiveness, objectivity) also make it a promising option for animal studies. The specific aims of this study were to determine the technical feasibility and analytical precision of RSA in a canine model of cemented total hip replacement. The precision of RSA was assessed in (1) a Plexiglas phantom, (2) a canine Sawbone model, and (3) a pilot series of dogs implanted with cemented canine THR implants. In vitro precision values, calculated as the 95% confidence limits for the error between duplicate RSA examinations, ranged from 4.3 to 17.9 microm for translation and from 0.01 degrees to 0.22 degrees for rotation. In vivo precision values ranged from 16.2 to 41.1 microm for translation and 0.17 degrees to 0.44 degrees for rotation. As is the case in humans, RSA appears to provide an order of-magnitude improvement in technical precision as compared to plain film X-ray. RSA can therefore be considered a practical and potentially valuable noninvasive outcome measure for assessing implant function in canine cemented THR. PMID- 14767708 TI - Histochemical study on the changes in muscle fibers in relation to the effects of aging on recovery from muscular atrophy caused by disuse in rats. AB - To investigate the effects of aging on the degree of muscular atrophy caused by disuse and its recovery, we evaluated the recovery from muscular atrophy induced in both young and old rats under the same conditions. The soleus was atrophied by immobilization of the foot joint in a hindlimb and unweighting of the bilateral hindlimbs for 2 weeks, and measurement of the wet weight of muscles and biochemical examination were performed 2, 4, and 6 weeks after the removal of unweighting and fixation during the recovery period of 6 weeks. There was no difference in the degree of atrophy in the fixed soleus between the young and old rats. The recovery from atrophy was delayed in the older rats compared to the young rats. In the unfixed hindlimb, the degree of atrophy was low in both the old and young rats, and the recovery was rapid. Because the recovery from disuse muscular atrophy is delayed with aging, it is necessary to avoid unweighting and immobilization, or to reduce the period spent under such conditions. PMID- 14767709 TI - Spindle cell lipoma of the knee: a case report. AB - A rare case of spindle cell lipoma of the knee in a 58-year-old woman is presented. A soft tissue mass on the lateral aspect of the knee, measuring 5 x 6 cm in size, that had been noticed 1 year previously showed slightly lower signal intensities both on T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images than those of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Because pathological findings of the tiny specimen obtained by needle biopsy showed lipogenic tumor and the possibility of well differentiated liposarcoma could not be ruled out, wide excision was performed. Histopathological examination revealed that the tumor consisted of spindle cells, collagen fibers, and lipocytes. In addition, immunohistochemical study showed positive staining for CD34. From these histological findings, diagnosis of spindle cell lipoma was made. Although expected sites of spindle cell lipoma are the posterior neck, shoulder region, and upper back, it may also arise in the lower extremity. Therefore, when radiological findings suggest lipogenic tumor but are different from those of lipoma, spindle cell lipoma as well as well differentiated liposarcoma should be considered for differential diagnoses. PMID- 14767710 TI - Retroodontoid pseudotumor resected by a high cervical lateral approach in a rheumatoid arthritis patient: a case report. AB - A retroodontoid pseudotumor is a nonneoplastic mass arising posterior to the odontoid process. We describe a 67-year-old woman admitted to our hospital with numbness of the left upper extremity, dysbasia, and impairment of fine motor movement of the fingers. She was diagnosed with myelopathy due to a retroodontoid pseudotumor underlying rheumatoid arthritis. According to previously published reports, reduction of the pseudotumor was achieved by posterior fusion alone. However, in the present report, the tumor was very large, and there was no instability at the atlantoaxial segment. Therefore we managed the patient by resection of the mass through a high lateral cervical approach without fusion. The spinal cord symptoms diminished rapidly. PMID- 14767711 TI - Case of idiopathic thoracic spinal cord herniation with a chronic history: a case report and review of the literature. AB - Idiopathic spinal cord herniation is a rare disease that presents with slowly progressive myelopathy. This article describes the clinical findings of a patient with a chronic history. A 68-year-old woman initially presented at the age of 32 years with left leg weakness. After slowly progressive neurological deterioration over 34 years, she became completely paraplegic. At the age of 66 years, magnetic resonance imaging resulted in a diagnosis of idiopathic spinal cord herniation at the T6/7 level. Surgery was performed to reduce aching of the lower extremities. The spinal cord was released from the dural defect through a T5-T8 laminectomy. The dural defect was enlarged by resecting its periphery to prevent reherniation of the spinal cord. After the surgery, pain in the lower extremities resolved and her motor function slightly improved. Although operative treatment is naturally recommended at the early stage of this disease, our case suggests that some symptoms can be resolved by surgical treatment despite prolonged, severe preoperative symptoms. PMID- 14767712 TI - Rotational acetabular osteotomy for acetabular dysplasia of the hip with a giant acetabular bone cyst: a case report. AB - In acetabular dysplasia of the hip joint accompanied by a giant acetabular bone cyst, rotational acetabular osteotomy may cause serious complications, such as bone necrosis after surgery or fracture of the fragile acetabulum during the operation. In a patient with this condition, we performed a two-stage operation: first, autogenous bone grafting supplemented with hydroxyapatite filling, then rotational acetabular osteotomy (after new bone formation had been assured). Radiographs and CT scans showed favorable fusion of the grafted bone. Some 18 months after the second operation, arthrograms showed no inflow of contrast medium from the articular cavity into the bone cyst region, although this had been observed before treatment. Thus, an effective remodeling of bony congruency was indicated in the mobile acetabulum 5 years after the second operation. This two-stage operation appears to be useful for correcting acetabular dysplasia accompanied by a giant bone cyst and to carry a reduced risk of serious complications, such as deterioration of the articular surface of the acetabulum or necrosis of the translocated acetabulum. PMID- 14767713 TI - Management of disabilities associated with achondroplasia. AB - Achondroplasia is a skeletal dysplasia that manifests as short stature. Impairment and complications range over many disciplines including orthopedics, pediatrics, neurology, and otolaryngology. The major impairments of the extremities are short limbs, limited elbow and hip extension, and knee and leg deformities that can cause disabilities in arm function and locomotion. Hydrocephalus, a narrow foramen magnum, spinal deformity, and spinal canal stenosis can cause neurological problems, leading to disabilities in locomotion, communication, and learning. Malfunctions of the otolaryngeal system such as otitis media, upper respiratory obstruction, deafness, speech delay, and malocclusion are interrelated and can also lead to disabilities in communication and learning. Although such disabilities may cause social handicaps, most children receive a normal education. Their social maturity scale is comparable to that of normal children, but their scale of locomotion is not. The reported occupational level of female adult patients is lower than that of their unaffected siblings. When managing patients, orthopedists should consider the overall aspects of achondroplasia, including natural development and complications other than orthopedic factors. PMID- 14767714 TI - Present situation and future aspects of spinal cord regeneration. AB - The central nervous system (CNS) has a limited capacity for regeneration after injury. In spinal cord injury (SCI) patients, total loss of all motor and sensory function occurs below the level of injury. Advances in treatment are expected for orthopedic and spinal surgeons. Recently, evidence of axonal regeneration and functional recovery has been reported in animal spinal cord injury models. Our studies on the roles of inhibitory molecules with a comparison between neonatal and adult animals may help serve as therapeutic targets to enhance axonal regeneration for the injured spinal cord. Also, our cell replacement study indicates the possibility of transplanting neural stem cells to supply the cell source for immature oligodendrocytes, which are thought to be essential for both the myelination and trophic support of regenerating axons in the spinal cord. Administration of neurotrophic factors, prevention of inhibitory factors, and stem cell technology have clinical applications in SCI patients. However, spinal cord regeneration involves a multistep process, and several factors have to be controlled after injury. A combination of several treatments could overcome a nonpermissive environment for spinal cord regeneration. Further understanding of the mechanisms and finding optimal targets of spinal cord regeneration are necessary to obtain successful therapies for SCI patients. PMID- 14767715 TI - Sarizotan, a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist and dopamine receptor ligand. 1. Neurochemical profile. AB - Sarizotan exhibited high affinities only to serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and dopamine DA D4>D3>D2 receptors with the profile of a 5-HT1A agonist and DA antagonist demonstrated by the inhibition of cAMP-stimulation and guinea pig ileum contraction, decreased accumulation of the 5-HT precursor 5 hydroxytryptophan and increased levels of 5-HT metabolites, increased accumulation of DA precursor dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and the reduced levels of DA metabolites in intact rats. However, sarizotan at higher doses decreased DA precursor accumulation in reserpinized rats and induced contralateral rotational behavior in unilaterally substantia nigra lesioned rats, indicating some intrinsic dopaminergic activity; at D2 receptors sarizotan may act as a partial agonist, depending on the dopaminergic impulse flow. Sarizotan represents a new approach for the treatment of extrapyramidal motor complications such as l-DOPA induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. PMID- 14767716 TI - Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibition enhances serotonergic neuronal activity and transmitter release in the rat forebrain. AB - Present pharmacotherapy of major depression is, in principle, based on enhancement of central monoaminergic neurotransmission. Clinical studies utilizing depletion experiments indicate that antidepressants which primarily enhance serotonergic or noradrenergic central activity, i.e. serotonin or nor adrenaline reuptake inhibitors, largely work by two separate neuronal pathways. However, experimental studies have shown that noradrenaline may regulate serotonergic neurotransmission both at the serotonin cell body and nerve-terminal level. We therefore investigated the effects of the selective NRI reboxetine on serotonergic neuronal activity and extracellular levels of transmitter in the nerve-terminal area. In vivo electrophysiological experiments showed that low doses of reboxetine significantly enhance the firing rate of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of anaesthetized rats. Also, in the medial prefrontal cortex reboxetine (3 mg/kg s.c.) enhanced, whereas citalopram (3 mg/kg s.c.) reduced, extracellular concentrations of serotonin measured by means of microdialysis in awake rats, using a low dose of citalopram (0,5 micro M) in the perfusion solution. Local administration of reboxetine only induced an increase in cortical serotonin levels at very high concentrations (1000 micro M). Hence, NRIs may cause a secondary enhancement of central serotonergic activity by a mechanism separate from 5-HT reuptake inhibition; an effect that may contribute to their clinical antidepressant efficacy. PMID- 14767717 TI - Long-term retention of neurotoxic beta-carbolines in brain neuromelanin. AB - beta-Carbolines show structural resemblance to the neurotoxic N-methyl-4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and are metabolized to mitochondrial toxicants. Humans are continuously exposed to low levels of beta-carbolines through cooked food, coffee, alcoholic beverages and tobacco smoke. beta-Carbolines have previously been detected in higher levels in the pigmented substantia nigra than in the cortex of humans. The distribution of 3H-labelled harman and norharman in the brain of pigmented and albino mice and in frogs (a species having neuromelanin) was studied by tape-section and light-microscopic autoradiography. Furthermore, the binding of these beta-carbolines to dopamine-melanin and melanin granules from Sepia officinalis was examined. The results revealed a high affinity binding to melanin and a long-term retention (up to 30 days) in pigmented tissues, including neuromelanin-containing neurons of frogs after a single injection. The role of long-term exposure to food-related beta-carbolines and a retention of these compounds in pigment-containing neurons in the induction of idiopathic Parkinson's disease should be further considered. PMID- 14767718 TI - Altered cellular distribution of iron in rat cerebral cortex during the oestrous cycle. AB - Iron levels in blood, liver and the substantia nigra fluctuate during the oestrous cycle but it is not known whether the cellular distribution also changes. This study shows that during dioestrus, when serum levels of oestradiol are low, the amount of histochemically detectable iron in the cerebral cortex is significantly lower than in proestrus when oestradiol levels are highest. During dioestrus iron is concentrated within neurones, and the transition to proestrus is associated with a shift in iron localisation from neurones to vascular endothelial cells and oligodendrocytes. These data raise the possibility that changes in the concentration of serum oestrogen (or other reproductive hormones) during the oestrous cycle can influence the intercellular transport of iron in the brain. PMID- 14767719 TI - Decreased cerebrospinal fluid cGMP levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. AB - The role of cyclic guanosine 5' monophosphate (cGMP) in neurodegeneration of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is still controversial. The aim of this study was to measure levels of cGMP in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with ALS, and to investigate whether there is a relationship between CSF cGMP levels and clinical parameters of the disease. The study involved 30 ALS and 20 control group patients. The CSF cGMP was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that levels of CSF cGMP were significantly decreased in the group of ALS patients compared to controls and did not depend on clinical state of ALS patients, type of ALS onset, or the duration of the disease. Decreased levels of CSF cGMP observed in this study may suggest the role of cGMP in neurodegeneration in ALS. The CSF cGMP cannot be a marker of the disease activity. PMID- 14767720 TI - Entacapone improves the pharmacokinetic and therapeutic response of controlled release levodopa/carbidopa in Parkinson's patients. AB - The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effects of the COMT inhibitor entacapone on both the pharmacokinetic profile and clinical efficacy of controlled release levodopa in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Twelve PD patients experiencing "end-of-dose" type motor fluctuations were evaluated in this single-blind, randomized cross-over study. A single dose of either entacapone (200 mg) or placebo was co-administered with controlled release levodopa. Blood samples were taken every 30 minutes for 3 hours, and in 6 patients, sampling was continued for a further 3 hours. The clinical response to treatment was evaluated using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score. Addition of entacapone to levodopa treatment prolonged the "on" phase of the PD patients by 37% (p<0.05). This increased duration of 'on' time was concomitant with a significant increase in levodopa bioavailability (AUC). These data confirm the ability of entacapone to enhance the clinical efficacy of controlled release levodopa formulations, and provide further evidence that entacapone is of value in extending the benefits of levodopa in PD patients experiencing motor fluctuations. PMID- 14767721 TI - No nerve growth factor response to treatment with memantine in adult rats. AB - Nerve growth factor (NGF) is the most widely examined neurotrophin in the experimental models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has been shown to prevent the retrograde degeneration of cholinergic neurons. In this study we examined NGF and cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) changes in several rat brain regions after excitotoxic lesion of the entorhinal cortex with quinolinic acid and tested the effect of memantine on spatial learning in the radial maze after lesion. We observed a significant increase (+26%, p=0.02) of NGF concentrations in the hippocampus of the lesioned rats when compared to sham-lesioned rats. Chronic treatment with memantine showed no significant effect on the NGF increase in the hippocampus (p=0.72). The ChAT activity was significantly increased in the lesioned rats when compared to controls (+16%, p<0.05) and did not depend on treatment with memantine. In spite of this, memantine improved performance of the radial maze. This indicates that memory improving effects of memantine observed in experimental animals and in clinical studies are probably not related to changes in brain NGF content, whereas the observed NGF increase in the denervated hippocampus is probably trauma-related reflecting impaired retrograde transport of hippocampal NGF. PMID- 14767722 TI - A novel screen for nuclear mitochondrial gene associations with Parkinson's disease. AB - Genetic factors play an important role in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). We have screened nuclear genes encoding subunits of mitochondrial complex I for associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and PD. Abnormal functioning of complex I is well documented in human PD. Moreover, toxicological inhibition of complex I can lead to parkinsonism in animals. Thus, commonly occurring variants in these genes could potentially influence complex I function and the risk of developing PD. A sub-set of 70 potential SNPs in 31 nuclear complex I genes were selected and association analysis was performed on 306 PD patients plus 321 unaffected control subjects. Genotyping was performed using the DASH method. There was no evidence that the examined SNPs were significant genetic risk factors for PD, although this initial screen could not exclude the possibility that other disease-influencing variations exist within these genes. PMID- 14767723 TI - Diagnostic staging of Parkinson's disease: conceptual aspects. AB - Insidious onset of mild, unspecific, sensitive, vegetative, psychopathological, cognitive and perceptive disturbances, i.e. visual and olfactory dysfunction, with a resulting change of personal behaviour, i.e. reduced stress tolerance, precede the initially intermittently occurring motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Novel neuropathological findings suggest an expansion pattern of the neurodegenerative process beyond the nigral dopaminergic neurons with the initial event located outside the brain. We related these clinical observations of premotor symptoms of PD to this novel neuropathological concept of emerging neurodegeneration, which starts in the enteric system and then rises via spinal cord and brainstem to nigral and subsequent cortical neurons. We describe an initial premotor phase, which starts in non dopaminergic areas, and subdivide it according to the onset of gastrointestinal and brainstem associated and sensory deficits. Then motor symptoms occur and increase in the further course of PD similar to the Hoehn and Yahr stages. Our proposed diagnostic concept aims to an earlier diagnosis of PD. In addition, attention should be given to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and psychosomatic disorders, all of which, if not or ineffectively treated, may contribute to an enhanced vulnerability for PD. The concept takes into account, that an as far unknown pathogen, e.g. viral infection or nutritional component, that meets a genetically predisposed person with a long lasting disturbed enteric nervous system, may be at risk for PD. Earlier premotor diagnosis of PD will enable more convincing future results on the therapeutic efficacy of neuroprotective compounds. PMID- 14767724 TI - Association analysis of the -308G>A promoter polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. AB - Two research groups have thus far reported a significant association between schizophrenia and a promoter polymorphism (-308G > A) of the gene encoding tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), while contradictive negative results have also been reported. We examined the possible association in a Japanese sample of 297 schizophrenia cases and 458 controls. Allele frequencies of both the patients and controls were very low (1.5% and 0.8%, respectively), and the difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that the effect of the -308G > A polymorphism on the development of schizophrenia is, if any, weak and the majority of Japanese schizophrenics are unrelated to the -308G > A polymorphism of the TNF-alpha gene. PMID- 14767725 TI - Topography of spectral EEG and late VEP components in patients with benign rolandic epilepsy of childhood. AB - We studied 11 patients (7-15 years of age) with benign rolandic epilepsy of childhood. Spontaneous EEG and flash evoked potentials were recorded from 19 channels. Following visual stimulation, five of the patients displayed a late sustained component over temporal and central scalp regions (mean latency: 194.8 ms). The occurrence of this component was related to the spectra of spontaneous EEG and clinical parameters. Significant topographical differences were observed between the EEG amplitude spectra of patients with and without a N200 component. The effects were most evident in the lower alpha (7.5-9.5 Hz) and beta band (13 15 Hz) when temporal, parietal and occipital regions of the left and right hemisphere were compared. There was also a tendency that children without N200 displayed more hypersynchroneous activity in the spontaneous EEG than children with N200. This suggests a protective role of focal interictal spikes, and probably coincides with a benign prognosis of epilepsy. PMID- 14767726 TI - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a semiarid copper mining area in Brazil. AB - The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in a copper mining area was investigated. Soil samples were collected from six sites at the Mineracao Caraiba, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil, comprising: (1) a site that receives the waste product; (2) a site that receives low grade deposits; (3) the interface between the caatinga and site 1; (4) the surroundings of the industrial area; (5) the site for extracting topsoil for land filling; (6) the preserved caatinga. Thirty-two plant species were identified around the collection locations. Trap cultures were maintained in the greenhouse for 3 months, using bahia grass ( Paspalum notatum Flugge) as the host plant. Spores were extracted from soil and 21 AMF species (15 Glomus and one of each of Acaulospora, Archaeospora, Entrophospora, Gigaspora , Paraglomus and Scutellospora) were identified. In site 1, plants or AMF were not found during the dry season. Site 6, with native vegetation, had the highest number of plants and AMF species. The disturbed sites showed less plant diversification, with the community of AMF being quantitative and qualitatively affected by disturbance. PMID- 14767727 TI - Molecular and clinical basis for the regeneration of human gastrointestinal epithelia. AB - In the gastrointestinal tract, rapid renewal of the epithelium continues throughout life. Therefore, it is believed that the gastrointestinal epithelium has a prominent capacity for regeneration when tissue damage occurs. However, we face some clinical conditions in which regeneration of the gastrointestinal epithelia is severely disturbed. One example is the refractory ulcers seen in the intestine of inflammatory bowel disease patients, and a novel therapy to regenerate damaged intestinal epithelia is earnestly desired in those conditions. Little is known about the maintenance and regeneration of the intestinal epithelia, and a molecular or clinical basis for regenerative medicine is totally lacking at the moment. In this review, we discuss recent findings of the molecules regulating the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells. Further study of these molecules may lead to the identification and purification of intestinal stem cells that may be used as a source for transplantation in diseased patients. Endogenous stem cells also could be manipulated to correct dysregulated or prolonged regeneration in diseased patients. Alternatively, we will raise bone marrow cells as another novel source for regenerating the intestinal epithelia. Bone marrow-derived cells are the only cells of extragastrointestinal origin that are shown to contribute to the regeneration of the gastrointestinal epithelia. In bone marrow transplant recipients, donor derived epithelial cells substantially repopulated the gastrointestinal tract during epithelial regeneration after graft-versus-host disease or ulcer formation. Utilization of these cells may also lead to a novel therapy to regenerate the damaged gastrointestinal epithelia, whether by bone marrow transplantation or by the administration of humoral factors. PMID- 14767728 TI - Endosonographic detection of mediastinal lymph node metastasis in superficial carcinoma of the esophagus: assessment by type classification and histogram. AB - BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has been shown to be useful for detecting lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer. The evaluation of nodal metastasis requires both objective and subjective analyses. In the present study, mediastinal lymph nodes in superficial esophageal carcinoma (SEC) were examined by both EUS appearance and histography, using NIH image software. METHODS: One hundred and seventy-one lymph nodes of 56 patients with SEC were detected by EUS. These lymph nodes were diagnosed by type classification, based on boundary and internal echo, and by the construction of internal echo histograms using NIH image software. The results were compared with the histological findings. RESULTS: . The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in assessing mediastinal lymph node metastasis by type classification were 83.3%, 88.2%, and 87.7%, respectively. The mean and SD of the histogram correlated well with histological findings and type classification ( P < 0.0001). All lymph nodes with a mean value of less than 185 of the histogram were negative nodes. When positive nodes by type classification were reevaluated according to the threshold value of 185 using the histogram, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy improved to 83.3%, 100%, and 98.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Type classification assisted by histography improved the diagnostic accuracy of mediastinal lymph node metastasis in SEC. PMID- 14767729 TI - Usefulness of narrow-band imaging endoscopy for diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. AB - BACKGROUND: A newly developed endoscope lighting system called a narrow-band imaging system emphasizes certain histological features such as capillary and crypt pattern. The usefulness of NBI for the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus (BE) was evaluated. METHODS: Eleven patients with previously diagnosed BE were enrolled in this study. Magnifying endoscopy was performed by an experienced endoscopist, using both a conventional system and an NBI system. All images were recorded by video and by a digital still image filing system. Differences in images were evaluated by another experienced endoscopist. The quality of images for the visualization of the esophagogastric junction, capillary vessels, and columnar-lined esophagus (CLE) was judged as: optimal (score of 4), diagnostic (3), suboptimal (2), or nondiagnostic (1). RESULTS: In contrast to the low rate of visualization of the esophagogastric junction by conventional endoscopy, visualization of this area endoscopy was better by NBI. Net-like blood vessels were more clearly seen on images obtained by NBI endoscopy. Visualization of the CLE was better by NBI endoscopy than by conventional endoscopy. In contrast to conventional endoscopy, NBI endoscopy captured the optimal view of Barrett's epithelium. The relationship between the endoscopic and histopathologic diagnoses was more accurate by NBI endoscopy than by conventional endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Magnifying endoscopy by NBI is more useful than conventional magnifying endoscopy for the diagnosis of BE. PMID- 14767730 TI - The comparative effects of single intravenous doses of omeprazole and famotidine on intragastric pH. AB - BACKGROUND: The ideal medication for the treatment of acid-related diseases, for example, hemorrhagic ulcers and stress-related gastric bleeding, should have a rapid onset of action to promote hemostasis and alleviate symptoms. The aim of our study was to investigate the inhibitory effects on gastric acid secretion after single intravenous administrations of omeprazole 20mg and famotidine 20 mg. METHODS: Ten healthy Helicobacter pylori-negative male subjects participated in this randomized, double-masked, two-way crossover study. Intragastric pH was monitored continuously for 4 h after a single intravenous administration of omeprazole 20 mg and after a single intravenous administration of famotidine 20 mg. The administration of the two agents was separated by a 7-day washout period. RESULTS: In all ten subjects, the length of time that intragastric pH remained over 3, during the 0- to 3- and 0- to 4-h study periods, was greater after famotidine treatment than after treatment with omeprazole, and famotidine increased the average pH during the 0 to 3- and 0 to 4-h study periods significantly more than omeprazole did. During the 4-h study period, famotidine provided a longer duration of pH of more than 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, and 7, compared to omeprazole. CONCLUSIONS: In Helicobacter pylori-negative healthy male subjects, an intravenous dose of 20 mg famotidine increased intragastric pH more rapidly than intravenous omeprazole 20 mg. PMID- 14767731 TI - Abnormal pancreatic imaging in Crohn's disease: prevalence and clinical features. AB - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to delineate the incidence and the clinical features of abnormal pancreatic imaging in patients suffering from Crohn's disease. METHODS: The subjects of this retrospective study were 255 patients with Crohn's disease who were treated at our unit and who were followed-up for more than 3 years. RESULTS: Sixteen of the 255 Crohn's disease patients (6.3%) had morphological abnormalities of the pancreas. The cumulative incidence of abnormal pancreatic imaging as a complication of Crohn's disease was 5.2% at 5 years and 6.3% at 10 years after the initial diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Four of the patients with Crohn's disease already showed abnormal pancreatic imaging at the initial examination. Morphological examinations of the pancreas showed that none of the sixteen suffered from severe conditions. The abnormal pancreatic imaging was unrelated to the therapeutic regimens employed for Crohn's disease or to its activity. When patients with Crohn's disease with and without abnormal pancreatic imaging were compared, there were no significant differences in any of the background clinical features of Crohn's disease. When we compared pancreatic imaging according to the type of Crohn's disease, in the solely aphthous ulcerations type, the occurrence of abnormal pancreatic imaging was significantly higher (P = 0.02) than that in the other types. In 7 patients who had suffered from Crohn's disease for more than 10 years, the clinical course of abnormal pancreatic imaging was not progressive, regardless of the progression of Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that abnormal pancreatic imaging is not serious a complication of Crohn's disease, and is unrelated to the course of Crohn's disease. PMID- 14767732 TI - Low rate of YMDD motif mutations in polymerase gene of hepatitis B virus in chronically infected patients not treated with lamivudine. AB - BACKGROUND: Lamivudine is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CH-B), and exhibits excellent antiviral activity. However, longterm administration increases the likelihood of the emergence of resistant viruses, with an accompanying relapse of hepatitis. However, recent studies have reported lamivudine-resistant viruses in patients with CH-B before such treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate whether YMDD mutants occur in nature. METHODS: The existence of lamivudine-resistant viruses was examined in 20 asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B virus (ASC), 10 patients who lost hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) during follow-up and in 20 lamivudine-treated patients with and without breakthrough hepatitis. Both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism and SMITEST hepatitis B virus (HBV)-YMDD mutation detection methods were used to detect resistant viruses. RESULTS: No YMDD mutants were detected in the sera of the 20 ASC at the initial and final medical examinations, nor were YMDD mutants detected in sera collected at the initial medical examination, about 6 months before, or immediately after the loss of HBsAg in the 10 patients. In the 20 patients treated with lamivudine, YMDD mutants were not detected in any of them before treatment, whereas mutants were detected in the sera of 10 patients during treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that lamivudine-resistant YMDD mutant viruses were present in a few patients with HBV infection before they have been treated with lamivudine. PMID- 14767733 TI - Inosine alleviates rat caerulein pancreatitis and pancreatitis-associated lung injury. AB - BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that inosine, a purine nucleoside produced during the breakdown of adenosine, has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of inosine on the course of acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Edematous pancreatitis was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of caerulein (50 micro g/kg), seven times, at 1-h intervals, in male Wistar rats (caerulein pancreatitis). Inosine (100 mg/kg) was administered 30 min before or 1 h after the first injection of caerulein. The effects of inosine on the severity of pancreatitis were assessed by serum amylase, pancreatic edema (wet/dry ratio), myeloperoxidase activity, cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 concentrations, and histological changes. RESULTS: Prophylactic administration of inosine significantly decreased the elevation of serum amylase, myeloperoxidase activity, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 concentrations in the pancreas and the lung. Inosine did not significantly affect edema formation. Histologically, vacuole formation in pancreatic acinar cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells in the pancreas and the lung, and alveolar wall thickening in the lung were reduced. Inosine improved the histological findings and reduced myeloperoxidase activity even if it was administered 1 h after the first injection of caerulein. CONCLUSIONS: Inosine reduced the severity of acute pancreatitis, suggesting a possible application of this compound in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. PMID- 14767734 TI - Role of positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose in evaluating the effects of arterial infusion chemotherapy and radiotherapy on pancreatic cancer. AB - BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the usefulness of positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG-PET) in monitoring the response to continuous arterial infusion chemotherapy (CAI) combined with external radiation therapy (ERT) for unresectable pancreatic carcinomas. METHODS: Ten patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer were enrolled in this study. Computed tomography (CT) and FDG-PET were done before and after CAI (5-fluorouracil [FU], 500 mg/body per day) combined with ERT (50.4 Gy total dose). Tumor regression was evaluated by standardized uptake value (SUV) with FDG-PET, tumor size on CT, and changes in blood levels of carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9. The three methods of evaluation were compared. RESULTS: The ten patients were classified in three categories. In category I, tumor changes evident on CT and FDG-PET were consistent. In category II, CT could not accurately detect the area of the tumor. However, tumor uptake on FDG-PET decreased markedly after the treatment in category II patients. In category III, both CT and FDG-PET detected the tumor, as in category I. Although there was no definite change in tumor size on CT, FDG-PET uptake was markedly reduced immediately after the treatment. Reduction in tumor size did not appear on CT until 2 months later. CONCLUSIONS: FDG-PET aids in analysis of the effectiveness of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. PMID- 14767735 TI - Detection of K-ras mutations in the plasma DNA of pancreatic cancer patients. AB - BACKGROUND: In pancreatic cancers, K-ras mutations have been found frequently (80%-100%), and they could be a good marker to detect tumor DNA in the plasma. Several studies have indicated that polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) analysis of K-ras mutation was a useful method for the detection of hepatic and lymph node metastasis of pancreatic cancer. However, this method sometimes exhibited false-positive results, and the rate of K-ras mutation might thus be overestimated in these tissues. To diagnose pancreatic cancer correctly at an early stage, we attempted to detect tumor DNA in the plasma of pancreatic cancer patients using a more sensitive and specific method. METHODS: We examined 28 pancreatic cancer patients using a sensitive mutation-specific mismatch ligation assay for K-ras gene mutations in primary tumors and paired plasma samples. RESULTS: K-ras gene mutations were detected in 26 of the 28 (93%) pancreatic cancers. We also found the same mutations in 9 of these 26 (35%) patients in their plasma DNA. This mutation was found even in the plasma of patients with TNM stage II cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic alterations present in the tumors of pancreatic cancer patients can be detected in their plasma, and this approach is potentially applicable for cancer screening and the monitoring of this deadly disease. PMID- 14767736 TI - Inhibitory effect of green tea catechins in combination with sucralfate on Helicobacter pylori infection in Mongolian gerbils. AB - BACKGROUND: The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori has been reported. It is desirable to develop an effective method to prevent the occurrence of resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori. Green tea catechins (GTCs) have been reported to have an antibacterial effect. Therefore, the possibility of eradicating Helicobacter pylori by the oral administration of GTCs was investigated. METHODS: Solutions of GTCs and solutions of GTCs adsorbed to sucralfate (GTC-scf), at concentrations of 20 mg GTCs and/or 20 mg sucralfate/ml were prepared. Then 1 ml of the GTC-scf or the GTC solution was administered daily, for 10 days to Mongolian gerbils infected with Helicobacter pylori. Then the stomachs were extirpated and homogenized. The homogenate was spread on selective medium plates. After 5-day culture, colony-forming units (CFU) of Helicobacter pylori were counted. RESULTS: The CFU of Helicobacter pylori was significantly decreased by GTC-scf. CONCLUSIONS: GTC-scf may have a bactericidal effect on Helicobacter pylori infection. PMID- 14767737 TI - Cholangiocarcinoma coincident with schistosomiasis japonica. AB - The relationship of parasitic liver disease to cholangiocarcinoma has long been debated, and it has been reported that cholangiocarcinoma is associated with opisthorchiasis viverrini. We report herein a rare case of cholangiocarcinoma associated with schistosomiasis japonica. A 76-year-old Japanese man with jaundice was diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma. Radical resection was not done because of hepatic arterial and portal vein invasion. Biliary microwave tissue coagulation therapy was performed with placement of a metallic stent endoprosthesis. Twenty-two months after the treatment, however, the patient died from hematemesis. Autopsy findings revealed that there was no distant metastasis, even in the area of regional lymph node metastasis. The primary tumor in the hepatic hilar region had been replaced by necrotic debris resulting from the microwave therapy, and an expandable metallic stent was located in the center of the debris. Histological findings showed schistosome eggs, which were old and microcalcified, in veins in the colonic submucosa. Glisson's fibrosis around the cancer lesion suggested that schistosomiasis japonica and cholangiocarcinoma can occur together with severe chronic inflammation of the portal vein. PMID- 14767738 TI - Pharmacobezoar complicating treatment with sodium alginate. AB - We encountered a gastric bezoar that had developed in a 9-year-old girl treated with sodium alginate (Alloid G) for acute gastritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. A hard mass palpated in the left upper abdomen proved, upon gastric endoscopy, to be an intragastric foreign body. Sodium alginate was detected in an analysis of a sample from this bezoar. In an in vitro simulation, sodium alginate solidified when mixed with the patient's other medicines. The bezoar caused no complications, and disappeared spontaneously after discontinuation of the medications. This case indicates that this sodium alginate preparation, Alloid G, can be a cause of pharmacobezoar. PMID- 14767739 TI - Intrabiliary polypoid growth of liver metastasis from colonic adenocarcinoma with minimal invasion of the liver parenchyma. AB - Liver metastases from colorectal cancer easily invade the Glisson's triad and sometimes have intrabiliary tumor growth. This behavior is by no means rare, and causes the cut end of the Glisson's triad to be positive for cancer. We report here a 72-year-old Japanese man with a medical history of ascending colon cancer in whom enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a low-density mass in the caudate lobe of the liver and dilatation of the peripheral intrahepatic bile duct. He underwent right hemihepatectomy and caudate lobectomy. The resected specimen showed a polypoid tumor in the bile duct lumen, with minimal invasion of the liver parenchyma; the tumor was similar to cholangio-carcinoma. Histological findings proved it to be well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. Immunochemically, the tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin (CK) 20, but negative for CK7, and we finally diagnosed him with intrabiliary polypoid growth of liver metastasis from colonic cancer. For complete surgical resection, it is very important to diagnose intrabiliary tumor growth. However, we could not diagnose it preoperatively in spite of the CT detecting an intrabiliary polypoid tumor, because the CT revealed no extrabiliary tumors in the liver parenchyma. We have to pay attention to the fact that CT rarely demonstrates only intrabiliary growth without extrabiliary tumors. PMID- 14767740 TI - Pancreas head carcinoma with total fat replacement of the dorsal exocrine pancreas. AB - We report a case of pancreas head carcinoma associated with fat replacement of the body and tail. A 68-year-old man presented with obstructive jaundice and was admitted to our hospital. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed pancreas head tumor with a neighboring cystic lesion and fatty replacement of parenchyma of the pancreas body and tail. By endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, abruption of the main pancreatic duct and the presence of an accessory duct were detected. After percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, pancreatoduodenectomy was successfully performed. At laparotomy, the pancreas head was easily dissected from the replaced fatty tissue of the body and tail without continuity of the ductal system or parenchyma. Microscopic examination revealed the existence of an infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma and a neighboring. cyst in the pancreas head. The dorsal exocrine pancreas was completely replaced by the fat tissues, in which viable Langerhans' islets were scattered. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, and exogenous insulin administration was unnecessary for the maintenance of normal blood sugar level. Acquired fat replacement of the body and tail of the pancreas is an uncommon disorder, mimicking congenital agenesis of the dorsal pancreas. Though the mechanism is controversial, obstruction of the main pancreatic duct by a cystic lesion or carcinoma in the pancreas head is a possible cause of fatty degeneration of the pancreatic parenchyma. PMID- 14767741 TI - Celiac artery stenting: a new strategy for patients with pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm associated with stenosis of the celiac artery. AB - We report a new strategy--celiac artery stenting--to relieve stenosis of the celiac arterial root. This was performed in two patients with pancreaticoduodenal artery (PDA) aneurysm associated with a stenotic celiac arterial root. The first patient was a 66-year-old man complaining of abrupt onset of upper abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a huge retroperitoneal hematoma behind the duodenum, and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) angiography demonstrated an aneurysm arising from inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and celiac arteriography showed a stenotic celiac arterial root. Transcatheter embolization of the aneurysm was tried, but failed. Because of his unstable hemodynamics, emergent laparotomy with resection of the aneurysm was performed. Fourteen days after the operation, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with celiac arterial stenting was done. The patient was discharged 2 days later, and has had no further bleeding episode for 3 years. The second patient was a 46-year old woman, who also complained of acute upper abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography disclosed a huge retroperitoneal hematoma, and selective SMA angiography demonstrated an aneurysm arising from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and celiac arteriography showed a stenotic celiac arterial root. Because angiography showed no active bleeding from the aneurysm, percutaneous transluminal angioplastic stenting of the stenotic celiac artery was performed. She was discharged 5 days later and has had no further bleeding episode for 2 years. Celiac arterial stenting, as shown in our two patients, could be easily and safely employed in patients with PDA aneurysm associated with a stenotic celiac arterial root to release the stenosis of the celiac arterial root and to prevent further possible bleeding. PMID- 14767742 TI - Massive gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa. PMID- 14767743 TI - Rhabdomyolysis associated with omeprazole. PMID- 14767744 TI - A case of malabsorption syndrome caused by isosporiasis in an immunocompetent patient. PMID- 14767745 TI - Usefulness and limitations of endoscopic ultrasonography for detection of lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer. PMID- 14767746 TI - Is an intravenous histamine H2 receptor antagonist superior to an intravenous proton pump inhibitor in acid suppression? PMID- 14767747 TI - Effect of inosine on pancreatitis: a powerful tool? PMID- 14767749 TI - Palliative surgery of acrometastases from lung cancer: a case report. AB - A clinical case of a woman with lung cancer and a very painful bone metastases of the phalangette of the 4th finger of the right hand (acrometastases) is described. Palliative radiation on the 4th finger was not indicated due to almost complete bone destruction. Both patient and daughter refused administration of strong opioids, such as morphine, for pain management, due to fear of addiction and of opioid-related adverse effects. Phalangectomy, with palliative intent, was performed under local anaesthesia, in day surgery, resulting in complete pain relief. PMID- 14767748 TI - The economic burden of supportive care of cancer patients. AB - GOALS OF WORK: Economic and regulatory healthcare policy is limited by the lack of population-based information on the cost of supportive care of cancer patients. The goal of this study was to estimate these costs and to explore the impact of these costs on policy decisions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified estimates of the cost of outpatient and inpatient supportive care from published reports in the literature. The range of these costs (from lowest to highest) is described for each supportive care condition. These estimates were supplemented by computing the cost of all hospitalizations for these conditions in Texas between June 2000 and December 2001. Medicare payments were used to estimate average reimbursement. Costs (not charges) were standardized to 2002 US dollars using the consumer price index for medical care and Medicare's cost-to-charge ratio for Texas. MAIN RESULTS: Inpatient care for most conditions exceeded 7,000 US dollars per episode. Our population-based estimates of the cost of care were similar to literature-based estimates, except in the case where conditions could be managed in the outpatient setting. Average Medicare payments were often far lower than the estimated cost of care. For example, the estimated cost of hospitalization for management of diarrhea was 6,616 US dollars while the average Medicare payment was only 2,809 US dollars. CONCLUSIONS: Many supportive care interventions are quite expensive. In an environment focused on cost containment, a risk-based approach to expensive supportive care treatments is essential. Further study of the cost effectiveness of supportive care management strategies is indicated. PMID- 14767750 TI - Use of complementary and alternative therapies: a national multicentre study of oncology health professionals in Norway. AB - GOALS OF WORK: It is well documented that an increasing proportion of cancer patients today use complementary and alternative medicine, mostly alongside conventional therapies. This study investigates the use of complementary and alternative medicine among oncology health workers and the reported effects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In June 2002, we conducted a national multicentre survey including 828 Norwegian oncologists, nurses, clerks and therapeutic radiographers. The response rate was 61.5%. MAIN RESULTS: We found that females were more often users of both complementary and alternative methods than males (39% versus 15% and 47% versus 17%) and that few oncologists had tried such treatments compared to nurses, therapeutic radiographers and clerks (20/12% versus 50/40%, 41/33%,and 31/50%). Interestingly, the majority of those who had tried unconventional methods reported some or very good effects. Acupuncture, homeopathy, aromatherapy and massage were the most popular therapies. Sub-group analyses including only oncologists showed that female physicians were more often users of both complementary and alternative methods compared to males (33% versus 12%, 25% versus 3%). Moreover, participants below the age of 35 years and Christians more often reported use. CONCLUSIONS: This survey demonstrates that significant proportion of oncology health workers in Norway have used non-proven therapies and that most have had a positive experience. Differences in use is highly dependent on gender, profession, age and religion. PMID- 14767751 TI - Does vitamin A prevent high-dose-methotrexate-induced D-xylose malabsorption in children with cancer? AB - PURPOSE: Our aim was to explore whether vitamin A has protective effect on high dose-methotrexate (HDMTX)-induced intestinal D-xylose malabsorption in children with leukemia and lymphoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective randomized un-blinded study of vitamin A in 35 children with leukemia and lymphoma who were planned to receive HDMTX 3 g/m(2) and 5 g/m(2), respectively. Twenty-two patients (group 1) received a single dose of 180,000 IU a day before HDMTX was given, and 13 (group 2) received only HDMTX. The vitamin A group received the vitamin only once. Oral D-xylose absorption tests before and 7 days after HDMTX were carried out to evaluate intestinal absorption. Retinol-binding protein (RBP) levels prior to therapy were also measured for vitamin A status. RESULTS: Although we observed no difference of HDMTX-induced toxicity, including hematological, dermatological, systemic, and other toxicities, between groups, the D-xylose absorption test was significantly better in-group 1 ( p=0.030). Absorption was decreased in five of 22 patients (23%) who received vitamin A comparing to eight of 13 (62%) who received only HDMTX ( p=0.033). RBP levels were lower than normal in 13 of 22 patients in-group 1 and nine of 13 in group 2. In patients whose RBP levels were lower than normal, HDMTX-induced toxicity was lower in the group 1 than group 2 but not statistically significant. No sign of vitamin A toxicity was observed throughout the study. CONCLUSION: The administration of vitamin A before HDMTX may protect against drug-induced D xylose malabsorption in children with cancer. Further studies are apparently needed to clarify the full benefits of vitamin A in preventing HDMTX-induced mucosal damage. PMID- 14767752 TI - Selective predation for low body condition at the larval-juvenile transition of a coral reef fish. AB - Mortality is known to be high during the transition from larval to juvenile life stages in organisms that have complex life histories. We are only just beginning to understand the processes that influence which individuals survive this period of high mortality, and which traits may be beneficial. Here we document a field experiment that examines the selectivity of predation immediately following settlement to the juvenile population in a common tropical fish, Pomacentrus amboinensis (Pomacentridae). Newly metamorphosed fish were tagged and randomly placed onto replicated patches of natural habitat cleared of resident fishes. After exposure to transient predators for 3 days, fish were recollected and the attributes of survivors from patch reefs that sustained high mortality were compared to individuals from patch reefs that experienced low mortality. Seven characteristics of individuals, which were indicative of previous and present body condition, were compared between groups. Predation was found to be selective for fish that grew slowly in the latter third of their larval phase, were low in total lipids, and had a high standardized weight (Fulton's K). Traits developed in the larval phase can strongly influence the survival of individuals over this critical transition period for organisms with complex life cycles. PMID- 14767753 TI - A functional analysis of the crown architecture of tropical forest Psychotria species: do species vary in light capture efficiency and consequently in carbon gain and growth? AB - The crown architectures of 11 Psychotria species native to Barro Colorado Island, Panama were reconstructed from field measurements of leaf and branch geometry with the three-dimensional simulation model Y-plant. The objective was to assess the role of species differences in architecture in light capture and carbon gain in their natural understory environment. When species were grouped according to their putative light environment preference, the shade tolerant species were found to have a small but significantly higher efficiency of light capture for both diffuse and direct light as compared to the light demanding species. Within each grouping, however, there were few significant differences in light capture efficiency among species. The lower efficiencies of light demanding species was due to slightly higher self-shading and slightly lower angular efficiencies. Simulations of whole plant assimilation showed that light demanding species had greater daily assimilation in both direct and diffuse light due to the significantly greater light availability in the sites where light demanding species were found, as compared to those where shade tolerant species occurred. Among light demanding species, the above ground relative growth rate measured over a 1-year period by applying allometric equations for mass versus linear dimensions, was positively correlated with diffuse PFD and with mean daily assimilation estimated from Y-plant. For the shade tolerant plants, there was no significant correlation between RGR and mean daily assimilation or with any measure of light availability, probably because they occurred over a much narrower range of light environments. Overall, the results reveal a strong convergence in light capture efficiencies among the Psychotria species at lower values than previously observed in understory plants using similar approaches. Constraints imposed by other crown functions such as hydraulics and biomechanical support may place upper limits on light capture efficiency. PMID- 14767754 TI - Patterns of tree dieback in Queensland, Australia: the importance of drought stress and the role of resistance to cavitation. AB - During the extreme 1992-1997 El Nino drought event, widespread stem mortality, or tree "dieback", of both mature and juvenile eucalypts occurred within the tropical savannas of northeast Australia. Most of the dieback occurred in individuals of the ironbark species complex ( Eucalyptus crebra- E. xanthoclada) while individuals of the bloodwood species Corymbia erythrophloia, exhibited significantly less stem mortality. Indicative of greater water stress, predawn and midday xylem water potentials of ironbark adults and saplings were significantly more negative than predawn values of bloodwoods. The very negative xylem water potentials in ironbarks suggest that stem mortality in both adult and juvenile ironbarks results from drought-induced embolism and that ironbarks perhaps have a shallower and less extensive root system than bloodwoods. Although predawn and midday water potentials for ironbark adults and saplings were similar, a census of mature and juvenile ironbark trees indicated that mortality was higher in adult trees. Cavitation vulnerability curves indicated that ironbark saplings may be better buffered against cavitation than adult trees. If they possess smaller root systems, saplings are more likely than adults to experience low xylem water potentials, even in non-drought years. Xylem conduits produced in adult trees during periods of normal rainfall, although perhaps more efficient in water conduction, may be more vulnerable to cavitation during infrequent severe droughts. PMID- 14767755 TI - Are nectar-robbers mutualists or antagonists? AB - As "exploiters" of plant-pollinator mutualisms, nectar-robbers remove rewards (nectar) without providing pollination services. Though one might expect nectar robbing to be costly to plants, it may instead benefit plants by indirectly increasing pollen dispersal. I investigated the direct effects of nectar-robbing bees ( Xylocopa californica) on floral rewards and behaviors of pollinators visiting desert willow ( Chilopsis linearis) and indirect effects of robbing on the reproductive success of the plant. Nectar-robbers reduced nectar; while unrobbed and robbed flowers were equally likely to contain nectar, nectar volumes were smaller in robbed flowers with nectar. Apis mellifera (honeybees), ineffective pollinators in terms of pollen deposition, avoided robbed flowers. In contrast, Bombus sonorus (bumblebees), effective pollinators, did not avoid robbed flowers. While bumblebees tended to spend less time in robbed flowers, the time that they spent in flowers was not correlated with pollen deposition. Using powder mimicking pollen, I found that on some days, powder was dispersed farther or to more flowers from robbed flowers, indicating that robbing may sometimes benefit plants by increasing male reproductive success. Powder movement suggested that the effect of robbing on male reproductive success ranged from costly to beneficial. The outcome for flowers that were marked early each morning was a function of prevalence of robbing and abundances of effective pollinators, but not a function of spatial variability among trees in prevalence of robbing or the abundance of ineffective honeybees. Unlike powder dispersal, female reproductive success, measured by fruit set and the number of pollen tubes growing in styles, was not affected by robbing. Thus, robbers did not reduce plants' female reproductive success either directly by damaging flowers or indirectly by reducing pollen deposition by pollinators. Overall, this study indicates that nectar-robbers were not often costly to plants, and sometimes even benefited plants. PMID- 14767756 TI - Ecosystem implications of genetic variation in water-use of a dominant riparian tree. AB - Genetic variation in dominant species can affect plant and ecosystem functions in natural systems through multiple pathways. Our study focuses on how genetic variation in a dominant riparian tree ( Populus fremontii, P. angustifolia and their natural F(1) and backcross hybrids) affects whole-tree water use, and its potential ecosystem implications. Three major patterns were found. First, in a 12 year-old common garden with trees of known genetic makeup, hybrids had elevated daily integrated leaf-specific transpiration ( E(tl); P=0.013) and average canopy conductance ( G(c); P=0.037), with both E(tl) and G(c) approximately 30% higher in hybrid cross types than parental types. Second, delta(13)C values of leaves from these same trees were significantly more negative in hybrids ( P=0.004), and backcross hybrids had significantly more negative values than all other F(1) hybrid and parental types ( P<0.001). Third, in the wild, a similar pattern was found in leaf delta(13)C values where both hybrid cross types had the lowest values ( P<0.001) and backcross hybrids had lower delta(13)C values than any other tree type ( P<0.001). Our findings have two important implications: (1). the existence of a consistent genetic difference in whole-tree physiology suggests that whole-tree gas and water exchange could be another pathway through which genes could affect ecosystems; and (2). such studies are important because they seek to quantify the genetic variation that exists in basic physiological processes-such knowledge could ultimately place ecosystem studies within a genetic framework. PMID- 14767757 TI - Delineation of complex chromosomal rearrangements: evidence for increased complexity. AB - There is an assumption of parsimony with regard to the number of chromosomes involved in rearrangements and to the number of breaks within those chromosomes. Highly complex chromosome rearrangements are thought to be relatively rare, with the risk for phenotypic abnormalities increasing as the number of chromosomes and chromosomal breaks involved in the rearrangement increases. We report here five cases of de novo complex chromosome rearrangements, each with a minimum of four breaks. Deletions were found in four cases, and in at least one case, a number of genes or potential genes might have been disrupted. This study highlights the importance of the detailed delineation of complex rearrangements, beginning with high-resolution chromosome analysis, and emphasizes the utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization in combination with the data available from the Human Genome Project as a means to delineate such rearrangements. PMID- 14767758 TI - Heart morphogenesis is not affected by overexpression of the Sh3bgr gene mapping to the Down syndrome heart critical region. AB - Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect in humans and is present in 40% of newborns affected by Down syndrome (DS). The SH3BGR gene maps to the DS-CHD region and is a potential candidate for the pathogenesis of CHD, since it is selectively expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. To determine whether overexpression of Sh3bgr in the murine heart may cause abnormal cardiac development, we have generated transgenic mice using a cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific promoter to drive the expression of a Sh3bgr transgene. We report here that heart morphogenesis is not affected by overexpression of Sh3bgr. PMID- 14767759 TI - New clues on the origin of the Friedreich ataxia expanded alleles from the analysis of new polymorphisms closely linked to the mutation. AB - Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder commonly caused by large expansions of a GAA repeat in the first intron of the frataxin gene, FRDA. The expansion of the triplet repeat is localized within an Alu sequence. FRDA GAA-repeat alleles can be divided into three classes depending on their lengths: short normal alleles (SN), long normal alleles (LN) and expanded pathological alleles (E). We made an accurate analysis of the Alu sequence containing the GAA repeat. We found a new single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that is the closest one to the GAA repeat. We studied this new SNP and the polymorphic polyA region contiguous to the GAA triplets in two populations with different frequencies of FRDA. We found that, while both E and LN alleles seem to be genetically homogeneous and likely related, SN represents a more heterogeneous class of alleles. Indeed, one SNP variation (T) was more frequently associated with (GAA)(8) alleles, whereas the other one (C) with (GAA)(9) repeat(s). The long normal and expanded alleles presented the C haplotype. The same correlation was described for polyA-tract polymorphisms. Thus, 14A was commonly associated with (GAA)(8) alleles and 17A with (GAA)(9) alleles. The long normal alleles more frequently showed the 17A haplotype. Our data seem to suggest that all the E alleles come from LN alleles, while LN alleles come from a defined subclass of SN alleles. PMID- 14767760 TI - Effects of mutations in the N terminal region of the yeast G protein alpha subunit Gpa1p on signaling by pheromone receptors. AB - The sites and modes of interaction between G protein-coupled receptors and their cognate heterotrimeric G proteins remain poorly defined. The C-terminus of the Galpha subunit is the best established site of contact of G proteins with receptors, but structural analyses and crosslinking studies suggest the possibility of interactions at the N-terminus of Galpha as well. We screened for mutations in the N-terminal region of the Galpha subunit encoded by the yeast GPA1 gene that specifically affect the ability of the G protein to be activated by the yeast alpha-mating factor receptor. The screen led to identification of substitutions of glutamine or proline for Leu18 of Gpa1p that reduce the response to the pheromones alpha-factor and a-factor without affecting cellular levels of the subunit or its ability to interact with beta and gamma subunits. The mutations do not appear to affect the intrinsic ability of the G protein to be converted to the activated state. The low yield of different mutations with this phenotype indicates either that the N-terminal segment of the yeast Galpha subunit does not undergo extensive interactions with the alpha-factor receptor, or that this region can not be altered without detrimental effects upon the formation of G protein trimers. PMID- 14767762 TI - One hundred years of cancer research. PMID- 14767761 TI - Impact of positron emission tomography on strategy in liver resection for primary and secondary liver tumors. AB - PURPOSE: Outcome of patients with metastatic disease mainly depends on accurate preoperative tumor staging. 18[F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-PET) has been proven to be a valuable diagnostic tool in a number of different tumors but its direct influence on liver surgery has not been thoroughly investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 1999 and March 2000, 50 consecutive patients with 174 suspected liver lesions were admitted to the University Hospital Jena. All 50 patients underwent abdominal ultrasound, CT scan, and 18-FDG positron emission tomography scanning. In 23 patients the diagnostic work-up was completed by MRI scan. RESULTS: Altogether there were a total of 174 histologically proven intrahepatic lesions, nine of which were benign. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of PET for all hepatic lesions was 82%, 25%, and 96% compared with 63%, 50%, and 96% for abdominal ultrasound, 71%, 50%, and 97% for CT-scan, and 83%, 57%, and 97% for MRI-scan. In 23 of 50 patients 24 extrahepatic lesions were identified. In these patients the sensitivity and specificity of PET-compared to abdominal ultrasound, CT-scan, and MRI-scan for all extrahepatic lesions-was 63% and 60%, 29% and 25%, 47% and 50% and 40% and 50%, respectively. The findings on PET scan had a direct impact on operative management in nine patients (18%). CONCLUSIONS: Our series demonstrates good sensitivity and specificity for the detection of primary and secondary liver lesions which is superior to ultrasound and CT scan but not to MRI scan. The main value of PET scan consists in the detection of extrahepatic tumor (64%). Due to better detection of extrahepatic tumor, FDG-PET is a very useful addition to the currently used anatomically-based images in all cases of advanced tumor spread with high risk of extrahepatic tumor. PMID- 14767763 TI - End-stage renal failure as manifestation of adolescent cystinosis. PMID- 14767764 TI - Bilateral urinary calculi after treatment with a silicate-containing milk thickener. AB - Nephrocalcinosis and/or urinary calculi are rare in infants. Furosemide treatment during the neonatal period, vitamin D intoxication, hereditary diseases such as hyperoxaluria or distal tubular acidosis are among the most common aetiologies. We report the case of a 6-month-old boy with an extra-hepatic biliary duct atresia treated by the Kasai procedure and a gastro-oesophageal reflux treated with a silicate containing milk thickener (Gelopectose, 5.5% colloidal silicate) since the neonatal period. He did not present any other endogenous risk factor for urinary stone formation (normal urinary calcium/creatinine ratio; normal urinary magnesium excretion). The nephrolithiasis was discovered as the boy presented painful episodes of macroscopic haematuria. Ultrasound examination revealed bilateral nephrocalcinosis and multiple bilateral calculi without infection or urinary obstruction. Infrared spectroscopy revealed silicate as the major component suggesting silicate absorption to be responsible for the described symptoms. After replacement of the silicate-containing agent by a silicate-free milk thickener, the lesions were completely reversible as confirmed by repeated renal ultrasound examinations over a 2-month period. CONCLUSION: Silicate-containing milk thickeners can be responsible for urinary calculi and/or nephrocalcinosis. PMID- 14767765 TI - The proximity of the lesion to cell bodies determines the free radical risk induced in rat rubrospinal neurons subjected to axonal injury. AB - To find out whether close axonal injury resulted in greater free radical risk to cord-projection central neurons than distant ones, we studied the expressions of nitric oxide synthase, calcineurin, and superoxide dismutase in rat rubrospinal neurons following brainstem, C2 and T10 axotomies using immunohistochemical methods. We found that nitric oxide synthase expression was upregulated more following brainstem than C2 lesion while T10 lesion triggered no detectable changes. This response peaked at 1 week and returned to control level by 8-week post-injury. At the same time, calcineurin, which activated nitric oxide synthase, was increased 1 week following brainstem and C2 axotomies. These suggest that close, but not distant, axotomy enhanced NO production, which appeared to be cytotoxic since blocking NO synthesis with N-nitro- l-arginine methyl ester reduced brainstem axotomy-induced rubrospinal cell loss. On the other hand, the mitochondrial Mn-superoxide dismutase, which competes with NO to prevent the formation of the cytotoxic free radical peroxynitrite, was notably reduced after brainstem but almost unaltered following C2 axotomy. Meanwhile, the cytosolic Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase was not altered following C2 but increased after brainstem axotomy. Ultrastructurally, in rubrospinal neurons more mitochondria became swollen following brainstem than C2 axotomy. Based on these, we proposed that besides the NO-overproduction-induced toxicity, superoxide loading-induced mitochondrial damage also added to hampering the survival of the closely axotomized neurons. PMID- 14767766 TI - Expression of photosynthesis-related genes and their regulation by light during somatic embryogenesis in Daucus carota. AB - To clarify the spatial and temporal pattern of gene expression for photosynthesis associated proteins during somatic embryogenesis in Daucus carota L., the localization of mRNAs for three genes, rbcL, Lhcb and por, was examined in dark grown and light-irradiated somatic embryos by in situ hybridization. The three mRNAs were expressed in common in the mesophyll precursor cells of light irradiated embryos at the late torpedo and plantlet stages, but characteristic expression patterns of each photosynthesis-related gene were also observed. Expression of rbcL mRNA first occurred throughout the embryo but gradually became localized in the mesophyll precursor cells and cortex during early embryogenesis. Localization of Lhcb mRNA in the mesophyll precursor cells and shoot apical meristem became clear in the early torpedo stage. Expression of Lhcb mRNA was not affected by light during early embryogenesis, but could be induced by light in the torpedo stage, suggesting that light-inducible expression of Lhcb mRNA arises within the torpedo stage. At the late torpedo stage, clear localization of por mRNA started in mesophyll precursor cells of the cotyledon in light-irradiated embryos. Greening potency of the embryo also appeared first at this stage. Therefore, greening and initial differentiation of photosynthetic tissues during somatic embryogenesis seem to be associated with coordinated expression of mRNA for rbcL, Lhcb and por in late torpedo-shaped embryos. PMID- 14767767 TI - Seed-specific transcription factors ABI3 and FUS3: molecular interaction with DNA. AB - In Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. the seed-specific transcription factors ABI3 and FUS3 have key regulatory functions during the development of mature seeds. The highly conserved RY motif [DNA motif CATGCA(TG)], present in many seed specific promoters, is an essential target of both regulators. Here we show that, in vitro, the full-length ABI3 protein, as well as FUS3 protein, is able to bind to RY-DNA and that the B3 domains of both transcription factors are necessary and sufficient for the specific interaction with the RY element. Flanking sequences of the RY motif modulate the binding, but the presence of an RY sequence alone allows the specific interaction of ABI3 and FUS3 with the target in vitro. Transcriptional activity of ABI3 and FUS3, measured by transient promoter activation, requires the B3 DNA-binding domain and an activation domain. In addition to the known N-terminal-located activation domain, a second transcription activation domain was found in the B1 region of ABI3. PMID- 14767768 TI - Glutamate activates cation currents in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis root cells. AB - The effect of glutamate on plant plasma membrane cation transport was studied in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Patch-clamp experiments using root protoplasts, (22)Na(+) unidirectional fluxes into intact roots and measurements of cytosolic Ca(2+) activity using plants expressing cytosolically-targeted aequorin in specific cell types were carried out. It was demonstrated that low millimolar concentrations of glutamate activate within seconds both Na(+) and Ca(2+) currents in patch-clamped protoplasts derived from roots. The probability of observing glutamate-activated currents increased with increasing glutamate concentration (up to 29% at 3 mM); half-maximal activation was seen at 0.2-0.5 mM glutamate. Glutamate-activated currents were voltage-insensitive, 'instantaneous' (completely activated within 2-3 ms of a change in voltage) and non-selective for monovalent cations (Na(+), Cs(+) and K(+)). They also allowed the permeation of Ca(2+). Half-maximal Na(+) currents occurred at 20-30 mM Na(+). Glutamate activated currents were sensitive to non-specific blockers of cation channels (quinine, La(3+), Gd(3+)). Although low-millimolar concentrations of glutamate did not usually stimulate unidirectional influx of (22)Na(+) into intact roots, they reliably caused an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) activity in protoplasts isolated from the roots of aequorin-transformed Arabidopsis plants. The response of cytosolic Ca(2+) activity revealed a two-phase development, with a rapid large transient increase (lasting minutes) and a prolonged subsequent stage (lasting hours). Use of plants expressing aequorin in specific cell types within the root suggested that the cell types most sensitive to glutamate were in the mature epidermis and cortex. The functional significance of these glutamate-activated currents for both cation uptake into plants and cell signaling remains the subject of speculation, requiring more knowledge about the dynamics of apoplastic glutamate in plants. PMID- 14767769 TI - Mutation of the regulatory phosphorylation site of tobacco nitrate reductase results in high nitrite excretion and NO emission from leaf and root tissue. AB - In wild-type Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. and other higher plants, nitrate reductase (NR) is regulated at the post-translational level and is rapidly inactivated in response to, for example, a light-to-dark transition. This inactivation is caused by phosphorylation of a conserved regulatory serine residue, Ser 521 in tobacco, and interaction with divalent cations or polyamines, and 14-3-3 proteins. The physiological importance of the post-translational NR modulation is presently under investigation using a transgenic N. plumbaginifolia line. This line expresses a mutated tobacco NR where Ser 521 has been changed into aspartic acid (Asp) by site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in a permanently active NR enzyme. When cut leaves or roots of this line (S(521)) were placed in darkness in a buffer containing 50 mM KNO(3), nitrite was excreted from the tissue at rates of 0.08-0.2 micromol (g FW)(-1) h(-1) for at least 5 h. For the control transgenic plant (C1), which had the regulatory serine of NR intact, nitrite excretion was low and halted completely after 1-3 h. Without nitrate in the buffer in which the tissue was immersed, nitrite excretion was also low for S(521), although 20-40 micromol (g FW)(-1) nitrate was present inside the tissue. Apparently, stored nitrate was not readily available for reduction in darkness. Leaf tissue and root segments of S(521) also emitted much more nitric oxide (NO) than the control. Importantly, NO emission from leaf tissue of S(521) was higher in the dark than in the light, opposite to what was usually observed when post translational NR modulation was operating. PMID- 14767770 TI - Histidine 518 in the S6-CNBD linker controls pH dependence and gating of HCN channel from sea-urchin sperm. AB - Sperm motility is a tightly regulated process. One of the crucial factors determining the swimming of the sea-urchin sperm is an elevation of intracellular pH (pH(i)). The possibility that its hyperpolarisation-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (SpHCN) is modulated directly by pH is addressed here. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that histidine 518 from the linker connecting the S6 helix with the cyclic nucleotide binding domain is responsible for the pH modulation of current kinetics and voltage dependence of activation. The effect of mutating histidine 518 to serine (H518S) on the time constant of activation was maximal at pH 6.4: 180+/-20 ms in the wild-type (wt) but only 56+/-10 ms in the H518S mutant channel. Furthermore, histidine 518 accounted for 31% of the shift in the voltage of half activation ( V(1/2)) in wt following a pH change from 6.4 to 8.4. The mutation H518S also shifted V(1/2) by 19 mV at pH 7.4 ( 50.2+/-0.2 and -69+/-2 mV for H518S and wt, respectively). This indicates that histidine 518 couples voltage sensing to gating. The wt and H518S channels had a different affinity for cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (IC(50) 1.0+/-0.02 and 2.5+/-0.06 microM, respectively). Changes in pH(i) also modulated channel selectivity. PMID- 14767771 TI - Partial and delayed release of troponin-I compared with the release of lactate dehydrogenase from necrotic cardiomyocytes. AB - Although the troponins are the serum proteins most frequently used nowadays to diagnose myocardial infarction, controversy continues about whether troponins are released later from infarcted myocardium than the cytoplasmic enzymes used previously, like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The present study compared the release kinetics of troponin-I (TnI) and LDH from necrotic cardiomyocytes in vitro. Cardiomyocytes prepared from neonatal rat ventricles were grown for 3 days. A total of 126 cultures were subjected to metabolic inhibition to induce cell necrosis. At various time intervals cells and media were collected for quantitative analysis of LDH activity and TnI concentration. Mean (+/-SD) LDH activity and TnI content of nine cultures at time t=0 were 2.07+/-0.30 U and 1.52+/-0.30 micro g per culture, respectively. Release of LDH from necrotic cardiomyocytes preceded release of TnI by about 60 min. The quantity of LDH released from the cultures after 210 min was 83.2+/-10.0%, whereas that of TnI released after 210 min was always less (33.8+/-22.2%). Cytochemical assessment of necrotic cardiomyocytes showed TnI-positive cells that were poor in LDH. The delay of TnI release relative to LDH release may be explained by slow dissociation of TnI molecules from myofilaments and/or formation of TnI degradation products that are undetected by the currently used ELISA assay. PMID- 14767772 TI - Functional consequences at the single-nephron level of the lack of adenosine A1 receptors and tubuloglomerular feedback in mice. AB - Mice deficient for adenosine A1 receptors (A1AR) lack tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). In vivo micropuncture experiments were performed under anesthesia in A1AR deficient and wild-type littermate mice to study the effects of chronic absence of A1AR on fluid and Na(+) reabsorption along the nephron, as well as the functional consequences at the single-nephron level of the lack TGF. Evidence is provided for an A1AR-mediated tonic inhibition of Na(+) reabsorption in a water impermeable segment of the loop of Henle, possibly the thick ascending limb. In contrast, proximal tubular reabsorption of fluid, Na(+) and K(+) was unaffected by the chronic absence of A1AR. Experiments in which artificial tubular fluid was added to free-flowing late-proximal tubules demonstrated an essential role of A1AR/TGF in the stabilization of fluid and Na(+) delivery to the distal nephron. Further, the occurrence of spontaneous oscillations of hydrostatic pressure in proximal tubule ( P(PT)) at a frequency of about 32 mHz depended on intact A1AR/TGF. In comparison, the normal, stabilizing reduction in P(PT) following the initial rise in P(PT) during sustained small increases in proximal tubular flow rate does not require A1AR/TGF; TGF-independent mechanisms appear to compensate in this regard for a lack of TGF under physiological conditions and the lack of TGF is unmasked only when supraphysiological flow rates overwhelm TGF-independent compensation. PMID- 14767773 TI - Sarcomere-length dependence of lattice volume and radial mass transfer of myosin cross-bridges in rat papillary muscle. AB - We examined the sarcomere length-dependence of the spacing of the hexagonal lattice of the myofilaments and the mass transfer of myosin cross-bridges during contraction of right ventricular papillary muscle of the rat. The lattice spacing and mass transfer were measured by using X-ray diffraction, and the sarcomere length was monitored by laser diffraction at the same time. Although the lattice spacing and the sarcomere length were inversely related, their relationship was not exactly isovolumic. The cell volume decreased by about 15% when the sarcomere length was shortened from 2.3 micro m to 1.8 micro m. Twitch tension increased with sarcomere length (the Frank-Starling law). At the peak tension, the ratio of the intensity of the (1,0) equatorial reflection to that of the (1,1) reflection was smaller when the tension was greater, showing that the larger tension at a longer sarcomere length accompanies a larger amount of mass transfer of cross bridges from the thick to the thin filament. The result suggests that the Frank Starling law is due to an increase in the number of myosin heads attached to actin, not in the average force produced by each head. PMID- 14767774 TI - Does eradication of Helicobacter pylori reduce the risk of carcinogenesis in the residual stomach after gastrectomy for early gastric cancer? Comparison of mucosal lesions in the residual stomach before and after Helicobacter pylori eradication. AB - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: After partial gastrectomy, the mucosa of the residual stomach usually undergoes severe changes, and these lesions are known to be pre cancerous. Recently, Helicobacter pylori has been highlighted as an agent that induces such mucosal alterations. In the present study, we evaluated whether eradication of H. pylori reduced the risk of carcinogenesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The subjects were 12 patients who underwent distal gastrectomy with Billroth I anastomosis for early gastric cancer and were positive for H. pylori. We performed endoscopy and biopsy both before and after H. pylori eradication therapy to assess changes in the gastric mucosa. RESULTS: After eradication therapy, no mucosal edema or erythema was detected. On histological examination, mononuclear cell infiltration had decreased and there was complete absence of neutrophil infiltration. The Ki-67 labeling index and the tissue IL-8 level had also decreased significantly, compared with before eradication. CONCLUSION: Before H. pylori eradication, the mucosa of the residual stomach may be at high risk of carcinogenesis due to induction of mucosal damage and active gastritis by H. pylori. Such changes were almost completely normalized by eradication therapy, so the eradication of H. pylori may reduce the risk of H. pylori-associated carcinogenesis in patients who have undergone gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. PMID- 14767775 TI - P2X2 and P2X3 purinoceptors in the rat enteric nervous system. AB - Adenosine 5'-triphosphate receptors are known to be involved in fast excitatory postsynaptic currents in myenteric neurons of the digestive tract. In the present study, the distribution of P2X2 and P2X3 receptor mRNA was examined by in situ hybridisation while P2X2 and P2X3 receptor protein was localised by immunohistochemical methods. In addition, P2X2 and P2X3 receptors were colocalised with calbindin and calretinin in the myenteric and submucosal plexus. P2X2- and P2X3- immunoreactive neurons were found in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses throughout the entire length of the rat digestive tract from the stomach to the colon. Approximately 60%, 70% and 50% of the ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus of the gastric corpus, ileum and distal colon, and 56% and 45% in the submucosal plexus of the ileum and distal colon, respectively, showed positive immunoreactivity to the P2X2 receptor. Approximately 10%, 2% and 15% of the ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus of the gastric corpus, ileum and distal colon, and 62% and 40% in the submucosal plexus of the ileum and distal colon, respectively, showed positive immunoreactivity to the P2X3 receptor. Double-labelling studies showed that about 10-25% of the neurons with P2X2 immunoreactivity in myenteric plexus and 30-50% in the submucosal plexus were found to express calbindin or calretinin. About 80% of the neurons with P2X3 receptor immunoreactivity in the myenteric plexus and about 40% in the submucosal plexus expressed calretinin. Approximately 30-75% of the neurons with P2X3 receptor immunoreactivity in the submucosal plexus expressed calbindin, while none of them were found to express calbindin in the myenteric plexus. PMID- 14767776 TI - Increased expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor during fracture healing in rats. AB - We previously reported that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is expressed in osteoblasts in murine calvarial bone, and that MIF upregulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 mRNA in osteoblasts and chondrocytes; however, its pathophysiological functions in bone have not been well understood. In this study, we used a rat femoral fracture model to examine the expression of MIF during the fracture healing process. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that MIF mRNA was increased throughout the healing process. The level of MIF mRNA reached a maximum at day 4 postfracture, while MMP-13 mRNA became maximal at day 14 postfracture. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that MIF protein was present in the granulation tissues formed at the fracture site on day 4. On days 7 and 10, MIF was detected in the thickened periosteum, in osteoblastic cells that were present within the intramembranously formed bone under the thickened periosteum, and in chondrocytes within the cartilaginous callus. From day 14 to day 28, MIF was present in chondrocytes within the callus, although the level of MIF declined gradually over this period. On days 7 to 14, MMP-13 was also detected in osteoblastic cells within the intramembranously formed bone and in chondrocytes within the cartilaginous callus. The immunoreactivity for MMP-13 within chondrocytes decreased on days 21 and 28. These results suggest the possibility that MIF plays an important role in fracture healing in association with proliferation of stromal cells, and the induction of MMP-13 in osteoblasts or chondrocytes. PMID- 14767777 TI - Forensic age estimation in living subjects: the ethnic factor in wisdom tooth mineralization. AB - Radiological assessment of the mineralization stage of third molars is a major criterion for age estimation of living people involved in criminal proceedings. To date insufficient knowledge has been obtained about how the ethnic origin can influence tooth mineralization. A comparative study of wisdom tooth mineralization was carried out on three population samples: one German, one Japanese and one South African. To this end, 3,652 conventional orthopantomograms were evaluated on the basis of Demirjian's stages. The Japanese subjects were on average 1-2 years older than their German counterparts upon reaching stages D-F, whereas the South African subjects were on average 1-2 years younger than the Germans when displaying stages D-G. To enhance the accuracy of forensic age estimates based on wisdom tooth mineralization we recommend the use of population specific standards. PMID- 14767779 TI - Cathepsins in basal cell carcinomas: activity, immunoreactivity and mRNA staining of cathepsins B, D, H and L. AB - In the majority of neoplasms invasion is inevitably linked to metastasis and even small tumors have the dormant potential for metastasis. In basal cell carcinoma (BCC) invasion can be evaluated separately because local invasion but no metastasis occurs. Important proteases in invasion and metastasis are the cathepsins. Their activity and regulation has not yet been evaluated in BCC. We determined the activities, immunoreactivities and mRNA of cathepsins B, L and H in sections of different subtypes of BCC. BCC cells and peritumoral cells contained activities for cathepsins B and L. In all parts of the tumor, the reaction with cathepsin B and L substrate was stronger than in normal skin. The immunoreactive protein and mRNA for these proteases, in contrast, was elevated only occasionally in small tumor nodules. Immunoreactive protein and mRNA of cathepsin D was detected predominantly in the center of tumor nodules. Cathepsin H activities, immunoreactivities and mRNA in most BCCs were higher than in normal skin, and the reactive cells were located between and around tumor nodules, but not in the tumor nests. The results indicate that cathepsins B and L are involved in invasion of BCC cells. Cathepsin H of the peritumoral cells may either promote invasion of the tumor cells by degradation of the extracellular matrix or may reflect an elevated activity of the surrounding immunological cells. The pattern of cathepsin staining markedly differs from that observed in melanomas and may characterize locally invading non-metastatic tumors. PMID- 14767778 TI - A high proportion of genes involved in position effect variegation also affect chromosome inheritance. AB - Suppressors and enhancers of position effect variegation (PEV) have been linked to the establishment and maintenance of heterochromatin. The presence of centromeres and other inheritance elements in heterochromatic regions suggests that suppressors and enhancers of PEV, Su(var) s and E(var)s [collectively termed Mod(var)s], may be required for chromosome inheritance. In order to test this hypothesis, we screened 59 ethyl methanesulfonate-generated Drosophila Mod(var)s for dominant effects on the partially compromised inheritance of a minichromosome ( J21A) missing a portion of the genetically defined centromere. Nearly half of these Mod(var)s significantly increased or decreased the transmission of J21A. Analyses of homozygous mutant larval neuroblasts suggest that these mutations affect cell cycle progression and native chromosome morphology. Five out of six complementation groups tested displayed mitotic abnormalities, including phenotypes such as telomere fusions, overcondensed chromosomes, and low mitotic index. We conclude that Mod(var)s as a group are highly enriched for genes that encode essential inheritance functions. We propose that a primary function of Mod(var)s is to promote chromosome inheritance, and that the gene silencing phenotype associated with PEV may be a secondary consequence of the heterochromatic structures required to carry out these functions. PMID- 14767780 TI - Anatomic basis for a minimally invasive approach to the subtalar joint. AB - INTRODUCTION: An isolated arthrodesis of the talocalcaneonavicular joint is a common indication in cases of pain and post-traumatic arthroses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Because of the high infection rate after surgery with the lateral incision, the authors decided to evaluate an alternative, minimally invasive procedure. Joint destruction was carried out via a posterolateral access after the insertion of two guidewires. For an evaluation of the risk for vessel and nerve structures, 102 ankle joint specimens preserved in formalin/alcohol were examined. Additionally, the minimally invasive access was evaluated in ten ankle joint specimens. RESULTS: Neither in the specimen nor during evaluation of the minimally invasive access could injuries of vessels or nerve structures larger than 1 mm in diameter be found. The authors did not encounter any problems when drilling open the articular surface with a destruction of 65% of the overall surface and when performing the following arthrodesis using a plug technique. Using a posterolateral, minimally invasive access between the Achilles tendon and lateral malleolus, it is possible to resect about 65% of the subtalar articular surface for arthrodesis without impact on major vessels and nerves. Postoperative complications such as sensitive and sensory failure as well as wound healing impairment at the lateral side of the foot are not to be expected when choosing the minimally invasive access. CONCLUSION: It has to be said, however, that this technique does not offer the opportunity of performing a corrective arthrodesis as the hindfoot cannot be displayed during surgery. As the result of this study was positive, clinical evaluation was started. PMID- 14767781 TI - Can simple release relieve symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome caused by a persistent median artery? Clinical experience. AB - INTRODUCTION: Compression of the median nerve at the wrist by a persistent median artery is one of the uncommon reasons for carpal tunnel syndrome. Most of the studies in the literature deal with thrombosed persistent median artery. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this study, we present surgical treatment of four carpal tunnel syndromes, which had persistent median arteries. The mean age of the patients was 51 years. All four median arteries were patent and only transverse carpal ligament releases were performed using a standard anterior open approach for decompression of the carpal tunnel. Neither ligation nor transposition of the arteries was done. RESULTS: All patients became symptom free after a few weeks. Only one patient had a slight recurrence 13 months postoperatively. Splint use and modification of her activities reduced her disturbance, and no further treatment was applied. CONCLUSION: If the patient has no additional anomaly, our clinical experiences lead us not to advise resection or transposition because simple release of the transverse carpal ligament can relieve symptoms. PMID- 14767782 TI - Use of a synthetic bone void filler to augment screws in osteopenic ankle fracture fixation. AB - INTRODUCTION: Sufficiently stable constructs may be difficult to obtain with ankle fractures in patients with severe osteopenic bone. Augmentation of the osteosynthesis with a new synthetic bone void filler may help to solve this problem, and it can improve the clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, open-label study was performed in two surgical clinics in Norway. In 37 of 42 selected patients with Weber type B ankle fractures showing clinical and radiologic signs of osteopenic bone, at least one screw was found to be stripping during open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). All the stripped screws were augmented with the bone void filler, and tightness was assessed clinically afterwards. All patients were followed up for 2 years. Successful healing of the fracture after 3 months and absence of radiographic movement of the augmented screws were assessed relative to the plate and the bone. Safety was assessed by recording adverse events and abnormal haematology findings. RESULTS: All 86 augmented screws were clinically tight after augmentation. After 3 months, all fractures healed, and 1 augmented and 1 non-augmented screw appeared to be radiographically loose. After 2 and 6 months, respectively, deep wound infections occurred in 2 patients (5%), necessitating antibiotic treatment, revision surgery and implant removal. After 2 years, all patients had resumed their normal daily activities, and none of the augmented screws showed signs of loosening. CONCLUSIONS: Augmentation of bone screws with this new synthetic bone void filler was an effective means of gaining screw anchorage. Screw stabilisation with the new synthetic bone void filler proved to be safe and effective in the ORIF of ankle fractures in patients with osteopenic bone. PMID- 14767784 TI - [The perspective of global eradication of poliomyelitis]. AB - In recent years, Germany and Switzerland have changed national policies to recommend vaccination with IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) instead of OPV (oral polio vaccine) for protection against poliomyelitis. An all IPV-schedule in routine childhood polio vaccination eliminates the - albeit minimal - risk of OPV associated paralytic poliomyelitis. However, the impact of such a vaccination scheme on the goal to eventually eradicate poliomyelitis on a global level remains debatable. Published studies indicate that vaccine-derived poliovirus may persist in the environment for prolonged periods of time even after completion of a global eradication programme that relies on the near-exclusive use of OPV in the developing countries. Travellers vaccinated with IPV only might become silently infected with vaccine-derived virus, shedding it in large quantities. We therefore plead for a vaccination schedule that includes at least one last dose of OPV to induce strong mucosal immunity. PMID- 14767785 TI - [Justice in health care systems from an economic perspective]. AB - Due to rising health care expenditures international comparisons of health care systems are recently gaining more importance. These benchmarks can provide interesting information for improving health care systems. Many of these comparisons implicitly assume that countries have a universal understanding of justice. But this assumption is rather questionable. With regard to the existing cultural differences in the understanding of justice the transferability of elements of health care systems is not always assured. A transfer usually requires a thorough examination of the judicial systems in each country. This article analyses the influence of different judicial systems applying to health care. In this context theories of justice by Rawls, Nozick and Confucius representing the possible understanding of justice in different cultures are described and analysed with regards to their influence on health care systems. The example of financing health care shows that the three theories of justice have very different consequences for designing health care systems especially concerning the role of governments. PMID- 14767786 TI - [Attitudes towards eroticism and sexuality in the elderly over 60 years of age]. AB - BACKGROUND: Sexual activities in the elderly were considered as a taboo for a long time. Therefore only few empirical results exist regarding sexuality in higher age. This paper presents results of interviews with persons at the age of 60 years or older regarding their sexual activities and aspects of eroticism. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: N = 728 persons at the age of 60 years or older were interviewed by means of structured interviews and questionnaires. RESULTS: Relationship-oriented aspects like confidence, love, faith and communication with the partner were more important than aspects like passion, change or physical attraction. Compared with people younger than 60 years, sexual activity is regarded as less important. This is mainly explained by the elderly with body complaints. Men wish more sexual activity than women, but experience more body complaints than women. Women more often than men have no partner for sexual activity. CONCLUSIONS: Sexuality in the elderly is not only influenced by body functions. Important factors are also relationship-oriented aspects, subjective attitudes regarding one's own body, subjects health and attitudes regarding sexuality. PMID- 14767787 TI - [Accidents - places, circumstances, sequels. Results of a German federal health survey 1998]. AB - Accident data of a representative sample of the German population aged 18 to 79 years are presented. Database was the 1998 Federal German Health Survey. Men suffer more often from accidents than women (15.1 versus 9.4 %); this figure is mainly based on the accident frequency of young men. Main emphases of the injury events lay on domestic accidents, work accidents and sports/leisure accidents. Regarding the domestic accidents more far-reaching preventive measures should be predominantly undertaken since these accidents must be regarded as largely avoidable. The frequency of work accidents is very different, depending on the occupational group. The accident frequency of trainees calls especially for prevention measures. The risk of a work accident increases with the combination of physical activity and responsibility. There are also early defined incidences of strain enhancing the risk of work accidents. Again, the incidence of leisure accidents is especially great for the male population. Since regular sports is part of health system recommendations, the steep rise in the rate of sports accidents should not be tolerated. More than 70 % of all working persons are not fit for work after an accident. If a physically exhausting profession is practised, then accidents result by more than 80 % in inability to work. The frequency peak of the duration of the work inability is 1 to 2 weeks. The duration of a work inability after an accident increases with increasing age. Bone fractures as a consequence of injuries play an increasingly great role with increasing age; in women earlier than in men. In persons over 70 years of age, far more than half of the injury consequences result in bone fractures. PMID- 14767788 TI - [Quality of primary medical care after in-patient stroke rehabilitation]. AB - PURPOSE: Since only insufficient information concerning the further development of patients after stroke and rehabilitation is currently available, and since the quality of care provided by family doctors is often classified as insufficient, this quality of care was to be examined on the basis of the rehabilitation results. Of particular interest were the co-operation, the therapeutical quality standards and the risk management, as well as the quality of life and compliance of the patients. METHODS: In 2000, all 223 stroke patients were asked prior to their discharge from three large rehabilitation clinics in North Baden, and subsequently their 210 family doctors, whether they were prepared to participate in this follow-up study. The participating patients were examined at their discharge from the clinic as well as 6 and 18 months later using a standardised documentation package, and quality circles for family doctors were initiated. RESULTS: All patients with atrial fibrillation were treated to prevent thrombosis. Smoking showed a positive trend. Quality of life and knowledge of the sickness trend to increase, depressiveness decreases. 60 % of the contacted family doctors participated in the study, 29 % (33 out of 114 physicians at the end of the study) contributed to improve interdisciplinary co-operation. Although 87 % of the patients said to be well informed, 25 % were dissatisfied with their own compliance. CONCLUSION: The quality of care of stroke patients by family doctors as assessed by indicators for secondary prevention and quality of life is satisfactory under present conditions. Apart from the hypertension control there was no negative trend. However, participation of GPs was insufficient. Co operative after-care by GP can relatively easily stabilise health conditions following inpatient rehabilitation. PMID- 14767789 TI - [Interdisciplinary diagnostics in the outpatient treatment department of an environmental medical centre - report on experience with 400 patients]. AB - The medical diagnostics of 400 patients of an interdisciplinary environmental medical centre is presented. The basic diagnostics included a special environmental medical history using a questionnaire, physical examination, allergological examinations and human biomonitoring. The latter was carried out in order to quantify the internal exposure to environmental pollutants. The main focus was on the differential diagnostics which was supported by special medical divisions of the hospital. Allergic illnesses as well as results of human biomonitoring exceeding the reference ranges were found frequently. Unfortunately a link between external exposure, internal dose and symptoms can hardly be established in environmental medicine. However, in several cases we found a considerably increased internal exposure which allowed to identify the sources of exposure (for example, usage of dichlorobenzene, permethrin, pentachlorophenol). Eliminating the sources obviously improved the health status of some of the patients concerned. PMID- 14767790 TI - [Aspects of expertise which are jointly valid for German sociomedicine and statutory health care]. AB - A project group of the Medical Advisory Board of the German Federal Rehabilitation Council (BAR) developed fundamental joint principles on experts' opinions according to the social law code no. IX (SGB IX). The principles aim at medical experts working in different social organisations and statutory health care insurance. It was intended to create a "sociomedical language" which should be used as jointly as possible by experts in rehabilitation and social medicine and which is based on the ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, WHO 2001). Its stringent application will increase the utility of medical expertise across different institutions. The authors recommend to evaluate whether this model could provide a tool in the communication and cooperation between different sectors of the health system. Part I describes the theoretical model, Part II its application to a virtual individual case history. PMID- 14767791 TI - [How do young physicians assess their medical studies in retrospect? Results of a medical graduates' survey in Germany]. AB - OBJECTIVE: German medical graduates were asked to assess their medical studies in retrospect after their final academic exam. The survey's findings should provide clues for improvements in medical teaching. METHOD: Between April 2002 and December 2002 n = 671 medical graduates from 7 Universities in Germany were interviewed. By means of a questionnaire the subjects were asked to specify their study motivation and occupational aims; furthermore they were required to give a retrospective assessment of their medical studies. FINDINGS: The main motive for the decision to study medicine and to be a doctor is the desire to work with people and to be helpful to them. Regarding their occupational aims, most graduates wish to be a medical specialist, especially an internist or a general practitioner. As to the medical teaching, the subjects of the clinical study period are considered much more relevant for the future professional practice than the subjects of the pre-clinical study period. Much criticism focuses on the lack of practice-related medical teaching. The study participants judge the imparting of both practical and psycho-social skills as extremely deficient. Only 37.9 % of the young physicians feel well or very well prepared to future clinical tasks after their final academic exam. DISCUSSION: The findings confirm that the medical curriculum should be reconsidered with greater emphasis on teaching more practical skills. Medical teaching should comprise training modules and methods that are more closely connected with clinical practice. In particular, basic skills training of doctor-patient relationship and problem-oriented classes should be implemented, integrating clinical and psychosocial aspects. PMID- 14767792 TI - [Dental group prophylaxis - for children only?]. AB - In Germany, caries in 12-year olds have declined by 70 % in the last decade. This was the result of a variety of preventive measures such as salt fluoridation, group related prevention in schools and kindergartens, and individualized preventive measures offered in dental offices. On a national scale, salt fluoridation seems to be the measure with the highest efficacy and efficiency. Firstly, it has the potential to reach the entire population, and secondly it is highly cost-effective. The cost-benefit ratio for salt fluoridation ranges from 25 to 80, e. g. for one Euro spent on prevention, 25 to 80 Euro can be saved in therapy. However, salt fluoridation alone cannot stop caries, and it is not at all effective in preventing gingivitis and periodontitis. Therefore, additional measures have to be taken. The cost-benefit ratio for group-related prevention ranges from 2.4 to 19.5 and for individualized prevention from 0.7 to 2.1. Besides the better cost-effectiveness, group-related prevention has the advantage of advanced target group attainment. For example, it is easy to reach children in schools whereas it is difficult to review them in a dental office. Therefore, group related-prevention should have priority. This should not be restricted to children and adolescents, seniors can also be attended in groups. In Germany, about 950,000 people live in old people's homes, and additionally about 570,000 people in nursing homes. This population often suffers from severe oral health problems such as caries, periodontitis, and diseases involving the mucosa. Taking into account that the number of elderly institutionalized people is increasing in Germany, the establishment of group-related prevention for this part of the population seems to be an important goal in health policy. PMID- 14767793 TI - [The "Healthy Austria" Foundation]. PMID- 14767794 TI - [HES - once again]. PMID- 14767795 TI - [Volume replacement with hydroxyethyl starch: is there an influence on kidney function?]. AB - Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions are synthetic colloids with the pharmacological properties that are closest to natural colloids. In Germany, numerous types of HES preparations with different combinations of concentration, weight-averaged mean molecular weight (Mw), and hydroxyethylation pattern are available. They differ with regard to their volume-supporting capacity, intravascular half-life, and side effect profile. The elimination of HES molecules varies with the Mw and degree of substitution (DS). Large HES molecules undergo hydrolytic cleavage by alpha-amylase and are excreted in the urine, or they are phagocytosed by the reticuloendothelial system. The smaller HES molecules are eliminated by glomerular filtration. The higher the DS, the slower the metabolism and elimination of the molecule. Although HES can be used safely even in large doses in patients without altered kidney function, renal dysfunction and acute renal failure after HES infusion have been reported in patients who share several risk factors, such as preexisting renal disease, advanced age in combination with dehydration, or treatment with high doses of slow degradable HES solutions. Since there is no direct chemical toxicity of HES, the most likely mechanism for HES-induced renal dysfunction may be swelling and vacuolization of tubular cells ("osmotic nephrosis-like lesions") and tubular obstruction due to the production of hyperviscous urine. Considering this pathogenesis, it can be hypothesized that all hyperoncotic colloid solutions can induce renal impairment. In the case of HES, the risk of high plasma colloid osmotic pressure and thus the risk of acute renal failure are probably increased by high concentrations of the colloid or repeated administration of slowly degradable HES with a high Mw and DS. With adequate hydration, using sufficient amounts of crystalloids, HES has little if any adverse effects on renal function. Furthermore, modern -rapidly degradable HES solutions with a low Mw and DS, such as HES 130/0.4, do not increase the risk for renal dysfunction even when used in large amounts perioperatively. PMID- 14767796 TI - [Spinal anaesthesia in 50 patients with previous lumbar spinal surgery]. AB - In anaesthesia textbooks, spinal anaesthesia is described as relatively contraindicated in patients with a history of lumbar spinal surgery. In order to assess the feasibility of spinal anaesthesia in these patients, we performed 56 spinal anaesthetics in 50 consecutive patients with previous lumbar spinal surgery. Our success rate of spinal anaesthesia was 100 %. Side effects were only minor and had a low incidence. We conclude that spinal anaesthesia is a viable technique in these patients. PMID- 14767797 TI - [Is a presymptomatic malignant hyperthermia in-vitro diagnosis with 4-chloro-3 ethyl phenol possible? A study using porcine skeletal preparations]. AB - OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia is currently performed with the in-vitro contracture test (IVCT) with halothane and caffeine. This test has a sensitivity of 99.0 % but only a specificity of 93.6 %. A cumulative IVCT with 4 chloro-3-ethyl-phenole (CEP) has recently been shown to differentiate between MH susceptible (MHS) and MH normal (MHN) swine. The pur-pose of this study was to investigate the ability of bolus CEP-applications to distinguish between porcine MHS- and MHN-muscle specimens using the IVCT. METHODS: After approval by the local animal care committee 8 MHS- and 8 MHN-swine were anaesthetized and muscle biopsies taken. For IVCT, muscle specimens were exposed to bolus administration of CEP in concentrations of 75 resp. 100 micro mol l (-1). Predefined parameters were: (1) onset time of the contracture development, (2) time to the achievement of the 2, 5 and 10 mN contracture level and (3) maximum contracture level. Data are expressed as medians and ranges. RESULTS: After 75 micro mol l (-1) CEP administration all MHS-muscles showed contractures after 0.5 min (0.2 min/0.9 min). The 2 mN contracture level was reached by all MHS-, the 5 mN level by four MHS- and the 10 mN level by one MHS-specimen. The maximum contracture was 5.3 mN (2.4 mN/12.9 mN). The onset time after 100 micro mol l (-1) CEP was registered as 0.3 min (0.1 min/0.7 min) in the MHS-preparations. Again, the 2 mN level was achieved by all MHS-specimens, the 5 mN level by 5 and the 10 mN level by one MHS bundle. The maximum contracture was measured as 5.9 mN (2.8 mN/13.9 mN). In 7 MHN specimens no contracture development was measured. After 75 micro mol l (-1) CEP one MHN-muscle showed a maximum contracture of 1.0 mN, after 100 micro mol l (-1) CEP one MHN-bundle demonstrated a maximum contracture of 1.1 mN. Hence, a significant difference between MHS and MHN without overlap was revealed with both CEP-concentrations in the onset time of contracture, in the 2 mN contracture level and the maximum contracture. CONCLUSION: Since a clear differentiation between MHS and MHN porcine specimens was achieved after bolus application of 75 and 100 micro mol l (-1) CEP, MH-diagnosis might be possible with a CEP-IVCT. It seems worthwhile to examine this hypothesis in men. PMID- 14767798 TI - [On the use of ultrasound to assist central vein cannulation in Germany: a surgery of 817 departments of anesthesia]. AB - OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: A survey on the current practice in using portable ultrasound machines to assist central vein cannulation was performed by sending a questionnaire to 817 departments of anaesthesiology and intensive care medicine in Germany. Also, incomplete questionnaires were included in the analysis. RESULTS: There was a 54 % response rate. Ultrasound guidance is used by 83 (18.7 %) departments for central vein cannulation. Of these, only 7 (8.4 %) use it routinely and 43 (51.8 %) use it when faced with a difficult vein cannulation. Only one third of the departments with ultrasound facilities are using it optimally, e. g. cannulation under ultrasound guidance. Of those units not using ultrasound for central vein cannulation, 136 (37.7 %) said it was because of lack of equipment and 199 (55.1 %) did not think that it was necessary. CONCLUSION: In Germany, placement of central venous catheters is usually based on anatomical landmarks. Every anaesthetist and intensive care physician should be able to place central venous catheters without an ultrasound device. Still there is not a doubt that ultrasound assistance is useful for beginners, in children, and when blind cannulation fails. Also in patients in whom catheterisation is likely to be difficult (e. g. patients, with previous central venous catheters, with abnormal anatomy etc.) Due to our data a promotion of ultrasound assistance seems urgently required. PMID- 14767799 TI - [Cricothyroidotomy training on cadavers - experiences in the education of medical students, anaesthetists, and emergency physicians]. AB - OBJECTIVE: Should the technique of surgical cricothyroidotomy be practiced on cadavers and should it be a compulsory part of the teaching curriculum? Is it wise to use a speculum for the insertion of the endotracheal tube? What is the optimum size of the tube? METHODS: A surgical cricothyroidotomy with a speculum was carried out on 30 cadavers from the Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical School Hannover. This took place as part of a official and voluntary course for students of advanced semesters, anaesthetists and emergency doctors with the subjects "cricothyroidotomy, chest drainage and venous cut-down". The surgical cricothyroidotomy without the use of a speculum was carried out on 5 cadavers by two clinicians well practiced in this technique. The elapsed time between skin incision and the insertion of the endotracheal tube was measured on all five subjects. After the course the participants were asked if they were able to carry out a cricothyroidotomy in an emergency. They were also asked whether this course should be a compulsory part of their curriculum and whether practical sessions should take place. During autopsies at the Institute of Legal Medicine the length of the ligamentum conicum was measured on 40 corpses with reclined and non reclined heads. RESULTS: The average time of storage of the cadavers was 4.2 days +/- 1.9 days. The cricothyroidotomy was possible on all 35 cadavers. In one case (3,3 %) the result was a complete rupture of the cricoid cartilage. In 5 cases (16.7 %) the horizontal incision was torn due to prising with the speculum. Difficult situations always occured when the skin incision was not exactly in the midline. The average time to place the endotracheal tube into the trachea by the surgical procedure of cricothyroidotomy was 22.4 seconds +/- 3.1 seconds (minimum 18 seconds, maximum 26 seconds). 10 % of the medical students and 50 % of the anaesthetists and emergency doctors felt they would be prepared to carry out a cricothyroidotomy in an emergency. 90 % of the students and respectively 80 % of the anaesthetists and emergency doctors stated that they would like to practice the technique on a cadaver again. Almost all participants were of the opinion that the course should be integrated as a compulsory course in a future educational curriculum. The average distance between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage was 9.5 mm +/- 1.9 mm with non-reclined head (minimum 6 mm, maximum 14 mm) and 11.9 mm +/- 2.5 mm with reclined head (minimum 7 mm, maximum 18 mm). The average difference of distances was 2.4 mm +/- 1.2 mm (minimum 1 mm, maximum 6 mm) in reclined and non-reclined heads. CONCLUSIONS: In our opinion it is highly recommended that the technique of cricothyroidotomy should be practiced on cadavers and that the course should become a compulsory part in a future educational curriculum. In addition the incision of the ligamentum conicum using dilators or a speculum is not to be recommended from the point of view of this study. The tracheal tube used in this study (reinforced wire tube, ID 6.0) was best suited for surgical cricothyroidotomy. PMID- 14767800 TI - [Intoxication with methadone and benzodiazepines in a morbidly obese patient in the social environment of a heroin addict receiving methadone maintenance therapy]. AB - Methadone is a well-established maintenance drug for the therapy of opioid addicts. Reduction of mortality, social stabilization and reintegration are basic goals of this therapeutic concept. In the ideal case, total opioid abstinence can be achieved. In Germany, detailed guidelines exist for methadone maintenance treatment (e. g. choice of the maintenance drug, "take home" doses) and are regularly published and updated by the National Medical Council. In the social environment of opioid addicts, misuse or accidental intoxication in non-addict family members or co-addicts may occur. We report an intoxication with methadone of the husband of a heroin-addict patient. In this morbidly obese patient, a simultaneous ingestion of benzodiazepines was suspected. This case report describes the diagnostic and therapeutical options of an opioid intoxication in a patient with severe obesity with special emphasis on the airway management strategy in an out-of-hospital situation. PMID- 14767801 TI - [Carotid artery surgery: local anaesthesia or neuromonitoring]. PMID- 14767802 TI - [Clinical management - craniotomy in patients being awake]. PMID- 14767804 TI - [Improving surgical outcome in thoracic aortic aneurysm repair using neuromonitoring]. PMID- 14767805 TI - Innovations in neuromonitoring in vascular surgery and neurosurgery. PMID- 14767806 TI - [The demand on neuromonitoring - point of view of the surgeon]. PMID- 14767807 TI - HIV-1 infection and genomics: sorting out the complexity. PMID- 14767808 TI - Functional genomic analysis of the response of HIV-1-infected lymphatic tissue to antiretroviral therapy. AB - Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) curtails human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in lymphatic tissues and partially reverses the pathological damage associated with infection, but the genes that mediate these pathological and reparative processes remain largely unknown. To identify these genes, we used microarrays to profile gene expression in serial lymph node biopsy specimens obtained before and after treatment. We discovered approximately 200 treatment-responsive genes, many of them known mediators and moderators of immune activation and defenses, particularly innate defense genes, which, surprisingly, were expressed at all stages of HIV-1 infection. Most of the rest of the treatment-responsive genes we categorized as mediators of trafficking, reformation of active follicles, and tissue repair. We propose a model in which nearly counterbalanced functions of mediators and moderators of immune activation and defenses account for the slow dynamics of HIV-1 infection before treatment. This model suggests that there could be a role for anti-inflammatory agents, alone or in combination with HAART, in treating HIV-1 infection by tipping this balance to mitigate pathology. PMID- 14767809 TI - MDR1 genetic polymorphism does not modify either cell permissiveness to HIV-1 or disease progression before treatment. AB - Nonphysiological overexpression of the ABC transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is encoded by MDR1, has been associated with reduced susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection in vitro. We analyzed (1) the expression and genotype of MDR1 and their relationship to HIV-1 permissiveness of CD4+ T cells from 128 healthy blood donors and (2) the role that alleles of MDR1 exons 21 and 26 play in modifying disease progression in 411 HIV-1-infected individuals. Differences in physiological levels of MDR1 expression did not modify HIV-1 infection in vitro, nor did MDR1 alleles and haplotypes significantly influence either permissiveness to infection in vitro or disease progression in vivo before the initiation of treatment. PMID- 14767810 TI - Lack of protective effects of interleukin-4 -589-C/T polymorphism against HIV-1 related disease progression and central nervous system impairment, in children. AB - The interleukin (IL)-4 -589-C/T polymorphism has been reported to protect against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-related disease progression in white adults. In the present study, the effect of the IL-4 -589 polymorphism on HIV-1 related disease progression was evaluated in a seroprevalent cohort of 1043 children. The IL-4 -589-T allele was more prevalent in Hispanic and in black, non Hispanic children, compared with white, non-Hispanic children. We found that the IL-4 -589-C/T polymorphism does not affect the risk of HIV-1-related disease progression or central nervous system impairment in children, and this did not differ by race/ethnicity. Our findings suggest that the IL-4 -589-C/T polymorphism is not an important determinant of HIV-1 disease progression in children. PMID- 14767811 TI - Relationship of plasma HIV-1 RNA dynamics to baseline factors and virological responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy in adolescents (aged 12-22 years) infected through high-risk behavior. AB - We characterized the viral dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infected adolescents receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens (lamivudine [3TC]/zidovudine [ZDV]/efavirenz [EFV], 3TC/ZDV/nelfinavir [NFV], or other regimens) and studied the relationship of viral dynamics with baseline factors and virological responses. Viral decay rates for 115 evaluable subjects were estimated from a viral dynamic model. Viral dynamics in HIV-1-infected individuals aged 12-22 years were similar to those of HIV-1-infected adults and infants. Individuals who received 3TC/ZDV/EFV had a more rapid phase 1 viral decay rate than those who received 3TC/ZDV/NFV or other regimens. Phase 1 viral decay rates were positively correlated with baseline RNA levels and week 1 virus load reductions. Our findings indicate that the 3TC/ZDV/EFV regimen may be more potent than 3TC/ZDV/NFV or other regimens and that early viral dynamics or week 1 virus load reduction measurements may be useful in evaluating the potency of antiretroviral regimens. PMID- 14767812 TI - HIV-specific T helper responses and frequency of exposure among HIV-exposed seronegative female sex workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. AB - BACKGROUND: The characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure that determine the induction of HIV-specific T cells and, in particular, T helper cells are not well understood. METHODS: HIV-1 Gag- and Env-specific T helper cells were analyzed by use of an interferon (IFN)- gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay and by use of IFN- gamma secretion flow cytometry. Responses among HIV-exposed seronegative (ESN) female sex workers (FSWs) were compared with responses among HIV-seropositive FSWs and HIV seronegative female blood donors from Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. RESULTS: Low-level ELISPOT responses were detected in 8 (20%) of 40 ESN FSWs. All of 25 HIV seropositive FSWs had high-level ELISPOT responses. HIV-specific CD4+ T cells and, occasionally, CD8+ T cells were detected by secretion flow cytometry in 3 (38%) of 8 ESN FSWs and in 4 (80%) of 5 HIV-seropositive FSWs. ESN FSWs with detectable HIV-specific T helper responses had more clients on the previous working day (P=.02) and more exposures to HIV per month (P=.02) and tended to have a lower total duration of commercial sex work. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that the presence of HIV-specific T helper cells in ESN FSWs is associated with the frequency, rather than the duration, of exposure to HIV. The data may have important implications for the evaluation of HIV vaccine efficacy. PMID- 14767813 TI - Emergence of drug-resistant cytomegalovirus retinitis in the contralateral eyes of patients with AIDS treated with ganciclovir. AB - The purpose of the present study was to examine the emergence of ganciclovir resistant virus in the contralateral eyes of patients who received treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis with either a ganciclovir implant plus oral placebo, a ganciclovir implant plus oral ganciclovir, or intravenous (iv) ganciclovir. Viral DNA was amplified from vitreous specimens and was assayed for UL97 and UL54 resistance mutations. Resistant viral genotypes were found in the contralateral eyes of 0 of 28 patients treated with a ganciclovir implant plus oral placebo, in 5 of 23 patients treated with a ganciclovir implant plus oral ganciclovir, and in 1 of 6 patients treated with iv ganciclovir. All resistance mutations were in codons 591, 592, or 594 of the UL97 gene. Treatment of unilateral cytomegalovirus retinitis with systemic ganciclovir decreases the risk of development of secondary sites of infection, but, in contralateral eyes that develop retinitis, this approach to treatment is associated with a higher prevalence of drug resistance, compared with treatment with the ganciclovir implant alone (P=.023; Fisher's exact test). PMID- 14767814 TI - Modeling partially effective HIV vaccines in vitro. AB - Significant public health benefits could be realized with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines that are incompletely effective. However, standard assays of experimental HIV vaccine immunogenicity may not correlate with antiviral effectiveness and cannot identify subtle effects. We developed an in vitro challenge assay (IVCA) that measures the net antiviral effect in whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to any titered HIV isolate. We then modeled partially effective postvaccination immune status 4 ways: use of PBMCs from highly exposed, uninfected individuals; depletion and partial reconstitution of autologous CD8+ cells from PBMCs from HIV-positive long-term nonprogressors; partial blocking of infection with chemokines; and variation in challenge virus dose. IVCA could detect as little as 3-fold differences in the challenge titer (30, 10, and 3 50% tissue-culture infective doses) or odds ratio of HIV infection. This robust and simple assay should be useful in determining which HIV vaccine candidates are suitable for field trials of efficacy. PMID- 14767815 TI - Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. AB - Controversial results have been obtained in studies of the effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in cells of the macrophage lineage. In the present study, monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs), previously incubated for 2 days with heat-inactivated M. tuberculosis, were infected with HIV-1. M. tuberculosis consistently inhibited viral replication, and a similar result also was observed in the presence of supernatants from M. tuberculosis-stimulated MDMs, which indicates that this effect was mediated by soluble factors. Although CCR5-binding chemokines were induced by M. tuberculosis stimulation, the results of neutralization experiments indicated that it is unlikely that they were responsible for viral suppression. Inhibition occurred mainly after viral entry (demonstrated by use of a vesicular stomatitis virus G-pseudotyped HIV-1 and by analysis of HIV-1 early and late reverse-transcription products). Therefore, M. tuberculosis-induced factors may inhibit in vitro HIV-1 replication in macrophages by affecting an early postentry step in the HIV-1 cycle. PMID- 14767816 TI - Severe acute respiratory syndrome: developing a research response. AB - When severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) first came to world attention in March 2003, it was immediately perceived to be a global threat with a pandemic potential. To help coordinate international research efforts, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases convened a colloquium entitled SARS: Developing a Research Response on 30 May 2003. Breakout sessions intended to identify unmet research needs in 5 areas of SARS research--clinical research, epidemiology, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines--are summarized here. Since this meeting, however, the identified research needs have been only partially met. Needs that have yet to be realized include reliable methods for early identification of individuals with SARS, a full description of SARS pathogenesis and immune response, and animal models that faithfully mimic SARS respiratory symptoms. It is also of the utmost importance that the global scientific community enhance mechanisms for international cooperation and planning for SARS research, as well as for other emerging infectious disease threats that are certain to arise in the future. PMID- 14767817 TI - Mild illness associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: lessons from a prospective seroepidemiologic study of health-care workers in a teaching hospital in Singapore. AB - BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly recognized infectious disease that has recently emerged in East Asia and North America. Although the clinical features of acute infection have been well described, mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic infections have not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE: To assess the spectrum of illness in health-care workers (HCWs). METHODS: A prospective seroepidemiologic cohort study was conducted on 372 HCWs in a large teaching hospital in Singapore who were both exposed and not exposed to patients with SARS. Participating HCWs completed a questionnaire and provided paired serum samples, which were analyzed by 2 different laboratories blinded to clinical data, by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a protocol developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and a dot-blot immunoassay, with confirmation by a viral neutralization assay. RESULTS: A total of 21 patients with SARS were treated at our hospital. They were associated with transmission to 14 staff members, patients, and visitors in our hospital. Of the 372 HCWs participating in the present study, 8 were found to have positive antibodies to the SARS coronavirus in both samples by use of both test methods, and 6 had pneumonia and had been hospitalized for either probable or suspected SARS infection, whereas 2 had fever but did not have changes on chest radiographs. All seropositive HCWs had been exposed either directly or indirectly to patients with SARS. No asymptomatic, nonexposed staff members were found to be seropositive. There was a trend towards protection for HCWs who, while fully protected, had had contact with patients with SARS. CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of cases of SARS are associated with pneumonia, a small number of mildly symptomatic individuals do seroconvert. HCWs who are exposed to patients with SARS can be infected with SARS, regardless of the intensity of exposure. This has implications for surveillance and infection control planning, in the event that SARS returns next winter. PMID- 14767818 TI - Significant changes of peripheral T lymphocyte subsets in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. AB - This report demonstrates that a rapid decrease of peripheral T cell subsets is a unique characteristic in patients with SARS during acute infection, although total white blood cell counts, red blood cell counts, and platelet counts remain relatively normal. In recovering patients, a rapid and dramatic restoration of peripheral T cell subsets was seen in the periphery. Although the underlying mechanism of the acute decrease of peripheral T cell subsets observed in patients with SARS during the acute stage remains unknown, this clinical characteristic can facilitate an earlier and more accurate diagnosis of SARS. PMID- 14767819 TI - Frequent detection of human coronaviruses in clinical specimens from patients with respiratory tract infection by use of a novel real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. AB - During the past years, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been increasingly identified as pathogens associated with more-severe respiratory tract infection (RTI). Diagnostic tests for HCoVs are not frequently used in the routine setting. It is likely that, as a result, the precise role that HCoVs play in RTIs is greatly underestimated. We describe a rapid, sensitive, and highly specific quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of HCoV that can easily be implemented in the routine diagnostic setting. HCoV was detected in 28 (11%) of the 261 clinical specimens obtained from patients presenting with symptoms of RTI ranging from common cold to severe pneumonia. Only 1 (0.4%) of the 243 control specimens obtained from patients without symptoms of RTI showed the presence of HCoV. We conclude that HCoVs can be frequently detected in patients presenting with RTI. Real-time RT PCR provides a tool for large-scale epidemiological studies to further clarify the role that coronavirus infection plays in RTI in humans. PMID- 14767820 TI - Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) induction by West Nile virus: involvement of 2 signaling pathways in MHC-I up-regulation. AB - Type 1 interferon (IFN) receptor gene knockout (IFNAR(-/-)) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) are more susceptible to and productive of West Nile virus (WNV) and produce less type 1 IFN than WNV-infected wild-type (wt) MEFs. WNV infection of IFNAR(-/-) MEFs induced activation of a p65/p50 heterodimer of nuclear factor (NF)- kappa B and up-regulation of cell-surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. WNV infection of wt MEFs resulted in a greater up-regulation of MHC-I than did infection of IFNAR(-/ ) MEFs because of the action of endogenous type 1 IFN production. IFN- beta treatment of wt MEFs did not activate NF- kappa B but did up-regulate cell surface MHC-I expression. The WNV-induced NF- kappa B activation was partially abrogated by the serine protease inhibitor N-benzoyl-l-tosyl-l-phenylalanine, which also abrogated the up-regulation of MHC-I. Thus, we demonstrate 2 pathways for WNV-induced up-regulation of MHC-I, a WNV-induced NF- kappa B-dependent, IFN independent pathway and an NF- kappa B-independent, IFN-dependent pathway. PMID- 14767821 TI - Experimental infection of rhesus macaques with West Nile virus: level and duration of viremia and kinetics of the antibody response after infection. AB - Reports of transfusion-associated cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection indicate the need for sensitive screening methods to identify WNV-infected blood products. We experimentally infected 5 rhesus macaques with WNV, to determine the level and duration of viremia, the kinetics of the humoral immune response, and the sensitivity of various assay systems for detecting WNV in blood. All macaques developed subclinical infections with low levels of viremia; nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was the most sensitive method for detecting virus or viral RNA in blood. Specific WNV antibodies appeared during the second week of infection; the results of an IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay became positive on the ninth or tenth day after infection, followed in 1-2 days by hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies. Our results suggest that both nucleic acid and serological testing may be needed to determine exposure to WNV and to identify potentially infected blood donors. PMID- 14767822 TI - Evaluation of genital sites and sampling techniques for detection of human papillomavirus DNA in men. AB - To evaluate methods for detection of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in men, samples were obtained from 3 consecutive groups of 10 men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic by use of (1) a saline-wetted Dacron swab alone, (2) a saline-wetted cytobrush, or (3) emery paper (600A-grit Wetordry Tri M-ite; 3M) abrasion followed by a saline-wetted Dacron swab. By use of a polymerase chain reaction-based assay, 45% of emery-paper samples were found to be positive for beta-globin, compared with 23% of swab-alone and 0% of cytobrush samples. Subsequently, emery paper and saline-wetted Dacron swabs were used to obtain penile shaft, glans, foreskin, and scrotum samples from 318 male university students. Urine samples were also obtained. Of 1323 samples tested, 1288 (97%) were found to be positive for beta-globin. HPV DNA was detected in samples from 104 men (33%): 24% from the penile shaft, 16% from the glans, 28% from the foreskin, 17% from the scrotum, and 6% in urine. The HPV prevalence was similar for circumcised and uncircumcised men. Testing multiple sites increased the number of men for whom HPV DNA was detected. PMID- 14767823 TI - Oral human papillomavirus infection in adults is associated with sexual behavior and HIV serostatus. AB - The prevalence and risk factors for oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are unknown, despite evidence for an etiological role for HPV in oral cancers. Oral samples from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative (n=396) and HIV seropositive (n=190) adults were tested for HPV DNA. High-risk HPV infections were present in 2.1% of tonsil and 6.3% of oral-rinse specimens. The prevalence of oral high-risk HPV infection was greater in HIV-seropositive individuals (13.7% vs. 4.5%; P<.001). In multiple logistic regression, odds of oral HPV infection increased with age, male sex, and herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 seropositivity in HIV-seronegative individuals and with CD4 cell count <200 cells/mL, HSV-2 seropositivity, oral mucosal abnormalities, and >1 oral sex partner during the previous year (odds ratio, 12.8; 95% confidence interval, 3.1 52.7) among HIV-seropositive individuals. HPV type 16, which is present in most HPV-associated tonsillar cancers, was the most prevalent high-risk oral HPV infection. PMID- 14767824 TI - Norovirus outbreak among primary schoolchildren who had played in a recreational water fountain. AB - BACKGROUND: A gastroenteritis outbreak was associated with playing in a norovirus contaminated recreational fountain. OBJECTIVE AND STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was performed to estimate the magnitude of the outbreak and identify its source. Epidemiological investigation included standardized questionnaires about sex, age, school, class, risk exposures, and illness characteristics. Stool samples and environmental water samples were analyzed for the presence of bacteria, viruses, and parasites. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned for 191 schoolchildren (response rate, 83%) with a mean age of 9.2 years, of whom 47% were ill (diarrhea and/or vomiting). Children were more likely to have been ill if they had played in the recreational fountain (relative risk, 10.4). Norovirus (Birmingham) was detected in 22 (88%) stool specimens from ill children and in 6 (38%) specimens from healthy children. The water sample from the fountain contained a norovirus strain that was identical to the RNA sequence found in stools. CONCLUSIONS: Recreational water may be the source of gastroenteritis outbreaks. Adequate water treatment can prevent these types of outbreak. PMID- 14767825 TI - Superiority of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to conventional viral culture in the diagnosis of acute respiratory tract infections in children. AB - We compared the rates of detection of respiratory viruses by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and by conventional viral culture in 668 combined nasal and throat samples from a prospective, multicenter, population-based study of acute respiratory tract infections among hospitalized children aged <5 years. RT-PCR increased the yield of viral identification by 2 fold, compared with that of culture alone. The increased sensitivity of viral detection by RT-PCR will yield better estimates of the population burden of viral respiratory infections. PMID- 14767826 TI - Improved host defense against pneumococcal pneumonia in platelet-activating factor receptor-deficient mice. AB - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid with proinflammatory properties that binds to a specific receptor (PAF receptor [PAFR]) that is expressed on many different cell types. PAFR is able to bind phosphorylcholine, which is present in both PAF and the pneumococcal cell wall. Activation of respiratory epithelial cells in vitro results in up-regulation of PAFR, which, in turn, facilitates invasion of Streptococcus pneumoniae. To determine the role of PAFR in host defense against pneumococcal pneumonia, PAFR-deficient (PAFR(-/-)) and wild-type (wt) mice were inoculated intranasally with S. pneumoniae. PAFR(-/ ) mice were relatively resistant to pneumococcal pneumonia, as indicated by delayed and reduced mortality, diminished outgrowth of pneumococci in lungs, and reduced dissemination of the infection (all P<.05, vs. wt mice). PAFR(-/-) mice also had less pulmonary inflammation. These data provide evidence that PAFR is used by S. pneumoniae to induce lethal pneumonia. PMID- 14767827 TI - Group A streptococci from a remote community have novel multilocus genotypes but share emm types and housekeeping alleles with isolates from worldwide sources. AB - Group A streptococci (GAS) cause several human diseases that differentially affect distinct host populations. Genotypes were defined by multilocus sequence typing and emm typing for 137 organisms collected from individuals in a remote aboriginal island community in tropical Australia and compared with >200 isolates obtained from sources elsewhere in the world. The majority of aboriginal-derived isolates shared emm types and housekeeping alleles with GAS isolates recovered from outside Australia, but these emm types and alleles were in novel combinations. There were many examples in which isolates from aboriginal and non Australian subjects shared the same emm type, but for approximately 50% of emm types, the multilocus genotypes of isolates of the same emm type but from different regions were very different. A single emm type may typically define a single clone within the United States and on the remote island that is the focus of this study, but in many cases, these clones will be different, and this finding has implications for attempts to make global associations between emm types and certain disease manifestations. PMID- 14767828 TI - Increased frequency of genomic alterations in Staphylococcus aureus during chronic infection is in part due to phage mobilization. AB - We assessed the nature and frequency of genome alterations in Staphylococcus aureus during chronic lung infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and during colonization of the nares in healthy individuals. Only individuals harboring the same S. aureus clone on consecutive samplings were included in the present study. Clone definition was based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Minor fragment variations in consecutive clones were interpreted as genome alterations. The frequency of genome alterations was significantly higher in S. aureus derived from patients with CF (mean time, 1.03 years) than in isolates derived from healthy individuals (mean time, 13.4 years). In total, 19 S. aureus strain pairs showing genome alterations were available for molecular analysis to clarify the nature of recombinational events in the host environment. In 8 cases, genome alteration could be linked to phage mobilization. Phage conversion of beta-toxin production was evident in 7 pairs. In 1 strain pair, changes in the PFGE pattern were accompanied by deletion of a phage similar to ETA. Obviously, phage mobilization plays an important role in vivo. During long term lung infection in patients with CF, the specific host response and/or the regular exposure to antibiotics exercises strong selective pressure on the pathogen. Genome plasticity may facilitate the adaptation to various host conditions. PMID- 14767829 TI - Modulation of the course and outcome of blood-stage malaria by erythropoietin induced reticulocytosis. AB - Severe anemia is a major life-threatening complication of malaria. The roles of erythropoietin (Epo) and erythropoiesis during blood-stage malaria were investigated. By treating Plasmodium chabaudi AS-infected C57BL/6 (B6) mice, which are resistant to malaria, with polyclonal anti-human Epo neutralizing antibody, we demonstrated that Epo-induced reticulocytosis was important for alleviating malarial anemia and for host survival. By inducing erythropoiesis in A/J mice, which are susceptible to malaria, and in B6 mice at various periods during infection, by use of exogenous recombinant murine Epo, untimely onset of reticulocytosis was shown to augment multiplication of parasites and result in lethal infection. However, timely inducement of reticulocytosis with Epo treatment alleviated malarial anemia and increased survival. Our data reveal the important role of Epo-induced reticulocytosis in modulating the course and outcome of blood-stage malaria. However, the mechanisms underlying the increased mortality associated with untimely treatment with Epo and the increased protection associated with timely treatment with Epo remain to be investigated. PMID- 14767830 TI - Dihydrofolate reductase mutations in Plasmodium vivax from Indonesia and therapeutic response to sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine. AB - BACKGROUND: The target enzyme of pyrimethamine is dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), but little is known about allelic variants of dhfr in Plasmodium vivax populations. Still less is known about associations between specific alleles and the failure of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (S/P) to clear the erythrocytic stages of P. vivax in vivo. METHODS: We studied P. vivax dhfr mutations in 24 patients who received S/P therapy in Papua or Central Java, Indonesia, and we measured the resistance of the alleles in vitro in a dhfr yeast expression assay. RESULTS: Fourteen (58%) of 24 patients had an inadequate therapeutic response. Two of 6 alleles that were identified were novel. One allele that expressed 4 point mutations (57L+58R+61M+117T) correlated with a high risk of therapeutic failure. The 9 patients infected by P. vivax carrying this allele proved 23 times more likely to experience early therapeutic failure, compared with patients infected by P. vivax carrying other alleles (P=.003; 95% confidence interval, 2-450). This allele also conferred high levels of pyrimethamine resistance in vitro. The experimental antifolate WR99210 inhibited the allele in this system. CONCLUSIONS: The present study identified a strong correlation between specific mutations in P. vivax dhfr and S/P treatment failure. Our results suggest that WR99210 could provide effective therapy for S/P-resistant P. vivax. PMID- 14767831 TI - Cyclooxygenase-2 in the pathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria. AB - Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of malaria, in which cytokine production can produce immunopathological consequences. Cytokines can up-regulate prostaglandin synthesis via an increase in cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme activity. We investigated the expression of COX enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, in the brain by use of murine models of CM and of malaria without cerebral involvement. Although COX-1 mRNA was induced in the brain in both models of malaria, COX-2 mRNA was induced specifically in CM. Inhibition of COX-2 with celecoxib resulted in an earlier onset of CM. Treatment with celecoxib did not alter the outcome of malaria infection without cerebral involvement. These data suggest that induction of COX-2 expression and prostaglandin synthesis may have a protective effect in CM. PMID- 14767832 TI - Developmental stability and adaptive variability of male genitalia in sexually dimorphic beetles. AB - Animal genitalia often show distinct developmental and evolutionary relationships with other parts of the body. Morphological observations of 29 sexually dimorphic and monomorphic beetle species in 16 genera of families Scarabaeidae and Lucanidae, Coleoptera, in 53 locations revealed that male genitalia size was consistently and distinctly less variable than that of other body parts within the same population, while it differentiated more readily among different populations than other body parts. The most noticeable genitalia size differentiation occurred in populations that coexisted with morphologically and ecologically similar congeneric species. Such differentiation may indicate selection for reproductive isolation. These characteristics of genitalia morphology may have been instrumental in generating the speciation pattern seen in most beetles. PMID- 14767833 TI - Of hummingbirds and helicopters: hovering costs, competitive ability, and foraging strategies. AB - Wing morphology and flight kinematics profoundly influence foraging costs and the overall behavioral ecology of hummingbirds. By analogy with helicopters, previous energetic studies have applied the momentum theory of aircraft propellers to estimate hovering costs from wing disc loading (WDL), a parameter incorporating wingspan (or length) and body mass. Variation in WDL has been used to elucidate differences either among hummingbird species in nectar-foraging strategies (e.g., territoriality, traplining) and dominance relations or among gender-age categories within species. We first demonstrate that WDL, as typically calculated, is an unreliable predictor of hovering (induced power) costs; predictive power is increased when calculations use wing length instead of wingspan and when actual wing stroke amplitudes are incorporated. We next evaluate the hypotheses that foraging strategy and competitive ability are functions of WDL, using our data in combination with those of published sources. Variation in hummingbird behavior cannot be easily classified using WDL and instead is correlated with a diversity of morphological and physiological traits. Evaluating selection pressures on hummingbird wings will require moving beyond wing and body mass measurements to include the assessment of the aerodynamic forces, power requirements, and power reserves of hovering, forward flight, and maneuvering. However, the WDL-helicopter dynamics model has been instrumental in calling attention to the importance of comparative wing morphology and related aerodynamics for understanding the behavioral ecology of hummingbirds. PMID- 14767834 TI - Differences in visual signal design and detectability between allopatric populations of anolis lizards. AB - We tested the prediction of the sensory drive hypothesis using four allopatric populations of the lizard Anolis cristatellus from two distinct environments (i.e., mesic and xeric conditions). For each population, we measured habitat light characteristics and quantified signal design by measuring the spectral and total reflectance and transmittance of the dewlap. We used these data to calculate dewlap detectability using an empirically based model of signal detection probability. We found that populations from mesic and xeric conditions occupy two distinct habitats with respect to light intensity and spectral quality and that dewlap design has diverged between populations in a way that increases signal detectability in each habitat. The major difference in dewlap design was in total reflectance and transmittance, making dewlaps from xeric habitats darker and dewlaps from mesic habitats brighter. Furthermore, dewlap detection decreased significantly when a dewlap from a xeric habitat is detected under the spectral conditions of a mesic habitat. The converse is true for a dewlap from a mesic habitat. We propose that sensory drive has promoted divergence in dewlap design in distinct habitat light conditions, and we discuss the possibility that selection might promote early stages of reproductive isolation as a by-product of selection on dewlap design to distinct habitat light conditions. PMID- 14767835 TI - Maternal dominance, maternal condition, and offspring sex ratio in ungulate mammals. AB - Trivers and Willard's suggestion that natural selection favors maternal control of offspring sex ratio in relation to maternal condition has been much debated. The theoretical plausibility of the idea, under some conditions, is firmly established, and there is strong empirical support for conditional sex allocation in some taxa. However, the extent to which this hypothesis can be applied to mammals, particularly ungulates, has been more controversial. We used meta analysis to review published studies of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis within ungulates and to assess the overall level of empirical support for the hypothesis. Overall, data from 37 studies of 18 species suggested a weak but significant positive correlation between maternal condition and sex ratio (r=+0.09). However, average effect size differed markedly between different categories of studies. Studies using measures of maternal condition that were taken preconception and on the basis of behavioral dominance provided strong evidence for a relationship between maternal condition and the sex ratio (r=+0.17 0.25). In contrast, studies that used morphological or physiological measures of condition that were measured postconception provided little or no evidence for a relationship between maternal condition and sex ratio (r=+0.05-0.06). There are several reasons to suggest that data collected postconception and relying on morphological measures of condition are less likely to capture variables that cause selection for biased sex allocation. In addition, we found that the relationship between sex ratio and maternal condition depended on life-history characteristics; relationships were stronger when sexual size dimorphism was more male biased and when gestation periods were longer. Overall, our analyses suggest that data from ungulates are consistent with the Trivers-Willard hypothesis but only when appropriate measures are used. PMID- 14767836 TI - Comparative studies of senescence in natural populations of guppies. AB - Investigators have rarely sought evidence for senescence in natural populations because it is assumed that relatively few individuals will survive long enough in the wild to exhibit the intrinsic increase in mortality with age expected from senescent individuals. Nevertheless, senescence has been documented in some natural populations, mostly in birds and mammals. Here we report on a comparative study of senescence in two natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). We document senescence as an age-specific increase in mortality rate, with use of mark-recapture studies and implementation of program MARK for analysis of such observations. Extrinsic mortality was controlled for by choosing populations that experience low rates of predation because they coexist with only a single piscine predator (Rivulus hartii). These populations differ in their evolutionary history because one was native to such a site whereas the other was introduced to a site that previously contained no guppies. The source of the introduced guppies was a high-predation population downstream below a barrier waterfall. Theory predicts that the guppies derived from a high-predation locality should experience senescence at an earlier age than the native low-predation population; however, the historical differences among these populations are also confounded with everything else that differs among the two localities. We found that females from a natural low-predation population have delayed senescence compared with the recently established population and hence that the differences among localities in senescence conform to theoretical predictions. The males from natural low predation environments also had lower overall mortality rates, but contrary to predictions, the pattern of senescence for males did not differ between populations. The difference between the sexes is potentially attributable to two factors that lower the statistical power for distinguishing differences in the age-specific acceleration of mortality in males. One factor is that males have higher mortality rates, so fewer survive to advanced ages. A second is that we had a greater ability to discriminate among older age classes in females. We also found that the introduced population sustained a higher rate of disease than the native low-predation population. Such disease may represent a confounding factor in our comparison, but it may also reflect one of the trade-offs inherent in the life-history differences of these populations. PMID- 14767837 TI - How dispersal limitation shapes species-body size distributions in local communities. AB - A critical but poorly understood pattern in macroecology is the often unimodal species-body size distribution (also known as body size-diversity relationship) in a local community (embedded in a much larger regional species pool). Purely neutral community models that assume functional equivalence among species are incapable of explaining this pattern because body size is the key determinant of functional differences between species. Several niche-based explanations have been offered, but none of them is completely satisfactory. Here we develop a simple model that unites a neutral community model with niche-based theory to explain the relationship. In the model, species of similar size are assumed to belong to the same size guild. Within a size guild, all individuals are equivalent in their competition for resources, sensu Hubbell's neutral community model; they have the same speciation rate and dispersal capacities. Between size guilds, however, the total number of individuals, the speciation rate, and the dispersal capacities differ, but using known allometric scaling laws for these properties, we can describe the differences between size guilds. Our model predicts that species richness reaches an optimum at an intermediate body size, in agreement with observations. The optimum at intermediate body size is basically the result of a trade-off between, on the one hand, allometric scaling laws for the number of individuals and the speciation rate that decrease with body size and, on the other hand, the scaling law for active dispersal that increases with body size. PMID- 14767838 TI - The phylogenetic mixed model. AB - The phylogenetic mixed model is an application of the quantitative-genetic mixed model to interspecific data. Although this statistical framework provides a potentially unifying approach to quantitative-genetic and phylogenetic analysis, the model has been applied infrequently because of technical difficulties with parameter estimation. We recommend a reparameterization of the model that eliminates some of these difficulties, and we develop a new estimation algorithm for both the original maximum likelihood and new restricted maximum likelihood estimators. The phylogenetic mixed model is particularly rich in terms of the evolutionary insight that might be drawn from model parameters, so we also illustrate and discuss the interpretation of the model parameters in a specific comparative analysis. PMID- 14767839 TI - A new statistical test of fitness set data from reciprocal transplant experiments involving intermediate phenotypes. AB - Experimental biologists use reciprocal transplant experiments (RTEs) involving divergent forms to test hypotheses about fitness trade-offs across, and local adaptation to, native environments. Additional evolutionary hypotheses about diversifying selection, the evolution of specialization, and the coexistence of specialists and generalists are only testable when the RTE also includes intermediate (or alternatively generalist) forms. Environmental variation makes such RTEs challenging, and so strategies that increase their effectiveness are useful. Here, we focus on improvements to the efficiency of RTEs involving intermediate forms with respect to the experimental design and the analysis of the resulting data. We provide a likelihood ratio-based test that offers increased statistical power and robustness relative to another test involving nonlinear regression, when used both for simulated data sets and for data from a study of two divergent fish species and their hybrids transplanted between two lake habitats. The test can be used with unequal numbers of observations, unequal variances, and binomial-type survival data and other nonnormal data. Simulations suggest that having equal numbers of experimental units in each phenotype environment combination is reasonable. The intentional pairing of observations between environmental conditions (by using clones, full sibs, or half-sibs) is beneficial when paired observations have fitnesses that are negatively related between conditions but is detrimental with positive relatedness. Our methods can be extended to study more than two divergent forms. PMID- 14767840 TI - The evolution of recombination under domestication: a test of two hypotheses. AB - The successful domestication of wild plants has been one of the most important human accomplishments of the last 10,000 yr. Though our empirical knowledge of the genetic mechanisms of plant domestication is still relatively limited, there exists a large body of theory that offers a host of hypotheses on the genetics of domestication. Two of these that have not been addressed concern the role of recombination in the process of domestication. The first predicts an increase in recombination rate through domestication, while the second argues that recombination rate should serve as a preadaptation to domestication. This study makes use of data on chiasma frequencies available from almost a century of plant cytogenetical literature to test these two hypotheses. The results support the hypothesis that domestication selects for an increase in recombination, and in rejecting the preadaptation hypothesis, they suggest directions for future research into the possibility of preadaptation to domestication. PMID- 14767841 TI - Spatial interactions and resilience in arid ecosystems. AB - We present a mathematical analysis of the consequences of spatial interactions between vegetation patches by means of water flow for the functioning of arid systems. Our model results suggest that spatial exchange of water improved the resilience to disturbances and increased the resistance to human-induced loss of cover. Furthermore, spatial exchange of water allowed vegetation to persist at lower rainfall levels compared to systems that lack spatial interactions. Our analysis stresses the general importance of spatial interactions for the functioning of ecological systems. PMID- 14767842 TI - Pollen limitation and the evolution of androdioecy from dioecy. AB - Androdioecy is an unusual breeding system in which populations consist of separate male and hermaphrodite individuals. The evolution of androdioecy is still poorly understood; however, there is evidence from several androdioecious species that the breeding system may have evolved from dioecy (males and females). This article presents a simple deterministic model showing that androdioecy can evolve from dioecy under a broad range of realistic conditions. For the evolution of androdioecy from dioecy, hermaphrodites must be able to invade the dioecious population. Then, males must be maintained, while females are eliminated. Hermaphrodite invasion is favored when females are pollen limited and hermaphrodites have high overall fertility and are self-fertile. Male maintenance is favored when hermaphrodites resemble females, having high seed production and low pollen fitness, and when the selfing rate is not too high. These conditions were satisfied over a broad and realistic range of parameter values, suggesting that the evolution of androdioecy from dioecy is highly plausible. PMID- 14767843 TI - Herbivory promotes plant production and reproduction in nutrient-poor conditions: effects of plant adaptive phenology. AB - Many studies have demonstrated positive effects of herbivory on plant performance, and these encompass two categories of effects: enhancement of primary production and enhancement of reproductive success. These positive responses of plants to herbivory have been called "grazing optimization." One possible mechanism of these paradoxical phenomena is the nutrient cycling promoted by herbivory. This article models the nutrient cycling hypothesis and analyzes the evolution of plant production and reproduction enhanced by herbivores, using dynamic optimization of plant phenology. Especially when there is nutrient competition among plant individuals or nutrient transportation by herbivores, we can apply the concept of evolutionary stability for the dynamic optimization. Two types of plant responses, long-term and short-term, are examined. Long-term response is an adaptive response for a given level of herbivory pressure, while short-term response is a nonadaptive one to various levels of herbivory, different from the level to which the plant is adapted. The analysis shows that both long-term and short-term grazing optimizations in primary production can occur under poor nutrient conditions and high nutrient recycling rates. However, grazing optimization in reproduction occurs under the same conditions but requires further conditions. In particular, long-term reproductive grazing optimization occurs only when nutrient competition exists among plant individuals. Accordingly, the present analysis revealed the following points concerning grazing optimization: poor nutrient condition is necessary, nutrient competition between plant individuals can promote optimization, and the native condition of the plant is important in the short-term response. PMID- 14767844 TI - How predation risk affects the temporal dynamics of avian leks: greater sage grouse versus golden eagles. AB - Leks often attract predators as well as mates, yet most evolutionary models have assumed that sexual selection, not predation, drives lekking behavior. We explored the influence of predation on lek dynamics using a stochastic dynamic game model based on the lek-breeding greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and its principal avian predator, the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). The model predicts time-dependent male lek attendance as a function of factors affecting both mating success (female arrival rate, male numbers, and social status) and predation risk (eagle arrival rate and group size). Dominant males are predicted to arrive sooner and leave later than subordinates, especially if mating skew is high, predation risk is low, or the relationship between lek size and female arrival rate is weak. Both high mean levels of predation risk and small lek size should reduce lek attendance, but the relative tendency of predators to attack large versus small leks has little influence on predicted lekking behavior. Field observations confirmed the predicted effects of female arrival rate, lek size, male dominance, and weather-dependent predator arrival rates on lek departure times. Predicted effects of female arrival rates and male dominance on seasonal lek attendance were also supported. Our model provides an empirically supported adaptive explanation for short-term lek dynamics. It also suggests alternative interpretations for phenomena previously invoked to support the hotshot and skew models of lek formation. PMID- 14767846 TI - Interventional radiology for renovascular hypertension in children. AB - Pediatric renovascular hypertension is an uncommon but important clinical problem. Atherosclerosis is rare in children, who typically suffer from fibromuscular dysplasia, neurofibromatosis type 1, Williams syndrome, or certain other rare conditions. Children with renovascular disease often have involvement of other arteries including the aorta and mesenteric and cerebral vessels. The pediatric interventional radiology service has a vital role in the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of renovascular hypertension. Renal vein renin sampling appears to be more useful in children than in adults, because their arterial disease is more often bilateral and segmental. Diagnostic angiography is still superior to less-invasive methods of imaging the renal arteries, especially the smaller branches. Interventional options include angioplasty, stenting, and ethanol ablation. Angioplasty is almost always technically successful and usually gives a worthwhile clinical improvement. Stenting is only used in children when angioplasty fails. Ethanol embolization may be appropriate in children with focal renin-producing areas that are untreatable by angioplasty. PMID- 14767847 TI - Takayusu's arteritis in children. PMID- 14767848 TI - Pediatric varicocele embolization. AB - Varicocele is a very common condition. Although some patients may have pain, it is usually asymptomatic. Treatment of adolescent and pediatric patients is based on the desire to prevent testicular dysfunction and infertility that may be irreversible in adulthood. Venous embolization of the spermatic vein is an effective and minimally invasive method to occlude the varicocele and is known to improve testicular size and function. Embolization can be optimized by use of sclerosant, such as sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) foam or ethanol to permanently occlude the internal spermatic vein. About 10 to 15% of patients have recurrent varicocele after embolization. This is usually due to collateral vessels, such as from the right spermatic vein or the splanchnic veins. Embolizing as low as possible, while preventing pampiniform phlebitis by externally compressing the external inguinal ring, and empiric bilateral embolization appear to have the best outcome for preventing recanalization. Complications of varicocele embolization are uncommon. They include pampiniform phlebitis and venous thromboembolism into the renal vein or pulmonary artery. PMID- 14767849 TI - Vascular access. AB - Vascular access is the cornerstone of medical therapy in the pediatric population and presents unique challenges. The vessels are small, often exceedingly so, and gaining access may require considerable patience and skill. Peripheral IVs are difficult to place in children, both because of lack of patient cooperation and because of the very small size of many veins. In addition, repeated venipuncture has been identified as one of the greatest stresses in hospitalized children. In the recent past, all forms of central venous access were the preserve of surgeons and were placed in the operating room under general anesthesia. In recent years, pediatric interventional radiologists have described placing peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), subcutaneous venous access ports, hemodialysis catheters, and a variety of temporary and permanent central lines even in the smallest children. This has been achieved safely, reliably, and, by dispensing with general anesthesia and operating room time in most cases, at considerable cost savings to the entire health care system. In addition, new forms of reliable, stable access such as the PICC line have made possible outpatient treatment of a wide variety of conditions, particularly infectious, which previously necessitated hospital admission. This has resulted not only in considerable cost saving for the health care system but also improved quality of life for the patient and their family. In this section, I review the current state of pediatric vascular access with emphasis on those areas where pediatric differs from adult practice. PMID- 14767850 TI - Gastrointestinal interventions--emphasis on children. AB - Although the fundamental principles of interventional and minimally invasive image-guided techniques are the same in children as in adults, nonetheless the spectrum of diseases, the pediatric approach, and the devices used differ significantly from those in adults. The following is a general overview of image guided gastrointestinal interventions in children and neonates, with emphasis on those aspects peculiar to children. Many of the facets and tips have been learned the hard way over the years, in a busy pediatric practice. Although there are several potential ways to do some of these procedures, the description below reflects our practice and experience. In general terms, minimizing radiation dose is a significant responsibility for the pediatric interventionalist. Reducing the number of exposures, reliance on last image hold, low-dose pulse fluoroscopy, and tight coning are all important. Protection for the radiologist is equally important, but sometimes difficult to achieve, given the small size of many of the patients. PMID- 14767851 TI - Biopsy, needle localization, and radiofrequency ablation for pediatric patients. AB - Pediatric interventions for oncology patients include aspiration or percutaneous biopsy for malignancy diagnosis or recurrence, and percutaneous biopsy for the complications of tumor treatment. Tumor localization techniques have been used to resect small lesions with minimal invasion. However improved guidance techniques have allowed for more precise biopsy and the use of thermal ablation instead of excision for local tumor control. I will discuss these diagnostic and therapeutic techniques as they apply to children. PMID- 14767852 TI - Management of complicated parapneumonic effusions in children. AB - Pneumonia with complicated parapneumonic effusion is a significant source of morbidity in children seen in our institution. This affords us the opportunity to evaluate new treatment options. In an effort to ensure that we provide quality care to these pediatric patients presenting with complicated parapneumonic effusions, we performed a retrospective review of patient records as well as our interventional radiology database. Fifty-eight patients were identified who were treated with intrapleural placement of pigtail catheters and administration of tPA. Successful drainage and resolution of 54 of the 58 effusions were achieved with percutaneous methods alone. There was no mortality or 30-day recurrence. Mean hospital stay was 9.1 days (range 5-21). On average, the chest catheter was removed on day 6 postplacement (range 1.5-20). tPA was administered intrapleurally, utilizing a standardized hospital protocol developed conjointly by Interventional Radiology and Thoracic Surgery. Patients were afebrile within 72 hours. In most patients, one catheter was placed. However, five patients had more than one catheter placed initially. Of the four patients that failed percutaneous tube therapy, three underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) and one had open thoracotomy with decortication. The complication associated with this treatment was an average drop in hemoglobin of 2 g/mL. Based on our experience, tPA administered through a small-bore chest tube for drainage of complicated parapneumonic effusions has become our standard practice. PMID- 14767853 TI - Appendiceal abscess drainage. AB - Appendicitis is the most common abdominal inflammatory process in children, and the most frequent indication for abdominal drainage encountered in pediatric interventional radiology. Imaging in the diagnosis of appendicitis is evolving with CT becoming more common, although the incidence of perforation is not definitely improving. Tailored CT techniques for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis are designed to expedite care, but are not optimal in the diagnosis or characterization of abscesses. In the appropriate clinical setting the CT study needs to be altered for appropriate therapeutic planning. Drainage of appendiceal abscesses utilizes multiple techniques, some of which are more useful in children than adults. Image-guided drainage can facilitate a more limited surgery and can avoid repeat surgery from postoperative abscesses. Radiation doses must be minimized due to the increased risk in children. This article will discuss imaging in children with suspected appendiceal abscesses and drainage techniques. PMID- 14767860 TI - Association of a polymorphism of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene with bone mineral density in Japanese men. AB - Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is implicated in bone remodeling. A - 1562C--> T polymorphism in the promoter of the MMP-9 gene (MMP9) has been shown to influence gene transcription. The possible relation of this polymorphism to bone mineral density (BMD) was examined in 1,114 Japanese men and 1,087 women. BMD for the total body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, trochanter, or Ward's triangle was significantly lower in the combined group of men with the CT or TT genotypes or in men with the CT genotype than in those with the CC genotype. No significant differences in BMD among MMP9 genotypes were observed in premenopausal or postmenopausal women. The -1562C-->T polymorphism of MMP9 was thus associated with BMD in Japanese men. PMID- 14767861 TI - Insulin resistance is associated with increased serum levels of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D. AB - The dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome is associated with alterations in triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. We examined the serum levels of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD), a minor HDL-associated protein, in a cohort with a wide range of insulin sensitivity. The mean serum GPI-PLD mass from 109 subjects was 58.9 +/- 18.4 microg/mL (mean +/- SD). GPI-PLD levels directly correlated with cholesterol, apolipoprotein AI, triglycerides, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) but not C-reactive protein. These results suggest that increased serum GPI PLD is associated with the insulin resistance. PMID- 14767862 TI - Lipoproteins during the estrous cycle in swine. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine lipoprotein values at high versus low 17beta-estradiol (E2) concentrations in Yucatan miniature swine. Estrous cycles were measured by heat checking the female on a daily basis using a boar. All swine were fed a 1,050-g low-fat, standard chow diet (8% kcal from fat) once per day. Fasted (24 hours) blood samples were collected during low (early luteal, day 5) and high (late follicular, day 18) E2 concentrations to determine differences in concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and subfractions. Concentrations of E2 differed significantly from day 5 (3.5 +/- 0.7 pg/mL) to day 18 (14.2 +/- 1.8 pg/mL) of the estrous cycle. Except for HDL(3)-C, all lipoprotein parameters examined were significantly elevated during high E2 versus low E2. TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were significantly lower during the high E2 phase. These results suggest that lipoprotein concentrations fluctuate during the estrous cycle of swine, with high E2 concentrations associated with elevated lipoprotein concentrations. PMID- 14767863 TI - Body mass index is the most important determining factor for the degree of insulin resistance in non-obese type 2 diabetic patients in Korea. AB - With obesity, increased insulin secretion is needed to compensate for the additional demands and to maintain euglycemia. In contrast to Caucasians, the majority of type 2 diabetic patients belong to the non-obese category in Korea. There appears to be an ethnic difference underlying the pathogenesis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there is only limited data on these subjects. The degree of insulin resistance in 267 Korean non-obese (body mass index [BMI] < 25 kg/m(2)) >/= patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was analyzed, and the factors responsible for the insulin resistance were examined. The mean age and BMI of the patients were 50.8 +/- 10.6 years and 22.6 +/- 1.8 kg/m(2). Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) >/= 2.5 was defined as being insulin resistant according to our data (mean +/- 1.5 SD of 1,917 normal subjects). There was no significant difference according to age, the duration of disease, and the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(lc)) levels between the subjects with or without insulin resistance. The HOMA-IR values in the patients with insulin resistance and normal insulin sensitivity were 4.2 +/- 1.4 and 1.5 +/- 0.6, respectively. In the insulin-resistant group, the log-transformed triglyceride (TG) levels were higher and the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were lower than those of the insulin-sensitive group (log-transformed TG: 5.2 +/-.6 v 4.9 +/ .7 and HDL-C: 1.13 +/- 0.3 v 1.25 +/- 0.3mmol/L). These differences were still observed after adjusting for BMI. The HOMA-IR value was independently predicted by BMI and HDL-C levels, which explained 7% and 3% in the variability of insulin resistance, respectively. However, the TG levels were not independently associated with the HOMA-IR. Logistic regression analysis showed that the significant factor associated with HOMA-IR was only BMI. These results suggest that the BMI is the most important determinant of insulin resistance, while TG and HDL-C levels might be good markers of insulin resistance in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea. PMID- 14767864 TI - Attenuation by 4-aminopyridine of delayed vasorelaxation by troglitazone. AB - Troglitazone and other thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are thought to relax arterial smooth muscle by directly inhibiting calcium channels in smooth muscle cell membranes. However, until recently such inhibition was only examined acutely, ie, within only seconds or minutes after administration of these agents to arterial smooth muscle preparations. Recently, a novel experiment was reported in which troglitazone caused a 2-phase relaxation of perfused resistance arteries, namely, an acute relaxation (within the first 20 minutes of treatment), which was blocked by a nonselective calcium channel blocker and a delayed relaxation (after 2 hours), which was not. We sought to determine if any of the 4 major potassium (K) channels in vascular smooth muscle play a role in the delayed relaxation. We incubated vascular contractile rings prepared from ventral tail arteries of rats with physiological buffer containing either 0 or 4 micromol/L troglitazone for 3 hours (4 micromol/L is typical of plasma levels from diabetic patients). Different K channel inhibitors (1 mmol/L 4-aminopyridine [4AP]; 1 mmol/L tetraethylammonium [TEA]; 5 micromol/L glyburide; 20 micromol/L barium) were coadministered with each level of troglitazone in additional preparations. Then these arterial rings were contracted with either norepinephrine (NE), arginine vasopressin (AVP), or high-K buffer. All contractions were significantly relaxed by troglitazone (P <.05). Only 4AP significantly attenuated troglitazone's relaxation of NE and AVP contractions (P <.05), though not high-K-induced contractions. TEA, glyburide, and barium had no such influence. Thus, for both adrenergic (NE) and nonadrenergic (AVP) contractions, the delayed arterial vasorelaxation by troglitazone may be mediated at least in part by activation of 4AP-sensitive K channels. Furthermore, the specific subtype of the channels involved is most likely those bound in the outer cell membrane where their effectiveness in terms of mediating relaxation would depend on an intact transmembrane K ion gradient. PMID- 14767865 TI - An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate increases plasma high-density lipoprotein 2 cholesterol and paraoxonase levels in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia. AB - A remarkable reduction of plasma concentrations of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), especially of the HDL(2) subfraction, is one of the typical lipoprotein alterations found in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL). Fourteen FCHL patients received 4 capsules daily of Omacor (an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid [omega3 FA] concentrate providing 1.88 g of eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 1.48 g of docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] per day; Pronova Biocare, Oslo, Norway) or placebo for 8 weeks in a randomized, double blind, crossover study. Plasma triglycerides were 44% lower, and LDL cholesterol and apoliporpotein (apo)B were 25% and 7% higher after Omacor than placebo. HDL cholesterol was higher (+8%) after Omacor than placebo, but this difference did not achieve statistical significance. Omacor caused a selective increase of the more buoyant HDL(2) subfraction; plasma HDL(2) cholesterol and total mass increased by 40% and 26%, respectively, whereas HDL(3) cholesterol and total mass decreased by 4% and 6%. Both HDL(2) and HDL(3) were enriched in cholesteryl esters and depleted of triglycerides after Omacor. No changes were observed in the plasma concentration of major HDL apolipoproteins, LpA-I and LpA-I:A-II particles, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). The plasma concentration of the HDL-bound antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase increased by 10% after Omacor. Omacor may be helpful in correcting multiple lipoprotein abnormalities and reducing cardiovascular risk in FCHL patients. PMID- 14767866 TI - Effect of metformin treatment on multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. AB - In light of the conflicting results of the recent United Kingdom Prospective Study (UKPDS), where diabetic patients on metformin monotherapy had lower all cause mortality and the addition of metformin in sulfonylurea-treated patients was associated with an increased risk of diabetes-related death, we sought to compare the effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors of metformin monotherapy with metformin treatment when added to a sulfonylurea compound in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thirty-one volunteers with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 16 on dietary therapy and 15 on sulfonylurea monotherapy (SU), were treated with metformin for 12 weeks. Measurements were made of (1) fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)), lipid, remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (RLP C) levels, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size; (2) daylong plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), triglyceride (TG), and RLP-C concentrations; and (3) fasting levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and soluble E selectin (sE-selectin). Fasting plasma glucose concentrations decreased to a similar degree after treatment with metformin in both the metformin monotherapy group (12.45 +/- 0.48 v 9.46 +/- 0.47 mmol/L, P <.001) and the combined SU and metformin therapy group (14.09 +/- 0.51 v 10.57 +/- 0.85 mmol/L, P =.001). Fasting plasma lipid concentrations and LDL particle size did not significantly change in either treatment group, whereas fasting RLP-C concentrations were significantly lower in the metformin monotherapy group (0.43 +/- 0.09 v 0.34 +/- 0.07 mmol/L, P =.02). Daylong concentrations of plasma glucose, FFA, TG, and RLP C were lower to a similar degree in both treatment groups, whereas daylong plasma insulin concentrations were unchanged. Fasting plasma sVCAM-1 levels were significantly lower in both the metformin monotherapy group (484 +/- 19 v 446 +/- 18 ng/mL, P =.02) and the combined SU and metformin therapy group (496 +/- 29 v 456 +/- 31 ng/mL, P =.05), whereas fasting plasma sICAM-1 and sE-selectin levels were essentially unchanged. Administration of metformin, either as monotherapy or in combination with a sulfonylurea drug, improved glycemic control and led to a decrease in several CVD risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. PMID- 14767867 TI - Effect of R(+)alpha-lipoic acid on pyruvate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation in rat hepatocytes. AB - R-(+)-alpha-lipoic acid (R-LA) is the naturally occurring enantiomer of LA. It is a strong antioxidant and cofactor of key metabolic enzyme complexes catalyzing the decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids. Racemic LA (rac-LA) has shown promise in treating diabetic polyneuropathy, and some studies suggest that it improves glucose homeostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes. We examined the effects of R-LA on pyruvate metabolism and free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation in primary cultured hepatocytes isolated from 24-hour fasted rats. After overnight culture in serum-free medium, cells were pre-exposed to R-LA for 3 hours before assays. R LA (25 to 200 micromol/L) significantly increased pyruvate oxidation ( approximately 2-fold at the highest dose tested) measured as (14)CO(2) production from [1-(14)C]pyruvate by the cells over 1 hour post-treatment. These effects correlated with proportional, significant increases in the activation state of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex. R-LA treatment inhibited glucose production from pyruvate by approximately 50% at 50 micromol/L R-LA and approximately 90% at 200 micromol/L. Palmitate oxidation was measured in hepatocytes cultured in the presence of albumin and physiological (0.1 mmol/L) or high (1.5 mmol/L) concentrations of FFA. The latter markedly enhanced FFA oxidation. R-LA treatment significantly inhibited FFA oxidation in both media, but was more effective in high FFA, where it reduced FFA oxidation by 48% to 82% at 25 to 200 micromol/L, respectively. Identical doses of R-LA did not affect FFA oxidation by L6 myotubes (a cell culture model for skeletal muscle) in either high or low FFA medium, but enhanced pyruvate oxidation. In conclusion, 3-hour exposure of primary cultured rat hepatocytes to R-LA at therapeutically relevant concentrations increased pyruvate oxidation, apparently by activation of the PDH complex, and decreased gluconeogenesis and FFA oxidation. These features may prove useful in the control of type 2 diabetes. PMID- 14767868 TI - Cyclooxygenase inhibition is associated with downregulation of apolipoprotein AI promoter activity in cultured hepatoma cell line HepG2. AB - Prostanoids have been implicated in the transcriptional control of several genes. Since prostanoid synthesis inhibitors are commonly used in subjects with coronary heart disease we studied the effect of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition on apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) expression in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) transfected with full-length apoAI promoter attached to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene. To control for transfection efficiency, the cells were cotransfected with the plasmid pCMV.SPORT-beta-gal containing the beta-galactosidase gene driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter. Treatment of these cells with varying concentrations of indomethacin (INDO, 0, 50, 100, and 300 micromol/L) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in apoAI promoter activity (% acetylation corrected for beta-galactosidase activity: were 46.1 +/- 2.6, 29.9 +/- 1.2, 25.2 +/- 2.9, and 17.2 +/- 2.8, respectively, P <.001). INDO treatment did not cause significant changes in beta-galactosidase activity. A similar reduction in apoAI promoter activity was found after treating the cells with 50 micromol/L acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (31.8 +/- 1.8%, P <.001), suggesting that the effect of INDO is related to COX inhibition rather than a peculiar effect of INDO. Nuclear run-off assays indicated that treatment of cells with 50 micromol/L INDO resulted in 31.4% reduction in apo A1 transcription rate (P <.0002). Northern blot analysis of RNA from HepG2 cells treated with 50 micromol/L of INDO for 72 hours showed that the apoAI mRNA concentration relative to G3PDH mRNA was 4,043.0 +/- 84.6 and 3,064.0 +/- 49.8 in control and INDO-treated cells, respectively (P <.0006). Kinetic studies of apoAI mRNA in HepG2 cells indicated that the half-life of apoAI mRNA was not significantly altered with 50 micromol/L INDO treatment. Apo AI mRNA half-life was 25.3 hours in control cells and 26.9 hours in INDO-treated cells. Western blot analysis of culture media of HepG2 cells treated with 50 micromol/L of INDO for 72 hours showed a significant reduction in apoAI protein (6,760.0 +/- 318.1 v 4,773.0 +/- 112.0 arbitrary units, P <.004). Treatment of cells with either arachidonic acid (COX substrate) or various prostanoids including prostaglandin I(2), thromboxane B(2), (+/-)5 HETE, or (+/-)12-HETE did not significantly alter apoAI promoter activity. However, prostaglandin E(1) and E(2) at the highest concentration tested (50 nmol/L) significantly repressed apoAI promoter activity. COX activity measurements in HepG2 cells verified the efficacy of COX inhibition by INDO. It is concluded that COX inhibition with INDO or ASA downregulates apoAI expression at the transcriptional level. This effect could not be attributed to either arachidonic acid excess or to a deficiency in various prostanoids tested. PMID- 14767869 TI - Associations between serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or apolipoprotein AI levels and common genetic variants of the ABCA1 gene in Japanese school-aged children. AB - ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays an important role in apolipoprotein AI (apoAI)-mediated cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells. The mild changes in ABCA1 activity due to genomic variation might be associated with interindividual variations in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoAI levels, or primary hypoalphalipoproteinemia in the general population. In the present study, we analyzed the relationships between 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2 insertion/deletion polymorphisms in the 5' flanking region and 5 missense polymorphisms of the ABCA1 gene and serum lipid levels in healthy school-aged children. We detected significant associations between the K219R and V771M polymorphisms, and HDL-C or apoAI levels. The present data support the proposition that the K219 allele is an anti-atherogenic allele with increased cholesterol efflux activity. Similarly, the M771 allele appears to be anti-atherogenic, although the frequency of the M771 allele is low. PMID- 14767870 TI - Sex steroids and plasma lipoprotein levels in healthy women: The importance of androgens in the estrogen-deficient state. AB - The role of endogenous estrogens and androgens and their potential interaction in atherosclerosis is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of natural menopause and endogenous sex steroids on triglycerides (TG), a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women. Fasting lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, postheparin lipase activities, kinetic indicators of triglyceride lipolysis, and various hormone levels, including dehydroepiandrostenedione sulfate (DHEA-S), (bioavailable) testosterone, and androstenedione, were determined in 18 premenopausal and 18 postmenopausal women, matched for age and body composition. Fasting plasma TG were 0.69 +/- 0.29 mmol/L in postmenopausal women and 0.73 +/- 0.33 mmol/L in premenopausal women (difference not significant [NS]). Approximately 30% of all plasma TG were present in the very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) in both groups. No differences were found between groups in plasma lipolytic potential of TG-rich lipoproteins. Univariate analysis revealed that VLDL-TG concentrations were strongly related to insulin (r = 0.84, P =.0001) and androstenedione (r = 0.65, P =.004) in postmenopausal women. Multivariate analysis of potential determinants of VLDL-TG showed that insulin, androstenedione, and bioavailable testosterone were independent variables, explaining 87% of the variability (r = 0.93, P =.0001) in postmenopausal women. In contrast, in premenopausal women, the only identified predictor of fasting VLDL-TG in univariate and multivariate analysis was insulin (r = 0.72, P =.001). Our results show that the association of androgens with TG varied depending on androgen concentrations, the relative androgenic potential, and most importantly on hormonal milieu. Endogenous androgens were only related to plasma VLDL-TG in the estrogen-deficient state. PMID- 14767872 TI - During exercise in the cold increased availability of plasma nonesterified fatty acids does not affect the pattern of substrate oxidation. AB - Exercise in the cold was investigated to establish if the relative contribution of fat to energy expenditure is affected by the increased availability of circulating nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). Seven men after an overnight fast cycled at approximately 70% of peak oxygen uptake for 60 minutes at an ambient temperature of 0.0 degrees C +/- 0.1 degrees C. Fifteen minutes prior to exercise and then throughout the exercise, subjects were infused with either heparin (heparin) or saline (control). Immediately before exercise NEFA concentration (control, 0.27 +/- 0.04 mmol. L(-1); heparin 1.09 +/- 0.13 mmol. l(-1)) was significantly higher (P <.05) in the heparin trial. Pre-exercise concentration of plasma triacylglycerol (TG), blood glycerol, glucose, oxygen consumption (VO(2)) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were not significantly different between heparin and control trials. During exercise, plasma NEFA and blood glycerol concentrations were significantly higher (P <.05) in the heparin trial, and levels of plasma TG and glucose were not different between trials. Over the exercise period rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, VO(2), RER, and heart rate (HR) were not different between the 2 trials. Gross energy expenditure of cycling (control, 3.3 +/- 0.1 MJ; heparin 3.3 +/- 0.1 MJ), the oxidation rates of fat (control, 0.67 +/- 0.05 g. min(-1); heparin, 0.71 +/- 0.06 g. min(-1)) and carbohydrate (CHO) (control, 1.68 +/- 0.04 g.min(-1); heparin, 1.62 +/- 0.17 g. min(-1)) and the proportion of energy derived from fat (control, 43 +/- 4%; heparin trial, 44 +/- 9%) and CHO (control, 57 +/- 4%; heparin trial, 56 +/- 4%) were not different between the 2 trials. These findings suggest that despite increased availability of plasma NEFA, the pattern of substrate oxidation during exercise in cold temperatures does not change. This implies that uncoupling between the availability and oxidation of plasma NEFA may be a mechanism involved in the reduced oxidation of fat seen during cold exposure. Further research is needed on the utilization of intramuscular TG and circulating plasma TG-rich lipoproteins in the cold. PMID- 14767871 TI - Apolipoprotein E genotype and changes in serum lipids and maximal oxygen uptake with exercise training. AB - Physical activity improves lipid levels by altering triglyceride (TG) metabolism. Apolipoprotein E (Apo E) facilitates TG clearance by mediating lipoprotein binding to hepatic receptors, but Apo E also has less defined roles in skeletal muscle and nervous tissue. This study examined if variants in Apo E genotype affect the lipid and physiologic response to exercise training. Seven centers genetically screened 566 individuals to recruit 120 subjects into 6 gender specific cohorts equal for the most common Apo E genotypes: E2/3, E3/3, and E3/4. Anthropometics, exercise capacity (Vo(2)max), serum lipids, and post heparin (PH) plasma lipase activities were measured before and after 6 months of supervised exercise training. Difference in the response (Delta) to training among the Apo E genotypes was the primary outcome variable. Differences in pretraining serum lipids among the Apo E genotypes mimicked those observed in population studies: TGs were slightly higher in E2/3 subjects, whereas low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (C) was lower (P = not significant [NS] ). TGs decreased 11% with training for the entire cohort (P <.0001) and 7%, 12%, and 14% for the Apo E 2/3, 3/3 and 3/4 groups, respectively (P = NS for Delta). LDL-C did not change in the entire cohort, but decreased slightly in the 2/3 and 3/3 subjects and increased 4% in the 3/4 group (P = NS for Delta). High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C increased 2% for the entire cohort (P =.06) due to a 6% increase in the 3/3 group (P =.07 for Delta). Total cholesterol (TC)/HDL and LDL/HDL decreased with training in the 2/3 and 3/3 groups, but increased in the 3/4 subjects and these responses differed among the genotypes (P <.05 for Delta). Vo(2)max increased 9% to 10% for the entire cohort, but only 5% in the 3/3 subjects versus 13% in the 2/3 and 3/4 groups and these differences were significantly different among the genotypes (P <.01 for Delta). This is the first prospective study to demonstrate that the serum lipid response to exercise training differs by Apo E genotype in a pattern consistent with known metabolic differences among the variants. Surprisingly, Apo E genotype also affected the increase in aerobic capacity produced by exercise training possibly via undefined effects on nerve and skeletal muscle function. PMID- 14767873 TI - Circulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol concentrations in normal, appropriate-for-gestational-age newborns versus those with sepsis and respiratory distress: Cortisol response to low-dose and standard-dose ACTH tests. AB - In this crossover study, we compared the peak responses of cortisol to low-dose (1 microg/1.73 m(2)) and standard-dose (250 microg/1.73 m(2)) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation tests in 90 full-term newborns (37 to 42 weeks gestational age, birthweight > 2,500 g, aged 4 to 7 days): 30 with sepsis syndrome, 30 with respiratory distress (RD) and 30 normal infants. Basal cortisol and ACTH were measured in a fasting venous sample. Serum cortisol concentrations were measured 30 minutes after low-dose ACTH and 60 minutes after standard-dose ACTH by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The mean basal circulating cortisol concentration and peak cortisol responses to low-dose and standard-dose ACTH tests were higher in stressed infants with sepsis and RD compared to normal. Basal but not ACTH stimulated cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in newborns with sepsis versus those with RD. Circulating cortisol concentrations after the low dose ACTH test were correlated significantly with those obtained after the standard-dose ACTH test (r = 0.814, P <.001). Clinical subgrouping of septic newborns showed that those with leukopenia (5/10 died) and with meningitis (6/12 died) had significantly lower basal and peak cortisol responses to the low-dose ACTH test (but not the standard-dose ACTH test) versus those with leukocytosis (3/20 died) and without meningitis (2/18 died), respectively. In addition, septic newborns who died had significantly lower circulating cortisol concentrations and lower cortisol responses to the low-dose ACTH test (but not the standard-dose test) versus those who survived the stress. On an individual basis, only 2 septic newborns (both died) had low basal cortisol levels (<5 microg/dL) and cortisol responses less than 15 microg/dL after the low-dose ACTH test. Four more septic newborns had basal cortisol above 5 microg/dl but cortisol responses below 20 microg/dL after the low-dose ACTH test. These 4 newborns (4/30) with inadequate adrenocortical response to low-dose ACTH during sepsis had high mortality (3/4 died) and represented a subgroup of septic newborns that should be diagnosed, using a low-dose ACTH test, and treated early. These data suggest that the low dose ACTH test may be more disciminatory than the standard-dose test among babies under stress. Increasing the cut-point level of basal cortisol in stressed infants to the lowest level of cortisol response to low-dose ACTH in normal newborns, followed by the use of a low-dose ACTH test, appears to select some newborns who need and may improve on corticosteroid therapy. Further studies are required to investigate whether supplementation with stress doses of hydrocortisone may improve the outcome in these patients. PMID- 14767874 TI - Plasma transport of vitamin K in men using deuterium-labeled collard greens. AB - The plasma transport of stable isotope-labeled phylloquinone at physiologic doses from food was studied. A single bolus of 100 g (396 +/- 28 microg phylloquinone) deuterium-labeled collard greens was fed with a breakfast containing 24 g fat to 5 men (26 to 71 years). Eleven blood samples were obtained over 216 hours. Phylloquinone concentrations in plasma and lipoprotein subfractions were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the ion abundances of deuterated and endogenous phylloquinone were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Plasma total phylloquinone concentrations peaked at 6 to 9 hours (10.51 +/- 4.38 to 8.30 +/- 4.64 nmol/L) and returned to baseline by 24 hours (1.26 +/- 0.38 nmol/L). The triglyceride rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction was the major carrier of phylloquinone; low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions contained smaller amounts. Maximum enrichment of plasma and TRL phylloquinone with deuterium (88% and 89%, respectively) was reached at 6 hours, respectively; t(1/2) was 22.8 hours (n = 3). Deuterated-phylloquinone was not detectable in plasma or TRL fraction at 72 hours. These results suggest rapid uptake and transport of physiologic doses of phylloquinone. PMID- 14767875 TI - Kidney oxygenation during water diuresis and endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes and subjects at risk to develop diabetes. AB - The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship among water diuresis induced changes in renal oxygenation, endothelial function, and various metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetic patients and healthy subjects at risk of type 2 diabetes. Thirty-eight subjects with type 2 diabetes (D: age, 54 +/- 10 years, mean +/- SD, 24 men) and 7 healthy subjects with parental history of type 2 diabetes or with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (relatives [R]: age 46 +/- 11 years, 4 men) were included. Laser Doppler imaging scanning was used to measure vasodilatation in the forearm skin in response to iontophoresis of 1% acetylcholine (Ach) and 1% sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and ultrasound was used to measure the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-induced dilation (NID) in the brachial artery. Renal oxygenation was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and during water diuresis. A decrease in the magnetic parameter R2* implies an increase in oxygenation. Renal medullary oxygenation did not improve with diuresis in either group (D: -0.5 +/- 1.9, R: -0.4 +/- 2.1, P = not significant [NS]). The renal cortical oxygenation showed a small, but statistically significant, improvement after diuresis in the 2 groups (D: -0.6 +/ 1.1, R: -0.5 +/- 0.5, P <.05). There were no correlations between the change in cortical R2* (R2* post-minus R2* prewater diuresis) and the micro- and macrovascular reactivity. The postdiuresis renal cortical R2* was negatively correlated with both the Ach- and SNP-induced skin vasodilation (% change over baseline)(r = -.40, P <.01 and r = -.39, P <.05, respectively), while no correlation existed with the FMD and NID. The baseline renal cortical oxygenation was also negatively correlated with the SNP-induced skin vasodilation (r = -.36, P <.05) and positively correlated with the fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) concentrations (r =.34, P <.05, r =.31, P <.05 and r =.37, P <.05, respectively). These preliminary findings suggest an association between the kidney cortical oxygenation and the skin microvascular reactivity, glycemia, and lipidemia. Water diuresis failed to produce an improvement in renal medullary oxygenation in both patients with diabetes and subjects at risk for diabetes. PMID- 14767876 TI - Insulin regulates hepatic apolipoprotein B production independent of the mass or activity of Akt1/PKBalpha. AB - Insulin is known to be a downregulator of apolipoprotein B (apoB) via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Akt, also known as protein kinase B (PKB), is a serine/threonine kinase downstream target of PI3K. Recent studies in the fructose-fed hamster model of insulin resistance have shown that hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion is associated with reduced phosphorylation of Akt, suggesting a potential link between Akt expression and/or activity and apoB production in hepatocytes. We hypothesized that overexpression of Akt1 downregulates apoB production. An expression vector with a constitutively active form of Akt1 was transfected in the rat hepatoma McArdle cells (McA RH 7777), McA cells stably expressing human apoB-15 and apoB-48 (15% and 48% of total apoB length), and human hepatoma HepG2. The overexpressed Akt1 was phosphorylated at Ser473 independent of acute insulin stimulation, suggesting that it was catalytically active. Despite dosage-dependent overexpression of Akt1 in both McA and HepG2 cells, neither intracellular nor secreted protein mass of intact apoB or transfected human apoB-15/apoB-48 was significantly affected by high intracellular levels of Akt1. Radiolabeling experiments also yielded no difference in the amount of newly synthesized apoB when comparing transfected and mock-transfected cells. Transfection in conjunction with high-dose insulin did not significantly decrease the secretion of either apoB-100 or apoB-48 in McA cells, or apoB-100 in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of insulin on apoB secretion compared to McA cells, but neither model responded to Akt1. Overall, the data suggest that acute insulin mediated inhibition of apoB may not be mediated by Akt1 and that insulin signaling molecules upstream of Akt1 may be more important in mediating control of apoB secretion. PMID- 14767877 TI - Supplementation with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-rac alpha tocopherol alone and in combination failed to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in human volunteers. AB - There is growing evidence supporting the importance of inflammation in all stages of atherosclerosis. While both omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3PUFA) and the lipid-soluble antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (AT) have been shown to independently have significant anti-inflammatory effects, there is paucity of data examining the effect of n3PUFA alone and in combination with AT on markers of inflammation and monocyte function. Therefore, we tested the effect of n3PUFA alone, all-rac (synthetic) AT alone, and the combination on markers of inflammation and monocyte function. Healthy nonsmoking volunteers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups (n = 20 per group): 1.5 g/d n3PUFA, 800 IU/d AT, 1.5 g n3PUFA + 800 IU/d AT, or placebo in a parallel double-blinded study. Compared to baseline, 12 weeks of supplementation resulted in no changes in plasma lipids regardless of treatment. Plasma AT was significantly increased only in those groups that received AT (P <.0001). Similarly, groups receiving n3PUFA showed a significant increase in plasma docosahexaenoic acid (P <.0001). No significant within- or between-group differences were found for plasma levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Furthermore, there were no differences in monocyte proinflammatory cytokine release (interleukin [IL]-1beta, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha and IL-6) after activation with monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). In conclusion, supplementation with n3PUFA and all-rac AT at these doses is not anti-inflammatory. PMID- 14767878 TI - The metabolic response to ingestion of proline with and without glucose. AB - Ingested protein results in an increase in circulating insulin and glucagon concentrations and no change, or a slight decrease, in circulating glucose. In subjects with type 2 diabetes, when protein is ingested with glucose, insulin is further increased and the glucose rise is less than when glucose is ingested alone. Presumably these effects are due to the amino acids present in the proteins. The effects of individual amino acids, ingested in physiologic amounts, with or without glucose, have not been determined. Therefore, we have begun a systematic study of the response to ingested amino acids. Eight young, non-obese, subjects (4 men, 4 women) ingested 1 mmol proline/kg lean body mass, 25 g glucose, 25 g glucose + 1 mmol proline/kg lean body mass or water only on 4 separate occasions at 8 am. Blood was obtained before and after ingestion of the test meal over the following 150 minutes. Proline ingestion resulted in a 13-fold increase in the plasma proline concentration. This was decreased by 50% when glucose was ingested with proline. Proline alone had little effect on glucose, insulin, or glucagon concentrations. However, ingestion of proline with glucose resulted in a 23% attenuation of the glucose area response and no change in insulin response compared with the response to that of glucose alone. A glucose stimulated decrease in glucagon was further facilitated by proline. Ingested proline is readily absorbed. It reduces the glucose-induced increase in glucose concentration in the presence of an unchanged insulin and a decreased glucagon response. PMID- 14767879 TI - Differences in beta-adrenergic receptor densities in omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese African American and Caucasian women. AB - African American women lose less weight and at a slower rate than Caucasian women under the same weight loss conditions. This is likely due to decreased mobilization of fat, possibly involving differences in the responsiveness of adipose tissue to adrenergic stimulation. To better understand the causes behind the decreased lipolysis in African American women, this study was initiated to determine if there were differences in the numbers and affinities of beta adrenoreceptors in omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese African American and Caucasian women. We determined the number of beta receptors using a nonselective antagonist and found the total number of receptors in both omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue preparations were higher in African American than Caucasian women. beta(1)(,) beta(2), and beta(3) densities were higher in omental adipose tissue (P <.05), but not different in the subcutaneous tissue of the African American women. No racial differences in kd values for adrenergic agents (agonists and antagonists) were found with regard to beta(1), beta(2), or beta(3) receptors in either the omental or the subcutaneous preparations. beta(1) and beta(2) receptor protein (mass) was significantly increased in African American omental tissue preparations, but not subcutaneous. Our in vitro data demonstrating increased beta receptor numbers in omental tissue from obese African Americans suggest that the potential for lipolysis would be higher in these women. Future studies should determine the biologic significance of the differences in the beta adrenergic receptors in vivo. PMID- 14767880 TI - Lys9 for Glu9 substitution in glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide confers dipeptidylpeptidase IV resistance with cellular and metabolic actions similar to those of established antagonists glucagon-like peptide-1(9-36)amide and exendin (9-39). AB - The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1) has been deemed of considerable importance in the regulation of blood glucose. Its effects, mediated through the regulation of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, are glucose-dependent and contribute to the tight control of glucose levels. Much enthusiasm has been assigned to a possible role of GLP-1 in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. GLP-1's action unfortunately is limited through enzymatic inactivation caused by dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV). It is now well established that modifying GLP-1 at the N-terminal amino acids, His(7) and Ala(8), can greatly improve resistance to this enzyme. Little research has assessed what effect Glu(9)-substitution has on GLP-1 activity and its degradation by DPP IV. Here, we report that the replacement of Glu(9) of GLP-1 with Lys dramatically increased resistance to DPP IV. This analogue, (Lys(9))GLP 1, exhibited a preserved GLP-1 receptor affinity, but the usual stimulatory effects of GLP-1 were completely eliminated, a trait duplicated by the other established GLP-1-antagonists, exendin (9-39) and GLP-1(9-36)amide. We investigated the in vivo antagonistic actions of (Lys(9))GLP-1 in comparison with GLP-1(9-36)amide and exendin (9-39) and revealed that this novel analogue may serve as a functional antagonist of the GLP-1 receptor. PMID- 14767881 TI - Lipoprotein lipase activator NO-1886 improves fatty liver caused by high-fat feeding in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. AB - NO-1886 is a lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activator. Administration of NO-1886 results in an increase in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and a decrease in plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether NO-1886 improves fatty liver caused by high-fat feeding in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Administration of NO-1886 resulted in increased plasma HDL-C levels and decreased TG levels without affecting total cholesterol and glucose levels in the diabetic rats. NO-1886 dose-dependently decreased liver TG contents and cholesterol contents, resulting in improvement of fatty liver. NO-1886 also reduced plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) that accompany fatty liver. The liver cholesterol contents were inversely correlated with plasma HDL-C levels (r = -0.5862, P <.001) and were positively correlated with plasma TG levels (r = 0.4083, P <.003). The liver TG contents were inversely correlated with plasma HDL-C levels (r = -0.6195, P <.001) and were positively correlated with plasma TG levels (r = 0.5837, P <.001). There was no correlation between plasma cholesterol levels, and cholesterol and TG contents in liver. These results indicate that reducing plasma TG levels and elevating in HDL-C levels may result in improving fatty liver. PMID- 14767882 TI - Plagiarism. PMID- 14767884 TI - Inflammation and pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. PMID- 14767898 TI - [X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy ABCD1 gene mutation analysis in China]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate mutations of ABCD1 gene in X- linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) patients in China. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction and DNA direct sequencing were employed to analyze the 10 exons of ABCD1 gene in 25 ALD patients. RESULTS: Seventeen mutations in different exons (except exons 4, 9 and 10) were identified in 18 of 25 patients. Most of the mutations were missense mutations, including R182P, G266R, H283D, S404P, N509I, R518G, L520Q, Q556R, S606L and R617C, four (H283D, S40 4P, N509I, R518G) of 10 missense mutations were novel. Also identified were 3 nonsense mutations (W132X, W242X, W595X), 1 dinucleotides deletion mutation (1414 del AG) resulting in frameshift, and 1 base pair deletion at splice acceptor site (IVS5-6 del C). Two synonymous mutations (L516L and V349V) appeared simultaneously in 2 unrelated patients, and no other mutations could be found with them in all 10 exons screened. CONCLUSION: There were no hot spot mutations in ABCD1 gene in China. Mutations in gene were found over 70% of patients with ALD in China. The ABCD1 gene mutations identified revealed no obvious correlation between the type of mutation and phenotype. PMID- 14767899 TI - [Familial and genetic study in a large Chinese kindred with von Hippel-Lindau disease and gene mutation analysis]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical characterization of a large Chinese kindred with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease and to evaluate the role of VHL genetic testing in diagnosis of VHL disease and clinical screening for members in VHL disease family. METHODS: A large kindred with VHL disease was studied. DNA extracted from peripheral blood was amplified by PCR to three exons of VHL gene in 27 members. PCR products were directly sequenced. The data on involvement of multi-organs in the VHL disease kindred were obtained by medical history taking and radiography. RESULTS: There were 47 members in the four generations of the Chinese VHL kindred; among them, 18 members were patients with diagnostically proven VHL disease. Their clinical manifestations included: central nervous system(CNS) hemangioblastoma (n=5), renal cell carcinomas and CNS hemangioblastoma (n=3), renal cell carcinomas and retinal angiomas (n=3), renal cell carcinomas and multiple pancreatic cysts (n=1), renal cell carcinomas and retinal angiomas and multiple pancreatic cysts (n=2), renal cell carcinomas and CNS hemangioblastomas and multiple pancreatic cysts (n=1), and multiple pancreatic cysts and multiple renal cysts (n=1), and multiple pancreatic cysts (n=2). The common lesions of 18 patients in the large kindred were: renal cell carcinomas (56%), CNS hemangioblastomas(50%),retinal angiomas(28%), and multiple pancreatic cysts(39%). Of the 27 members who volunteered for genetic analysis, all 11 affected family patients who are still alive, including 9 affected family patients and 2 asymptomatic patients, presented a codon 78 from Asn to Ser change at nucleotide 446(A to G) in exon 1. Four members were carriers with the same VHL gene mutation. Two asymptomatic cases were initially diagnosed by genetic testing and subsequently confirmed by radiological imaging and surgery. Members not having the gene mutation had no clinical evidence of VHL disease. CONCLUSION: The large Chinese kindred with VHL disease was classified as type . The main characteristics of the kindred are higher incidence of renal cell carcinomas and lower incidence of retinal angiomas. The genetic testing played an important role in early detecting asymptomatic patients and the carriers in clinical screening for members in the VHL families. Also, it is important to prevent the transmission of VHL disease to the offspring in the kindred. PMID- 14767900 TI - [Further study on heterogeneic basis of complement C8 beta deficiency]. AB - OBJECTIVE: In Caucasian population, the most common molecular basis for C8 beta deficiency s a single C to T transition in exon 9 of C8 beta gene resulting in a stop codon. In previous family studies, two individuals were identified with C8 beta complete deficiency and were found to be only heterozygous for this mutation. This study was conducted by the present authors in search of other possible causes for these two C8 beta deficient individuals. METHODS: Using direct DNA sequence analysis of all exon-specific PCR products of the C8 beta gene from these two C8 beta deficient patients and their descendants. RESULTS: Two other C to T transitions at base 298 and 388 in exon 3 were detected, which could also create a termination codon. The descendants from one of the deficient patients were also analysed for the mutations, and it could be demonstrated that the two C to T mutations in exons 9 and 3 are segregating independently. CONCLUSION: These two mutations, which create a termination codon, are sufficient to explain the complete C8 beta deficiency in both patients. PMID- 14767902 TI - [Localization and screening of autosomal dominant coralliform cataract associated gene]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To identify the genetic defect for the autosomal dominant coralliform cataract affecting a four-generation Chinese family. METHODS: Genomic DNA from the family members was typed for whole genomic linkage analysis. Two-point LOD scores were calculated using the LINKAGE program package (version 5.1). Mutation analysis of candidate genes was performed by direct sequencing. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 38 individuals had congenital cataracts. The maximum two point LOD score, 3.5 at theta=0.1 was obtained for the marker D2S325. Mutation analysis of the gamma-crystallin gene cluster identified a C --> A mutation in exon 2 of gamma-D crystallin gene (CRYGD) associated with cataracts in this family. This mutation resulted in a substitution of threonine for proline at amino acid 23 (P23T) of the protein. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the coralliform cataract phenotype is due to a mutated gamma-D gene, and the sequence change is identical with that recently reported to be related with lamellar cataract, a distinct clinical entity, thus providing evidence that the same genetic defect may be associated with different opacity location. The pathogenesis needs further investigation. PMID- 14767901 TI - [Identification of a novel splice mutation of low density lipoprotein receptor gene in a Chinese family with familial hypercholesterolemia]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To identify the mutation of low density lipoprotein receptor(LDLR) gene in a large Chinese family with familial hypercholesterolemia(F H) and make a discussion on the pathogenesis of FH at the molecular level. METHODS: Investigations were made on a patient with the clinical phenotype of homozygous FH and his parents for mutations of promoter and all 18 exons of LDLR gene. Screening was carried out using Touch down PCR and a g arose gel electrophoresis, combined with DNA sequence analysis. The results were compared with the normal sequences in GenBank and FH database (www.ucl.uk/fh) t o find the mutation. Then the mutation was identified in other members of the family. In addition, the authors screened the apolipoprotein B(100) (apoB(100)) gene f or known mutations (R3500Q) that cause familial defective apoB(100) (FDB) by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: A novel homozygous IN III 5' GT --> AT mutation in the splice donor of LDLR intron 3 was detected in the homozygote propositus with FH. The mutation was also identified in four heterozygous carriers in his family. No mutations R3500Q of apoB(100)were observed. CONCLUSION: A homozygous G --> A splice mutation in LDLR gene was first reported. The change of the splice donor in LDLR intron 3 may cause skipping of exon 3, which is responsible for FH. Perhaps it is a particular pathogenesis for Chinese people. PMID- 14767903 TI - [The relationship between the variants in 5' upstream core promoter A(-6)G and A( 20)C of angiotensinogen gene and essential hypertension in Kazakans of Xinjiang]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the variants A(-6)G and A(-20)C of angiotensinogen (AGT) gene are involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension in Kazakans. METHODS: T his case control study recruited 125 subjects with hypertension and 74 normotensive subjects from Kazakans of Xinjiang. Genomic DNA from leukocytes was analyzed for genetic variants A(-6)G and A(-20)C in 5' upstream core promoter of AGT gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and automatic sequencing. RESULTS: (1)There were only A(-6)G and A(-20)C variants in the -164 to +73 region of Kazakans' AGT gene. (2) The distributions of genotypes AA, AG, GG at locus -6 of AGT gene showed significant difference between the hypertensive group (0.39, 0.45, 0.16) and the normotensive group (0.49, 0.49, 0.02; Chi2=8.56, P=0.014). There were evident differences in the frequencies of the -6A and the -6G allele of the two groups (0.62, 0.38 and 0.73, 0.27; Chi2=5.35, P=0.021). (3) No significant difference was observed in the distribution of genotypes AA, AC, CC at locus -20 of AGT gene between the hypertensive group (0.69, 0.26, 0.05) and the normotensive group (0.65, 0.32, 0.03; Chi2=2.42, P=0.30). There was no distinct difference in the frequencies of the -20A allele and the -20C allele of the two groups (0.82, 0.18 and 0.82, 0.18; Chi2=0, P=0.99). (4) No significant difference was found at the levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the groups corresponding to genotypes at the loci -6 and -20 of AGT gene. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the polymorphism of A(-6)G in 5' upstream core promoter of the AGT gene may be involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension in Kazakans, while the A(-20)C variant may not play an important role in the etiology of essential hypertension in Kazakans. PMID- 14767904 TI - [Study on association of PPP1R3 gene 5 bp deletion/insertion within 3' untranslated region polymorphism with type 2 diabetes]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the muscle-specific glycogen-targeting regulatory subunit of the glucogen bound protein phosphatase 1 (PPP1R3) gene 5 bp deletion/insertion(D/I) within 3'-untranslated region ( 3'-UTR) polymorphism is associated with type 2 diabetes in Chinese Han population in Hefei region of Anhui province. METHODS: The PPP1R3 gene 3'-UTR 5 bp D/I polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 268 patients with type 2 diabetes and 106 normal controls. RESULTS: (1) The distributions of the frequency of three genotypes and two alleles of the PPP1R3 gene 5 bp D/I polymorphism showed no significant difference between the type 2 diabetic cases and the normal controls. (2) In both the cases and controls, there was no significant difference in age at onset, duration of disease, blood glucose, blood lipid profile, blood pressure, insulin sensitive index, body mass index, and waist hip ratio between the three genotypic groups(P 0.05). (3) The PPP1R3 gene 3'-UTR polymorphism in Chinese Han population in Hefei region of Anhui province was found to be similar to that in both Japanese population and Canadian population, and to be different from that in Piman Indians and the Caucasians in Sweden. CONCLUSION: The PPP1R3 gene 5 bp D/I within 3'-UTR polymorphism taking on genetic variation among the different races of mankind may not play a critical role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese Hans of Hefei region in Anhui province. PMID- 14767905 TI - [Identification of BIGH3 gene mutations in the patients with two types of corneal dystrophies]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To identify the mutations of BIGH3 gene in Chinese patients with corneal dystrophies. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction in exon 4, exon 12 and direct DNA sequencing of BIGH3 gene were performed in fifteen patients with corneal dystrophies and ten normal individuals as controls. RESULTS: Mutations in BIGH3 gene were detected in all the patients with corneal dystrophies. BIGH3 gene mutations were not found in normal subjects. Twelve patients with Avellino corneal dystrophy had the missense mutation R124H in the BIGH3 gene. Three patients with granular corneal dystrophy had the missense mutation R555W in the BIGH3 gene. CONCLUSION: R124H and R555W mutations in BIGH3 gene were found in the patients with Avellino and granular corneal dystrophies. Avellino corneal dystrophy associated with the R124H mutation is the most common form in the corneal dystrophies resulting from BIGH3 gene mutations. Condons 124 and 555 are also the hot spots for the mutations in the BIGH3 gene in the Chinese patients with corneal dystrophies. PMID- 14767906 TI - [Primary functional analysis of CK13 gene 5' flanking region]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of cytokeratin 13 (CK13) gene expression control and the effects of different motifs of CK13 gene 5' flanking region on its transcriptional activity. METHODS: The molecular clone technique and reporter gene analysis were used to assay the effects of different motifs of 513 bp of CK13 gene 5' flanking region on its transcriptional activity. The pCAT enhancer vectors with different motifs of CK13 gene 5' flanking region were constructed and transferred to HeLa cells with the help of lipofectin. The instant CAT expression of different clones was detected and the effects of different motifs of the CK13 gene 5' flanking region on its transcriptional activity were evaluated. RESULTS: 119 bp from -nt.325 to -nt.207 upstream of the first ATG of CK13 gene 5' flanking region included a silent element. 113 bp region from nt.206 to -nt.94 included an enhanced element. CONCLUSION: 513 bp of CK13 gene 5' flanking region includes a silent element and an enhanced element. Further locating these cis elements and detecting the related trans reaction factors may unveil some important clues to the details of the mechanisms for the CK13 gene expression and tissue-specific expression. PMID- 14767907 TI - [Study on the relationship of MTHFR polymorphisms with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genotypes to unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). METHODS: This study included two groups:57 currently non-pregnant women with a history of URSA (URSA group), and 50 currently non-pregnant women with a history of having given birth to at least one live baby and without any history of spontaneous abortion, still-born fetus, placental thrombosis and intrauterine growth retardation(IUGR)(control group). The fasting serum-Hcy was measured with high pressure liquid chromatography. Folic acid and vitamin B(12) were detected by radioimmune assay; antiphospholipid antibody (ACA) was detected by ELISA. MTHFR C677T gene polymorphisms were detected by the technique of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS: C/C genotype in URSA group was significantly lower than that in control group, the total mutant T allele frequency was significantly higher than that in control group. There was no significant difference in respect of "age, rural area/city, period, primary/secondary abortion" between the genotype distributions of MTHFR C677T. The T/T genotype and C/T+T/T genotypes frequencies for "abortion times>or=3" were higher than those for "abortion time <3". CONCLUSION: MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism is a genetic risk factor for URSA. PMID- 14767908 TI - [Mutation and amplification of RIT1 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To explore the mutation and amplification of RIT1 gene and their correlation with carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: The polymerase chain reactioindirect sequencing method was used for detecting the mutations in the sequence of all 6 exons in the RIT1 gene of 50 HCC tissues and paratumor tissues. And the amplification of RIT1 gene was examined by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS: A nucleotide 241 G --> C substitution in exon 5 of RIT1 gene was detected in one patient's HCC tissue, but not in paratumor tissue; this 241 G --> C substitution leads to Glu81Gln amino acid alteration in the conservative domain binding GTP. A nucleotide G --> C substitution in 5'-UTR (-21 bp from initial codon) was detected in all of the 50 HCC tissues and paratumor tissues, and 2- to 297-fold amplification of RIT1 gene was detected in 11 of 43 qualified cases, the amplification frequency being 25.6%. CONCLUSION: Gene amplification is one of the main activating ways of RIT1 gene in HCC, and its amplification might be correlated with HCC carcinogenesis, while point mutation might be not. PMID- 14767909 TI - [Mouse whole mount RNA in situ hybridization: an effective technique for analyzing gene expression]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To set up a method of analyzing gene expression profile from mouse whole embryos. METHODS: Mouse whole mount RNA in situ hybridization(WM-ISH) of E10.5-E14 embryos was carried out by using digoxigenin-labeled Runx1 and Runx3 RNA probes and their expression profile was observed by detecting the existence and status of corresponding mRNAs in the embryonic tissues. RESULTS: Clear hybridization signals were observed in different tissues and organs hybridized by Runx1 or Runx3 RNA probe. Different probes and ages of embryos had need of their own optimal proteinase K treatment conditions. CONCLUSION: Mouse whole mount RNA in situ hybridization is an effective method of analyzing gene expression. It is useful for revealing whole gene expression profile and has a great potentiality in the era of functional genomics. It provides an alternative method of studies on gene expression which is at least as good as LacZ staining and immunohistochemistry. The key factor of the success to mouse whole mount RNA in situ hybridization is whether the proteinase K treatment conditions are optimal or not. PMID- 14767910 TI - [Construction of middle fragment deletion mutant with improved gene splicing by overlap extension]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To construct a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta (PI4K-beta) mutant with the 325th to 373rd amino acid codons deleted, and try to develop a simple method for constructing middle fragment deletion mutant. METHODS: In line with the mechanism of gene splicing by overlap extension(SOE), an additional PCR was used to get the PI4K-beta mutant in which the 325th to 373rd amino acid codons were deleted. Then the mutated gene was cloned into pCMV-Tag4A mammalian expression vector. RESULTS: A mutant with the 325th to 373rd amino acid codons deleted was constructed successfully. CONCLUSION: The improved SOE is a very effective and reliable method to construct middle fragment deletion mutant. It is worthy to be popularized. PMID- 14767911 TI - [The detection of microsatellite instability by ion-pair reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To set up a sensitive and stable technique which has high throughout to detect the instability of microsatellite DNA. METHODS: Genomic DNA extracted from the cancer tissues and their normal tissues were subjected to microsatellite instability(MSI) analysis on five of DNA markers in 115 sporadic colorectal cancers by means of PCR and ion-pair reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Genomic DNA extracted from lymphocytes in blood of 20 normal persons were analysed and used as the standard control. RESULTS: Seventeen (14.8%) MSI-H and 23(20.0%) MSI-L were found in 115 sporadic colorectal cancers. The rates of MSI in the young patients and old patients were much higher than that in the middle-age patients (P<0.05). And the rate of MSI in low differentiation group was also much higher than that in high or middle differentiation groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The method the authors developed is a sensitive and accurate technique to detect MSI and has a high throughput. PMID- 14767912 TI - [Identification of a recurrent mutation in the ROR2 gene in a Chinese family with brachydactyly type B]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To identify the disease-causing mutation in a Chinese family with brachydactyly type B (BDB). METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of family members. Exons 8 and 9 of the ROR2 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced directly. Furthermore, the PCR products showing mutation were cloned into pMD18T vector and the insert fragments were sequenced. RESULTS: A 1398-1399 insA heterozygous mutation was detected in the patient. This mutation had been found in German families with BDB. CONCLUSION: To the authors' knowledge, it is the first report on identification of the ROR2 pathogenic mutation in Chinese patients with BDB. PMID- 14767913 TI - [Study on significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the redox domain of aprimidinic/apurinic endonuclease/redox factor-1 gene in Chinese sporadic colorectal cancer]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in the redox domain of aprimidinic/apurinic endonuclease/redox factor-1(APEX) gene and the development of sporadic colorectal cancer. METHODS: One hundred and fifty cases of sporadic colorectal cancers and 143 peripheral blood samples from healthy population were screened for genetic polymorphisms or mutations in the redox domain by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis followed by DNA sequencing. RESULTS: There were two SNPs identified in the redox domain of APEX gene, namely, 453G to T and 1247A to G. The gene frequencies of 453T and 1247G were 1.3% and 5.7%, respectively, in patient group, while 1.05% and 4.55%, respectively, in healthy population. The genotype distribution at the two sites in healthy population was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There was no difference in gene frequencies at the two sites between cancer patients and healthy population. CONCLUSION: The polymorphisms in the redox domain of APEX gene are irrelevant to the development of sporadic colorectal cancer, but their distribution may vary greatly among tribes. PMID- 14767914 TI - [The quantitative analysis of protein particles of erythrocyte membrane from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and the gene carriers]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of the intramembrane protein particles of erythrocyte from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and the gene carriers and to explore the pathogenesis of DMD and the diagnostic value of erythrocyte freeze-fracture technology. METHODS: The fixed erythrocyte mass was treated to form replica membrane by means of the freeze-fracture technology. Then the replica membrane was observed and a picture was taken under electron microscope. The protein particles of extracellular face(EF) and protoplasmic face(PF) per square were counted. The statistical comparative analysis was performed. RESULTS: The protein particle counts of EF face and PF face of erythrocyte membrane from DMD patients and DMD carriers decreased obviously in comparison with the normal control group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The erythrocyte freeze-fracture electron microscopic technology may serve as a method for accessory examination of diagnosing DMD patients and a method for detecting DMD carriers. This investigation material supplies reliable evidence for the theory of the systemic membrane defect of DMD. PMID- 14767915 TI - [Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the myocilin gene in primary open-angle glaucoma patients]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the myocilin (MYOC) gene and to investigate their associations with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: One hundred and fifty-seven sporadic patients with POAG and 155 unrelated control subjects without POAG were recruited from staff and visitors to the Prince of Wales Hospital between 1998 and 2000. All study subjects are ethnic Chinese living in Hong Kong. The two populations were matched in frequencies of gender and age. The SNPs of the MYOC gene in POAG patients and control subjects were screened and identified by high throughout conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis and fluorescent labeling automated sequencing. The genotype frequencies of each SNP in the two groups were compared by the Chi2 test or Fisher's exact 2-tailed test. RESULTS: A total of seventeen SNPs were identified from 2172 bp long of the MYOC gene, including all 3 exons and adjacent non-coding regions. The identified SNPs were 1-83G --> A, G12R, P16L, A17S, R46X, R76K, R91X, T123T, D208E, L215P, 730+35A --> G, A260A, I288I, E300K, T353I, Y471C and 1515+73G --> C, respectively. Of these, R91X, E300K and Y471C were found only in POAG patients. A significant difference between POAG patients and control subjects was found in the genotype frequencies of 1515+73G --> C. The frequency of the heterozygote (CG) was 0.6% in POAG patients, significantly less than the 4.5% in control subjects (Fisher's exact 2-tailed test, P=0.036, OR=0.136, 95%CI=0.022-0.828). No significant difference was found between the two populations in genotype frequencies of all other SNPs. CONCLUSION: The polymorphisms of the MYOC gene may be related to POAG. PMID- 14767916 TI - [Rapid detection of 18-trisomy syndrome using primed in situ labeling technique]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To develop a rapid method for the detection of chromosomes and try to verify the feasibility of using modified primed in situ labeling (PRINS) technique for rapid detection of the interphase nuclei of uncultured amniocytes. METHODS: Chromosome 18 was detected and analyzed by the modified PRINS in 262 amniotic fluid samples. RESULTS: The specific chromosomes were obtained on both metaphase and interphase nuclei. In more than 95% of the samples, PRINS reactions with primer 18cen were successfully induced. Two samples were properly identified and correctly scored as trisomic 18. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that PRINS technique is simple, rapid and cost-effective. It is sensitive, specific, and thus can enhance the accuracy of standard cytogenetic analysis. PMID- 14767917 TI - [Cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies on a variant of t(15;17), ins(17;15)(q21;q14q22), in an acute promyelocytic leukemia patient]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To report a rare variant of t(15;17), ins(17;15)(q21;q14q22) in an acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patient and the results of cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies. METHODS: Chromosomes were prepared after 24 hours culture of bone marrow cells and peripheral blood cells. R-banding technique was used to analyze karyotypes. Chromosome painting analysis was performed using whole chromosome paints for chromosomes 15 and 17. PML-RAR alpha and RAR alpha PML fusion transcripts were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: Karyotypic analysis using both specimens from bone marrow and peripheral blood leukemic cells revealed 15q- and 17q+. Chromosome painting analysis confirmed that the karyotypic abnormality was ins(17;15). PML RAR alpha fusion transcript (S type) was detected by RT-PCR, while RAR alpha-PML fusion transcript was not detected. CONCLUSION: Chromosome painting and RT-PCR are reliable methods for characterization of the insertion involving chromosomes 15 and 17 in APL patients. PMID- 14767918 TI - [Diagnosis of hemophilia A by a combination of St14(DXS52) VNTR polymorphism and (CA)n repeat polymorphism within FVIII gene]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To improve the accuracy and the diagnostic rate of gene diagnosis and prenatal gene diagnosis for hemophilia A (HA) families. METHODS: Linkage analysis was performed by using St14(DXS52) VNTR polymorphism and intron 13 (CA)n repeat polymorphism of the factor VIII gene among HA families for indirect diagnosis. RESULTS: The diagnostic rates using linkage analysis based upon one of the above mentioned two polymorphic loci among 9 HA families were 66.7% and 66.7%, respectively. The diagnostic rate rose to 88.9% by using a combination of the two polymorphic loci. Prenatal gene diagnoses were performed for 4 HA families. A wrong prenatal diagnosis which may happen when linkage analysis was performed by using only St14 VNTR was monitored. CONCLUSION: The rapid and accurate gene diagnosis and prenatal gene diagnosis could be performed by a combination of the two polymorphic loci for about 90% HA families. PMID- 14767919 TI - [Analysis and application of SCA1 and SCA3/MJD gene CAG repeats in Han population in Northeastern China]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the normal range of (CAG)n in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) gene and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3/MJD) gene in 110 normal subjects of Han population in Northeastern China, to assess the genotypes for clinically diagnosed spinocerebellar ataxia(SCA) individuals including 25 patients from 8 families and 6 sporadic patients, and to make presymptomatic and prenatal diagnosis. METHODS: DNA fragments from the normal subjects and the patients were detected by fluorescence-PCR. Homozygosities were selected for DNA sequencing. RESULTS: The normal ranges of (CAG)n of SCA1 and SCA3/MJD were 20 39 and 14-38 repeats respectively, SCA1 was found mostly to be 26 and 27 repeats, allele frequency 34.09% and 20.91%; heterozygosity was 84.55%, SCA3/MJD was found mostly to be 14 repeats, allele frequency 39.55%, heterozygosity was 78.18%.(CAG)(68) of SCA3/MJD gene of one affected individual had been found in a family but no CAG mutative expansion in related members was observed. CONCLUSION: The normal ranges of CAG repeats vary with areas and races. SCAs genotyping is the first choice in presymptomatic and prenatal diagnosis. PMID- 14767921 TI - Molecular-scale logic gates. AB - Currently available approaches to molecular-scale logic gates are summarized and compared. These include: chemically-controlled fluorescent and transmittance based switches concerned with small molecules, DNA oligonucleotides with fluorescence readout, oligonucleotide reactions with DNA-based catalysts, chemically-gated photochromics, reversibly denaturable proteins, molecular machines with optical and electronic signals, two-photon fluorophores and multichromophoric transient optical switches. The photochemical principles of electron and energy transfer are involved in several of these approaches. More complex molecular logic systems with reconfigurability and superposability provide contrasts with current semiconductor electronics. Integration of simple logic functions to produce more complex ones is also discussed in terms of recent developments. PMID- 14767923 TI - Supramolecular control of charge-transfer dynamics on dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 films. AB - A [Ru(dcbpy)(2)(NCS)(2)] dye has been chemically modified by the addition of a secondary electron donor moiety, N,N-(di-p-anisylamino)phenoxymethyl. Optical excitation of the modified dye adsorbed to nanocrystalline TiO(2) films shows a remarkably long-lived charge-separated state, with a decay half time of 0.7 s. Semiempirical calculations confirm that the HOMO of the modified dye molecule is localised on the electron donor group. The retardation of the recombination dynamics relative to the unmodified control dye is caused by the increase in the spatial separation of the HOMO orbital from the TiO(2) surface. The magnitude of the retardation is shown to be in agreement with that predicted from the non adiabatic electron-tunnelling theory. PMID- 14767922 TI - Macrocyclic glycoclusters: from amphiphiles through nanoparticles to glycoviruses. AB - Macrocyclic glycocluster amphiphiles are intended to be a covalent-bundle mimic of clustering glycolipid motifs on the cell membrane. They are irreversibly micellized to give glycocluster nanoparticles (GNPs); their masked hydrophobicity endows them with remarkable saccharide specificities in the interactions with biological saccharide receptors. The GNPs also exhibit unprecedented hydrogen bond capacities; they are agglutinated with Na(2)HPO(4) and assembled on plasmid DNA in a number-, size-, and shape-controlled manner to give artificial glycoviral particles capable of transfection. Thus, the intrinsic function of viruses, that is, cell invasion followed by gene expression, is also intrinsic to size-regulated (approximately 50 nm) glycoviruses. The growth of glycocluster amphiphiles through nanoparticles to glycoviruses reveals a hierarchical adhesion control of the saccharide clusters. PMID- 14767924 TI - Supramolecular photomagnetic materials: photoinduced dimerization of ferrocene based polychlorotriphenylmethyl radicals. AB - New ferrocenyl Schiff-base polychlorotriphenylmethyl radicals have been synthesized and characterized. The imino group of one such radical undergoes an irreversible trans to cis structural isomerization induced by light. Such photoinduced isomerization has been monitored by UV/Vis and ESR spectroscopy and also monitored by HPLC. ESR frozen solution experiments at low temperature revealed that the cis isomer dimerizes, showing a strong antiferromagnetic interaction. Although numerous photochromic supramolecular systems have been described, such a photoinduced self-assembly process represents the first example of a one-way photoswitchable magnetic system in which a conversion between a doublet and a singlet ground state species is promoted by a photoinduced dimerization process driven by the formation of hydrogen bonds. DFT calculations on the minimized structure and on the rotational barriers have been performed to establish the origin of such behavior. The effect of the substituents and the media polarity on the photoisomerization of this imine chromophore have also been studied. It has been observed that the efficiency of the process is markedly dependent on the presence and characteristics of electron-donor and electron acceptor substituents of the ferrocenyl Schiff-base polychlorotriphenylmethyl radicals as well as on the polarity of the solvent. PMID- 14767925 TI - Alpha,alpha-disubstituted glycines bearing a large hydrocarbon ring: peptide self assembly through hydrophobic recognition. AB - A method was developed for synthesizing alpha,alpha-disubstituted glycine residues bearing a large (more than 15-membered) hydrophobic ring. The ring closing metathesis reactions of the dialkenylated malonate precursors proceed efficiently, particularly when long methylene chains tether both terminal olefin groups. Surprisingly, the amino groups of these alpha,alpha-disubstituted glycines are inert to conventional protective reactions (e.g., N-tert butoxycarbonyl (Boc) protection: Boc(2)O/4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)/CH(2)Cl(2); N-benzyloxycarbonyl (Z) protection: Z-Cl/DMAP/CH(2)Cl(2)). Curtius rearrangement of the carboxylic acid functionality of the malonate derivative after ring-closing metathesis leads to formation of an amine functionality and can be catalyzed by diphenylphosphoryl azide. However, only the intermediate isocyanates can be isolated, even in the presence of alcohols such as benzyl alcohol. The isocyanates obtained by Curtius rearrangement in an aprotic solvent (benzene) were isolated in high yields and treated with 9 fluorenylmethanol in a high-boiling-point solvent (toluene) under reflux to give the N-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protected aminomalonate derivatives in high yield. These hydrophobic amino acids can be incorporated into a peptide by Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis and the acid fluoride activation method. The stability of the monomeric alpha-helical structure of a 17-amino-acid peptide was enhanced by replacement of two alanine residues with two hydrophobic amino acid residues bearing a cyclic 18-membered ring. The results of sedimentation equilibrium studies suggested that the peptide assembles into hexamers in the presence of 100 mM NaCl. PMID- 14767926 TI - Ti2: accurate determination of the dissociation energy from matrix resonance Raman spectra and chemical interaction with noble gases. AB - UV-visible and resonance Raman spectra of Ti(2) isolated in Ar, Kr, and Xe matrices at temperatures of 10 K were measured by using the 514 nm line of an Ar ion laser. The data show that the Ti(2) molecule interacts strongly with Xe, leading to a significant weakening of the Ti[bond]Ti bond strength. The f(Ti[bond]Ti) force constant decreases in the series Ar>Kr>Xe, from 232.8 Nm(-1) in Ar and 225.5 Nm(-1) in Kr to 199.7 Nm(-1) in Xe. Additional experiments in an Ar matrix containing 2 % of Xe indicate the formation of a molecule of the formula Ti(2)Xe. Our spectra for Ti(2) in an Ar matrix give evidence for several previously not observed members of the Stokes progression. The sum of experimental data allows for an improved estimation of the dissociation energy on the basis of a LeRoy-Bernstein-Lam analysis. A dissociation energy of 1.18 eV was derived from this analysis. The UV-visible data give evidence of the vibrational levels of an excited state of Ti(2). PMID- 14767927 TI - Synthesis and growth mechanism of Bi2S3 nanoribbons. AB - This article describes a facile solvothermal method by using mixed solvents for the large-scale synthesis of Bi(2)S(3) nanoribbons with lengths of up to several millimeters. These nanoribbons were formed by a solvothermal reaction between Bi(III)-glycerol complexes and various sulfur sources in a mixed solution of aqueous NaOH and glycerol. HRTEM (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy) and SAED (selective-area electron diffraction) studies show that the as-synthesized nanoribbons had predominately grown along the [001] direction. The Bi(2)S(3) nanoribbons prepared by the use of different sulfur sources have a common formation process: the initial formation of NaBiS(2) polycrystals, which serve as the precursors to Bi(2)S(3), the decomposition of NaBiS(2), and the formation of Bi(2)S(3) seeds in the solution through a homogeneous nucleation process; the growth of Bi(2)S(3) nanoribbons occurs at the expense of NaBiS(2) materials. The growth mechanism of millimeter-scale nanoribbons involves a special solid-solution-solid transformation as well as an Ostwald ripening process. Some crucial factors affect nanoribbon growth, such as, solvothermal temperature, volume ratio of glycerol to water, and the concentration of NaOH; these have also been discussed. PMID- 14767928 TI - Thermodynamic and kinetic data for adduct formation, cis-trans isomerization and redox reactions of ML4 complexes: a case study with rhodium- and iridium-tropp complexes in d8, d9 and d10 valence electron configurations (tropp=dibenzotropylidene phosphanes). AB - The formation of adducts of the square-planar 16-electron complexes trans [M(tropp(ph))(2)](+) and cis-[M(tropp(ph))(2)](+) (M=Rh, Ir; tropp(Ph)=5 diphenylphosphanyldibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene) with acetonitrile (acn) and Cl(-), and the redox chemistry of these complexes was investigated by various physical methods (NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy, square-wave voltammetry), in order to obtain some fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic data for these systems. A trans/cis isomerization cannot be detected for [M(tropp(ph))(2)](+) in non coordinating solvents. However, both isomers are connected through equilibria of the type trans-[M(tropp(ph))(2)](+)+L<==>[ML(tropp(ph))(2)](n)<==>cis [M(tropp(ph))(2)](+)+L, involving five-coordinate intermediates [ML(tropp(ph))(2)](n) (L=acn, n=+1; L=Cl(-), n=0). Values for K(d) (K(f)), that is, the dissociation (formation) equilibrium constant, and k(d) (k(f)), that is, the dissociation (formation) rate constant, were obtained. The formation reactions are fast, especially with the trans isomers (k(f)>1x10(5) m(-1) s(-1)). The reaction with the sterically more hindered cis isomers is at least one order of magnitude slower. The stability of the five-coordinate complexes [ML(tropp(ph))(2)](n) increases with Ir>Rh and Cl(-)>acn. The dissociation reaction has a pronounced influence on the square-wave (SW) voltammograms of trans/cis-[Ir(tropp(ph))(2)](+). With the help of the thermodynamic and kinetic data independently determined by other physical means, these reactions could be simulated and allowed the setting up of a reaction sequence. Examination of the data obtained showed that the trans/cis isomerization is a process with a low activation barrier for the four-coordinate 17-electron complexes [M(tropp(ph))(2)](0) and especially that a disproportionation reaction 2 trans/cis-[M(tropp(ph))(2)](0)-->[M(tropp(ph))(2)](+)+[M(tropp(ph))(2)](-) may be sufficiently fast to mask the true reactivity of the paramagnetic species, which are probably less reactive than their diamagnetic equilibrium partners. PMID- 14767929 TI - Aqueous-solution growth of GaP and InP nanowires: a general route to phosphide, oxide, sulfide, and tungstate nanowires. AB - A general synthetic route has been developed for the growth of metal phosphide, oxide, sulfide, and tungstate nanowires in aqueous solution. In detail, cetyltrimethylammonium cations (CTA(+)) can be combined with anionic inorganic species along a co-condensation mechanism to form lamellar inorganic-surfactant intercalated mesostructures, which serve as both microreactors and reactants for the growth of nanowires. For example, GaP, InP, gamma-MnO(2), ZnO, SnS(2), ZnS, CdWO(4), and ZnWO(4) nanowires have been grown by this route. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the synthesis of GaP and InP nanowires in aqueous solution has been achieved. This strategy is expected to extend to grow nanowires of other materials in solution or by vapor transport routes, since the nanowire growth of any inorganic materials can be realized by selecting an appropriate reaction and its corresponding lamellar inorganic-surfactant precursors. PMID- 14767930 TI - First investigation of non-classical dihydrogen bonding between an early transition-metal hydride and alcohols: IR, NMR, and DFT approach. AB - The interaction of [NbCp(2)H(3)] with fluorinated alcohols to give dihydrogen bonded complexes was studied by a combination of IR, NMR and DFT methods. IR spectra were examined in the range from 200-295 K, affording a clear picture of dihydrogen-bond formation when [NbCp(2)H(3)]/HOR(f) mixtures (HOR(f) = hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) or perfluoro-tert-butanol (PFTB)) were quickly cooled to 200 K. Through examination of the OH region, the dihydrogen-bond energetics were determined to be 4.5+/-0.3 kcal mol(-1) for TFE (TFE = trifluoroethanol) and 5.7+/-0.3 kcal mol(-1) for HFIP. (1)H NMR studies of solutions of [NbCp(2)H(2)(B)H(A)] and HFIP in [D(8)]toluene revealed high-field shifts of the hydrides H(A) and H(B), characteristic of dihydrogen-bond formation, upon addition of alcohol. The magnitude of signal shifts and T(1) relaxation time measurements show preferential coordination of the alcohol to the central hydride H(A), but are also consistent with a bifurcated character of the dihydrogen bonding. Estimations of hydride-proton distances based on T(1) data are in good accord with the results of DFT calculations. DFT calculations for the interaction of [NbCp(2)H(3)] with a series of non-fluorinated (MeOH, CH(3)COOH) and fluorinated (CF(3)OH, TFE, HFIP, PFTB and CF(3)COOH) proton donors of different strengths showed dihydrogen-bond formation, with binding energies ranging from -5.7 to -12.3 kcal mol(-1), depending on the proton donor strength. Coordination of proton donors occurs both to the central and to the lateral hydrides of [NbCp(2)H(3)], the former interaction being of bifurcated type and energetically slightly more favourable. In the case of the strong acid H(3)O(+), the proton transfer occurs without any barrier, and no dihydrogen-bonded intermediates are found. Proton transfer to [NbCp(2)H(3)] gives bis(dihydrogen) [NbCp(2)(eta(2)-H(2))(2)](+) and dihydride(dihydrogen) complexes [NbCp(2)(H)(2)(eta(2)-H(2))](+) (with lateral hydrides and central dihydrogen), the former product being slightly more stable. When two molecules of TFA were included in the calculations, in addition to the dihydrogen-bonded adduct, an ionic pair formed by the cationic bis(dihydrogen) complex [NbCp(2)(eta(2) H(2))(2)](+) and the homoconjugated anion pair (CF(3)COO...H...OOCCF(3))(-) was found as a minimum. It is very likely that these ionic pairs may be intermediates in the H/D exchange between the hydride ligands and the OD group observed with the more acidic alcohols in the NMR studies. PMID- 14767931 TI - Stereodivergent and reiterative synthesis of bistetrahydrofuran ring cores of annonaceous acetogenins. AB - Eight diastereoisomers of the bistetrahydrofuran ring cores of annonaceous acetogenins have been synthesized by asymmetric alkynylation of alpha tetrahydrofuranic aldehydes and stereodivergent one-pot tetrahydrofuran (THF) ring formation. In all cases, the asymmetric alkynylation proceeded with very high diastereoselectivity to give eight kinds of optically pure THF cores. We also describe a comparison of the (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral data of the eight isomers and give full details of the THF ring construction. PMID- 14767932 TI - Quadricyclane radical cation rearrangements: a computational study of the transformations to 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene and norbornadiene. AB - An alternative skeletal rearrangement of the quadricyclane radical cation (Q*+) explains the side products formed in the one-electron oxidation to norbornadiene. First, the bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2-ene-5-yl-7-ylium radical cation, with an activation energy of 14.9 kcal mol(-1), is formed. Second, this species can further rearrange to 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene through two plausible paths, that is, a multistep mechanism with two shallow intermediates and a stepwise path in which the bicyclo[3.2.0]hepta-2,6-diene radical cation is an intermediate. The multistep rearrangement has a rate-limiting step with an estimated activation energy of 16.5 kcal mol(-1), which is 2.8 kcal mol(-1) lower in energy than the stepwise mechanism. However, the lowest activation energy is found for the Q*+ cycloreversion to norbornadiene that has a transition structure, in close correspondence with earlier studies, and an activation energy of 10.1 kcal mol( 1), which agrees well with the experimental estimate of 9.3 kcal mol(-1). The computational estimates of activation energies were done using the CCSD(T)/6 311+G(d,p) method with geometries optimized on the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level, combined with B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) frequencies. PMID- 14767933 TI - Synthesis, fluorescence and photoisomerization studies of azobenzene functionalized poly(alkyl aryl ether) dendrimers. AB - A series of azobenzene-functionalized poly(alkyl aryl ether) dendrimers have been synthesized and their photochemical and photophysical properties in solution and as thin films have been investigated. Although the photochemical behavior of the azodendrimers in solution indicated that the azobenzene units behave independently, very similar to the constituent monomer azobenzene unit, the properties of thin solid films of the dendrimers were distinctly different. The azodendrimers, AzoG1, AzoG2, and AzoG3 were observed to form stable supercooled glasses, which showed long-wavelength absorption and red emission characteristics of J-aggregates of the azobenzene chromophores. Reversible photoinduced isomerization of the azodendrimers in the glassy state is described. PMID- 14767934 TI - New dihydroxy bis(oxazoline) ligands for the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation: experimental investigations of the origin of the reversal of the enantioselectivity. AB - The origin of the reversal of the enantioselectivity in the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation of rac-1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate with dimethyl malonate anion using chiral dihydroxy bis(oxazoline) "BO" ligands derived from (1S,2S)-(+) 2-amino-1-phenyl-1,3-propanediol was investigated. To determine the structural effects of the dihydroxy BO ligand on this unique phenomenon, new homochiral dihydroxy BO ligands were prepared from L-threonine and L-serine and were assessed in the transformation. The results obtained with these novel BO ligands, compared with the one obtained by using the dihydroxy BO ligands derived from (1S,2S)-(+)-2-amino-1-phenyl-1,3-propanediol, reveal that the reversal in the enantioselectivity observed with the dihydroxy BO ligand depends on the structure of the ligand. The effect of different bases used to generate the dimethyl malonate anion was also examined. The results are discussed in terms of the interaction of one hydroxy group in the intermediate pi-allyl palladium complex with the dimethyl malonate anion. PMID- 14767935 TI - Heteronuclear rhodium, palladium, platinum, and gold organoimido complexes from dinuclear organoamido rhodium precursors. AB - Treatment of the organoamido complexes [Rh(2)(mu-4-HNC(6)H(4)Me)(2)(L(2))(2)] (L(2) = 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cod), L = CO) with nBuLi gave solutions of the organoimido species [Li(2)Rh(2)(mu-4-NC(6)H(4)Me)(2)(L(2))(2)]. Further reaction of [Li(2)Rh(2)(mu-4-NC(6)H(4)Me)(2)(cod)(2)] with [Rh(2)(mu-Cl)(2)(cod)(2)] afforded the neutral tetranuclear complex [Rh(4)(mu-4-NC(6)H(4)Me)(2)(cod)(4)] (2), which rationalizes the direct syntheses of 2 from [Rh(2)(mu-Cl)(2)(cod)(2)] and Li(2)NC(6)H(4)Me. Reactions of [Li(2)Rh(2)(mu-4-NC(6)H(4)Me)(2)(CO)(4)] with chloro complexes such as [Rh(2)(mu-Cl)(2)(CO)(4)], [MCl(2)(cod)] (M = Pd, Pt), and [Ru(2)(mu-Cl)(2)Cl(2)(p-cymene)(2)] afforded the homo- and heterotrinuclear complexes PPN[Rh(3)(mu-4-NC(6)H(4)Me)(2)(CO)(6)] (5; PPN=bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium), [(CO)(4)Rh(2)(mu-4-NC(6)H(4)Me)(2)M(cod)] (M = Pd (6), Pt(7)) and [(CO)(4)Rh(2)(mu-4-NC(6)H(4)Me)(2)Ru(p-cymene)] (8), while the reaction with [AuCl(PPh(3))] gave the tetranuclear compound [(CO)(4)Rh(2)(mu- 4-NC(6)H(4)Me)(2)[Au(PPh(3))](2)] (9). The structures of complexes 6, 8, and 9 were determined by X-ray diffraction studies. The anion of 5 reacts with [AuCl(PPh(3))] to give the butterfly cluster [[Rh(3)(mu-4 NC(6)H(4)Me)(2)(CO)(6)]Au(PPh(3))] (10), in which the Au atom is bonded to two rhodium atoms. Reaction of the anion of 5 with [Rh(cod)(NCMe)(2)](BF(4)) gave the tetranuclear complex [Rh(4)(mu-4-NC(6)H(4)Me)(2)(CO)(6)(cod)] (11) in which the Rh(cod) fragment is pi-bonded to one of the arene rings, while the reaction of the anion of 5 with [PdCl(2)(cod)] afforded the heterotrinuclear complex 6 through a metal exchange process. PMID- 14767936 TI - Lanthanum endohedral metallofulleropyrrolidines: synthesis, isolation, and EPR characterization. AB - Lanthanum endohedral metallofulleropyrrolidines have been synthesized for the first time through addition of an azomethine ylide to La@C(82)-A in toluene. It was found that the addition reaction is very efficient and, to some extent, regioselective. Two major endohedral metallofulleropyrrolidines, a monoadduct and a bisadduct of La@C(82)-A with abundance ratio of approximately 1:0.4, have been isolated by HPLC chromatography and characterized by mass spectrometry, UV/Vis NIR absorption, and EPR spectroscopy. The electronic structure of La@C(82)-A has been modified slightly upon monoaddition and significantly upon bisaddition of the pyrrolidines. PMID- 14767937 TI - Polytopal rearrangement of [Ni(acac)2(py)]: a new square pyramid<==>trigonal bipyramid twist mechanism. AB - The interconversion mechanisms between three idealized polytopal forms (a square pyramid and two trigonal bipyramids) of [M(bidentate)(2)(unidentate)] were investigated by an original combination of molecular mechanics (MM) and density functional theory (DFT) approaches. MM was used to model the mechanistic rearrangement path, and DFT to study selected points along this path. The test case was a five-coordinate [Ni(acac)(2)(py)] species. In the case of [Ni(acac)(2)(py)] it was confirmed (both by MM and by DFT) that the three polytopal forms do indeed represent shallow local minima, of which the square pyramid (SQP) is more stable than the other two. Small energy barriers that separate the three minima prevent spontaneous rearrangement among the polytopal forms in geometry-optimization simulations. The driving force for MM simulation of the polytopal rearrangements was supplied through the L-M-L angle bending terms. MM results for relative energies and geometries are fully supported by DFT. Finally, the implication of the present results to explain some racemization mechanisms of octahedral complexes (namely, the intramolecular bond rupture of tris(chelate) species, and intermolecular dissociation of bis(bidentate) species) is briefly discussed. PMID- 14767938 TI - A new family of dinuclear rhodium complexes containing tertiary phosphanes in a semibridging or doubly bridging bonding mode. AB - The reactions of [Rh(2)Cl(kappa(2)-acac)(mu-CPh(2))(2)(mu-SbiPr(3))] (3) and [Rh(2)(kappa(2)-acac)(2)(mu-CPh(2))(2)(mu-SbiPr(3))] (4) with PMe(3) lead to exchange of the bridging ligand and afford the novel PMe(3)-bridged counterparts 5 and 6, in which the phosphane occupies a semibridging (5) or a doubly bridging (6) position. In both cases, the bonding mode was confirmed crystallographically. Treatment of 6 with CO causes a shift of PMe(3) from a bridging to a terminal position and gives the unsymmetrical complex [(kappa(2)-acac)Rh(mu-CPh(2))(2)(mu CO)Rh(PMe(3))(kappa(2)-acac)] (7). Similarly to 5 and 6, the related compounds 10 and 11 with one or two acac-f(3) ligands were prepared. While both PEt(3) and PnBu(3) react with 3 by exchange of the bridging stibane for phosphane to give compounds 12 and 13, the reactions of 4 with PMePh(2) and PnBu(3) afford the mixed-valent Rh(0)Rh(II) complexes [(PR(3))Rh(mu-CPh(2))(2)Rh(kappa(2)-acac)(2)] (17, 18) in high yields. In contrast, treatment of 4 with PEt(3) and PMe(2)Ph generates the phosphane-bridged compounds [Rh(2)(kappa(2)-acac)(2)(mu CPh(2))(2)(mu-PR(3))] (14, 15) exclusively. Stirring a solution of 14 (R=Et) in benzene for 15 h at room temperature leads to complete conversion to the mixed valent isomer 16. The reaction of 6 with an equimolar amount of CR(3)CO(2)H (R=F, H) or phenol in the molar ratio of 1:10 results in substitution of one acac by one trifluoracetate, acetate, or phenolate ligand without disturbing the [Rh(2)(mu-CPh(2))(2)(mu-PR(3))] core. From 6 and an excess of CR(3)CO(2)H, the symmetrical bis(trifluoracetato) and bis(acetate) derivatives [Rh(2)(kappa(2) O(2)CCR(3))(2)(mu-CPh(2))(2)(mu-PMe(3))] (21, 22) were obtained. PMID- 14767939 TI - A practical oxidative method for the cleavage of hydrazide N[bond]N bonds. AB - The selective N-oxidation of the most nucleophilic amino nitrogen atom in hydrazides is central to the development of an unprecedented methodology for the cleavage of their N[bond]N bonds under oxidative conditions. Treatment of a series of hydrazides 1-9 with peracids such as magnesium monoperoxyphtalate hexahydrate (MMPP.6 H(2)O) or meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA) afforded the corresponding amides 10-16 in good-to-excellent yields (80-92 %). The extension of the methodology to carbamate-like substrates such as 17 and 18 was also investigated, but in this case the process is synthetically useless in view of the low yields observed of carbamates 19 and 20 (approximately 15 %). Experiments carried out with equivalent amounts of oxidant produced nitrones, such as 26, proceeding from the dialkylamino moiety, and (1)H NMR experiments indicated that this product is formed by fast conversion of the parent hydrazide, without detection of the expected hydrazide N-oxides. In addition, the over oxidation of 26 into nitronate 25 proceeds through an unknown intermediate. This oxidative N[bond]N bond cleavage by peracids is an alternative method for the deamination of hydrazides, and constitutes the only solution compatible with substrates carrying functionalities sensitive to reducing conditions. PMID- 14767940 TI - Biologically active compounds through catalysis: efficient synthesis of N (heteroarylcarbonyl)-N'-(arylalkyl)piperazines. AB - A practical route for the synthesis of new biologically active 5-HT(2 A) receptor antagonists has been developed. In only three catalytic steps, this class of central nervous system (CNS) active compounds can be synthesized efficiently with high diversity. As the initial step, an anti-Markovnikov addition of amines to styrenes provides an easy route to N-(arylalkyl)piperazines, which constitute the core structure of the active molecules. Here, base-catalyzed hydroamination reactions of styrenes with benzylated piperazine proceeded in high yield even at room temperature. After catalytic debenzylation, the free amines were successfully carbonylated with different aromatic and heteroaromatic halides and carbon monoxide to yield the desired compounds in good to excellent yields. The two key reactions, base-catalyzed hydroamination of styrenes and palladium catalyzed aminocarbonylation of haloarenes/heterocycles, showed tolerance towards various functional groups, thereby demonstrating the potential to synthesize a wide variety of new derivatives of this promising class of pharmaceuticals. PMID- 14767941 TI - Theoretical insights into the role of a counterion in copper-catalyzed enantioselective cyclopropanation reactions. AB - The effect of a coordinating counteranion on the mechanism of Cu(I)-catalyzed cyclopropanation has been investigated extensively for a medium-sized reaction model by means of theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. The main mechanistic features are similar to those found for the cationic (without a counteranion) mechanism, the rate-limiting step being nitrogen extrusion from a catalyst-diazoester complex to generate a copper-carbene intermediate. The cyclopropanation step takes place through a direct carbene insertion of the metal carbene species to yield a catalyst-product complex, which can finally regenerate the starting complex. However, the presence of the counteranion has a noticeable influence on the calculated geometries of all the intermediates and transition structures. Furthermore, the existence of a preequilibrium with a dimeric form of the catalyst, together with a higher activation barrier in the insertion step, explains the lower yield of cyclopropane products observed experimentally in the presence of chloride counterion. The stereochemical predictions of a more realistic model (made by considering a chiral bis(oxazoline)-copper(i) catalyst) have been rationalized in terms of the lack of significant steric repulsions, and the model shows good agreement with the low enantioselectivities observed experimentally for these kinds of catalytic systems. PMID- 14767942 TI - Synthesis, characterization and photochromic studies of spirooxazine-containing 2,2'-bipyridine ligands and their rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes. AB - A series of spirooxazine-containing 2,2'-bipyridine ligands and their rhenium(i) tricarbonyl complexes has been designed and synthesized, and their photophysical, photochromic and electrochemical properties have been studied. The X-ray crystal structures of two of the complexes have been determined. Detailed studies showed that the emission properties of the complexes could readily be switched through photochromic reactions. PMID- 14767943 TI - Synthesis and reactivity of homogeneous and heterogeneous ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts containing electron-withdrawing ligands. AB - The synthesis and heterogenization of new Grubbs-Hoveyda type metathesis catalysts by chlorine exchange is described. Substitution of one or two chlorine ligands with trifluoroacetate and trifluoromethanesulfonate was accomplished by reaction of [RuCl(2)([double bond]CH-o-iPr-O-C(6)H(4))(IMesH(2))] (IMesH(2) = 1,3 bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene) with the silver salts CF(3)COOAg and CF(3)SO(3)Ag, respectively. The resulting compounds, [Ru(CF(3)SO(3))(2)([double bond]CH-o-iPr-O-C(6)H(4))(IMesH(2))] (1), [RuCl(CF(3)SO(3))([double bond]CH-o-iPr-O-C(6)H(4))(IMesH(2))] (2), and [Ru(CF(3)CO(2))(2)([double bond]CH-o-iPr-O-C(6)H(4))(IMesH(2))] (3) were found to be highly active catalysts for ring-closing metathesis (RCM) at elevated temperature (45 degrees C), exceeding known ruthenium-based catalysts in catalytic activity. Turn-over numbers (TONs) up to 1800 were achieved in RCM. Excellent yields were also achieved in enyne metathesis and ring-opening cross metathesis using norborn-5-ene and 7-oxanorborn-5-ene-derivatives. Even more important, 3 was found to be highly active in RCM at room temperature (20 degrees C), allowing TONs up to 1400. Heterogeneous catalysts were synthesized by immobilizing [RuCl(2)([double bond]CH-o-iPr-O-C(6)H(4))(IMesH(2))] on a perfluoroglutaric acid derivatized polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) support (silver form). The resulting supported catalyst [RuCl(polymer-CH(2)-O- CO-CF(2) CF(2)-CF(2)-COO)([double bond]CH-o-iPr-O-C(6)H(4))(IMesH(2))] (5) showed significantly reduced activities in RCM (TONs = 380) compared with the heterogeneous analogue of 3. The immobilized catalyst, [Ru(polymer-CH(2)-O-CO CF(2)-CF(2)-CF(2)-COO)(CF(3)CO(2))([double bond]CH-o-iPr-O-C(6)H(4))(IMesH(2))] (4) was obtained by substitution of both Cl ligands of the parent Grubbs-Hoveyda catalyst by addition of CF(3)COOAg to 5. Compound 4 can be prepared in high loadings (160 mg catalyst g(-1) PS-DVB) and possesses excellent activity in RCM with TONs up to 1100 in stirred-batch RCM experiments. Leaching of ruthenium into the reaction mixture was unprecedentedly low, resulting in a ruthenium content <70 ppb (ng g(-1)) in the final RCM-derived products. PMID- 14767944 TI - Cyclopropane-annelated azaoligoheterocycles by Ti-mediated intramolecular reductive cyclopropanation of cyclic amino Acid amides. AB - Starting from pyrrole- and indole-2-carboxylic acids 5 a and 5 b, the tri- and tetracyclic N,N-dibenzylcyclopropylamines 7 a and 7 b have been synthesized in 52 and 33 % overall yield, respectively. The synthesis of the enantiopure tetracyclic diamine 10 has been achieved applying the established set of reactions to N-tert-butoxycarbonylindoline-2-carboxylic acid (8) in 46 % overall yield. The amide 15 could not be prepared in the same way starting from the N tert-butoxycarbonylproline 11. In fact, in the allylation step the stereogenic center was deprotonated and the doubly alkylated amide 13 was formed. However, the desired intermediate 15 could be obtained from L-proline in 49 % yield performing first the N-allylation step, then the introduction of the amide function. From 15, the cyclopropane-annelated pyrrolizidine 16 was obtained in 70 % yield as a mixture of (1aS,6aS,6bR)-16 and (1aR,6aS,6bS)-16 diastereoisomers in a ratio of 1:2.9. PMID- 14767945 TI - Enhanced fluorescence of remote functionalized diaminodicyanoquinodimethanes in the solid state and fluorescence switching in a doped polymer by solvent vapors. AB - Remote functionalized zwitterionic diaminodicyanoquinodimethanes are found to exhibit a dramatic enhancement of light emission in the solid state and when doped in polymer films, as compared to the solution state. Crystal structure analysis of prototypical molecules reveals the role of the remote functionality in the solid state molecular organization. Semiempirical quantum chemical computations provide a viable model to explain the interesting phenomenon of fluorescence enhancement as arising from the inhibition of geometry relaxation of the vertical excited state to a nonemitting state. The reversible switching of a doped polymer film fluorescence triggered by solvent vapors is demonstrated. PMID- 14767949 TI - Speeding up biomolecular NMR spectroscopy. PMID- 14767950 TI - Industrial methods for the production of optically active intermediates. AB - Enantiomerically pure amino acids, amino alcohols, amines, alcohols, and epoxides play an increasingly important role as intermediates in the pharmaceutical industry and agrochemistry, where both a high degree of purity and large quantities of the compounds are required. The chemical industry has primarily relied upon established chemical methods for the synthesis of these intermediates, but is now turning more and more to enzymatic and biotechnological fermentation processes. For the industrial implementation of many transformations alternative methods are available. The advantages of the individual methods will be discussed herein and exemplified by syntheses of relevant compounds. PMID- 14767951 TI - Glyco-SeS: selenenylsulfide-mediated protein glycoconjugation--a new strategy in post-translational modification. PMID- 14767952 TI - Models of high-valent intermediates of non-heme diiron alkane monooxygenases: electronic structure of a bis(micro-oxo)diron(IV) complex with locally low-spin metal centers. PMID- 14767953 TI - Synthesis, structure, and [60]fullerene complexation properties of azacalix[m]arene[n]pyridines. PMID- 14767954 TI - Stochastic detection of monovalent and bivalent protein-ligand interactions. PMID- 14767955 TI - Enantioselective catalytic allylation of carbonyl groups by umpolung of pi-allyl palladium complexes. PMID- 14767956 TI - Rational design of an enneanuclear copper(II) complex with a metallacyclophane core. PMID- 14767957 TI - Production of an ultra-long-lived charge-separated state in a zinc chlorin-C60 dyad by one-step photoinduced electron transfer. PMID- 14767958 TI - Antifreeze glycoproteins: elucidation of the structural motifs that are essential for antifreeze activity. PMID- 14767959 TI - Disclosing new inhibitors by finding similarities in three-dimensional active site architectures of polynuclear zinc phospholipases and aminopeptidases. PMID- 14767960 TI - A highly efficient synthesis of lamellarins K and L by the Michael addition/ring closure reaction of benzyldihydroisoquinoline derivatives with ethoxycarbonyl beta-nitrostyrenes. PMID- 14767961 TI - Remote substituents controlling catalytic polymerization by very active and robust neutral nickel(II) complexes. PMID- 14767962 TI - First synthesis and characterization by mass spectrometry and UV-photoelectron spectroscopy of methylenearsane. PMID- 14767963 TI - Doubly N-fused pentaphyrin. PMID- 14767964 TI - A facile stereocontrolled approach to CF3-substituted triarylethenes: synthesis of panomifene. PMID- 14767965 TI - Stereoselective synthesis of anti-beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acids through dynamic kinetic resolution. PMID- 14767966 TI - Promotion of fluorapatite crystallization by soluble-matrix proteins from Lingula anatina shells. PMID- 14767967 TI - The tertiary sulfonamide as a latent directed-metalation group: Ni0-catalyzed reductive cleavage and cross-coupling reactions of aryl sulfonamides with grignard reagents. PMID- 14767968 TI - ortho-Anisylsulfonyl as a protecting group for secondary amines: mild Ni0 catalyzed hydrodesulfonylation. PMID- 14767969 TI - Steroids and steroid analogues from Stille-Heck coupling sequences. PMID- 14767970 TI - A general amination method based on the addition of polyfunctional arylmagnesium reagents to functionalized arylazo tosylates. PMID- 14767971 TI - Spatial screening of cyclic neoglycopeptides: identification of polyvalent wheat germ agglutinin ligands. PMID- 14767974 TI - Apoptosis: the nexus of liver injury and fibrosis. PMID- 14767975 TI - Liver disease research funding. PMID- 14767976 TI - The hepatic venous pressure gradient: anything worth doing should be done right. PMID- 14767977 TI - Changing clinical practice with measurements of portal pressure. PMID- 14767978 TI - Targeting portal pressure measurements: a critical reappraisal. AB - Many of the complications of cirrhosis reflect the presence of portal hypertension, which is commonly expressed as the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). Baseline and repeat measurements of HVPG have been recommended for the management of patients with cirrhosis in the setting of pharmacologic prophylaxis of variceal bleeding and for gaining information about prognosis. However, published studies have demonstrated problems with the interpretation of the data on HVPG monitoring, making its use controversial. We view the current data as insufficient evidence to support the monitoring of a targeted reduction of HVPG as routine clinical practice. We recommend the performance of new prospective studies to establish the clinical importance of HVPG measurements. PMID- 14767979 TI - Severe acute respiratory syndrome and the liver. PMID- 14767980 TI - The hepatic venous pressure gradient: "remixed and revisited". PMID- 14767981 TI - Optimal management of patients with fulminant hepatic failure: targeting the brain. PMID- 14767982 TI - SARS-associated viral hepatitis caused by a novel coronavirus: report of three cases. AB - Liver impairment is commonly reported in up to 60% of patients who suffer from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Here we report the clinical course and liver pathology in three SARS patients with liver impairment. Three patients who fulfilled the World Health Organization case definition of probable SARS and developed marked elevation of alanine aminotransferase were included. Percutaneous liver biopsies were performed. Liver specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using enhanced real-time PCR was applied to look for evidence of SARS-associated coronavirus infection. Marked accumulation of cells in mitosis was observed in two patients and apoptosis was observed in all three patients. Other common pathologic features included ballooning of hepatocytes and mild to moderate lobular lymphocytic infiltration. No eosinophilic infiltration, granuloma, cholestasis, fibrosis, or fibrin deposition was noted. Immunohistochemical studies revealed 0.5% to 11.4% of nuclei were positive for proliferative antigen Ki-67. RT-PCR showed evidence of SARS associated coronavirus in the liver tissues, but not in the sera of all 3 patients. However, electron microscopy could not identify viral particles. No giant mitochondria, micro- or macro-vesicular steatosis was observed. In conclusion, hepatic impairment in patients with SARS is due to SARS-associated coronavirus infection of the liver. The prominence of mitotic activity of hepatocytes is unique and may be due to a hyperproliferative state with or without disruption of cell cycle by the coronavirus. With better knowledge of pathogenesis, specific therapy may be targeted to reduce viral replication and modify the disease course. PMID- 14767983 TI - Depletion of mitochondrial DNA in liver under antiretroviral therapy with didanosine, stavudine, or zalcitabine. AB - The "D drug" HIV reverse-transcriptase inhibitors zalcitabine, didanosine, and stavudine are relatively strong inhibitors of polymerase-gamma compared with the "non-D drugs" zidovudine, lamivudine, and abacavir. D drugs deplete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cultured hepatocytes. This mtDNA depletion is associated with an increased in vitro production of lactate. To investigate the origin of hyperlactatemia in HIV-infected patients and the effects of antiretroviral therapy on liver mtDNA, we biopsied liver tissue from 94 individuals with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Eighty subjects were coinfected with HIV. Serum lactate was measured at the time of biopsy. Hepatic mtDNA and liver histology were centrally assessed. Liver mtDNA content of HIV-infected patients receiving D drugs at the time of biopsy (n = 34) was decreased by 47% (P<.0001) compared with those without D drugs (n = 35). Aside from a possible association between HCV genotype I status and mtDNA depletion in multivariate analysis, there were no other virologic, immunologic, histologic, demographic or treatment related variables that could explain the mtDNA depletion. Lactate was above the upper limit of normal in only three patients, all of whom were treated with D drugs. The mtDNA in each of them was lower than in any non-D drug patient and significantly (P =.017) depleted compared with D drug patients with normal lactate. In conclusion, D drug treatment is associated with decreased hepatic mtDNA in HIV-infected patients with chronic HCV infection. Moderate mtDNA depletion in liver does not necessarily lead to hyperlactatemia, but more pronounced decreases in hepatic mtDNA may be an important contributor to lactate elevation. PMID- 14767984 TI - HBsAg and HBx knocked into the p21 locus causes hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. AB - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) affects males in a significantly higher proportion than females and is one of the human cancers etiologically related to viral factors. Many studies provide strong evidence of the direct role that hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays in hepatic carcinogenesis, but the functions of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and X protein (HBx) in hepatocarcinogenesis through direct or indirect mechanisms are still being debated. We generated two HBV gene knock-in transgenic mouse lines by homologous recombination. HBsAg and HBx genes were integrated into the mouse p21 locus. Both male and female p21-HBx transgenic mice developed HCC after the age of 18 months; however, male p21-HBsAg transgenic mice began to develop HCC 3 months earlier. The expression of a number of genes related to metabolism and genomic instability largely resembled the molecular changes during the development of HCC in humans. ER-beta (estrogen receptor-beta) was extremely up-regulated only in tumor tissues of male p21-HBsAg mice, providing genetic evidence that HBsAg might be the major risk factor affecting the gender difference in the causes of HCC. In conclusion, these mice might serve as good models for studying the different roles of HBsAg and HBx in early events of HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID- 14767985 TI - Epidemiology and risk factors for hepatitis C in Alaska Natives. AB - Large cohorts of persons infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) that include patients with multiple risk exposures and behaviors have been rarely reported. We herein describe a population-based cohort of 759 Alaska Natives (AN) with HCV who were recruited into a long-term follow-up study. History of injection drug use (IDU) was reported by 60.1% and blood transfusion by 14.0%. The most common genotype was 1a (42.0%), followed by 1b (20.3%), 2b (14.7%), 3a (14.3%), and 2a (7.8%). By multivariable analysis, risk exposures (blood transfusion vs. other; P < 0.01; odds ratio [OR], 2.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-5.45) and year of infection (P < 0.01; OR, 3.47; 95% CI, 1.34-8.96) were significantly associated with HCV RNA-positivity. Having an RNA concentration >/=2 million copies/mL was associated with male gender (OR, 1.94) and genotype (P < 0.01 overall; 1a vs. 3a: OR, 1.92; 2b vs. 3a: OR, 3.17) by multivariable analysis. In conclusion, the two principal risk exposures for AN infected with HCV (IDU and blood transfusion) are the same as the overall U.S. population. Persons with a history of blood transfusion were more likely to be HCV RNA positive than those without such history. Higher RNA levels found in males may explain the more severe disease previously reported in this group. PMID- 14767986 TI - Effect of peginterferon alfa-2a on liver histology in chronic hepatitis C: a meta analysis of individual patient data. AB - Multicenter randomized trials have shown that once-weekly pegylated interferon (peginterferon) alfa-2a is more efficacious than conventional interferon alfa-2a (IFN) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. We performed a meta-analysis of 1,013 previously untreated patients (from 3 randomized trials) with pretreatment and post-treatment liver biopsies to assess the differences between peginterferon alfa-2a and IFN in terms of their effects on liver histology. Reported values were standardized mean differences (SMD) between patients receiving peginterferon alfa-2a and those receiving IFN (post-treatment value minus baseline value for each group). We used a random-effects model to quantify the average effect of peginterferon alfa-2a on liver histology. Peginterferon alfa-2a significantly reduced fibrosis compared with IFN (SMD, -0.14; 95% CI: -0.27, -0.01; P =.04). A reduction in fibrosis was observed among sustained virologic responders (SMD, 0.59; 95% CI: -0.89, -0.30; P <.0001) and patients with recurrent disease (SMD, 0.34; 95% CI: -0.54, -0.14; P =.0007), whereas no significant reduction was observed among nonresponders (SMD, -0.13; 95% CI: -0.32, 0.05; P =.15). Logistic regression analysis indicated that patients with sustained virologic responses (SVRs) had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.61 (95% CI: 1.14, 2.29) for reduction in fibrosis compared with patients without SVRs, whereas obese patients (body mass index [BMI] > 30 kg/m(2)) had an OR of 0.56 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.90) compared with normal-weight (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)) and overweight patients (BMI, 25-30 kg/m(2)). In conclusion, in patients with chronic hepatitis C with or without cirrhosis, peginterferon alfa-2a (relative to IFN) significantly reduced fibrosis. The beneficial effects of peginterferon on liver histology are closely related to virologic response. PMID- 14767987 TI - Stereological measurement of porto-central gradients in gene expression in mouse liver. AB - The liver is thought to consist of lobules, numerous repeating, randomly oriented units. Within these lobules, genes are expressed in gradients along the porto central axis, which spans the distance between portal and central veins. We have developed a robust stereological method to map all points in an image to their position on this porto-central axis. This approach is based on the distribution of well-characterized periportal and pericentral enzymes, which are visualized on sections preceding and following the section of interest. Because expression of the model genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and ornithine aminotransferase declines gradually with increasing distance from the portal vein and central vein, respectively, these genes can be used to prepare images with topographical information without any assumption about the shape of the hepatic unit, or about the direction or shape of the gradient to be determined. The "relative distance" image is a 2-dimensional image that accurately maps the relative position of hepatocytes on the porto-central axis in 3-dimensional space. It is superimposed on the serial section under investigation to relate local staining density to position on the porto-central axis and obtain the gene expression gradient. The method was used to determine the expression gradient of 2 periportal and 2 pericentral enzymes and their response to fasting. The "total distance" image was used to measure the length of the porto-central axis, which was approximately 210 microm in mice and found to decrease 13% after 1 day of starvation. The method can be applied to any tissue component that can be stained quantitatively. PMID- 14767988 TI - Altered gene expression in acute systemic inflammation detected by complete coverage of the human liver transcriptome. AB - The goal of the current study was to provide complete coverage of the liver transcriptome with human probes corresponding to every gene expressed in embryonic, adult, and/or cancerous liver. We developed dedicated tools, namely, the Liverpool nylon array of complementary DNA (cDNA) probes for approximately 10,000 nonredundant genes and the LiverTools database. Inflammation-induced transcriptome changes were studied in liver tissue samples from patients with an acute systemic inflammation and from control subjects. One hundred and fifty-four messenger RNAs (mRNA) correlated statistically with the extent of inflammation. Of these, 134 mRNA samples were not associated previously with an acute-phase (AP) response. The hepatocyte origin and proinflammatory cytokine responsiveness of these mRNAs were confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) in cytokine-challenged hepatoma cells. The corresponding gene promoters were enriched in potential binding sites for inflammation-driven transcription factors in the liver. Some of the corresponding proteins may provide novel blood markers of clinical relevance. The mRNAs whose level is most correlated with the AP extent (P <.05) were enriched in intracellular signaling molecules, transcription factors, glycosylation enzymes, and up-regulated plasma proteins. In conclusion, the hepatocyte responded to the AP extent by fine tuning some mRNA levels, controlling most, if not all, intracellular events from early signaling to the final secretion of proteins involved in innate immunity. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270 9139/suppmat/index.html). PMID- 14767989 TI - PAR1 antagonism protects against experimental liver fibrosis. Role of proteinase receptors in stellate cell activation. AB - In fibroblasts, thrombin induces collagen deposition through activation of a G protein-coupled receptor, proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR(1)). In the current study, we examined whether PAR(1) antagonism inhibits hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation in vitro and whether it protects against fibrosis development in a rodent model of cirrhosis. A rat HSC line was used for in vitro studies whereas cirrhosis was induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). The current results demonstrated that HSCs express PAR(1), as well as proteinase-activated receptors 2 (PAR(2)) and 4 (PAR(4)), and that all three PARs were up-regulated in response to exposure to growth factor in vitro. Exposure to thrombin and to SFLLRN-(SF)-NH(2), a PAR(1) agonist, and GYPGKF (GY)-NH(2), a PAR(4) agonist, triggered HSC proliferation and contraction, as well as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) production and collagen I synthesis and release. These effects were inhibited by the PAR(1) antagonist. Administration of this antagonist, 1.5 mg/kg/d, to BDL rats reduced liver type I collagen messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and surface collagen by 63%, as measured by quantitative morphometric analysis. Similarly, hepatic and urinary excretion of hydroxyproline was reduced significantly by the PAR(1) antagonist. In conclusion, PAR(s) regulates HSC activity; development of PAR antagonists might be a feasible therapeutic strategy for protecting against fibrosis in patients with chronic liver diseases. PMID- 14767990 TI - Activation of NF-kappaB and STAT3 in rat oval cells during 2 acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy-induced liver regeneration. AB - Proliferation and differentiation of hepatic stem cell progenies (i.e., oval cells) sustain liver regeneration when the replicative and functional capacity of hepatocytes is impaired. The signaling pathways that control stem cell activation remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in oval cell-mediated liver regeneration induced by 2 acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy (AAF/PH) protocol. Using OV1 as a marker for identification and sorting of oval cells, we established that both NF-kappaB and STAT3 were highly activated in the OV1(+) cell population. Three distinct subpopulations of oval cells were defined as OV1(low), OV1(medium), and OV1(high), based on the intensity of OV1 staining. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that they represent different stages of oval cell differentiation along hepatocyte lineage. OV1(low) cells displayed the least differentiated phenotype as judged by high expression of c-kit and lack of hepatocytic differentiation markers, whereas OV1(high) cells lost c-kit expression, were more proliferative, and acquired more mature hepatocytic phenotype. Notably, NF-kappaB was activated uniformly in all three subpopulations of oval cells. In contrast, phosphorylation of STAT3 was detected only in OV1(high) cells. In conclusion, transcriptional activity supported by NF-kappaB and STAT3 is required for oval cell activation, expansion, and differentiation. The differential induction of NF-kappaB and STAT3 point to a distinct role for these transcription factors at different stages of hepatic stem cell differentiation. PMID- 14767991 TI - Uncoupling protein-2 deficiency promotes oxidant stress and delays liver regeneration in mice. AB - The control of liver regeneration remains elusive. Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) are able to mediate cell growth arrest and activate proteins that inhibit the cell cycle, ROS production may have a negative impact on liver regeneration. We examined how liver regeneration is affected by uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), an inner mitochondrial membrane carrier that senses and negatively regulates superoxide production. Liver regeneration was monitored up to 5 days and was found to be significantly delayed in UCP2(-/-) mice after partial hepatectomy. Apoptosis rates in UCP2(+/+) and UCP2(- /-) liver remnants were similar, while parameters of cell proliferation indicated a diminished response in UCP2(- /-) mice with corresponding changes in the expression of key cell cycle regulatory proteins and prolonged activation of stress-responsive protein kinase p38. Levels of malondialdehyde, a marker of ROS generation and oxidant stress, were elevated in UCP2(- /-) livers at every examined time point. Liver remnants of UCP2(+ /+) mice 48 hours post-hepatectomy showed a fourfold increase in the expression of UCP2 protein primarily detected in hepatocytes. In conclusion, our results suggest that absent or insufficient UCP2 function in the regenerating liver results in increased ROS production and negatively modulates the control of cell cycle. PMID- 14767992 TI - Extracellular ATP activates c-jun N-terminal kinase signaling and cell cycle progression in hepatocytes. AB - Partial hepatectomy leads to an orchestrated regenerative response, activating a cascade of cell signaling events necessary for cell cycle progression and proliferation of hepatocytes. However, the identity of the humoral factors that trigger the activation of these pathways in the concerted regenerative response in hepatocytes remains elusive. In recent years, extracellular ATP has emerged as a rapidly acting signaling molecule that influences a variety of liver functions, but its role in hepatocyte growth and regeneration is unknown. In this study, we sought to determine if purinergic signaling can lead to the activation of c-jun N terminal kinase (JNK), a known central player in hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration. Hepatocyte treatment with ATPgammaS, a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, recapitulated early signaling events associated with liver regeneration that is, rapid and transient activation of JNK signaling, induction of immediate early genes c-fos and c-jun, and activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA-binding activity. The rank order of agonist preference, UTP>ATP>ATPgammaS, suggests that the effects of extracellular ATP is mediated through the activation of P2Y2 receptors in hepatocytes. ATPgammaS treatment alone and in combination with epidermal growth factor (EGF) substantially increased cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression and hepatocyte proliferation in vitro. Extracellular ATP as low as 10 nM was sufficient to potentiate EGF-induced cyclin D1 expression. Infusion of ATP by way of the portal vein directly activated hepatic JNK signaling, while infusion of a P2 purinergic receptor antagonist prior to partial hepatectomy inhibited JNK activation. In conclusion, extracellular ATP is a hepatic mitogen that can activate JNK signaling and hepatocyte proliferation in vitro and initiate JNK signaling in regenerating liver in vivo. These findings have implications for enhancing our understanding of novel factors involved in the initiation of regeneration, liver growth, and development. PMID- 14767993 TI - Oval cells compensate for damage and replicative senescence of mature hepatocytes in mice with fatty liver disease. AB - Hepatic steatosis may have a generally benign prognosis, either because most hepatocytes are not significantly injured or mechanisms to replace damaged hepatocytes are induced. To determine the relative importance of these mechanisms, we compared hepatocyte damage and replication in ethanol-fed and ob/ob mice with very indolent fatty liver disease to that of healthy control mice and PARP-1(-/-) mice with targeted disruption of the DNA repair enzyme, poly(ADP ribose) polymerase. Compared to the healthy controls, both groups with fatty livers had significantly higher serum alanine aminotransferase values, hepatic mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production, and hepatocyte oxidative DNA damage. A significantly smaller proportion of the hepatocytes from fatty livers entered S phase when cultured with mitogens. Moreover, this replicative senescence was not reversed by treating cultured hepatocytes with agents (i.e., betaine or leptin) that improve liver disease in intact ethanol-fed or leptin-deficient mice. Hepatocytes from PARP1(-/-) mice also had more DNA damage and reduced DNA synthesis in response to mitogens. However, neither mice with fatty livers nor PARP-1-deficient mice had atrophic livers. All of the mice with senescent mature hepatocytes exhibited hepatic accumulation of liver progenitor (oval) cells and oval cell numbers increased with the demand for hepatocyte replacement. Therefore, although hepatic oxidant production and damage are generally increased in fatty livers, expansion of hepatic progenitor cell populations helps to compensate for the increased turnover of damaged mature hepatocytes. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that induction of mechanisms to replace damaged hepatocytes is important for limiting the progression of fatty liver disease. PMID- 14767994 TI - Dual role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: studies in tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene knockout mice. AB - Although hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is partially mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), we recently found that low-dose TNF before IR is hepatoprotective. We examined the seemingly conflicting roles of TNF in mediating liver injury in a partial hepatic IR model using TNF gene knockout (TNF ko) mice to allow TNF replacement at specified times. Compared with wild-type mice, TNF ko mice exhibit minimal alanine aminotransferase release and few hepatonecrotic lesions during the early (time, 2 hours) and late (time, 24 hours) phases of IR. TNF ko mice differed from wild-type mice in that TNF ko mice exhibited no activation or induction of nuclear factor-kappa B, p38, cyclin D1, or proliferating cell nuclear antigen after IR. A single low-dose TNF injection 1 minute before the onset of hepatic ischemia restored hepatic IR injury in TNF ko mice. To clarify the importance of TNF for hepatoprotection, preconditioning (10 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion) was performed before the onset of IR for TNF ko mice whose capacity to undergo IR injury had been restored by TNF replacement. Ischemic preconditioning failed to protect these mice from TNF augmented IR injury; however, following the administration of intravenous TNF (1 microg per kg body weight, which mimics the early increase in hepatic and plasma TNF levels that is mobilized by ischemic preconditioning), significant hepatoprotection against both the early and late phases of TNF-augmented IR injury was observed. In conclusion, TNF appears to mediate both the early and late phases of liver injury in hepatic IR, but it also is an essential mediator of hepatoprotective effects brought about by ischemic preconditioning. PMID- 14767995 TI - Blockade of receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) attenuates ischemia and reperfusion injury to the liver in mice. AB - Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury associated with liver transplantation and hepatic resection is characterized by hepatocellular damage and a deleterious inflammatory response. In this study, we examined whether receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) activation is linked to mechanisms accentuating inflammation on I/R in a murine model of total hepatic ischemia. Animals treated with soluble RAGE (sRAGE), the extracellular ligand-binding domain of RAGE, displayed increased survival after total hepatic I/R compared with vehicle treatment. TUNEL assay and histologic analysis revealed that blockade of RAGE was highly protective against hepatocellular death and necrosis on I/R; in parallel, proliferating cell nuclear antigen was enhanced in livers of mice treated with sRAGE. Rapid activation of p38, p44/42, stress-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3, and nuclear translocation of activator protein-1 was evident at early times on I/R. In the remnants of sRAGE-treated livers, however, activation of each of these signaling and transcription factor pathways was strikingly decreased. sRAGE-treated remnants displayed enhanced activation of nuclear factor kappaB, in parallel with increased transcripts for the proregenerative cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In conclusion, these data suggest that RAGE modulates hepatic I/R injury, at least in part by activation of key signaling pathways linked to proinflammatory and cell death-promoting responses. We propose that blockade of this pathway may represent a novel strategy to attenuate injury in hepatic I/R and to facilitate regeneration. PMID- 14767996 TI - Chronic liver disease in murine hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 induces resistance to cell death. AB - The murine model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) was used to analyze the relationship between chronic liver disease and programmed cell death in vivo. In healthy fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficient mice (Fah(-/-)), protected from liver injury by the drug 2-(2- nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3 cyclohexanedione (NTBC), the tyrosine metabolite homogentisic acid (HGA) caused rapid hepatocyte death. In contrast, all mice survived the same otherwise lethal dose of HGA if they had preexisting liver damage induced by NTBC withdrawal. Similarly, Fah(-/-) animals with liver injury were also resistant to apoptosis induced by the Fas ligand Jo-2 and to necrosis-like cell death induced by acetaminophen (APAP). Molecular studies revealed a marked up-regulation of the antiapoptotic heat shock proteins (Hsp) 27, 32, and 70 and of c-Jun in hepatocytes of stressed mice. In addition, the p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) stress-activated kinase pathways were markedly impaired in the cell-death resistant liver. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that chronic liver disease can paradoxically result in cell death resistance in vivo. Stress-induced failure of cell death programs may lead to an accumulation of damaged cells and therefore enhance the risk for cancer as observed in HT1 and other chronic liver diseases. PMID- 14767997 TI - CYP2E1 overexpression alters hepatocyte death from menadione and fatty acids by activation of ERK1/2 signaling. AB - Chronic oxidative stress induced by overexpression of the cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1 (CYP2E1) has been implicated in hepatocyte injury and death. However, the mechanism by which CYP2E1 overexpression may promote cell death is unknown. Acute oxidative stress activates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), suggesting that chronic oxidant generation by CYP2E1 may regulate cellular responses through these signaling pathways. The effect of CYP2E1 overexpression on MAPK activation and their function in altering death responses of CYP2E1-overexpressing hepatocytes were investigated. Chronic CYP2E1 overexpression led to increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation constitutively and in response to oxidant stress from the superoxide generator menadione. CYP2E1 overexpressing cells were resistant to menadione toxicity through an ERK1/2 dependent mechanism. Similar to menadione, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA) induced an increased activation of ERK1/2 in hepatocytes that overexpressed CYP2E1. However, CYP2E1-overexpressing cells were sensitized to necrotic death from AA and the PUFA gamma-linolenic acid, but not from saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids. Death from PUFA resulted from oxidative stress and was blocked by inhibition of ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK or activator protein-1 signaling. CYP2E1 expression induced ERK1/2 activation through increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/c-Raf signaling. Inhibition of EGFR signaling reversed CYP2E1-induced resistance to menadione and sensitization to AA toxicity. In conclusion, chronic CYP2E1 overexpression leads to sustained ERK1/2 activation mediated by EGFR/c-Raf signaling. This adaptive response in hepatocytes exposed to chronic oxidative stress confers differential effects on cellular survival, protecting against menadione-induced apoptosis, but sensitizing to necrotic death from PUFA. PMID- 14767998 TI - Bile acids enhance the activity of the insulin receptor and glycogen synthase in primary rodent hepatocytes. AB - Previously, we demonstrated that deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced ERK1/2 and AKT signaling in primary hepatocytes is a protective response. In the present study, we examined the regulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase/AKT/glycogen synthase (kinase) 3 (GSK3)/glycogen synthase (GS) pathway by bile acids. In primary hepatocytes, DCA activated ERBB1 (the epidermal growth factor receptor), ERBB2, and the insulin receptor, but not the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor. DCA-induced activation of the insulin receptor correlated with enhanced phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1, effects that were both blocked by the insulin receptor inhibitor AG1024 and by expression of the dominant negative IGF-1 receptor (K1003R), which inhibited in trans. Expression of the dominant negative IGF-1 receptor (K1003R) also abolished DCA induced AKT activation. Bile acid-induced activation of AKT and phosphorylation of GSK3 were blunted by the ERBB1 inhibitor AG1478 and abolished by AG1024. Bile acids caused activation of GS to a similar level induced by insulin (50 nM); both were blocked by inhibition of insulin receptor function and the PI3 kinase/AKT/GSK3 pathway. In conclusion, these findings suggest that bile acids and insulin may cooperate to regulate glucose storage in hepatocytes. PMID- 14767999 TI - The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. AB - Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare condition characterized by the development of encephalopathy in the absence of chronic liver disease. Cerebral edema occurs in up to 80% of patients with Grade IV encephalopathy. In the current prospective randomized controlled clinical trial, we examined the effect of induced hypernatremia on the incidence of intracranial hypertension (IH) in patients with ALF. Thirty patients with ALF and Grade III or IV encephalopathy were randomized. Patients in Group 1 (n = 15) received the normal standard of care. Patients in Group 2 (n = 15) received standard care and hypertonic saline (30%) via infusion to maintain serum sodium levels of 145-155 mmol/L. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored in all patients with a subdural catheter (Camino Systems, San Diego, CA) for up to 72 hours after inclusion. Serum sodium levels became significantly different from the levels observed in the control group at 6 hours (P <.01). Over the first 24 hours, norepinephrine dose increased relative to baseline in the control group (P <.001; 13 patients) but not in the treatment group. ICP decreased significantly relative to baseline over the first 24 hours in the treatment group (P =.003; 13 patients) but not in the control group. The incidence of IH, defined as a sustained increase in ICP to a level of 25 mm Hg or greater, was significantly higher in the control group (P =.04). In conclusion, induction and maintenance of hypernatremia can reduce the incidence and severity of IH in patients presenting with ALF. PMID- 14768000 TI - Worsening of cerebral hyperemia by the administration of terlipressin in acute liver failure with severe encephalopathy. AB - There is increasing evidence that terlipressin is useful in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome, but there are no data of its use in patients with acute liver failure (ALF) in whom hepatorenal syndrome is common. Although terlipressin produces systemic vasoconstriction, it produces cerebral vasodilatation and may increase cerebral blood flow (CBF). Increased CBF contributes to intracranial hypertension in patients with ALF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of terlipressin in patients with ALF with respect to cerebral hemodynamics. Six successive patients with ALF were ventilated electively for grade IV hepatic encephalopathy. Patients were monitored invasively and CBF was measured (Kety-Schmidt technique). Measurements were made before and at 1, 3, and 5 hours after intravenous (single bolus) administration of terlipressin (0.005 mg/kg), median, 0.25 mg (range, 0.2-0.3 mg). There was no significant change in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, or cardiac output. CBF and jugular venous oxygen saturation both increased significantly at 1 hour (P = 0.016). Intracranial pressure increased significantly at 1 hour (P = 0.031), returning back to baseline values at 2 hours. In conclusion, administration of terlipressin, at a dose that did not alter systemic hemodynamics, resulted in worsening of cerebral hyperemia and intracranial hypertension in patients with ALF and severe hepatic encephalopathy. These data suggest the need to exercise extreme caution in the use of terlipressin in these patients in view of its potentially deleterious consequences on cerebral hemodynamics. PMID- 14768001 TI - Chronic liver disease mortality in the United States, 1990-1998. AB - In 1998, chronic liver disease (CLD) was the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S. Alcohol and hepatitis C are thought to be important etiologies. However, traditional methods for calculating CLD mortality rates from death certificates may underestimate hepatitis C-related CLD mortality. We studied patterns of CLD deaths reported from 1990 through 1998, using an expanded definition that included death certificates where CLD, viral hepatitis, or CLD-related sequelae were reported as the underlying cause. We calculated overall age-specific and age adjusted mortality rates, and according to demographic characteristics and recorded causes, and evaluated trends using linear regression modeling. CLD mortality declined 5% overall from 1990 through 1994 (12.1 to 11.6/100,000; P = 0.002), but remained unchanged from 1995 through 1998 (P = 0.366). Decreases were similar for all causes except hepatitis C, for which rates increased 220% from 1993 to 1998 (0.57 to 1.67/100,000). Rates declined in all racial-ethnic groups except American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN), among whom rates were unchanged. Of 30,933 CLD deaths in 1998, 39% were coded as alcohol related, 15% as hepatitis C, 4% as hepatitis B, and 44% had no recorded cause. Age-adjusted rates were higher among males (47.6/100,000) than females (32.2/100,000) and among Hispanics (19.1/100,000) compared with non-Hispanics (10.8/100,000). Rates among AI/AN (28.7/100,000) were more than twice those of African Americans and whites (12.9/100,000 and 11.5/100,000, respectively). In conclusion, 1998 CLD deaths and the proportion attributable to viral hepatitis increased by 23% and 19%, respectively, compared with traditional methods. Mortality declines of the early 1990s were not sustained after 1994. Large disparities in CLD mortality remain, particularly among American Indians and Alaska Natives. PMID- 14768002 TI - A sequential study of serum bacterial DNA in patients with advanced cirrhosis and ascites. AB - Bacterial translocation is currently considered the main pathogenic mechanism leading to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with advanced cirrhosis and ascites. However, to the authors' knowledge there is no information regarding the characteristics of this process in humans. The goals of the current study were to pursue partially identified bacterial DNA in blood (what the authors consider molecular evidence of bacterial translocation) through its relative quantification in a 72-hour study period by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A consecutive series of 17 patients with advanced cirrhosis and culture-negative, nonneutrocytic ascites were studied. Therapeutic paracentesis was performed at the time of admission, and blood samples were obtained at baseline and every 8 hours in a 3-day period. Bacterial DNA was detected by a PCR based method, relatively quantified by real-time PCR, and identified by automated nucleotide sequencing. Seven of 17 patients demonstrated the simultaneous presence of bacterial DNA in blood and ascitic fluid at the time of admission. After therapeutic paracentesis was performed, bacterial DNA persisted in the blood for a minimum of 24 hours, and was reported to last as long as 72 hours in some patients. In addition, different patterns of bacterial DNA appearance and clearance from the blood were identified. The nucleotide sequencing process demonstrated that bacteria detected in the first sample were identical to those noted in subsequent detections over time. In conclusion, bacterial translocation is a single-species, dynamic process that appears to develop in a subgroup of patients with advanced cirrhosis. PMID- 14768003 TI - Increased duodenal expression of divalent metal transporter 1 and iron-regulated gene 1 in cirrhosis. AB - Hepatic hemosiderosis and increased iron absorption are common findings in cirrhosis. It has been proposed that a positive relation exists between intestinal iron absorption and the development of hepatic hemosiderosis. The current study investigated the duodenal expression of the iron transport molecules divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1 [IRE]), iron-regulated gene 1 (Ireg1 [ferroportin]), hephaestin, and duodenal cytochrome b (Dyctb) in 46 patients with cirrhosis and 20 control subjects. Total RNA samples were extracted from duodenal biopsy samples and the expression of the iron transport genes was assessed by ribonuclease protection assays. Expression of DMT1 and Ireg1 was increased 1.5 to 3-fold in subjects with cirrhosis compared with iron-replete control subjects. The presence of cirrhosis per se and serum ferritin (SF) concentration were independent factors that influenced the expression of DMT1. However, only SF concentration was independently associated with Ireg1 expression. In cirrhosis, the expression of DMT1 and Ireg1 was not related to the severity of liver disease or cirrhosis type. There was no correlation between the duodenal expression of DMT1 and Ireg1 and the degree of hepatic siderosis. In conclusion, the presence of cirrhosis is an independent factor associated with increased expression of DMT1 but not Ireg1. The mechanism by which cirrhosis mediates this change in DMT1 expression has yet to be determined. Increased expression of DMT1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis-associated hepatic iron overload. PMID- 14768004 TI - Determinants of survival and the effect of portosystemic shunting in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. AB - Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare disorder that is characterized by hepatic venous outflow obstruction. The aim of this study was to assess determinants of survival and to evaluate the effect of portosystemic shunting. In this international multicenter study, 237 patients with BCS, diagnosed between 1984 and 2001, were investigated. Univariate, multivariate, and time-dependent Cox regression analyses were performed. Overall survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 82% (95% CI, 77%-87%), 69% (95% CI, 62%-76%), and 62% (95% CI, 54%-70%), respectively. Encephalopathy, ascites, prothrombin time, and bilirubin were independent determinants of survival. A prognostic classification combining these factors could identify three classes of patients (classes I-III). The 5-year survival rate was 89% (95% CI, 79%-99%) for class I, 74% (95% CI, 65%-83%) for class II, and 42% (95% CI, 28%-56%) for class III. Anticoagulants were administered to 72%; only for patients in class I was this associated with a trend toward improved survival (relative risk [RR], 0.14; 95% CI, 0.02-1.21). Portosystemic shunting was performed in 49% of the patients (n = 117); only for patients in class II, time-dependent analyses suggested an improved survival (RR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.26-1.49). In conclusion, at the time of diagnosis, patients with BCS can be classified into good (I), intermediate (II), and poor (III) prognostic classes, according to simple baseline clinical and laboratory parameters. Our results suggest an improved survival after surgical portosystemic shunting for patients with an intermediate prognosis (class II). PMID- 14768005 TI - Structured treatment interruption in patients with alveolar echinococcosis. AB - In human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), benzimidazoles are given throughout life because they are only parasitostatic. It has been a longstanding goal to limit treatment, and recent reports suggest that, in selected cases, benzimidazoles may be parasitocidal. Previously, we showed that positron -emission tomography (PET) using [(18)F]fluoro-deoxyglucose discriminates active from inactive lesions in AE. We have now performed a 3-year prospective study in 23 patients and conducted a structured treatment interruption in those without signs of PET activity. Disease progression was further assessed by ultrasound, computerized tomography, laboratory parameters, and clinical examination. We found PET-negative lesions in 15 of 23 patients and benzimidazoles were discontinued in these patients. After 18 months, patients were reevaluated, and, of the 15 initially PET-negative patients, 8 showed either new activity on PET (n = 6) or signs of clinical progression (n = 2). Reinitiation of benzimidazoles halted parasite growth again. No further progression was detected after 36 months. PET had a sensitivity of 91% for the detection of active lesions. In conclusion, despite successful suppression of metabolic activity, in most cases benzimidazoles do not kill the parasite. PET is a reliable tool for assessing metabolic activity and for timely detection of relapses. Neither duration of treatment, kind of treatment, lesion size, calcifications, or regressive changes reliably indicate parasite death. We discourage the discontinuation of benzimidazoles in inoperable AE even after many years of treatment. However, patients with a poor compliance of benzimidazole intake or patients suffering from side effects to benzimidazoles might be assessed for PET negativity. If permanent discontinuation of benzimidazoles is attempted, the course of disease should be followed by PET. PMID- 14768006 TI - Cancer-associated molecular signature in the tissue samples of patients with cirrhosis. AB - Several types of aggressive cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), often arise as a multifocal primary tumor. This suggests a high rate of premalignant changes in noncancerous tissue before the formation of a solitary tumor. Examination of the messenger RNA expression profiles of tissue samples derived from patients with cirrhosis of various etiologies by complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray indicated that they can be grossly separated into two main groups. One group included hepatitis B and C virus infections, hemochromatosis, and Wilson's disease. The other group contained mainly alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Analysis of these two groups by the cross-validated leave-one-out machine-learning algorithms revealed a molecular signature containing 556 discriminative genes (P <.001). It is noteworthy that 273 genes in this signature (49%) were also significantly altered in HCC (P <.001). Many genes were previously known to be related to HCC. The 273 gene signature was validated as cancer-associated genes by matching this set to additional independent tumor tissue samples from 163 patients with HCC, 56 patients with lung carcinoma, and 38 patients with breast carcinoma. From this signature, 30 genes were altered most significantly in tissue samples from high risk individuals with cirrhosis and from patients with HCC. Among them, 12 genes encoded secretory proteins found in sera. In conclusion, we identified a unique gene signature in the tissue samples of patients with cirrhosis, which may be used as candidate markers for diagnosing the early onset of HCC in high-risk populations and may guide new strategies for chemoprevention. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/suppmat/index.html). PMID- 14768007 TI - Hepatic expression of ANG2 RNA in metastatic colorectal cancer. AB - We examined the RNA content of the gene encoding angiopoietin (Ang)-2, a modifier of angiogenesis, in hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) to explore the role of this protein in neovascularization of metastatic foci. Metastatic CRC exhibited notable blood flow and tumor vessel formation at tumor frontiers. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays indicated that the ANG2 RNA content was greater in metastatic CRC than in primary CRC. Investigation of metastatic foci using laser capture microdissection revealed that the RNA content of ANG2, but not ANG1, increased from the bordering liver region to the periphery of the metastatic disease, and also from the periphery to the intermediate portion of the metastatic lesion; immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that there was a corresponding gradual increase in Ang-2 protein expression. Tie-2, a receptor for angiopoietins, was preferentially expressed in the bordering liver region rather than in metastatic CRC. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) also exhibited an expression pattern similar to that of Ang-2, and there was a significant correlation between the RNA content of ANG2 and that of VEGF in dissected samples (P =.002). Western blot analysis suggested that expression of Ang-1, Ang-2, Tie-2, and VEGF may be regulated at a transcriptional level. The increase in ANG2 RNA content from the peripheral portion of the tumor to the intermediate portion, coinciding with the decrease in recruitment of periendothelial supporting cells around the vascular endothelial cells, suggests that Ang-2 may play a role in the immaturity of tumor vessels. In conclusion, the current study suggests that Ang-2 and VEGF may cooperate to enhance the formation of new blood vessels in metastases of CRC to the liver. PMID- 14768008 TI - Detection and identification of tumor-associated protein variants in human hepatocellular carcinomas. AB - The proteomic approach is a valuable tool to detect and identify proteins that are associated with cancer. In previous investigations on experimentally induced rat hepatomas, we detected aldose reductase-like protein (ARLP) as a highly significant marker protein. Our present study was intended to look for the presence of similar tumor-associated marker proteins on human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). We found several novel tumor-associated protein variants that represent members of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily. Human aldose reductase-like protein-1 (hARLP-1) was the most prominent tumor-associated AKR member detected in HCC by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and identified by mass spectrometric fingerprinting. The enzyme was found in 4 distinct forms (hARLP-1, 36/7.4 (kd/pI); hARLP-2, 36/7.2; hARLP-3, 36/6.4; and hARLP-4, 33/7.35). In addition, a human aldose reductase-like protein (hARLP-5, 36/7.6) was identified that differed from hARLP-1 by 1 amino acid (D313N), indicating 2 allelic forms of the human aldose reductase-like gene. A novel antibody directed against common parts of the hARLPs revealed hARLP reactivity in human HCC by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, aldose reductase (AR) was identified and characterized as a tumor-associated variant. In conclusion, in all investigated human HCCs at least one of the various types of the described tumor-associated proteins of the AKR superfamily was clearly present. Of these HCC samples, 95% were positive for hARLPs as proven by 2-DE analysis and/or by use of the antibody directed against hARLP. Thus, hARLP is a strong candidate for use as an immunohistochemical diagnostic marker of human HCC. PMID- 14768012 TI - Hepatitis C. Development of new drugs and clinical trials: promises and pitfalls. Summary of an AASLD hepatitis single topic conference, Chicago, IL, February 27 March 1, 2003. PMID- 14768013 TI - Vitamin E therapy in patients with NASH. PMID- 14768015 TI - More on vitamin E therapy. PMID- 14768016 TI - A role for the 2-oxoglutarate carrier in glutathione transport into hepatocyte mitochondria? PMID- 14768019 TI - The clinical profile of acute hepatitis A infection: is it really so severe? PMID- 14768020 TI - Hy's law. PMID- 14768021 TI - Evaluation of some fungi and bacteria for biocontrol of anthracnose disease of cowpea. AB - The efficacy of some fungal and bacterial isolates obtained from cowpea phylloplane in inhibiting the in vitro and in vivo growth of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, causal agent of anthracnose of cowpea was investigated. Inhibition of growth of the pathogen with production of zones of inhibition was observed for Aspergillus flavus, A. ochraceus, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Bacillus subtilis-BS21, B. subtilis-BS22 and B. subtilis-BS23. Inhibition of growth on contact was recorded for A. niger while Trichoderma viride-TH14 and T. viride-TH31hyperparasitized the pathogen. The two isolates of T. viride and all tested bacteria significantly reduced seedling infection from anthracnose infested seeds in pot experiments. Spray application of T. viride-TH31 on inoculated cowpea plants in the field effectively suppressed the incidence and severity of anthracnose disease, and significantly increased yield over the control. The antagonist was more effective when applied twice weekly than once in a week. PMID- 14768022 TI - Molecular characterization of lactic acid populations associated with wine spoilage. AB - We have investigated the prevalence of spoilage lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in table wines produced in the Apulia region. The occurrence of LAB was evaluated in wines produced with low sulphur dioxide doses and not supplemented with selected malolactic starters such as Oenococcus oeni. About 150 strains were isolated from wine must and a molecular characterization was performed using PCR-based techniques. Most of the strains analysed belonged to Lactobacillus plantarum species. However, some of the strains were identified as Pediococcus damnosus and Leuconostoc sp. The amplified fragments of Pediococcus damnosus were cloned and sequenced. The coding sequence was highly homologous to that of the ropy plasmid confirming that the isolated strain was a ropy(+) Pediococcus damnosus. In all the samples analysed, the final must pH value reached was relatively high (from 3.78 to 3.90). The high pH values had probably negatively influenced (counteracted) the activity of sulphur dioxide added, allowing proliferation of spoilage wine microorganisms. PMID- 14768023 TI - Examination of membrane protein expression in Paracoccus denitrificans by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. AB - The well-known metabolic versatility of the soil bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans poses a challenge for modern proteomic approaches. We describe here improved preparation conditions that allow good separation and quantitative analyses of hundreds of membrane or periplasmic proteins. To illustrate this optimized procedure, the results of a screening for membrane proteins associated predominantly with aerobic or anaerobic (denitrifying) modes of growth are presented. PMID- 14768024 TI - Isolation and characterization of pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus from diseased cobia Rachycentron canadum. AB - Outbreaks of serious mortality among cultured juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum L. (weighing 8-10 g) characterized by lethargy, dark skin and ascites in the peritoneal cavity while some fish possessing damaged eyes occurred in July and August of 2001 in Taiwan. Fifteen motile bacterial strains were isolated from head kidney and/or the ascites on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 1% NaCl (TSA1) and/or thiosulphate citrate bile salt (TCBS) sucrose agar plates during the two outbreaks. All the isolates were characterized and identified as Vibrio alginolyticus on the basis of biochemical characteristics, and comparisons with those of the reference strain V. alginolyticus ATCC 17749. The strain C3c01 (a representative of the 15 similar field isolates), was virulent to the cobia with an LD50 value of 3.28 x 10(4) colony forming units/g fish body weight. All the moribund/dead fish exhibited lethargy, dark skin and ascites in the peritoneal cavity as that observed in natural outbreaks. The same bacteria could be reisolated from kidney and the ascites of fish after bacterial challenge using TSA1 and TCBS plates. The results reveal that V. alginolyticus is an infectious agent of vibriosis in the cobia. PMID- 14768025 TI - A thermostable maltose-tolerant alpha-amylase from Aspergillus tamarii. AB - An homogeneous fraction of alpha-amylase from Aspergillus tamarii was obtained by means of a very easy purification procedure. The enzyme is a glycoprotein containing 32% saccharide and MW of 37.5 kDa. Optimal of pH and temperature with starch as substrate were 4.5-6.5 and 50-55 degrees C. The enzyme was stable for several hours at temperature up to 65 degrees C. Starch, amylose, and amylopectin were the substrates preferentially hydrolysed and maltose and maltotriose were the main end products. The values of K(M) and V(max) for starch were 2 g/l and 880 micromoles reducing sugars/min.mg of protein, respectively. The purified enzyme was remarkably insensitive to end product inhibition, being only slightly inhibited by maltose and glucose up to 1.0 M. PMID- 14768026 TI - Electrophoretic karyotype of two Micromucor species. AB - Electrophoretic karyotype analysis was applied to obtain information on the organisation and intrageneric variability of the nuclear genome in three Micromucor isolates of two different species (M. isabellina and M. ramanniana). A protoplast formation protocol, conditions for the preparation of highly-intact chromosome-size DNA molecules and for the separation of DNA molecules were established. The chromosomal banding patterns revealed substantial variability among the isolates: 11 to 14 chromosomal mobility groups were resolved. The DNA in the Micromucor chromosomes were rather small; their estimated sizes were calculated to be between 2.60 and 0.4 Mb. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe as size standard, the minimum total genome sizes were estimated to be between 24.19 and 24.9 Mb. PMID- 14768027 TI - Biosynthesis of tannase and gallic acid from tannin rich substrates by Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus foetidus. AB - Modified solid-state fermentation (MSSF) of tannin-rich substrates for production of tannase and gallic acid was carried out using two fungal cultures, Rhizopus oryzae (RO IIT RB-13, NRRL 21498) and Aspergillus foetidus (GMRB013 MTCC 3557). The tannin rich substrates included powdered fruits of Terminalia chebula and Caesalpinia digyna pod cover powder. The different environmental parameters for the maximum production of tannase and gallic acid were optimized through media engineering. The highest yield of tannase and gallic acid was obtained after 60 h in case of Rhizopus oryzae and after 72 h by Aspergillus foetidus with 3 ml of induced inoculum. The optimum initial pH of the fermentation was found to be 4.5 in case of Rhizopus oryzae and 5.0 for Aspergillus foetidus. MSSF was carried out at the optimum conditions of 30 degrees C and 80% relative humidity. Collectively, the data reveal the potential of the modified solid-state fermentation process for the production of tannase and gallic acid from tannin rich substrates with R. oryzae and A. foetidus. PMID- 14768028 TI - Extracellular chitinase production by Trichoderma harzianum in submerged fermentation. AB - Extra-cellular chitinase production by a chitinolytic fungus Trichoderma harzianum TUBF 966 using submerged fermentation was studied. Colloidal chitin (1.5% w/v) was used as sole carbon source. Maximum chitinase production (14.7 U/ml) was obtained when fermentation was carried out at 30 degrees C for 96 h using 72 h old mycelium in a medium containing colloidal chitin 1.5% (w/v) as carbon source and 0.42 (% w/v) peptone as nitrogen source (pH 5.5). Supplementation of additional carbon sources (0.75% w/v) showed no further enhancement in chitinase production while supplementation of nitrogen sources (0.42% w/v) such as peptone and tryptone in the fermentation medium showed a marked increase in production. The process parameters that controlled chitinase production by the fungus were studied and presented here. PMID- 14768029 TI - Isolation and characterization of microorganisms capable of decolorizing various triphenylmethane dyes. AB - Various soil and sludge samples collected from the vicinity of textile dyeing industries and waste disposal sites were used for enrichment of microbial population in the presence of triphenylmethane (TPM) dye Acid Violet-17 (AV-17). Twenty-five (25) isolates were screened for their ability to decolorize AV-17 dye added at a rate of 10 mgl(-1) in mineral salts medium (MSM) agar plates. Five bacterial isolates belonging to Bacillus sp., Alcaligenes sp. and Aeromonas sp. were selected on the basis of their higher decolorization ability and were used to develop a bacterial consortium. The consortium was able to efficiently decolorize various TPM dyes viz. Acid Violet-17 (86%), Acid Blue-15 (85%), Crystal Violet (82%), Malachite Green (82%) and Brilliant Green (85%). The consortium will be further used for designing efficient and cost effective treatment system for effluents of textile processing industries (TPI). PMID- 14768030 TI - Construction of a GBS-GAS DNA subtraction library allows discovery of previously unidentified GBS genes and rapid location of unique regions on the GBS chromosome. AB - A subtraction library of group B streptococcus (GBS) strain O9OR with GAS chromosomal DNA (strain SF370) was constructed and more than 100 plasmid clones sequenced. DNA sequences of the plasmid inserts were analyzed using the BLAST gene search. Most inserts had little or no homology to GAS chromosomal DNA and 26 clones from the library had no gene homologues in the gene bank. The majority of genes discovered represented house keeping GBS genes, but several could be considered as possible virulence factors. Inserts from 21 clones were labeled and used as probes for hybridization with GBS DNA fragments separated by pulsed field electrophoresis. A genetic map of GBS strain O9OR was constructed. PMID- 14768034 TI - Mini-review: regulatory T cells and infection: suppression revisited. AB - Within the last few years, regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells) have re-entered the stage of immunology. This astonishing revival is mainly due to recent studies on peripheral tolerance, which demonstrated the existence of T(reg) cells and allowed the isolation and phenotypic and functional characterization of these cells. However, information on the role of T(reg) cells in the control of immune responses against infections is still limited, although host defense represents the prime function of the immune system. In this overview, we summarize current knowledge on T(reg) cells in immunity to infection, discuss potential functions of T(reg) cells during infection, and finally, point to possible implications of T(reg) cell functions for our understanding of fundamental aspects of host pathogen interactions. PMID- 14768035 TI - Commentary: T cells get by with a little help from their friends. AB - In animal models, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) may be controlled after acute infection or may establish various levels of persistence. Cytotoxic responses mediated by CD8(+) T cells are responsible for both initial control of LCMV and for immunopathology. As discussed in this article, there is emerging evidence that the levels of antigen to which the immune system is exposed over time are important in controlling CD8(+) T cell activation, memory responses and exhaustion, and that these levels are affected by the efficiency of T cell help and the presence of antibody. To enable lasting control of LCMV infection, CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+) T cell help and B cells are all required. These findings have important implications for the prevention and treatment of infection by viruses such as hepatitis B and C viruses, cytomegalovirus and HIV. See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200324717 PMID- 14768036 TI - Maintenance of memory CTL responses by T helper cells and CD40-CD40 ligand: antibodies provide the key. AB - Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are essential for control of primary infections by many pathogens and in particular by non-cytopathic viruses. It has been proposed that long-term maintenance of CTL memory and control of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is dependent upon the presence of T helper cells and interaction of antigen-presenting cells and CTL via CD40 and its ligand CD40L. However, we demonstrate here that CD40-CD40L interaction maintains CTL memory by induction of virus-specific antibodies. In fact, loss of CTL memory responses and spread of virus in mice lacking CD40 or its ligand is prevented by repetitive therapeutic injections of LCMV-specific antibodies. This indicates that antibodies are essential for long-term control of non-cytopathic virus and to maintain protective memory. Transfer of neutralizing antibodies or induction of antibodies by therapeutic vaccination within weeks after infection may therefore prove beneficial for the treatment of chronic virus infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200324844 PMID- 14768037 TI - Exacerbated Th2-mediated airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in autoimmune diabetes-prone NOD mice: a critical role for CD1d-dependent NKT cells. AB - The NOD mouse has proved to be a relevant model of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, closely resembling the human disease. However, it is unknown whether this strain presents a general biastoward Th1-mediated autoimmunity or remains capable of mounting complete Th2-mediated responses. Here, we show that NOD mice have the capacity to develop a typical Th2-mediated disease, namely experimental allergic asthma. In contrast to what might have been expected, they even developed a stronger Th2-mediated pulmonary inflammatory response than BALB/c mice, a strain that shows a typical Th2 bias in this model. Thus, after allergen sensitization and intra-nasal challenge, the typical features of experimental asthma were exacerbated in NOD mice, including enhanced bronchopulmonary responsiveness, mucus production and eosinophilic inflammation in the lungs as well as specific IgE titers in serum. These hallmarks of allergic asthma were associated with increased IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin production in the lungs, as compared with BALB/c mice. Notwithstanding their quantitative and functional defect in NOD mice, CD1d-dependent NKT cells contribute to aggravate the disease, since in OVA-immunized CD1d(-/-) NOD mice, which are deficient in this particular T cell subset, airway eosinophilia was clearly diminished relative to NOD littermates. This is the first evidence that autoimmune diabetes-prone NOD mice can also give rise to enhanced Th2-mediated responses and might thus provide a useful model for the study of common genetic and cellular components, including NKT cells that contribute to both asthma and type 1 diabetes. PMID- 14768038 TI - CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress tumor immunity but are sensitive to cyclophosphamide which allows immunotherapy of established tumors to be curative. AB - We investigated the mechanisms of immune tolerance raised by tumors by comparing immunogenic and tolerogenic tumor cell clones isolated from a rat colon carcinoma. When injected into syngeneichosts, the immunogenic REGb cells yield tumors that are rejected, while the tolerogenic PROb cells yield progressive tumors and inhibit the regression of REGb tumors. We show here that PROb tumor volume is correlated with an expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues. These cells delay in vivo the rejection of REGb tumors and inhibit in vitro T cell-mediated immune responses against REGb cells through a mechanism that requires cell contact between effector and regulatory T cells and involves TGF-beta. While total T cells fromPROb tumor-bearing rats yield no apparent anti-tumor immune response, depletion of CD25(+) T cells restores this reactivity. A single administration of cyclophosphamide depletes CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in PROb tumor-bearing animals, delays the growth of PROb tumors, and cures rats bearing established PROb tumors when followed by an immunotherapy which has no curative effect when administered alone. These results demonstrate the role of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in tumor-induced immune tolerance and the interest of regulatory T cell depletion to sensitize established tumors to immunotherapy. PMID- 14768039 TI - Natural killer T cells contribute to airway eosinophilic inflammation induced by ragweed through enhanced IL-4 and eotaxin production. AB - Although NKT cells have been found to be capable of modulating immune responses in several model systems, the role of NKT cells in allergy remains unclear. Using CD1 gene knockout (KO) mice, which lack NKT cells, we examined the function of NKT cells in the development of allergic inflammation induced by a common airborne human allergen, ragweed. The data showed that airway eosinophilia and mucus overproduction induced by ragweed were significantly reduced in CD1 KO mice, which was correlated with significantly lower allergen-driven IL-4 production and lower eotaxin responses in the airways of CD1 KO mice. Moreover, both ragweed-specific and total serum IgE levels in CD1 KO mice were significantly lower than those in control BALB/c mice. The reduced allergic reaction in CD1 KO mice is not due to intrinsic deficiency because they showed normal levels of immune cells and function. In addition, in vivo stimulation of NKT cells using their natural ligand, alpha-galactosylceramide, enhanced ragweed induced airway eosinophilia, IL-4, and eotaxin production in control, but not CD1 KO mice. These data provide in vivo evidence for the involvement of NKT cells in the allergic mechanisms responsible for allergen-driven cytokine and chemokine production and airway inflammation. PMID- 14768040 TI - Hepatic dendritic cell subsets in the mouse. AB - The CD11c(+) cell population in the non-parenchymal cell population of the mouse liver contains dendritic cells (DC), NK cells, B cells and T cells. In the hepatic CD11c(+) DC population from immunocompetent or immunodeficient [recombinase-activating gene-1 (RAG1)(-/-)] C57BL/6 mice (rigorously depleted of T cells, B cells and NK cells), we identified a B220(+) CD11c(int) subset of 'plasmacytoid' DC, and a B220(-) CD11c(+) DC subset. The latter DC population could be subdivided into a major, immature (CD40(lo) CD80(lo) CD86(lo) MHC class II(lo)) CD11c(int) subset, and a minor, mature (CD40(hi) CD80(hi) CD86(hi) MHC class II(hi)) CD11c(hi) subset. Stimulated B220(+) but not B220(-) DC produced type I interferon. NKT cell activation in vivo increased the number of liver B220(-) DC three- to fourfold within 18 h post-injection, and up-regulated their surface expression of activation marker, while it contracted the B220(+) DC population. Early in virus infection, the hepatic B220(+) DC subset expanded, and both, the B220(+) as well as B220(-) DC populations in the liver matured. In vitro, B220(-) but not B220(+) DC primed CD4(+) or CD8(+)T cells. Expression of distinct marker profiles and functions, and distinct early reaction to activation signals hence identify two distinct B220(+) and B220(-) subsets in CD11c(+) DC populations freshly isolated from the mouse liver. PMID- 14768041 TI - Activation requirements for the induction of CD4+CD25+ T cell suppressor function. AB - The in vivo differentiation/survival of CD4(+)CD25(+) T suppressor cells is dependent on IL-2 and CD28-mediated costimulatory signals. To determine the cytokine and costimulatory requirements for CD25(+) T cells in vitro, we established a two-stage culture system where CD25(+) T cells were activated in a primary culture. In the subsequent culture, activated CD4(+)CD25(+) cells were then mixed with responders in order to assess their suppressor function. Pre culture of CD25(+) T cells with anti-CD3 alone resulted in poor survival and minimal induction of suppressor activity. Pre-culture in the presence of anti-CD3 and IL-2 or IL-4, but not IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-10 or IL-15, resulted in proliferation of the CD25(+) cells and induction of potent suppressor function. Inhibition of the interaction of CD28 or cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) with CD80/CD86 in the pre-culture of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells did not prevent the induction of suppressor function. Furthermore, the inhibition of costimulatory signals did not inhibit the ability of fresh CD25(+) T cells to inhibit CD8(+) responders under conditions where activation of the responders was independent of CD80/CD86. These studies support the view that activation of CD25(+) T cells requires IL-2/IL-4 for their survival/differentiation into effector cells, but is independent of CD28/CTLA-4-mediated costimulation. PMID- 14768042 TI - Introducing a mouse model for pre-eclampsia: adoptive transfer of activated Th1 cells leads to pre-eclampsia-like symptoms exclusively in pregnant mice. AB - Pre-eclampsia (PE) is the most severe pregnancy-related disease, leading to high maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality. Immunological imbalances associated with endothelial cell dysfunction have been hypothesized as a cause for the onset and perpetuation of PE. Valid and reliable animal models are urgently required to test this hypothesis and to better understand the mechanisms underlying PE. We developed a novel PE-model by adoptively transferring activated BALB/c Th1-like splenocytes into allogeneically pregnant BALB/c female mice during late gestation; the model mimicked the symptoms of PE, i.e. increased blood pressure and glomerulonephritis accompanied by proteinuria. Interestingly, these PE-like symptoms were not detectable in non-pregnant recipients of activated Th1-like cells. Adoptive cell transfer adversely affected the outcome of pregnancy by increasing fetal rejection, with uterine immune cells showing an inflammatory profile. In conclusion, we have established a valid and reliable PE mouse model, which opens vast opportunities for therapeutic interventions. PMID- 14768043 TI - An MHC anchor-substituted analog of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 induces IFN-gamma and autoantibodies in the absence of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and optic neuritis. AB - Previous strategies to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) include the treatment of autoreactive T cells with altered peptide ligands, which contain amino acid substitutions at TCR contact residues. We recently showed that a variant of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 possessing low affinity for MHC (45D) induced anergy in MOG 35-55-specific T cells and reduced their encephalitogenicity upon adoptive transfer. Here we investigate the characteristics of the primary immune response to this MHC anchor-substituted peptide. Overall, we observed that immunization with 45D resulted in the production of IFN-gamma and anti-MOG 35-55 autoantibodies at levels similar to those of MOG 35-55-immunized mice with active EAE. However, no symptoms of clinical or histological EAE or overt histological optic neuritis were observed in 45D-immunized mice. Consistent with this finding, 45D-immunized mice did not exhibit CD4(+) infiltrates into the CNS. Therefore, MOG 35-55-specific precursors stimulated with a weak ligand (45D) mediate some EAE-associated effector functions but are unable to fully initiate the inflammatory process in the central nervous system that leads to clinical manifestation of EAE. PMID- 14768044 TI - Control of cross-presentation during dendritic cell maturation. AB - The initiation of most cytotoxic immune responses requires MHC class I-restricted presentation of internalized antigens to CD8(+) T lymphocytes, a process called cross-presentation. In dendritic cells (DC), the only antigen-presenting cells that activate naive T cells, cross-presentation is particularly efficient after internalization of opsonized antigens or immune complexes, which are cross presented through a proteasome- and transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-dependent MHC class I antigen presentation pathway. We now show that FcgammaR-mediated cross-presentation is tightly regulated during DC maturation. Cross-presentation increases soon after activation by lipopolysaccharides, and it is then inhibited in fully mature cells. The initial induction of cross-presentation results from an increase of both antigen internalization and delivery to the cytosol, and from a slight rise in the activity of the proteasome and TAP. The subsequent block of cross-presentation in mature DC is a consequence of the selective down-modulation of antigen internalization and cytosolic delivery, while proteasome and TAP activities continue to rise. Therefore, FcgammaR-mediated cross-presentation is regulated during DC maturation by the selective control of antigen internalization and transport to the cytosol. PMID- 14768045 TI - Alloreactive CD4 T lymphocytes responsible for acute and chronic graft-versus host disease are contained within the CD45RChigh but not the CD45RClow subset. AB - Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and occurs when donor T cells react with histo incompatible recipient's antigens. In the present study, we analyzed the contribution of CD4 T cell subsets, defined according to their CD45RC expression level, in the development of acute and chronic GvHD. For this purpose, we used the model of GvHD induced in rats when parental lymphocytes are transferred to irradiated (LEWxBN) F1 hybrid recipients. We showed that parental CD45RC(high) (naive cells) CD4 T cells induced both acute and chronic GvHD while CD45RC(low) (memory cells) subset did not. In vitro, only CD45RC(high) CD4 T cells proliferated and produced cytokines in response to alloantigen stimulation. LEW and BN CD45RC(high) CD4 T cells produced different cytokine profiles in response to in vitro allostimulation, which could explain their ability to induce different forms of GvHD. Finally, we showed that memory CD45RC(low) CD4 T cells, known to contain regulatory T cells, were unable to prevent GvHD induction. Together these data show that memory CD45RC(low) CD4 T cells do not contain functional alloreactive T cells and suggest that selective transfusion of donor memory cells could greatly improve post-transplant immune reconstitution without risk of GvHD induction. PMID- 14768046 TI - Leukemic plasmacytoid dendritic cells share phenotypic and functional features with their normal counterparts. AB - This work aims to further characterize the newly described leukemic plasmacytoid dendritic cells (LPDC), for which we had previously demonstrated their normal, PDC-like ability to produce IFN-alpha. In addition, LPDC also express the specific antigens BDCA-2 and BDCA-4. Importantly, they become fully competent antigen-presenting cells (APC) after a short maturation induced by IL-3 + CD40L or virus, exhibiting a characteristic APC phenotype (high expression of CD83 and of the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, CD86). Whereas IL-3 + CD40L-activated LPDC prime naive CD4(+) T cells towards a Th2 pathway (IL-4-secreting T cells), virus-activated LPDC drive a Th1 profile (IFN-gamma-secreting T cells). Moreover, we show in one case that LPDC are able to capture, process and present exogenous antigens, leading to the activation of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell clones in an antigen-specific manner. This study further characterizes the phenotype and immunological functions of LPDC. PMID- 14768047 TI - Subversion of effector CD8+ T cell differentiation in acute hepatitis C virus infection: exploring the immunological mechanisms. AB - Hallmark of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a severe virus-specific effector CD8(+) T cell dysfunction that seems to be a critical factor in preventing the resolution of infection and in favoring the onset of chronic liver immunopathology. We suggest that this dysfunction is critical in the establishment of HCV persistence, unless it is compensated by multispecific responses, as found in individuals resolving infection. Analyses on purified populations indicate that central memory HCV-specific CCR7(+)/CD8(+) T cells efficiently proliferate and differentiate in vitro, although the large population of memory effector CCR7(-) cells found in the peripheral blood of acutely infected patients display poor effector functions ex vivo (semi-effectors). However, we report strong evidence in support of IL-2 being capable of pushing semi-effector CTL to complete their effector cell program. Therefore, IL-2 deficiency during T cell activation may be responsible for the dichotomy between memory CTL expansion and incomplete effector differentiation shown in patients with acute HCV infection. These data are consistent with the possible therapeutic treatment with IL-2 to rebuild the effector T cell pool in these patients. PMID- 14768048 TI - Subversion of effector CD8+ T cell differentiation in acute hepatitis C virus infection: the role of the virus. AB - In a companion study, we showed a dichotomy between the expansion of central memory (CCR7(+)) hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CTL and the incomplete memory effector differentiation in patients with acute HCV infection. Indeed, effector cells were unable to perform immediate functions, despite expressing the tissue homing phenotype of effector memory cells (CCR7(-); semi-effectors). However, since they promptly differentiated into full-effectors upon IL-2 contact, we suggested that the inhibitory effect by environmental (possibly viral) factors on IL-2 production may have a pivotal role in generating the large population of semi-effector CCR7(-)/IFN-gamma(-) CTL. In accord with this view, we report here strong evidence in support of circulating HCVcore protein (HCVcore) playing a central role in inhibiting effector CTL differentiation, but not memory CTL expansion. The regulatory HCVcore effect is related to inhibition of the signal transduction pathway instrumental for IL-2 production, supporting the evidence that IL-2 was capable both of pushing semi-effector CTL to complete their effector cell program and of restoring the HCVcore-dependent inhibitory effect. Therefore, the strength of CTL activation is dependent on the balance between the threshold of stimulatory signals and the viral interference capacities provided during priming. PMID- 14768049 TI - Regulation of autoimmune diabetes by non-islet-specific T cells - a role for the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor. AB - Diabetogenic BDC2.5 CD4 T cells induce diabetes when injected into NOD.scid mice. However, when co-transferred with the OVA-specific DO11.10 CD4 T cells, BDC2.5 T cells failed to cause diabetes. This inhibition depended upon the stimulation of DO11.10 T cells only with soluble OVA, which skewed their differentiation to a Th2-type pattern of cytokine secretion in vivo. However, in vivo neutralization of IL-4, IL-10 or TGF-beta using monoclonal antibodies did not prevent the inhibition whereas treatment with an antibody against the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor abrogated the protection from disease. In the protected mice, the diabetogenic T cells could be isolated from their spleens and shown to transfer diabetes when injected into new NOD.scid recipients. Thus, the inhibition took place without the physical or functional elimination of the diabetogenic T cells. PMID- 14768050 TI - Analysis of the activating receptors and cytolytic function of human natural killer cells undergoing in vivo differentiation after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. AB - Patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation offer a unique system to analyze NK cell development in vivo. We analyzed NK cells from 23 such patients to assess the acquisition of activating receptors. Four patients displayed an immature NK cell surface phenotype at engraftment, as their cells were CD16(-)KIR(-) and NKG2D(-) but expressed low levels of NKp46, NKp30, 2B4 and NKG2A. These NK cells had particularly low cytolytic activity against the HLA class-I(-) melanoma F01 cell line and the 721-221 EBV-infected B cell line. Moreover, cytoxicity was inhibited upon mAb-mediated crosslinking of 2B4. Analysis of NK cells at day 30 after bone marrow transplantation revealed the occurrence of both phenotypic and functional maturation. These data are in agreement with a previous in vitro study showing that immature NK cell precursors express CD16, NKG2D and KIR only at a late stage of differentiation and also express inhibitory 2B4. Our present study allows a better understanding of the NK cell differentiation in vivo. PMID- 14768051 TI - The chemokine receptor CCR7 controls lymph node-dependent cytotoxic T cell priming in alloimmune responses. AB - The chemokine receptor CCR7 and its ligands regulate migration and colocalization of T cells and mature dendritic cells to and within secondary lymphoid organs. The requirement of CCR7 in efficient priming of allospecific cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells is poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate a role for CCR7 in the initiation of an alloimmune response and in the development of transplant rejection. Remarkably, in a model of acute allogeneic tumor rejection, CCR7(-/-) mice completely failed to reject subcutaneously injected MHC class I mismatched tumor cells and cytotoxic activity of allospecific T cells was severely compromised. When solid tumors derived from wild-type mice were transplanted, recipient CCR7(-/-) mice were capable of rejecting the allografts. In contrast, tumor allografts transplanted from CCR7(-/-) donors onto CCR7(-/-) recipients showed allograft survival up to 28 days, suggesting a critical function of CCR7 on donor-type passenger leukocytes in the initiation of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell responses. In a heterotopic heart transplantation model CCR7 deficiency resulted in significantly prolonged but not indefinite allograft survival. Additional prolongation of graft survival was observed when hearts from CCR7(-/-) mice were used as donor organs. Our results define a key role for CCR7 in allogeneic T cell priming within the context of draining lymph nodes. PMID- 14768052 TI - A CIITA-independent pathway that promotes expression of endogenous rather than exogenous peptides in immune-privileged sites. AB - A CIITA-independent pathway of MHC class II expression has been found in the eye and the brain, both immune-privileged sites. Although corneal endothelial cells were unable to express MHC class II in response to IFN-gamma alone, these cells readily expressed MHC class II molecules via a CIITA-independent pathway when triggered by simultaneous exposure to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. CIITA-independent expression of MHCclass II molecules enabled corneal endothelial cells to present cytosolic, but not endosomal, ovalbumin (OVA) to OVA-primed T cells. To determine whether CIITA-independent expression of MHC class II is relevant in vivo, minor H only-incompatible corneal allografts prepared from CIITA knockout (KO) mice, MHC class II KO mice or wild-type donors were placed in eyes of normal mice. Cornea allografts from wild-type and CIITA KO mice suffered similar rejection fates, whereas far fewer class II-deficient corneas were rejected. In addition, MHC class II-bearing macrophages were observed in cuprizone-induced inflammatory and demyelinating brain lesions of CIITA KO mice. We conclude that class II expression via the CIITA-independent pathway enhances the vulnerability to rejection of corneal grafts expressing minor antigens. The potential relevance of CIITA-independent MHC class II expression at immune-privileged sites is discussed in relation to tolerance to strong autoantigens. PMID- 14768053 TI - Expression profiling of IL-10-regulated genes in human monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from psoriatic patients during IL-10 therapy. AB - Interleukin-10 (IL-10), originally identified as an inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, exerts multiple immunomodulatory functions. Its ability to inhibit a Th1 response has been used in clinical trials for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including psoriasis. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of IL-10 functions. We aimed at identifying possible mediators of in vitro IL-10 treatment in monocytes by gene chip technology using Hu95a Affymetrix mRNA arrays with 12,000 genes. To prove relevance of the identified genes for the clinical situation we compared these in vitro results with genes being regulated by IL-10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from psoriatic patients undergoing IL-10 therapy. A high proportion of the 1,600 genes up-regulated and 1,300 genes down-regulated in vitro was found to be similarly regulated in vivo. Some genes, which were previously unknown to be regulated by IL-10, can be assigned to known IL-10 functions like e.g. the increase of pathogen clearance. Other new potentially immunomodulating genes have been identified to be regulated by IL-10, but their impact needs to be experimentally evaluated. We could confirm a recently reported up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). However, we demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of IL-10 remain functional even when HO-1 is irreversibly inhibited. PMID- 14768054 TI - SMUCKLER/TIM4 is a distinct member of TIM family expressed by stromal cells of secondary lymphoid tissues and associated with lymphotoxin signaling. AB - Lymphotoxin-alpha (LTalpha) was originally linked to delayed-type hypersensitivity and its production was later attributed to Th1, but not Th2 cells. Studies employing knockout mice demonstrated that LT signaling is essential for the development and functional compartmentalization of lymphoid tissues. Here, using gene expression profiling, we identified a novel gene termed SMUCKLER (spleen, mucin-containing, knockout of lymphotoxin), that is selectively down-regulated in spleens of LTalpha- or LTbeta-deficient mice. The encoded transmembrane protein contains immunoglobulin V and mucin domains and is identical to TIM4, a predicted member of recently identified TIM family (T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule). Unlike TIM1 and TIM3, which were implicated in T cell-mediated functions, SMUCKLER lacks tyrosine phosphorylation motif in its intracellular domain and is not expressed by bone marrow-derived cells. In situ hybridization of spleen sections demonstrated SMUCKLER expression by stromal cells predominantly in the marginal zone and to a lesser extent throughout the white pulp. Similarly to other TIM genes, SMUCKLER maps to a locus associated with predisposition to asthma both in mice and in humans (11.b1 and 5q33, respectively) and shows coding sequence variations between BALB/c and DBA mice. Therefore, SMUCKLER/TIM4 may be considered as a candidate disease-predisposition gene for asthma. PMID- 14768055 TI - Immunoglobulin gene conversion in chicken DT40 cells largely proceeds through an abasic site intermediate generated by excision of the uracil produced by AID mediated deoxycytidine deamination. AB - Diversification of the primary antibody repertoire in chickens is achieved by a gene conversion process that uses a set of immunoglobulin variable (IgV) pseudogenes as templates. Studies usingthe chicken DT40 B lymphoma cell line have shown that this gene conversion is dependent on activation-induced deaminase, which deaminates deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine in the IgV gene. The mechanism by which the resultant deoxyuridine/deoxyguanosine (dU/dG) mismatch acts to initiate the gene conversion process is unknown but likely involves either (i) recognition of the dU/dG pair by the mismatch repair complex or (ii) recognition of the dU itself by uracil-DNA glycosylase. To discriminate these possibilities, we have investigated the effects on IgV gene conversion of inhibiting uracil-DNA glycosylase. We find that such inhibition diminishes gene conversion, biasing instead towards point mutations. These results demonstrate that IgV gene conversion in DT40 cells is substantially dependent on uracil excision and implies that it proceeds by a pathway involving an abasic site, which could be acted upon by an apyrimidinic endonuclease to generate a DNA strand break facilitating the conversion process. PMID- 14768056 TI - The anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 can functionally substitute for the B cell survival but not for the marginal zone B cell differentiation activity of BAFF. AB - The TNF family ligand B cell-activating factor (BAFF, BLyS, TALL-1) is an essential factor for B cell development. BAFF binds to three receptors, BAFF-R, transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI), and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), but only BAFF-R is required for successful survival and maturation of splenic B cells. To test whether the effect of BAFF is due to the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic factors, TACI-Ig-transgenic mice, in which BAFF function is inhibited, were crossed with transgenic mice expressing FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) or Bcl-2 in the B cell compartment. FLIP expression did not rescue B cells, while enforced Bcl-2 expression restored peripheral B cells and the ability to mount T-dependent antibody responses. However, many B cells retained immaturity markers and failed to express normal amounts of CD21. Marginal zone B cells were not restored and the T-independent IgG3, but not IgM, response was impaired in the TACI-IgxBcl-2 mice. These results suggest that BAFF is required not only to inhibit apoptosis of maturating B cells, but also to promote differentiation events, in particular those leading to the generation of marginal zone B cells. PMID- 14768057 TI - Control of Leishmania major in the absence of Tyk2 kinase. AB - IL-12 is indispensable for the control of many intracellular pathogens, but the components of the signaling pathway that are essential for its function in vivo are incompletely understood. Here, we investigated in the Leishmania major mouse model whether Tyk2 kinase is required for the generation of a protective immune response. Unlike C57BL/6 controls, Tyk2(-/-)mice developed severe skin lesions after infection that frequently ulcerated, but ultimately healed. NK cell cytotoxicity was absent in infected Tyk2(-/-) mice, even after IL-12 pretreatment, which correlated with a STAT4 activation defect. IFN-alpha / beta, which was still able to activate STAT1 in Tyk2(-/-) NK cells, reconstituted their cytotoxic activity, but not their IL-12 responsiveness. The IL-12-induced production of IFN-gamma by NK cells and CD8(+) T cells was strongly suppressed in Tyk2(-/-) mice at day 1 of infection, but partly regained during the late phase of infection. Tyk2(-/-) CD4(+) T cells developed into Th1 cells (although in a delayed fashion) and infected Tyk2(-/-) mice expressed normals levels of inducible NO synthase. Thus, Tyk2 is required for the IL-12 response of NK cells and CD8(+) T cells in L. major-infected mice, but not for the generation of Th1 cells and the ultimate control of the disease. PMID- 14768058 TI - Inhibition of intra- and extra-cellular Tat function and HIV expression by pertussis toxin B-oligomer. AB - HIV-1-transactivating factor Tat contributes to virus replication and to the onset of AIDS-associated pathologies by targeting different infected and uninfected cell types. We previously demonstrated that the B-oligomer of pertussis toxin (PTX-B) inhibits HIV infection and replication in primary T cells and macrophages and Tat-dependent HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) transactivation inT lymphoid Jurkat cells. Here we demonstrate that PTX-B inhibits Tat-dependent NF-kappaB activation and HIV-1 LTR-transactivation in non permissive epithelial HL3T1 cells in a phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase-dependent way. PTX-B exerts its inhibition both when Tat is produced endogenously in transfected cells and in cells incubated with the extracellular Tat protein. In this latter case, PTX-B does not interfere with extracellular Tat uptake by cells. PTX-B inhibited also interleukin-8 secretion and virus expression stimulated in chronically infected U1 promonocytic cells by intra- and/or extracellular Tat. The genetically modified holotoxin PT-9 K/129G retains the capacity to inhibit Tat transactivating activity and HIV replication in both HIV permissive and non-permissive cells. Inconclusion, PTX-B acts as a "pleiotropic" inhibitor of Tat, and this may significantly contribute to the broad spectrum of anti-HIV-1 effects exerted by PTX-B in different cell types, and suggests PTX-B and its derivatives as prototypic for the development of anti-Tat drugs. PMID- 14768059 TI - Immunostimulating capacities of stabilized RNA molecules. AB - Since direct injection of naked mRNA induces an immune response, we tested the capacity of RNA to signal danger. We show here that mRNA molecules that are protected from immediate degradation either through interaction with cationic proteins (trans protection) or through chemical modification of the phosphodiester backbone (phosphorothioate RNA; cis protection) act as sequence independent danger signals on mouse DC. As opposed to CpG DNA, the cis-stabilized RNA is degraded in a few minutes, does not activate B cells and, in contrast to double-stranded RNA, requires MyD88 for activation of the DC. We postulate that phosphorothioate RNA, which mimics trans-stabilized RNA, is a new PAMP. PMID- 14768060 TI - Leukocyte attraction through the CCR5 receptor controls progress from insulitis to diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. AB - Lymphocyte infiltration to pancreatic islets is associated to chemoattraction, as are other inflammatory autoimmune processes. We examined whether development of insulitis and diabetes depends on chemoattraction of lymphocytes via the CCR5 chemokine receptor. In non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a substantial fraction of peripheral T cells and virtually all B cells expressed high CCR5 levels. CCR5 expression characterized the effector T cell phenotype, suggesting their potential involvement in disease development. In view of these findings and the CCL5 (RANTES, the CCR5 ligand) expression by pancreatic islets, we treated NOD mice with a neutralizing anti-CCR5 antibody. This did not influence peri insulitis advancement, but inhibited beta-cell destruction and diabetes. These data demonstrate a role of CCR5-dependent chemoattraction in insulitis progression to islet destruction, suggesting the potential value of therapeutic intervention by CCR5 targeting. PMID- 14768061 TI - Identification of a TLR4- and TRIF-dependent activation program of dendritic cells. AB - Dendritic cell activation by Toll-like receptors (TLR) is crucial for the generation of protective immune responses. In addition to the common myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent signaling pathway, TLR4 engages the adaptor protein Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN beta (TRIF), leading to interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) activation and type I interferon production. Using microarray expression profiling we now identify TRIF as a major regulator of the TLR4-triggered activation program of dendritic cells. We show that the expression of 47% of the genes that are responsive to TLR4 stimulation in wild-type dendritic cells is significantly altered in cells carrying a loss-of-function mutation of TRIF. Specifically, expression of IL-12, IL-18, and IL-23 was impaired in the absence of functional TRIF, suggesting that TLR4-promoted Th1 responses are TRIF-dependent. Furthermore, we provide evidence that TRIF regulates TLR4-mediated gene expression both by type I IFN-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Whereas dendritic cell production of CXCL10 and CCL12 was dependent on both TRIF and the type I interferon receptor, expression of IL-6 required TRIF but not type I interferon activity. Functional TRIF was also required for the normal induction of numerous genes considered important for host defense against diverse pathogens.Together, these data therefore identify TRIF as a crucial regulator of TLR4-dependent dendritic cell responses. PMID- 14768062 TI - Monomethylfumarate affects polarization of monocyte-derived dendritic cells resulting in down-regulated Th1 lymphocyte responses. AB - Psoriasis vulgaris, a type-1 cytokine-mediated chronic skin disease, can be treated successfully with fumaric acid esters (FAE). Beneficial effects of this medication coincided with decreased production of IFN-gamma. Since dendritic cells (DC) regulate the differentiation of T helper (Th) cells, this study focussed on effects of monomethylfumarate (MMF, bioactive metabolite of FAE) on polarization of monocyte-derived DC. MMF-incubated, lipo-polysaccharide stimulated DC (MMF-DC) produced dramatically (p<0.05) reduced levels of IL-12p70 and IL-10 (8+/-4% and 20+/-4%, respectively) compared to control DC. MMF-DC were mature. MMF affected polarization of DC irrespective of polarization factor(s) and ligands for the various Toll-like receptors used. Coculture of MMF-DC with naive and primed allogenous Th cells resulted in lymphocytes producing less IFN gamma, i.e. 59% and 54% of that by the respective Th cells cocultured with control DC. IL-4 production by primed, but not naive Th cells cocultured with MMF DC was decreased as compared to cocultures with control DC. IL-10 production by naive and primed Th cells cocultured with MMF-DC and control DC did not differ. In addition, MMF inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation in DC. Together, beneficial effects of FAE in psoriasis involve modulation of DC polarization by MMF such that these cells down-regulate IFN-gamma production by Th cells. PMID- 14768063 TI - Antibodies to non-bilayer phospholipid arrangements induce a murine autoimmune disease resembling human lupus. AB - Antibodies recognizing non-bilayer phospholipid arrangements (NPA) in membrane models and in cell membranes in vivo, triggered an autoimmune-like disease in mice. This exhibited features similar to human lupus and was induced by injecting mice either with the H308 monoclonal antibody specific to NPA, with sera from mice which already had developed the autoimmune disease, or with liposomes treated with the NPA inductors chlorpromazine or procainamide; or with these NPA inductors alone. All these procedures revealed the involvement of antibodies to non-bilayer phospholipids in inducing this autoimmune-like disease. Unraveling the mechanisms of these antibodies might contribute to a better understanding of the molecular and immunological basis of autoimmune diseases like lupus and, hopefully, towards the development of better therapeutic strategies. PMID- 14768064 TI - Identification of pro-interleukin 16 as a novel target of MAP kinases in activated T lymphocytes. AB - T lymphocyte activation is controlled by a coordinated web of tyrosine and serine kinases. There is a large body of information about tyrosine kinase substrates in T cells but analysis of serine kinase substrates has been more difficult. Recently we described an antiserum that recognizes serine-phosphorylated peptides corresponding to the substrate sequences for AGC serine kinases. This antiserum, termed PAP-1 (phospho antibody for proteomics-1), has proven useful for probing the serine phosphoproteome of antigen receptor-activated T lymphocytes. The present study shows that PAP-1 can also be used to explore serine kinases activated by cytokines and chemokines in T cells. Using PAP-1, together with proteomic analysis, the precursor form of the cytokine IL-16 (ProIL-16) was shown to be phosphorylated on Ser144 in antigen receptor-, SDF1alpha- and IL-2 activated T cells. Genetic and pharmacological-inhibitor experiments showed that the phosphorylation of ProIL-16 is dependent on activation of the kinases Erk1/2. IL-16 is secreted by mitogen-activated T cells, and the biochemical link between ProIL-16 and Erk1/2, revealed by studies with PAP-1, prompted analysis of the role of MAP kinases in this response. We show that TCR-mediated secretion of IL 16 is dependent on MAP kinases. The present study thus reveals how phosphoproteomic analysis opens previously unrecognized avenues for research, and yields novel insights about targets for MAP kinases in T lymphocytes. PMID- 14768065 TI - Phage-displayed libraries of peptide/major histocompatibility complexes. AB - Characterizing peptide epitopes targeted by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells of unknown specificity would have broad implications. In this article we introduce and validate an original phage-displayed library of noncovalent complexes of peptide and MHC (P/MHC). We show that soluble MHC molecules associate with peptides presented by a phage, thereby resulting in the formation of multivalent P/MHC phages. Complex formation is stabilized by the interaction of the soluble partner (MHC) with two components, peptide and beta2 microglobulin, both of which are covalently linked to the phage. As proof of concept, we have used this strategy to express peptide libraries in the context of H-2K(b). Using monoclonal antibody 25D (specific for ovalbumin/H-2K(b)) as a template to screen the library, we were able to select a variant epitope functionally and structurally related to the wild-type peptide. Interaction studies between monoclonal antibody 25D and cells suggest that the variant peptide has been selected on the basis of a decreased dissociation rate between the peptide/H-2K(b) complex and its ligand. A weak agonist of the N15 TCR (vesicular stomatitis virus/H-2K(b)-specific) was also isolated from another P/MHC library. This strategy opens up new perspectives for antigen discovery and the manipulation of T cell responses. PMID- 14768066 TI - Ximelagatran versus warfarin after total knee replacement. PMID- 14768067 TI - Ximelagatran versus warfarin after total knee replacement. PMID- 14768068 TI - Ximelagatran for secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism. PMID- 14768069 TI - First-trimester screening for Down's syndrome. PMID- 14768070 TI - First-trimester screening for Down's syndrome. PMID- 14768071 TI - Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life. PMID- 14768072 TI - Management of chronic suppurative otitis media. PMID- 14768073 TI - More on mercury content in fish. PMID- 14768074 TI - More on mercury content in fish. PMID- 14768075 TI - [Gene expression of stress activated protein kinase and its MAPKs in hypertrophic scar]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To explore the change of gene expression of stress activated protein kinase (SAPK) and its upstream signal-regulated molecule--mitogen activated protein kinases(MAPKs) (MKK4 and MKK7) in hypertrophic scar and auto-control normal skin. METHODS: The total RNA was isolated from 8 hypertrophic scars and 8 auto-control skin, and then mRNA was purified. The gene expressions of MKK4, MKK7 and SAPK were examined with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT PCR) method. RESULTS: In hypertrophic scar, both MKK7 and SAPK genes weakly expressed. In auto-control skin, the expression of these 2 genes was significantly elevated in comparison with hypertrophic scar (P < 0.01). The expression levels of these 2 genes were 1.5 times and 2.6 times as long as those of hypertrophic scar, respectively. Gene expression of MKK4 had no significant difference between auto-control skin and hypertrophic scar (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Decreased gene expression of MKK7 and SAPK which results in reducing cell apoptosis might be one of the mechanisms for controlling the formation of hypertrophic scar. PMID- 14768076 TI - [Immunohistochemistry study of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P levels between end-to-end and end-to-side neurorrhaphy]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) levels after end-to-end and end-to-side neurorrhaphy. METHODS: Twenty female Wistar rats were divided into 4 experimental groups and control group. In the experimental groups, common peroneal nerves were transected on both sides. End-to-side coaptation was performed on the left, while end-to-end coaptation on the right. After 1, 2, 4 and 27 weeks, the rats were sacrificed, and immunoreactivities of CGRP and SP in suture sites, lumbar spine and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) were evaluated respectively. RESULTS: The expression of CGRP and SP decreased in dorsal horn and DRGs within 1 week postoperatively. After 4 27 weeks, CGRP and SP in dorsal horn could return to almost normal level, but they had little recovery in DRGs. Although the trend of change between end-to-end and end-to-side was coincident, in most experimental groups, there existed differences in the dorsal horn between end-to-end and end-to-side. The sciatic nerve stained by acetylcholinesterase, SP, CGRP and PGP 9.5 showed that the fibers could pass through the suture site of either end-to-end or end-to-side. CONCLUSION: Nerve regeneration can be achieved by end-to-side neurorrhaphy, and the mechanism of sensory nerve recovery of these two methods is similar. But the recovery in end-to-side coaptation is insufficient to some degree. PMID- 14768077 TI - [Long-term clinical observation on the repair of large articular cartilage defects of the hip and the knee with free autogeneous periosteum]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To observe the long-term clinical results of repairing large articular cartilage defects of the hip and the knee with free autogeneous periosteum. METHODS: Based on the results of experimental studies, the authors used free autogeneous periosteum transplantation and postoperative continuous passive motion (CPM) to repair large articular cartilaginous defects in 52 patients from February 1987 to August 1995. Of 37 patients with complete follow-up data, 16 had congenital dislocation of the hip, 6 traumatic arthritis of hip, 1 femoral head destruction following mild infection, 2 ankylosing spondylitis, 6 intra-articular fracture of the knee, 4 arthritis of the knee and 2 stiff knee following joint infection. The patients with dislocation of hip were given relieving traction before operation. The cartilages of pathological changes were excised to bleeding bone. The defects were repaired with periosteum removing from tibia. CPM were immediately applied for 4-6 weeks and no bearing was allowed 6 months after discharge. The silicon membrane was taken out in the 6th month. RESULTS: Thirty seven patients (17 males, 20 females) were followed up 7-15 years with an average of 10.5 years. The functional evaluation referred to joint pain degree, joint mobile range, daily activity and X ray findings. The results were excellence in 11 patients, good in 18 patients, poor in 8 patients. CONCLUSION: The method to repair articular cartilage defect with free autogeneous periosteum is effective and may be applied clinically. PMID- 14768078 TI - [Operative treatment of complicated distal femoral fractures]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To explore an effective way for treating severe complicated distal femoral fractures. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with complicated distal femoral fracture who all belonged to 33C3.3 type according to AO/ASIF classification, were treated with a lateral condylar buttress plate or self-designed aliform anatomical plate, and operated on with allogeneic bone grafting. RESULTS: All cases were followed up for an average of 14 months (ranging 5-25 months). Twenty four wounds were primary healing postoperatively, 2 wounds were infected and healed after dressing change. Twenty-four had bone healing after 4-11 months, 2 needed to operate again because of earlier weight-bearing resulting in fixation failure. According to shelbourne and Brueckmann score, the excellent and good rate was 88.46%. CONCLUSION: The internal fixation for complicated distal femoral fracture by self-designed aliform anatomical plate and lateral condylar buttress plate with a great deal of allograft bone is an effective surgical method. As it has long oval holes and the holes are consecutive, the aliform anatomical plate is more suitable for severe complicated fractures. At the same time, autogenous ilium transplantation can be substituted by the allograft bone. PMID- 14768079 TI - [Repair of femoral neck fracture with vascular pedicled periosteum flap transfer in young and middle-aged]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To estimate clinical effect of spin iliac deep vascular pedicled periosteum flap in repairing traumatic femoral neck of theca inside fracture in young and middle-aged. METHODS: From April 1993 to September 2001, 12 cases of traumatic femoral neck fracture were given diaplastic operation with fixation of 3 centre hollow pressed bolt and were conducted under os traction bed and "C" arm X-ray machine. Spin iliac deep vascular pedicled periosteum flap was stripped off, and transferred to the front of femoral neck fundus, then transplanted to the narrow inside of fracture through outer open door of articular capsule. RESULTS: All patients were followed up for 1-7 years. All fracture healed without femoral head necrosis, but mild arthritis appeared in 7 cases. CONCLUSION: Vascular pedicled periosteum flap transfer of young and middle-aged femoral neck fracture, by decompression of femoral neck and reconstruction of blood circulation, can promote the fracture healing and decrease the wound and blood circulation destroy. PMID- 14768080 TI - [Comparison of plate and Kirschner wire fixation in treatment of clavicular nonunion]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of plate and Kirschner wire fixation in treatment of nonunion of clavicular fracture. METHODS: From September 1991 to January 2002, 19 patients (9 with plate and 10 with Kirschner wire) were treated. The results were evaluated by reduction, bone union time, recovery of joint function, pain, and correction of deformation. RESULTS: The follow-up time was 6 23 months with an average of 11 months. Bone union occurred after a mean time of 11 weeks. In plate group, 7 patients gained excellent results, 1 good and 1 fair. In Kirschner wire group, 3 patients gained excellent results, 3 good, 3 fair and 1 poor. The result of plate is significantly better than that of Kirschner wire fixation(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Plate fixation is a good simple method for treatment of nonunion of clavicular fracture. PMID- 14768081 TI - [Clinical study of prevention of epidural scar and adhesion with polylactic acid membrane]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of polylactic acid membrane in prevention of epidural scar and adhesion. METHODS: From July 1998 to April 2000, 62 patients with lumbar disc herniation were randomly assigned into two groups. All were treated surgically with discectomy by fenestration or laminectomy. One group were placed with a thin of polylactic acid membrane covering the interlaminar space(n = 32). The thickness of the film was 0.1 mm. The other group was blank control(n = 30). After 2 weeks of operation, we observed the local and systemic reactions. After 6 months clinical symptoms were revaluated and the degrees of epidural scar and adhesion were determined by CT scans. RESULTS: After 2 weeks, we found no adverse systemic reactions in all patients. Wound healing was excellent. No abnormalities of hepatic and renal functions as well as blood for routine were found. Temperature after operation was normal. After 6 months, the curative effects were as follows in experimental group and in control group: excellent in 27 patients and in 24 patients, good in 4 patients and in 4 patients, fair in 1 patient and in 1 patient, and poor in 0 patient and in 1 patient, respectively. There are no significant difference between two groups. The CT scans showed no adhesion between the epidural scar and the dural sac in all patients of experimental group. There existed various extents of adhesion in control group. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that the polylactic acid membrane can effectively prevent the epidural scar adhesion with a good biocompatibility and no toxity. Its clinical application was promising. PMID- 14768082 TI - [Application of heterogenous bone combined with auto-marrow in anterior cervical interbody fusion]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical application of heterogenous bone graft combined with auto-marrow. METHODS: Deproteinated and degreased heterogenous cancellous bone combined with auto-marrow was used in 21 cases of anterior cervical interbody fusion. Among them, 2 cases were treated by bone graft only, and the other 19 cases were further treated by anterior plate fixation. RESULTS: The follow-up time was 12-36 months with an average of 21 months. After operation, posteroanterior and lateral radiograph of all the cases revealed that the reduction and the position of the grafting bone were good without inflammation or other complications. After 6 months of operation, the radiograph of 2 cases of cervical disk herniation, which were treated by bone graft only, showed the bones lost their height and the curve of the cervical spine returned to the state of preoperation. For the other cases, the grafting bones remained their original figure without dislocation of the bone or fracture of the plate or the screw. The nervous function recovered variously. Before operation, 10 cases were ranked as grade A, 7 cases grade C, 4 cases grade D according to Frankel classification. After operation, in grade A cases, 5 cases did not recover, 3 cases recovered to grade B, 2 cases to grade C; in grade C cases, 5 to grade D, 2 to grade E; all of grade D 4 cases to grade E. CONCLUSION: Heterogenous bone combined with auto marrow can be used as grafting material in the anterior cervical interbody fusion, but its mechanical rigidity need to be improved or the fusion should be aided with rigid internal fixation. PMID- 14768083 TI - [Clinical application of anterior cervical locking plate systems and analysis of complications as well as their countermeasures]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To summarize the methods and skills of anterior cervical locking plate systems in clinical application and to analyze the causes of some complications as well as give some preventive or remedial countermeasures. METHODS: From 1998 to 2002, 159 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, fracture-dislocation, tumor or tuberculosis of the cervical spine were treated with anterior locking plate systems. The complications were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: Ten kinds of complications related to anterior locking plate systems occurred in 21 patients. Most of the complications were caused by improperly-selecting implants, experience and technique deficiency. CONCLUSION: The important preventive or remedial countermeasures are correctly-selecting patients, meticulous preoperative preparation, properly-selecting implants, standard and skillful manipulation and rational postoperative protection. PMID- 14768084 TI - [Clinical observation of one stage cranioplasty for skull defect with self cranial bone powder]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical application of self-cranial bone powder in one stage cranioplasty. METHODS: From October 1999 to December 2002, self-cranial bone powder and medical adhesive were used to repair the skull defect, for one stage cranioplasty, caused by operations on cranium in 128 cases of severe dangerous craniocerebral injury, acute intracranial hematome, sick skull and intracranial tumor. The bone growth was observed by CT or X-ray examination 3-24 months after replantation of cranioplasty. RESULTS: The decompression and cranioplasty were performed simultaneously, the time prolonged 5-10 minutes than that of routine, the appearance of repaired cranial bone was normal, without concavity and convexity. After 12 months of operation, the replanted bone merged with the normal bone completely, with normal appearance. The operation successful rate was 96.1% (123/125) without any complication. Only five cases were not better in growing because of less bone powder, but without cerebral pulse and defective syndrome. All the cases did not need secondary cranioplasty. CONCLUSION: The effect of cranioplasty with self- cranial bone powder effect is good in taking shape. This new method can avoid the traditional secondary cranioplasty for skull defect and complications. PMID- 14768085 TI - [Animal model and modified technique of orthotopic liver transplantation in rats]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To modify orthotopic liver transplantation method with two-cuff technique. METHODS: On the basis of cuff technique, the donor liver was perfused through the abdominal aorta with 20 ml cold perfusate. The anastomosis of the suprahepatic vena cave(SVC) was sutured end-to-end with 8/0 nylon line, and the continuity of infrahepatic vena cave(IVC) and portal vein(PV) were established by means of cuff method respectively. The bile duct anastomosis was performed by internal stent. RESULTS: Orthotopic liver transplantations were performed in 360 rats. The time for donor operation and liver preparation was (31.2 +/- 5.0) min and (12.0 +/- 3.0) min, and the recipient operative and anhepatic time was (45.0 +/- 5.5) min and (20.0 +/- 2.5) min, respectively. The two-day survival rate was 91.4%. In non-intervention group, one-week survival rate was 86.5%. CONCLUSION: The modified model is easily available and highly reproducible which provides a practical and stable experimental model for the study of liver transplantation. PMID- 14768086 TI - [Studies on factors affecting velopharyngeal functions of cleft palate patients]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between velopharyngeal functions and factors such as age at operation, cleft type, performing procedure. METHODS: FFT technique and velopharyngeal X-ray examination were used to evaluate the velopharyngeal functions of 82 patients. The relatively important factors affecting velopharyngeal functions were searched out through regression analyse and pearson correlation. RESULTS: A significant positive correlation was confirmed between AAO(age at operation) and A1/A2(velopharyngeal incompetence), P < 0.001. AAO also showed linear regression with A1/A2. Model was significant, P < 0.001. Quotation: A1/A2(velopharyngeal incompetence) = 0.005 852 x AAO + 0.961. CONCLUSION: AAO was an important affecting factor on velopharyngeal functions. The earlier the cleft is repaired, the more normal velopharyngeal functions will be obtained. PMID- 14768087 TI - [Correction of nasolabial fold]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To introduce a new method for correction of deep nasolabial fold. METHODS: From May 1998 to May 2002, 20 patients (aging 32-48 years, female) with deep nasolabial fold were treated with the buried guiding suture appliance and method through oral incision. RESULTS: All patients recovered without complications, the scar is minimal. Six patients were followed up 6 to 12 months, stable and permanent result was achieved. CONCLUSION: This method is simple and reliable for correction of nasolabial fold. PMID- 14768088 TI - [Analysis of some related factors of effect on gluteus muscle contraction]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To study some related factors of effect on gluteus muscle contraction and provide the therapeutic basis. METHODS: The curative effect was assessed in 154 patients who were classified by age, patient's condition, orthopedic degree in operation and rehabilitation with an average follow-up period of 25 months(ranging from 5 to 36 months). RESULTS: The excellent rate of 18-24 years old (25/30) was lower than that of 5-17 years old(120/124) (P < 0.05); the excellent rate of slight patients was higher (107/109) than that of serious patients (38/45) (P < 0.01); the excellent rate from higher orthopedic degree was higher (111/113) than that from lower orthopedic degree (34/41) (P < 0.01); and the excellent rate of rehabilitation was much higher (107/110) than that of general treatment (38/44) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Age, patient's condition, orthopedic degree in operation and rehabilitation are important factors to affect the curative effect on gluteu muscle contraction. PMID- 14768089 TI - [Substitute valve at popliteal vein in treating deep venous valve insufficiency of lower extremities]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of substitute valve at the popliteal vein in treatment of deep venous valve insufficiency of lower extremities. METHODS: From January 1996 to August 2002, 27 patients were diagnosed having deep venous valve insufficiency of lower extremities by color Doppler and radiography with an average disease course of 17.4 years. All 27 patients had varicose vein, 25 pain, 22 swelling, 25 pigmentation in ankle area and 19 chronic ulcerations. Two cases had been treated with great saphenous vein ligation and striping. Average vein pressure in resting position was (11.00 +/- 0.73) kPa, and the ambulatory venous pressure was (9.14 +/- 0.68) kPa. All patients were treated with substitute valve at the popliteal vein, and great saphenous vein ligation and stripping, some were treated with subfascial endoscopic perforating veins ablation. RESULTS: The average ambulatory venous pressure after operation was (5.94 +/- 0.82) kPa, were significantly different from that before operation(P < 0.01). The curative results were satisfactory, and all symptom and physical sign disappeared. After a mean follow-up period of 2-6 years, 21 cases had satisfactory results. CONCLUSION: Substitute valve at the popliteal vein have the value of widespread application. PMID- 14768090 TI - [Stimulation of insulin-like growth factor-I to chondrogenesis of engineering cartilage tissue]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To explore the ability of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and hyaluracan acid in prompting chondrogenesis of engineering cartilage tissue. METHODS: Human articular chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in DMEM plus 10% fetal bovine serum. They were divided into three groups: hyaluracan acid + chondrocytes + IGF-I group (IGF-I group), hyaluracan acid + chondrocytes group (cell group), hyaluracan acid group (control group). The ability of chondrogenesis was investigated by HE and toluidine blue staining, human collagen II immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). RESULTS: Both cell group and IGF-I group could develop into cartilage tissue in the sixth week while control group could not. The number of cartilage lacuna in IGF-I group were more than that in cell group. Human collagen II immunohistochemistry showed that there were stronger positive cell in IGF-I group than in cell group, collagen II mRNA expression was more higher and collagen I mRNA expression was lower in IGF-I group than in cell group. CONCLUSION: Insulin growth factor-I can prompt chondrogenesis of engineering cartilage tissue and ameliorate the quality of engineering cartilage tissue in vitro. PMID- 14768091 TI - [Comparative study on the main biological characteristics of marrow-derived stromal cells and chondrocytes in vitro culture in rabbits]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To observe the main biological characteristics and chondrogenesis potency of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (MSCs) after cytokines induction or gene modification in vitro. METHODS: MSCs from an adult New Zealand white rabbit were isolated and cultivated, and then MSCs were divided into the common medium group (Group A, 15% FBS in DMEM), the induced group by cytokines (Group B), the transfected group (Group C) with adenovirus-hepatocyte growth factor transgene (adHGF). The medium of group B consisted of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1, 10 ng/ml), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, 25 ng/ml) and dexamethasone (DEX, 10(-7) mol/L) with 15%FBS in DMEM. Cartilage slices were obtained from femoral condyles and patellar grove in the same rabbit. The minced cartilage was digested in II collagenase (3 mg/ml) to obtain chondrocytes(Group D). The change of cell appearance, proliferation capacity, glycosaminoglycans (GAG), immunohistochemical staining for type I, II collagen were observed during the 5th passage MSCs and MSCs after induction or gene modification. Expression of mRNA for type I and II collagen was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Primary MSCs proliferated as short-spindle shape, while the 5th MSCs showed long-spindle shape. Positive stain of type I collagen could be found in groups A, B and C, while positive stain of type II collagen was shown in groups B and D. The content of GAG in group B was higher than that in group A, but there was no significant difference between them (P > 0.05), and there was significant difference between groups A and D(P < 0.05). No significant difference was noted in groups A, B and C on proliferation by MTT(P > 0.05), except that of at the fourth day after transfection between groups A and C(P < 0.05). RT-PCR demonstrated that MSCs always had higher levels of mRNA type I collagen in groups A, B and C. The expression of mRNA type II collagen was identified in groups B and D, and only low levels of mRNA type II collagen in group C. CONCLUSION: The above results indicate MSCs have a natural tendency of osteogenic differentiation in vitro culture, and also demonstrate the chondrogenic potency with the technique of cytokines induction or gene modification after passage. MSCs can be transfected efficiently being seed cells in tissue engineered bone or cartilage to accept target genes such as adHGF, and have a higher levels of expression in vitro, which lasted 4 weeks at least. PMID- 14768092 TI - [Effect of marrow stromal cells derived chondrocytes on repair of full-thickness defects of rabbit articular cartilage]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of cartilaginous implants containing bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) derived from chondrocytes in biological resurfacing procedures for repairing articular cartilage defect. METHODS: MSCs derived from chondrocytes were obtained with high initial cell density subculture. An implant was constructed by dispersing the chondrocytes in a acid soluble type I collagen gel(5 x 10(6) cells/ml, final cell concentration). A full thickness defect 3 mm x 5 mm was created in the trochlear groove of femur in 36 rabbits. A piece of cotton soaked in 0.5% trypsin was laid into the defect for 5 minutes, then the defect was filled with MSC/collagen gel implant on one side (n = 36), filled with a plain collagen gel on the other side (n = 18), and left empty as controls on the other side (n = 18). The animals were sacrificed at 4, 8, 12, 24, 32, and 48 weeks. The repaired tissue was examined and evaluated with Pineda grading scale. RESULTS: In MSCs group, the implanted cells resembled well differentiated chondrocytes and were surrounded by metachromatic matrix and the reparative tissue resembled hyaline cartilage after 4 weeks; bone was formed at the base of the defects, the thickness of new cartilage was larger than tht of normal one after 8 weeks; the thickness was reduced proximally, approximating to that of normal cartilage, and chondrocyte columns was formed and subchondral bone and tidemark reappeared after 12 weeks; the thickness of the new tissue was about 55% of the normal tissue, with smooth surface and there were hypertrophic chondrocytes near the tidemark after 24 weeks; no hypertrophic chondrocytes were observed, indicating cessation of endochondral ossification after 32 weeks; the tissue architecture was the same as that at 32 weeks, hyaline-like cartilage persisting, with subchondral bone and tidemark in continuity after 48 weeks. The four layer cell orientation was not as clear as that of normal cartilage. The defects were partially filled with fibrous tissue in controls. At 32 weeks, erosive cartilage, naked subchondral bone and proliferative synovial membrane indicated the presence of osteoarthrosis. There were no statistical difference according to Pineda tissue scales in the specimens from the MSCs group between 24, 32, and 48 weeks, but there was significant difference between 4 weeks and 24, 32 and 48 weeks (P < 0.05). The joint function recovered after 2 weeks in MSCs group, while it deteriorated progressively in controls. CONCLUSION: MSCs derived from chondrocytes improve repair of large full-thickness defect in articular cartilage. The reparative hyaline-like cartilage is stable differentiation after 24 weeks, maintains good joint function after 48 weeks. PMID- 14768093 TI - [Application of sleeve anastomosis in development of cervical heart transplantation in rats]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To simplify surgical technique and increase postoperative survival rate, sleeve anastomosis technique combined cuff technique was used in developing the model of cervical heart transplantation in rats. METHODS: In this model, the hearts from 25 male SD rats were transplanted into the neck of Wistar rats by anastomosing the donor innominate artery to the recipient right common carotid artery by use of sleeve technique, and the donor pulmonary artery to the recipient right external jugular vein by use of cuff technique. After operation, the rats were treated with cyclosporine A (1.5 mg/kg, q.d.), transplanted hearts were followed by daily inspection or palpation and the allograft survival time was more than 3 days as the standard of successful operation. RESULTS: The mean operative time was (48.7 +/- 3.4) min, with a successful rate of 88% (22/25). Complications were anastomotic hemorrhage (1 case) and thrombosis(2 cases). During the follow-up period, 6 rats died of pulmonary infection, abscess in the neck, liver or bladder tumor. The remaining 16 transplanted hearts survived more than 3 months. CONCLUSION: The modified operation have advantages of less operative procedure, shorter operation and ischemia time and easier monitoring of graft function. PMID- 14768094 TI - [Basic research and clinical application of cartilage-derived retinoic acid sensitive protein]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To know the basic research and the clinical application of cartilage derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein (CD-RAP) in orthopedic and in other clinical fields. METHODS: The literature related to CD-RAP in basic research and clinical application were extensively reviewed. RESULTS: CD-RAP, as a protein, which is cartilage-specific, could be a marker of the joint diseases. It also can be used to monitor metastasis of melanoma. CONCLUSION: CD-RAP test provides a new way to study repair of cartilage and metastasis of melanoma. PMID- 14768095 TI - [Research of cross-linking reagent for producing hyaluronic acid derivative]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To review the recent advances of cross-linking reagent for producing hyaluronic acid (HA) derivative so as to provide more advice for the development of HA reagent. METHODS: Recent original articles related to the species, characteristic, cross-linking methodology and mechanism of the cross-linking reagent to producing HA derivative were summarized and systematically analyzed. RESULTS: The derivatives after special kinds of reagents modification would remain their own good biocompatibility and change their original rheololgical characterization and obtain relative long organism residence time. CONCLUSION: Development of hyaluronic derivatives may widen their medical application. PMID- 14768096 TI - [Apollinarii Grigor'evich Podrez (1852-1900)]. PMID- 14768097 TI - [Cysts and cystoid formations of the neck: significance and possibilities of radiodiagnosis]. AB - The differential diagnosis of lateral cysts of the neck, metastatically altered lymph nodes and malignant tumors sometimes is difficult because their X-ray images as well as their clinical manifestations can be alike. The data of examination of 55 patients were analyzed. They included 43 cases of cysts of the neck (26 lateral and 17 median), 10 cases of cystically altered metastases into the lymph nodes, 2 cases of malignant tumors. The examination included US investigation (USI), computed tomography (CT), USI controlled aspiration biopsy. The diagnosis was histologically verified in 46 patients, in 7 cases the material was investigated cytologically. The "atypical" echographic picture was noted in 30.9% of cases with lateral cysts and in 23.6% of cases with median cysts. They had irregular shape, defective contours, echostructure of the tissues with repeated complications in anamnesis, weak "dorsal reinforcement". The clinical investigation of cases with lateral cysts was exact in 76.9%, with median cysts- in 82.4%. The USI examination was exact in 96.2% of cases with lateral cysts and in 94.1% with median cysts. CT was exact in 94.4% of cases with lateral cysts, and in 100% with median cysts. Thus, USI is thought to be necessary as the first step of X ray examination when cyst of the neck was suspected. Large sizes, spread of the cyst into deep areas and into the larynx lumen are considered as indications to CT. Both the echographic and computed tomography picture of the neck cysts depend on their localization, character of the content and the presence of inflammatory symptoms. The USI controlled aspiration biopsy can make the "atypical" USI picture of the mass nature more exact. PMID- 14768098 TI - [Segmentary venous hypervolemia as one of the main factors of the patho hemodynamic development and progression of chronic venous insufficiency of lower extremities in patients with varicose disease ]. AB - Phlebographic examinations carried out in 91 patients with varicosity and 30 healthy subjects have determined structural peculiarities of the intramuscular shin veins in health and disease. A comparison of the anatomical findings with the degree of hemodynamic abnormalities allowed to make a conclusion that intramuscular segmental hypervolemia should be considered as one of the main pathogenic links in the pathophysiological chain of the development of chronic venous insufficiency. Further elevation of supravalvate venous segmental actazia forms a relative valve incompetence at the particular level which promotes the spreading of retrograde pathological blood flow in distal direction. Blood shunting into the intramuscular shin veins is one of the compensatory mechanisms of increasing pathological hypervolemia as a cause of valve incompetence and retrograde blood flow. The procedure of evacuation from the skin veins directly depends on the effective work of the shin muscular-venous pump. Further involvement of the intramuscular veins in the pathological process, the low effectiveness of the shin muscular-venous pump results in greater dysfunction and finally forms a hypodynamic vicious circle of chronic venous insufficiency with all its manifestations. PMID- 14768099 TI - [The diagnosis and treatment of chronic venous insufficiency of the pelvis of non occlusive genesis]. AB - The clinical, ultrasonic duplex scanning and phlebographic (retrograde pelvis renoovaricography) examinations of 89 patients with chronic venous insufficiency of the pelvis were analyzed. Two forms of the clinical course of the disease were established: parietal and visceral. A detailed clinical, ultrasonic and phlebographic characteristics of these forms are described. The authors have developed two original methods of sclerotherapy: 1. varicose dilated superficial veins in the zones of atypical localization without using the elastic compression; 2. left ovarian vein with its following pharmacological spasm. The effectiveness of the sclerozing treatment was 86.6% with the first method and 100%--with the second method. PMID- 14768100 TI - [Morphological characteristics of the right gastroepiploic artery and its use in myocardial revascularization]. AB - The results of morphological and morphometrical investigation of the biopsy and autopsy material from 35 right gastroepiploic arteries were analyzed. Histological and histochemical methods were used. The anatomo-topographic and morphometrical characteristics of the right gastroepiploic artery allow it to be used for gastro-coronary shunting. It makes the possibilities of the aorto arterial revascularization of the myocardium substantially wider. PMID- 14768101 TI - [A multilevel method of treatment of ascites with liver cirrhosis]. AB - The multilevel method of treatment of ascites includes conservative therapy, interventional radiology, new modifications of surgical interventions on the thoracic lymphatic duct for its external drainage. Conservative therapy proved to be effective in 198 (79.2%) out of 250 patients with ascites. Most of them had demonstrable edematous ascitic syndrome. Guided hypertension with "Angiotensinamid" was used in 6 (2.4%) patients because of low effectiveness of conservative therapy. Regional therapy of liver cirrhosis (second level) was used in 18 patients (7.2%). External drainage of the thoracic lymphatic duct with the dosed lymph abduction and courses of lymphosorption were fulfilled in 37 (14.6%) patients. As a result of the treatment one patient (4.2%) only had ascites remaining at the "demonstratable-tense" level, although at admission to the clinic there were 36 such patients that made up 95%. It can be concluded that the multilevel methods of treatment of ascites give additional ways for the effective control of the edematous ascitic syndrome. PMID- 14768102 TI - [The motor function of a gastric esophagus transplant according to the data of gastroimpedancemetry]. AB - The motor function of the artificial esophagus was studied in 50 patients at different terms after resection of the esophagus for cancer. It was found that the lower and middle parts of the transplant had normal gastric peristalsis, the upper part had hyperkinetic peristalsis with spastic contractions. Impaired peristalsis was observed in the esophagus stump in more than half of the patients. PMID- 14768103 TI - [Immunogenetic features of patients with ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum and the significance of genetic markers in prognosis of complications of stomach and duodenal ulcers in Azerbaijan]. AB - The work has shown that patients with ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum have immunogenetic features. In particular, genetic markers were detected for ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum whose presence allows to predict with certain probability the development of ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum. The presence of antigen HA-At and haploids--AxB18 and HLA--A10B27 is prognostically unfavorable factors for the development of complications of this disease. PMID- 14768104 TI - [Prognostic value of the content of lipid peroxidation products in tissues at pancreatic necrosis]. AB - The exact role of lipid peroxidation in pathogenesis of pancreatonecrosis was established by means of studying the level of dienic conjugates and malonic dialdehyde in the intraoperative bioptates of the pancreas, liver, lymph nodes of the lesser omentum in 40 patients as well as in the autopsy material (similar tissues, spleen and bone marrow) in 18 patients dead of destructive pancreatitis. The control group included 10 patients dead of sudden death (normal), group of comparison (those who died of acute myocardium infarction--10 subjects) and of acute surgical abdominal pathology not associated with pancreatitis (10 subjects). Demonstrable activation (6-10 times) of processes of lipid peroxidation in all the bioptates under study took place at pancreatonecrosis as compared to the normal that suggests generalization of lipid peroxidation at this pathology. The level of lipid peroxidation can show the degree of destruction in the pancreas that can be considered as a criterion of the outcome of the disease. In the groups of comparison the level of lipid peroxidation was much lower than at pancreatonecrosis that suggests the pathogenetic role of activation of lipid peroxidation in the development of this disease. PMID- 14768106 TI - [Esophageal injuries: diagnosis and treatment]. AB - The authors describe their experiences with treatment of 63 patients with penetrating damages of the esophagus. Suturing the esophagus wall with drainage of the zone of the injury and mediastinum was performed on 35 patients admitted to the hospital during the first day after injury. The rest of the patients underwent drainage of the injury zone, followed by gastrostomy and application of the nasogastral tube. Lethality was 29.6% and depended on the type of trauma, terms of the beginning of skilled medical treatment and the degree of the developed purulent complications. PMID- 14768105 TI - [Temporary distance shunting of the anastomosis with a probe shunt]. AB - The authors present results of using temporary shunting of intestinal anastomosis in combination with selective lavage of the suture line with a curative antiseptic mixture in experiment in 12 dogs and in clinic in 36 patients with a probe of the authors' original construction. The probe consists of a polychlorvenyl tube with the inner diameter 0.8-1.0 cm, having two inflatable rubber cuffs mounted on the distal end at a distance of 15 cm from each other. After inflation of the cuffs a closed isolated cavity is formed in the zone of intestinal sutures, into which the distal end of the tube is opened for the decompression and selective intraluminal lavage of the anastomosis. The using of the temporary shunting of intestinal anastomosis in combination with selective intraluminal lavage with a mixture of broad-spectrum antibiotics and antioxidant 1.5% Reamberin accelerates the process of the intestinal suture healing, results in favorable course of the postoperative period, prevents complications. PMID- 14768107 TI - [Clinico-anatomical grounds of using flaps with the axial type of blood supply in treatment of patients with open (gunshot) fractures of the crus]. AB - The main aim and task of the investigation was to present clinico-anatomical substantiation for plastic operations with the application of flaps with the axial type of blood circulation in treatment of this category of patients. The investigation included 348 clinical cases (for exact statistical data); 65 volunteers (for the assessment of physiological parameters) and 16 topographo anatomical preparations (variants of the vascular network of the leg). The methods of clinical and rentgenological control were used. The work consisted of 4 stages: 1) clinico-statistical analysis by the materials of 348 clinical observations which allowed to establish the dependence of functional results of the treatment on the sizes of leg soft tissue defects; 2) topographo-anatomical investigations which allowed the topography of the leg vessels to be associated with the typical disposition of the flaps with the axial type of blood supply; 3) physiological investigation using ultrasonic dopplerography and active distance thermography on whose basis the methods were created for exact identification of the sites of the outlet of cutaneous arteries and finding the zones of optimal blood supply of the complex skin flaps being formed; 4) clinical approbation of the results of the investigation. The operations performed on 15 patients have demonstrated high effectiveness the new developed means of preoperative planning. PMID- 14768108 TI - [Changes to hemodynamics and immune status of the patients operated for lung cancer using anesthesia with transcranial electrostimulation of brain opioid system]. PMID- 14768109 TI - [Association of primary hyperparathyroidism and pathology of the thyroid gland]. AB - An analysis of 149 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism has shown that 83 (55.7%) patients had different kinds of pathology of the thyroid gland. The authors recommend to perform thorough revision and biopsy of the thyroid tissue in all the patients operated upon for primary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 14768110 TI - [Treatment and prophylaxis of infected forms and complications of pancreatic necrosis with the use of regional intraarterial infusion]. AB - The aim of the investigation was to study the variants of the course of sterile and infected pancreatonecrosis, the character of the developing complications depending on the state of organic blood circulation in the pancreas and the influence of its correction upon the outcomes of the disease. The material of examination and treatment of 121 patients with pancreatonecrosis was analyzed. Complex treatment of 51 of the patients included the method of regional intraarterial infusion. Celiacography and CT with the intraarterial contrast reinforcement have revealed that in 35 (68.6%) patients there were symptoms of "perfusion block" of the pancreas of different degrees which was due to spasm, thrombosis of the vessels and impairment of the regional microcirculation. Differentiated approach to the composition of the infusate resulted in arrest of phenomena of "perfusion block" of the pancreas in 24 out of 35 patients. As a whole, using this method allowed to reduce the number of purulent complications, primary open operations and reoperations. Lethality in the group with infusion was 9.8%. PMID- 14768111 TI - [The efficacy of ligation of the external carotid artery to alleviate excruciating pain syndrome in inoperable malignant tumors of the maxillofacial area]. AB - A comparison of results of ligating the external carotid artery performed in 31 patients with inoperable tumors of the maxillofacial area in order to alleviate pain syndrome has shown that more pronounced effects were obtained when using the developed access to the external carotid artery rather than the conventional one. It can be explained by the fact than the developed access provides invariable inclusion of the ascending pharyngeal artery into the ligature thus disrupting the conduction of pain along the vegetative paravasal nerves. PMID- 14768112 TI - [Method for improving results of local operations for pyo-necrotic disease of the foot associated with diabetes mellitus]. AB - Under study was the influence of antimetabolite 5-fluoracil with the preferential influence on the lymphocytic link upon the outcomes of local operations in patients with diabetic foot syndrome. The investigation was performed in 95 diabetes mellitus patients who had undergone local operations for pyo-necrotic diseases of the foot. The group of investigation included 55 patients additionally given 5-fluoracil (5 mg/kg) during local operation. The injection of the drug was followed by moderate lympho- and thrombopenia arrested by the 7th day after a single injection, reduced content of the acute phase reactants and a dramatic drop of the content of circulating immune complexes. Clinically it was followed by a rapid disappearance of the inflammation signs in the wound. In the group of patients given 5-fluoracil there were reliably less reamputations, greater number of wounds healing by primary intention after the first local operation and of those successfully closed with the help of plastic operations. No general toxic effects of the used doses of the drug were noted. PMID- 14768113 TI - [The application wound sorption in complex treatment of destructive forms of erysipelas inflammation]. AB - The method of application wound sorption with sorbent Vaulen was used in treatment of erysipelatous inflammation in 49 patients. The first signs of healing appeared 1.5-2 times quicker, the rate of lessening the area of the wound surface was 21-35% greater. The period of staying in the hospital was 20-23% shorter. PMID- 14768114 TI - [The ozone therapy in patients with mechanical jaundice of tumorous genesis]. AB - The complex method of treatment of patients with mechanical jaundice of tumorous genesis includes parenteral ozonotherapy in combination with traditional treatment. An analysis of treatment of 90 patients with mechanical jaundice of tumorous genesis has shown that ozonotherapy facilitates more rapid arrest of hepatic dysfunction and endogenous intoxication. PMID- 14768115 TI - [Pulmonary hemorrhage--the remote result of embolization of bronchial arteries]. PMID- 14768116 TI - [The first scientific conference "New and Unknown Pages of the History of National Surgery of the XX Century" (November 20-21, 2002, Moscow]. PMID- 14768117 TI - [The VI Russian oncological conference (November 26-28, 2002, Moscow)]. PMID- 14768118 TI - [From the history of surgical scientific schools (to the centenary of the foundation of Peter the Great hospital--a clinical base of the St. Petersburg state medical academy named after I.I.Mechnikov]. PMID- 14768119 TI - [Stages of the development of the surgery of obesity]. PMID- 14768120 TI - [Complications of combined treatment with preoperative irradiation of tumors of main localization: the surgical opinion]. PMID- 14768121 TI - [Treatment of bleedings from gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients with pathology of the liver]. PMID- 14768122 TI - A guide to blood groups, transfusion and coagulation. AB - Recent medical advances have resulted in more patients surviving increasingly complex surgery. This series of articles aims to refresh our knowledge of blood its composition, the origins and roles of blood's components and how coagulation occurs. New technologies that have developed to reduce inappropriate transfusion of blood and blood products will be explored. We will be updated on national projects to reduce inappropriate transfusion. PMID- 14768123 TI - Agenda for change. Will it resolve the grading issue? PMID- 14768124 TI - Robotic assisted surgery. Part One. AB - Since the first laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed by Muhe in 1986 and Mouret in 1987, minimal access surgery has been widely accepted and applied to many procedures. By the end of the 1990s, surgical robots had emerged in operating theatres around the world. This technology has the potential to revolutionise minimal access surgery. PMID- 14768125 TI - Estimating the prevalence of uninsured children: an evaluation of data from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, 2001. Data evaluation and methods research. AB - The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs revealed that 8.3% of children under 18 years of age were uninsured, a rate lower than the rate estimated by other national surveys. This report presents the results of an evaluation of the quality of this estimate, based on analyses of non-response, question design, interviewer and respondent effects, and the weighing and estimation process. National and State-level statistics on health insurance coverage for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and for children without special needs are included in an appendix. SOURCE OF DATA: The National Survey of CSHCN is a survey module of the State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey. This survey of parents and guardians collected health insurance coverage information for a national sample of 215, 162 children. Data were collected from October 2000 through April 2002. RESULTS: Compared with other surveys, weighted data from the National Survey of CSHCN describe a population with a slightly larger proportion of Hispanic children and children from households with higher incomes. The National Survey of CSHCN was also the only survey to use a child-level design: A randomized experiment that varied the health insurance questions found that repeating the coverage questions for each child produced lower unisurance rates than household-level questions that first asked if anyone in the househol was insured. CONCLUSION: Question design differences explain much of the discrepancy between survey estimates of the uninsurance rate, but a definitive conclusion regarding the relative accuracy of the uninsurance rates is not possible. PMID- 14768126 TI - Breathing room. PMID- 14768127 TI - Spiritual care activities of nurses using Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) labels. AB - PURPOSE: To describe the spiritual care activities of nurses as subsequently identified in the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) labels. METHODS: Data were taken from a larger study that used a multiple triangulation research design to describe spiritual perspectives, interventions, and attitudes of 1,000 Sigma Theta Tau International members. Data analysis included descriptive and multivariate statistics for quantitative items, and content analysis for responses to questions. FINDINGS: 97 respondents reported providing 32 spiritual care activities. Ten NIC labels actually mapped the nurses' spiritual care activities. CONCLUSIONS: Spiritual care activities involve a broad spectrum of interventions that may be unique to each patient. The 32 spiritual care activities described by the nurses provide new knowledge regarding core spiritual care activities. The use of NIC labels can facilitate documentation of spiritual care activities in diverse practice settings. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This study supports greater specificity in describing spiritual care interventions to a level that allows replication and advancement of knowledge. PMID- 14768128 TI - Occupational nursing service in a small manufacturing plant: interventions and outcomes. AB - PURPOSE: To describe the health needs presented by workers in a small industrial setting, describe the occupational health nursing (OHN) services provided, and examine the effectiveness of these services. METHODS: Data were abstracted from 491 employee records accumulated over a 7-year service period. Standardized nursing languages were used to describe employee needs and nursing interventions. FINDINGS: Data revealed 1,368 needs were identified and 3,193 nursing interventions were administered. Health-seeking behaviors, knowledge deficit, collaborative problems, risk of infection, and impaired tissue integrity seemed most amenable to change in the context of OHN services. Altered health maintenance was the problem that seemed least amenable to change. CONCLUSIONS: Findings present a dynamic picture of OHN services provided in an OHN program and their effectiveness. Standardized nursing languages were effective and appropriate in describing the health issues managed and interventions applied. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Further use of standardized nursing languages in occupation health can establish core functions and knowledge base. PMID- 14768129 TI - Do we take pressure ulcers seriously enough? PMID- 14768130 TI - The use of pressure-relieving devices (beds, mattresses and overlays) for the prevention of pressure ulcers in primary and secondary care. AB - Over the past year members of the Tissue Viability Society have been involved in helping the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) develop a new guideline on the use of pressure-relieving devices in pressure ulcer prevention. This article presents this guideline, its evidence base and the development process. Given that the guideline has been subject to NICE stakeholder review it has not been subjected to the normal peer-review process used by the Journal of Tissue Viability. PMID- 14768131 TI - Laparostomy healing by secondary intention after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. AB - Abdominal compartment syndrome resulting from intra-abdominal hypertension can be prevented or treated with the formation of a laparostomy. In the majority of cases this is followed by delayed abdominal wall reconstruction involving the use of prosthetic materials and split-skin grafts. The authors present a case study involving a patient who underwent repair of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and required a laparostomy to prevent abdominal compartment syndrome. He also had significant perioperative morbidity and poor nutritional status. Despite this, satisfactory wound healing was achieved without the need for split-skin grafting, thus avoiding further surgery and its associated complications. PMID- 14768132 TI - Trials of alternating pressure mattresses. PMID- 14768134 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14768133 TI - Justifying placebo use in clinical trials. PMID- 14768135 TI - Why health literacy matters. PMID- 14768136 TI - Misdiagnosing breast cancer: rising malpractice risk. PMID- 14768137 TI - At long last! EMTALA regulations have been revisited. PMID- 14768138 TI - A new dawn for patient safety. PMID- 14768139 TI - Traversing the paperless frontier: using information technology to improve quality care. AB - When it comes to information technology (IT), healthcare has lagged behind. Most healthcare transactions still are conducted via a paper route. Only a fraction of hospitals and physicians' offices have implemented a comprehensive electronic health record. With computerized provider order entry systems, the story has been much the same, with only about 10% of hospitals using them to transmit patient orders. But this may be changing soon. This issue of The Quality Letter for Healthcare Leaders looks at what is in store for healthcare IT and what these trends will mean to the healthcare community. PMID- 14768140 TI - Keeping patients safe: Institute of Medicine looks at transforming nurses' work environment. AB - In November 1999, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System, which brought to the public's attention the serious--and sometimes deadly--dangers posed by medical errors occurring in healthcare organizations. Exactly 4 years later, an IOM committee released a new report that focuses on the need to reinforce patient safety defenses in the nurses' working environments. PMID- 14768141 TI - Laparoscopic versus open surgical exploration in premenopausal women with suspected acute appendicitis. AB - OBJECTIVES: To assess the utility of laparoscopic versus conventional surgical exploration in premenopausal women with suspected acute appendicitis. METHOD: Female patients aged 15-45 years in whom an independent decision to undertake surgical exploration had been made, were randomised to laparoscopic or open procedures. Comparison of patient groups was conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS: Eighteen patients underwent laparoscopic exploration, with 1 procedure requiring conversion to lower midline laparotomy. Open surgical exploration was performed primarily in 16 patients. Postoperative complications (3 patients versus 1 patient) and diagnostic errors (5 patients versus 1 patient) were more frequent in patients undergoing open surgical procedures. Laparoscopic procedures tended to be of longer duration than open operations, but were generally associated with slightly more favourable indices of postoperative recovery (analgesic requirement, postoperative hospitalisation, return to normal activity, return to work). In patients found not to have acute appendicitis, the difference in mean postoperative hospitalisation following laparoscopic intervention (2.6 days) and conventional surgery (3.4 days) approached statistical significance (p < 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopy may carry some diagnostic advantage over open surgery in premenopausal women with suspected acute appendicitis. Patients found not to have acute appendicitis have a marginally shorter period of hospitalisation after laparoscopic intervention. The outcome following laparoscopic appendicectomy for confirmed acute appendicitis is at least equivalent to that achieved with conventional appendicectomy. Laparoscopic exploration is an acceptable option in premonopausal women requiring surgery for suspected acute appendicitis. PMID- 14768142 TI - Tramadol--a multimodal, multipurpose analgesic for the surgeon. AB - Tramadol is a multimodal analgesic with proven dose-related efficacy over a variety of perioperative surgical fields and is efficacious in treating both neuropathic and cancer pain. It is of particular use in patients with impaired cardiorespiratory, hepatic or renal function, and is an important addition to the armamentarium of the surgeon. PMID- 14768143 TI - Prevalence and outcome of paediatric and adolescent limb fractures in rural Zambia. AB - Little is known about the prevalence and outcome of paediatric limb fractures in rural African children. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence and outcome of paediatric and adolescent limb fractures in this population. We performed a retrospective population survey of 355 secondary school students with a mean age of 16.9 years in Katete, Zambia. Fracture type and cause were assessed using anamnestic data and physical examination. In the surveyed group 52 students (29 male, 23 female) sustained 56 fractures. We found a fracture prevalence rate of 15-19% in male and 11% in female students. The most common fracture was that of the wrist (39%). Forty-eight fractures (86%) were treated in a general hospital, and 4 (7%) in rural health centres. Only 4 students with a fracture (7%) did not receive medical treatment at all. Sport was the most common cause of fractures in the surveyed group (41%). Of all fractures, 25% led to significant impairment. PMID- 14768144 TI - Pleuropulmonary blastoma--case report of a patient presenting in a moribund state. AB - A 4-year-old girl presented with an intrathoracic tumour that was pleural in origin, invading the right lower lobe. The patient underwent urgent right thoracotomy and surgical excision of the tumour and right lower lobectomy as the tumour was invading that lobe. The histological report initially reported it as a rhabdomyosarcoma, embryonal type, but after consultation it was changed to type III pleuropulmonary blastoma. The patient was treated with chemotherapy but succumbed to the disease 12 months after the diagnosis. Relevant literature on pleuropulmonary blastoma is reviewed. PMID- 14768145 TI - Students demand the right to maternity benefits. PMID- 14768146 TI - Creating a better work environment. PMID- 14768147 TI - Paying the price of the NMC fee rise. PMID- 14768148 TI - A pioneering role in forensics. Interview by David Crouch. PMID- 14768149 TI - Antibiotic resistance and the prescribing dilemma. AB - Antibiotics have had a major impact on health care since the discovery of penicillin. However, the prescribing of antibiotics remains a common practice dilemma. How should the appropriate prescription of antibiotics continue while ensuring that growth of microbial resistance to infectious diseases is kept to a minimum? PMID- 14768150 TI - What you need to know about ... erythema infectiosum. PMID- 14768151 TI - Understanding the benefits and risks of breast augmentation. AB - There are a number of reasons a woman might consider breast augmentation, including cosmetic improvement, reconstruction after a mastectomy, or to address a congenital or developmental abnormality. Nurses should ensure that patients considering breast surgery understand the risks involved. Clearly informed consent is a major issue. For some women, the potential benefits of this surgery will outweigh the risks. PMID- 14768152 TI - Piloting cross-boundary training to develop cancer care nursing. AB - Flexible approaches to lifelong learning have the potential to increase motivation and influence recruitment and retention. This paper explores how the introduction of a collaborative rotational placement programme between the NHS and the voluntary sector helped qualified staff to develop their practice in caring for patients with cancer from diagnosis through to bereavement. Staff experienced an increase in their personal motivation, confidence and enthusiasm. PMID- 14768153 TI - Assessing patients' eligibility for fully funded nursing care. AB - The introduction of free nursing care in nursing homes requires that patients' needs for care from a registered nurse are determined as part of the assessment of health and social care needs. It is important that patients are assigned to the band of care that is appropriate for them so that they receive the correct contribution to their care. A minimum data set/resident assessment instrument was piloted on residents living in nursing homes as an assessment tool to see whether this agreed with decisions that had been made by the NHS-designated assessor for the registered nursing contribution to care. Comparison of findings showed that the assessment tool was a means of improving the quality of assessments. PMID- 14768154 TI - Listening to carers talking about the subjects of continence and toileting. AB - Toilets and continence play critical roles in the lives of people who care for a relative at home. Issues around toileting are central to the relationship between the carer and the person being cared for, with the bathroom often becoming the most important place in the house. PMID- 14768155 TI - Current treatments for patients with stress urinary incontinence. AB - Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) has been defined as the complaint of involuntary leakage of urine on effort, exertion, sneezing or coughing (Abrams et al, 2002). It becomes known as urodynamically proven stress incontinence (USI) when filling cystometry (a test of bladder function) shows a rise in intra abdominal pressure, without a detrusor muscle (bladder muscle) contraction, causing urine loss via the urethra. PMID- 14768156 TI - Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: primary care guidelines. AB - In primary and community health care settings, long-term (> 28 days) urinary catheterisation (LTC) is most commonly used in managing older people and those with neurological conditions. Studies suggest that in the UK LTC is used in 0.5 per cent of people aged 75 or over (Kohler-Ockmore and Feneley, 1996) and in four per cent of people receiving domiciliary care (Getliffe and Mulhall, 1991). Most health-care associated infections (HAIs) are caused by indwelling urinary catheters (Stamm, 1998). Many of these infections are serious and lead to significant morbidity. In acute care facilities, 20-30 per cent of catheterised patients develop bacteriuria, of whom two to six per cent develop symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTIs) (Stamm, 1998). PMID- 14768157 TI - The development of an accredited bowel-management course. AB - Bowel management--particularly digital rectal examination (DRE) and the manual removal of faeces--has been a contentious issue for some time. In the past few years this has been brought to the fore by a number of cases of professional misconduct by nurses. PMID- 14768158 TI - How to ... manage stress. PMID- 14768159 TI - [Integrated nursing education--the Stuttgart model: a direction into the future]. PMID- 14768160 TI - [When infants are born dead: "It has come and has left behind its marks"]. PMID- 14768161 TI - [Can episiotomy prevent urinary and fecal incontinence? More facts, less fiction]. PMID- 14768162 TI - [Presentation of statistical date, 1--Tables: more complicated than anticipated]. PMID- 14768163 TI - [Prevalence of decubitus ulcer in German: a challenge in nursing management]. PMID- 14768164 TI - [Nursing in the DRG system: case group tells little about nursing care needs]. PMID- 14768165 TI - [Clinical pathways: on the way to quality improvement]. PMID- 14768166 TI - [Performance capacity of managers in ambulatory nursing care: does the work schedule correspond with work assignments?]. PMID- 14768167 TI - [Career planning: not waiting for chance]. PMID- 14768168 TI - [Intercultural aspects of abortion: "no woman makes the decision lightly"]. PMID- 14768169 TI - [Ethical decision making in neonatology: questioning until answers appear]. PMID- 14768170 TI - [Konrad's history: every day is a winning experience]. PMID- 14768171 TI - [From case to case: the best for mother and child]. PMID- 14768172 TI - [Development, prevention and management of decubitus ulcer from the historical perspective--dates and facts 1800 to 1950]. PMID- 14768173 TI - [Pathologo-anatomical analysis of the causes of maternal mortality]. PMID- 14768174 TI - [Soluble forms of adhesion molecules sELAM-1 and sICAM-1 in Graves disease and toxic nodular goiter]. AB - Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) are playing a significant role in an inflammatory process. In patients with autoimmune disorders of thyroid gland an increased expression of ICAM-1 and ELAM-1 was found in thyroid and also in orbital tissue in presence of active ophthalmopathy. Reports concerning concentrations of adhesion molecules soluble forms (sELAM-1 and sICAM-1) in sera of patients suffered from different thyroid gland diseases are controversial. The aim of the project was an estimation of levels of adhesion molecules soluble forms in sera of patients with Graves' disease (GD) and toxic nodular goiter (TNG). In the presented research work sICAM-1 and sELAM-1 were determined in 149 subjects (aged 17-69 years) divided to following groups: group 1--16 hyperthyroid GD patients with active ophthalmopathy (GO) (10 females and 6 males); group 2--25 euthyroid GD patients with GO (17 females and 8 males); group 3--41 hyperthyroid GD patients without GO (22 females and 16 males); group 4--36 patients with TNG (20 females and 16 males) and control group (group 5)--31 healthy subjects (16 females and 16 males). sICAM-1 and sELAM-1 serum concentrations were determined using highly sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In comparison with control group (group 5) in groups 1--3 significant increase of sICAM-1 and sELAM-1 concentrations was found (p < 0.001). The highest values for both adhesion molecules were demonstrated in the group of hyperthyroid GD patients with GO (group 1) as well as in group of euthyroid GD patients with GO (group 2). In group 1 the values were higher than those in group 2. Lower concentrations were present in group of GD patients with hyperthryroidism without symptoms of GO (group 3). The lowest adhesion molecules concentrations in four examined groups were present in sera of patients with TNG (group 4). The level of sICAM-1 in this group was higher than that in control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p < 0.01), on the contrary sELAM-1 concentration was markedly elevated in comparison with group 5 (p < 0.002). From the obtained results it may be concluded that elevated sICAM-1 and sELAM-1 concentrations in sera of GD patients are dependent on autoimmunological factors, presence of inflammatory changes in the orbital tissue as well as on hyperthyroidism. Nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism has also influence on increase of sICAM-1 and sELAM 1 levels. PMID- 14768175 TI - [Prognostic role of adhesion molecules sELAM-1 and sICAM-1 in glucocorticoid therapy of active ophthalmopathy]. AB - Inflammatory process is connected with the increased expression on cells of adhesion molecules, also including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1). In active ophthalmopathy (GO) this process, of various severity, is progressing in orbital tissue. This is reflected by the increase in blood of these molecules soluble forms. The aim of the project was to study sELAM-1 and sICAM-1 concentrations in sera of patients with GO in the course of Graves' disease (GD) gratified to glucocorticoid therapy, as well as the analysis of this treatment influence on both adhesion molecules with taking into consideration their prognostic role in an applied treatment. The analysis included 25 subjects with eye changes in the class at least 2c (ATA). The duration of GO did not exceed 2 years. Patients received 3 i.v. "pulses" of methyloprednisolone (1 g/d, every second day), followed by oral administration of prednisone during 3 months (60 mg/d, with gradual dose reduction). The blood was taken before treatment, next day after the last methyloprednisolone infusion, after 2 week of prednisone therapy and after completing of glucocorticoid treatment. As a result of the applied therapy 15 subjects obtained clinical improvement (group 1A), on the contrary 10 persons did not gain positive effects after finishing prednisone (group 1B). Before starting the treatment sICAM-1 and sELAM-1 levels in group 1A were lower than those in group 1B. After methyloprednisolone therapy sICAM-1 and sELAM-1 concentrations declined in both groups. This was related in the most of patients to clinical improvement, which occurred at that time. After 2 weeks of prednisone application concentrations of both adhesion molecules were still decreased. After completing of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with clinical improvement (group 1A) sICAM 1 concentration remained suppressed, in the range of concentrations present in sera of healthy subjects (group 2). In patients without clinical response (group 1A), with gradual recurrence of inflammatory symptoms together with reduction of prednisone dose sICAM-1 concentration increased again to values comparable to initial levels. sELAM-1 concentration in group 1A still did not markedly change after completing of glucocorticoid therapy, on the contrary--in group 1B the level of this adhesion molecule slightly increased. These values, in contradistinction to sICAM-1, did not drop during therapy to concentrations characteristic for normal range. According to the results it may be concluded, that clinical improvement after glucocorticoid therapy is connected with lower adhesion molecules concentrations before treatment. Glucocorticosteroids are causing decrease of sICAM-1 and sELAM-1 concentrations in patients with GO in the grade dependent on the dose of medication, on the contrary changes in sELAM-1 concentration are less significant. Maintenance of decreased sICAM-1 concentration during glucorticoid therapy is a positive prognostic factor. PMID- 14768176 TI - [Glucosamine concentration in serum of old persons with hyperinsulinemia and normal insulin levels]. AB - Increased glucose metabolism through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway has been shown to mediate many of adverse effects i.e. desensitisation of glucose transport in tissues, an inhibition of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles, an impairment of insulin secretion in pancreatic islet cells, arteriosclerosis and nephropathy by stimulation of growth factor TGF-alpha and TGF-beta 1 promoters expression. The aim of the presented study was to compare of glucosamine concentrations in the blood serum between elderly human subjects (women and men) with hyperinsulinaemia and normoinsulinaemia. Subjects were divided into two groups: a group of 16 subjects with hyperinsulinaemia (concentration of fasting insulin is higher than 15 mU/l) and a group of 19 subjects with normoinsulinaemia (concentration of insulin was less or equal 15 mU/l). In the venous blood serum concentrations of insulin, C-peptide, glucose and glucosamine were determined. The Caltrac accelerometer was used to estimate energy expenditure in subgroup of 20 subjects: 10 subjects with hyperinsulinaemia and 10 with normoinsulinaemia. Significant differences were found between glucosamine and insulin concentrations (p < 0.01) and between C-peptide concentrations (p < 0.05) in both groups investigated. The mean value of the glucosamine concentration in the group with hyperinsulinaemia was higher by 22.6 mg/dl in comparison to mean value established in the group with normoinsulinaemia. Mean values of total and related to physical activity energy expenditure per day per 1 kg of body mass in the group with hyperinsulinaemia were less (p < 0.05) compared to the group with normoinsulinaemia. The presented results show that hyperinsulinaemia may contribute to the hyperactivity of hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. PMID- 14768177 TI - [Assessment of insulin sensitivity during exercise training program in obese women. Comparison of simple indices with hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique]. AB - Insulin resistance is a key element of metabolic syndrome, which includes disturbances of glucose tolerance, obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease dyslipidemia and many other defects. An important problem in scientific research is precise measurement of insulin sensitivity. The method considered "the gold standard" is glucose clamp, however, it is difficult to apply this method in large studies. Therefore, simple indices of insulin resistance are proposed. It remains unclear whether those indices are able to reflect changes occurring during insulin-sensitizing intervention. The aim of the present study was to assess the use of indirect indices for the changes in insulin sensitivity during exercise training and to compare those indices with results derived from clamp. Fourteen obese normoglycemic women participated in 12-week exercise training program, which included exercise performed on a bicycle ergometer, 5 days a week for 30 minutes. Insulin sensitivity (M/FFM value) before and after training was measured with hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique. Simple indices of insulin resistance were also assessed: fasting plasma insulin (INS), logarithm INS (log [INS]), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), logarithm HOMA (log [HOMA]) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Before training, all those indices were markedly related to M/FFM. After training, an increase in M/FFM was observed. None of the examined indices markedly changed after training. There was no correlations between changes of evaluated indices and in M/FFM during training, and no relationships of those parameters after training. Our study indicates that simple indices are not able to reflect changes occurring during insulin-sensitizing intervention. PMID- 14768178 TI - The assessment of cabergoline efficacy and tolerability in patients with pituitary prolactinoma type. AB - Prolactinoma is the most frequent type of secreting pituitary tumours. In the treatment, pharmacotherapy with dopamine agonists is considered the first-line option. For many years bromocriptine, a D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agonist, has been the standard medicine for hyperprolactinemic patients. However, the treatment is frequently associated with intolerance or resistance. Recently cabergoline, a long acting, ergoline-derived, selective D2 agonist has become available and has been promoted as the initial treatment. Therefore the object of four studies was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of cabergoline in patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. 17 patients, 13 women at the age of 21-55 years (average 37.1) and 4 men at the age of 29-45 years (average 36.3), with pathological hyperprolactinemia due to pituitary tumours were involved in the study. In all patients the increased pretreatment concentration of PRL was observed, ranging from 1047 to 1678 mlU/ml (mean 1369 mlU/ml). MRI scans revealed microprolactinomas in 11 (64.7%) cases and macroadenomas in 6 (35.3%) cases. None of the patients had previously undergone pituitary surgery and all of them were newly diagnosed, previously untreated. The patients were treated with cabergoline for 6 months. Cabergoline therapy was started at a dose of 0.5 mg twice a week for the first two months, then the dose was decreased to a 0.25 mg twice a week and finally maintained at 0.25 mg a week. After 6 months of the therapy, the normalization of serum PRL concentrations (from mean 1358 mlU/ml to mean 420 mlU/ml; p < 0.001) was achieved in 13 (76.5%) patients (8 with microprolactinoma and 5 with macroprolactinoma). In the remaining 4 patients PRL levels remained elevated but were decreased from mean 1403 mIU/ml to mean 812 mIU/ml. There were no differences, regarding CAB efficacy in lowering PRL levels, between patients with micro- and macroadenomas (p > 0.05). About 90% women resumed menstrual cycles in our study. All the other clinical pretreatment symptoms disappear in the course of the therapy. The tumour shrinkage, confirmed by control MRI was noted in 2 patients (33%) with macroprolactinoma. Cabergoline was tolerated satisfactorily by all our patients. The results have confirmed a high efficacy and a very good tolerability of CAB in the treatment of patients with pituitary adenomas. Together with a very convenient administration, such therapy can provide a very good patient compliance thus should be considered the first line option in patients with prolactinomas. PMID- 14768179 TI - [Headache in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis of clinical EEG and neuroimaging studies]. AB - The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of headache in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), its classification and estimation if they are the symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in patients with SLE causing any pathologies in EEG and neuroimaging methods like SPECT and MRI. We examined 83 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (81 females and 2 males) aged between 19 and 71 years. All patients had neurological examination and EEG complemented with SPECt and MRI in some cases. 65 patients reported headache, 45 of them complained of idiopathic headache and 20--symptomatic one. The group with symptomatic headache had more frequently paroxymal changes in EEG while changes in background activity were more often notified in patients with idiopathic headache. Both SPECT and MRI showed more cerebral pathologies in patients with idiopathic headache. In SPECT the most common were multiple perfusion deficits and in MRI small hyperintensive lesions in white matter of cerebral hemispheres. Headache is the most common neurological complaint in SLE. Headache associated with pathological results of EEG or neuroimaging methods indicate the presence of central nervous involvement in patient with SLE. PMID- 14768180 TI - [Assessment of interventions conducted in the program Southern Poland Epidemiological Survey in adults with high hypercholesterolemia]. AB - In 1997 the Southern Poland Epidemiological Survey trial was conducted, the largest primary prevention action in Poland, which comprised 50,111 subjects. In this trial subjects with total cholesterol over 300 mg% were identified. After two years period these subjects were contacted to assess the kind and effectiveness of their action to reduce hypercholesterolemia and other CAD risk factors. The role of general practitioner was also addressed. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of primary prevention on the following parameters: intensity and frequency of risk factors occurrence, rate of individual risk of coronary heart disease in the study group and the assessment of influence of primary care physician action on risk factors reduction in the study population. 1090 persons were invited into the study. 293 (27%) of them came to the hospital for further investigation. After exclusion of patients in whom CAD was already present in 1997, a group of 263 patients was analyzed. The study group was divided in three parts: non-compliant to the primary prophylaxis recommend alians (52 pers.), performing the primary prophylaxis recommendations on their own (113 pers.), and performing the recommendations under supervision of the general practitioner (89 pers.). Blood pressure, smoking, weight reduction, physical activity improvement and lowering of the total cholesterol were analyzed. The risk of CAD in 1997 in 1999 was evaluated according to the risk score. In the group following the recommendations unders medical supervision significant CAD risk reduction, lowest CAD risk in 1999, highest ratio of smoking quitting, tendency to physical activity improvement, highest weight reduction (especially in people with visceral obesity), and the lowering of total cholesterol level were observed. In the group following the recommendations without medical supervision significant level of smoking quitting and weight reduction were observed. In this group total cholesterol level and CAD risk were unchanged. On the basis of these results following conclusions were formed: 1) Prevention action caused smoking quitting, body mass reduction, total cholesterol reduction and tendency to improved physical activity. 2) Prevention action caused only minor personal CAD risk reduction. 3) General practitioner activity lowered CAD incidence risk. 4) Education of people at risk, general practitioners and the entire population on avoiding coronary artery disease is necessary. PMID- 14768181 TI - [Alagille syndrome and chronic renal failure]. AB - Alagille syndrome is characterized by paucity of bile ducts leading to cholestasis and may be accompanied by renal and cardiovascular abnormalities. We report 42-years old patient with hypertension, chronic renal failure and Alagille syndrome. Ischemic nephropathy was suspected, which was not confirmed on angio CT. It seems, that chronic renal failure in the patient was due to primary parenchymal pathology. PMID- 14768182 TI - [Diagnostic difficulties in acute pulmonary embolism diagnosis: ECG changes evolution: a case report]. AB - Pulmonary embolism is a common disease which may cause diagnostic difficulties. To establish a diagnosis additional examinations are needed. Except typical for pulmonary embolism EKG changes the value of untypical ST-T changes connected with cardiac ischaemia is appreciated. The case below presents the usefulness of EKG monitoring in acute pulmonary embolism. PMID- 14768183 TI - [Thyroid disorders in elderly patients]. PMID- 14768184 TI - [Mannitol: is it worth to remember?]. PMID- 14768185 TI - [Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMP) polymorphism: a model of clinical application for pharmacogenetics]. PMID- 14768186 TI - [Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: standard treatment and new approach to treatment]. PMID- 14768187 TI - [CD-133, a new marker for normal hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells, their leukemic counterparts and endothelial precursors]. PMID- 14768188 TI - [Primary tumors of the heart in adults]. PMID- 14768189 TI - Gastric cancer is a major cause of cancer death. PMID- 14768190 TI - Gastric cancer: aetiological, clinicopathological and management patterns in Nigeria. AB - BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is a major cause of cancer death worldwide with a widely variable incidence and is of multifactorial aetiology. AIM: To highlight aetiological, clinicopathological and management patterns of gastric cancer in Nigeria. METHOD: All available literature on gastric cancer in Nigeria were sourced from both Medline and library search, and a review was undertaken. RESULTS: Gastric cancer is relatively uncommon in Nigeria and other African countries compared with South-East Asian and South American countries. The peak age group of patients is in the fifth decade and the male:female sex ratio is between 1.6:1 and 4.1:1. There is a high sero-prevalence of between 80% to 85% of Helicobacter pylori infection among healthy individuals in the southern and northern parts of the country despite a relatively low incidence of gastric cancer. The relative contributions of some of the known dietary factors to its prevalence in Nigeria are yet to be explored. Intestinal type adenocarcinoma predominates at histology over the diffuse type and this seems to correlate with the prevalence of H. pylori. The prognosis of gastric cancer has remained poor over the decades in Nigeria due to a high percentage of advanced stage presentation, while the rate of surgical procedures performed is encouraging, the resection rate is disappointingly low. CONCLUSION: Control measures therefore need to be put in place to include health education of the populace on the value of seeking medical attention early; primary prevention strategies directed at eradicating H. pylori infection while clinicians should be enjoined to minimize delay in treating patients evaluated for dyspepsia because of the risk of underlying gastric malignancy. PMID- 14768191 TI - Typhoid fever: clinical diagnosis versus laboratory confirmation. AB - BACKGROUND: Recently there has been an increase in the clinically diagnosed typhoid fever in various parts of Nigeria with subsequent increase in public fear of possible epidemics of the disease. In this study the accuracy of clinically diagnosed typhoid fever were investigated. METHODS: Blood and stool specimens from 260 patients clinically diagnosed typhoid fever were investigated using Widal test and bacteriological culture methods respectively. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-four (51.5%) of the cases investigated were positive and that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the clinically diagnosed and bacteriologically confirmed typhoid fever cases. Causative organisms were Salmonella typhi 46 (34.3%); S paratyphi B 34 (25.4%); S paratyphi A 24 (17.9%); S paratyphi C 20 (14.9%); other Salmonella spp 10 (7.5%). Young adults and males were predominantely affected. CONCLUSION: Most of the clinically diagnosed typhoid cases were misdiagnosis and the hue and cry by the general public on the epidemic of typhoid fever could not be justified. It is recommended that careful detailed history taking, meticulous clinical examination and prompt bacteriological culturing of specimens from suspected typhoid cases will improve the accuracy of clinically diagnosed typhoid fever. PMID- 14768192 TI - Some metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetic patients in Jos, north central Nigeria. AB - BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is associated with derangements in the serum levels of several biochemical parameters. This study was conducted in an attempt to obtain the biochemical profiles and their abnormalities in Nigerian type 2 diabetic patients in Jos, North Central Nigeria. METHODS: Seventy-five (75) Nigerians with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 69 age and sex-matched non-diabetic controls were investigated. Each participant had fasting plasma glucose, plasma lipids, liver, renal function profiles as well as their clinical characteristics assessed. RESULTS: The clinical characteristics body mass index, waist hip ratio and blood pressures were significantly higher in diabetics than controls (p < 0.05). Renal and lipid profiles were also significantly higher in diabetics. There was no significant difference in the liver profile between diabetics and controls. Diabetics with good glycaemic control had lower frequencies of biochemical abnormalities compared to diabetics with poor control. CONCLUSION: Metabolic abnormalities are common in Nigerians with type 2 diabetes. Our findings support the fact that controlling hyperglycaemic state would be beneficial in preventing the major metabolic abnormalities and hence the complications of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14768193 TI - A review of histology of bone marrow trephine in malignant lymphomas. AB - BACKGROUND: To investigate the prevalence and pattern of bone marrow involvement and its effects on the peripheral blood counts of malignant lymphoma patients. METHODS: A prospective study of patients with histologically confirmed malignant lymphomas that presented from January 1994 to December, 1999 at the Department of Haematology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife. Patients underwent routine investigations such as packed cell volume (PCV); white blood cell counts (total and differentials), and platelet counts. Bone marrow aspirates and trephine biopsies were carried out on admission. Histological classification was based on the working formulation, while clinical staging was based on the Ann Arbor classification. The data collected was analysed using simple statistical methods and Epi info 6. (World Health Organisation), Geneva, Center for disease control (CDC), Atlanta, USA (1994) statistical software was used for all statistical analysis. RESULTS: Out of the thirty cases (19 males and 11 females) of lymphoma that were studied, twenty-four (80%) were Non Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) and 6 (20%) were Hodgkins disease (HD). In the NHLs, age range was 18-75 years with a median of 50 years with sixteen males and eight females, male:female ratio 2:1. Twelve of the patients had marrow involvement and were low grade indolent disease. The most common pattern of marrow involvement in NHL was diffuse type. In HD, the age range was 18-65 years with a median of 45.5 years. There were three females and three males with M:F of 1:1. The most common pattern of marrow involvement was mixed cellularity in four patients, while one patient had lymphocyte predominant and the other lymphocyte depleted. In all cases with marrow involvement there were varying degrees of marrow suppression as reflected by anaemia and thrombocytopaenia, and in one pancytopaenia. CONCLUSION: Bone marrow examination is an important aspect in the diagnosis of patients with malignant lymphoma and there is superiority of trephine biopsy over the aspiration biopsy. PMID- 14768194 TI - Upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings in patients with HIV/AIDS at the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. AB - BACKGROUND: Upper gastrointestinal tract involvement in HIV/AIDS is common. No data exist on the pattern of upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings in HIV/AIDS patients in Nigeria. OBJECTIVE: To describe the pattern of upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings in HIV/AIDS patients. DESIGN: A hospital based retrospective case-control study involving 52 HIV/AIDS patients and 52 age and sex matched controls. SETTING: Medicine Department of the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. METHODS: Medical records of patients with HIV/AIDS and an age and gender matched control who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy over an eight-year period were reviewed. RESULTS: Oesophageal candidiasis was the commonest finding in 18 (34.6%) of subjects with HIV/AIDS followed by normal upper gastrointestinal tract in 17 (32.1%). Normal upper gastrointestinal tract was found in 57.6% of HIV seronegative subjects while oesophageal candidiasis occurred in one (1.9%) of these patients. Duodenal ulcer and gastritis occurred with equal frequencies in HIV/AIDS patients (7.5%) and controls. CONCLUSION: Oesophageal candidiasis was the commonest upper gastrointestinal endoscopic finding in patients with HIV/AIDS. PMID- 14768195 TI - Patients attitude towards asthma in Ile-Ife. AB - BACKGROUND: There seems to be a paucity of data concerning the attitude of asthmatics towards asthma, its treatment and its effects on their lives in most developing countries. Inadequate attention paid to the psychological and social aspects of asthma could be a significant factor responsible for increase in morbidity and mortality from asthma despite major advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. This study aimed at investigating the attitude of asthmatics to the disease (using an asthma dislike questionnaire) to form the basis of a more comprehensive health education programme for asthmatics. METHODS: An asthma-dislike questionnaire was administered to asthmatic patients who were invited for an Asthma Education Programme. This was done prior to the commencement of the lectures. Information elicited was on dislike of physical condition, emotional dysfunction, dislike of psychosocial effects, public-life interference and dislike of medication. RESULTS: Two-third of the asthmatics complained of interference with physical activities. Over 25% indicated being more intolerant towards others. 50% of the patients expressed the fear of dying from sudden asthmatic attack. Two-thirds of the patients expressed concern over the increasing cost of medication and adverse effects of asthma on their public lives. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that asthma is not just a physical condition, but also has psychosocial components, which varies from person to person. The use of a biopsychosocial approach to augment asthma therapy is advocated. PMID- 14768196 TI - Oral health care practice and socio-demographic findings among the physicians in Ilorin, Nigeria. AB - BACKGROUND: In most developing countries, physicians attend to patients with oral health problems more than dentists usually because physicians are easily available. The aim of this study is to assess the level of practice of oral health care by physicians and make recommendations on how oral health care practice can be improved among the physicians. METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among 173 physicians who were randomly selected using their various health facilities. The study was carried out in Ilorin, the capital of Kwara State, Nigeria, over a period of six months. A well-structured questionnaire served as data collection tool while EPI-INFO version 6 software packages were used for analyzing data after being coded. RESULTS: There was a high level (74.1%) of practice of oral health care among the physicians and the major reasons for this were limited number of qualified dentists in the study area as well as lack of awareness by the patients concerning the treatment of oral health problems by dentists. Toothache and trauma were the most (68.2%) and least (2.3%) prevalent oral health problems respectively seen by physicians in this study. Antibiotics and analgesics were the medications used by the majority (58.1%) of the physicians to treat oral health problems. Almost all (97.7%) the respondents referred oral health problems to dentists while only 2.3% claimed never referred patients to a dentist. CONCLUSION: The available dental services in the study area cannot meet the oral health needs of the populace considering the fact that there are fewer dentists than physicians. Since this study showed a high level of practice of oral health care among the physicians, it is therefore necessary to include dentistry in the curricular of all medical schools in Nigeria and such curricula need to place more emphasis on promotive and preventive aspects of oral health as well as community participation. PMID- 14768197 TI - The knowledge, attitude and use of contraception among secondary school girls in Port Harcourt. AB - BACKGROUND: Sexual activity is on the increase among teenagers worldwide, with a trend towards early onset. These activities are often unplanned and may lead to unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS. Teenagers in developing countries exhibit little knowledge, and exposure to contraceptives. This study was undertaken to describe the knowledge, attitude and use of contraception among female students in Port Harcourt. METHOD: A self administered questionnaire was used for the study. Five hundred and thirty four students selected from a female only secondary school in Port Harcourt Local Government Area of Rivers State were studied. RESULTS: The students were aged 8 23 years (mean 15.6 years). Two hundred and sixty four (49.4%) were in junior classes (JSS1-3) and 270 (50.6%) in senior classes (SS1-SS3). Two hundred ninety five (55.2%) of the respondents had heard of at least one contraceptive method. Age and not the academic level significantly influenced the knowledge (p < 0.05). Condom was the commonest method known by the students. Few students (< 10%) had knowledge of the modern contraceptive methods. One hundred and thirty five (25.3%) students believed that contraceptives could be harmful. Among the sexually active girls, only 45.3% had ever used any method of contraception. The use of contraception was more among junior students than senior students (64.5% vs 35.5%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We therefore recommend formal sex education in secondary schools in Port Harcourt, in order to improve the reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use of sexually active girls. The education program must address students' misconceptions about effective methods of contraception targeting the senior students specifically. PMID- 14768198 TI - Intussusception in Kano: a 5-year analysis of pattern, morbidity and mortality. AB - BACKGROUND: Intussusception is a common surgical problem in childhood. This study was undertaken to determine the clinico-pathologic pattern of the disease in Kano. METHODS: Thirty-two cases of intussusception were retrospectively studied over a 5-year. RESULTS: Twenty-nine (90.6%) occurred in children and 3 (9.4%) in adults. Of the 29 childhood cases, 20 (68.9%) were males and 9 (31.1%) were females, with a male to female ratio of 2.2 to 1. Infantile intussusception constituted 21 (72.4%), while 8 (27.6%) were between 2 to 8 years of age. Ileocolic intussusception was the most common type with 16 cases (55.2%), while the others accounted for 13 (44.8%). All the childhood cases were idiopathic as there was no underlying cause. In contrast, adult intussusception was usually secondary to an underlying aetiological factor, with the colocolic type more common in 2 (66.7%), and ileocolic in 1 (33.3%). Surgery was the main treatment modality with a high resection rate, and a mortality of 9.4% mainly in patients with intestinal gangrene and septicaemia. CONCLUSION: Early presentation and prompt treatment is the key to reducing morbidity and mortality. PMID- 14768199 TI - The scope of extremity amputations in a private hospital in the south-south region of Nigeria. AB - BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to review extremities amputation cases in a private medical establishment in Port Harcourt with a view to identifying the incidence, indications, and limb status at surgery. METHODS: Hospital records were reviewed on amputation cases from June 1998 to May 2003. Upper and lower limb amputations done elsewhere with stump reviews by us were included. RESULTS: Thirty-four cases were reviewed, with a male to female ratio of 2.1:1. The 2nd to 4th decade produced 67.6 percent of the victims. Trauma contributed 70.5 percent of the cases, with road trauma contributing 47 percent of the entire series. Gangrene as a result of injury complication was the commonest indication for surgery. Lower limb amputations were commoner (n = 24) than upper limb amputations (n = 10). Below knee amputation was the commonest procedure performed. The percentage of the patients who consulted the traditional bone setter before presentation in hospital was 33%. CONCLUSION: Complications of injuries arising from road traffic accidents are a major cause of limb loss in our environment. Ignorance and cultural beliefs expose innocent persons to quacks especially traditional bone setters. Education and strong legislation is advocated to prevent unwarranted limb loss. PMID- 14768200 TI - An unusual presentation of an anterior chest wall chondrosarcoma. AB - BACKGROUND: Occasionally, anterior chest wall chondrosarcoma presents in an unusual manner. AIM: We report a case of an anterior chest wall chondrosarcoma which was misdiagnosed as a breast tumour. METHOD: The hospital notes of the patient and the literature on the disease were reviewed. RESULT: A 28-year old female Nigerian presented with a progressive enlargement of the right breast. Chest radiograph revealed an opacity in the right hemi-thorax. At surgery, the mass was found to be a chondrosarcoma arising from the anterior chest wall with the breast mass compressed anteriorly. This was confirmed by histopathological examination. She was followed up as outpatient but declined to further treatment. CONCLUSION: An anterior chest wall tumour of the magnitude described, should always be investigated and evaluated adequately prior to surgery in order to avoid a diagnostic pitfall. PMID- 14768201 TI - Cancer of the gall bladder: a report of three cases and a review of the literature. AB - BACKGROUND: Cancer of the gall bladder is an uncommon but highly lethal disease associated with cholelithiasis and chronic cholecystitis in occurrence. METHODS: A report of three cases seen over six years at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH) is presented together with a review of the literature. RESULTS: Three cases were seen over a period of 6 years. There were two females and one male. The patients were aged 80, 50 and 65 years respectively. The 80 year old man and 50 year old female presented with right hypochondrial mass and pain. The third presented with features of multiple metastases involving the liver and omentum. The first two cases had cholecystectomy and limited resection of adjacent liver tissue. The third case had unresectable cancer with gross involvement of the liver, peritoneum and omentum; she died three weeks after exploratory laparotomy. CONCLUSION: Cancer of the gall bladder is rare in this environment. A high index of suspicion in addition to ultrasound and computerized tomography helps in making an early diagnosis. This may improve the outcome of management. PMID- 14768202 TI - How special? Present and future developments. PMID- 14768203 TI - A specialism of primary dental care? AB - This opinion paper contends that a wide gap exists between the theory and practice of preventive dentistry. The reasons for this lie partly in the lack of recognition given to the potential for general dental practitioners (GDPs) to deliver health-focused care to their community of patients. This lack of recognition begins at undergraduate level and is also found among GDPs themselves. The creation of a specialism of primary dental care would help to bridge the gap between theory and practice, and help practitioners to create significantly improved levels of oral health within their respective communities. PMID- 14768204 TI - Does the Community Dental Service provide primary dental care for dentally disadvantaged children? AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare the caries prevalence of Community Dental Service (CDS) patients in Leicestershire with the same age groups in the population, and to assess the effectiveness of the CDS in reaching dentally disadvantaged children. METHOD: The caries prevalence of five- and 12-year-old children attending CDS clinics in Leicestershire was recorded in parallel with population data obtained from the British Association of Community Dentistry (BASCD) survey of these age groups in the county. BASCD criteria and conventions were used in both studies. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 354 five-year-old and 383 12-year-old CDS clinic patients, and the respective BASCD population samples of 1815 for five-year-olds and 1753 for 12-year-olds. RESULTS: In both age groups CDS clinic patients had a significantly (P < 0.01) higher caries experience. The provision of treatment for five-year-old CDS clinic patients was greater than that for the five-year-old BASCD population sample. This was also the case for the 12-year-old CDS clinic patients, who, in addition, had twice as many fissure sealants per patient than those in the BASCD sample. The mean DMFT of 12-year-old clinic attenders and the proportion of these children with caries experience were found to be higher than those for children with the poorest scores on the Townsend Deprivation Index. CONCLUSION: The CDS appeared to be effective in reaching, and providing treatment for, dentally disadvantaged children in Leicestershire, and as such in providing a complementary service to the GDS. PMID- 14768205 TI - Angioedema of the lips and tongue induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. A report of two cases. AB - The following case reports describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of two patients who attended Liverpool University Dental Hospital with rapidly increasing swelling of the lips and tongue. Both patients were suffering from angioedema and were taking an angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (ACEI). A provisional diagnosis of ACEI-induced angioedema was made. An intramuscular injection of chlorpheniramine maleate was given to both patients and they were immediately transferred to the local accident and emergency department. These cases illustrate the potential role of the general dental practitioner in the early recognition and management of this potentially life threatening condition. PMID- 14768206 TI - Clinical guidelines in dentistry: their benefits, limitations and dentolegal implications. AB - This paper examines and reviews the benefits, limitations and legal implications of guidelines formulated specifically for general dental practitioners. As more guidelines are developed and become more influential in the way dentists practise and become more accountable, it is of paramount importance that that they are scientifically valid, relevant to the practitioners who use them, and are rigorously evaluated before adoption. PMID- 14768207 TI - Do referrals from primary dental care for treatment using general anaesthesia comply with General Dental Council guidelines? AB - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the quality of information in referrals for patients aged under 16 years referred for dental extraction under general anaesthesia (GA), to ascertain the knowledge and expectations of the parents of these patients, and to determine whether the number of teeth extracted in secondary care coincides with that of the referring dentist. DESIGN: Retrospective study of referrals of all patients aged under 16 years referred to community dental clinics in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Northamptonshire and Oxfordshire over a 26 day period. RESULTS: The majority (62.2%) of the 251 referrals examined were for extractions under GA. Of these, 125 were by letter and 117 using a pro forma. Significantly more pro formas (33) than letters (8) contained a full medical history (P < 0.001). A treatment plan was included in significantly more pro formas (76) than letters (49) (P < 0.01). Few referrals contained a note about the discussion of alternatives to a GA procedure and only 37% (58/156) of parents reported that the referring general dental practitioner had discussed alternative treatments with them. A total of 551 primary teeth were indicated for removal but 846 teeth were eventually removed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate a need for parents of patients referred for GA procedures to be better informed about alternatives. Improvement in the quality of referrals, perhaps with the aid of standard pro formas, would also facilitate more effective management of referred patients. PMID- 14768208 TI - [Nursing education in Europe. Standardization is in progress]. PMID- 14768209 TI - [On the tracks of "hidden" psychiatry]. PMID- 14768210 TI - [Standard as a guide]. PMID- 14768211 TI - [Solution of the "puzzle"]. PMID- 14768212 TI - [Managed care. Hesitant steps forward]. PMID- 14768213 TI - [Reducing decubitus ulcer to a minimum]. PMID- 14768214 TI - [When surgical gloves were reused multiple times]. PMID- 14768215 TI - [Tell me about your quality of life, I will tell you who you are]. PMID- 14768216 TI - [Health and quality of life. All nurses should reflect on its meaning]. PMID- 14768217 TI - [The gamble of education or the art of living in a family]. PMID- 14768218 TI - [Between subjectivity and normative inclinations]. PMID- 14768221 TI - [Management of pediatric airway--anatomy, physiology and new developments in clinical practice]. AB - Due to the special features of paediatric anatomy and physiology, the expected and unexpected difficult paediatric airway is one of the major challenges to every anaesthesiologist, paediatrician and emergency physician. During the last years, some new devices have been made available to improve airway management in children and infants, and several studies have advanced our understanding of the risks and benefits of our clinical practice. Certain risk factors for airway related problems during anaesthesia in children having a "cold" have been identified, and there are new aspects of the controversy concerning the use of cuffed endotracheal tube (ETT) in children. New video assisted systems have been introduced for the management of the difficult airway in paediatric patients, and new applications for well-known devices have been suggested, e.g. the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) serving as guidance for fibreoptic intubation. Recent studies have also demonstrated specific problems with the LMA in infants, as well as possible advantages of a new prototype LMA for children, similar to the ProSeal. Furthermore, the following review presents data about the use of the Cuffed Oropharyngeal Airway (COPA) and the Laryngeal Tube (LT) in paediatric patients. PMID- 14768222 TI - [The syringe pump as actuator--a practical application problem of feedback control systems]. AB - Based on a computer simulation programme, the accuracy of the Graseby 3400 syringe pump was tested for its use in a feedback control system of the neuromuscular block. Firstly, a calculation of errors to determine the difference between the target and actual flow rates was carried out. Next, the characteristic curves of the syringe pump were determined under different flow and sampling rates to correct the application software of the feedback controller with a view to obtaining the correct flow rates online. It was discovered that, particularly with short 12 s sampling rates, dose-dependent errors of almost 100% were provable. Therefore, the application of a robust controller and integration of the characteristic curves at the outlet of the controller software are required. For the adoption of syringe pumps in medical feedback control systems, definite determination of the actual infusion quantity using an exact calculation of errors is required. Especially in cases of short sampling rates in combination with low infusion quantities, the syringe pump comes almost to a standstill, which results in extreme differences between target and actual flow rates. PMID- 14768223 TI - [Relations of German anesthesiology to east European societies of anesthesiology]. AB - On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the "German Society of Anaesthesiology" (DGA)--later called "German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine" (DGAI)--which was founded on 10 April 1953, and in memory of the foundation of the "Section of Anaesthesiology", which was founded in East-Berlin ten years later on 25 October 1963 and later called "Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy of the GDR" (GAIT), the development of relations between German anaesthetists and anaesthesiological societies in East Europe are described. The limited economic base of the medical-technical and pharmaceutical industries, a chronic lack of hard currencies and economic and political restrictions on travel activities by East German and East European anaesthetists to West European countries resulted in improved contacts between East German and East European anaesthesiological societies. This, in turn, led to the holding of "International Anaesthesiological Congresses" of the so-called socialist countries and "Bilateral Symposia of the Anaesthesiological Societies of Czechoslovakia and the GDR" and also bilateral meetings of nurses of anaesthesiology and intensive therapy from both countries. These congresses and in particular the "3rd European Congress of Anaesthesiology", which was hosted by the "Czechoslovak Society of Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation" in Prague in 1970, were of high value for the further development of anaesthesiology in these countries. Furthermore, congresses held in East Europe but outside the GDR, were especially important for meetings between East German anaesthetists and their West German colleagues, who regularly took part in these congresses as invited speakers, because West German anaesthetists were not allowed to participate in East German anaesthesia congresses, on the one hand, and East Germans were not allowed to attend West German anaesthesia congresses, on the other. There were also regular meetings of the boards of East European anaesthesia societies in order to discuss the further development of anaesthesiology as an independent new academic field of medicine. Both East and West German anaesthetists were very often invited as guest lecturers by various East European societies and anaesthesiological departments. They were always deeply impressed by the tremendous hospitality of their hosts. During the "Cold War", many anaesthetists from East European countries were also invited as guests by anaesthesia departments of East and West Germany. Most of the East European anaesthetists preferred West German departments because they were better equipped and some of them used these trips to the West also to escape from communism. Shortly before and mainly after the political changes in 1989 and the dissolving of the "Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy of the GDR" in 1990, the "German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine" improved its contacts to the East European anaesthesiological societies. The "Bavarian Section" of the "German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine" organized joint meetings with the Romanian, Bulgarian, Latvian and Russian societies of anaesthesiology in Bucharest (1987), Riga (1989), Moscow (1989) and Sofia (1991). In 1996, an "Association of German and Russian Anaesthetists" (ADRA) was founded in Moscow, which now has both a German (Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Joachim Nadstawek/Bonn) and a Russian (Prof. Dr. Armen Buniatian/Moscow) President. The German members of this association, in particular its Secretary-General, Prof. Dr. Reinhard Purschke/Dortmund, organize postgraduate courses including theoretical lectures and practical work not only in Russia but also in Armenia and Usbekistan. PMID- 14768224 TI - First in line. PMID- 14768225 TI - Want to feel brand new? PMID- 14768226 TI - Caring for the living and the dead. PMID- 14768227 TI - Freedom of choice. PMID- 14768228 TI - Where there's smoke. PMID- 14768229 TI - Time and compassion. PMID- 14768230 TI - Clinical pathway compliance and quality improvement. AB - BACKGROUND: Clinical pathways have been developed to guide evidence-based practice in health care. The documented use of a clinical pathway by clinicians can be measured by chart audit and used effectively as part of the quality improvement process. The application of a rigorous process of collecting data for quality improvement adds further evidence to the quality improvement process. This article describes a chart audit methodology developed and implemented to measure documented compliance with a myocardial infarction clinical pathway used in an acute hospital. CONCLUSION: The results informed a quality improvement process where documented use of the clinical pathway increased from 23 per cent to 58 per cent (p = 0.000). The chart audit methodology described was a key component in this successful quality improvement initiative. PMID- 14768231 TI - Post-traumatic stress disorder in asylum seekers. AB - Asylum seekers can present with a wide range of psychological problems caused by traumatic experiences in the country they have fled. They may also experience adjustment problems in the host country. This article describes a nurse-led, three-phased model of intervention to aid recovery in stages, addressing the biological, psychological and social needs of the individual. PMID- 14768232 TI - Clinical protocols for stoma care: 5. Prolapsed stoma. PMID- 14768233 TI - Understanding the care of patients with acute pancreatitis. AB - Although acute pancreatitis can be potentially life-threatening, patients with this condition can be monitored in the ward area. For this reason, it is essential that nurses have a good understanding of the physiology surrounding the illness and the significance of close and careful monitoring of patients with this condition. PMID- 14768234 TI - Thinking ahead. PMID- 14768235 TI - Demonstrating critical thought. PMID- 14768236 TI - [Postoperative course after uncomplicated tooth extractions in adults. Experiences in a university mouth disease and jaw surgery clinic]. AB - The records of 68 adult patients, referred to a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for extraction of one or more teeth, have been studied with regard to the complexity of the treatment and the postoperative course. In 11 patients surgical removal had to be performed, while in the remaining 57 patients treatment consisted of simple extractions. Forty-six patients of these 57 patients returned a questionnaire about postoperative problems and use of analgesics. These patients were divided into two groups, one consisting of 17 healthy patients without any medical disorder and/or use of drugs, and a second consisting of 29 medically compromised patients. The postoperative course did not differ between both groups. Four patients (1 healthy, 3 medically compromised) experienced postoperative complaints during more than 6 days. Remarkably, the number of patients who experienced pain but did not use analgesics was considerably higher in the healthy group (29%) compared with the medically compromised group (7%). On the other hand, medically compromised patients more often experienced pain in spite of the use of analgesics (52%) than healthy patients (41%). No differences in wound healing after simple tooth extractions were observed between healthy and medically compromised patients. PMID- 14768238 TI - [Dental tours de force 4. The use of a bone anchor for holding upright a tipped molar in the lower jaw]. AB - Mini-implants are increasingly used for orthodontic anchorage. Using a mini implant as anchorage in uprighting a mandibular molar, the need for other orthodontic appliances is minimal. Furthermore, the treatment is not evoking any risk of disturbing the occlusion, since other teeth are not loaded. Depending on a good control of the applied forces and the extrusion of the molar during uprighting, the orthodontic treatment can be simple and not burdening the patient. PMID- 14768237 TI - [Vicryl Rapide versus Safil Quick. A prospective comparison of two fast resorbing suturing materials]. AB - Currently, there are two fast-resorbing suturing materials on the Dutch market, viz. Vicryl Rapide and Safil Quick. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical suitability of both suturing materials, which was defined as minimal discomfort or pain for the patient, good knot security and tensile strength, predictable resorption, minimal tissue response, and good wound healing. In a group of 120 patients (60 patients randomized in each group), who were referred for apectomy, the clinical suitability of Vicryl Rapide and Safil Quick as fast resorbing suturing materials was prospectively studied. The results showed that the tested materials were equivalent with regard to most aspects of their clinical suitability. PMID- 14768239 TI - [Is Dutch swimming pool water erosive?]. AB - Etiological factors in the development of dental erosion are usually listed as dietary acids, for instance in soft drinks and fruit juices, and intrinsic acid exposure due to gastro-intestinal disease or frequent vomiting. Quite often the list of causes in reviews and textbooks also includes frequent swimming. This paper evaluates the evidence behind this erosion etiology. The main disinfection techniques using gas chlorination and sodium hypochlorite are described, and their relative risk for development of low pH water is discussed. In the Netherlands only the relatively safe sodium hypochlorite method is used, and the quality of the water in public swimming pools is monitored monthly by independent test laboratories. Data for 2001 from such a test laboratory show that the percentage of low-pH results is very low (0.14%). It is concluded that the risk of dental erosion from frequent swimming in acidic pool water is probably negligible in the Netherlands. PMID- 14768240 TI - [Swelling of lips as a first sign of acromegaly]. AB - A 65-year-old female patient with swelling of lips and submandibular glands was referred to the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of an academic hospital. The patient was worried about her changed appearance and her general fatigue. This condition had not changed during the last six months, although she slept more. Despite extensive investigations her complaints could not be diagnosed as of oral or maxillofacial origin. She thereupon was referred to the department of internal Medicine to screen for an endocrine aetiology. Laboratory tests were positive for acromegaly. PMID- 14768241 TI - [Acromegaly. Treatment of the causal factor and the oral sequelae]. AB - During the last few years, a 64-years-old man experienced a progressive enlargement of his hands, feet, and tongue and an alteration in the position of his frontal teeth. In a university medical clinic acromegaly was diagnosed, based on external features, serum tests, and an oral glucose tolerance test. A pituitary microadenoma was discovered. The most common oral features of acromegaly are a prognatic mandible, interdental spaces, macroglossy, and everted, swollen lips. In this article the primary treatment and the possible oral sequelae are described. PMID- 14768242 TI - [Nanotubes and fullerenes: an overview of the possible environmental and biological impact of bio-nanotechnologies]. AB - BACKGROUND: Nanotechnology operates in a dimension that is invisible not only to the human eye but also to most highly sensitive instruments; this technology has made it possible to manufacture materials that have not existed in our environment before. In the medical sphere, many important applications in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases are foreseen. Up to now nanotechnology has evaded social, political and regulatory scrutiny concerning the safety of nano particles in workplaces and in commercial products. OBJECTIVES: The present article reports the most important bio-medical applications of nanotechnology, followed by the results of research on the individual and environmental effects of nanomaterials and in particular of nanotubes, that are considered one of the most fascinating discoveries of the last millennium. METHODS: A report is given on the data presented at the 225th ACS National Meeting (March 23-27, 2003, New Orleans, LA), division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. RESULTS: Nanotubes and fullereness are recently discovered different forms of carbon-based materials which are widely applied in various technical fields. One of the main concerns regarding these structures is that they resemble asbestos fibers. CONCLUSIONS: Although preliminary studies suggest that these materials are not associated with any health risk, many researchers highlight the need to assess possible risks of such structures before they become ubiquitous in every aspect of life. PMID- 14768243 TI - [Effectiveness of interventions for the control and prevention of tuberculosis in health care facilities: a review of ATS,CDC, OSHA recommendations]. AB - BACKGROUND: Health care workers (HCWs) are occupationally exposed to a multitude of biological hazards, and among these to the risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection, especially involving individuals working in specific workplace (TB and Chest divisions, Infectious Diseases wards, Microbiology laboratories) and performing thoracic endoscopy and "cough-inducing" procedures. According to national legislation (title VIII D.lgs. 626/94, 1998 Health Minister guide lines document) concerning the control and prevention of TB transmission among HCWs, health care facilities are required to (i) perform an accurate risk assessment and (ii) implement an exposure control plan and worker health surveillance program, thus involving the occupational health professionals. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to provide a general view of the epidemiological and scientific evidence related to the effectiveness of health interventions in the prevention of occupational TB infection. METHODS: Comparative evaluation and critical review of U.S. CDC (1994) guidelines, OSHA (1997) rules, and the most recent ATS and CDC (2000) "statement" documents. RESULTS: In low risk groups TCT shows decreased positive predictive value, high variability, and can be confounded by other factors (age, BCG, MNT), thus reducing its diagnostic value for latent TB infection. CONCLUSIONS: Recent recommendations on the control of TB infection in health care settings underline the need of implementing accurate risk evaluation in all hospital units, compared to the epidemiological profile in the community, and "targeted tuberculin testing" programs among high risk HCWs. PMID- 14768244 TI - [Asbestos risk in the textile industry: final confirmation of data from the Lombardy Mesothelioma Registry]. AB - BACKGROUND: Cases of mesothelioma in non-asbestos textile workers have been frequently reported but the identification of asbestos dispersion sources in the workplaces has never been adequately performed. During 3 years of activity of the Mesothelioma Register for Lombardy, 40 cases (10.8% of all cases) were collected in textile workers engaged in all types of productive activities. The hypothesis that a significant asbestos risk for textile workers appeared not negligible. OBJECTIVES: The research was aimed at the identification of asbestos dispersion sources in textile factories. METHODS: Specific information was collected by technicians, maintenance personnel and other experts and direct inspections were carried out in numerous workplaces that had not yet undergone significant changes with respect to the past. Also the industrial machinery utilised in the previous 40-50 years was thoroughly examined. RESULTS: Epidemological evaluation of the recorded cases showed a widespread distribution in the different phases of textile production. Inspections also showed that a large amount of asbestos had been regularly used applied to the ceilings and also to the walls of factories in order to avoid both condensation of steam and reflection of noise. In addition, asbestos had also been widely used to insulate water and steam pipes. The braking systems of most of the machines also had asbestos gaskets, and on several looms some brakes operated continuously in order to keep the warp in constant tension. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations confirmed that since production techniques in the textile industry required working in damp and warm conditions with the noise of the rapidly moving machines, asbestos was very often used because of its absorbent and soundproofing qualities and its resistance to friction. We demonstrated that asbestos was thus widely used in the industry and this certainly produced considerable fibre dispersions in the atmosphere of the workplaces. Asbestos risk must therefore be recognised for all those who have worked in the textile industry in the recent past and, as a result, cases of mesothelioma must be considered occupational diseases. PMID- 14768245 TI - Chronic psychological effects of exposure to mercury vapour among chlorine-alkali plant workers. AB - BACKGROUND: Quantitative assessment of nervous system function is essential in characterising the nature and extent of impairment in individuals experiencing symptoms following work-place mercury vapour exposure. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was the application of standardised tests of behavioural, psychomotor and memory function to understand the neuropsychological effects of mercury in occupationally exposed chlorine-alkali plant workers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 45 workers at a chlorine-alkali plant with the mean age of 39.36 +/- 5.94 years, who had been exposed to daily inhalation of mercury vapour over long-term employment of 16.06 +/- 4.29 years. The cumulative mercury index was 155.32 +/- 95.02 micrograms/g creatinine, the mean of urinary mercury concentrations on the first day of the study was 119.50 +/- 157.24 micrograms/g creatinine, and the mean of urinary mercury concentrations 120 days after cessation of exposure was 21.70 +/- 26.07 micrograms/g creatinine. The analysis included tests of behavioural, psychomotor and memory function. The behavioural test battery consisted of: Environmental Worry Scale (EWS), Minnesota Modified Personal Inventory (MMPI-2), Purdue standard 25 minute test, and adapted, 10 minutes test, Bender's Visual-Motor Gestalt test (BGT), and Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPQ). The data were compared to a control group of 32 not directly exposed workers. RESULTS: In the mercury vapour exposed workers with relatively high level exposure to inorganic mercury vapour (TWA/TLV = 0.12 mg/m3/0.025 mg/m3) we identified somatic depression-hypochondria symptoms with higher scores for scales: hysteria (P < 0.001), schizoid and psycho-asthenia (MMPI-2). The mercury-exposed workers had introvert behaviour (EPQ, MMPI-2). The cognitive disturbances in mercury-exposed workers were identified as: concentration difficulty, psychomotor, perceptual and motor coordination disturbances, and brain effects. We identified fine tremor of the hands in 34 out of 45 mercury exposed workers (BGT). CONCLUSIONS: The results point to a relationship between the duration of mercury exposure and the long-term, probably irreversible, psychological disturbances. PMID- 14768246 TI - [An example of size characterization of synthetic vitreous fibers]. AB - BACKGROUND: The size characterization of synthetic vitreous fibres must be carried out to include or exclude them from classification as a carcinogen and to conduct in vivo and in vitro toxicity studies. The length weighted geometric mean diameter, together with its standard error, determines the toxicity of fibres according to Italian legislation relating to the provisions for classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances as formulated in the European Commission Directive 97/69/EC. Up to now there is no national or European guideline, which provides a technical procedure to obtain the size characterization parameters. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper was to measure the fibre size of some rock wool and ceramic fibre samples in order to estimate the length weighted geometric mean diameter and its standard error, and to calculate the related toxicity parameter. We also wanted to analyse whether the measured lengths and diameters were log-normally distributed or not. METHODS: We reduced the fibre length by the two most used techniques: cutting the rock wool fibres with a blade and pressing the ceramic fibre material in a die for infrared spectroscopy. Each sample was suspended in water by ultrasonic agitation and a small amount of it was filtered on a polycarbonate membrane. The diameter and length measurements of 300 fibres were carried out by a scanning electron microscope and the experimental data were analysed to calculate the main statistical parameters. The size distributions obtained for each sample were studied using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality and Q-Q plot. RESULTS: The fibre dispersion on the polycarbonate membrane area was suitable: there was a sufficient number of fibres to be measured without an excessive fibre overlapping. The main statistical parameters were calculated for two different cutting times (t = 20 min and t = 1 h) and two different applied forces (F = 1.2 t, corresponding to a pressure of 90 MPa, and F = 1.6 t, corresponding to a pressure of 120 MPa). For each substance the two sets of measurements were acquired by two different operators. This gave us an estimation of the variability of the calculated statistical parameters in the worse case (different applied forces or cutting times, and different operators). For the ceramic fibres only, one of the two operators carried out the measurements for both the applied forces to obtain more close information about the variability related to the method itself. The normality tests and the Q-Q plots showed that some of the data were far from having a lognormal distribution due to the tails of the distributions. CONCLUSIONS: Both fibre length reduction methods were effective, but the press method was found to be much easier and quicker. The data obtained showed that it is relatively easy to estimate the main statistical parameters related to the size characterization of synthetic vitreous fibres. Nevertheless, further studies must be carried out in order to better evaluate the method reproducibility and the variability of the parameters estimated by one and more operators, and to associate an error with the cancerogenicity parameter. PMID- 14768247 TI - [HIV, HBV, or HCV transmission from infected health care workers to patients]. AB - BACKGROUND: The report of transmission of viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), from health care workers (HCWs) to patient has alarmed public opinion with potential repercussions on health organisation. OBJECTIVES: To review available information on cases of transmission of HIV, HBV and HCV from HCW to patient reported worldwide. METHODS: A literature review was conducted with a Medline search of English language full papers, using the following key terms: HIV, HBV, HCV; healthcare workers, occupational and hospital transmission, outbreak, look back investigation. The Medline search was supplemented by a manual search using reference lists of published studies and proceedings of meetings, including some personal communications already reported in a previous review. RESULTS: Since 1972, 50 outbreaks have been reported in which 48 HBV infected HCWs (39 surgeons) transmitted the infection to approximately 500 persons. To date, 3 cases of transmission of HIV and 8 confirmed cases of transmission of HCV (to a total of 18 patients) from infected healthcare workers to patients have been reported. The factors influencing the transmissibility of infection include: type of procedures performed, surgical techniques used, compliance with infection control precautions, the clinical status and viral burden of the infected HCW and susceptibility of the patient to infection. The risk of transmission of HIV, HBV and HCV from HCWs to patients is associated primarily with certain types of surgical specialties (obstetrics and gynaecology, orthopaedics, cardiothoracic surgery) and surgical procedures that can expose the patient to the blood of the HCW: exposure-prone procedures. Since the early 90's industrialized countries have issued recommendations for preventing transmission of blood-borne pathogens to patients during "exposure prone" invasive procedures. With regard to HBV there is common consent to restricting or excluding HCWs tested HbeAg positive or HBV DNA-positive from performing exposure-prone procedures, while there are still some discrepancies in the different countries for dealing with HCV-infected personnel and in some cases also for those with HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to prevent surgeon-to-patient transmission of blood-borne infections should focus not only on ascertaining the infection status of the HCW but principally on eliminating the cause of blood-borne exposures, for example by the use of blunt suture needles, improved instruments, reinforced gloves, changes in surgical technique and the use of less invasive alternative procedures. These measures should be implemented in order to minimize the risk of blood exposure and consequently of virus transmission both to and from HCW to patients. PMID- 14768248 TI - [Pulmonary tumors and health surveillance in occupational medicine]. PMID- 14768250 TI - [The doctor through the eyes of a child]. PMID- 14768249 TI - [Have you been feeling good?]. PMID- 14768251 TI - [Medical figures in the opera]. PMID- 14768252 TI - [Medicine in the theatre]. PMID- 14768253 TI - [Theatre present in the physician's work]. PMID- 14768254 TI - [Hamlet serving medicine]. PMID- 14768255 TI - [Stethoscopes and white coats. Symbols of medical professions in the portraits]. PMID- 14768256 TI - [Journeys to the jungle of language and mind]. PMID- 14768257 TI - [Illness through the eyes of a writer]. PMID- 14768258 TI - [Finnish village idiots]. PMID- 14768259 TI - [Gallery. Esko Mannikko: Kuivaniemi, Christmas]. PMID- 14768260 TI - [Is Santa Claus still needed?]. PMID- 14768261 TI - [Gold, incense and myrrh]. PMID- 14768262 TI - [Can doping improve the performance of Santa's reindeer?]. PMID- 14768263 TI - [The story of Christmas post stamps]. PMID- 14768264 TI - [Gift of the Christmas pot. Christmas collection of The Salvation Army]. PMID- 14768266 TI - [Listening at Tosca on the balcony. The secret of heavenly sound--a randomized, cross-sectional study]. PMID- 14768265 TI - [A pathologist who has given hundreds of light years to Amnesty]. PMID- 14768267 TI - [What are little Niilos made of?]. PMID- 14768269 TI - [The best of word competition]. PMID- 14768268 TI - [In the cross waves of culture and power]. PMID- 14768270 TI - Making sense of the senseless. PMID- 14768271 TI - Professionalism of psychiatric nursing. PMID- 14768275 TI - Honoring resident autonomy in long-term care. Special considerations. PMID- 14768276 TI - Long-term effects of teaching behavioral strategies for managing persistent auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. AB - 1. Attendance at a 10-week class designed to teach behavioral management strategies to people with schizophrenia was effective in reducing some of the negative characteristics of auditory hallucinations for 12 months and in reducing anxiety for 9 months after completion of the class. 2. The sustained improvement experienced by class participants was characterized by their voices being less frequent and more mumbled and the participants feeling more in control, less distractible, and less anxious. 3. Participants recommended that other mental health consumers take similar classes to learn how to better manage their voices. 4. Monthly support groups may help participants maintain gains lost during the follow-up period. PMID- 14768277 TI - Evaluation of the Alumni Program. A shared-care model for psychosis. AB - This article describes the results of a prospective, naturalistic evaluation of the Alumni Program, conducted by the Psychotic Disorders Clinic at the McMaster Site of Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Alumni Program is a form of continuing psychiatric support offered to individuals with psychosis. The program involves providing shared care by both the specialist psychiatric team and the family practitioner. This model has been in operation for more than 8 years. The clinical data have been reviewed to determine whether the program is beneficial in supporting clients with their health maintenance goals, thus reducing occurrences of relapse, hospital readmission, and crisis or emergency room visits. The results appear favorable and affirm the Alumni Program is one viable method of follow up within a comprehensive range of psychiatric services. PMID- 14768278 TI - Relationships between incarcerated women. Moving beyond stereotypes. AB - 1. Described as one of the "pains of imprisonment," separation may be particularly difficult for women in prison because most functioned in multiple relational roles, including mother, wife, girlfriend, daughter, sister, and friend, before incarceration. 2. In the absence of consistent contact with family, friends, and other loved ones outside prison, incarcerated women may seek to develop connections with other inmates as a way to adapt to life in prison. 3. Positive adaptation may allow incarcerated women to take advantage of educational/vocational, parenting, and drug treatment programs offered in prison, thus facilitating their adaptation after release. PMID- 14768279 TI - Drinking-water quality and issues associated with water vending machines in the city of Los Angeles. AB - The study reported in this paper sampled 40 water vending machines distributed throughout the city of Los Angeles, California, in the water servicing area of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. The authors examined water samples for temperature, turbidity, chlorine content, fungal growth, coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and heterotrophic plate counts using plate count agar and R2A agar. Roughly 48 percent of the original 40 samples were sampled in a second or third round, and these subsequent samples were examined for coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and both heterotrophic plate counts. Observations were made of vending-machine external conditions, identifying information, and permits. Statistically significant associations were found between operator accessibility and poor machine conditions, operator accessibility and permits, and operator accessibility and the servicing interval. Statistically significant associations also were found between operator accessibility and presence of fungi, Pseudomonas spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and between presence of fungi and the servicing interval. In addition, statistically significant associations indicate that the quality of machine maintenance is a factor in microbial levels. The microbial content of the water suggested a need for further research into potential health effects in susceptible populations. PMID- 14768280 TI - A study of pesticide safety and health perceptions among pesticide applicators in Tarrant County, Texas. AB - Pesticide applicators from North Texas participated in a survey that was based on the constructs of the Health Belief Model of Strecher and Rosenstock. The survey assessed the knowledge, beliefs, and self-efficacy of pesticide applicators working for municipalities or in farming/ranching operations in Tarrant County, Texas. It was administered during a continuing-education class on pesticides sponsored by the Texas Agriculture Extension Service in Fort Worth, Texas. Results showed that while knowledge of the use of personal protective equipment was high, knowledge of the risk from dermal exposure was low. PMID- 14768281 TI - Occupational exposure to urban pollutants and urinary 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid. AB - According to the literature, various occupational and environmental stressors may cause alterations in serotonin (5-HT) turnover and in its principal metabolite, 5 hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The aim of this study is to evaluate whether traffic police exposed to urban pollutants and possible psycho-social stressors could be at risk of alterations in urinary 5-HIAA in 24 hours (5 HIAA[U]) compared with a control group. After the main non-occupational confounding factors were excluded, 5-HIAA(U) excretion was investigated in 140 employees of a municipal police force: 70 traffic police with outdoor activity that exposed them to urban pollutants and 70 administrative workers with indoor activity. Subjects were matched by sex, age, and length of working life. The mean 5-HIAA(U) levels were significantly lower in traffic police than in administrative workers, both males and females (p = .025, and p = .027, respectively), matching modifications in 5-HIAA(U) levels found by other authors in studies on animals and human subjects. PMID- 14768282 TI - County of Santa Clara--2003 Crumbine Award winner. PMID- 14768283 TI - Food safety in the dark. PMID- 14768284 TI - Illegal dumping, annexation and demolition, seafood trade secrets, and more on oysters. PMID- 14768286 TI - Moisture and hidden problems. PMID- 14768285 TI - "Practicing environmental health in a down economy: 'Put on your superman cape'.". PMID- 14768287 TI - Mold can grow in the absence of visible moisture intrusion. PMID- 14768288 TI - Arsenic-eating bacteria may clean mines and save lives. PMID- 14768289 TI - The responsibility of occupying the front line. PMID- 14768290 TI - Factors related to adolescents' self-perceived health. AB - OBJECTIVES: This analysis examines self-perceived health among Canadian adolescents aged 12 to 17, and factors associated with ratings of very good/excellent health. DATA SOURCE: The data are from cycle 1.1 of the 2000/01 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), conducted by Statistics Canada. The sample consisted of 12,715 adolescents aged 12 to 17. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: Cross-tabulations were used to estimate the prevalence of various characteristics and health behaviours for the 12-to-14 and 15-to-17 age groups. Multiple logistic regression was used to model associations between very good/excellent self reported health and selected characteristics. MAIN RESULTS: In 2000/01, nearly 30% of 12- to 17-year-olds rated their health as poor, fair or good. At ages 15 to 17, girls were less likely than boys to report very good/excellent health and were more likely to have a chronic condition and to have experienced depression in the past year. When other factors were taken into account, the odds of reporting very good/excellent health were significantly lower for teens who were daily smokers, episodic heavy drinkers, physically inactive during leisure time, infrequent consumers of fruit and vegetables, or obese, compared with teens who did not have these characteristics. PMID- 14768291 TI - Children who become active. AB - OBJECTIVES: This article examines factors associated with children aged 4 to 11 becoming and remaining active, and how this differed according to their weight. DATA SOURCE: The data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth: cycle 1 (1994/95) for the cross-sectional analysis, and cycles 1, 2 and 3 (1994/95 to 1998/99) for the longitudinal analysis. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: Estimates of physical activity levels in 1994/95 among acceptable-weight and overweight/obese children are presented by age, sex and selected activities (TV viewing, playing computer/video games, and hours of physical education at school). Logistic regression models were constructed for children who were inactive in 1994/95, focusing on the selected activities as predictors of adopting and maintaining an active lifestyle. MAIN RESULTS: Factors associated with children adopting and maintaining an active lifestyle differed, depending on their weight. For overweight/obese children, but not for acceptable-weight children, a relatively high number of physical education hours was predictive of becoming physically active, while frequent TV viewing lowered the odds. PMID- 14768292 TI - Parent and child factors associated with youth obesity. AB - OBJECTIVES: This article examines relationships between parent and adolescent weight, as well as other selected characteristics and health behaviours of both, and then explores which factors are associated with youth obesity. DATA SOURCE: The analysis is based on cross-sectional household data from cycle 1.1 of the 2000/01 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), conducted by Statistics Canada. The sample comprises 4,803 girls and 4,982 boys who were aged 12 to 19 in 2000/01. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: Estimates of body mass index (BMI) were calculated and selected health behaviours were evaluated for adolescents and a parent who lived in the same household. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with youth obesity while controlling for age of the youth and the sex of the reporting parent. MAIN RESULTS: For both sexes, having an obese parent greatly increased the odds for youth obesity. Among girls, former smokers had higher odds for obesity, but smoking behaviour was not associated with obesity for boys. For boys, being physically inactive or even moderately active increased the odds of obesity. And if the responding parent smoked daily, this increased the odds of obesity for boys. PMID- 14768293 TI - Adolescent self-concept and health into adulthood. AB - OBJECTIVES: This article examines factors associated with adolescent self-concept and the impact of adolescent self-concept on psychological and physical health and health behaviour in young adulthood. DATA SOURCE: The data are from the household cross-sectional (1994/95) and longitudinal (1994/95 to 2000/01) components of Statistics Canada's National Population Health Survey. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: Scores on self-concept indicators in 1994/95 were compared between the sexes and age groups (12 to 15 versus 16 to 19). Multivariate analyses were used to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between adolescent self-concept and depression, self-perceived health, physical activity and obesity, controlling for other possible confounders. MAIN RESULTS: Self-concept tends to be low among girls compared with boys. Cross-sectionally, adolescent self-concept was associated with household income and emotional support. For girls and for young adolescents, a weak self-concept in 1994/95 was related to the incidence of depression over the next six years; it was also predictive of physical inactivity among boys, and obesity among both sexes. A strong self concept had a positive long-term effect on girls' self-perceived health. PMID- 14768294 TI - Witnessing violence--aggression and anxiety in young children. AB - OBJECTIVES: This article provides estimates of the percentage of children aged 4 to 7 who witnessed violence at home. Concurrent, short-term (2 years later) and longer-term (4 years later) associations between witnessing violence and overt aggression, indirect aggression, and anxiety are examined. DATA SOURCE: The data are from the cross-sectional and longitudinal components of the first three cycles of Statistics Canada's National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: The proportion of children who witnessed violence at home was estimated using weighted cross-sectional data from 1998/99. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine concurrent, short-term and longer-term associations between witnessing violence and overt aggression, indirect aggression, and anxiety. MAIN RESULTS: In 1998/99, an estimated 8% of children aged 4 to 7 were reported to have seen violent behaviour at home. Witnessing violence was concurrently associated with overt aggression for both sexes, indirect aggression among boys, and anxiety among girls. Witnessing violence was predictive of overt aggression two and four years later for both sexes. Girls also had high odds of exhibiting indirect aggression in 1996/97 and anxiety in 1998/99; for boys, elevated anxiety was observed in 1996/97. PMID- 14768295 TI - Boomerang: as medical loss ratios dip, health plan profits soar. Are patients, hospital bottom lines hurt? PMID- 14768296 TI - Capital problem: fund access declines. HFMA says financial woes mean facilities have fewer traditional ways to obtain money. PMID- 14768297 TI - Medical aspects of drug use in the gym. AB - Use of performance-enhancing drugs by athletes and bodybuilders appears to be common in the UK. Although there are no comprehensive national figures, there is evidence that such drugs are also widely used in sections of the general and gym using populations, in the expectation of physical and cosmetic benefits. Use of performance-enhancing drugs often takes place with little knowledge or acceptance of potential harmful effects, and clinicians in many settings may see patients who are experiencing problems related to such (usually covert) use. Here we consider medical aspects of performance-enhancing drugs. PMID- 14768299 TI - Track your department's interventions to prove your value to management. PMID- 14768298 TI - [symbol: see text]Caspofungin and [symbol: see text]voriconazole for fungal infections. AB - Systemic fungal infections are difficult to treat and often fatal. Established treatment options include conventional amphotericin B or one of its lipid-based or liposomal formulations, or a triazole antifungal such as fluconazole or itraconazole. [symbol: see text]Caspofungin (Cancidas--Merck Sharp & Dohme) and [symbol: see text]voriconazole (Vfend--Pfizer) are two new antifungals for severe infections caused by Candida spp. (invasive candidiasis) and Aspergillus spp. (invasive aspergillosis). Caspofungin is the first licensed echinocandin antifungal, while voriconazole is a triazole. Promotional claims for caspofungin include that it "provides an effective, yet less toxic, alternative to amphotericin B" while voriconazole is claimed to offer "significantly improved survival in invasive aspergillosis compared with amphotericin B". Here we consider the place of caspofungin and voriconazole in managing patients with severe fungal infections. PMID- 14768300 TI - SWs, CMs collaborate for better patient care. PMID- 14768301 TI - How to be a better problem solver. PMID- 14768302 TI - Control charts: valuable tools if you know how to use. PMID- 14768303 TI - Performance improvement team creates success. PMID- 14768304 TI - Development of a vaccine effective against avian influenza H5N1 infection in humans. PMID- 14768305 TI - BCG vaccine. WHO position paper. PMID- 14768306 TI - Implementing the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative: the role of finger feeding. AB - The aim of our study was to assess the effectiveness of finger feeding in encouraging a breastfeeding-type suck in preterm infants. Through identification of a baby who was developing a suck technique or was discovered to have a faulty technique, we hypothesised that preterm breastfeeding rates could be increased by correcting the suck technique of the infant, whilst being cared for in the Special Care Nursery (SCN). The study was conducted on discharge from the SCN at two time periods, before and after the introduction of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in one hospital in Perth, Western Australia. Prior to BFHI, 44% of preterm infants were breastfed on discharge from the SCN compared to 71% post BFHI implementation. We have shown, using a pre- and post-breastfeeding health promotion initiative within a maternity hospital, that preterm breastfeeding rates can be increased on discharge from the SCN. PMID- 14768307 TI - How do women learn about breastfeeding and what are the implications for breastfeeding education? AB - This qualitative study provides an insight into how seven women experienced breastfeeding within the social context of contemporary society. It presents an analysis of their understanding of the meaning of breastfeeding, and the interactions and problem-solving methods they used as they learnt to breastfeed. Findings suggest breastfeeding is multifaceted and the influence of significant others, the introduction of solid foods and the choice of where breastfeeding advice is sought is discussed. PMID- 14768308 TI - The first breastfeed: a content analysis of midwifery textbooks. AB - This paper reviews content related to the first breastfeed in textbooks commonly used in midwifery education programs in Australia. Few scholars have critically examined the adequacy of such information for evidence-based midwifery practice. Five midwifery textbooks were chosen for content analysis specifically related to: skin-to-skin contact for newborn adaptation; orientation and coordination; suckling for effective breastfeeding; instructions to facilitate breastfeeding initiation; breast structure and function; and breastfeeding promotion. A score was calculated with the maximum possible total of 105. The content analysis scores ranged from 35 to 54, with two texts (Lowdermilk, Perry & Bobak 2000; Sweet 1997) scoring 54. Skin-to-skin contact to facilitate breastfeeding initiation is not well promoted in popular midwifery textbooks. Further research to promote midwives access to evidence-based research for effective midwifery practice in relation to breastfeeding initiation is required. PMID- 14768309 TI - Chinese mothers' knowledge and attitudes about breastfeeding in Perth, Western Australia. AB - The objective of the research was to describe Chinese-Australian (Mandarin speaking) mothers knowledge about and attitudes towards breastfeeding. Data for this cross-sectional survey was obtained by telephone interviews conducted in Mandarin. A sample of 506 Mandarin-speaking women was recruited and interviewed in Perth, Western Australia. The majority came from mainland China (81.6%), were aged between 23 and 59 years, and had some tertiary education (76.3%). Most of the mothers (90.9%) indicated that they supported breastfeeding for all infants and most had some knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding. The main reasons that mothers considered stopping breastfeeding were not having enough breastmilk and going back to work or study. The higher the family income, the less preference toward breastfeeding. These findings highlighted the significance of social and cultural factors that impact on the women's decisions to initiate and maintain breastfeeding. PMID- 14768310 TI - Breasts and breastfeeding: perspectives of women in the early months after birthing. AB - Over recent years there has been widespread recognition and education about the benefits of breastfeeding. However as many Australian women breastfeed for only a few weeks, education alone appears inadequate to improve breastfeeding duration. This study explores other influences on breastfeeding by looking at women's perceptions of their breasts in relation to their breastfeeding experiences. Six women were recruited at approximately three months postpartum. The hermeneutic phenomenology of Heidegger (1962) and Gadamer (1975) was the chosen methodology. Individual, unstructured, indepth, conversational interviews were employed and analysed using Colaizzi's (1978) framework, which was modified to manage the large amount of data. Two patterns of differing focus emerged from the interviews, mixed images of the breasts and journey through the unknown of breastfeeding and new motherhood. Each pattern was divided into six and seven related themes respectively. PMID- 14768311 TI - The relationship between positioning, the breastfeeding dynamic, the latching process and pain in breastfeeding mothers with sore nipples. AB - In recognition of the irrefutable disadvantages of not breastfeeding to the mother, baby, society and the environment, increasing the duration of breastfeeding has become a focus of national and international health objectives. However, many mothers experience such painful sore nipples that they stop breastfeeding before they intended. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between various aspects of optimal breastfeeding (e.g. the positioning of the baby at the mother's breast, the positioning of the baby's head and mouth, the breastfeeding dynamic and the latching process) using a guided assessment and documentation tool and the breastfeeding mother's level of reported pain on a five-point verbal descriptor scale. Ninety-five healthy postpartum breastfeeding mothers who sequentially reported sore nipples within ten days of giving birth to healthy, term babies in a hospital in Latvia participated in the study. Each mother's midwife observed, assessed and documented a breastfeed using a guidance assessment form, the Lactation Assessment Tool (LAT). Each mother scored her own pain during breastfeeding. Four attribute categories were scored and examined as related to the pain levels of the mother: the baby's face position (chin and nose and head position, cheekline, lip flange and angle of mouth opening); the baby's body position (height at the breast, body rotation and body in relation to mother's body); the breastfeeding dynamic (change in breastfeeding pattern (suck vs swallow) and movement of mother's breast) and the latching process of the baby (root, gape, seal and suck). No significant difference was found between the mother's level of reported pain and the assessed head position, body position or breastfeeding dynamic attributes of the baby. However, more optimal latching process behaviour of the baby (rooting, gaping, sealing, and sucking behaviour) are slightly related to lower levels of reported pain (r(88) = -0.09, p > 0.05). This should serve to remind clinicians that no one aspect of positioning may be more critical than another. Assessment of breastfeeding should be comprehensive and should begin before the infant is at the breast. Early stages of the infant's breast seeking behaviours should be observed as well as the actual feeding. PMID- 14768312 TI - What stories do mothers tell about their experiences in learning how to breastfeed? AB - This qualitative study examines the experience of breastfeeding in contemporary society. Seven women who intended to, and did, initiate breastfeeding took part in individual, audio-taped, semi-structured interviews in their own homes in Sydney, Australia, during the months of October 2000 through to January 2001. The interviews allowed participants to share their own stories of their breastfeeding experience. The breastfeeding experiences were disconcerting but not as difficult as expected from their common knowledge. The participants' view of breastfeeding, of breastfeeding in public, working and child care are discussed. PMID- 14768313 TI - Does maternal smoking have a negative physiological effect on breastfeeding? The epidemiological evidence. AB - Women who smoke are less likely to breastfeed their children than nonsmokers. It is thought that nicotine has a negative effect on breastmilk supply by suppressing prolactin levels. The aim of this review was to assess the epidemiological evidence that maternal smoking has a negative physiological effect on breastfeeding. The following data sources were searched: The Cochrane Library, Medline, CINAHL, Current Contents, Psychinfo, Sociological Abstracts and the Lactation Resource Centre (Australian Breastfeeding Association) using the key words 'smoking' and 'breastfeeding' or 'infant feeding'. The Journal of Human Lactation and Birth were hand searched. Women who smoke are less likely to intend to breastfeed, less likely to initiate breastfeeding, and likely to breastfeed for a shorter duration than nonsmokers. Several studies have found a dose response relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked each day and breastfeeding intention, initiation, and duration that persists after adjusting for confounding factors. In some population groups a high proportion of smokers breastfeed successfully. The association between maternal smoking and lack of breastfeeding is consistent across different study designs in a range of countries. Given that women who smoke are less likely to intend to breastfeed, however, it cannot be assumed that the relationship between smoking and duration of breastfeeding is a physiological one. If smoking had a consistent negative physiological effect on lactation, one would not expect to see such wide variations in breastfeeding rates among women who smoke. Therefore, it is likely that psychosocial factors are largely responsible for the lower rates of breastfeeding found in women who smoke compared with those who do not. PMID- 14768314 TI - [The John Sutton Lecture: CSEP, 2002]. Pulmonary system limitations to exercise in health. AB - It is commonly held that the structural capacity of the normal lung is "overbuilt" and exceeds the demand for pulmonary O2 and CO2 transport in the healthy, exercising human. On the other hand, the adaptability of pulmonary system structures to habitual physical training is substantially less than are other links in the O2 transport system. Accordingly, in some highly fit, and even in some not so fit habitually active individuals, the lung's diffusion surface, airways, and/or chest-wall musculature are underbuilt relative to the demand for maximal O2 transport. Two specific pulmonary limitations to exercise performance are proposed: (1) exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia secondary to excessive widening of the alveolar to arterial O2 difference, inadequate hyperventilation, and metabolic acidosis; and (2) highly fatiguing levels of respiratory muscle work which effectively steals blood flow from locomotor muscles via sympathetically mediated reflexes and heightens the perception of limb discomfort and dyspnea. In this brief review, we describe the characteristics and causes of each of these proposed pulmonary limitations and their consequences to maximal O2 uptake and exercise performance. PMID- 14768315 TI - [The attitude before subclinical breast lesions on mammography]. AB - Mammographic screening and improvement of mammography resolution have resulted in the increasingly frequent identification of small-size mammary lesions that have no clinical expression. If in Western countries, approximately one quarter of breast cancers are discovered when clinically occult, in Romania such cases are rare and, most of the times, discovered merely by chance. Infraclinical mammary lesions identified by mammography pose problems concerning the appropriate response. The paper assesses the various diagnosis and therapy choices as well as the localization techniques to be employed in order to establish the best approach. We describe twelve cases of infraclinical mammary lesions identified by mammography. In two of this cases fine needle aspiration biopsy with cytological examination was used, and in one case we performed core biopsy and histological examination. In those cases, lesion localization has been performed using stereotactic X-ray devices. In nine cases, we performed excisional biopsy with histologic assessment. In four of those cases, the lesions proved to be malignant. Preoperative localization was performed with hookwires placed in the proximity of the lesion under mammographic control. In five of those cases, lesion coordinates have been determined by stereotaxy. Using this technique, we removed, in all cases, the clinical lesions identified by mammography. We believe surgical excision to be the best approach in such lesions. Total removal of the lesion enables a thorough histopathological examination resulting in more accurate diagnosis. Curative surgery is also possible within the same surgical procedure. Unless preoperative localization is performed the surgeon is in the position to excise an image that has no clinical expression. Under this circumstances surgical removal is performed blind, as the lesion is hard to be found even intraoperatory. Preoperative localization provides guidance to the surgeon, ensures removal of the lesion that has been identified by mammography and helps avoids unnecessary mammary resection. PMID- 14768316 TI - [Is it necessary to perform an perioperative cholangiography for laparoscopic cholecystectomies?]. PMID- 14768317 TI - [ Epidemiological and clinical-therapeutical considerations on 500 operated cases of uterine cervix cancer]. AB - AIM: Optimization of the treatment on uterine-cervix neoplasia, in a general surgery department. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Between 1984-1999, in Coltea Surgical Department were operated 746 uterine-cervix cancers. We selected two trials of 250 females, similarly regarding age and stadium. The A trial (250 females) were treated and operated 1984-1989, the study being retrospectively, and the B trial (250 females) treated and operated between 1990-1995, the study being prospectively by introduction of cisplatyn and carboplatyne chemotherapy in the advanced steadies. In the B trial, on registrated many mutations with negative epidemiological implications as: the grow the number of new cases, the diminution of immunity, the abandon of the screening, a possible grow of irradiations (Cernobal accident), and the belated of presentation to medical consultation. RESULTS: The complex treatment, comparative in two trials, show a grow of lifetime, at 5 years in B trial from 82.1-93.4% in the 1st and 2nd steadies, 50.7 60.4% in the II B study and 12.9-28.5% in the III study. In the IV study the grow of lifetime was under 24 month. CONCLUSIONS: The resumption of the screening. Complexes therapeutical protocols for each study. Widely introduction of polichemotherapy in the advanced steadies. PMID- 14768318 TI - [Cystic dilatation of main biliary tract]. AB - The choledochal cyst (particularly with congenital origin) is a clinical form from a complex syndrome of ecstasies of the intra-, extra-, or both situations of biliary tree. The disease has until now an unsure etiopathogeny. Very frequent to child, teen-ager and young adult the incidence decreases through the third age. During the period 1960-1998, 13 patients were operated on (annually rate 0.3). The extreme ages of our patients were 5 and 72 years; being operated six children and 7 adults (two of them being 63 and 72 years old). The clinical presentation was nonspecific. The jaundice (with or without cholangitis) (n: 7), right upper quadrant pain (n: 11), a palpable abdominal mass (n: 5) were registrated but the classic triad (Seneque--Thailhefer) was in out series the exception rather than the rule. Concomitantly there were discovered different complications of the disease: hepatic biliary cirrhosis (n: 3--two macroscopic diagnosed and one microscopic confirmed), portal hypertension (n: 8), biliary lithiasis (including the intracystic stones) (n: 6) and cholangio-carcinoma (n: 1). The clinic and biologic preoperative diagnosis is up to date difficult and not sure like in our experience too. In our series, especially in the last 20 years, the accurate imaging diagnosis was helpful (the ultrasonography, CT, hepatic scintigrams). ERCP was not available for us until now. In concordance with Todani--Watanabe classification our patients were included in the following types: I-a (n: 6), I-b (n: 1), I-c (n: 2), II (n: 2), IV-a (n: 2). All patients were operated on: cysts digestive derivations or partial excision of the cyst with billio-digestive reconstruction were the choice procedures at a beginning of our experience or for the very fragile patients (n: 5). The total excision of the cyst with choledochal -jejunostomy (Roux-en-Y) is the preferred method now (n: 8) when it is possible. The microscopic pathology of the disposable specimens (cystic wall) showed:- chronic intra- and perimural inflammation (n: 7);--severe displasia and metaplasia (n: 2); cholangiocarcinoma islands (n: 1); additional lesions: hepatic chirrosis (n: 1); hepatic fibrosis (n: 3). RESULTS: The postoperative morbidity- three patients--one of them died with a peritonitis. Long-term follow-up, effective for only 10 patients, reveled recurrent cholangitis in two cases treated by the reoperation of the former anastomosis; the other 8 patients had a normal evolution. CONCLUSION: The choledochal cyst is an exclusive indication for surgery as soon as it was discovered. PMID- 14768319 TI - [Topical immunotherapy with BCG in the adjuvant treatment of superficial bladder tumors--15-year-experience]. AB - Between September 1984 and June 1999 we applied a long-term (3 years) protocol treatment (Pasteur strain produced by Cantacuzino Institute) in superficial bladder tumors (SBT) recurrence prophylaxis. In 1014 cases (pTa--11 cases, pT1G1- 607 cases, pT1G2--149 cases, pT1G3--247 cases) our retrospective analysis used a personal protocol: 8 weekly intravesical instillations, then monthly instillations until 1 year, then 3 monthly instillations during the following 2 years. Pathologic bladder mucosa (simple, moderate and severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ) was associated in over 80% of cases. Mean follow-up period was 118 months (range 174 to 6 months). Our results demonstrated the efficiency of this protocol (29.5% recurrences on 840 cases who had complete therapy). The importance of tumoral grading was clearly found: 13% recurrence rate for pT1G1, 39.5% for pT1G2 and 49% for pT1G3. Side-effects (local--78%, systemic--4%) and complications (3%) were treated by symptomatic or antituberculous drugs. Our significative study revealed that intravesical immunotherapy (with BCG vaccine) can be considered the first choice in the complementary treatment of SBT. PMID- 14768320 TI - [Causes of failure in the treatment of postoperative peritonitis]. AB - The authors analyze a group of 49 postoperative peritonitis, which represent 0.57% of a total of 8550 surgical interventions performed over the last 7 years and 1.19% of 4100 laparotomies carried out in an elective operation orientated general surgery department. The mortality rate was 28.57% (14 patients) among the 49 studied cases, which represents 25% of all deaths recorded in our department over the same time interval. A full account on postoperative peritonitis vital prognostic factors is given, insisting on: specific bacteriology (nosocomial infections), peculiar etiologies (10 out of 14 fatalities were originally operated on for digestive cancers), different associations of postoperative peritonitis with other infectious and noninfectious postsurgical complications (as encountered in all 14 deaths), type of postoperative peritonitis (13 death out of 14 were due to generalized peritonitis), postoperative peritonitis secondary to ignored lesions at the original operation (3 cases--3 deaths), surgical treatment limitation (late operative timing which was responsible of 9 deaths); treatment inadequacies of peritonitis and its cause--5 fatalities. PMID- 14768321 TI - [Intestinal tuberculosis in children. Differential diagnosis and treatment]. AB - Lately, tuberculosis has became a top priority problem in health all over the world. The actual level of epidemiological indicates of tuberculosis Shaw that Romania is the country that has the most unfavorable situation in Europe except for Bosnia-Herzegovina. Tuberculosis incidence from 1996 to 1997 ranks Dolj county second in Romania from the point of view of the increasing rate (154.3% + 25.4% versus 107% + 4.3%). The National Programme of Controlling Tuberculosis for 1997-2000 has as main object the neutralization of a least 85% of the discovered contamination sources. At the same time with the pulmonary tuberculosis were discovered 17.2% extrapulmonary localizations. The purpose of these works is that of presenting in the frame of extrapulmonary TBC the localization of intestinal TBC with children (peritonitic form with infants and pseudotumoral with child). In class cooperation with the veterinary Medicine Service we have also studied the possibility of same sources of TBC infection of animal origin, knowing the fact that besides the human Koch bacillus were discovered bovine, ovine, poultry sources. Presenting a number of 16 cases of intestinal tuberculosis with children, rare cases of extra pulmonary tuberculosis, the authors also present 2 cases with children whose differential diagnosis had to be made ou a histopathological base between tuberculosis with an abdominal lymphoma or peritonitic carcinomatosis. The results of the surgical treatment that made the diagnosis with the help of the histopathological examination and the tuberculostatic treatment were very good, the evolution and the control in true of all the patients, proving that intestinal tuberculosis extrapulmonary form with children can be cured. PMID- 14768322 TI - [Retroperitoneal appendicular abscess]. AB - This article presents a 28 years old male patient case with a retroperitoneal collection of apendicular origin. After few comments about clinical and paraclinical aspects, the authors emphasise the particular aspects of differential diagnosis and surgical approach which, finally, lead to a full recovery of the patient. PMID- 14768323 TI - [Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. 2 case reports and review of the literature]. AB - We have presented two cases of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia which have been diagnosed and operated in late stages, 6 months and 4 years, respectively, after the abdominal and thoracical traumatism causing diaphragmatic injure. The diagnosis was based on clinical and imaging results, while the treatment was meant to reduce the herniated organs in the abdomen and the closing up of the diaphragmatic defect, followed by good postoperative results. We have discussed the peculiarities of both case, the difficulty of early diagnosis and the techniques used to treat these cases. We have also presented data regarding posttraumatic diaphragmatic hernia and their treatment techniques. PMID- 14768324 TI - [Considerations on intrathoracic esophageal diverticula]. PMID- 14768325 TI - [Sugiura's procedure--a treatment modality for esophageal varices]. AB - This study present the "N. Gh. Lupu" surgical experience with Sugiura technic for bleeding caused by oesophageal varicose. Is a 5 years retrospective study with 30 patients who are submitted of this operation. After the results analysis our opinion is to do this operation in stabilised patient, but she is possible even in emergency. PMID- 14768326 TI - [Video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy--preliminary results]. AB - Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) provides a new approach to thymectomy. From April 1999 to December 1999, we performed a total of 10 video assisted thoracoscopic thymectomies for myasthenia gravis (MG). There were one male and nine female patients with ages ranging from 8 to 59 years. Thymoma was present in one of the ten patients. We considered that complete thymectomy was accomplished in all cases by examination of the thymic bed and of the resected specimen. There was no mortality or intraoperative complications. The median postoperative hospital stay was 4 days. Clinical improvement was observed in all patients after this short follow-up. Compared with a similar historical group of patients with MG who underwent transsternal thymectomy, the VATS group was associated with significantly less analgesic requirement and shortened hospital stay. We conclude that VAT thymectomy is technically feasible and is associated with a favorable postoperative course compared with the transsternal approach. We believe that complete thymectomy can be achieved by this approach. Further investigation with long-term follow-up is needed to further clarify the role of VAT thymectomy in thoracic surgery. PMID- 14768327 TI - ["Tactic and technique" for keeping medical information on compact disk]. AB - Based on experience accumulated in time of realization and publication the Atlas of Surgical Pathology, the work present the main methodologies elements used for keeping of some elements so called by "tactics" (cases, following in time) it's insist on photographic technology in medical practice with special reference to digital technology, later on being also described the elements of processing and keeping the medical information on compact disk. Finally are enunciated a series of virtual programs with surgical specific proposed for be created and maintained on-line, with the support of all interested surgeons. PMID- 14768328 TI - [Is it possible to operate appendicitis using laparoscopy? Prospective study of 748 cases]. PMID- 14768329 TI - [The effects of cicatrizant wound compresses]. AB - Cicatrisant collagen compress are biomaterials performed from type I collagen purified. Experimental studies including trials carried out in vitro and in vivo, demonstrated the biocompatibility of these biomaterials and their effect on accelerating the process of dermic wound re-epithelization. A subsequent stage of our investigations consisted in clinical trial of these cicatrisant compresses. These were applied to post-traumatismal wounds of variable areas or to 2nd and 3rd degree of deeper burns. The obtained results demonstrated that collagen biomaterials as cicatrizing compresses are well tolerated by human organism, they do not cause inflammations, necroses or other undesirable phenomena at the site of application. Also it was found that these biomaterials are not antigenic, since anticollagen type I antibodies were not present in nome of the treated patients' serum and accelerate the epitelization. PMID- 14768330 TI - [Giant cavernous hemangiomas of the caudal lobe. Clinical and therapeutically considerations]. AB - The authors present two cases of giant hepatic cavernous hemangiomas with rare topography--caudate lobe. The article debates at length the natural evolution of disease, the diagnosis and the treatment. It give emphasis to the fact that, at present, we are witnessing the limitation of surgical indications far these benign vascular tumors. On the other hand, when operation is indicated, the authors prefer tumorectomy by enucleating or enucleoresection (which are limited) instead of major hepatic resections. PMID- 14768331 TI - [Guided digestive fistula. Complementary method in prophylactic and curative postoperative peritonitis]. AB - Guided fistula (or sinus tract) techniques, which are a nowadays a controversial topic, comprise a group of simple surgical methods of postoperative peritonitis treatment. This retrospective study is an attempt to bring further insights into the literature debate on the utility of the aforementioned techniques by presenting Craiova C.F.R. General Surgery Department 7 years (from 1991 through 1998) experience with 26 operated on patients, who underwent digestive guided fistulas too. In 16 of our study patients sinus tracts were created for postoperative peritonitis prophylactis purpose, whereas digestive guided fistulas, which were performed in the other 10 patients, were meant to treat peritonitis secondary to anastomosis breakdown. In 87% of pur series of digestive guided fistula patients the postoperative outcome was satisfactory. Three deaths were recorded only among the nonprophylactic sinus tract patients. Guided fistula method is an useful adjunct of the complex, well-codified management of postoperative peritonitis including its efficient prevention. PMID- 14768332 TI - [Postoperative intestinal fistulae]. AB - 58 (6.25%) intestinal fistulae raised after 928 operations performed for varied surgical small bowel diseases were studied. The primary operation was performed for bowel obstruction, acute peritonitis, small bowel tumours, postoperative eviscerations and for entro-mesenteric infarction. We also noticed that the surgery was performed for the small bowel diseases in 47 (81%) acses and for the diseases belonging to other abdominal viscera in the rest, having an emergency character in 81% of cases. The small bowel fistulae were single (51 cases) or multiple having the following topographic distribution: jejunal fistulae in 25 (43.4%) cases and ileal fistulae in 33 cases (56.6). The coming out of the fistulae was directly in 41 (70%) cases and trough an intermediate route in 17 (30%) cases. The onset of the fistulae was certainly pointed by the coming out moment, early only in 39.6% of cases. This underlining the importance of an active exploration of the operative wound, imposed by the general and/or local premonitory symptoms. The treatment was complex, using conservative and/or surgical procedures; 23 (39.6%) patients were operated on. The mortality rate was of 29.4%. The parenteral nutrition and the therapeutical option for the conservative methods were the main therapeutical acquisitions, which improved the results and the prognosis of the intestinal fistulae. PMID- 14768333 TI - [Our attitude in esophageal and gastric post-caustic lesions]. AB - The authors present the experience of the surgery section in patients treatment with oesophagian or gastric lesions after caustic substances ingestion. From a group of 70 patients who were treated in a conservative way (with medicines and dilatations) 60 of them returned to the surgery for nourishment gastrostomy. In two cases, the oesophagian and gastric lesions was established preoperations trough radiologic examination and in thirteen cases the lesions were found intraoperation. The adopted attitude is exemplified presenting a case. Under a general anaesthesia is done a limited resection (about 3 cm) with termino terminal anastomosis of the stenosed antral area keeping the vascular arches of the little and big gastric curvature. A minimal a la Gavriliu gastrostomy is mounted on the vertical area of the little curvature. Through the gastrostomy (Petzzer) probe is put a tube of perfusor to the first jejununal ansa. In the first 48 hours the Petzeer is used for the gastric drainage in the perfusor probe for feeding. After 48 hours the jejununal probe is taken away and the gastrostomic feeding begins. After six mouths from the caustic ingestion 25 patients come back again for oesophagian reconstruction. For 24 patients the Gavriliu I, II proceeding is applied and for a case it is used the small intestine ansa. They lost 3 patients (2 with gastric tube and 1 with intestinal ansa). The evolution in 24 years time was very good. PMID- 14768334 TI - [Complicated sigmoid neoplasia with vesico-sigmoid fistula]. AB - Being confronting with two apparently similar cases of entero-vesical fistulas, but complete different concerning the etiopathogeny, surgical management and prognosis, we believe that both communities--urologists and general surgeons- must know how to manage such cases. The tumors involving two or many systems or organs make the surgeon's decision be extremely difficult if not familiarized with both pathologies. We expose these unusual cases in order to demonstrate these affirmations. PMID- 14768335 TI - [Recto-vesical and recto-vesico-vaginal fistulae caused by radiotherapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Surgical treatment]. AB - The authors present a study based on 4 cases of fistulous communication between the terminal digestive tube and the genitourinary tract, which appeared after surgery and radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The diagnosis criteria (symptoms, clinical and imagistic findings), the objectives of the surgical treatment (external digestive derivation, treatment of the fistula and reconstruction of the digestive tube), the steps of the operation and the early and late postoperative evolution are pointed out. The conclusions are shown at the end. PMID- 14768336 TI - [Liver gunshot wounds]. AB - The paper presents the 6 cases of liver shot wounds that were in supervision of the general surgery unit, County Hospital of Baia Mare, between the years 1990 1997. The patients were males, most of them being 20 to 30 years old. In 3 situations hunting rifles were involved, all followed by retention of metal foreign body. The wounds were plurivisceral in 5 of the 6 cases, the most frequently wounded was the right liver lobe. All the patients presented serious traumatic shock and haemorrhagic shock. Livertectomy was used in 40% of the cases being imposed by the dilacerant and transfixiant character of the wounds and also by the retention of foreign bodies in parenchime. We registered 2 demises, both in the first postoperatory hours. The paper proposes a few criteria that allow the application of a conservatory treatment:rapid favourable answer at deshocking therapy; hemodynamic stability; minimal hemoperitoneus (echographical and tomographical); absence of associated visceral wounds or, when they exist, of serious physiopathological consequences; access to performant means of imagistics. PMID- 14768337 TI - [Therapeutical options in pancreatic pseudocysts]. AB - This paper presents the "N.Gh.Lupu" surgical clinic's experience, that consists in 65 cases of pancreatic pseudocysts operated in the last 10 years (1989-1998), 30 females and 35 males, with a mean age of 52 years old. The diagnosis was mainly based on the classical echography and CT-scanner, the clinical picture being non specific in the majority of cases. Although the predominant use of the nonsurgical interventional procedures is recommended, this presents the maiden attempts of the authors in this field, the surgical techniques used being as it follows: cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, cystodigestive anastomosis, external drainage. The perioperative mortality was null, the postoperative one consisting in 3 cases (2 cases in the early period and 1 case in the later period). PMID- 14768338 TI - [Transperitoneal laparoscopic right sympathectomy]. AB - Laparoscopic lumbar transperitoneal sympathectomy represents the miniinvasive approach of laterocolic procedure Adson-Diez. It is suitable to laparoscopic surgery, has a good reproducibility and it is more advantageous than total retroperitoneal approach because of a larger working space. PMID- 14768339 TI - [Ultrasonically activated scalpel in laparoscopic surgery advantages and limits]. AB - The disadvantage of monopolar coagulation, the limits of the bipolar coagulation and the frequent changes of instruments during laparoscopic procedures, are three elements that make the harmonic dissectors very useful in laparoscopic surgery. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In Surgery Clinic were operated with anatomic scalpel (HS), in the last month: 50 cholecystectomies, 25 appendectomies, 12 partial ovarectomies, 10 anexectomies and 2 splenectomies. We used 5 and 10 mm instruments, especially the ETICON scissors. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: After our short experience with HS and in concordance with literature, we consider that: The advantages are: the features to coagulate nearest delicate anatomic structures (biliary tree, large bowel, blood vessels) the absence of the smog and the slag; the scissors is a versatile device which allow the dissection and the coagulation without changes the instruments. The limits are: hemorrhages after insufficient coagulation or prehension, the necessity of the learning curve, high costs of the disposable materials. The HS device represent a real progress, especially for that laparoscopic surgery which requires the coagulation of blood vessels placed in thick and fat structures. PMID- 14768340 TI - [Evaluation of an immunochromatography test kit for rapid diagnosis of influenza]. AB - We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the Capilia Flu AB rapid diagnosis kit for influenza that utilizes the immunochromatography method. Tested were 114 influenza like illness patients in the 2001/2002 influenza season. We used Capilia Flu AB and Infu A . B Quick, a rapid diagnosis kit based on enzyme immunoassay. As laboratory confirmation tests, influenza virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were done. Those patients with positive results from virus isolation or PCR were regarded as influenza patients. The sensitivities of nasal swab, pharyngeal swab, and nasal wash specimens were 82.8%, 80.0%, and 75.0%, respectively. The specificities of nasal swab, pharyngeal swab, and nasal wash specimens were 95.3%, 93.9%, and 100%, respectively. A total of 20 patients displayed different results in comparison of their nasal and pharyngeal swabs: 15 patients were positive with the nasal swab but negative with the pharyngeal swab and 5 patients were negative with the nasal swab but positive with the pharyngeal swab. Nasal swab would seem to be preferable in terms of sensitivity. The sensitivity and specificity of Capilia Flu AB were a little higher than those of Influ A . B Quick, but with no significant difference. The one-step operation of Capilia Flu AB is easier than the four steps required by Influ A . B Quick, but the time required to make a diagnosis is the same. No significant age related difference in the effectiveness of the kits was found. The Capilia Flu AB rapid diagnosis kit is useful in clinical practice because it has good sensitivity (about 80%) and specificity (about 90%), and it is easy to use. PMID- 14768341 TI - [Epidemiological study of outbreaks and sporadic cases due to Vibrio parahaemolyticus--serotype O3:K6 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, during 1988 and 2001]. AB - Percentage of the outbreaks by O3:K6 Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. p) in Aichi Prefecture Japan increased from 3% (3/86) for 1988-95 to 75% (33/44) for 1996 2001. The percentage of the sporadic diarrhea cases caused by O3:K6 V. p in a general hospital in Aichi Prefecture also increased from 0% (0/253) to 61% (135/221) during the same periods. Thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH)-positive O3:K6 were isolated from 95% (19/20) of the outbreak incidents and 100% (135/135) of the sporadic cases. Only one TRH (TDH-related hemolysin)-positive O3:K6 was isolated from one outbreak incident. Percentage of the outbreaks by O3:K6 V. p associated with the consumption of boiled shellfishes increased from 5% (6/117) for 1988-95 to 25% (15/59) for 1996-2001, in particular, boiled crabs and squillas associated outbreaks increased from 2% (2/117) to 17% (10/59) and from 2% (2/117) to 10% (6/59), respectively. From 1,548 raw sea foods sampled in the Nagoya Central Wholesale Market in Aichi Prefecture in 1995-99, one TDH-positive O3:K6 was isolated from one live squilla (1/30). Increase in the percentage of outbreaks associated with TDH-positive O3:K6 V. p after 1996 in Aichi Prefecture was revealed to correlate with the increase in the outbreaks associated with consumption of boiled sea foods, especially boiled crabs as well as squillas. Accordingly, it becomes clear that sanitary handling of these boiled foods is important to prevent outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhea caused by O3:K6 V. p infection. PMID- 14768342 TI - [Investigate of nasopharyngeal flora in infants and children with influenza]. AB - To clarify the bacteriological interpretation of nasopharyngeal flora from infants and children with influenza (n = 38), nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained. From 38 patients, 83 strains of bacterias were obtained. Chief pathogenic bacteria isolated from infants and children with influenza were B. catarrhalis (28 strains), S. pneumoniae (22 strains), H. influenzae (19 strains), S. aureus (6 strains) and chief nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from infants and children with influenza were Corynebacterium spp. and alpha-streptococcus (3 strains each) and Moraxella sp (2 strains). From infants and children without influenza (n = 34), 83 strains were obtained. The chief pathogenic bacteria isolated from infants and children without influenza were B. catarrhalis (23 strains), H. influenzae (22 strains), S. pneumoniae (18 strains), S. aureus (7 strains) and chief nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from infants and children without influenza were Corynebacterium spp. and Moraxella sp (5 strains each), alpha-streptococcus (2 strains) and Neisseria sp (1 strain). There was no significant difference in nasopharyngeal flora between infants and children with influenza and infants and children without influenza. In cases showing detection of multiple bacterial strains, common combinations were one or more of B. catarrhalis, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus and nonpathogenic or weakly pathogenic bacteria. There was also no significant difference in combinations of nasopharyngeal flora between infants and children with influenza and those without influenza. We emphasize that we must study whether a difference in nasopharyngeal flora between infants and children with influenza and infants and children without influenza develops with time. Therefore, we must repeatedly obtain nasopharyngeal swabs from infants and children with influenza and infants and children without influenza. PMID- 14768343 TI - [Isolation and serotyping of Vero toxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) from pig]. AB - As a part of basic studies to elucidate the source of infection of Verotoxin producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) infectious disease, fresh feces were collected from pigs raised in Kanto District (A and B Prefectures) and Kyushu District (C and D Prefectures) between April and October in 2000, and isolation, serotyping, toxin typing, and drug sensitivity test of VTEC were performed. 1) Of 411 fecal samples tested, VTEC was isolated from 44 samples (10.7%), consisting of 12 of 112 samples (10.7%) from A Prefecture, nine of 100 samples (9.0%) from B Prefecture, 18 of 99 samples (18.2%) from C Prefecture, and five of 100 samples (5.0%) from D Prefecture. 2) Forty-five isolates were serotyped. Four isolates (8.9%) were typed as type 3, but the remaining 41 isolates (91.1%) could not be typed. The four typed isolates consisted of two O112ac:H- isolates and one each of O126:H- and O157:H7. 3) Toxin was typed in 45 isolates. Twenty-seven (60.0%) and 17 isolates (37.8%) produced VT 2 and VT1, respectively, and one isolate (2.2%) produced both VT1 and VT2. 4) Drug sensitivity tests of 45 isolates were performed. All 45 isolates (100%) were multidrug-resistant that were resistant to multiple drugs. Nineteen, nine, four, four, seven, one, and one isolates were resistant to five, six, two, three, four eight, and nine drugs, respectively. The above findings confirmed contamination in all districts, although the VTEC isolation rate varied among the sampling districts. Serotyping clarified the presence of O157:H7 and O112ac:H- that are detected in human VTEC infectious disease. The drug sensitivity tests clarified the presence of many multidrug resistant strains. PMID- 14768344 TI - [Usefulness of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) method for DNA fingerprinting analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB); comparison between DNA restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) method and AP-PCR method]. AB - We have been analyzing cases suspected as outbreak of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Tokyo using RFLP method. This time we analyzed 27 strains of MTB from 5 cases in two hospitals, a family, member of social activity and stuff of a corporation using both RFLP and AP-PCR methods. At 4 cases, over 80% of strains were same pattern in each cases with RFLP and AP-PCR and were identified as a patient to patients transmission of MTB. At one case, in a hospital, each strains were completely different patterns at both methods, which showed it was not a outbreak case. Results of RFLP and AP-PCR were completely same, which indicates AP-PCR is also useful and rapid method for epidemiological analysis of MTB infection as well as RFLP. PMID- 14768345 TI - [Relationship between methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from inpatients and parenteral antibiotics]. AB - We examined the relationship between clinical isolates from inpatients, mainly methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and usage of parenteral antibiotics in Yamagata University Hospital and comparison of the relationship of the previous decade and the present. The first period was from 1988 to 1990 in a row, and the second period was from 1998 to 2000 in a row. In the first period, third generation cephems were used much and usage of antibiotics was shifted from latamoxef to flomoxef. Isolations of MRSA were decreased. In the second period, the third generation cephems decreased, cefazolin and the forth generation cephems increased. And also decrease in usage of penicillins was observed. Isolations of MRSA were increased. For further examination of these relation, we studied by statistical analysis the number of MRSA patients and usage of antibiotics per month in the second period. MRSA patients showed positive correlation with cephems and carbapenems, negative correlation with penicillins. In major antibiotics MRSA patients showed positive correlation with cefazolin, negative correlation with piperacillin. In multiple linear regression analysis, MRSA patients calculated multiple regression model including cefazolin. In conclusion, it was suggested that cefazolin related with MRSA. It has been estimated that cefazolin were administered before the appearance of MRSA. It is a possibility that cefazolin related with the appearance or fixation of MRSA. PMID- 14768347 TI - [Community gastroenteritis caused by adenovirus type 41]. AB - Viral gastroenteritis is caused mainly by NV (Norovirus). Rotavirus, Astrovirus and Adenovirus are the major cause of gastroenteritis in humans although there are rare cases. From the end of June to the beginning of July 2002, we had an endemic of community gastroenteritis by Adenovirus. In our investigation, the patients were separated into 3 groups. On comparison of the viruses from each groups we observed that they had the same characteristics. In conclusion, we found that the infection was caused by person to person contact and not by food. PMID- 14768346 TI - [Genotyping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from inpatients and medical workers in orthopaedics ward]. AB - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were isolated from the inpatients in orthopaedics ward hospitalized from March 1998 to November 2000, hospital environments, medical workers and the inpatients transferred from TCC (Trauma and Critical Care Center). Genotype by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and biotype according to the production of coagulase, enterotoxin and toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) were determined for the MRSA strains to analyze the infection source and transmission route of the infection. Out of 673 S. aureus strains isolated from the inpatients, 390 strains (57.5%) were MRSA. In 89 medical workers in orthopaedics ward, MRSA were isolated in 23 (25.8%) and 7 (7.9%) workers from nasal cavity and hand, finger, respectively. In contrast, no MRSA was isolated from hospital environments. Eighty MRSA strains (80%) from the inpatients and 8 MRSA strains (75%) from the medical workers were shown to have same biotype; coagulase II-enterotoxin C-TSST-1 (+) (II-C- (+)). MRSA strains isolated from the inpatients were grouped into 24 types according to PFGE patterns, and types 17 (17 strains), 12 (13 strains), 1 (8 strains), 4 (8 strains) and 13 (6 strains) were dominant among the MRSA strains isolated. It was shown that MRSA strains with the same PFGE genotype were detected at the same time in the different wards. In addition, MRSA strains isolated from medical workers were all PFGE genotypes 1 and 4. MRSA strain isolated from a new inpatient had a different PFGE type from the 24 kinds of genotype. These results suggest that the involvement of the medical workers might be important as infection source and for transmission of MRSA in hospital. PMID- 14768348 TI - [Q fever in acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 14768350 TI - [Consumption of morphine preparations in Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital]. AB - Morphine is the dominant medication to control cancer pain. Morphine consumption has been increasing each year in many countries including Japan based on the understanding of the WHO report on the treatment of cancer pain. To evaluate the recent and current state of palliative medication for cancer patients in Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University (TMPU) Hospital, the amount of and trend in the use of morphine preparations from 1992 to 2001 were investigated. The amount used increased every year to 3.9-fold of that in 1992 at the end of this survey. In particular, the consumption of morphine sulfate sustained-release tablets and morphine hydrochloride injection increased markedly, because both total dose in individual patients and the number of patients treated with high-dose morphine increased. The distribution of the maximum daily dose in TMPU Hospital was similar to that in a specialist hospital in oncology. In conclusion, morphine consumption will increase to achieve better palliative care and to improve quality of life in cancer patients, and therefore appropriate use and regulation of narcotic preparations are necessary. PMID- 14768349 TI - [Effectiveness of anti-emetics for the prophylaxis of cisplatin-induced delayed emesis: a systematic review]. AB - We performed a systematic review of the effectiveness of anti-emetics for prophylaxis of cisplatin-induced delayed emesis using meta-analysis. We selected 12 reports of randomized controlled trials from MEDLINE (1966-2003. 4) and The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2003. Nine of these reports were evaluated as high quality and the others as low quality according to the evaluation criteria of Jadad et al., and only the high-quality reports were subjected to meta-analysis. The statistical results obtained from all 12 reports were also compared with those obtained from the 9 reports of high quality. Corticosteroids significantly reduced the occurrence of delayed emesis. Metoclopramide tended to reduce the occurrence of delayed emesis, although not to a significant extent. In contrast, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists did not show a significant prophylactic effect on delayed emesis. Combination treatments using corticosteroids with metoclopramide or 5-HT3 receptor antagonists did not show significant additional benefits over corticosteroids alone. In conclusion, treatment with corticosteroids without additional metoclopramide or 5-HT3 receptor antagonists appears to be preferable for the prevention of delayed emesis induced by cisplatin. PMID- 14768351 TI - [Stability of nilvadipine solid dispersion tablet with non-packaging condition]. AB - Nilvadipine (NIL) solid-dispersion tablets were stored counter to packaging instructions by exposing them to 40 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 75% relative humidity, and light. The dissolution, stability assay, and tablet properties (weight, thickness and hardness) were then examined. NIL dissolved more than 85% after all storage periods with exposure to high temperature and humidity. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that NIL was present in an amorphous state as in the initial state. The stability assay of NIL showed that it was more than 99% stable during all storage periods when exposed to temperature, humidity, and light, indicating good stability. Tablet properties were influenced by humidity more than by temperature, and the hardness of tablets decreased with time to 42.9 N after storage of 3 months. PMID- 14768353 TI - [Chemical profiles of methylpyrazines contained in commercially available natto]. AB - Structures and amounts of methylpyrazines contained in commercial natto, a fermented soybean food in Japan, were determined using HPLC equipped with an acid resistant reversed phase column, Capcell Pak C18 ACR (Shiseido). Mobile phase solvent mixtures consisted of acidic phosphate buffer solution (pH 2.0) containing 2% acetonitrile gave satisfactory results with baseline separation of the authentic specimens, such as naked pyrazine, monomethylpyrazine, 2,3-, 2,5-, and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine, and tetramethylpyrazine. We used the mobile-phase solvent with a flow rate of 1 ml/min at 15.0 degrees C. Before HPLC, commercial natto samples were treated with water to prepare diluted suspensions of surface mucous materials. The suspensions were treated on Sep-Pac C18 Cartridges (Waters) with phosphate buffer solutions containing 2-7% acetonitrile. The extracts were then injected into the analytical column to obtain chromatograms that were used to determine the structures and amounts of methylpyrazines. The results showed that a commercialiy packed natto contains a considerable amount of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine instead of the tetrametyl- and trimethylpyrazines in the traditional products. This may be a result of recent efforts of natto makers whose interests have been focused on new methods for preparing odorless products. PMID- 14768352 TI - [Alterations of antiproliferative effects of serum obtained from patients with acute cerebral infarction treated with a radical scavenger, edaravone, with or without amlodipine using an in vitro cultured basilar artery smooth muscle cells]. AB - The guinea-pig basilar artery smooth muscle cell (GBa-SM3) culture system in the Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium for 3 days serves as a useful in vitro model for assessing antiproliferative effects of various therapeutic agents on vessels. With use of this system we studied whether human serum obtained from patients with acute cerebral infarction (n = 16) would have a proliferative effect on vessels and whether an administration of a free radical scavenger, edaravone, with or without amlodipine would elicit antiproliferative effects. The control serum was obtained from 3 healthy human subjects. Time courses of the cell growth and survival were measured colorimetrically by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] 2,5-diphenyl tetrzolium bromide (MTT) test. The stimulatory effect on the proliferation of GBa-SM3 cells of patients' serum obtained immediately after infarction was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than those obtained from the same patients after the treatment of edaravone for 2 weeks. In addition, the serum obtained from the patients treated by edaravone and amlodipine (n = 7) showed a significantly (p < 0.05) greater antiproliferative effect than that obtained from those treated by edaravone (n = 9). In conclusion, edaravone may have a clinically beneficial antiproliferative effect on vascular smooth muscle cells. Co-administration of amlodipine, possessing an antioxidative calcium channel blocker, with edaravone may be a promising combination to patients with acute cerebral infarction. Further controlled clinical trials with a large number of patients should be warranted. PMID- 14768354 TI - [A trial of the PBL method in the first one year of pharmacy--effects and issues]. AB - We have introduced problem-based learning using small groups (five to 10 students per group) as a new teaching approach for pharmacy students. Our approach uses clinical cases and has four steps. First, the students read the problem and identify any unfamiliar terminology. They then study these unfamiliar terms along with other learning issues as requested by a tutor. Second, in a discussion period each student provides a summary of his/her individual learning issues to the group and has an opportunity to learn from group members. The group identifies what is understood and works to correct any inefficiencies or difficulties. Third, the problem is then reexamined, critiquing the initial explanations and hypotheses, elaborating on earlier uncertainties, and synthesizing newly acquired knowledge. In addition, during this step the discussion focuses on medications for improving patient symptoms. Finally, each group presents its problem-solving process and a solution to the clinical problem. Each group uses this period to make a creative presentation using role playing or a panel discussion. This method of problem-based learning in a small group format is useful as a learning method to acquire expert knowledge and to increase student motivation. PMID- 14768355 TI - [Expectation on the next generations]. PMID- 14768356 TI - [Current understanding of interstitial pneumonias and approach for the next treatment]. PMID- 14768357 TI - [Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF/UIP)]. PMID- 14768358 TI - [Is nonspecific interstitial pneumonia regarded as provisional in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia?]. PMID- 14768359 TI - [Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP)]. PMID- 14768360 TI - [Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)]. PMID- 14768362 TI - [Histopathologic findings in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias]. PMID- 14768361 TI - [CT findings of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia]. PMID- 14768363 TI - [Differential diagnosis of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and interstitial pneumonias with known etiology--the diagnosis of IIPs should not be made until all potential causes have been excluded]. PMID- 14768364 TI - [The effects of bakumondo-to (mai-men-dong-tang) on asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients with increased cough sensitivity]. AB - Some patients with bronchial asthma (BA) have increased throat sensitivity. In some instances, it is envisaged that this may result in increased coughing or wheezing. Bakumondo-to is a traditional herbal medicine that is well known to reduce coughing in patients with BA and chronic bronchitis. AIM: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Bakumondo-to on cough sensitivity in patients with BA and non-asthmatic (non-BA) conditions. The effect on respiratory tract inflammation was also examined. METHODS: We examined 21 BA and 22 non-BA subjects whose cough threshold for capsaicin was less than 3.9 microM. We prepared 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.2, 15.6, 7.80, 3.90, 1.95, 0.98, and 0.49 microM solutions. Cough thresholds to a concentration of inhaled capsaicin solution causing 5 or more coughs was measured before treatment and after 2 months or more of treatment with Bakumondo-to (9 g/day, TJ-29). The number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood, the sputum eosinophil ratio, and the ECP level in the serum were also measured before and after treatment. RESULTS: 1. Bakumondo-to significantly improved the cough threshold value in 76% of patients with BA and in 82% with non-BA conditions. 2. Bakumondo-to was more effective in reducing cough sensitivity to capsaicin in BA than in non-BA conditions. 3. While Bakumondo-to did not significantly reduce the sputum eosinophil count, its effectiveness in suppressing cough was greatest in patients whose sputum eosinophil count was > or = 2%. It remains to be established whether Bakumondo-to inhibits eosinophil activation. Our results suggest that Bakumondo to is an effective therapeutic preparation for cough hypersensitivity accompanying chronic cough disease, especially in cases of severe allergic inflammation. PMID- 14768365 TI - [Transient liver injury caused by gefitinib]. AB - Gefitinib blocks epidermal growth factor receptor autophosphorylation and subsequently the signal transduction pathways implicated in proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis. Reported adverse reactions to gefitinib include liver injury that is not fully understood. Liver injury was observed in 5 (12.2%) of 41 patients with non-small cell lung cancer who received gefinitib monotherapy. Onset of liver injury was seen between 28 and 56 days after initiation of administration. Two patients had Grade 2 liver injury and 3 patients, Grade 3. In 4 patients, liver injury was temporary, lasting during a period of continuous gefitinib administration. In another patient, gefitinib was discontinued because of the onset of liver injury, which improved when gefitinib administration was restarted. Gefitinib is necessary in most patients whose lung cancer is refractory to cytotoxic chemotherapy, because no other treatment regimens are available at present. The rate of liver injury in cases treated with gefitinib is high, and so it is necessary to observe liver function carefully, but the liver injury due to this drug is often transient. However, the use of gefitinib in many cases appears to be a necessity. PMID- 14768366 TI - [Polymicrobial infections in patients with Legionella pneumonia]. AB - We assessed the frequency and clinical significance of polymicrobial infections in 31 patients with sporadic community-acquired Legionella pneumonia. Twenty-six patients were men, 5 were women and mean age was 61 years. Eighteen patients were smokers, 6 patients were chronic alcoholics and 23 had underlying diseases. Regarding severity, the illnesses were mild (two patients), moderate (seven patients) and severe (twenty-two patients). In 9 (29%) of the patients, one other etiologic agent for community-acquired pneumonia was identified in addition to the Legionella species. The distribution of one other causal agent was as follows: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 2 patients; Chlamydia pneumoniae, 2; Chlamydia psittaci, 1; Influenza virus, 1; Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1; Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1 patient. Because an antimicrobial agent with activity against Legionella species can also provide coverage for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci, the patients with these coinfections improved without any complications. The patient with influenzavirus coinfection became seriously ill, and the condition was complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure and aspergillus bronchitis. The case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa coinfection was accompanied with a lung abscess and empyema. Our experience illustrates the importance of considering polymicrobial infections in patients with sporadic community-acquired Legionella pneumonia. PMID- 14768367 TI - [A retrospective analysis of community-acquired pneumonia between 2000 and 2002 in a community hospital]. AB - We previously reported a hospital-based retrospective study on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at Tagami Hospital, which was a community hospital, between 1994 and 1997. This study was designed to clarify the etiology of CAP diagnosed between 2000 and 2002. We analyzed a total of 124 cases of CAP in our hospital during the study period, and compared the results with the previous data. Identification of the causative organisms of CAP was based on gram staining, the morphology of the colonies, quantitative culture of the sputum, and the serological tests. During the study period, we determined the causative organisms in 42 cases (33.8%). Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis were the major causative organisms. The severity of the cases was classified into three groups according to the guideline for CAP, which was edited by the Japanese Respiratory Society. The survival rates in the moderate and severe groups were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that of the mild group, as analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, as follows: 70% (moderate) vs 100% (mild); and 40% (severe) vs 100% (mild). In a total of 7 patients who died, we found the following risk factors: elderly male patients, bedridden status with cerebral infarction, and micro-aspiration, including recurrent pneumonia at short intervals of less than 17 days. Our study indicated that the JRS-edited guideline for CAP is a very useful tool for analyzing cases with CAP in Japan. PMID- 14768369 TI - [Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) causing chylothorax]. AB - A 28-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of chest pain and dyspnea. Chest radiographs showed left pleural effusion. The effused fluid obtained by thoracocentesis was milky, and so chylothorax was diagnosed. A high resolution chest CT (HRCT) scan demonstrated diffuse multiple cystic lesions, which were undetectable by conventional CT. An abdominal CT scan showed a retroperitoneal tumor. Since the effusion was resistant to conservative therapy, we performed clipping of the thoracic duct under the diaphragm. Since the effusion disappeared after continuous aspiration, 10 KE of OK-432 was administered into the pleural cavity, and the chylorrhea disappeared. The clinical diagnosis, based on the biopsy of the abdominal tumor, was lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Chylothorax developing from lymphangioleiomyomatosis is rare in Japan. However, we must consider the possibility of lymphangioleiomyomatosis in patients with chylothorax, and always perform chest HRCT. PMID- 14768368 TI - [An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with a circulating bath water system at a public bathhouse]. AB - From July to August 2002, a large outbreak of Legionnaires' disease occurred in the northern area of Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. Since the genotype of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 found in the water of a new public bathhouse was identical to the isolates obtained from the sputum of the patients, the bathhouse was identified as the source of the outbreak. We report the clinical characteristics of 37 pneumonia patients (9 confirmed and 28 probable cases, including one death). Ten patients had diabetes mellitus and nine were smokers. Almost all had high fever, and nine patients had a non-productive cough. In regard to extrapulmonary symptoms, neuropsychiatric symptoms were found in nine cases and abdominal symptoms in 12. Laboratory tests revealed that a severe inflammatory reaction, liver dysfunction, rhabdomyolysis and hyponatremia were common. Chest radiography demonstrated that about half of the patients had bilateral shadows and the alveolar filling pattern was common to almost all patients. PMID- 14768370 TI - [A rare case of marked dilatation of the pulmonary veins and emphysematous lesions in both lower lung lobes]. AB - A 34-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of continuous shortness of breath and abnormal chest shadows. Bronchiectasis had been suspected because of abnormal chest shadows during childhood. However, a chest CT scan obtained on admission did not show any bronchiectatic changes, but marked dilated blood vessels and emphysematous changes in the bilateral lower lobes were seen. A pulmonary angiogram showed normal pulmonary arteries in the arterial phase and diffuse dilated veins in the venous phase. Although he has been suffering also from liver cirrhosis type B with portal hypertension, we could not find any association between the liver cirrhosis and the lung lesions. This is a very rare case in which there is a possibility of congenital or idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary veins. PMID- 14768371 TI - [A case of septic pulmonary embolism induced by urinary tract infection]. AB - A 73-year-old male in whom diabetes mellitus and benign prostatic hypertrophy had been diagnosed was hospitalized with a urinary tract infection (UTI) showing urinary retention and a high grade fever. His symptoms worsened although several antibiotics were administered after admission. A chest radiograph shows multiple nodular lesions and cavity formations in both lung fields. Arterial blood gas analysis showed hypoxia and hypocapnia. Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy revealed perfusion defects corresponding to the nodular lesions observed on the chest radiograph. Enhanced abdominal CT demonstrated abscesses in the liver and kidney; and in urine and blood cultures, Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated. We therefore diagnosed septic pulmonary embolism (SPE) occurring secondary to UTI. After diagnosis, the patient was given intravenous imipenem/cilastatin, minocycline and ciprofloxacin, and recovered. Although SPE occurring secondary to UTI is very rare, the incidence of SPE has recently increased in patients with DM. Therefore, we should consider the possibility of SPE in patients with DM who have respiratory symptoms. PMID- 14768372 TI - [A case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with a metastatic thyroid tumor improved following chemotherapy]. AB - Metastatic thyroid tumor is rarely diagnosed clinically. We report here a case of a 59-year-old male of a primary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with metastatic thyroid tumor diagnosed by an ultrasonography-guided aspiration cytology. A squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (c-T4N3M1 stage IV) was diagnosed in March 2001, and so chemotherapy using carboplatin and paclitaxel was tried initially. A partial response was obtained. Then, he was re-admitted to our hospital because his thyroid gland was swollen. Ultrasonography-guided aspiration cytology of the thyroid tumor was performed and revealed a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma from the lung cancer. The patient was given chemotherapy using gemcitabine and docetaxel as second line chemotherapy. This reduced the thyroid tumor size and improved the symptoms. PMID- 14768373 TI - [A case report of isolated absence of the right pulmonary artery: bronchofiberscopic findings and chest radiologic tracings over 9 years]. AB - A 27-year-old man was admitted to hospital for the investigation of hemosputum. He is a serving member of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. Chest radiography showed absence of the right hilar component, and the ipsilateral hemithorax was smaller than that of on the left side. Pulmonary arteriography demonstrated complete absence of the right pulmonary artery. Right cardiac catheterization did not show any concomitant cardio-vascular malformation. Therefore, this case was diagnosed as an isolated absence of the right pulmonary artery. Bronchial arteriograms demonstrated showed vascular enlargement and proliferation of the right bronchial artery. Bronchofiberscopic examination showed obvious bronchial mucosal vascular enlargement with submucosal eruption and swelling of the right bronchi. We also re-examined the chest radiographs of this patient from the previous 9-years. Those revealed a chronological decrease of the right lung volume and an increase of the cardio-thoracic ratio. Isolated absence of the right pulmonary artery is generally considered to have preferable survival, but close observation is necessary to monitor the pulmonary hemodynamics. PMID- 14768374 TI - [A case of pulmonary Mycobacterium gordonae infection with pleural effusion]. AB - A 65-year-old woman, treated with prednisolone (5 mg daily) for rheumatoid arthritis, visited our hospital because of right chest pain. Chest CT showed small nodular shadows in the right lung accompanied with right pleural effusion. A pulmonary Mycobacterium gordonae infection was diagnosed, since M. gordonae was identified twice from her sputum. She was treated with rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin for two months, and then streptomycin was replaced with clarithromycin. Three months after the initial treatment, M. gordonae was eradicated from her sputum. Pleural puncture revealed bloody, exudative, lymphocytotic pleural effusion, but no malignant cells were identified. Although pathological diagnosis by thoracoscopic pleural biopsy could not be performed, it is likely that the pleural effusion was associated with the pulmonary M. gordonae infection in the present case. PMID- 14768375 TI - [A case of sarcoidosis with atypical high resolution CT findings]. AB - A 36-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for investigation of erythema on the upper arms and thighs and abnormal radiological findings in the chest. A chest radiograph showed poorly defined fine nodules in both lung fields and high resolution CT revealed fine nodular opacities with a random distribution throughout both lungs. No lymph node enlargement or peribronchovascular interstitial thickening were seen. Bronchoscopic evaluation revealed bronchial mucosal hypervascularity. Transbronchial lung biopsy and skin biopsy specimens showed noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas. These findings confirmed the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. This is a rare case of sarcoidosis presenting with atypical high-resolution CT findings, which are difficult to differentiate from those of miliary tuberculosis or metastatic carcinoma. PMID- 14768376 TI - Wound healing and management. Preface. PMID- 14768378 TI - Wound management in nonpsittacine birds. AB - Although nonpsittacine avian species comprise many different groups of birds, basic medical and surgical principles common to wound management in many vertebrate species are still applicable. This article will delve into examination and wound assessment along with therapeutic stabilization of wounded nonpsittacine birds. An overview of common case presentations that lead to a necessity for wound care are included, and may focus on one particular avian group, but the information can be used on a variety of avian species. PMID- 14768377 TI - Principles of wound management of small mammals: hedgehogs, prairie dogs, and sugar gliders. AB - The management of wounds is a common scenario for the exotic animal practitioner. When presented with such cases, the practitioner must first adhere to the firmly established principles of wound healing, and then modify available treatment modalities to fit the needs of the species at hand. Practicing wound management on exotic patients can be challenging due to their small size, unusual anatomy, difficult behaviors, and tendency for developing secondary stress-related health problems. A review of the stages of wound healing as well as traditional wound management techniques is provided here. This review is followed by a summary of typical wounds encountered in hedgehogs, prairie dogs, and sugar gliders, as well anatomic, physiologic, and behavioral characteristics that should be taken into consideration when managing wounds on such species. PMID- 14768379 TI - Rabbit wound management. AB - In conclusion, rabbits have a variety of common disease presentations that require wound management. Anatomic and physiologic characteristics should be kept in mind, as they may have influences upon the management of wounds. Many new topical medications and dressings have been designed that are routinely used in mammalian wound management cases and are potentially useful for rabbits. When topical medications are used in rabbits, care must be taken to ensure the medications are not ingested. In addition to topical therapies, surgical options such as flaps and skin grafts have been researched in rabbits. Many of the wound management concepts that are useful for dogs and cats should be considered when addressing rabbit wounds. PMID- 14768380 TI - Wound management in teleost fish: biology of the healing process, evaluation, and treatment. AB - Wound healing, although similar to terrestrial vertebrates, occurs faster in fish species in a proper aquatic environment. Wound management must involve identification and correction of potential noninfectious and/or infectious causes of disease. Wound evaluation includes assessment of the wound as well as systematic examination of the patient, water quality conditions, and husbandry practices. Diagnostic evaluation should, at a minimum, include physical examination, skin/cornea (if indicated) scraping, and lesions cultures. The clinician should also consider full thickness wound biopsies, gill and fin biopsies, blood collection, and radiographs for systemic evaluation as well. Local wound management should follow basic principles of wound care including cleaning and lavage, debridement, primary closure if indicated, and local and/or systemic antiinfectives. Monofilament absorbable or nonabsorbable sutures are commonly used for primary closure of wounds. Diagnostic results, patient and client compliance, and economic impact should guide systemic methods of treatment for wound care. Options for systemic therapy include oral or gavage, parenteral, bath, or prolonged immersion treatments. With bath or prolonged immersion therapies, aquatic systems must be properly prepared for treatment. Treatment of identified pathogens, proper water quality and husbandry, supportive care and nutrition must all be provided to promote an ideal wound healing environment for the teleost fish. PMID- 14768381 TI - Wound healing and management in psittacine birds. AB - Psittacines and other companion avian species often develop wounds requiring some form of medical or surgical therapy. Advancing technology in the field of wound care and management continues to evolve for use by the veterinary clinician. Although not all wounds can be successfully treated, many can be reduced and minimized with therapy. Consideration of the overall health, management, and nutrition of the avian patient will also aid in wound management. The avian patient with normal immune function and optimal nutrition will have improved wound healing compared with an immunocompromized or malnourished patient. The duration of treatment and potential stress of the wound-management program should also be taken into consideration when selecting a treatment program for the avian patient. PMID- 14768382 TI - Ferrets: wound healing and therapy. AB - In all species of mammals, the stages of wound healing are the same, and both host factors and wound characteristics affect how wounds heal. The basic principles of wound care in ferrets, such as lavage, bandaging, and surgical closure, are similar to those in other species; however, knowledge of ferrets' anatomy and pathophysiology, as well as skin conditions commonly seen in ferrets, will help ensure proper wound healing. PMID- 14768383 TI - Wound management in reptiles. AB - Our understanding into the healing response of reptile wounds is in its infancy. To date, many of the methods we have used have been adopted from human, mammalian, or avian species, with varying success. Future research should focus on the development of methods to improve our management of contaminated wounds, minimize the negative inflammatory responses occurring in a wound, and shorten wound-healing time. PMID- 14768384 TI - Wound management in rodents. AB - Successful wound management requires appropriate evaluation of the wound at the time of initial physical examination, an all throughout the healing process. Factors affecting wound healing need to be identified though a complete patient history and addressed to ensure proper healing. The clinician must have current knowledge of topical medications and bandages available and their clinical applications according to the stage of healing. It is essential to remember that wounds are painful; therefore, analgesics should be administered to render the animal pain-free during wound cleaning, debridement, bandaging, and surgical procedures. PMID- 14768385 TI - Use of potentiated antibiotics in wound management. AB - Prevention or resolution of microbial colonization of wounds is critical to rapid and uneventful healing. The use and misuse of antimicrobial agents continues to support the evolution of multidrug resistant organisms that can cause severe or life-threatening infections. Chelating agents have been shown to potentiate the effects of antimicrobial compounds. The third generation chelating agent. Tricide has been shown to be effective against many multidrug resistant pathogens, prevents pathogens from development resistance to the antimicrobials with which it is mixed and substantially reduces the amount of antimicrobials needed to kill bacteria and fungi. PMID- 14768386 TI - [Correlation research on plant descriptions of Atractylodes macrocephala]. AB - In the investigation of Baizhu (Atractylodis macrocephala Koidz.) cultivated population in Zhejiang Province, the plant descriptions and the influence of different sits on plant growth, as well as the relationship between the descriptions and commercial class of rhizome were studied. The results showed that the differentiation within a population was large; the correlation between each character was obvious; the commercial rhizome class was significant with some descriptions. And those will provide basic data for improving the variety of Baizhu. PMID- 14768387 TI - [Comparison of microscopical structures of leave epidermis from six species of Viola plants in the region of Nanjing]. AB - Leave epidermis of 6 Viola spp. from Nanjing was studied, and the similarities and the differences of the microscopical structural characteristics among them were found. The tables comparing their structural characteristics were also listed on. PMID- 14768388 TI - [Identification of Chinese medicinal material radix Angelicae sinensis by X-ray diffraction Fourier fingerprint pattern method]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To develop a new identification and analysis method of Chinese medicinal material Radix Angelicae Sinenesis. METHODS: Powder X-ray Diffraction Fourier Fingerpring pattern. RESULTS: Experiments and analysis were carried out on five samples. The standard X-ray diffraction Fourier pattern and characteristic diffraction peaks of Radix Angelicae Sinensis were obtained. CONCLUSION: This method can be used for identification of Chinese medicinal material Radix Angelicae Sinensis. PMID- 14768389 TI - [Study on chemical constituents from Mycale parishi]. AB - Three alkaloids have been isolated from Mycale parishi collected from Naozhou Island of Zhanjiang in China, their structure were identified as 1-(4-Hydroxy-5 hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrimidine- 2,4-dione(I), 1H Pyrimidine-2,4-dione(II), Pentacosanoic acid (2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-heptadec 3-enyl)-amide(III), respectively on the basic of the spectral data of MS, 1H NMR, 13CNMR. PMID- 14768390 TI - [Effect of ligustrazine on cell cycle and prostacyclin of injured vascular endothelial cells induced by hypoxia and lack of glucose]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of ligustrazine on cell cycle and prostacyclin of injured human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cell line induced by hypoxia and lack of glucose. METHODS: The experiments were performed by culturing vascular endothelial cell induced by hypoxia and lack of glucose in vitro. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and cell cycle was observed by flow cytometry. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to assess the amount of prostacyclin (PGI2). RESULTS: The vascular endothelial cell viability and PGI2 were decreased in condition of hypoxia and lack of glucose-injury. Preincubation of vascular endothelial cell with Ligustrazine for 24 h significantly increased the cell viability, S-Phase cell, G2M-phase cell and PGI2 level. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that ligustrazine had protective effect on hypoxia and lack of glucose-injured vascular endothelial cell and the effect may be related to increasing cell viability, S-phase cell, G2M-phase cell and level of PGI2. PMID- 14768391 TI - [Influence of Scutellaria barbata on calcium beaconage of cervix cancer cells]. AB - To study the influence of Scutellaria barbata D. Don on cytoplasmatic free Ca2+ concentration of cervix cancer cells and its mechanism on anti-cancer. Fluorochrome Fura-2 could combine with free Ca2+ and then give off fluorescent under the condition of stimulating by some wavelength light. The changes of free Ca2+ were tested according to the intensity of fluorescent. The results showed that Scutellaria barbata D. Don could stimulate the cytoplasmatic store-calcium out-flow and extracellular Ca2+ inflow, and could obviously improve the concentration of cytoplasmatic free Ca2+. PMID- 14768392 TI - [Anti-lipid peroxidaton of the water extract from cornu cervi pantotrichum]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anti-lipid peroxidation of the water extract from Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum (WECCP) in vitro. METHODS: The lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde formation) in microsomes of rat brain, liver and kidney induced by NADPH-Vit C and cyctein-Fe2+, and the superoxide anion radical production (reduced cytochrome c formation) in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system in vitro were evaluated. RESULTS: The lipid peroxidation (MDA formation) in microsomes of rat brain, liver and kidney induced by NADPH-Vit C and cyctein-Fe2+, O2 production(reduced cytochrome c formation) in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system were significantly inhibited by WECCP. CONCLUSION: WECCP exhibits an antioxidant activity. PMID- 14768393 TI - [Effect of flavonoids from the seed and fruit residue of Hippophae rhamnoides L. on glycometabolism in mice]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of flavonoids from the seed residue and fruit residue of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (FSH and FFH) on glycometabolism in mice. METHOD: The healthy male mice were randomly divided into control group, three FSH treatment groups and three FFH treatment groups. FSH(50, 100, 150 mg/kg) and FFH (50, 100, 150 mg/kg) were given intragastorically(i.g.). At the same time, the mice of control group were given physiological saline. The levels of serum glucose, serum cholesterol were determined when it lasted 7 and 14 days. After 16 days glyconeogenesis test was made and liver glycogen was analyzed. RESULT: The levels of serum glucose, serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride were significantly reduced by high dose FSH and FFH. The glyconegenesis was also obviously inhibited by FSH and FFH. CONCLUSION: FSH and FFH can decrease the levels of blood glucose and lipid in normal mice, and the effect of FSH and FFH on glycometabolism may be related to the control of glyconeogenesis. PMID- 14768394 TI - [Effect of danshen injection on expression of platelet membrane glycoproteins in patients with type II diabetes mellitus]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Danshen Injection on platelet membrane glycoprotein expression and fibrinogen binding in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: 82 patients and 30 normal individuals were enrolled into this study. Platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib, Gp IIb, GP IIIa, GP IIb-IIIa complex and p-selectin expression as well as fibrinogen binding were analyzed by flowcytomery. RESULTS: The platelet membrane GP IIb-IIIa complex, p-selectin expression and fibrinogen binding were higher in patients with vascular diseases than those of normal subjects and the patients without vascular diseases. Platelet surface GP Ib expression in patients with vascular diseases was lower than the other two groups. On the other hand, the GP IIb and GP IIIa were not significantly changed. There was no difference between the patients without vascular disease and the normal. Danshen Injection may improve above-mentioned the marks. CONCLUSION: Dan Shen Injection may reduce the activity of platelet membrane glycoproteins and improve the vascular disease. PMID- 14768395 TI - [Effects of yi-fu-ning soft capsule on sex hormone, NO, NOS, SOD and MDA levels in ovariectomized rat serum]. AB - OBJECTIVE: Through investigating the changs of sex hormone, nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonaldehyde (MDA) in the serum of ovariectomized, rats, the mechanism of cardiovascular disease occurring in post-menopause rats and the effect of Yi-Fu-Ning soft capsule (YFN) on above-menticned indexes were discussed. METHOD: Fifty female mature Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham operation, ovariectomy (OVX), OVX with diethylstilbestrol tables (DT), OVX with YFN (high dose and low dose). After administrating drugs of 4 weeks, sex hormone, NO, NOS, SOD and MDA levels in rat serum were detected. RESULT: In ovariectomized rats serum, with the drop of E2 concentration, NO, NOS, SOD levels decreased, while MDA content increased. And the E2 concentration was correlated with other index levels. YFN can obviously regulate above-mentioned indexes. CONCLUSION: The cardiovascular disease occurring in post-menopause rats is possibly due to the decrease of serum sex hormone, which cause the disease through the loss of the NO and damage of the free radical. YFN can prevent and cure the cardiovascular disease by regulating above-mentioned indexes in post-menopause rats. PMID- 14768396 TI - [Study on supercritical CO2 extraction of lecithin from radix Polygoni Multiflori Preparata by orthogonal design]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To find out the optimal supercritical CO2 fluid extraction process for Radix Polygoni Multiflori Preparata, the extraction process was studied by orthogonal design with the yield of lectithin as index. METHODS: Four factors were chosen in this experiment, including extractor pressure, extractor temperature, separator I pressure and separator I temperature. The ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry was applied for the determination of lecithin in all different experimental conditions. RESULTS: The optimal supercritical CO2 fluid extraction process was: extractor pressure 32 MPa, extractor temperature 50 degrees C, separator I pressure 6 MPa and separator I temperature 55 degrees C. CONCLUSION: Compared with the traditional extraction methods, SFE-CO2 process has the predominance of saving solvent and shortening the technology process, which is exactly suitable for industralization manufacture. PMID- 14768397 TI - [Purification and physi-chemical properties of polysaccharides SJZPS-Vb-1-2 from immunocompetence parts of sijunzi decoction]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To supply basic research materials for clarifying the immunocompetence materials of Sijunzi Decoction. METHODS: Two polysaccharides(SJZPS-Vb-1-2) were purified with Sephadex DEAE A 25 and Sephadex G 200 from SJZPS-Vb part (with the highest immunocompetence). Their molecular weights were determined. The sugar compositions were analyzed with GC. The linkage positions of the component sugars were determined by methylation and GC/MS. RESULTS: SJZPS-Vb-1-2 was uonic containing heteropolysaccharides with the component sugars of glucose, galactose and mannose in different molar ratios. The molecular weight of SJZPS-VB-1 was 38,300, SJZPS-VB-2, 26,000. The molar ratio of SJZPS-Vb-1 was as glu:gal:man 1:046:2.15 and SJZPS-Vb-2, glu:gal:man 1:1.41:4.18. PMID- 14768398 TI - [Herbalogical textual research on huci]. AB - According to textual research, the "Huci" was first recorded in ancient document, Zhenglei Bencao, not "Funiu Hua" recorded in Kaibao Bencao. Therefore, in Li Shizhen's works, Compendium of Materia Medica, incorporating "Huci" into an item of "Funiu Hua" is incorrect. The original plan of "Huci" is Damnacanthus indicus Gaertn. f. from Rubiaceae. PMID- 14768399 TI - Introduction. Single-agent or combination chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. PMID- 14768400 TI - Gemcitabine combination chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer: phase II experience. AB - Gemcitabine has been evaluated in combination with paclitaxel, docetaxel, anthracyclines, vinorelbine, and cisplatin as first-line treatment and after prior chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Results with gemcitabine/taxane combinations have been especially encouraging, with these combinations providing promising outcomes with regard both to tumor response and tolerability. The combination of gemcitabine and paclitaxel has garnered particular interest for further phase III evaluation on the basis of high response rates and durable responses in both treatment-naive and treatment experienced patients, including anthracycline-pretreated patients. PMID- 14768401 TI - Gemcitabine/paclitaxel as first-line treatment of advanced breast cancer. AB - Gemcitabine (Gemzar) and paclitaxel exhibit good activity and good safety profiles when used alone and together in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. In a phase II trial, 45 patients with metastatic breast cancer received gemcitabine at 1,200 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 and paclitaxel at 175 mg/m2 on day 1 every 21 days. Twenty-seven patients (60.0%) had prior adjuvant therapy. Objective response was observed in 30 patients (objective response rate 66.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 52%-71%), including complete response in 10 (22.2%) and partial response in 20 (44.4%). Median duration of response was 18 months (95% CI = 11-26.7 months), median time to tumor progression for the entire population was 11 months (95% CI = 7.1-18.7 months), median overall survival was 19 months (95% CI = 17.3-21.7 months), and the 1-year survival rate was 69%. Treatment was well tolerated, with grade 3/4 toxicities being infrequent. Grade 3/4 leukopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia were each observed in six patients (13.3%). No patient was discontinued from the study due to hematologic or nonhematologic toxicity. Thus, the gemcitabine/paclitaxel combination shows promising activity and tolerability when used as first-line treatment in advanced disease. The combination recently has been shown to be superior to paclitaxel alone as first-line treatment in anthracycline-pretreated advanced disease according to interim results of a phase III trial and it should be further evaluated in comparative trials in breast cancer. PMID- 14768402 TI - Paclitaxel and gemcitabine as salvage treatment in metastatic breast cancer. AB - Both paclitaxel and gemcitabine (Gemzar) have shown activity and manageable toxicity when used as single agents in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer. This phase II study evaluated their use in combination for metastatic breast cancer patients whose disease recurred or progressed following treatment with anthracycline-containing regimens. Twenty-nine patients ranging from 32 to 68 years of age received paclitaxel at 175 mg/m2 i.v. over 3 hours on day 1 and gemcitabine at 1,000 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days. Because of unacceptable thrombocytopenia in the first five patients, the gemcitabine schedule was changed to days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle for the remainder of the study. All 29 patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Seventeen patients (59%) were considered truly anthracycline- or anthracenedione refractory. A total of 137 cycles (median: 4 per patient) were administered. The regimen was well tolerated. Grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia was observed in 5 (18.5%) of the first 27 cycles and in 6 (5.4%) of the 110 cycles following dosage reduction (P = .04). Five patients had grade 1 and two patients had grade 3 neuropathy. Eight patients had grade 3 neutropenia, two had grade 4 neutropenia with fever at the higher dosage, and eight had grade 1/2 myalgia and fatigue. Five patients (17%) had a complete response and 11 (38%) a partial response, yielding an objective response rate of 55% (95% confidence interval = 36%-73%). Six patients (20.7%) had stable disease. Median response duration was 8 months (range: 4-26 months), and median overall survival was 12 months (range: 4-48+ months). Survival at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years was 45%, 30%, 20%, and 10%, respectively. The combination of paclitaxel on day 1 with gemcitabine on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle appears to have promising activity in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer. Phase III trials comparing this promising doublet to paclitaxel monotherapy and to other chemotherapeutic strategies for advanced breast cancer will clarify the role of this regimen. PMID- 14768403 TI - Gemcitabine, paclitaxel, and trastuzumab in metastatic breast cancer. AB - Gemcitabine (Gemzar) and paclitaxel show good activity as single agents and combined in metastatic breast cancer, and the combination of paclitaxel/trastuzumab (Herceptin) has been shown to prolong time to disease progression and survival significantly in this setting. Preclinical data indicate additive or synergistic effects of gemcitabine and trastuzumab in HER2-positive human breast cancer cell lines. In a phase II trial, patients with HER2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer who had received no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease received gemcitabine at 1,200 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 and paclitaxel at 175 mg/m2 on day 1 every 21 days for six cycles plus trastuzumab at an initial loading dose of 4 mg/kg followed by 2 mg/kg weekly; patients without progressive disease after six cycles continued to receive trastuzumab until disease progression. Overall, objective response was observed in 28 (67%) of 42 evaluable patients, including complete response in 4 (10%) and partial response in 24 (57%); stable disease was observed in 7 (17%) and progressive disease was observed in 6 (14%). Median time to treatment failure was 9+ months. Median overall survival has not yet been reached, but is estimated at approximately 27 months. Significant toxicities apart from neutropenia were uncommon. The triplet combination of gemcitabine, paclitaxel, and trastuzumab is highly active and well tolerated in patients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. PMID- 14768404 TI - Gemcitabine, anthracycline, and taxane combinations for advanced breast cancer. AB - In patients with advanced breast cancer, treatment with paclitaxel and doxorubicin has been shown to produce impressive overall response rates (up to 94%) and to prolong overall survival significantly over a combination of fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar) in one prospective phase III clinical study. These results have been challenged, however, by other data demonstrating no survival advantage for taxane-based therapies. In addition, the combination of paclitaxel and doxorubicin has repeatedly been shown to be complicated by the development of treatment-related congestive heart failure, when cumulative doxorubicin doses exceed 300-360 mg/m2. Consequently, attempts have been made to increase the complete remission rate and overall survival resulting from first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer without compromising patient safety. Gemcitabine (Gemzar)--a relatively effective, well-tolerated and partially non-cross-resistant antitumor compound with limited toxicity--represents an attractive alternative to paclitaxel/anthracycline combinations. Initial studies of combination therapy with gemcitabine and paclitaxel have produced an average response rate of 52%, with time to progression ranging between 7.0 and 14.5 months. Three-drug regimens containing gemcitabine, an anthracycline, and paclitaxel have been tested in phase II studies and have produced impressive response rates of 82.9% with gemcitabine, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel and 92% with gemcitabine, epirubicin (Ellence), and paclitaxel (GET). The Central European Cooperative Oncology Group has evaluated the GET regimen vs a regimen containing 5-FU, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC) in a randomized, prospective phase III study. Interim toxicity analysis showed that the GET regimen was well tolerated but produced more grade 4 neutropenia (64% vs 42%, P = .084) and significantly more grade 4 thrombocytopenia (12% vs 0%; P < .001) than FEC. Anaphylactic/allergic reactions, peripheral polyneuropathy, nausea, and cardiotoxicity constituted rare events and did not exceed grade 1 or 2 in severity. Although final data from this phase III trial are not yet available, preliminary analysis suggests the GET regimen represents an attractive option for patients with advanced breast cancer. PMID- 14768405 TI - Advising women at high risk of breast cancer. AB - Women with any family history of breast cancer assume a high probability of risk. Counseling women involves ascertainment of an accurate family history and use of the best predictive models to assess both the risk of a known mutation and the risk of breast cancer. This risk must then be considered in the contexts of both the women's lifetime and the next decade, in each instance carefully separating the risk of developing cancer from the risk of mortality. These two risks are often emotionally melded in women who have watched a loved one die of cancer. The options for a woman at significantly increased risk of breast cancer include optimal surveillance, chemoprevention, and prophylactic surgery. This entire field is in continuing evolution as better methods of diagnosis, screening, and chemoprevention continue to enter clinical practice. PMID- 14768406 TI - Managing the peritoneal surface component of gastrointestinal cancer. Part 1. Patterns of dissemination and treatment options. AB - Until recently, peritoneal carcinomatosis was a universally fatal manifestation of gastrointestinal cancer. However, two innovations in treatment have improved outcome for these patients. The new surgical interventions are collectively referred to as peritonectomy procedures. During these procedures, all visible cancer is removed in an attempt to leave the patient with only microscopic residual disease. Perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy, the second innovation, is employed to eradicate small-volume residual disease. The intraperitoneal chemotherapy is administered in the operating room with moderate hyperthermia and is referred to as heated intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. If tolerated, additional intraperitoneal chemotherapy can be administered during the first 5 postoperative days. The use of these combined treatments, i.e., cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy, improves survival, optimizes quality of life, and maximally preserves function. Part 1 of this two-part article describes the natural history of gastrointestinal cancer with carcinomatosis, the patterns of dissemination within the peritoneal cavity, and the benefits and limitations of peritoneal chemotherapy. Peritonectomy procedures are also defined and described. Part 2, to be published next month in this journal, discusses the mechanics of delivering perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy and the clinical assessments used to select patients who will benefit from combined treatment. The results of combined treatment as they vary in mucinous and nonmucinous tumors are also discussed. PMID- 14768407 TI - Clinical trials referral resource. Current phase III clinical trials for adults with leukemia or lymphoma. PMID- 14768408 TI - Sentinel node evaluation in gynecologic cancer. AB - The sentinel node evaluation has revolutionized the modern surgical management of cutaneous melanoma and breast cancer. In gynecologic oncology, sentinel node mapping has been mainly studied in vulvar and cervical cancer. In vulvar cancer, data from 12 studies including 353 cases indicate that the sentinel node detection rate is 92% and the negative-predictive value is 99%. Three groin recurrences have been documented so far (< 1%). The technique has more recently been studied in cervical cancer. Data from 12 studies including 323 cases indicate a lower sentinel node detection rate of 80% to 86% and a negative predictive value of 99%. Three false-negative cases have been reported so far (< 1%). Review of the literature suggests that the combined approach with blue dye and lymphoscintigraphy is superior to the blue dye alone for sentinel node detection. It also suggests that the sentinel node mapping technique is feasible in vulvar and cervical cancer and that it may become a valuable alternative to the traditional groin and pelvic lymphadenectomy. However, results have not been duplicated in large multi-institutional trials, and the technique should still be performed in the context of clinical trials. Complications of the sentinel node mapping technique are rare and usually benign but physicians should be aware of the serious risk of anaphylactic reaction to the blue dye (1% to 2%). Before this technique becomes a standard approach in the management of gynecologic malignancies, more data will be needed to clarify some of the related controversies. PMID- 14768409 TI - Radiotherapy for cutaneous malignant melanoma: rationale and indications. AB - The use of radiation as adjuvant therapy for patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma has been hindered by the unsubstantiated belief that melanoma cells are radioresistant. An abundance of literature has now demonstrated that locoregional relapse of melanoma is common after surgery alone when certain clinicopathologic features are present. Features associated with a high risk of primary tumor recurrence include desmoplastic subtype, positive microscopic margins, recurrent disease, and thick primary lesions with ulceration or statellitosis. Features associated with a high risk of nodal relapse include extracapsular extension, involvement of four or more lymph nodes, lymph nodes measuring at least 3 cm, cervical lymph node location, and recurrent disease. Numerous studies support the efficacy of adjuvant irradiation in these clinical situations. Although data in the literature remain sparse, evidence also indicates that elective irradiation is effective in eradicating subclinical nodal metastases after removal of the primary melanoma. Consequently, there may be an opportunity to integrate radiotherapy into the multimodality treatment of patients at high risk of subclinical nodal disease, particularly those with an involved sentinel lymph node. Such patients are known to have a low rate of additional lymph node involvement, and thus in this group, a short course of radiotherapy may be an adequate substitute for regional lymph node dissection. This will be the topic of future research. PMID- 14768410 TI - A transdisciplinary, transcultural model for health care. AB - For the past 28 years, members of the Transcultural Nursing Society have been pioneers in generating knowledge about transcultural health issues, and this important body of knowledge will continue to increase and influence nursing research and practice worldwide. Yet at the same time, worldwide changes, demographic disparities, and new discoveries necessitate transitioning what has been a nursing discipline approach to that of a more inclusive transdisciplinary alliance. This alliance will build on pioneering strengths but also link with other disciplines such as anthropology, genetics, epidemiology, law, economics, and health policy to build cutting-edge research and theory for transcultural health care. A transdisciplinary, transcultural model for health care is presented for discussion, debate, and input. Suggestions are made for how such a model might be implemented through a changed curriculum using on-line education including consultation, teaching, and research. PMID- 14768411 TI - New paradigms for transcultural nursing: frameworks for studying African American women. AB - African American women continue to experience disparities in health status when compared to their European American counterparts, yet, often their unique perspectives are not presented in the nursing literature. This article will discuss various theoretical frameworks arising from Black women's thought and reality that can be used to enhance and expand transcultural nursing knowledge. Historical, sociocultural, and literary perspectives will be used to illuminate the realities of African American women's lives. Selected frameworks arising from these realities will be discussed that recognize the impact of race, class, and gender on the lives of African American women and have the potential to guide nursing research and practice. PMID- 14768412 TI - Depression among Korean, Korean American, and Caucasian American family caregivers. AB - This study compared depressive symptoms among Korean, Korean American, and Caucasian American female family caregivers of older persons with dementia. The sample included Korean caregivers living in Seoul, Korea (KK); Korean American (KA) caregivers living in the Chicago and Los Angeles areas; and Caucasian American (CA) caregivers from the Chicago metropolitan area. KK caregivers were more likely to be daughters-in-law, KA caregivers were more likely to be daughters, and CA caregivers were more likely to be wives or daughters. Overall, wives were more depressed than daughters and daughters-in-law. KK caregivers were the most depressed of the three cultural groups. When caregiver relationship and cultural group were examined simultaneously, KK and KA wives were most depressed, and KA daughters-in-law were least depressed. Differences in culture and social role appeared to affect depressive symptoms among these caregivers. The findings suggest a need to further examine the associations between caregivers' relationships with their care recipients and their own emotional status. PMID- 14768413 TI - The racial and gendered experiences of immigrant nurses from Kerala, India. AB - The purpose of this article is to describe the experience of a group of immigrant women nurses regarding their life and work in a culture other than their own. Semistructured, in-depth interviews were conducted with nurses who were born in Kerala, India, educated in India, and are actively employed as nurses in the United States. The participants told stories that were about (a) the challenges of living between two cultures and countries, (b) the racism they experience, and (c) their marginalization as female nurses of color. This study underscores the continuing inequities of our health care system. Our challenge is to establish a more just and effective environment for those who provide care as well as those who receive it. PMID- 14768414 TI - Postpartum practices and depression prevalences: technocentric and ethnokinship cultural perspectives. AB - Reports of non-Western prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) are highly variable. This variation may indicate that the label of PPD may be unacceptable in some groups or not used, that manifestations may vary by culture, or that cross-cultural diagnostic standards do not match Western clinical criteria. These factors complicate efforts to explore the relationship of postpartum traditional practices to PPD between Western and non-Western cultures. Although Stern and Kruckman viewed PPD as a culture-bound phenomenon of Western culture, an expanding international literature has demonstrated that PPD occurs in a variety of countries. To address these issues, the authors examined the literature to describe cultural postpartum traditions, to explore possible relationships among practices and PPD prevalence, to critique the culture-bound theory, and to discuss clinical practice implications. PMID- 14768415 TI - Nursing education on women's health care in Australia, Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. AB - Only within the last 3 decades have a select number of countries addressed issues surrounding the all-inclusive health and well-being of women. This factor has had a major influence on nursing education within these countries and the subsequent development of curricula. Because the preparation of nurses is pivotal in shaping a society's health care agenda, this article compares and contrasts demographic characteristics, curricular frameworks, the role of the nurse, quality control of nursing curricula, and the focus of nursing courses related to women's health care among the countries of Australia, Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. Recommendations based on infant mortality rates, life expectancy, leading causes of death, and country-based health care issues are provided to inform and guide the future focus of nursing education courses on women's health care within these countries. PMID- 14768416 TI - Knowledge, skills and attitudes of nursing students regarding culturally congruent care of Native Americans. AB - The provision of culturally congruent care for Native Americans can improve health care compliance and outcomes. The purpose of this survey was to determine the knowledge, skills, and attitudes students deem essential to provide culturally competent healthcare for Native American clients. This information provides nurse educators with critical information regarding the cultural competence of nursing students and may be used to direct curriculum development. An open-ended survey was administered to associate degree nursing students, and conceptual analysis was used for data analysis. The researcher identified four knowledge themes, two skill themes, and two attitude themes. These themes were interrelated and connected. Findings from this study indicate that the current nursing curriculum supports the development of cultural competence among the student nurses who will practice in a multicultural climate. Practice implications include the use of a cultural assessment tool by the students. PMID- 14768417 TI - Health promotion and disease prevention through sanitation education in South African Zulu and Xhosa women. AB - Poor sanitation and hygiene facilitate transmission of environmental diseases and pose a threat to the health of South African residents. This study focused on identifying sanitation needs from the perspective of informal community residents, addressing need related issues, and empowering Zulu and Xhosa women. The study used a multistep approach to identify and access communities of interest, reflexive critique during data collection from 300 heads of households, and a reiterative process to identify major themes. A process, which impacted 1,467 residents, was developed; it included culturally sensitive presentation styles and educational materials that facilitated understanding of sanitation concepts. Main sanitation themes were health knowledge and community role models. Educational sessions incorporated women. Using women as educators elevated their status and validated their community importance. Project participation added to the educational background of the Zulu and Xhosa women. It empowered them and provided an opportunity for them to articulate community needs. PMID- 14768419 TI - Capitation still strong in competitive HMO markets. PMID- 14768420 TI - California practices outshine other groups in care management. PMID- 14768418 TI - Community-based, culturally sensitive HIV/AIDS education for Aboriginal adolescents: implications for nursing practice. AB - Research is an essential component of effective, evidence-based nursing practice. Limited scientific data have been published on Canadian Aboriginals, and even less information is available on HIV prevention efforts aimed at Aboriginal youth. The need for more research on HIV and AIDS among Aboriginals, and especially Aboriginal youth, is highlighted throughout the article as a means to improving prevention interventions for this vulnerable population. At the same time, insights gained from a culture-sensitive, HIV/AIDS educational program that targeted a group of Aboriginal adolescents from a local First Nations community in Ontario are discussed. Implications for future HIV/AIDS peer-based prevention efforts using the train-the-trainer technique are also considered. PMID- 14768421 TI - Rising medical costs foil profitability under capitation. PMID- 14768422 TI - Track office visit patterns to improve operational efficiency. PMID- 14768423 TI - Interview with Kathryn McDonagh, FACHE, president and CEO, CHRISTUS Spohn Health System, Corpus Christi, Texas. Interview by Kyle L. Grazier. PMID- 14768424 TI - Creating market opportunities: innovation is the key. AB - If innovation is so easy and has such great rewards, then why is everyone not doing it? Many healthcare executives may say they just do not have the time. Some may say that the daily pressures and constant firefighting on the job sap their energy. Others may reason that they do not have the resources. These are all valid responses. However, innovation, especially our proposed evolutionary innovation, can start on a small scale and does not have to be the responsibility of one person. For example, 3M encourages employees to set aside a modest percentage of their time to explore new ideas and projects. In addition, some organizations (in and out of healthcare) have adopted "no meeting Fridays" to give staff a chance to reflect and challenge the status quo. An even simpler approach is to throw away the standard agenda for a scheduled meeting and use the time for an informal group-innovation discussion. There is a saying, "If you want things to stay the same, then something is going to have to change." The healthcare industry is changing and will continue to change, despite the best efforts on the contrary. Those who resist the tide of change should heed the parable of the boiled frog, which Peter Senge (1990), in his book The Fifth Discipline, identified as one of the many reasons for eliminating organizational learning disabilities. The lesson of the parable is simple: if you put a frog in boiling water, it will jump out; but if you put it in cold water and gradually turn up the heat, it will let itself be slowly boiled to death because it does not perceive any immediate danger. Are you aware of the gradual market threats to your organization, and are you willing to innovate before the threats reach the "boiling point"? I hope this series has introduced you to some concepts in strategic marketing. More importantly, I hope it has provided some marketing approaches that you can consider, pursue, and apply in your organization. PMID- 14768425 TI - Physicians and nurses: friends or foes? AB - Changes in the roles of physicians and nurses have resulted in interdisciplinary tension and conflict between these professionals. A strong collaborative practice is critical not only to the delivery of high-quality, cost-efficient patient care but also to the personal and professional satisfaction of physicians and nurses. Cooperation in caregiving starts with a shared vision and stated behavior expectations; implementation of this vision then leads to collaboration. Hospital executives and managers are responsible for supporting and facilitating the processes related to this vision implementation. Specifically, they should ensure that systems within the organization do not promote conflict between caregivers. In addition, they should augment the vision and behavior-change initiatives with joint nurse-physician activities that are centered around both professionals' shared interest in good patient care. An example of such an activity is creating opportunities for physicians and nurses to together discuss and plan improvements in delivery of care. PMID- 14768426 TI - Whose side are you on? Interdependence and its consequences in management of healthcare delivery. AB - Healthcare employees who are committed to the organization and go the extra mile are especially needed today. An empirical study of visiting nurse agency employees showed that a sense of being "in the same boat" with management, or perceiving outcome interdependence, contributed to positive behaviors. Supervisors were generally more inclined than were their subordinates to perceive this interdependence, to be committed, and to exhibit good citizenship behavior. Unexpectedly, physical therapists who worked as hourly part-time contractors reported even stronger feelings of being in the same boat with management and being more committed than the supervisors. Such a sense of partnership could have been a result of the therapists' long-term relationship with the agency over an indefinite time. They might have also felt that they worked voluntarily and autonomously, rather than under close supervision. These findings point to various management actions that can engender a feeling of interdependence, pride in the organization, and fairness of treatment. One step is to involve employees in joint goal setting, organized around "our problems," not just the person's own concerns. Authentic downward communication and the sharing of operating results can convey to employees the major issues that challenge the organization. Such information makes it possible for employees to provide vital input, if not actually take on more decisions themselves. Executives can expect less commitment and less inclination from employees to go above and beyond what is expected if they fail to acknowledge good performance and if they accentuate differences between the most-senior leaders and lower-level employees. PMID- 14768427 TI - A strategic response to the challenges presented by older patients with Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia. AB - Clinical dementia has become one of the most serious and persistent health problems affecting persons over the age of 65. Efforts to find a cure for Alzheimer's disease and other causes of dementia are ongoing, while healthcare executives continue to face a number of challenges. Access to targeted programs and services for persons with dementia is lacking. The costs of program development and service delivery are substantial. Persons with dementia who do use services often do not receive the most effective and efficient care, and their providers often do not receive sufficient payment. Because few examples exist of how healthcare executives can appropriately respond to these challenges, we created an operational planning strategy. This strategy defines the challenges presented by persons with dementia, identifies four viable responses, and describes two factors that will contribute to successful implementation of these responses. If healthcare executives begin planning now, then the challenges presented by one of the more serious health problems of the next 20 years can be mitigated. PMID- 14768428 TI - The role of leadership in instilling a culture of safety: lessons from the literature. AB - The publication of To Err Is Human has highlighted concern for patient safety. Attention to date has focused primarily on micro issues such as minimizing medication errors and adverse drug reactions, improving select aspects of care, and reducing diagnostic and treatment errors. However, attention is also required to a macro issue--an organization's culture and the level of leadership required to create a culture. This article discusses the concepts of culture and leadership and summarizes two paradigms that are useful in understanding the precursors of medical errors and developing interventions to prevent them: normal accident theory and high-reliability organization theory. It also delineates approaches to instilling a safety culture. Normal accident theory asserts that errors result from system failures. An important element of this perspective is the need for a system that collects, analyzes, and disseminates information from incidents and near misses as well as regular proactive checks on the system's vital signs. Four subcultures are necessary to support such an environment: a reporting culture, a just culture, a flexible culture, and a learning culture. High-reliability organization theory posits that accidents occur because individuals who operate and manage complex systems are themselves not sufficiently complex to sense and anticipate the problems generated by the system. Lessons learned from high-reliability organizations indicate that a safety culture is supported by migrated distributed decision making, management by exception or negotiation, and fostering a sense of the "big picture." Lessons from other industries are also shared in this article. PMID- 14768430 TI - Liability insurance premiums on bariatric surgery soar. PMID- 14768429 TI - Critical nature of the J-1 visa waiver program for foreign medical graduates. PMID- 14768431 TI - Sell evidence-based medicine; cut drug cost. PMID- 14768432 TI - Health Management Associates explains gross pricing strategy. PMID- 14768433 TI - Hospice companies benefit from favorable Medicare rates. PMID- 14768434 TI - How trends will affect health care facilities design and construction. PMID- 14768435 TI - Dueling product codes find electronic referee. PMID- 14768436 TI - Drug-eluting stents boost prices. PMID- 14768437 TI - Merger said to keep surgical product choice. PMID- 14768438 TI - Medical device user fees accepted by vendors. PMID- 14768439 TI - The nurse, the physician and IT. PMID- 14768440 TI - Clinician's IT, yes; whining, no. PMID- 14768441 TI - Medical staff. Hitting the visa limit. PMID- 14768442 TI - Quality. Controlling infections. PMID- 14768443 TI - Finances. Denials into cash. PMID- 14768444 TI - Emergency department. Tonight in the ED: sneezers, no bleeders. PMID- 14768445 TI - Workforce. Tightening ratios. PMID- 14768446 TI - Facilities. On shaky ground. PMID- 14768447 TI - The data page. Providing alternatives. PMID- 14768448 TI - Picture phones & privacy. PMID- 14768449 TI - What insurers know about your hospital ... and how they are using it. AB - Insurers are using their purchasing power and their enormous stores of claims data to push hospitals to improve quality. Health plans are able to parse the data according to such quality indicators as cost, length of stay and outcomes. Hospitals are wary of the trend, but some welcome it, especially if insurers use the so-called pay-for-performance model. PMID- 14768450 TI - 3 keys to security. AB - It's not enough for CEOs and their executive staff to endorse privacy and safety as a general concept. Leaders have to be actively involved in finding the tools and procedures that protect information from prying eyes and keep patients and the physical campus safe. And just buying the latest technology solution is not sufficient. PMID- 14768451 TI - Coder shortage goes straight to the bottom line. AB - An increase in accounts receivable or outstanding days to collect payment could be a sign that you have a shortage of medical coders. Fewer people are choosing the profession because of the growing complexity and heavier workloads. However, experts say hospitals must confront the problem or risk losing millions of dollars in unbilled charges. PMID- 14768453 TI - Walking a safer path. PMID- 14768452 TI - Wired at the bedside. AB - The January gatefold looks at seven ways the latest in bedside technologies affect nursing. Many hospitals that have implemented bedside technologies have realized significant improvements in patient safety and staff and patient satisfaction. PMID- 14768454 TI - Qualitative significance. PMID- 14768455 TI - The experience of spousal carers of people with multiple sclerosis. AB - This phenomenological-interpretative inquiry explores spousal carers' experience of caring for their partner while confronting many apparent losses. Ten spousal carers of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) participated in the study. The authors collected data using unstructured in-depth interviews and analyzed them using a hermeneutic method. The constitutive pattern, Weaving Through a Web of Paradoxes, that emerged from the data described how these participants' experience in caring for their partner has changed their way of living and their being. The authors present in this article some of the paradoxes that capture carers' experiences of loss and gain, and their feelings of vulnerability and strength. The insight gained from this study adds new understanding of responses to non-death-related losses. PMID- 14768456 TI - Only when I cough? Adults' disclosure of cystic fibrosis. AB - Cystic fibrosis has traditionally been conceptualized as a fatal childhood disease. In contrast, survival age has been increasing steadily such that adults now routinely seek to gain employment and form close relationships, situations that might require telling others about the disease. Here, the author examines three situations of disclosure based on interviews with 31 adults with the disease. First, in a low-risk situation, for example a short period of social contact, a low level of intimacy exists between the adult with cystic fibrosis and another. Here the disease may be concealed easily with little risk of discovery. Second, in a medium-risk situation, the perceived reaction of the other begins to influence the decision to disclose, as the level of intimacy becomes higher. Last, in high-risk situations, such as employment, the consequences of disclosing or concealing CF are most severe. However, a multiplicity of factors, including perceived social support and disease progression, are seen to influence adults' decisions to disclose their disease. PMID- 14768457 TI - Expressions of loss of adulthood in the narratives of people with colorectal cancer. AB - The diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer entail detailed discussions of bodily functions, invasive procedures, and a reorientation of life around bowel habit. Furthermore, people with stomas undergo a second experience of toilet training in adulthood. For these reasons, colorectal cancer is sometimes considered an embarrassing disease. Narrative interviews with colorectal cancer patients indicate the inadequacy of the concept of embarrassment in describing the loss of dignity, privacy, independence, and sexual confidence as well as a compromised ability to work, travel, and socialize. The link between bowel control and the constitution of adult identity must be acknowledged if health professionals and carers are to offer the most appropriate forms of information and support to people affected by colorectal cancer. PMID- 14768458 TI - Family surrogate decision making at the end of life: seeing them through with care and respect. AB - Family surrogate decision makers are pivotal in end-of-life decision-making processes. The author investigated decision-making experiences of 20 surrogates who assisted terminally ill family members for this grounded theory study. Findings describe a basic social process of Seeing Them Through With Care and Respect, during which surrogates continuously synthesized the core values of caring for their family member and respecting their family member's autonomy. Surrogate narratives began with Learning the Diagnosis. The major categories of surrogate decision makers' activities during the process were Standing With and Acting For the ill family member. Events reported in two gating categories, Brokering Information and Working With Family, facilitated or impeded decision making. A final category, Outcomes, reports consequences for the surrogate of having been a decision maker. PMID- 14768459 TI - Patient power and control: a study of women with uncertain illness trajectories. AB - The authors interviewed 12 women diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome and 13 with fibromyalgia with the aim of determining the strategies they perceive themselves as using to gain control over their situation during the health care process. The results highlight various strategies that the women report applying to find a way of managing the illness and to influence caregivers. They describe, for example, how they try to gain control over their situation by acquiring knowledge about the illness. The women also describe various power strategies they use in their interaction with the caregivers to take command of their situation, namely exiting, noncompliance, confrontation, persuasion/insistence, making demands, and demonstrative distancing. PMID- 14768460 TI - Counting apples as oranges: epidemiology and ethnography in adolescent substance abuse treatment. AB - In spite of a history of collaboration between epidemiology and qualitative research, the mix of these two perspectives is not well developed in the substance use field. Part of the reason for the difficult match is that qualitative research often adds issues of context and meaning that complicate the epidemiological data of interest. In the substance use field, epidemiological indicators tend to focus on a single drug, but the context typically involves persons who use multiple illicit and licit substances in a variety of ways that change over time. In this article, the author describes four adolescents in an outpatient substance abuse treatment center to provide context and insight into the lives behind the epidemiological indicators. Studying a site of epidemiological data collection ethnographically is yet another way to build collaboration between epidemiology and qualitative research. PMID- 14768461 TI - Mixed methods, mixed methodology health services research in practice. AB - Mixed methods, mixed methodology research is a little documented but increasingly accepted approach employed to investigate organizational phenomena. The author presents a synthesis of literature that informed the decision to adopt a mixed methods, mixed methodology, dominantly naturalistic study approach to health services research in which she explored the process and organizational consequences of new artifact adoption in surgery. She describes the way whereby a collective case study involving five Australian hospitals yielded quantitative and qualitative data that were analyzed using inductive and/or deductive reasoning. She goes beyond the theoretical rational for employing a mixed methods, mixed methodology approach to present a summative conceptual model of the research process and describe the structural aspects of the dissertation in which the research was reported that should benefit researchers contemplating the value of such an approach. PMID- 14768462 TI - Understanding illness: using drawings as a research method. AB - Visual methodologies are becoming more evident in social research. These methodologies encompass media such as film, video, still photography, electronic visual media, and material artifacts. In this article, the author examines the use of drawings as a research tool used as an adjunct to other social research methods. Using examples from two studies, she illustrates how drawings can be used to explore the ways in which people understand illness conditions. She argues that the act of drawing necessitates knowledge production, with a visual product as its outcome. Although the examples presented in this article are limited to illness conditions, she argues that drawings offer a rich and insightful research method to explore how people make sense of their world. PMID- 14768463 TI - The influence of antimicrobial peptides and mucolytics on the integrity of biofilms consisting of bacteria and yeasts as affecting voice prosthetic air flow resistances. AB - The integrity of biofilms on voice prostheses used to rehabilitate speech in laryngectomized patients causes unwanted increases in airflow resistance, impeding speech. Biofilm integrity is ensured by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This study aimed to determine whether synthetic salivary peptides or mucolytics, including N-acetylcysteine and ascorbic acid, influence the integrity of voice prosthetic biofilms. Biofilms were grown on voice prostheses in an artificial throat model and exposed to synthetic salivary peptides, mucolytics and two different antiseptics (chlorhexidine and Triclosan). Synthetic salivary peptides did not reduce the air flow resistance of voice prostheses afterm biofilm formation. Although both chlorhexidine and Triclosan reduced microbial numbers on the prostheses, only the Triclosan-containing positive control reduced the air flow resistance. Unlike ascorbic acid, the mucolytic N-acetylcysteine removed most EPS from the biofilms and induced a decrease in air flow resistance. PMID- 14768464 TI - Protein adsorption at polymer-grafted surfaces: comparison between a mixture of saliva proteins and some well-defined model proteins. AB - Grafting a dense layer of soluble polymers onto a surface is a well-established method for controlling protein adsorption. In the present study, polyethylene oxide (PEO) layers of three different grafting densities were prepared, i.e. 10 15 nm2, 5.5 nm2 and 4 nm2 per polymer chain, respectively. The adsorption of different proteins on the PEO grafted surfaces was measured in real time by reflectometry. Furthermore, the change of the zeta-potential of such surfaces resulting from adsorption of the proteins was determined using the streaming potential method. Both the protein adsorption and the zeta-potential were monitored for 1 h after exposure of the protein solution to the surface. The adsorption pattern for a mixture of saliva proteins was compared to those observed for a number of well-defined model-proteins (lysozyme, human serum albumin, beta-lactoglobulin and ovalbumin). The results of the adsorption kinetics and streaming potential measurements indicate that the effect of the PEO layer on protein adsorption primarily depends on the size and the charge of the protein molecules. The saliva proteins are strongly blocked for adsorption, whereas the change in the zeta-potential is larger than for the other proteins (except lysozyme). It is concluded that positively charged protein molecules, having dimensions larger than those of lysozyme, are involved in the initial stage of adsorption from saliva onto a negatively charged surface. PMID- 14768465 TI - Lubricating properties of the initial salivary pellicle--an AFM study. AB - The role of saliva in the oral cavity is manifold; an important function is to serve as lubricant between hard (enamel) and soft (mucosal) tissues. Intraoral lubrication is of crucial importance in order to maintain functions such as deglutition, mastication and the faculty of speech. A large number of people suffer from impaired salivary functions, displaying symptoms such as 'dry mouth'. This results in a need for methods to assess the lubricating properties of both native saliva and potential artificial saliva formulations. Here, normal as well as lateral forces, acting between adsorbed salivary films, have been measured for the first time by means of colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that the presence of salivary pellicles between hard surfaces reduces the friction coefficient by a factor of 20. This reduction of friction is consistent with the long-range purely repulsive nature of the normal forces acting between the salivary films. The lubricating mechanism is presumably based on a full separation of the sliding surfaces by the salivary films. The friction between salivary films has been investigated at normal loads that cover the clinical jaw closing forces, and it can be concluded that the lubricating properties are maintained within this load interval. The present study indicates the usefulness of colloidal probe AFM, which offers a direct and quantitative measure of lubrication at a molecular level, in the study of biotribological phenomena. In particular, the results obtained here may have implications for the development of saliva substitutes. PMID- 14768466 TI - Patterns of biofilm succession on a sheltered rocky shore in Hong Kong. AB - Successional patterns are dependent on the nature of the substratum, water flow, concentrations of organics as well as the availability of bacteria, algal spores and invertebrate larvae in the coastal environment. Bacteria play an especially important role in biofilm formation as they are generally the earliest colonizers. In the present study, both winter and summer biofilm succession patterns were examined on glass coverslips inverted on experimental racks attached at two tidal levels on a sheltered shore in Hong Kong. In the succession, bacteria were followed by diatoms and cyanobacteria. Encrusting algae appeared in the late stages of the experiment (day 80 in summer and day 60 in winter). Colonization by bacteria was much slower in summer and their density remained low throughout the experimental period. The first appearance of diatoms and cyanobacteria, however, was more rapid in the summer. Bacteria and diatoms on the low-shore surfaces also had a faster succession rate than on the high-shore surfaces, suggesting that desiccation/aerial temperature are the causal factors for such differences. PMID- 14768467 TI - The effects of silicone fluid additives and silicone elastomer matrices on barnacle adhesion strength. AB - Barnacle adhesion strength was used to screen seventy-seven polydimethylsiloxane elastomeric coatings for fouling-release properties. The test coatings were designed to investigate the effect on barnacle adhesion strength of silicone fluid additive type, additive location, additive molecular weight, additive loading level, mixtures of additives, coating matrix type and coating fillers. The type of silicone fluid additive was the primary controlling factor in barnacle fouling-release. The type of silicone matrix in which the fluid resided was found to alter the effect on fouling-release. Two PDMS fluids, DMSC15 and DBE224, significantly reduced the adhesion strength of barnacles compared to unmodified elastomers. Optimum fouling-release performance was dependent on the interaction of fluid type and elastomeric matrix. PMID- 14768468 TI - The effect of dissolved organic carbon on bacterial adhesion to conditioning films adsorbed on glass from natural seawater collected during different seasons. AB - Adhesion of three marine bacterial strains, i.e. Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, Psychrobacter sp. and Halomonas pacifica with different cell surface hydrophobicities was measured on glass in a stagnation point flow chamber. Prior to bacterial adhesion, the glass surface was conditioned for 1 h with natural seawater collected at different seasons in order to determine the effect of seawater composition on the conditioning film and bacterial adhesion to it. The presence of a conditioning film was demonstrated by an increase in water contact angle from 15 degrees on bare glass to 50 degrees on the conditioned glass, concurrent with an increase in the amount of adsorbed organic carbon and nitrogen, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Multiple linear regression analysis on initial deposition rates, with as explanatory variables the temperature, salinity, pH and concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the seawater at the time of collection, showed that the concentration of DOC was most strongly associated with the initial deposition rates of the three strains. Initial deposition rates of the two most hydrophilic strains to a conditioning film, increased with the concentration of DOC in the seawater, whereas the initial deposition rate of the most hydrophobic strain decreased with an increasing concentration of DOC. PMID- 14768469 TI - Evaluation of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in elderly patients with silicosis and co-morbidities. AB - To clarify the indications and usefulness of Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in patients with Silicosis and some co-morbidities, we analyzed eight cases of silicosis, who suffered from dysphagia and had received a PEG for tube feeding during the period from 1998 to 2002. The characteristics, and clinical course, of each case were statistically analyzed before and during PEG usage. All cases were bed-ridden males, with a mean age of 80 years. The profusion rate (PR) grade of silicosis was for five cases in category 2, and for three cases in category 4. Most of the co-morbidities were dementia (five cases), and chronic heart failure (four cases). There were no significant improvements in the measured nutrition criteria (albumin, lymphocytes) nor in respiratory function (arterial O2) between before and during PEG usage. Tube feeding through the PEG was not performed in three cases because of repeated aspiration pneumonia. The mean duration of PEG usage was 9 months, ranging from 5 to 20 months. Five cases died of the co morbidities. Furthermore, there was significant deterioration in the bacteriological data (p = 0.001), suggesting a worsening of the swallowing disturbances during PEG usage, or the emergence of more resistant organisms as a result of empirical antibiotic therapy. The present results suggest that the indications of PEG in cases of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) such as silicosis, associated with other morbidities, and with dysphagia, are somewhat limited. The patient's general condition should be an important factor in deciding whether or not this technique should be used. PMID- 14768470 TI - Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers with YMDD mutant not treated with lamivudine. AB - We previously developed a method of detecting drug-resistant mutation of hepatitis B virus (tyrosine (Y)-methionine (M)-aspartic acid (D)-aspartic acid (D) (YMDD) mutation) caused by the antiviral agent lamivudine. Using this method, we also reported that YMDD mutation is present in asymptomatic carriers that had not been administered antiviral agents. Thus, we investigated the clinical characteristics of 18 asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B virus by various biochemical and virological examinations, and compared the results between five subjects with YMDD mutation and 13 subjects without mutation. Although there was no significant difference in the results of various examinations between the two groups, the quantity of virus was generally small, and S-antigen disappeared in 2 patients in whom YMDD mutation was detected. These results suggest that there is no particular cause for the appearance of mutant viruses, but that they occur spontaneously as they gain fitness and, with a subsequent decrease in the absolute quantity of viruses, become relatively easy to detect. PMID- 14768471 TI - Association between diabetes mellitus and hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a hospital- and community-based case-control study. AB - The present study was performed to investigate the relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Incident HCC cases were recruited in Kyushu, Japan. Ethnicity-, age-, gender-, residence-matched hospital controls and community controls were collected. Information on viral hepatitis B (HBsAg) or viral hepatitis C infection, history of blood transfusion, past histories including DM, amount of drinking or smoking, and genotypes of alcohol metabolizing enzymes was collected. Associations between these items and HCC were analyzed multivariately by conditional logistic regression analysis. Two hundred and twenty two (177 males and 45 females) case-control sets were completed between July 1995 and June 2000. Since hospital controls turned out to be a biased one or those sampled from a DM-prone population, a multivariate analysis was performed for the HCC-community controls sets, and it yielded significantly elevated odds ratio (OR)s due to past histories of DM (2.522; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.267-5.020), blood transfusion (1.747; 1.136-2.689), and unit increment of alcohol consumption (1.358; 1.096-1.684) for males. The same analyses of the HCC-community-controls sets for females, revealed an elevated but not statistically significant OR due to past histories of DM (4.195; 0.808 21.805). A multivariate analysis revealed that DM might be a risk factor for HCC. PMID- 14768472 TI - Interactions of a small linear cationic peptide with lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. AB - Cationic peptides are known to play critical roles in innate immunity. The peptides exert not only antimicrobial activity but also suppress the activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) by binding to them. We have previously reported that L-peptide, a small linear cationic peptide derived from human granulysin displays broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In this study, the in vitro interactions of L-peptide with LPS and LTA were examined. LPS and LTA were found to inhibit the antimicrobial activity of the L-peptide in a dose dependent manner, and they were shown to bind with the L-peptide. On the other hand, L-peptide failed to inhibit LPS- or LTA-induced cytokine production by macrophages or to block the binding of LPS to the cell surface. Thus, there seems to be a hierarchy that places LPS and LTA above L-peptide in the interactions of L-peptide with LPS and LTA. PMID- 14768473 TI - Past medical history and risk of death due to hepatocellular carcinoma, univariate analysis of JACC study data. AB - The relationship between the past history of selected diseases and the risk of dying from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was analyzed using 110,792 cohort members (46,465 males and 64,327 females) recruited between 1988 and 1990 by the JACC Study (the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk). Significantly elevated hazard ratios (HRs) were observed in both genders for the past history of kidney diseases, liver diseases, gallstones or cholecystitis, diabetes mellitus, and blood transfusion. Further, when analyzed by age group (those 40-59 years of age were "younger" and those 60-79 years of age were "older"), although the significant associations were generally maintained, the magnitude of the HRs for liver diseases and diabetes mellitus seemed to be considerably different between the younger and older age groups for male cohort members. When the analyses were limited to cohort members without the past history of liver diseases, the past histories which had significantly elevated HRs were hypertension (HR = 3.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25-7.89), diabetes mellitus (HR = 4.17, 95% CI: 1.22-14.25), and blood transfusion (HR = 7.69, 95% CI: 3.09-19.15) in the younger male age group and gallstone or cholecystitis (HR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.11-5.98) in the older male age group. On the other hand, for females, the significantly elevated HRs were gastric or duodenal ulcer (HR = 4.33, 95% CI: 1.09-17.25) in the younger age group and diabetes mellitus (HR = 6.16, 95%CI: 2.25-16.90) and blood transfusion (HR = 3.86, 95%CI: 1.58-9.41) in the older age group. However, since the evidence from our univariate analyses might not be decisive, multivariate Cox proportional hazards models controlling for potential confounders and effect modifiers will be required to obtain more valid or unbiased hazard ratios. PMID- 14768474 TI - A case-control study of association between life-style, alcohol dehydrogenase 2 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 genotype and idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. AB - A case-control study of idiopathic osteonecrosis of femoral head (ION) was carried out to investigate the association between workload intensity, smoking, drinking, ADH2 and ALDH2 genotype and other factors and development of ION by comparing 43 cases (34 males and 9 females) without history of systemic corticosteroid use with 86 matched controls (68 males and 18 females). Univariate analysis by conditional logistic regression for males showed statistically significant odds ratios (OR) for heavier workload (OR = 4.661), cumulative alcohol consumption (OR trend per drink-years = 1.015), ALDH2(1/1) (OR = 3.310), consumption of green tea less than 3 or 4 times/week (OR = 2.705), body weight over 60 kg at examination (OR = 0.413), or body mass index of over 25 at examination (OR = 0.208). Multivariate analysis based on a hierarchically well formulated model strategy for males revealed that heavier workload (OR = 5.785, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.211, 27.635) and cumulative alcohol consumption (OR = 1.016, 95% CI: 1.005, 1.026) remained as the significantly associated risk factors for ION after adjusting the remaining confounders. The reason for the insignificant multivariate OR of ALDH2(1/1) may be due to the strong confounding of alcohol consumption on the association between ALDH2 genotype and ION. For females, the small sample size made it impossible to produce any meaningful univariate analysis. PMID- 14768475 TI - Clinical significance of plasma diamine oxidase activity in pediatric patients: influence of nutritional therapy and chemotherapy. AB - The aims of this study were to determine the normal values of plasma diamine oxidase (pDAO) activity in children and to examine the influence of several factors (nutritional management, dietary fiber, and chemotherapy) on pDAO activity. The activity of pDAO was measured in 138 healthy children with minor surgical conditions such as inguinal hernia or undescended testis. In order to define normal values patients were subdivided into 5 groups according to age. Next, changes in pDAO activity under different nutritional conditions were studied in 14 patients with adhesive ileus. The influence of chemotherapeutic drugs on pDAO activity was also studied in 19 neuroblastoma patients. I. The normal values of pDAO activity at year < 1, 1 < or = years < 3, 3 < or = years < 6.6 < or = years < 12, 12 < or = years were 6.65 +/- 1.75, 7.70 +/- 2.29, 6.53 +/ 1.68, 5.85 +/- 1.87, 5.06 +/- 1.84 units/l, respectively. II. The pDAO activities in patients with ileus were 4.73 +/- 1.02 (total parenteral nutrition), 6.84 +/- 1.18 (enteral, nutrition), 7.62 +/- 0.67 (soluble dietary fiber added enteral nutrition) and 8.82 +/- 1.26 units/l (oral feeding). The difference in pDAO activity at enteral or oral feeding vs. total parenteral nutrition was significant (p < .0001). III. The pDAO activity decreased significantly and remained low during the first 4 days after cyclophosphamide administration in neuroblastoma patients. The preadministration of dietary fiber inhibited the influence of cyclophosphamide. Plasma DAO activity was greatly influenced by nutritional management and administration of dietary fiber and/or cyclophosphamide. Plasma DAO activity may be a sensitive marker of intestinal function in children. PMID- 14768476 TI - The elongation of distal esophageal pouch by mechanical bougienage for a year resulted in a tension-free anastomosis in a patient with long gap esophageal atresia: a case report. AB - Despite the numerous approaches described for the management of neonates with "long gap" esophageal atresia, controversy still exists as to the preferred method. Delayed primary anastomosis is probably the most frequently adopted practice but often the native esophagus is abandoned. We report a case of a 2.98 kg newborn with pure esophageal atresia. Although the elongation of the distal esophageal pouch by mechanical bougienage was initiated at 1 year and 8 months, a successful tension-free anastomosis with minimum dissection of the lower esophagus was performed at 2 years and 7 months. Her postoperative quality of life has been quite excellent. This report emphasizes that a tension-free anastomosis without operating on the lower esophagus and stomach is essential for the treatment of long-gap esophageal atresia. PMID- 14768477 TI - Resection of synchronous lung and Vater's papilla cancer. AB - We present a case of a 78-year-old man with a synchronous double cancer of the lung and Vater's papilla. A pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed for Vater's papilla cancer and a partial lung resection for lung cancer. The pathological diagnosis of the tumors was a well differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma and well differentiated bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, respectively. Although most cases of synchronous double cancers involve lung and gastric cancers, a combination of lung and Vater's papilla is extremely rare. This patient is still alive with no recurrence for 5 years after the last operation. PMID- 14768478 TI - Rapid-growth lung cancer associated with a pulmonary giant bulla: a case report. AB - A giant bulla of the lung is suggested as a risk factor for lung cancer. Here we report a case with lung cancer in a giant bulla, which showed rapid progression. A 57-year-old man, who had a history of heavy smoking, was admitted to our hospital due to hemoptysis. A chest X-ray revealed a giant bulla with a ground glass shadow and a high fluid level in the right upper lung. Sputum cytology was negative for malignant cells. A chest X-ray a month later showed increases of the size of the radio-opaque shadow and of the air-fluid retention, suggesting pulmonary hemorrhage from the giant bulla. Limited resection or lobectomy was indicated, but pneumonectomy was performed due to the severe air-leak. Macroscopically, a multiple nodular tumor arose from the bulla wall, which might be related to blood flow and necrotic tissue. The postoperative pathological diagnosis was papillary adenocarcinoma. Unfortunately, the patient developed a recurrence of carcinoma in the pleuroperitoneal cavity and died at 2.5 months after the operation. Based on this report and review of other cases in the literature, we should keep in mind the rapid progression of lung cancer in association with an emphysematous bulla. PMID- 14768479 TI - Transurethral electrovaporization for giant prostatic hyperplasia: report of a case. AB - Although open simple prostatectomy remains the reference standard for the treatment of excessively large or giant prostatic hyperplasia, advances in technology and techniques have facilitated safe transurethral management of select cases. We report a case undergoing removal over 200 g of prostatic adenoma by three transurethral electrovaporization (TVP) sessions and discuss its feasibility in clinical use. PMID- 14768480 TI - Markedly prolonged jaundice from simultaneous infection with hepatitis E virus and leptospira. AB - We treated a patient simultaneously infected with hepatitis E virus and Leptospira interrogans, both acquired in China. Severe hyperbilirubinemia required nearly 200 days to resolve, transminase elevation showed a fluctuating course, and liver biopsy specimens showed fibrosis unusual for hepatitis E. Leptospirosis appeared to have altered the course of hepatitis E virus infection in this patient, even though infection with Leptospira was cleared with antibiotics by 50 days after the onset of the hepatitis symptoms. PMID- 14768481 TI - Visualization of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation by three dimensional computed tomography: a case report. AB - Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) is an anomaly condition characterized by abnormal vascular communications between arteries and veins in the lungs. Hereby we describe a 60-year-old female with PAVM. Although the patient was asymptomatic, an abnormal round opacity was found on a chest X-ray film. Computed tomography (CT) of the lung disclosed nodules connected with enlarged vessels. Because PAVM was suspected, the patient was further evaluated by spiral CT coupled with three dimensional reconstruction of the images (3D-CT). As a result, PAVM was clearly visualized and invasive procedures such as angiography was not performed. The present case illustrates that 3D-CT is a diagnostic procedure of choice when PAVM is suspected. PMID- 14768482 TI - Metastatic carcinoid tumor in the orbit. AB - In 1991, a carcinoid tumor of the duodenum with metastasis in the regional lymph nodes was resected in a 39-year-old-man. A metastasis in the mediastinum was found and was resected in 1996. In 1999, a metastasis in the left lung was discovered and was excised. In 2001, he noticed right-sided diplopia, and a computed tomography (CT) scan disclosed a tumor of 2 cm diameter in the right orbit with infiltration to the frontal sinus. The tumor was resected, and was diagnosed metastatic carcinoid tumor. An orbital metastasis of carcinoid tumor is rare, and only about 30 cases have been reported in the English literature. The rarity metastasis of carcinoid tumors in the orbit prompted us to report this case. PMID- 14768483 TI - Primary leiomyoma of the ovary--a report of 2 resected cases. AB - Leiomyoma of the ovary is relatively rare and its origin is still controversial. Here, we report 2 cases of ovarian leiomyoma. Case 1, a 59-year-old woman who complained of abdominal distention. Ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed a large solid mass in the lower abdomen. The mass was diagnosed as uterine myoma preoperatively, but it turned out to be a left ovarian tumor at laparotomy. The tumor was about an adult-head size, grayish, elastic hard, and solid. In case 2, a fist-sized mass was accidentally detected in the right ovary of a 84-year-old woman during laparotomy for rectal cancer. Histologically both tumors were composed of solid proliferation of short spindle-shaped cells, that formed interlacing fascicles and showed varying degrees of hyalinization. Both tumors were diagnosed as leiomyoma. Although this tumor is rather infrequent, it is necessary to consider leiomyoma for differential diagnosis, when a solid tumor is detected in the ovary. PMID- 14768484 TI - Intravenous leiomyomatosis with uterine leiomyoma and adenomyosis: a case presentation and brief comment on the histogenesis. AB - Uterine intravenous leiomyomatosis a rather rare pathologic condition, and a total of 139 cases have appeared in the English literature. Although two proposals for the histologic origin, uterine lyomyoma itself and/or vascular smooth muscle, have been widely accepted, the precise histogenesis still remains unclear. The additional 140th case of intravenous leiomyomatosis is described, and a third postulation for the histogenesis is proposed. PMID- 14768486 TI - Percutaneous ablation of atrial fibrillation: assessment of outcomes at 1-year follow-up. AB - OBJECTIVE: Current non-pharmacologic treatment strategies for atrial fibrillation (AF) involve discrete ablation of ectopic foci or isolation of the pulmonary vein (PV) ostia, which have been implicated in the genesis of this rhythm disorder. The aim of this study was to determine intermediate and long-term outcomes after percutaneous AF ablation and predictors of successful treatment. POPULATION AND METHODS: We studied 29 consecutive patients (72% male, mean age 52.3 +/- 13 years) who underwent percutaneous ablation of AF refractory to antiarrhythmic drug therapy. AF was idiopathic in 22 patients and the remaining 7 patients were hypertensive. Six patients had permanent AF and the others had recurrent paroxysmal AF (with at least 1 episode a week). Left atrial size was 40.3 +/- 6.1 mm. A total of 35 ablation procedures were performed, 12 using the focal ablation technique and 23 by PV isolation. Six patients underwent a redo procedure. Patients were evaluated at 1-year follow-up (symptoms, medication, ECG and Holter monitoring). Predictors of successful treatment were identified among baseline clinical variables (age, gender, hypertension), LA size, AF sub-type, ablation technique, and number of isolated PV, using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: At 1-year follow-up, 20 patients presented sinus rhythm (69%), of whom 7 were taking antiarrhythmic drugs and remained free of AF relapse. Out of the total of 35 procedures, 2 immediate complications occurred: pericardial tamponade in one patient and right phrenic nerve palsy in another. Predictors of long-term success were absence of a prior history of hypertension and isolation of at least three PV (p = 0.01 for both independent predictors). CONCLUSION: Two out of three patients who underwent AF ablation presented sinus rhythm one year after the intervention. Isolation of at least three PV and idiopathic etiology are independent predictors of successful treatment. PMID- 14768485 TI - Compatibility of the totally replaced hip. Reduction of wear by amorphous diamond coating. AB - Particulate wear debris in totally replaced hips causes adverse local host reactions. The extreme form of such a reaction, aggressive granulomatosis, was found to be a distinct condition and different from simple aseptic loosening. Reactive and adaptive tissues around the totally replaced hip were made of proliferation of local fibroblast like cells and activated macrophages. Methylmethacrylate and high-molecular-weight polyethylene were shown to be essentially immunologically inert implant materials, but in small particulate form functioned as cellular irritants initiating local biological reactions leading to loosening of the implants. Chromium-cobalt-molybdenum is the most popular metallic implant material; it is hard and tough, and the bearings of this metal are partially self-polishing. In total hip implants, prerequisites for longevity of the replaced hip are good biocompatibility of the materials and sufficient tribological properties of the bearings. The third key issue is that the bearing must minimize frictional shear at the prosthetic bone-implant interface to be compatible with long-term survival. Some of the approaches to meet these demands are alumina-on-alumina and metal-on-metal designs, as well as the use of highly crosslinked polyethylene for the acetabular component. In order to avoid the wear-based deleterious properties of the conventional total hip prosthesis materials or coatings, the present work included biological and tribological testing of amorphous diamond. Previous experiments had demonstrated that a high adhesion of tetrahedral amorphous carbon coatings to a substrate can be achieved by using mixing layers or interlayers. Amorphous diamond was found to be biologically inert, and simulator testing indicated excellent wear properties for conventional total hip prostheses, in which either the ball or both bearing surfaces were coated with hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous diamond films. Simulator testing with such total hip prostheses showed no measurable wear or detectable delamination after 15,000,000 test cycles corresponding to 15 years of clinical use. The present work clearly shows that wear is one of the basic problems with totally replaced hips. Diamond coating of the bearing surfaces appears to be an attractive solution to improve longevity of the totally replaced hip. PMID- 14768487 TI - Curative treatment of atrial fibrillation: which is the best technique? PMID- 14768489 TI - Special program to reduce cardiology consultation waiting lists: report on an innovatory experience. AB - The problem of waiting lists has been widely debated in the Portuguese society. In this paper, the authors report the first results of a prioritization approach, started in March 2000. In this program cardiologists and general practitioners work in close proximity, coordinating efforts in order to improve the establishment of clinical priorities, and consequently optimize hospital referral. Working as cardiology consultants, the authors were able to reduce the number of first consultation requests by 77.9% (December 2002). For the first time it was possible to match the number of requests with the available consultation times, halting the growth of the waiting list. PMID- 14768488 TI - Strength training vs. aerobic training: cardiovascular tolerance in elderly adults. AB - The aim of the present study was to evaluate cardiovascular tolerance to two different types of exercise (strength training vs. aerobic training) in healthy elderly subjects. Nineteen healthy elderly subjects aged 65-81 were studied. All the subjects participated in a 6-month combined physical activity program of gymnastics (2 times/week; 50 min.) and strength training (2 times/week; 40-50 min.). The gymnastics sessions consisted of general physical activity that is usually offered to elderly people and included warm-up, aerobic exercises, strength training, some balance and coordination exercises, recreational games and cool-down. The strength training consisted of two sets of 10 to 12 repetitions at 70% of one repetition maximum (1 RM) for "women's double chest"; "leg extension"; "overhead press; "seated leg curl"; "lateral raise"; "leg press" and "abdominal machine". Cardiovascular tolerance was evaluated both by measuring heart rate (HR) continuously (Polar Vantage NV) during the sessions and by measuring systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with an electronic sphygmomanometer at five different times (baseline, after warm-up, 15-20 min., 30 40 min. and after cool-down). Moreover, in order to measure the response according to the type of exercise, in strength training sessions, SBP and DBP were also evaluated in different machines (legs vs. arms). Comparison between the two different types of exercise (gymnastics vs. strength training) and between different machines was performed by an unpaired Student's t test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. The results showed no significant differences in HR, SBP and DBP values between the two training types. Both sessions were performed at appropriate intensity without exaggerated cardiovascular response. In strength training, exercises that involved the legs presented higher rises in SBP and DBP values than those performed with the arms. These data suggest that, if appropriate techniques are used, strength training as well as gymnastics can be performed by healthy older subjects so long as basic rules for exercise in this population are followed. Furthermore, the data indicate a greater cardiovascular hemodynamic response after strength exercises with the legs than with the arms. PMID- 14768490 TI - Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on right ventricular function- evaluation with tissue Doppler echocardiography. AB - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Ventricular resynchronization therapy improves cardiac function in patients (pts) with dilated cardiomyopathy and intraventricular conduction disturbances. The effects of ventricular resynchronization on right ventricular function have been poorly studied. Tricuspid annular motion can be studied with tissue Doppler echocardiography, which enables quantitative assessment of right ventricular function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ventricular resynchronization on right ventricular function with pulsed tissue Doppler. PATIENTS: We studied ten pts, eight male, mean age 65 +/- 10 years, with dilated cardiomyopathy, intraventricular conduction disturbances and heart failure, New York Heart Association functional class III or IV. Five pts had coronary artery disease and the others idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. All pts had an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator with ventricular resynchronization. METHODS: Before and one month after device implantation right ventricular function was evaluated with pulsed wave tissue Doppler study of tricuspid annular motion. The maximum velocity of the S wave (MV-S), E wave (MV-E), and A wave (MV-A), E/A ratio, isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT) and ejection time (ET) were determined. Right ventricular size and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) were measured. Functional class before and after implantation was assessed. RESULTS: MV-S, MV-E and MV-A did not change significantly. The E/A ratio decreased significantly (p = 0.017). There were no differences in IVCT and ET, nor in right ventricular size before and after resynchronization. EF improved in all but one patient (p = 0.003). All pts had an improvement in functional class, except the one without increased EF. CONCLUSIONS: Ventricular resynchronization therapy does not appear to have a deleterious effect on right ventricular function in pts with dilated cardiomyopathy and intraventricular conduction disturbances. The main beneficial effect of this type of therapy appears to be improvement in left ventricular function. PMID- 14768492 TI - Arterial hypertension and sepsis. AB - Arterial hypertension is a very common disease, which acts as a risk factor for a number of other diseases. Experimental data in rats indicate that chronic arterial hypertension may be associated with a state of resistance to mortality from sepsis. Published data on human arterial hypertension and sepsis do not indicate that the former might act as a protective factor for the outcome of the latter, although precise data on this point have not yet been obtained. On the contrary, the presence of any of a variety of comorbid conditions, and perhaps also the combination of hypertension, old age and a higher prevalence of cardiac disease, may lead to worse outcomes in sepsis and septic shock. The prevalence of arterial hypertension in sepsis patients seems to be increasing while mortality may be decreasing, data consistent with a possible protective role for hypertension in sepsis patients. Black people in the Americas tend to have higher blood pressure than black people in Africa and than whites. If hypertension also acted as a state of resistance to mortality from sepsis in humans, it might provide part of the solution for the mystery of the high prevalence of hypertension in black people in the Americas, since blacks there may be descended from people heavily exposed to infectious diseases. PMID- 14768491 TI - Tissue Doppler echocardiography for evaluation of patients with ventricular resynchronization therapy. AB - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Ventricular resynchronization therapy optimizes cardiac function and induces reverse remodeling of the left ventricle (LV) in patients (pts) with dilated cardiomyopathy and intraventricular conduction disturbances. Improvement of LV mechanical synchrony seems to be the predominant mechanism. There is a growing interest in objective quantification of desynchronization. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ventricular resynchronization therapy on LV remodeling and on LV desynchronization, assessed by tissue Doppler echocardiography. PATIENTS: We studied ten pts, eight male, mean age 65 +/- 10 years, with dilated cardiomyopathy, intraventricular conduction disturbances and heart failure, New York Heart Association functional class III or IV. Five pts had coronary artery disease and the others idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. All pts had an implanted cardioverter, defibrillator with cardiac resynchronization therapy. The LV pacing electrode was placed in the lateral or posterolateral vein. METHODS: Before and one month after resynchronization therapy the following parameters were measured with conventional Doppler echocardiography: LV end-diastolic (LVd) and end-systolic (LVs) size, ejection fraction (EF) and mitral regurgitation (MR) area. For diastolic function the maximum velocity of the E wave (MV-E) and A wave (MV-A), E/A ratio, LV filling time (LV-FT) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) were meadured. Mitral longitudinal motion was studied with pulsed tissue Doppler. Maximum velocity of the systolic S wave (MV-S) and isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT) were measured in the tissue Doppler curve of the septum and lateral, inferior and anterior walls. To evaluate the degree of desynchronization the RV index was calculated for each patient, based on the difference between the maximum and minimum IVCT, normalized for the maximum IVCT. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in LVd and MR. EF increased significantly (p = 0.003). There were no differences in diastolic function parameters. MV-S did not increase significantly. IVCT increased significantly at the lateral wall (p = 0.037). The RV index demonstrated a significant reduction in ventricular desynchronization (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ventricular resynchronization therapy induces reverse remodeling and improves LV function in selected pts. Improvement of mechanical LV synchrony seems to be the predominant mechanism. Ventricular desynchronization can be measured by tissue Doppler echocardiography. PMID- 14768493 TI - Lymphoma with clinical presentation of a primary pericardial tumor. AB - Primary malignant cardiac tumors, particularly lymphoma, are rare entities. Cardiac involvement or metastization of the heart from neoplasia located elsewhere are more frequently found. We present the case of a 79-year-old patient admitted with heart failure symptoms with a 3-week evolution. Evaluation led to the identification of a cardiac tumor with unusual clinical presentation and with a rapid and fatal evolution. Pathologic analysis identified a B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. PMID- 14768494 TI - Measures of association in clinical trials: definition and interpretation. AB - The choice of randomized controlled trials as the best evidence on therapeutic (or preventive) measures is based on the fact that this design is the only one that allows the establishment of causality, i.e. a relationship between an intervention and an outcome. For example, it is essential for the cardiologist treating patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) from systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle to know if the use of selective beta-blockers will reduce mortality. In order to find this out, he must have access to the published evidence on beta-blockers use in CHF, either through primary sources--RCTs--or secondary sources--systematic reviews. The results from clinical trials must be presented in a standardized way: in RCTs, authors usually present proportions (or rates, or percentages) of events (acute myocardial infarction, stroke, death) in each study group: experimental and control. These events are usually dichotomous, i.e. they are either present or not. In this paper, we will discuss the meaning as well as the interpretation of a number of measures of association in RCTs: absolute risk and absolute risk reduction, relative risk and relative risk reduction, odds ratios, number needed to treat and number needed to harm. PMID- 14768495 TI - The rationale behind ventricular resynchronization. AB - Biventricular pacing or cardiac resynchronization therapy was first proposed in 1994 as a form of non-pharmacological therapy in patients with heart failure and intraventricular and atrioventricular conduction delay, refractory to medical therapy. In this group of patients the presence of ventricular dyssynchrony is associated with progressive adverse remodeling and worsening of systolic and diastolic performance and carries independent prognostic significance. Acute clinical studies have demonstrated hemodynamic benefit as well as improved systolic and diastolic ventricular performance. Also, most clinical short- and medium-term studies have shown clinical and hemodynamic improvement associated with reverse ventricular remodeling. It has recently been demonstrated that cardiac resynchronization therapy reduces morbidity and mortality. This paper analyzes the pathophysiology of abnormal electrical conduction and the acute and chronic response to cardiac resynchronization, and reviews the most relevant aspects of the various trials. PMID- 14768496 TI - Mediastinal cavernous hemangioma in a newborn. PMID- 14768497 TI - Age at natural menopause in a sample of Puerto Rican women. AB - OBJECTIVES: To characterize the distribution of age at menopause in a sample of Puerto Rican women and to evaluate the differences in demographic, health and lifestyle factors associated with menopausal state. BACKGROUND: Age at natural menopause may be an important marker of a woman's long-term risk of chronic disease. Understanding which factors influence the timing of menopause remains limited and while ethnic differences in age at menopause have been reported, little data are available for Puerto Rican women. METHODS: In 2000, a self administered questionnaire was completed by a sample of 300 women aged 30-59 attending health fairs in the cities of Carolina, Aguadilla and Yauco, Puerto Rico (PR). Data from this interview was used to determine age at menopause which was described with probit analysis. Women from different menopausal status groups were compared with respect to demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics by using contingency table analysis and chi-square statistics. RESULTS: In a sample where 53% of women were menopausal, the median age of natural menopause was 51.4 years (95% confidence intervals 50.3-52.5). Compared to premenopausal women, naturally and surgically postmenopausal women had lower educational attainment, increased parity and were more likely to be obese (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This analysis provides the first estimate of age at natural menopause among women living in PR and the age is similar to that reported in other populations. Determining whether this population tends to have an early or late menopause will facilitate a better understanding of the potential chronic disease profile of Puerto Rican women as they age. PMID- 14768498 TI - The prevalence of latent tuberculous infection at nursing homes in the San Juan metropolitan area. AB - We sought to establish the Tuberculin skin status of a representative sample of subjects residing in Nursing Homes in the metropolitan San Juan area. In comparison with similar populations previously described in the medical literature, no difference was found in Tuberculin skin test reactivity in the studied sample. PMID- 14768499 TI - Monoclonal antibodies against whole body extract of the dust mite Blomia tropicalis. AB - OBJECTIVE: To produce and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against whole body extract of the dust mite Blomia tropicalis (Bt). BACKGROUND: Bt is an important source of allergens causing allergic diseases in tropical and subtropical regions. mAbs are excellent tools for delineating cross-reactivity between Bt and other mites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were immunized with extracts of Bt. mAbs were produced by standard techniques. Hybridoma screening was performed by ELISA. Ascitic fluids were produced and partially purified by adsorption chromatography. Reactivity of mAbs against extracts of Bt and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) was analyzed by ELISA, immunoblots and ELISA inhibition. Also, reactivity of mAbs against the putative cysteine protease rBlo t 1 from Bt was tested. RESULTS: Three IgG mAbs were obtained and partially purified. The mAbs reacted with Bt by ELISA. In immunoblots, mAbs recognized two protein components of 29 and 35 KD. Also, the mAbs reacted with Dp extracts by ELISA, and the same sized components were detected in immunoblots. In competitive ELISA, Dp extract reduced in 62% the reactivity with Bt antigens, and Bt extract produced a maximum reduction of reactivity against Dp antigens of 83%. The mAbs recognized rBlo t1. The homology between Blo t1 and the proteins recognized by the mAbs was high (90%) as the inhibition assays demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: The cross-reactivity between Dp and Bp could be related with the presence of proteins as their respective cysteine proteases. The produced mAbs have proven to facilitate the identification of antigens of Bt and to determine the possible cross-reactivity between Bt and other common mites of the acarofauna of tropical and subtropical countries where Bt is commonly found. PMID- 14768500 TI - IgE reactivity from serum of Blomia tropicalis allergic patients to the recombinant protein Blo t 1. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the IgE reactivity against recombinant protein Blo t 1 from the dust mite Blomia tropicalis (Bt) using serum from patients with positive skin test to this mite and to investigate the cross-reactivity between Bt and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. BACKGROUND: Dust mites have an important role as inducers of allergic asthma and rhinitis. Particularly, Bt is an important mite specie in the tropic and subtropical regions of the world. Therefore, recombinant allergens of this organism could be an important feature for development of effective diagnostic and therapeutic measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Purified recombinant Blot t 1 was produced in Escherichia coli and tested against sera from 54 allergic individuals by the dot blot technique. RESULTS: IgE response to Blot 1 was 72% for sera from patients with positive skin test to Bt. Cross reactivity with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was not detected. Statistical analyses of the dot blot test results show 71.74% of sensitivity and 100% of specificity. CONCLUSION: By using a panel of allergic sera and an in vitro assay, the allergen rBlo t 1 exhibits no IgE cross-reactivity with Dermathophagoides pteronyssinus allergens. This finding suggests that specific clinical reagents are necessary for precise diagnosis and treatment of sensitization to Bt. PMID- 14768501 TI - Folic acid supplementation does not prevent ribavirin-induced anemia. AB - Treatment of chronic hepatitis C consists of inteferon plus ribavirin. The major adverse effect of ribavirin is hemolytic anemia, a complication that limits therapy. Folic acid supplementation is used to improve erythropoiesis in chronic hemolytic anemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of folic acid supplementation in the prevention of ribavirin-induced anemia in patients being treated for hepatitis C. Twenty one patients enrolled in treatment protocols for hepatitis C received folic acid 1 mg daily and 22 did not. Groups were similar in age, gender, ribavirin dose and baseline hemoglobin. Folic acid supplementation had no effect in the decrease in hemoglobin or the measured parameters of hemolysis. No difference between males and females was noted for hemoglobin decrease or lowest hemoglobin levels. In our study, folic acid showed no beneficial effect in the prevention of ribavirin-induced anemia. PMID- 14768502 TI - Health disparities between diabetic patients under private and public health coverage in Puerto Rico, 2000. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine health disparities between diabetic patients receiving services in private and public health sectors. METHODS: Insureds with service claims for diabetes (ICD-9 250-259) from two private insurance companies and two public health groups were selected. Personnel of the participant insurance companies were responsible for identifying medical claims that met the study inclusion criteria and providing the information in a computerized database file. RESULTS: Overall prevalence was 4.9%. Prevalence in the public sector (5.8%) was higher than that of the private sector (3.7%) (p < 0.0001). The overall prevalence among females of the public sector was nearly twice (6.3%) the prevalence in the private sector (3.3%) (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of the majority of services analyzed was larger in the public sector. However, prevalence of specific services (glucose and glycosilated hemoglobin tests) was larger in the private sector. Differences between sectors in the prevalence of complications were also observed. Prevalence and service utilization also varied by age and sex in both sectors. CONCLUSIONS: Significant difference exists in the prevalence of diabetes and health service utilization between the private and the public sector. PMID- 14768503 TI - Mortality among Hispanic drug users in Puerto Rico. AB - This paper assesses mortality rate for a cohort of drug users in Puerto Rico compared with that of the Island's general population, examining causes of death and estimating relative risk of death. Date and cause of death were obtained from death certificates during 1998. Vital status was confirmed through contact with subjects, family, and friends. HIV/AIDS was the major cause of death (47.7%), followed by homicide (14.6%), and accidental poisoning (6.3%). Females had higher relative risk of death than males in all age categories. Not living with a sex partner and not receiving drug treatment were related to higher mortality due to HIV/AIDS. Drug injection was the only variable explaining relative risk of death due to overdose. Puerto Rico needs to continue developing programs to prevent HIV/AIDS among drug users. Special attention should be given to young women, who appear to be in greatest need of programs to prevent early mortality. PMID- 14768504 TI - [A short psychometric scale to evaluate the cognitive status of aged Spanish speakers]. AB - During the last ten years there has been an interest for determining the prevalence and incidence of dementia among older adults and for cognitive tests that do to discriminate by level of education. This article revolves around the validation of a minimental exam, the Caban minimental, to measure the cognitive capacity of Spanish-speaking adults 60 years of age and older; a test that is not affected by level of education. The factors measured in the Caban minimental are: orientation, visual and motor coordination, learning, recent memory and abstraction. The validation process underwent two phases. During the first one, the Caban test was subjected to construct validation and internal and predictive consistency tests. The second stage comprised a comparison between the Caban and Folstein minimentals. The Caban showed a statistically significant difference to discriminate for subjects with dementia. Results also suggest that the Caban is not as much affected as the Folstein by differences in education. PMID- 14768505 TI - Comparison of outpatient point of care glucose testing vs venous glucose in the clinical laboratory. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of glucometers in assessing glucose levels in outpatients. The investigation consisted in the analysis of retrospective validation data (obtained at the Clinical Laboratory of the Puerto Rico Medical Services Administration) and the analysis of data obtained from forty outpatients. Glucose concentration was obtained from these outpatient samples using the patients' glucometers and a clinical laboratory analyzer (hexokinase method). Statistical analysis included descriptive and correlation measures and t-test. Results revealed that accurate glucose values were obtained by the glucometers utilized in both the validation process and the outpatients (POCT) procedure. The investigation also demonstrated the need by outpatients to receive proper training in handling their glucometers. PMID- 14768506 TI - [Nursing accidents at the workplace and their relation with the security and occupational health status]. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the accidents and incidents that take place in the workplace and their relationship with the occupational health and safety climate. The sample for this study was chosen by convenience and was composed of 154 professional nurses. The Occupational Health and Safety Climate Scale. (Roduguez et al., 2000) was used for the research. The results of the study reveal that the variables that contribute to understanding the determinants of the occupational health and safety climate are the individual's relationships with peers and supervisors, the number of trainings in the area of occupational health and safety and the number of accidents that the individual has experienced. PMID- 14768507 TI - Rhabdoid tumor: an unusual pediatric brain tumor. AB - Rhabdoid tumors of the brain are rare with an invariable dismal prognosis despite treatment. This is the case of a 3 year old boy who presented lethargy, somnolence, nausea, vomiting, and headaches one week prior to hospitalization. A posterior fossa tumor with hydrocephalus was noted on a head computed tomography (CT) scan. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed with subsequent gross total tumor resection. Pathology findings were those of a rhabdoid tumor. The histopathology, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of this unusual pediatric cerebral neoplasia is discussed. PMID- 14768508 TI - Bilobulated aneurysms at the origin of the posterior communicating artery. AB - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to describe the occurrence of bilobulated aneurysms at the origin of the posterior communicating artery. BACKGROUND: Bilobulated aneurysms at the origin of the posterior communicating artery from the internal carotid artery are rarely reported in the literature. A review of the literature showed only one report in which this type of aneurysm was addressed. METHODS: A consecutive series of 85 aneurysms operated by a single surgeon in 75 patients during an eight-year period (March 1995-February 2003) at the University Hospital was reviewed retrospectively. The incidence, radiological findings, intraoperative findings, surgical treatment and outcome of patients with bilobulated aneurysms at the origin of the posterior communicating artery were analyzed. The pathophysiologic mechanism for the formation of the bilobulated aneurysm was analyzed for each case. RESULTS: Thirty-two aneurysms (37.6%) located at the origin of the posterior communicating artery were operated. Four patients who had angiographic evidence of a bilobulated aneurysm at the origin of the posterior communicating artery were identified and operated. Among those four patients, only three had a bilobulated aneurysm. In one patient, microsurgical exploration revealed the presence of two consecutive aneurysms originating from the posterior communicating artery. The incidence of bilobulated aneurysms at the origin of the posterior communicating artery was 9.4%. One patient died during the postoperative period for a 25% mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of this type of aneurysm is low; therefore, they represent a technical challenge to the neurosurgeon. PMID- 14768509 TI - Blood and nutritional profiles of an individual consuming a high protein-low fat diet. AB - This is the case of a normal weight, physically active 24-year old Puerto Rican woman consuming a highly unusual diet. Through careful selection of foods, the diet contains a high percent protein, a low percent fat, adequate fiber and zero cholesterol. Popular commercial diets high in protein all contain high fat, high cholesterol and low fiber. Blood samples were taken and dietary recalls were collected for 6 consecutive days to evaluate hematological and nutritional parameters. A blood lipid profile showed low circulating levels of cholesterol and triglycerides and a beneficial HDL/LDL ratio. However, nutritional analysis revealed insufficient ingestion of vitamin D and an unhealthy balance of servings from the food pyramid. Long-term consequences of this diet could put the subject at risk for kidney and bone diseases. Immediate discontinuation of the diet is the preferred recommendation to the subject. This case report illustrates the danger of adapting a self-prescribed eating plan without the consultation of a dietitian or other qualified health professional. PMID- 14768510 TI - [Brighten by the death]. PMID- 14768511 TI - Is my baby "defective"? Fetal genetic testing as part of a public health care plan. PMID- 14768512 TI - The contemporary undergraduate education of anesthesia in Taiwan. PMID- 14768513 TI - Minimal low-flow isoflurane-based anesthesia benefits patients undergoing coronary revascularization via preventing hyperglycemia and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. AB - BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to determine whether minimal low flow isoflurane-based anesthesia could be a feasible technique for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. It is hypothesized that isoflurane-based anesthesia facilitates an agreeable recovery from surgery is mediated through preventing hyperglycemia and metabolic disturbance associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: 107 consecutive patients were randomly assigned to two groups, i.e., isoflurane-based anesthesia group (n = 54) and fentanyl-based anesthesia group (control group, n = 53). In isoflurane-based anesthesia group, patients received isoflurane from induction up till departure from operating room to intensive care unit (ICU). In the control group, fentanyl (66.4 +/- 3.2 micrograms/kg) and midazolam (320 +/- 20 micrograms/kg) were administered to anesthetize the patients during the operation. RESULTS: Patients with isoflurane-based anesthesia required less dopamine (0.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 4.2 +/- 0.4 micrograms/min) and dobutamine (0.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 4.1 +/- 0.5 micrograms/min); they could be extubated earlier (7.9 +/- 1.0 vs. 35.1 +/- 2.9 h), and had a shorter stay at ICU (2.2 +/- 0.2 vs. 4.8 +/- 0.4 days). In addition, occurrence of hyperglycemia (167 +/- 7.7 vs. 243 +/- 9.5 mg/dl) and bicarbonate requirement (128 +/- 7.0 vs. 313 +/- 22.0 mEq) were less in patients with isoflurane-based anesthesia as compared with those in fentanyl group. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that isoflurane, not fentanyl, benefits patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. This benefit perhaps is mediated through maintaining hemodynamic stability and metabolic homeostasis and preventing hyperglycemia. PMID- 14768514 TI - A two-center survey of cardiac events and peri-operative managements of cardiac patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery in Taiwanese population. AB - BACKGROUND: The risk of cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery is relatively high. Successful preoperative evaluation and perioperative anesthetic management of a patient require a good communication among the patient, the anesthesiologist and the surgeon as well as excellent cooperation between the surgeon and anesthesiologist with a tacit understanding of the peri-operative risks. Peri-operative risk factors have been readily investigated in Caucasians or Westerners. As different ethnic populations may have different risk factors for a same disease entity, understanding the uniqueness in this respect in Taiwanese is mandatory. The purpose of this study is to examine the risk factors, perioperative cardiac events and the qualities of preoperative preparation and post-operative intensive care in Taiwanese cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. METHODS: Two medical centers in Taiwan worked out a set of prospective questionnaire to evaluate the preoperative preparation, intraoperative events, and postoperative care of cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery in these hospitals. RESULTS: Between March 2002 and May 2002, there were 196 cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery out of a total of 10,129 anesthetized surgical patients in two medical centers. The risk factors of these patients included coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, and renal function impairment. In these 196 cases, only 26.5% (52) and 16.8% (33) had been preoperatively evaluated by cardiologist and anesthesiologist respectively through consultation. The number of pre operation specific cardiac tests totaled 34, and 41 patients (20.9%) required post-operative intensive care. There were two peri-operative fatalities and fourteen peri-operative cardiac events. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of care for preoperative evaluation and quality assurance need to be improved in Taiwan. PMID- 14768515 TI - Comparison of the recovery from isoflurane anesthesia with or without fentanyl infusion in patients undergoing elective supratentorial craniotomy. AB - BACKGROUND: Several anesthetic agents have been used successfully to provide optimal anesthetic maintenance in neurosurgery for supratentorial tumors. Due to longer surgical time that these procedures demand and thoughout avoidance of intracranial bleeding from a hastened emergence of anesthesia in the operating room, the neurosurgeons in our hospital favor a placid late emergence from anesthesia in the neurosurgical intensive care unit (NCU). Accordingly, we designed this clinical trial to compare the effects of volatile general anesthesia with or without fentanyl infusion on postoperative hemodynamics, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, extubation time, as well as neurological outcome in patients after craniotomy. METHODS: Forty-two patients undergoing elective surgery for supratentorial lesions were randomly divided into two anesthetic groups. In isoflurane group, after induction, anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane up to 1.2% end-tidal concentration. In fentanyl-isoflurane group, an infusion of fentanyl was started at a rate of 3 micrograms/kg/h after induction, and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane up to 0.6% end-tidal concentration. All the anesthetics were discontinued once the surgical wound was dressed. We studied the postoperative hemodynamics and several recovery variables for 48 h after completion of anesthesia. RESULTS: The time from completion of surgery to extubation was shorter in isoflurane group (9.3 +/- 6.6 h) as compared with fentanyl-isoflurane group (14 +/- 3.5 h, P < 0.05). Better GCS score was seen in isoflurane group in the early recovery period. However, both groups did not differ in both average postoperative blood pressure and heart rate and there was no significant difference between 2 groups in total duration of the postoperative NCU stay. CONCLUSIONS: In pursuance of the policy of late emergence, we are of the opinion that isoflurane anesthesia offers an earlier recovery than fentanyl isoflurane anesthesia in patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy. PMID- 14768516 TI - Implications of intrathecal pertussis toxin animal model on the cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain syndrome. AB - Like opioid tolerance, neuropathic pain syndrome manifested by hyperalgesia and allodynia responds poorly to opioids. Hitherto, its development is still not clear and its treatment and prevention are still disputable. Pertussis toxin (PTX) which ADP-ribosylates the alpha-subunit of inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins (Gi/Go), is used to induce morphine tolerance through intrathecal (i.t.) injection. It decreases the antinociceptive effect of opioid receptor agonists, and produces a thermal hyperalgesia as well. With treatment of PTX the inhibitory Gi- and Go-proteins signal transduction is inactivated. Inhibition of the inhibitory system would likely lead to a predominance of the excitatory system. Intrathecal PTX administration has also been suggested as a model for study of the central mechanisms of neuropathic pain. In our previous studies, with intrathecal microdialysis and drug delivery techniques, we correlated the biochemical and pharmacological effects on the behavioral expressions of i.t. PTX-treated rats. Intrathecal PTX administration would induce thermal hyperalgesia in rats, with accompaniments of a prolonged increase in the concentrations of excitatory amino acids (EAAs), glutamate and aspartate, and a decrease in the concentration of the inhibitory amino acid (IAA) glycine in the spinal CSF dialysates. The PTX-induced thermal hyperalgesia peaked between day 2 and 4, but no cold allodynia is observed; i.t. administration of N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, D-2-amino-5-phosponovaleric acid (D-AP5), glycine and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine attenuated the thermal hyperalgesia. The PKC gamma content of both synaptosomal and cytosolic fractions were significantly increased in PTX-treated rats. In contrast, the levels of PKC alpha, beta I, or beta II isozymes in these fractions were unaffected. Infusion of NMDA antagonist D-AP5 prevented both the thermal hyperalgesia and the increase in PKC gamma expression in PTX-treated rats. Similar to our previous report, i.t. PTX reduced morphine's analgesic effect. PKC inhibitor chelerythrine attenuated this reduction of morphine's analgesia, and an inhibition of the morphine-evoked EAAs release was observed in PTX-treated rats as well. Taken together, i.t. PTX induced neuropathic pain syndrome is accompanied by increasing of EAAs, decreasing of IAA release, and a selective increasing of PKC gamma expression in the spinal cord. Inhibition of PKC not only blocked thermal hyperalgesia, but also reversed the reduction of morphine's analgesic effect in PTX-rats. These results suggest that PTX-induced neuropathic pain syndromes are involved in EAAs, IAAs and PKC alternations. PMID- 14768517 TI - Normal pressure hydrocephalus found after anesthesia--a case report. AB - Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is characterized by insidious onset and gradual development of the triad of gait disturbance, dementia, and urinary incontinence. Nausea, vomiting, and signs of increased intracranial pressure do not occur. A 71-year-old male patient was scheduled for total knee replacement due to osteoarthritis of right knee joint. No neurological symptoms and signs except mild forgetfulness were detected during physical examination following admission. Due to operational mistakes, the anesthesiologist was informed that the surgery was cancelled just after completion of induction of general anesthesia. The patient was allowed to emerge from anesthesia. Unfortunately, his consciousness became drowsy the next morning. After a series of examinations, he was at last diagnosed as a case of NPH principally by the brain computed tomography scan. So he was scheduled again but this time for vetriculoperitoneal (V-P) shunt. The patient regained consciousness after V-P shunt. From this case, we learned that NPH may remain in concealment in the patients we contacted in our daily practice. A vigilant physician should keep in mind that the presentation of gait disturbance, dementia, and urinary incontinence in a patient may indicate the likelihood of NPH. PMID- 14768518 TI - Fatal arrhythmia following intraoperative continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion chemotherapy. AB - Continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion chemotherapy (CHPPC) offers a safe alternative to manage peritoneal tumor seeding in advanced cancer patients. A 65 year-old male underwent exploratory laparotomy for advanced gastric cancer with intraabdominal carcinomatosis and massive ascites. Life-threatening dysrrhythmia of ventricular rhythm with a rate of 120 beats/min developed during the performance of intraoperative CHPPC following eradication of the main tumor. With timely cardiopulmonary resuscitation, appropriate fluid replacement, correction of electrolyte imbalance, and cooling of body temperature, the patient regained effective cardiopulmonary circulation without sequela. PMID- 14768519 TI - Intraoperative TEE monitoring on pulmonary thromboembolectomy--a case report. AB - We present a successful thromboembolectomy under intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) monitoring on a woman with massive pulmonary embolism (PE). Sudden onset of dyspnea happened 7 days after lumbar spine surgery and ventilation/perfusion scan and angiography performed right away were suggestive of PE. Operation was performed 17 days later after invalid anticoagulant treatments and unavailing catheter fragmentation. Intraoperative TEE showed massive emboli in the main and right pulmonary arteries (MPA and RPA) and dilated right atrium (RA) with deviated intraatrial septum. Removal of the emboli was performed smoothly under TEE monitoring. The dilation of RA, right ventricle (RV) and PA were resolved soon after thromboembolectomy. The patient was extubated the next day with obvious improvement of clinical symptoms and discharged two weeks later without neurological sequale. We conclude that TEE can be an excellent tool not only for early diagnosing PE in high risk patients but also for intraoperative monitoring on removing emboli and managing cardiac functions. PMID- 14768520 TI - Anesthetic management of intracranial hemorrhage from huge arteriovenous malformations in late pregnancy--a case report. AB - Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) from an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in pregnancy is quite rare and could lead to exceedingly high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. We report a 26-year-old woman at 36 weeks' gestation who sustained ICH due to two huge AVMs. For preventing from progressive increased intracranial pressure (IICP), Cesarean section under general anesthesia was performed successfully. Herein, we also discuss the anesthetic management after reviewing the related current literatures. PMID- 14768521 TI - Unexpected intraoperative hypercapnia due to undetected expiratory valve dysfunction--a case report. AB - The normally functioning of anesthetic circle system depends mainly on the integrity of both inspiratory and expiratory unidirectional valves which keep the inspiratory gas will not be contaminated by the expired CO2. In case there is a leakage defect in one or both of these valves, i.e. inability to keep tightly closed during the cycle, retrograde gas flow may happen and the exhaled CO2 may get into the inspiratory limb, resulting in rebreathing and hypercapnia with disastrous aftermath. Here we report a rather rare incident of unrecognized expiratory valve insufficiency that was not detected before anesthesia in a 40 year-old female patient who developed intraoperative hypercapnea during general anesthesia with mechanical ventilation. Discussions on the causes, management, and prevention of hypercapnia due to respiratory valve dysfunction are presented. PMID- 14768522 TI - The sting challenge test in Hymenoptera venom allergy: pros and cons. AB - This paper examines the main features of the deliberate sting challenge with regard to the type of insect, the advantages and disadvantages of its use in untreated and treated patients and after discontinuation of specific immunotherapy. PMID- 14768523 TI - Anaphylactic shock induced by gadoterate meglumine (DOTAREM). AB - The use of contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging improves the effectiveness of this diagnostic examination. Complexes of godolinium, which appear to be well tolerated, are used for this purpose. A few cases of anaphylactic shock have been attributed to these agents. We report a case of anaphylactic shock due to gadoterate meglumine (DOTAREM). While undergoing a magnetic resonance imaging examination, a 33-year-old nonatopic female patient became severely hypotensive, lost consciousness, and had generalized erythema immediately after the intravenous injection of this product. She recovered rapidly after she was given injection of epinephrine and her blood volume was restored with intravenous fluids. That DOTAREM had caused this immediate hypersensitivity reaction was proven by the positivity of prick-test and intradermal test at 10-3 (0.37 mg/ml) and in vitro leukocyte histamine release test. The results of these tests indicated that it was the gadoteric acid rather than the meglumine component of DOTAREM that was responsible: positivity of IDR at 10 mg/ml. Skin tests and leukocyte histamine release test to gadopentetate dimeglumine (MAGNEVIST) were negative. In addition of the exceptional character, this observation provides evidence for an immediate hypersensitivity without cross reactivity with gadopentetate dimeglumine. PMID- 14768524 TI - Optimal dosing of allergen immunotherapy: efficacy, safety, long-lasting effect. PMID- 14768525 TI - Nimesulide and meloxicam are a safe alternative drugs for patients intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. AB - BACKGROUND: Pseudoallergic reactions to ASA and NSAIDs in general are frequent and difficult to manage. The challenge with the suspected drug is considered unethical, therefore the only possible approach is a challenge with alternative drugs. Selective COX2 inhibitors are considered the most suitable alternative drugs. We describe the comparative results and follow-up of an oral challenge with nimesulide and meloxicam, in NSAIDs intolerant patients. METHODS: 381 patients (118 male, 263 female, mean age 53.2 years) with a well documented pseudoallergic reaction to NSAIDs underwent an oral challenge with these alternative drugs. All 381 patients were given nimesulide 88 of them were also given meloxicam. All patients were re-interviewed at six-month intervals up to two years after challenge. RESULTS: 98.4% of the patients tolerated nimesulide and 95.4% tolerated meloxicam. The reactions occurred during challenges were mild and easily manageable. Three out of the six nimesulide-intolerant patients could tolerate meloxicam, whereas only one of the four meloxicam-intolerant patients could tolerate nimesulide. At the follow-up, 96% of patients with previous negative challenge could tolerate nimesulide and within the patients which took meloxicam after challenge no pseudoallergic reaction occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The herein described challenge with alternative drugs, meloxicam and nimesulide, is a safe tool for the management of NSAIDs-intolerant patients. The two tested drug are safe and reliable alternatives for these patients. PMID- 14768526 TI - Diphenylcyclopropenone (diphencyprone, DPCP) in the treatment of chronic severe alopecia areata (AA). AB - BACKGROUND: Diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) has been reported to be an effective topical immunotherapy of extensive alopecia areata (AA) with highly variable reported results. OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to assess the efficacy, side effects, and adverse prognostic factors in the treatment of alopecia areata with DPCP. METHODS: 21 patients were included in the study with chronic and extensive AA. Patients were sensitized in the beginning with 2% DPCP, and the concentrations were increased gradually beginning with 0.000001% every one to two weeks for a period of 6 months. RESULTS: 15 patients (71.4%) had a complete or partial recovery at the end of the treatment period. Most frequent side effects were erythema at the site of application, pigmentation, and lymph node enlargement. The most important adverse prognostic factors were duration of AA, history of atopy, and presence of nail changes. CONCLUSION: Treatment of AA with topical DPCP is effective. Though the treatment may have some side effects, in most cases they are tolerable and respond well to treatment. PMID- 14768527 TI - [Sudden infant death and pediatric sleep medicine]. PMID- 14768528 TI - [Sleep medicine and quality of life]. PMID- 14768529 TI - [Empiricism or evidence in pediatric sleep medicine]. PMID- 14768530 TI - [Nocturnal noninvasive ventilation of children and adolescents with neuromuscular diseases: effect on sleep and symptoms]. AB - AIM: Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is an inevitable complication of progressive neuromuscular disorders (NMD). Aim of the study was to prospectively investigate the impact of three months of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) on sleep and SDB-associated symptoms in children and adolescents with advanced NMD. METHODS: Twenty-two patients (11.1 +/- 4.3 years) with symptomatic SDB were enrolled in the study and evaluated with polysomnography and a symptom questionnaire. Twenty patients were treated with pressure assisted ventilation during sleep. The impact of NIV on SDB, sleep and symptoms was re-evaluated after 3 months of NIV. RESULTS: In 2/22 patients, after adenotomy, SDB was no longer demonstrable. In the remaining 20 patients NIV improved SDB (Respiratory Disturbance Index 1.8 +/- 1.6 vs. 9.2 +/- 4.5/h; minimal SpO2 91 +/- 3 vs. 79 +/- 12%). Three months of treatment resulted in shortened sleep latency (17 +/- 13 vs. 42 +/- 38 minutes), improved sleep efficiency (95 +/- 3 vs. 89 +/- 9%) and less EEG-arousals (11 +/- 5 vs. 22 +/- 9/h, p < 0.001 for all). Sleep-stage proportion did not change. Patients reported significant improvements of sleep quality, morning headaches, mood, concentration and daytime sleepiness (p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: In children with NMD intermittent nocturnal NIV results in objective and subjective improvements of sleep quality and symptoms associated with SDB. PMID- 14768531 TI - [Snoring as an sign of sleep disorders in 11- to 15-year-old school children- initial results of a Vienna epidemiologic study]. AB - INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of snoring was evaluated in school children between 11 and 15 years of age. In addition to items reported by parents, children were asked to answer a questionnaire in order to receive information about the children's potential complaints, life style and school performance. METHOD: The study was performed in 21 randomly selected schools in the Vienna area. 1434 school children were interviewed by a questionnaire (mean age 12.5 years, median 13 years, 676 girls vs. 699 boys). The questionnaire consisted of 45 multiple choice questions about the socioeconomic status, possible sleep disorders and signs or symptoms of obstructive sleep apneas (OSA). The questionnaire completed by parents was also used to calculate the Brouillette-Score from the items snoring, obstructed breaths and apneas. RESULTS: 5.2% (74/1434) of children and 6.9% (86/1259) of parents or caregivers reported about snoring (frequently or very frequently). There were no sex differences for the children's and the parents' questionnaire. None of the children had a clearly positive result (hint of OSA) from the Brouillette-Score whereas "suspicious OSA" was observed in 3.2% (40/1259). When frequent and very frequent snorers were compared with the other children, more mouth breathing during sleep (p < 0.00001), mouth dryness (p < 0.00005), headache (p < 0.0005), cigarette exposition at home (p < 0.001), smoking (p < 0.005), daytime naps (p < 0.005), crying out of sleep (p < 0.01), daytime tiredness (p < 0.05) und a higher body mass index (p < 0.05) could be observed in this group, in addition to the items reported by the parents. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of snoring is lower in our study than in other studies. No statistically significant sex differences were observed, both in the parents' and the children's questionnaire. In our study snoring seems to be a sign or symptom of different sleep disorders, and not only of OSA. A statistically significant correlation between snoring and anamnestic hints of sleep disorders underlines the need to ask concerned children themselves for observations potentially associated with sleep disorders. Results of the Brouillette-Score could not be used to identify sleep disorders in our study. PMID- 14768532 TI - How to score arousals in preterm infants? Can we use recommendations of the Pediatric Wake-up Club? AB - Infants' arousals from sleep reflect the activation of various brain stem and cortical structures and their characteristics change with age. Arousal scoring based on the Pediatric Wake-up Club definition of arousal in infants was evaluated to determine whether arousals could be reliably identified and assessed in preterm infants also. Polygraphic recordings were made in seven stable preterm infants with a mean postconceptional age of 34.4 +/- 1.2 weeks. Fifty-two arousals were scored according to the guidelines of the Pediatric Wake-up Club (Consensus meeting in Brussels, 2002). Values of interest were assessed during the arousal period and during the 30-second periods before and after the arousal. The latter periods were subdivided into 10-second intervals and compared with the arousal period. The mean duration of arousal was 7 +/- 3 seconds. Respiratory rate was higher (35 +/- 15 bpm) during the arousal than in the periods preceding (29 +/- 14 bpm; p < 0.01) and following (29 +/- 11 bpm; p < 0.001) it. Heart rate decreased during the arousal (131 +/- 30 bpm) when compared with the preceding 10 second period (140 +/- 14 bpm; p < 0.05). We found that arousals in preterm infants can be reliably identified and assessed using the Pediatric Wake-up Club's arousal definition for term infants. PMID- 14768533 TI - [The Tubingen palatal plate--an innovative therapeutic concept in Pierre-Robin sequence]. AB - Infants with Pierre-Robin sequence (PRS) may suffer severe upper airway obstruction resulting in hypoxemia that is difficult to treat. We are currently evaluating a new therapeutic approach involving an oral appliance that widens the pharynx by pulling the base of the tongue forward using a preepiglottic baton. Here we present a patient treated with this device who showed a decrease in his desaturation index from 50 to < 1. PMID- 14768534 TI - [Prevention of sudden infant death in Germany]. AB - In Germany there are several committed which however haven't got together yet in order to set up a systematic health education campaign. So far the knowledge of other professional fields like that of graphic designers, specialists of communication and public health scientists hasn't been sufficiently used to familiarize nearly all pregnant women, parents, grandparents and babysitters with those known medical subject matters. Hopefully paediatricians, gynaecologists, children's nurses, midwives, breast-feeding consultants, paediatric preventive assistants, consultants for pregnant women who smoke and mothers in general will soon start to get going an effective lasting and possibly nationwide preventive campaign which will be supported by the competent social ministries and financing authorities, self-help groups, graphic designers, specialists for communication and public health scientists. The aim should be to reduce the amount of sudden infant death cases to or even below the level of The Netherlands (minimum figure in 2002: 0.11 SID cases per 1.000 live births). Already in 1972-15 years before the beginning of the Dutch preventive campaign--in former East Germany a ministerial instruction had advised mothers not to let infants sleep on prone position. Historically, the promotion of infants sleeping on prone position seems to have been a tragic break of tradition in the western world in between 1970 and 1990, as infants had been put to sleep almost only on their back during the past centuries. If we compare East and West Germany concerning the influence on the ways of looking after infants since the 1960th of the last century it has become clear that the advice of medical authorities mainly effects the way of nursing regardless of the political system. More and more, paediatricians, gynaecologists, midwives and children's nurses should become aware of this responsibility. PMID- 14768535 TI - [Sudden infant death--prevention programs in Austria]. AB - In the current study, design and success of intervention programmes to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in Austria are described and major future challenges indicated. Various prevention programmes are being carried out in the federal states of Austria and they focus on the detailed information of parents about modifiable SIDS risk factors. Relevant topics such as guidelines for home monitoring are carefully addressed in the Austrian consensus statements. With the introduction of the first campaigns SIDS incidence rates have gradually dropped from 1.69 (1988) to 0.51 per 1000 life births (2000). In line, there was a decline in the prevalence of risk behaviour, especially of the prone sleeping position (federal state of the Tyrol: 53.7% before the campaign (1984-1994) vs. 4.7% thereafter (1995-2001), p < 0.001). Because of this latter trend smoking during pregnancy became the most prevalent SIDS risk factor and the prevalence of the side sleeping position substantially increased. To maintain the current success in lowering SIDS frequency, prevention programmes ought to continue and changes in the weight of risk factors should be considered. Further efforts are required to achieve a thorough post-mortem examination in virtually all sudden unexpected deaths, to establish a country-wide SIDS data base and to continuously update SIDS risk profiles in Austria. PMID- 14768536 TI - Classification of sudden infant death (SID) cases in a multidisciplinary setting. Ten years experience in Styria (Austria). AB - OBJECTIVE: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) remains a challenge for health professionals despite decreasing rates in recent years. The figures for different areas and time periods are hardly comparable, because of differences in postmortem investigations and classification criteria. In 1992, the European Society for the Study and Prevention of Infant Deaths (ESPID) proposed a classification for any sudden and unexpected death in infancy. This proposal has been used in our study since 1993 to better classify sudden infant death (SID) cases. METHOD: 56 consecutive SID cases observed between 1993 and 2002 in Styria, the south-eastern province of Austria, were analysed by a multidisciplinary team of health professionals. The study group consisted of pediatricians, forensic pathologists, pathologists, psychologists, nurses, members of the parents' association and health authorities. SID cases were analysed with regard to potential risk factors during pregnancy and early life, the circumstances of death (death scene) and post-mortem findings. From the latter, every SID was classified as either 1) classic SIDS, 2) borderline SIDS, 3) non-autopsied SID or 4) explained death. RESULTS: Of the 56 SID cases, 22 were assigned to category 1, 19 to category 2, four to category 3, and in 11 cases death could be explained by major post-mortem findings. For 17/22 cases in category 1 and 11/19 cases in category 2, the death scene investigation showed the typical risk profile of manner of bedding and/or environmental conditions. In three cases, child abuse or infanticide was considered possible but could not be proven despite careful autopsy. In recent years, SIDS incidence in Styria has decreased to approximately 0.18/1,000 live-born infants, and the few deaths still occurring mainly present with the typical risk profile. CONCLUSION: An extensive analysis of SID events is a prerequisite for reliable and comparable SIDS statistics. Our data show that in several SID cases careful post-mortem examinations led to an explanation of death. In other cases, minor alterations may have contributed to the lethal event. These findings should therefore be considered in the classification of SIDs. The ESPID classification of 1992 appears to be very useful for this purpose and its use may therefore be recommended. PMID- 14768537 TI - [Oxidation of inorganic sulfur compounds by obligatory organotrophic bacteria]. AB - New data obtained by the author and other researchers on two different groups of obligately heterotrophic bacteria capable of inorganic sulfur oxidation are reviewed. Among culturable marine and (halo)alkaliphilic heterotrophs oxidizing sulfur compounds (thiosulfate and, much less actively, elemental sulfur and sulfide) incompletely to tetrathionate, representatives of the gammaproteobacteria, especially from the Halomonas group, dominate. Some of denitrifying species from this group are able to carry out anaerobic oxidation of thiosulfate and sulfide using nitrogen oxides as electron acceptors. Despite the low energy output of the reaction of thiosulfate oxidation to tetrathionate, it can be utilized for ATP synthesis by some tetrathionate-producing heterotrophs; however, this potential is not always realized during their growth. Another group of marine and (halo)alkaliphilic heterotrophic bacteria capable of complete oxidation of sulfur compounds to sulfate mostly includes representatives of the alphaproteobacteria most closely related to nonsulfur purple bacteria. They can oxidize sulfide (polysulfide), thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur via sulfite to sulfate but neither produce nor oxidize tetrathionate. All of the investigated sulfate-forming heterotrophic bacteria belong to lithoheterotrophs, being able to gain additional energy from the oxidation of sulfur compounds during heterotrophic growth on organic substrates. Some doubtful cases of heterotrophic sulfur oxidation described in the literature are also discussed. PMID- 14768538 TI - [Role of hydrogenases 1 and 2 in the hydrogen dependent nitrate respiration by Escherichia coli]. AB - The study of Escherichia coli mutants synthesizing either hydrogenase 1 (HDK203) or hydrogenase 2 (HDK103) showed that the nitrate-dependent uptake of hydrogen by E. coli cells can be accomplished through the action of either of these hydrogenases. The capability of the cells for hydrogen-dependent nitrate respiration was found to be dependent on the growth conditions. E. coli cells grown anaerobically without nitrate in the presence of glucose were potentially capable of nitrate-dependent hydrogen consumption. The cells grown anaerobically in the presence of nitrate exhibited a much lower capability for nitrate dependent hydrogen consumption. The inhibitory effect of nitrate on this capability of bacterial cells was either weak (the mutant HDK203) or almost absent (the mutant HDK103) when the cells were grown in the presence of peptone and hydrogen. Hydrogen stimulated the growth of the wild-type strain and the mutant HDK103 (but not the mutant HDK203) cultivated in the medium with nitrate and peptone. These data suggest that hydrogenase 2 is much more active in catalyzing the nitrate-dependent hydrogen consumption than is hydrogenase 1. PMID- 14768539 TI - [Fluorene degradation by bacteria of the genus Rhodococcus]. AB - Of the four investigated Rhodococcus strains (R. rhodochrous 172, R. opacus 4a and 557, and R. rhodnii 135), the first three strains were found to be able to completely transform fluorene when it was present in the medium as the sole source of carbon at a concentration of 12-25 mg/l. At a fluorene concentration of 50-100 mg/l in the medium, the rhodococci transformed 50% of the substrate in 14 days. The addition of casamino acids and sucrose (1-5 g/l) stimulated fluorene transformation, so that R. rhodochrous 172 could completely transform it in 2-5 days. Nine intermediates of fluorene transformation were isolated, purified, and structurally characterized. It was found that R. rhodnii 135 and R. opacus strains 4a and 557 hydroxylated fluorene with the formation of 2-hydroxyfluorene and 2,7-dihydroxyfluorene. R. rhodochrous 172 transformed fluorene via two independent pathways to a greater degree than did the other rhodococci studied. PMID- 14768540 TI - [Analysis of the anaerobic microbial community capable of degrading p-toluene sulphonate]. AB - Three strains of Clostridium sp., 14 (VKM B-2201), 42 (VKM B-2202), and 21 (VKM B 2279), two methanogens, Methanobacterium formicicum MH (VKM B-2198) and Methanosarcina mazei MM (VKM B-2199), and one sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio sp. SR1 (VKM B-2200), were isolated in pure cultures from an anaerobic microbial community capable of degrading p-toluene sulfonate. Strain 14 was able to degrade p-toluene sulfonate in the presence of yeast extract and bactotryptone and, like strain 42, to utilize p-toluene sulfonate as the sole sulfur source with the production of toluene. p-Toluene sulfonate stimulated the growth of Ms. mazei MM on acetate. The sulfate-reducing strain Desulfovibrio sp. SR1 utilized p-toluene sulfonate as an electron acceptor. The putative scheme of p-toluene sulfonate degradation by the anaerobic microbial community is discussed. PMID- 14768541 TI - [A new aerobic gram-positive bacterium with a unique ability to degrade ortho- and para-chlorinated biphenyls]. AB - Strain B51 capable of degrading polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) was isolated from soil contaminated with wastes from the chemical industry. Based on its morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the strain was identified as a Microbacterium sp. Experiments with washed cells showed that strain B51 is able to degrade ortho- and para-substituted mono-, di-, and trichlorinated biphenyls (MCB, DCB, and TCB, respectively). Unlike the known PCB degraders, Microbacterium sp. B51 is able to oxidize the ortho-chlorinated ring of 2,2'-DCB and 2,4'-DCB and the para-chlorinated ring of 4.4'-DCB. The degradation of 2,4'-DCB and 4,4' DCB was associated with the accumulation of 4-chlorobenzoic acid (4-CBA) in the medium in amounts comprising 80-90% of the theoretical yield. The strain was able to utilize 2-MCB, 2,2'-DCB, and their intermediate 2-CBA and to oxidize the mono(ortho)-chlorinated ring of 2,4,2'-TCB and the di(ortho-para)-chlorinated ring of 2,4,4'-TCB. A mixed culture of Microbacterium sp. B51 and the 4-CBA degrading bacterium Arthrobacter sp. H15 was found to grow well on 1 g/l 2,4'-DCB as the sole source of carbon and energy. PMID- 14768543 TI - [A new regulatory function of the A-factor--stimulation of the streptomyces spore germination]. AB - Spore germination in streptomycetes was shown to be stimulated by exogenously added A-factor. Agar medium either containing or not containing A-factor was inoculated with spore suspensions of three strains differing in their ability to produce regulators of the A-factor group: Streptomyces griseus 773, which produces A-factor and two its lower homologs, S. coelicolor A3(2), which forms six AcL-factors (A-factor analogues), and S. avermitilis JCM5070, which fails to form regulators of this group. The count of the grown colonies showed that exogenous A-factor stimulated spore germination in strains that were themselves able to synthesize regulators of the A-factor group. In S. griseus 773, the number of germinated spores increased by 67% on average after the addition A factor to the medium in an amount 10 micrograms/ml. In strain S. coelicolor A3 (2), the number of germinated spores increased by 75% after the addition of 1 microgram/ml of A-factor. During germination of the S. avermitilis JCM5070 spores, no changes in the CFU number was observed after the addition of A-factor. PMID- 14768542 TI - [Search for A factor-dependent variants in actinomycete population]. AB - A study of 28 nocardia-like, asporogenous, and oligosporous spontaneous morphological variants belonging to 23 species of streptomycetes revealed five strains producing regulators of the A-factor group. Streptomyces griseus 1439, which forms aerial mycelium and spores only in the presence of exogenous A-factor was used as the test strain. Among the 28 spontaneous variants, three new A factor-dependent strains were revealed, which represented the species Streptomyces griseus, S. citreofluorescens, and S. viridovulgaris subsp. albomarinus. These weakly differentiated variants id not produce A-factor and behaved as its recipients, responding by changes in their morphological characteristics at a concentration of this regulator in the medium of 0.01 microgram/ml and higher. The original collection strains in whose populations the variants were selected produced substances of the A-factor group. The A-factor dependent variants differed in the level of the regulator required for maximal expression of the morphological characteristics were shown: it was necessary to introduce the A-factor at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml for S. citreofluorescens and S. viridovulgaris subsp. albomarinus and at 10 micrograms/ml for S. griseus. PMID- 14768545 TI - [Conjugal plasmid transfer in Bacillus subtilis in soil microcosms]. AB - Conjugal transfer of the small plasmid pUB110 between Bacillus subtilis strains was studied under conditions of microcosms with sterile and nonsterile soil. Plasmid transfer proved to be possible after soil inoculation with vegetative partner cells or with their spores. Plasmid transfer occurred at temperatures of 30 degrees C and 22-23 degrees C. PMID- 14768544 TI - [Sporangiospores of the fungus Mucor lusitanicus 12M: correlation between lipid composition, viability, and morphology of growth upon germination]. AB - We studied viability of sporangiospores from a surface culture of the fungus Mucor lusitanicus 12M grown on wheat bran. With culture ageing, the sporangiospores exhibited a tendency toward dimorphic growth upon germination and then lost the ability to germinate. This correlated with changes in the sporangiospore lipid composition, which involved a reduction in the total lipid pool and in the levels of reserve lipids and phospholipids in particular. We suggest that lipid catabolism in sporangiospores causes their defectiveness in the senescent culture. PMID- 14768546 TI - [The cotransduction of pET system plasmids by mutants of T4 and RB43 bacteriophages]. AB - The study of the cotransduction of the plasmid pairs pET-3a-pLysE and pET-3a pLysS by the mutant phage T4alc7 showed that the antibiotic resistance markers of the plasmids were cotransduced with a high frequency. The analysis of the plasmid DNA of cotransductants and cotransformants showed that the mutant phage T4alc7 can be used for obtaining the monomeric and oligomeric forms of plasmids and for the cotransduction of two-plasmid overproduction systems into E. coli strains. The plaque mutants RB43-03 and RB43-13 derived from bacteriophage RB43 were found to be able to cotransduce the antibiotic resistance markers of pET-3a and pLysE plasmids. PMID- 14768547 TI - [Atypical cell forms overproducing extracellular substances in population of cycad cyanobionts]. AB - The ultrastructure of the cyanobionts of the greenhouse-grown cycads Cycas circinalis, Ceratozamia mexicana, and Encephalartos villosus was studied. The cyanobiont microcolonies grown in the intercellular space of the cyanobacterial zone of cortical parenchyma in the cycad coralloid roots contained two specific forms of vegetative cells with a reduced cell wall, namely, protoplasts and spheroplasts. The protoplasts and spheroplasts exhibited ultrastructural changes indicating the overproduction of two extracellular substances, one of which resembled the mucilage polysaccharides and the other was proteinous. The substances were likely to be synthesized intracellularly and then be excreted with the aid of surface vesicles or by channels in the cytoplasmic membrane to form, respectively, a slimy extracellular matrix and an additional electron opaque envelope around the cell. At the late developmental stages, the excretion of these substances was accompanied by degradative changes in the cells, leading eventually to cell death. The physiological role of these specific cell forms and the factors that induce their development and death in the cell populations of cyanobionts are discussed. PMID- 14768548 TI - [Heterocysts with reduced cell walls in populations of cycad cyanobionts]. AB - The ultrastructure of the cyanobionts of the greenhouse-grown cycads Cycads circinalis, Ceratozamia mexicana, and Encephalartos villosus was studied. In addition to heterocysts with the typical ultrastructure, the cyanobiont microcolonies also contained altered heterocysts with reduced cell walls, which might dominate in all regions of the coralloid roots. The altered heterocysts represented a protoplast enclosed in a heterocyst-specific envelope with additional layers. Some heterocysts contained an additional reticular protoplast enclosing sheath below the heterocyst-specific envelope, whereas the other heterocysts contained an additional electron-opaque outer layer. The substance of the inner sheath of the former heterocysts resembled the polysaccharides of mucilage, which fills the intercellular space of plant tissues, whereas the electron-opaque outer layer of the latter heterocysts probably had a protein nature. The substances that constitute the sheath and the outer layer are likely to be synthesized intracellularly and then released with the aid of membrane bounded vesicles or by channels in the cytoplasmic membrane. PMID- 14768549 TI - [The fungus Penicillium citrinum Thom 1910 VKM FW-800 isolated from ancient permafrost sediments as a producer of the ergot alkaloids agroclavine-1 and epoxyagroclavine-1]. AB - The study of the secondary metabolites of the relict strain Penicillium citrinum VKM FW-800 isolated from ancient Arctic permafrost sediments showed that this fungus produces agroclavine-1 and epoxyagroclavine-1, which are rare ergot alkaloids with the 5R,10S configuration of the tetracyclic ergoline ring system. The production of the alkaloids by the fungus showed a biphasic behavior, being intense in the phase of active growth and slowing down in the adaptive lag phase and in the stationary growth phase. The addition of zinc ions to the incubation medium led to a fivefold increase in the yield of the alkaloids. The alkaloids producing Penicillium fungi isolated from different regions exhibited the same tendencies of growth and alkaloid production. PMID- 14768550 TI - [A new basidiomycetous yeast species, Cryptococcus mycelialis, related to Holtermannia Saccardo et Traverso]. AB - A new species of the genus Cryptococcus, Cr. mycelialis (the type strain VKM Y 2863), is described based on the taxonomic study of four strains isolated from the soil and plant samples collected on the South Georgia and East Falkland islands. This species differs from the known Cryptococcus species in its ability to form a true monokaryotic mycelium with pseudoclamp connections and haustoria. The species can be distinguished from the phylogenetically related and phenotypically similar species Holtermannia corniformis and Cr. nyarrowii by some assimilatory reactions, maximum growth temperature, and sensitivity to mycocins. PMID- 14768551 TI - [Serological heterogeneity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens strains and their ecological niches]. AB - The paper deals with a comparative analysis of the serological and ecological properties of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens strains from the collections of microbial cultures at the Malkov Institute for Plant Genetic Resources and Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology. All of the strains from the Bulgarian collection, except for one, fall into five serogroups (II through VI) of the classification system of Pastushenko and Simonovich. The P. syringae pv. atrofaciens strains isolated from Bulgarian and Ukrainian wheats belong mainly to serogroups II and IV, respectively. The strains that were isolated from rye plants belong to serogroup I. The strains isolated from sorghum and Sudan grass belong to serogroups II, IV, and VL. Serogroup III includes the P. syringae pv. atrofaciens strains that were isolated from cereals in the United Kingdom but not in Ukraine. PMID- 14768552 TI - [Identification of the yeast species Saccharomyces bayanus in Far East Asia]. AB - The genetic and molecular genetic analyses of nine Far East Asian Saccharomyces isolates allowed us to identify three species (S. cerevisiae, S. paradoxus, and S. bayanus). The occurrence of the last species in Far East Asia was shown for the first time. A new method for the molecular genetic differentiation of Saccharomyces sensu stricto species is described. The ecogeographical distribution of Saccharomyces yeasts is discussed. PMID- 14768553 TI - [Quantitative isolation of microbial DNA from the different types of soils of natural and agricultural ecosystems]. AB - A novel procedure was developed for direct quantitative isolation of microbial DNA from soil. This technique was used to evaluate microbial DNA pools in soils of contrasting types (chernozems and brown forest soils) under different anthropogenic loads. A strong correlation was found between microbial biomass and DNA contents in soils of different types (R2 = 0.799). The ratio of soil CO2 emission rate to the amount of extractable DNA in the soil was shown to reflect physiological state of the soil microbial community; this ratio can be used as an ecophysiological parameter similarly to the metabolic quotient qCO2. PMID- 14768554 TI - [Extractable microbial DNA pool and microbial activity in paleosols of Southern Ural]. AB - An evaluation of microbial DNA pools was performed using direct quantitative isolation of DNA from contemporary soils of Southern Urals and paleosols sealed under burial mounds of early Bronze Age more than 5000 years B.P. Significant regression dependence was found between the biomass and DNA contents in these soils (R2 = 0.97). Activity and dominant ecological strategies of microbial communities of paleosols and contemporary southern black soil were compared from growth parameters obtained by analysis of respiratory curves. The ratio of maximum specific growth rates of soil microorganisms on glucose and on yeast extract was shown to provide an auxotrophy index for soil microbial communities. PMID- 14768555 TI - [Soil drying as a model for the action of stress factors on the natural bacterial population]. AB - The drying of soil samples reduced the abundance (especially of predominant species) and the diversity of bacteria isolated from these samples, making easier the isolation of rare bacterial species. Some bacterial species that were minor before soil drying became dominant in dried soil samples. In general, soil drying allowed the diversity of soil bacteria to be determined more adequately. The bacteria that were isolated from dried soil samples turned out to be resistant to gamma radiation (with LD90 = 2.8-4.6 kGy) and desiccation. It is concluded that soil drying may serve as a model for the action of stress factors on natural bacterial populations. The hypothesis that periodic desiccation was the primary cause of formation of bacterial radioresistance in nature is discussed. PMID- 14768556 TI - [Sterols of the fungus Mucor hiemalis sporangiospores]. AB - We earlier reported that the viability and lipid composition of Mucor hiemalis F 1156 sporangiospores, as well as their capacity to develop yeast-like cells, depend on the age of the spore-forming culture [1]. With the increase in the time of the culture growth, sporangiospores exhibit a decrease in the levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, cardiolipin, and reserve lipids, as well as in the degree of fatty acid unsaturation, whereas the level of glycolipids increases. However, sterol composition was not been studied. Sterols are involved in morphogenetic processes [2, 3], and therefore we suggested that sporangiospores from senescent cultures, which, upon germination, develop mycelium and yeast-like cells, may exhibit a distinctive sterol pattern, along with the changed composition of fatty acids and polar and neutral lipids. PMID- 14768557 TI - [Spatial phosphorus retention in an agricultural headwater stream]. AB - The spatial dynamics of phosphorus and suspended solids were investigated for two years in a 1.8 km agricultural headwater stream, located by Chaohu Lake, southeastern China. The stream form was greatly modified by human activities. The stream could be divided into 4 channelized reaches (1.3 km), a pond reach (0.15 km) and 3 estuary reaches (0.36 km). It was found that the retention of total phosphorus (TP), phosphate and total suspended solids (TSS) predominantly occurred in the pond reach and estuary reaches. TP, phosphate and TSS retained in the pond and estuary reaches accounted for more than 50% of those retained in whole stream. The retention mostly happened in the precipitation-runoff events and it was 10 to 27 times than that in baseflow. The results showed that channelized reaches were the most important source for pollutant release under either runoff or baseflow conditions, and it accounted for more than 90% of whole stream release. There was a high spatial variation of nutrient dynamics in different channelized reaches. The channelized reach directly discharging into the pond did always retain nutrients and TSS under base flow and runoff, whereas the other channelized reaches performed differently in different hydrological conditions. Stream forms, hydrological conditions, and nutrients characteristics controlled the high spatial variation of the nutrients and TSS in the stream, while the human practices would accelerate these spatial patterns. PMID- 14768558 TI - [Comparison of optimum, RSA and GLUE methods in parameter identification of a nonlinear environmental model]. AB - Parameter identification plays a key role in environmental model application. The optimization method is one of the earliest and most widely used methods. However, as the parameters by optimization may not fully fit the observations, there is a risk that the errors may be enhanced in the decision-make stage. With this deficiency in consideration, the RSA and GLUE algorithms search for the feasible parameters not only to the optimum but also around the neighbors. The difference between RSA and GLUE is that the RSA accepts the estimated parameters equally as the candidates for application; while the GLUE keeps the difference among the parameters as measured by likelihood. In addition for parameter identification, both RSA and GLUE are efficient tools for global sensitivity analysis. PMID- 14768559 TI - [The emission flux of volatile organic compounds in the Inner Mongolia Grassland]. AB - During the summer season of 2002, emissions of volatile organic compounds were firstly measured by a static enclosure technique at a grassland site in the Inner Mongolia grassland. The parameters including solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity were also measured in the same time period. The results showed that isoprene was the main component of volatile organic compounds emitted from the grassland. Isoprene exhibited an evident diurnal, daily and seasonal variation. Solar visible radiation, air temperature and water vapor content were the main factors to affect isoprene emission, and solar visible radiation was the most important factor to control the isoprene emission. Base on the correlation analysis, when considering the affecting factors of isoprene emission, it is not only to consider solar visible radiation, temperature, but also the water vapor. It is impossible to avoid the changes of solar radiation, temperature and humidity between inside and outside the chamber by using the enclosure technique. So, it is necessary to take these effects into the considerations and modify isoprene emission. In summer 2002, the maximum emission flux (C) of isoprene was 1649.3 micrograms/(m2.h), and monthly averaged emission flux (C) in June, August and September were 886.6, 707.0 and 427.2 micrograms/(m2.h), respectively. PMID- 14768560 TI - [The temporal variations of soil respiration under different land use in Liupan Mountain forest zone]. AB - The temporal variations of soil respiration under cropland, rangeland, natural secondary forest (brushwood, nature secondary forest dominated by Querces liaotungensis koiz or Populus davidiana dode) and the plantation of larch (13, 18 and 25-year-old Larix principis-rupprechtil mayr) in Liupan Mountain forest zone was studied. It was found that the rate of soil respiration increased with increasing soil temperature during diurnal variation and the highest temperature was from 13:00 o'clock to 15:00 o'clock, the lowest temperature was from 04:00 o'clock and 08:00 o'clock, the variation of soil respiration rate appeared same trend. The daily rate of soil respiration increased from May to October and which was the highest from August to September and declined on October. The diurnal or seasonal variation of soil respiration rate mainly consisted with the diurnal or seasonal variation of soil temperature and its range under cropland or rangeland was greater than which under forestland (natural secondary forest, plantation or brushwood). The highest rate of soil respiration for diurnal or seasonal variation of soil CO2 efflux under cropland or rangeland was higher than which under the forestland, while the lowest rate of soil respiration under cropland or rangeland was lowered than which under forestland. Annual rate of respiration for natural secondary forest, cropland, rangeland and plantation was 3.96-4.51 t/(hm2.a), 1.91 t/(hm2.a), 5.08 t/(hm2.a) and 4.11-5.55 t/(hm2.a) respectively. The results shows that the diurnal or seasonal variation range of soil respiration rate would increase with conversion from natural forests to cropland or rangeland, while which would decrease following afforestation under cropland or rangeland. In addition, the annual respiration rate would also change with change in land use. PMID- 14768561 TI - [Characteristics and sources of trace elements in ambient PM2.5 in Beijing]. AB - To understand concentration levels and sources of trace elements in PM2.5(particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 microns) concentration and composition in the ambient air of Beijing, weekly samples were simultaneously collected for one year in Chegongzhuang and Qinghuayuan. Trace elements exhibited similar significant weekly variations. The strongest weekly shift occurred in winter, which reached as high as a factor of 1.6 for two consecutive weeks. No obvious seasonal pattern was found for trace elements except for that their average concentrations were much higher in winter. The EFs of trace elements were lowest in spring, probably due to frequent dust storms resulting in reduced contribution of anthropogenic sources and increased contribution of soil dust. The ambient concentrations of Se, Br, and Pb were about 1000-8000 times higher than those expected from the crustal soil in Beijing. Se was most enriched in PM2.5, reflecting the characteristics of fine particles from coal burning in Beijing. The annual mean concentration of Pb of 0.31 microgram.m-3 did not exceeded the WHO annual standard, but was at very high level compared to those measured in Los Angles and Brisbane. Comparison analysis of Pb with Br and Se shows that coal burning is probably another major source of Pb in PM2.5 other than vehicle emission. PMID- 14768562 TI - [The contribution of maize and soybean to N2O emission from the soil-plant system during seedling stage]. AB - To fractionate the contribution of plant to N2O emission from soil-plant system, the N2O emissions from soybean seedling, maize seedling, sand, soil, sand-plant system and soil-plant system were measured by closed chamber method in greenhouse. At the same time the correlation of plant N2O emission with nitrate reductase activity, nitrate content and nitrite content of the plant leaves was also analyzed. The results clearly indicated that N2O could be a by-product of plant metabolism. The emissions of N2O from maize and soybean accounted for 93% 100% of the total N2O emissions in the sand-plant systems, and 79.18%-92% in the soil-plant systems. The flux of plant N2O emission was significantly correlated (R2 > or = 0.97, n = 6) with the nitrate reductase activities, nitrate content and nitrite content of the maize and soybean leaves. PMID- 14768563 TI - [Measurements of atmospheric boundary layer O3, NOx and CO in summer with Beijing 325 m meteorological tower]. AB - Based on the Beijing 325 m meteorological tower, O3, NOx and CO concentrations and meteorological parameters in urban atmospheric boundary layer were measured in July 2002. The variations of O3 concentration were remarkably different among the five levels. Contrasted with the higher levels, the daily variations were clear and the difference values between day and night were large in the lower levels. It was also found that the photochemistry reaction was an important source in boundary layer in daytime and precipitation process could arouse marked change of O3 concentration. PMID- 14768564 TI - [Comparison of migration characteristic of 3H and 99Tc in loess]. AB - 3H and 99Tc are important nuclides in low and intermediate level radioactive wastes, and in safety assessment of near surface repository their migration characteristic usually determines the computing result. The medium of loess appears to possess the characteristic of weak adsorption ability to 3H and 99Tc when they are migrating in it, so the adsorption ability are often neglected, and 3H are used to identify groundwater velocity. But in the field test it was showed that in the aerated zone loess possesses stronger adsorption ability to 99Tc than to 3H, and in the aquifer the stronger adsorption ability to 3H than to 99Tc. In this paper the migration tests of 3H and 99Tc were simulated by NESOR program of non-equilibrium adsorption model. The results show: 99Tc distribution coefficient ranges 0.05-0.055 mL/g in the aerated zone, 3H distribution coefficient is 0.116 mL/g in the aquifer, and the parameter reflects integrated impact of loess on 3H and 99Tc, and the mechanism of them being retarded still need proving. PMID- 14768565 TI - [Photocatalytic degradation of low level toluene in the gas phase]. AB - Photocatalytic degradation of low level toluene in the gas phase at low retention time (17s-83s) was studied. The effects of the inlet concentration, retention time, relative humidity, ultraviolet wavelength and carrier of the catalyst were investigated, as well as the change of the photocatalytic degradation capability with the load. It was showed that the degradation rate of toluene at low retention time decreased with increase of inlet concentration, and it decreased more significantly at shorter retention time. Within a range of retention time, the degradation of toluene followed with first order kinetics approximately, and the reaction rate constant increased with inlet concentration. The relative humidity affected the degradation rate a little when the inlet concentration was low. The photocatalytic degradation rate when irradiated with low-pressure mercury lamp (254 nm) was significantly higher than that irradiated with black light lamp having same power. The photocatalyst coated on the stainless steel mesh showed higher activity while it was on the mesh with higher number, however it was not as good as the photocatalyst coated on the aluminum plate. PMID- 14768566 TI - [The experimental study to Hg0 adsorption of fly ash in flue gas]. AB - Through the simulation experimentation, the Hg adsorption characteristics of fly ash in flue gas were studied carefully in laboratory. From the experiment results it was found that Hg adsorption capacity of different porous medium in fly ash was different obviously. Unburned carbon had higher Hg adsorption capacity. The surface-area of BET sorbent had positive correlation with Hg adsorption capacity. Hg concentration in blend gas had non-linearity relationship with Hg adsorption capacity. Hg adsorption capacity of 5 x 10(-7) Hg concentration was only 1/2 compared to that of 5 x 10(-6). Adsorption temperature had negative correlation with it. C=O in unburnt carbon surface was beneficial to oxidation and chemic adsorption of Hg. It was obtained that the porous structure and huge surface-area of the unburned carbon was benefit to the Hg adsorption in flue gas. PMID- 14768567 TI - [The utility boiler low NOx combustion optimization based on ANN and simulated annealing algorithm]. AB - With the developing restrict environmental protection demand, more attention was paid on the low NOx combustion optimizing technology for its cheap and easy property. In this work, field experiments on the NOx emissions characteristics of a 600 MW coal-fired boiler were carried out, on the base of the artificial neural network (ANN) modeling, the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm was employed to optimize the boiler combustion to achieve a low NOx emissions concentration, and the combustion scheme was obtained. Two sets of SA parameters were adopted to find a better SA scheme, the result show that the parameters of T0 = 50 K, alpha = 0.6 can lead to a better optimizing process. This work can give the foundation of the boiler low NOx combustion on-line control technology. PMID- 14768568 TI - [Reparation and desulfurization of Na2CO3/straw sorbents for removing SO2 from flue gas]. AB - A series of SO2 sorbents 5%-90% (mass percent) Na2CO3/straw were prepared by conventional incipient wetness impregnation of straw with an aqueous solution of Na2CO3. It was showed that small particle size (< or = 0.28 mm) of the straw and low flow rate (40 mL/min) of the feed gas favor the removal of SO2, while temperature (70 degrees C-300 degrees C) has little effect on the desulfurization efficiency. Based on XRD, SEM and ATR-IR analysis it can be concluded that the Na2CO3 on the surface of the straw is mainly in an amorphous state. The unique structural features of the straw and its interaction with Na2CO3 lead to the amorphous structure having greater surface area (12.14 m2/g) and pore volume (0.093 cm3/g) with a high loading of Na2CO3. PMID- 14768569 TI - [The treatment of odor containing hydrogen sulfide released in the wastewater of pharmaceutical factory by high efficient bio-reactor with the packed stuffing]. AB - The removal experiment of odor containing hydrogen sulfide(H2S) from sewage disposal plant of pharmaceutical factory was carried out continuously by biological deodorization reactor packed with ZX01 stuffing. The results suggested that removal efficiency of hydrogen sulfide was nearly 100% and metabolism products of H2S was mainly composed of SO4(2-), when the maximum influent load of the bio-reactor was 204 g/(m3.h). When effluent wastewater from second setting pit was used as spray water which containing a small quantity of nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements, the optimum volume of spray water was 3.56 L/(L.d). The bio-reactor had stronger ability to resist shock of high concentration load. The bio-reactor was not blocked during experiment of six months in which resistance was maintained at lower value, therefore, the bio reactor need not carry out a back washing frequently, and it can be operated steadily for long-term. PMID- 14768570 TI - [Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons dissolved in nonionic surfactants]. AB - Using three typical nonionic surfactants (Tween80, Tween20 and Triton X-100), the solubilization of four kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) e.g. naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene and pyrene, were characterized. It was found that not only nonionic surfactants could enhance the solubilization of PAHs greatly in the range of concentration above critical micellar concentration (CMC), but also the solubility had the linear relationship with the concentration of nonionic surfactants. The effect of solubilization enhancement at three surfactants was Triton X-100 > Tween80 > Tween20. In the three nonionic surfactants solution the micelle-aqueous phase partitioning coefficient (K(m)) had very good linear proportional to the octanol-water partitioning coefficient (Kow) for the four tested PAHs. PMID- 14768571 TI - [Aerobic biodegradation performance of six volatile organic compounds by activated sludge acclimated with toluene]. AB - The degradation performance of six volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toluene, o xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, benzene and chlorobenzene by activated sludge acclimated with toluene were studied. The experimental results showed that the biodegradation rates of o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, benzene and chlorobenzene increased with increasing of their initial liquid concentration; when concentrations of o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, benzene and chlorobenzene were less than 149 mg/L, 129 mg/L, 133 mg/L, 234 mg/L and 146 mg/L respectively, neither of them brought any notable inhibition or poisonous effects on microbes, and their aerobic biodegradation accorded with first-order reaction. When concentrations of toluene were more than 85 mg/L, its biodegradation rate didn't increase with increasing of its initial liquid concentration and the biodegradation of toluene accorded with the Monod equation. PMID- 14768572 TI - [Eletrocatalytic oxidation for organic pollutant on the nanoparticle platinum coated titanium electrode]. AB - The nanoparticle platinum coated titanium electrode was prepared using the method of electrochemical cathodic reduction followed by anodic oxidation. The surface microstructure of electrode has demonstrated that platinum particles dispersed in the three-dimensional network of channels of the titanium oxide film were in the supper-fine and well-distributed state. The nanoparticle platinum electrode owned plenty of active points and well electrocatalytic property based on the exposed platinum particles with very small diameters. Electrochemical behaviors of two kinds of platinum electrode for methanol has been performed through Cyclic Voltammetry. The results have showed that the nanoparticle platinum electrode had a much better electrocatalytic property for methanol than smooth platinum electrode in acidic, neutral or alkaline medium. The oxidation current densities on nanoparticle platinum electrode are over 100 times of that on smooth platinum electrode. Furthermore, the values of average current efficiency on nanoparticle platinum electrode are several times of that on smooth platinum electrode when degrading three kinds of organics methanol, phenol and methyl orange. This clearly revealed that the nanoparticle platinum electrode had stronger ability to degrade organic pollutants. PMID- 14768573 TI - [Effects of chelating agents on toxicity of copper to Elsholtzia splendens]. AB - Effects of chelating agents on toxicity of copper to and bioaccumulation in Elsholtzia splendens were investigated. EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) inhibited plant growth, decreased the biomass, chlorophyll content and root activity. EDTA had very low or no influence on the toxicity of copper to Elsholtzia splendens. DTPA decreased copper-induced toxicity. DTPA decreased copper accumulation in Elsholtzia splendens. EDTA increased copper transfer from the subterranean part to the aerial part of the plant. PMID- 14768574 TI - [Biotoxicity of zinc in the marine sediment to amphipod Grandidierella japonica]. AB - The utility of simultaneously extracted metals/acid-volatile sulfide (SEM-AVS) differences was investigated to explain the biological toxicity of zinc in the sediments to benthic organisms exposed in the laboratory to sediments. Amphipod Grandidierella japonica was selected to 10-day acute toxicity test for this purpose. The investigation results showed that when the molar difference between SEMZn and AVS (i.e., SEMZn-AVS) was < 0 mumol/g, the concentration of zinc in the sediment interstitial water was low and few toxic effects were observed. Conversely, when SEMZn-AVS exceeded 0 mumol/g, a dose-dependent increase in the relative concentration of zinc in the pore water was detected and apparent organisms toxic effects were observed. Together, the chemical data from this study compare with observations made in short-term exposures and thus support the use of AVS as a normalization phase for predicting toxicity in metal-contaminated sediments. PMID- 14768575 TI - [Oxidation treatment of formaldehyde-containing wastewater by electro-Fenton method]. AB - The mechanisms of affecting factors in treating formaldehyde-containing organic wastewater by electro-Fenton reactor which had granular carbon as the filled electrode were investigated. The optimal operating conditions determined by orthogonal experiments and individual factor experiments were as following: 90 min, 25 V, 30 degrees C-40 degrees C, insulating carbon content 40%, Fe2+ concentration 300 mg/L at pH < 3.5. Formaldehyde degradation mechanisms were proposed after analyzing the oxidation products with UV absorbance spectrum. Experiment of treating the actual wastewater using this method were also performed. The removal rates of formaldehyde and CODCr were about 90%, 30%, respectively. In addition, the operating cost was 42.3% less than that of treatment by Fenton method. PMID- 14768576 TI - [The use of chemical uncoupler to reduce sludge yield in activated sludge process]. AB - To determine whether chemical additions can be used to reduce sludge production in biological wastewater treatment, 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS), served as a metabolic uncoupler was added to activated sludge cultures. The batch tests have confirmed that TCS is an effective chemical uncoupler in reducing the sludge yield when its concentration is higher than 1.0 mg/L. It was showed that TCS was able to reduce sludge yield by approximately 50% when the TCS concentration was 6.0 mg/L. It was also revealed that substrate removal capability and effluent nitrogen concentration were not affected adversely by the presence of TCS when TCS was dosed every other day in a range of 2.0-3.6 mg/L during the 40 d operation of activated sludge batch cultures. Such a sludge growth reduction is associated with the enhancement of microbial activities in terms of the SOUR and dehydrogenase activity. Sludge settleability from the treated and control samplers was comparable and not significantly different. Meanwhile, there was a finding that the filamentous bacteria still grow in sludge floc in the control reactor after 40 d operation. These results suggested that it might be possible to apply TCS in activated sludge systems to reduce the excess sludge yield. PMID- 14768577 TI - [Degradation kinetics for Fhhh strain in PTA wastewater]. AB - Degradation kinetics of the purified terephthalic acid (PTA) petrochemical wastewater with the functional strain Fhhh was conducted in this research. Inputting the values of the 6 kinetics parameters obtained from the test, the values of the natural parameter and the values of the standard parameters for discharging wastewater into the environmental biotechnological informatics software (Ebis), the minimum reactor volume (Vmin) required and the specific degradation rate (qA) were calculated based on the activated sludge process. The minimum value of Vmin was 1309 m3 as well as the highest value of qA was 0.0136 h 1 among the Fhhh preparations kept in three different methods. The highest value of Fhhh qA was 4 fold of that of the native bacterium YZ1, and higher than that of the data published by 4 researchers and lower than that of by 2 researchers. The results show that Fhhh has the obvious potential for the degradation of PTA wastewater. PMID- 14768578 TI - [A study on ANAMMOX A2/O process for ammonium-rich leachates]. AB - The ANAMMOX reaction could be realized by recycling the aerobic effluent to the anaerobic fluidized bed. A TN removal rate of 32% could be reached in ANAMMOX A2/O process for the ammonium-rich leachate. It is increased by 15%-20% compared to the A2/O process without ANAMMOX. NO2(-)-N concentration and NO2(-)-N/NOx(-)-N ratio in the aerobic effluent are decreased significantly. The effluent quality is improved. The ANAMMOX reaction has a total reaction order of 3, and the reaction orders for NH4(+)-N, NO2(-)-N and NO3(-)-N are 1. The reaction constant is -3.43E-5 L2.(mmol2.h)-1. PMID- 14768579 TI - [Bio-contact oxidation A/O process experiment on Guanting Reservior water]. AB - The results of the experiments showed that biological contact A/O process had evident removal effect of contaminations such as COD, ammonia nitrogen in water entering into Guanting Reservior and could successfully resume the quality. Under the conditions that air supply flux(gas/ammonia nitrogen) was more than 0.1 L/mg and influent ammonia nitrogen loading was lower than 0.08 kg/(m3.d), effluent COD was steadily 30 mg/L around, ammonia nitrogen removal rate was higher than 60%, and TN removal rate was 1.0%-31.3%. The main control parameter was influent ammonia nitrogen loading, which was proposed to be lower than 0.08 kg/(m3.d). PMID- 14768580 TI - [Study on assistant cleaning of ultrasound for the ultrafiltration membrane]. AB - The effects of ultrasounds with different frequency on membrane performance were investigated in this paper. The experimental results show that there were nearly no effects of 20 W ultrasound on membrane retention coefficient, but it decreased seriously when the ultrasound power was above 30 W. On the basis of these results, low frequency ultrasound (20 W) was introduced to assist the chemical cleaning in the ultrafiltration process of wastewater from bank note printing works. The cleaning time could be shortened from 20-30 min to 5 min by the ultra liberation and ultra-blend effects of ultrasound, therefore, the cleaning efficiency was highly improved. However, the fouling substances could not be cleaned entirely in the simple physical cleaning process by SEM analysis. PMID- 14768581 TI - [Application of BAF-BAC process in advanced treatment of secondary effluent of refinery processing factory]. AB - To find a new advanced technology for wastewater reuse in refinery processing factory, a pilot test using BAF-BAC process was carried out. The results revealed that when the COD concentration of the influent was less than 130 mg/L and BAF filtration rate was lower than 4.24 m/h, the average effluent COD concentration of BAF-BAC process was less than 50 mg/L, average turbidity was 4.46 NTU. At the same time this process has some effective removal rate on ammonia-nitrogen. PMID- 14768582 TI - [Treatment of sulfanilamide production wastewater by resin adsorption technique]. AB - According to the character of sulfanilamide production wastewater, in this paper, the recovery process of sulfanilamide, sodium nitrate in wastewater resulting from manufacturing sulfanilamide was developed by using macro porous resin. The conditions of the resin adsorption and desorption capacity were investigated and the optimal parameters were determined. The results of experiment indicated that this technique was suitable for removal of sulfanilamide from wastewater. About 86% COD removal was obtained under the optimized adsorption conditions, about 86% sulfanilamide and 95% sodium nitrate were recovered from wastewater for possible recycling to the manufacturing process and the recovered sulfanilamide's purity reached 99.8%. The adsorption capacity of resin remained constant during the repetition process of adsorption and desorption. This technique not only eliminates the environmental pollution but also obtain distinct economic benefit. PMID- 14768583 TI - [Experimental research on bioremediation of groundwater contaminated by herbicide atrazine]. AB - The experimental research on the static degradation and treatment of groundwater contaminated by herbicide atrazine was conducted by using bacterium AT which was isolated from the sludge outlet of workshop of the pesticide factory. And the result indicated that bacterium AT had the ability of degradation of atrazine with pH ranged from 5.0 to 10.0, and the optimum extent was 6.5-8.0. The experimental conditions (pH = 7.5, t = 10 degrees C) were similar to that of the aquifer in study area. Then the rate of degradation of atrazine was up to 31.08% for one addition of bacterium AT. And the environmental factors changed simultaneously in the course of experiment such as DO, pH and etc. decreasing with the reducing of concentration of bacterium AT. In addition, a mode of dropping bacteria was designed to simulate the condition of throwing bacteria in field. And the permeability of aquifer decreased 60.54% after treatment and the renewals were 48.96% after washing with clean water for 10 days, which indicated the method of renewal is effectual. PMID- 14768584 TI - [Co-composting high moisture vegetable waste and flower waste in a sequential fed operation]. AB - Co-composting of high moisture vegetable wastes (celery and cabbage) and flower wastes (carnation) were studied in a sequential fed bed. The preliminary materials of composting were celery and carnation wastes. The sequential fed materials of composting were cabbage wastes and were fed every 4 days. Moisture content of mixture materials was between 60% and 70%. Composting was done in an aerobic static bed of composting based temperature feedback and control via aeration rate regulation. Aeration was ended when temperature of the pile was about 40 degrees C. Changes of composting of temperature, aeration rate, water content, organic matter, ash, pH, volume, NH4(+)-N, and NO3(-)-N were studied. Results show that co-composting of high moisture vegetable wastes and flower wastes, in a sequential fed aerobic static bed based temperature feedback and control via aeration rate regulation, can stabilize organic matter and removal water rapidly. The sequential fed operation are effective to overcome the difficult which traditional composting cannot applied successfully where high moisture vegetable wastes in more excess of flower wastes, such as Dianchi coastal. PMID- 14768586 TI - Healthy eating. Cooking 101. Get your kids in the kitchen. PMID- 14768585 TI - Know your ABC's. "A" is for A1C. PMID- 14768587 TI - Fast food & restaurant fare. Wendy's. PMID- 14768588 TI - Medicare. Health insurance counseling is available. PMID- 14768589 TI - Prevention trials. PMID- 14768590 TI - Mr. Food. Man of a thousand recipes. PMID- 14768591 TI - The eyes have it. Take steps now to protect your vision. PMID- 14768592 TI - Dinner with Nicole and Mr. Food. Be prepared. This dinner may well become a favorite with your family. PMID- 14768593 TI - Managing multiple medications. The juggling act. People taking more than one medication at a time need to take extra precautions. PMID- 14768594 TI - Managing multiple medications. Dangerous combinations. Multiple health problems can require multiple prescriptions, but not all combinations are safe. PMID- 14768595 TI - Managing multiple medications. Herbs & supplements. Here's what you need to know to be a wiser consumer of alternative therapies. PMID- 14768596 TI - Managing multiple medications. Take as directed. Taking all your medicines exactly as prescribed pays off with better results. PMID- 14768598 TI - Managing multiple medications. Talking points. How, when, and why to talk to your health care provider about medications. PMID- 14768597 TI - Managing multiple medications. Controlling costs. Twenty ways you can beat the high costs of taking multiple medications. PMID- 14768599 TI - Research profile. the genetics of type 1. Uncovering the secrets. PMID- 14768600 TI - Rosalyn Yalow. Diabetes and the Nobel Prize. PMID- 14768601 TI - Fast food & restaurant fare. Little Caesars. PMID- 14768602 TI - Just for teens. How did this happen? PMID- 14768603 TI - A balancing act. Managing motherhood & diabetes. PMID- 14768604 TI - A word to seniors. Conquer common dental problems. PMID- 14768605 TI - Generic drugs. Save money--but is there a cost? PMID- 14768606 TI - Are you ready for the pump? The decision to use an insulin pump is a serious one. Here are a few questions to consider first. PMID- 14768607 TI - Insulin pump the second time around. Today's insulin pumps are smaller, more versatile, and more colorful. Just ask Kelly Kindilien. PMID- 14768608 TI - Holiday enjoyment 101. Carefree holidays. Ten great ways to reduce seasonal stress. PMID- 14768609 TI - Holiday enjoyment 101. 'Tis the season of weight gain. Surefire tips to avoid an expanding waistline. PMID- 14768610 TI - Holiday enjoyment 101. A holiday meal for the whole family. Here's a meal everyone will enjoy. PMID- 14768611 TI - Holiday enjoyment 101. A holiday brunch for eight. This brunch is a breeze to make and your guests will love it. PMID- 14768612 TI - Holiday enjoyment 101. A holiday meal for a crowd. Don't let a big group intimidate you--this meal will make everybody happy. PMID- 14768613 TI - Holiday enjoyment 101. Nothing but control. Keeping your diabetes under control during the holidays can be tough--unless you have a plan. PMID- 14768614 TI - Holiday enjoyment 101. Present tense. Great holiday gifts for people with diabetes. PMID- 14768615 TI - Research profile. Autoimmunity. Another angle to heart disease. PMID- 14768616 TI - What's in a name? PMID- 14768617 TI - HRT. Findings from the Women's Health Initiative. PMID- 14768619 TI - Healthy eating. Fabulous fiber. PMID- 14768618 TI - Fast food & restaurant fare. Chick-fil-A. PMID- 14768620 TI - [Therapeutic efficacy of treatments aimed at the EGF receptor]. PMID- 14768621 TI - [The Danish Society for the History of Pharmacy 1953-2003]. PMID- 14768622 TI - A novel retractor for use in cochlear implantation. AB - A new self-retaining scalp retractor is described, which elevates the scalp away from the skull to allow better access and vision in preparing the bony recess for a cochlear implant and protect the pericranium from surgical trauma. It is designed for use with the present generation of small vertical scalp incisions in cochlear implant surgery. In these incisions, the part of the skull drilled to create the implant bed is not directly under the wound; instead, it extends under a flap of scalp and pericranium for 5 cm or more. The retractor is simple to use, and the authors believe that it represents a new type of retractor, which may have other uses in the fields of orthopedic; ear, nose, and throat, cosmetic, and plastic surgery. Photographs demonstrate the instrument in use. A cochlear implant company has agreed to manufacture the instrument. PMID- 14768623 TI - Organising a successful journal club. PMID- 14768624 TI - The regulatory effect of polychromatic (visible and infrared) light on human humoral immunity. AB - The immunological effects of visible and infrared light from laser and non-laser sources have remained insufficiently studied, which has restricted the use of light in the treatment of diseases associated with immune system disorders. The present randomised, placebo-controlled double-blind trial was designed to study changes in the humoral immunity of a large group of volunteers after exposure of a small body area to polychromatic visible and infrared polarized (VIP) and non polarized (VInP) light (400-3400 nm, 95% polarization, 40 mW cm(-2), 12 J cm(-2) and 400-3400 nm, no polarization, 38 mW cm(-2), 11.2 J cm(-2), respectively). Serum immunoglobulins (Ig) M, A, and G were determined turbidimetrically, and the immune complexes (ICs) by precipitation with 5% polyethylene glycol and subsequent spectrophotometric analysis. A single VIP irradiation induced an average rise in serum IgM levels of 13% (p < 0.05). By the end of the 10 day course, it has exceeded the baseline level by 26%, with an increase in IgA levels of 17 and 12% (p < 0.04) one week after the last session. In subjects with a high IC content, it decreased rapidly to the normal level. A single exposure of volunteers to VInP light rapidly produced changes similar to those observed on VIP irradiation, but with an increase in IgM 2.3 to 3 times lower, independent of the initial levels. On the other hand, VInP light exposure decreased the IC content more than VIP light. PMID- 14768625 TI - Performing and publishing a randomised controlled trial. PMID- 14768626 TI - How does Mg(2+) affect the binding of anhydrotetracycline in the TetR protein? AB - The binding of anhydrotetracycline (atc) in wild-type TetR(D), TetR(B), and four single tryptophan mutants of TetR(B) was investigated by UV/vis absorption, steady state, and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. From absorption titration experiments with Mg2+, we conclude that binding of one [atc-Mg]+ complex in the homodimer causes changes in the protein conformation around the second binding pocket. In the presence of absence of Mg2+, several different groups of atc-protein arrangements must exist, each with a characteristic atc fluorescence decay time. Taking into account the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we propose as one possible origin for such a differentiation teh extent of hydrogen bonding between atc and the surrounding amino acids. Binding of Mg2+ should change the arrangement of the surrounding amino acids such that some of the excited atc molecules do not undergo the relaxation process typical for free atc. The MD simulations also show that the pattern of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the two monomeric units is no correlated, thereby leading to different fluorescence kinetics for atc in the two monomeric units. Furthermore, it is suggested that hydrogen bonding between Arg104 and O10 of anhydrotetracycline could regulate the relaxation processes of excited anhydrotetracycline. PMID- 14768627 TI - Ultrafast studies of the excited-state dynamics of copper and nickel phthalocyanine tetrasulfonates: potential sensitizers for the two-photon photodynamic therapy of tumors. AB - In order to evaluate the potential of copper and nickel phthalocyanine tetrasulfonates as sensitizers for two-photon photodynamic therapy, we conducted kinetic femtosecond measurements of transient absorption and bleaching of their excited state dynamics in aqueous solution. Samples were pumped with 620 nm and 310 nm laser light, which allowed us to study relaxation processes from both the first and second singlet (or doublet for the copper phthalocyanine) excited states. A second excitation from the first excited triplet state, approximately 685 and 105 ps after the first excitation for copper and nickel phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate respectively, was the most efficient way to bring the molecules to an upper triplet state. Presumably this highest triplet state can inflict molecular damage on adjacent biomolecules int eh absence of oxygen, resulting in the desired cytotoxic cellular response. Transient absorption spectra at different fixed delays indicate that optimum efficiency would require that the second photon has a wavelength of approximately 750 nm. PMID- 14768628 TI - Pilgrimage medicine. PMID- 14768629 TI - Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) of rhodamine 123 in living cells. AB - A novel setup for fluorescence intensity and lifetime imaging (FLIM) of living cells is reported. Time-resolving techniques are combined with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), which permits optical excitation of either plasma membranes or whole cells depending on whether the angle of incidence of the excitation light is greater or smaller than the critical angle for total internal reflection. The method is applied to BKEz-7 endothelial cells incubated with various concentrations of the well established mitochondrial marker rhodamine 123(R123). Measurements show that only at low concentrations this dye is mainly located within the mitochondria, whereas at higher concentrations an accumulation within the plasma membrane occurs as well. Concomitantly, fluorescence quenching in the mitochondria is observed at high concentrations, probably due to aggregation of the R123 molecules. Therefore, for diagnostic applications the concentration of R123 in the incubation medium should not be above 25 microM. PMID- 14768630 TI - Absorption and scattering of light by suspensions of cells and subcellular particles: an analysis in terms of Kramers-Kronig relations. AB - An analysis of light scattering from suspensions of pigmented cells and particles is undertaken, and a practicable method, requiring only the experimentally measured extinction spectra, is documented. The analysis is based on two premises: Absorption and selective scattering from a single pool of pigments satisfy the Kramers-Kronig relations, which imply that one can be derived from the other; pigment-free domains contribute only nonselective scattering. This approach succeeds in simulating the spectra of many systems (human erythrocytes, chloroplasts and subchloroplast particles, algal cells) over a wide spectral range. Other, less favourable, cases are also examined, but even here the apparent discrepancy between theory adn experiment provides some clues that cannot be gleaned from absorption data alone. PMID- 14768631 TI - One-and two-photon photostability of 9,9-didecyl-2-7-bis(N,N diphenlamino)fluorene. AB - The quantum yields of the photochemical reactions of 9,9-didecyl-2,7-bis(N,N diphenylamino)fluorene have been determined in hexane and CH2Cl2 under one-photon (linear) and near-IR two-photon (nonlinear) absorption conditions. The photochemical decomposition proceeds by a first-order reaction and is independent of the type of excitation (one- or two-photon). In hexane solution, the quantum yields of the photoreactions are in the range (2-5) x 10(-4) and increase dramatically to 10(-2) in CH2Cl2. The predominant mechanisms of the photoreactions and the photoproducts products which result were investigated via UV-visible absorption, fluorescence, and excitation anisotropy spectral methods. PMID- 14768632 TI - Effect of silver deposits on the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide for the removal of 2-chlorophenol in water. AB - The effect of Ag photodeposition on the rate of photocatalytic degradation of 2 chlorophenol (2-CP) in aqueous suspensions of Degussa P 25 titanium dioxide has been studied using HPLC. For Ag contents between 5 x 10(-6) and 1.6 x 10(-4) wt%, the rate was slowest int he absence of Ag and increased with increasing Ag content. For a Ag content of 6 x 10(-4) wt%, the degradation rate was about 50% faster than with bare TiO2, and decreased for a Ag content of 7.2 x 10(-4) wt% and beyond, eventually becoming slower than unmodified TiO2. Bare TiO2 has been compared with the 6 x 10(-4) wt% Ag-TiO2 sample in terms of the variation of chlorohydroquinone (CHQ) and chloro-1,4-benzoquinone (CBQ) concentrations during 2-CP degradation, and also for the degradation of CHQ and CBQ separately. On the basis of these experiments, it is tentatively suggested that the net effect of Ag on 2-CP removal results from opposite influences, viz. the Ag+ cation-induced oxidation of CHQ to CBQ and the Ag0 particle-induced recombination of photoproduced charges, both influences being assumed to depend on the Ag particle size, itself related to the Ag content. PMID- 14768633 TI - "Milky" urine: a case of chyluria. PMID- 14768634 TI - Adhesion molecules in cellular interactions. PMID- 14768635 TI - Playing tag with Chlamydomonas. PMID- 14768637 TI - To see what you eat. PMID- 14768638 TI - [Antoine-Francois de Fourcroy (1755-1809), promoter of Germinal an VI law]. AB - As introduction the regulation of Pharmacy from the College of Pharmacie creation to Germinal an XI law are briefly reminded. Antoine-Francois de Fourcroy promoter of this law is concerned by this paper. After his biography presentation, his more important research are analysed, equally his education and books which strongly contribute to propagate the modern chemistry. Politican from Revolution to Empire Fourcroy has played an important part to the great education reforms, particularly in medicine and pharmacy. PMID- 14768639 TI - Current awareness on yeast. PMID- 14768640 TI - Summary: the science of genealogy by genetics. AB - This summary lays out the basic science and methodology used in genetic testing that investigates historical population migrations and the ancestry of living individuals. The genetic markers used in this testing, and the distinction between Y-chromosome, mitochondrial and autosomes analysis, are explained and the shortcomings of these methodologies are explored. PMID- 14768641 TI - Case study: the Lemba. AB - The attempts of scholars and scientists to unravel the mystery of the ancestral origins of the Lemba are summarised, focusing on Tudor Parfitt's book, Journey to the Vanished City, and a study by an international group of genetic and social scientists. The impact of this research on identity questions is raised. PMID- 14768642 TI - Constructing black Jews: genetic tests and the Lemba--the 'black Jews' of South Africa. AB - This commentary examines the use of Y-chromosome testing to reconstruct a genetic ancestry for the Lemba, a group in southern Africa that has long considered itself Jewish. The commentary looks especially at the reasons why this project drew such attention from the mainstream media. PMID- 14768643 TI - Not an innocent pursuit: the politics of a 'Jewish' genetic signature. AB - This commentary questions the presumption in genetic research that a biological connection exists between populations identified as Jewish. The author emphasises that identifying individuals as Jewish based on biological criteria is a sociological process that can draw attention away from other social mechanisms affecting identity construction. She also encourages critical consideration of the possible racialised thinking behind genetic anthropology studies, and the language used to express genetic findings. In conclusion, she calls for a radical cultural shift in the kind of knowledge valued as significant, relevant, and beneficial to the people on whom genetic ancestry studies are carried out and she asks for attention to the political contexts surrounding all such research. PMID- 14768644 TI - Yearning for the long lost home: the Lemba and Jewish narrative of genetic return. AB - This commentary examines the relationship between genetics and Jewish identity. It focuses especially on the use of Y-chromosome testing to map the genealogies of the Lemba in southern Africa. PMID- 14768645 TI - The ethical and social implications of exploring African American genealogies. AB - In June 2002, the University of Minnesota hosted a conference to explore the implications of using genetic technologies and genealogical methods to reconstruct African identity. This paper includes transcribed remarks from that conference by Annette Dula, Marian Gray Secundy and Charmaine Royal. PMID- 14768646 TI - Blacks as me: narrative identity. AB - This commentary responds to genetic testing of African ancestry through a series of personal narratives that reveal a complex, intimate, and individualised process of identity formation. The author discusses both how her family and others outside her family have fostered and challenged her sense of black identity. She concludes by maintaining that racial identity is not in the genes but in the world in which we live and the stories we construct and are able to maintain. PMID- 14768647 TI - Genetic ancestry tracing and the African identity: a double-edged sword? AB - As both a geneticist and a Nigerian living in the United States, the author responds to the prospect of African Americans using genetic science to trace their ancestry to the African continent. He articulates concerns about both the limitations of the science to offer satisfying, accurate, and meaningful results, and the ability of individuals to make real, life-altering sense of these results. However, he notes that given the history and impact of slavery on African Americans, the desire to trace roots to Africa is both real and understandable. PMID- 14768648 TI - Blondes, lost and found: representations of genes, identity, and history. AB - Research carried out during recent decades has revealed our genome not only to be a unique mine of information about health, disease and the human condition, but also about the origin and dispersal history of the species. In this context, the genome is simply an additional source of information about human history, epistemologically no different from other historical sources. However, media and public interpretation of genetic studies of human history are complicated by the wider connotations of genes as the determinants of hereditary features and identity. We discuss two examples of media and public fascination with the interrelated themes of history, identity and heredity, pointing out some implications of historical research using genetic data in the context of our own ongoing study of Inuit groups in Greenland and Victoria Island, Canada. PMID- 14768649 TI - Chimerical categories: caste, race, and genetics. AB - Is discrimination based on caste equivalent to racism? This paper explores the complex relationship between genetic, race and caste. It also discusses the debate over the exclusion of a discussion of caste-based discrimination at the 2001 World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance held in Durban, South Africa. PMID- 14768650 TI - Place, priestly status and purity: the impact of genetic research on an Indian Jewish community. AB - The Bene Israel is a Jewish community in western India whose origins are unknown from conventional sources. This paper discusses a genetic ancestry study that mapped Bene Israel genealogies and the impact of the study on the Bene Israel. PMID- 14768651 TI - Mixed messages. PMID- 14768652 TI - NIH state-of-the-science statement on management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). AB - OBJECTIVE: To provide health care providers, patients, and the general public with a responsible assessment of currently available data regarding the management of clinically inapparent adrenal masses ("incidentalomas"). PARTICIPANTS: A non-Federal, nonadvocate, 12-member panel representing the fields of medicine, surgery, endocrinology, pathology, biostatistics, epidemiology, radiology, oncology, and the public. In addition, experts in these same fields presented data to the panel and to a conference audience of approximately 300. EVIDENCE: Presentations by experts; a systematic review of the medical literature provided by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; and an extensive bibliography of incidentaloma research papers, prepared by the National Library of Medicine. Scientific evidence was given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. CONFERENCE PROCESS: Answering predefined questions, the panel drafted a statement based on the scientific evidence presented in open forum and the scientific literature. The draft statement was read in its entirety on the final day of the conference and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. The panel then met in executive session to consider these comments and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The statement was made available on the World Wide Web at http://consensus.nih.gov immediately after the conference. This statement is an independent report of the panel and is not a policy statement of the NIH or the Federal Government. CONCLUSIONS: The management of clinically inapparent adrenal masses is complicated by limited studies of incidence, prevalence, and natural history, including the psychologic impact on the patient who is informed of the diagnosis. Improvements in the resolution of abdominal imaging techniques combined with increased use of abdominal imaging suggest that the prevalence of clinically inapparent adrenal masses will continue to escalate. The low prevalence of adrenal cortical carcinomas and the relatively low incidence of progression to hyperfunction call into question the advisability of the current practice of intense, long-term clinical followup of this common condition. All patients with an incidentaloma should have a 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test and a measurement of plasma free metanephrines. Patients with hypertension should also undergo measurement of serum potassium and plasma aldosterone concentration/plasma renin activity ratio. A homogeneous mass with a low attenuation value (less than 10 HU) on CT scan is likely a benign adenoma. Surgery should be considered in all patients with functional adrenal cortical tumors that are clinically apparent. All patients with biochemical evidence of pheochromocytoma should undergo surgery. Data are insufficient to indicate the superiority of a surgical or nonsurgical approach to manage patients with subclinical hyperfunctioning adrenal cortical adenomas. Recommendations for surgery based upon tumor size are derived from studies not standardized for inclusion criteria, length of followup, or methods of estimating the risk of carcinoma. Nevertheless, patients with tumors greater than 6 cm usually are treated surgically, while those with tumors less than 4 cm are generally monitored. In patients with tumors between 4 and 6 cm, criteria in addition to size should be considered in making the decision to monitor or proceed to adrenalectomy. The literature on adrenal incidentaloma has proliferated in the last several years. Unfortunately, the lack of controlled studies makes formulating diagnostic and treatment strategies difficult. Because of the complexity of the problem, the management of patients with adrenal incidentalomas will be optimized by a multidisciplinary team approach involving physicians with expertise in endocrinology, radiology, surgery, and pathology. The paucity of evidence-based data highlights the need for well-designed prospective studies. Either open or laparoscopic adrenalectomy is an acceptable procedure for resection of an adrenal mass. The choice of procedure will depend upon the likelihood of an invasive adrenal cortical carcinoma, technical issues, and the experience of the surgical team. In patients with tumors that remain stable on two imaging studies carried out at least 6 months apart and do not exhibit hormonal hypersecretion over 4 years, further followup may not be warranted. PMID- 14768653 TI - NIH state-of-the-science statement on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for diagnosis and therapy. AB - OBJECTIVE: To provide health care providers, patients, and the general public with a responsible assessment of currently available data regarding the use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for diagnosis and therapy. PARTICIPANTS: A non-Federal, non-advocate, 13-member panel representing the fields of gastroenterology, hepatology, clinical epidemiology, oncology, biostatistics, surgery, health services research, radiology, internal medicine, and the public. In addition, experts in these same fields presented data to the panel and to a conference audience of approximately 300. EVIDENCE: Presentations by experts; a systematic review of the medical literature provided by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; and an extensive bibliography of ERCP research papers, prepared by the National Library of Medicine. Scientific evidence was given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. CONFERENCE PROCESS: Answering predefined questions, the panel drafted a statement based on the scientific evidence presented in open forum and the scientific literature. The draft statement was read in its entirety on the final day of the conference and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. The panel then met in executive session to consider these comments and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The statement was made available on the World Wide Web at http://consensus.nih.gov immediately after the conference. This statement is an independent report of the panel and is not a policy statement of the NIH or the Federal Government. CONCLUSIONS: In the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), and ERCP have comparable sensitivity and specificity. Patients undergoing cholecystectomy do not require ERCP preoperatively if there is low probability of having choledocholithiasis. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and postoperative ERCP are both safe and reliable in clearing common bile duct stones. ERCP with endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) and stone removal is a valuable therapeutic modality in choledocholithiasis with jaundice, dilated common bile duct, acute pancreatitis, or cholangitis. In patients with pancreatic or biliary cancer, the principal advantage of ERCP is palliation of biliary obstruction when surgery is not elected. In patients who have pancreatic or biliary cancer and who are surgical candidates, there is no established role for preoperative biliary drainage by ERCP. Tissue sampling for patients with pancreatic or biliary cancer not undergoing surgery may be achieved by ERCP, but this is not always diagnostic. ERCP is the best means to diagnose ampullary cancers. ERCP has no role in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis except when biliary pancreatitis is suspected. In patients with severe biliary pancreatitis, early intervention with ERCP reduces morbidity and mortality compared with delayed ERCP. ERCP with appropriate therapy is beneficial in selected patients who have either recurrent pancreatitis or pancreatic pseudocysts. Patients with type I sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) respond to endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES). Patients with type II SOD should not undergo diagnostic ERCP alone. If sphincter of Oddi manometer pressures are >40 mmHg, ES is beneficial in some patients. Avoidance of unnecessary ERCP is the best way to reduce the number of complications. ERCP should be avoided if there is a low likelihood of biliary stone or stricture, especially in women with recurrent pain, a normal bilirubin, and no other objective sign of biliary disease. Endoscopists performing ERCP should have appropriate training and expertise before performing advanced procedures. With newer diagnostic imaging technologies emerging, ERCP is evolving into a predominantly therapeutic procedure. PMID- 14768654 TI - Qualitative sample extensiveness in health education research. AB - The use of qualitative methods is increasing in the health education literature, and there is need for more information on these methods and their use. This investigation looks at qualitative sampling practices as reported in the 93 qualitative or mixed-method studies published in Health Education & Behavior from 1980 to 2000. It focuses particularly on the extensiveness of sampling in this research (i.e., the volume and diversity of information collected about the phenomenon of interest). Among these studies, individual interviews averaged 104 +/- 134 informants (range 2 to 720) and 92 +/- 39 minutes. Focused group interviews averaged 10 groups (range 1 to 40) and 90 +/- 25 minutes. Observational studies usually occurred in multiple sites and involved approximately 16 to 24 months of fieldwork. Document analysis extensiveness varied considerably on a variety of indicators. Future qualitative research would benefit from more complete consideration and fuller reporting of sample extensiveness. PMID- 14768655 TI - Prospective analysis of peer and parent influences on minor aggression among early adolescents. AB - The research examined the influence of parent and school variables on minor aggression among early adolescents. Sixth-grade students (N = 1,081) were interviewed at the beginning of the school year (Time 1) about aggressive behaviors and selected psychosocial variables and at the end of the year (Time 2) about aggressive behaviors. Aggression increased over time and was greater for boys than girls at both time points. In path analyses, Time 1 aggression was directly associated with Time 2 aggression and indirectly associated through affiliation with Time 2 problem-behaving friends. School engagement was associated indirectly with Time 2 aggression through affiliation with problem behaving friends. Parenting behavior was negatively and directly associated with Time 2 aggression and indirectly through Time 2 affiliation with problem-behaving friends. The findings indicated that selection and previous behavior predicted peer affiliation and parenting and school engagement protected against early adolescent aggression. PMID- 14768656 TI - "How can we stay healthy when you're throwing all of this in front of us?" Findings from focus groups and interviews in middle schools on environmental influences on nutrition and physical activity. AB - This study aimed to identify factors in school physical and social environments that may facilitate or compete with programs and policies to improve student physical activity and nutrition. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with students, faculty, and staff of two public middle schools. Participants identified numerous aspects of the school environments as significant. Competition, teasing and bullying, time, and safety were described as major barriers for students to be physically active during physical education class, on sports teams, and before and after school. The quality of the food served, easy access to nonnutritious snacks, limited time for lunch period, and weight concerns emerged as significant reasons why students do not eat nutritious meals in school. When developing programs and policies to improve the health of students, environmental influences that undermine efforts to improve student health behaviors must be addressed. PMID- 14768657 TI - Ready to be physically active? The effects of a course preparing low-income multiethnic women to be more physically active. AB - The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of a preintervention physical activity preparatory course on physical activity, and social, cognitive, and transtheoretical constructs. The sample included 82 low-income, multiethnic women (75% Latina) who completed an 8-week course designed to prepare them to become more active prior to randomization into a 10-month physical activity intervention. Participants completed precourse and postcourse measures. Paired comparison t tests showed increases in knowledge, perceived social support for exercise, minutes of walking per week, and total cognitive and behavioral processes following the preparatory course. Perceived barriers and self-efficacy for exercise did not change from precourse to postcourse. Preintervention preparatory courses may be an effective way to increase social and cognitive constructs associated with physical activity behavior, potentially yielding a greater effect from subsequent interventions. PMID- 14768658 TI - A randomized school trial of environmental strategies to encourage fruit and vegetable consumption among children. AB - The Cafeteria Power Plus project examined whether a cafeteria-based intervention would increase the fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption of children. Twenty-six schools were randomly assigned to either an intervention or control condition. Baseline lunch observations of a sample (N = 1668) of first- and third-grade students occurred in the spring of 2000; follow-up was in the spring of 2002. The intervention took place during two consecutive school years beginning in the fall of 2000 and consisted of daily activities (increasing the availability, attractiveness, and encouragement for FV) and special events (kick-offs, samplings, challenge weeks, theater production, and finale meal). Training of food-service staff and cook managers was ongoing throughout the intervention phase. Students in the intervention schools significantly increased their total fruit intake. Process measures indicated that verbal encouragement by food service staff was associated with outcomes. The outcomes suggest that multicomponent interventions are more powerful than cafeteria programs alone with this age group. PMID- 14768659 TI - Evaluation of a cardiovascular health program for participants with mental retardation and normal learners. AB - An evaluation was conducted to compare the impact of an 8-week cardiovascular disease risk reduction group teaching program for 92 individuals with mental retardation (MR; IQ less than 70) and 97 normal learners. The curriculum emphasized exercise, nutritional choices, and stress reduction. Body Mass Index (BMI; weight in kilograms, divided by height in meters, squared), knowledge of healthy eating choices, self-report of fruit and vegetable intake, and exercise were measured before and after the intervention. The mean BMI decreased by .89 for normal learners and not at all for the group with MR. However, BMI decreased by at least .75 units (or approximately 5 pounds) for 18.5% of individuals with MR and 44.3% of normal learners. PMID- 14768660 TI - The long-term impact of a four-session work-site intervention on selected social cognitive theory variables linked to adult exercise adherence. AB - Many work-site physical activity interventions use theoretical variables in the design of their programs. Yet, these interventions do not document the degree of change in theoretical variables produced by the intervention. This study examined the construct validity of an intervention designed to affect social cognitive theory variables linked to exercise behavior. Construct validation methods were used to evaluate an instructional intervention composed of four 60-minute sessions delivered across 2 weeks. Increases were found in self-regulation skills, outcome-expectancy values, and self-efficacy for the treatment group. No significant increases were detected for the comparison group on any study variables. Sixty-seven percent of the treatment group was able to maintain exercise behavior across 12 months, whereas the comparison group declined in exercise participation from 68% to 25% across 12 months. The study revealed the intervention effective in producing the intended changes in social cognitive theory constructs. The analysis shows self-regulation-mediated exercise behavior. PMID- 14768661 TI - Sociocultural and behavioral contexts of condom use in heterosexual married couples in India: challenges to the HIV prevention program. AB - This article examines sociocultural expectations of sexual behavior and the reasons why not using condoms may be logical to married heterosexual couples in India. Married women who report monogamous sexual relationships with their husbands are a high-risk group for HIV infection in India. Based on the public health model and a population-based perspective on HIV infection prevention, this article illustrates the underlying mechanisms that link the role of women in society, holistic health beliefs, and cultural beliefs about the transmission of HIV with the precursors to nonuse of condoms. The author concludes that promoting condom use requires an emphasis on family health, not only as contraceptives. Challenges for reducing the social stigma and developing a comprehensive policy on HIV prevention and AIDS treatment and care are discussed. PMID- 14768662 TI - From the laboratory to community application: translational research in behavior analysis. PMID- 14768663 TI - Dynamic changes in reinforcer effectiveness: theoretical, methodological, and practical implications for applied research. AB - Reinforcers lose their effectiveness when they are presented repeatedly. Traditionally, this loss of effectiveness has been labeled satiation. However, recent evidence suggests that habituation provides a more accurate and useful description. The characteristics of behavior undergoing satiation differ for different stimuli (e.g., food, water), and these characteristics have not been identified for the noningestive reinforcers often used by applied behavior analysts (e.g., praise, attention). As a result, the term satiation provides little guidance for either maintaining or reducing the effectiveness of reinforcers. In contrast, the characteristics of behavior undergoing habituation are well known and are relatively general across species and stimuli. These characteristics provide specific and novel guidance about how to maintain or reduce the effectiveness of a reinforcer. In addition, habituation may lead to a better understanding of several puzzling phenomena in the conditioning literature (e.g., extinction, behavioral contrast), and it may provide a more precise and accurate description of the dynamics of many different types of behavior. PMID- 14768664 TI - Persistence of stereotypic behavior: examining the effects of external reinforcers. AB - Basic research has shown that behavioral persistence is often positively related to rate of reinforcement. This relation, expressed in the metaphor of behavioral momentum, has potentially important implications for clinical application. The current study examined one prediction of the momentum metaphor for automatically reinforced behavior. Participants were 3 children who had been diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder and who engaged in stereotypic behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. Results suggested that stereotypic behavior was more resistant to disruption following periods of access to preferred stimuli delivered on a variable-time schedule than following periods without access to preferred stimuli. The implications of these findings for the treatment of automatically reinforced behavior are discussed. PMID- 14768665 TI - Delay discounting by pathological gamblers. AB - Discounting of delayed rewards by pathological gamblers was compared to discounting of delayed rewards by matched control nongambling participants. All participants completed a hypothetical choice task in which they made repeated choices between dollars 1,000 available after a delay and an equal or lesser amount of money available immediately. The delay to the large amount of money was varied from 1 week to 10 years across conditions. Indifference points between immediate money and delayed money were identified at each delay condition by varying the amount of immediate money across choice trials. For the majority of participants, indifference points decreased monotonically across delays. Overall, gamblers discounted the delayed rewards more steeply than did control participants. PMID- 14768666 TI - Social antecedents of children's eyewtness testimony a single-subject experimental analysis. AB - In a laboratory simulation, a single-subject design was used to examine the effects of two types of social influence on children's eyewitness testimony, which has not been the subject of systematic behavioral analyses. This study replicates and extends findings from group-comparison studies, and shows that a topic of pressing social importance is amenable to analysis at the individual level, and therefore, potentially, to a behavioral analysis. PMID- 14768667 TI - A half century of scalloping in the work habits of the United States Congress. AB - It has been suggested that the work environment of the United States Congress bears similarity to a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule. Consistent with this notion, Weisberg and Waldrop (1972) described a positively accelerating pattern in annual congressional bill production (selected years from 1947 to 1968) that is reminiscent of the scalloped response pattern often attributed to fixed interval schedules, but their analysis is now dated and does not bear on the functional relations that might yield scalloping. The present study described annual congressional bill production over a period of 52 years and empirically evaluated predictions derived from four hypotheses about the mechanisms that underlie scalloping. Scalloping occurred reliably in every year. The data supported several predictions about congressional productivity based on fixed interval schedule performance, but did not consistently support any of three alternative accounts. These findings argue for the external validity of schedule controlled operant behavior as measured in the laboratory. The present analysis also illustrates a largely overlooked role for applied behavior analysis: that of shedding light on the functional properties of behavior in uncontrolled settings of considerable interest to the public. PMID- 14768668 TI - Delayed matching to two-picture samples by individuals with and without disabilities: an analysis of the role of naming. AB - Delayed matching to complex, two-picture samples (e.g., cat-dog) may be improved when the samples occasion differential verbal behavior. In Experiment 1, individuals with mental retardation matched picture comparisons to identical single-picture samples or to two-picture samples, one of which was identical to a comparison. Accuracy scores were typically high on single-picture trials under both simultaneous and delayed matching conditions. Scores on two-picture trials were also high during the simultaneous condition but were lower during the delay condition. However, scores improved on delayed two-picture trials when each of the sample pictures was named aloud before comparison responding. Experiment 2 replicated these results with preschoolers with typical development and a youth with mental retardation. Sample naming also improved the preschoolers' matching when the samples were pairs of spoken names and the correct comparison picture matched one of the names. Collectively, the participants could produce the verbal behavior that might have improved performance, but typically did not do so unless the procedure required it. The success of the naming intervention recommends it for improving the observing and remembering of multiple elements of complex instructional stimuli. PMID- 14768669 TI - Effects of exemplar training in exclusion responding on auditory-visual discrimination tasks with children with autism. AB - In Experiment 1 with 7 autistic children (3 to 6 years old), auditory-visual exclusion was tested with four unknown word-item pairs for each child. One child demonstrated exclusion and positive learning outcomes unequivocally with the four auditory-visual relations. Three children demonstrated exclusion, though inconsistently, and failed to demonstrate positive learning outcomes. The remaining 3 children failed to demonstrate exclusion; therefore, the learning outcome test was omitted. The 6 children who failed to demonstrate exclusion or positive learning outcomes participated in the second experiment. In Experiment 2, nonreinforced exclusion trials with four new unknown word-item pairs were included in trial blocks that also contained reinforced exclusion trials with the unknown exemplars from Experiment 1. Five children demonstrated exclusion with the new word-item pairs, and 4 of these demonstrated positive learning outcomes in further tests. One child demonstrated some limited but inconsistent improvement in exclusion and was not tested for learning outcomes. The data suggest that contemporaneous presentation of multiple examples of reinforced exclusion facilitated nonreinforced exclusion performances and that the resulting reduction in errors was critical in producing accurate learning outcomes with the new word-item discriminations. PMID- 14768670 TI - Effects of reinforcer consumption and magnitude on response rates during noncontingent reinforcement. AB - Results of previous research on the effects of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) have been inconsistent when magnitude of reinforcement was manipulated. We attempted to clarify the influence of NCR magnitude by including additional controls. In Study 1, we examined the effects of reinforcer consumption time by comparing the same magnitude of NCR when session time was and was not corrected to account for reinforcer consumption. Lower response rates were observed when session time was not corrected, indicating that reinforcer consumption can suppress response rates. In Study 2, we first selected varying reinforcer magnitudes (small, medium, and large) on the basis of corrected response rates observed during a contingent reinforcement condition and then compared the effects of these magnitudes during NCR. One participant exhibited lower response rates when large-magnitude reinforcers were delivered; the other ceased responding altogether even when small-magnitude reinforcers were delivered. We also compared the effects of the same NCR magnitude (medium) during 10-min and 30 min sessions. Lower response rates were observed during 30-min sessions, indicating that the number of reinforcers consumed across a session can have the same effect as the number consumed per reinforcer delivery. These findings indicate that, even when response rate is corrected to account for reinforcer consumption, larger magnitudes of NCR (defined on either a per-delivery or per session basis) result in lower response rates than do smaller magnitudes. PMID- 14768671 TI - A multiple-schedule evaluation of immediate and subsequent effects of fixed-time food presentation on automatically maintained mouthing. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immediate and subsequent effects of fixed-time (FT) food presentations on mouthing. The effects of FT food presentations were analyzed within a three-component multiple schedule in which baseline conditions were implemented during the first and third components and treatment conditions were implemented during the second component. Results indicated that FT food reduced mouthing and that levels of mouthing during post FT components were reliably lower than pre-FT components. Behavioral mechanisms responsible for treatment effects are discussed. PMID- 14768672 TI - Training parents to implement pediatric feeding protocols. AB - Four different multicomponent training packages were evaluated to increase the treatment integrity of parents implementing pediatric feeding protocols. In Study 1 we exposed 3 parents to a training package that consisted of written protocols (baseline), verbal instructions, therapist modeling, and rehearsal training. Results suggested that the package was successful in increasing treatment integrity of the feeding protocols to high levels. Study 2 investigated three different parent-training packages comprised of components used in Study 1. Two parents were exposed to written protocols, verbal instructions, and modeling; 2 parents were exposed to written protocols, verbal instructions, and rehearsal; and 2 parents were exposed to written protocols and verbal instructions. Results of Study 2 showed that each parent-training package produced very high treatment integrity. Follow-up data in the clinic and home for 5 participants suggested that the results were durable for up to 3 months. These results demonstrate a first step in the transfer and application of research findings into routine clinical practice because we evaluated several methods for training parents to implement behavioral feeding protocols, and we demonstrated that these methods resulted in high levels of treatment integrity in a controlled clinical setting. PMID- 14768673 TI - Translating multiple assessment techniques into an intervention selection model for classrooms. AB - Translating current research to school-based clinical practice highlights issues not often encountered in laboratory settings. With the assistance of a consultant, teachers conducted functional analyses, brief multielement treatment comparisons, and controlled treatment evaluations under naturalistic conditions in the classroom. Teachers also provided input on treatment selection. Treatment integrity data collected throughout the study suggested that teachers implemented analyses and treatments with high integrity. The functional analysis outcomes combined with effectiveness and acceptability data led to the selection of interventions that reduced problem behavior in the classrooms for each of 3 children. PMID- 14768674 TI - An outcome management program for extending advances in choice research into choice opportunities for supported workers with severe multiple disabilities. AB - We evaluated an outcome management program for increasing choice opportunities provided by 2 job coaches for 5 supported workers with severe multiple disabilities in a community job. The program involved specifying and monitoring behavioral outcomes among workers and staff, training staff, and supportive and corrective feedback. Increased choice provision occurred for both job coaches across a 1-year period. Results indicate how outcome management can help translate advances in choice research into routine practice. PMID- 14768675 TI - The effects of noncontingent access to food on the rate of object mouthing across three settings. AB - Object mouthing is associated with several potential deleterious side effects. In the current investigation, we modified the use of noncontingent access to competing items (food) and evaluated the effects of the treatment on object mouthing across three settings. Results demonstrated reductions in mouthing associated with the modified treatment. PMID- 14768676 TI - Improving student bus-riding behavior through a whole-school intervention. AB - We describe a multicomponent intervention to improve bus-riding behavior of students attending an urban public school. The intervention was developed with technical assistance consultation that emphasized collaboration among students, school personnel, and bus drivers. The primary intervention procedures were identifying appropriate behaviors during transportation ("bus rules"), training bus drivers to deliver positive reinforcement, and rewarding student performance through a weekly school-based lottery. Disruptive bus behaviors, as measured by discipline referrals and suspensions, decreased with intervention relative to baseline phases in an ABAB reversal design. These positive results were maintained over the long term, with school personnel assuming responsibility for intervention in the absence of ongoing consultation. PMID- 14768677 TI - Analysis of 2187 consecutive penetrating wounds of the brain from Vietnam. AB - A series of 2187 cases of penetrating wounds of the brain, treated in a U.S. Army Hospital in Vietnam, is analyzed according to operability, wounding agents, sites of cranial penetration, associated organ system injuries, operative and postoperative complications, and mortalities. A detailed description of the operative technique of thorough intracranial debridement and dural repair is presented and stressed. The previously established principles of combat neurosurgery are confirmed and their continued use recommended. PMID- 14768678 TI - Early complications following penetrating wounds of the brain. AB - The experience of an evacuation hospital in Japan in treating 506 consecutive patients from Vietnam with penetrating wounds of the brain is reported with particular reference to early complications. Sixty-eight patients were operated on for still retained intracranial foreign bodies. Thirty-five of the 62 patients with retained intracranial bone fragments had positive microbial cultures of the fragment, which in 63% showed Staphylococcus epidermis. All of the metallic fragments cultured revealed microbial growth. Superficial infections were noted in 32 patients. Superficial plus deep infections were found in eight patients with no retained bone fragments. Eighteen patients had meningitis proven by culture, while an additional 12 patients with CSF sugars of less than 40 mg% were assumed to have meningitis. Twelve patients developed CSF leaks requiring surgery. Twenty-three patients (4.54%) died as a result of their wounds. The neurosurgical treatment recommended for these patients is described. PMID- 14768679 TI - Retained intracranial bone fragments: analysis of 42 patients. AB - Forty-two patients with retained intracranial bone fragments from Vietnam war wounds were evaluated and treated at the Walter Reed General Hospital. Forty required further debridement, 16 had positive wound cultures while they were on antibiotic therapy, 23 had gross evidence of infection, and the remainder also had debris and necrosis at the retained bone fragment sites. There were eight in hospital deaths. All surviving patients available to follow-up have been free of infection. Retained intracranial fragments of bone should be removed as early as is possible. PMID- 14768680 TI - A bacteriological study of craniocerebral missile wounds from Vietnam. AB - Bacteriological studies were performed on 45 craniocerebral missile wounds incurred in Vietnam within 2 to 4 hours of occurrence. All missiles had penetrated into the brain. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures were taken of the skin wound, brain, and indriven bone fragments. Forty-four of the skin wounds were contaminated, predominantly with staphylococcus. Only five brain wounds showed bacterial contamination 2 to 4 hours after wounding, indicating that many missile tracks within the brain are initially sterile. Of the patients who had early debridement, 45% had contaminated bone within the brain; possibly up to 75% of all indriven bone chips were sterile. The authors draw the following conclusions. Complete brain debridement with removal of all indriven bone is ideal. Accessible retained bone should be removed by reoperation. Multiple reoperations for an inaccessible retained fragment are inadvisable, however, as fatalities or severe neurologic residua may result. An individual indriven bone chip has a small likelihood of bacterial contamination provided initial debridement was done early. This knowledge may justify an expectant policy in certain individuals harboring an inaccessible retained bone fragment. The retained fragment would be removed only if untoward difficulties develop. PMID- 14768681 TI - A syndrome characteristic of tangential bullet wounds of the vertex of the skull. AB - Six patients with tangential missile wounds of the vertex of the skull presented symptoms of limb paresis which were more marked proximally in the arms and distally in the legs where there was also sensory loss of a cortical type. Carotid cerebral angiography and operative treatment showed patency of the longitudinal sinus and injury to the medial aspects of the frontoparietal cortex. The term "longitudinal sinus syndrome" formerly applied to these cases is therefore a misnomer since the main underlying cause is cortical injury and not thrombotic occlusion of the superior longitudinal sinus, as previously suspected. PMID- 14768682 TI - Lhermitte's phenomenon after high velocity missile injuries of the brain. AB - High velocity wounds of the brain have been associated with the development of Lhermitte's phenomenon in 26 of 56 consecutive cases from Vietnam studied from 1 month to 1 year after injury. No antecedent factors could be identified. Civilian trauma and elective neurosurgical procedures have not, to our knowledge, been reported to cause this sign. Subarachnoid or subdural adhesions are suggested as the cause of Lhermitte's phenomenon in these patients. PMID- 14768683 TI - The treatment of acute spinal cord injuries in a war zone. AB - The clinical course and method of treatment of 43 cases of spinal cord injury from Vietnam are presented. Compared with other wars, antibiotics and more efficient handling have reduced mortality and infection but have not improved the incidence of neurological recovery. PMID- 14768684 TI - Hemodynamic responses to acute quadriplegia with or without chest trauma. AB - This report describes the pathophysiology, as manifested by hemodynamic and blood volume determinations, in nine acutely quadriplegic patients studied in Vietnam. Four of the nine patients developed fulminating pulmonary edema while in the hospital and showed marked differences in the hemodynamic and blood volume data when compared with five patients who did not develop pulmonary edema. The unique hazard of excessive intravascular volume replacement in quadriplegic patients is documented, and effective diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are suggested. Related reports and physiological studies are discussed. PMID- 14768685 TI - Induced seizures as therapy of experimental strokes in dogs. AB - Intracerebral pO2, as measured in normal dog brains by a modified mass spectrometer, was found to increase following seizure activity and remain elevated at least 2 hours. These results were found with both drug- and electrically-induced seizures. The pO2 increased to a greater degree in brain tissue rendered ischemic by middle cerebral artery occlusion. A transient reflex hypertension was observed with seizure activity, but hypertension alone failed to produce significant pO2 changes. Since oxidative metabolism has been shown by other investigators to proceed at an elevated rate during seizure activity, the increased pO2 must reflect improved collateral circulation following seizure activity. PMID- 14768686 TI - The effect of passive hyperventilation on intraventricular pressure in the dog. AB - The effectiveness of passive hyperventilation in reducing intracranial pressure was studied in mongrel dogs by varying the levels of end-tidal pCO2 and airway pressure, and comparing the positive-negative and positive-atmospheric pressure. It has been shown that there is a point beyond which reduction of pCO2 does not affect cerebral blood flow. The present study demonstrates that another limiting factor is the degree of positive or negative airway pressure. Positive airway pressure impedes venous drainage, thereby increasing intracranial pressure. This increase could only partly be offset by applying negative expiratory airway pressure, since it was found that excessive negative airway pressure (greater than static recoil pressure of the lung) may trap air in alveoli. An optimal range of positive and negative airway pressures is defined. PMID- 14768687 TI - Brain tumors in hereditary multiple system hamartomatosis (tuberous sclerosis). AB - In this study brain tumors developing with tuberous sclerosis were biologically benign; total transcortical tumor removal permanently relieved the attending cerebral hypertension and achieved prolonged survival without notable functional impairment. In tuberous sclerosis, hamartomas characteristically develop from a random focal defect in organogenesis that affects many organ systems, sometimes seriously altering their function. Thus, genetic penetrance primarily determines the over-all prognosis, and "hereditary multiple system hamartomatosis" accurately describes the disease. PMID- 14768688 TI - Diuretic synergy in the treatment of acute experimental cerebral edema. AB - Acute cerebral edema was created in dogs by the intracarotid injection of sodium lauryl sulfate, a method that produces no structural or vascular disruption in the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure elevations were measured through subdural balloons, and ranged from 300 to 1500 mm H2O. The nature of the cerebral edema produced was studied with intravital Trypan blue, electrocorticography, and visual observation of cerebral circulation, and by postmortem histological sections and determinations of brain water content. Two dissimilar diuretic agents were studied: the osmotic diuretic, mannitol; and the renal diuretic, ethacrynic acid. As expected, mannitol reduced CSF pressure effectively, with no significant rebound overshoot. Ethacrynic acid, despite favorable reports, proved to have only a slight effect on CSF pressure but did prove to be a potent diuretic. Unexpectedly, the two agents were found to act synergistically. When both agents were administered, significantly greater reductions in pressure were obtained and pressure reductions were maintained for longer periods. PMID- 14768689 TI - Intramural neural elements in components of the carotid bifurcation. A histological basis for differential function. AB - The histology of the specialized region of the carotid bifurcation in man was studied with Orcein stain for elastic tissue, Masson's trichrome for muscle and connective tissue, and Bodian's silver method for neural elements. Four distinct regions exist: the common carotid, which appears to be solely a conduit; the carotid sinus, which is thin and very elastic with its baroreceptors in the medial wall; the external carotid, which is highly muscular and presumably active; and the internal carotid, also highly muscular and presumably active. The transition between zones is abrupt. Prominent clusters of up to 30 or 40 multipolar nerve cells, 15 to 25 microns in diameter, were found in the subintimal region of the internal carotid artery, some in the common, and a few in the external carotid. Occasional rounder cells of similar size with only one process were seen, possibly of sensory type. No cell bodies were seen in the adventitia of any vessel. No relation to the perivascular plexus was established. It is speculated that the neurons may be related to the reported local differential response to environment by the internal and external carotid systems. PMID- 14768690 TI - Brain injury from a spent bullet descending vertically. Report of five cases. AB - This is a report of five cases in which a bullet penetrated the vertex of the skull and brain, apparently during its vertical descent after having been fired into the air. PMID- 14768691 TI - Arteriovenous anomaly of the brain associated with cerebral aneurysm. Case report. AB - The removal of an arteriovenous anomaly of the brain resulted in a distinct reduction in the size of a large aneurysm located upon its principal feeding vessel. This confirms previous inferences that the development of aneurysms is related to the amount of blood flow in the parent vessel. PMID- 14768692 TI - Hematoma from arteriovenous malformation producing hydrocephalus and simulating a thalamic tumor. Report of two cases. AB - Two patients with a history of progressive unilateral neurological symptoms and signs, and evidence of obstructive hydrocephalus from a mass lesion adjacent to the third ventricle as demonstrated by pneumography, were each found to have an intracerebral hematoma secondary to remote hemorrhage from a small vascular malformation. One patient died shortly after surgical exploration and the other after ventriculography. The pathophysiology of hydrocephalus associated with a vascular malformation is discussed and the need for considering a benign cause for obstructive hydrocephalus from a mass deep in the brain substance is emphasized. PMID- 14768693 TI - Unilateral amaurosis in a hydrocephalic child with an obstructed shunt. Case report. AB - A 7-year-old child with treated hydrocephalus became blind in the left eye as a consequence of malfunction of the ventriculoatrial shunt. This complication probably could have been avoided by elective revision of the shunt with growth. PMID- 14768694 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis: cauda equina syndrome with multiple spinal arachnoid cysts. Case report. AB - A case of ankylosing spondylitis in a patient with a cauda equina syndrome is reported. A lumbar myelogram revealed erosions of the bones of the neural canal with enclosed multiple intraspinal cysts. PMID- 14768695 TI - Angle-meter to indicate the proper angle of insertion in anterior percutaneous cervical cordotomy. Technical note. AB - An angle meter has been devised to facilitate the anterior approach to lower cervical percutaneous cordotomy and to afford the operator increased accuracy in placing the needle electrode. A method is described which allows the operator to set the trajectory of the needle electrode accurately at the stage when only the tip of the needle is inserted into the disc. The procedure requires no mathematical calculations and has proved accurate in 40 cases. PMID- 14768696 TI - Augmentation of tumoricidal activity of human monocytes and macrophages by lymphokines. AB - Monocytes were separated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal human donors by adherence on plastic conditioned by cell lines (microexudate-coated plastic) and harvested by exposure to ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid. Cytolytic activity was tested by incubating effector cells for 48 h with the murine SV40-transformed TU5 kidney line or the human lung cancer-derived CaLu line prelabelled with tritiated thymidine. Lymphokine-containing supernatants were obtained from in vitrocultures of lymphoid cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), purified protein derivative (PPD), or with Corynebacterium parvum strains CN6134 or CNS888. The monocytes had significant levels of spontaneous cytotoxicity and exposure to lymphokine supernatants markedly enhanced their tumoricidal activity. Augmentation of monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity required a minimal exposure to lymphokine supernatants for 4 h and was maximal after 24 h of preincubation. Treatment of the effector cells with anti-human T-cell serum and complement did not affect either their spontaneous or their lymphokine-stimulated cytotoxicity, whereas silica impaired both reactivities. Supernatants of cultures with PHA, PPD and C. parvum CN6134 had significant levels of interferon (IF). Since partially purified human fibroblast or leukocyte IF was able to stimulate monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, the IF in these supernatants could play some role in the stimulation of the monocytes. However, C. parvum CN5888 supernatants, which had little IF, enhanced monocyte cytotoxicity as effectively as the C. parvum CN6134 supernatants, strongly suggesting that lymphocyte mediators other than IF can augment the tumoricidal activity of these effector cells. Mature macrophages obtained by in vitro cultivation of monocytes for 4-7 days retained natural cytolytic activity and showed enhanced cytotoxicity in the presence of lymphokines. However, more prolonged in vitro cultivation (> 10 days) resulted in cultures of epithelioid and multinucleated cells which had little natural cytotoxicity and were not responsive to lymphokines. PMID- 14768697 TI - Incidence of childhood leukemia in Shanghai. AB - Data of the Shanghai Tumor Registry were examined for incidence rates of leukemia among children, ages 0-14 years. Between 1972 and 1978, leukemia developed in 344 children; 175 (52%) had acute lymphocytic leukemia. The incidence rates were 4.5 per 100,000 boys and 3.3 per 100,000 girls. The incidence of leukemia peaked between 2 and 7 years of age. PMID- 14768698 TI - Establishment and characterization of a new leukaemic T-cell line (Peer) with an unusual phenotype. AB - We report the isolation and establishment in continuous culture of a human lymphoid cell line (Peer) from a case of T-leukemia. The Peer cell line lacks some typical cell-surface properties of T cells, namely sheep erythrocyte rosette formation and reactivity with two anti-T-cell sera, but has focal acid phosphatase and does express two other T-cell antigens, one defined by a monoclonal antibody, the other related to a T-cell subset (TH2). The cells are negative for B-cell markers (SmIg or cytoplasmic mu Fcgamma and C3 receptors, mouse erythrocyte rosettes) and EBV (EBNA). In addition, the Peer cell does not possess the typical phenotypic markers of "non-B, non-T" leukemia: cALL and Ia like antigens, and the cytoplasmic hexosaminidase isoenzyme I, but is positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase by enzymatic and immunofluorescent criteria. The cell line requires exogenous L-asparagine for adequate growth in culture, a property known to be characteristic of certain T cells but not of B cells. The Peer cell line appears to have a maturation arrest at a developmental stage intermediate between the cortical thymocyte and a mature T-cell subset and to have lost some T-cell differentiation features. PMID- 14768699 TI - Surface immunoglobulins on Burkitt's lymphoma biopsy cells from 91 patients. AB - One hundred and fourteen biopsies from 91 cases of African Burkitt's lymphoma were examined by immunofluorescence methods for the presence of surface associated mu, gamma, delta, kappa and lambda chains, as well as for the Fc region of gamma chains and for beta1C. Only 5% of the biopsies were surface-Ig negative; 18% were negative for mu chains and 61% for gamma chains. Delta chain staining was absent, or borderline in a few tumors. Mu chains, gamma chains in a few highly reactive tumors and, in many cases, the predominant light chain seemed to be clonal markers. They gave no convincing evidence of more than one cell clone, either within single tumors or within syn- or metachronous tumors in one individual. Gamma chains in moderately stained tumors, Fc and beta1C correlated with each other and the first two reactivities decreased after incubation at low pH, indicating that their presence resulted from outside coating of the cells. The results indicated that one clone of B cells is involved in Burkitt's lymphoma in the large majority of cases. This clone is in a state of differentiation at which surface delta chains are not expressed. No prognostic information resulted from the analysis of the markers studied. PMID- 14768700 TI - Antibodies reactive with the mouse mammary tumor virus in sera of breast cancer patients. AB - IgG binding to purified mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) was quantitated by an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) using sera from patients with breast cancer or benign breast disease, or from healthy age-matched controls. Significantly greater binding (p<0.01) was found in breast-cancer-derived sera than in the other categories. In addition to IgG reactivity, three breast cancer sera also possessed IgA and IgM reactive with MuMTV by the ELISA assay. Only IgG was reactive in the majority of sera while two sera possessed MuMTV binding activity only in the IgM fraction. Both IgG binding and virolysis of MuMTV were greatly reduced by preincubation of sera with MuMTV. The specificity for MuMTV was further explored with IgG of serum from one breast cancer patient. Human antibody reactive with MuMTV was progressively diminished by preincubating the human serum with increasing concentrations of MuMTV but not by incubation with the type-C AKR murine leukemia virus. Preincubation of MuMTV with a breast cancer serum partially blocked the reactivity of gp52 antiserum with the virus. The results suggest that an antigen related to an MuMTV envelope component is expressed in breast cancer. PMID- 14768701 TI - Potential diagnostic and prognostic significance of the transformation-enhancing factor(s) in the plasma cryoprecipitate of tumor patients. AB - A biological activity which enhances cell transformation (TEF) in Rous sarcoma virus temperature-sensitive mutant-infected cultures has been evidenced in the plasma cryoprecipitate from patients affected with different types of neoplastic disease. In the present paper we report data on the analysis of TEF activity in the plasma cryoprecipitates from leukemic and tumor patients tested either before or during specific antineoplastic treatments. The screening of 57 cases of different neoplastic diseases and of 57 controls, healthy subjects or patients affected with other non-neoplastic diseases indicates that TEF activity is generally related to the presence of neoplasia. Furthermore, a follow-up of patients from the onset of the disease through its evolution during therapy suggests that variations of TEF activity in the plasma cryoprecipitate correlate well with the clinical and pathological conditions, thus indicating the TEF as a potential marker for monitoring cancer patients. PMID- 14768702 TI - Circulating immune complexes in patients with bone tumours. AB - Sera from 62 patients with osteogenic sarcoma and 12 with malignant giant-cell tumour were tested for the presence of immune complexes by the 125I-Clq binding assay. Elevated serum Clq binding activity was found in 67.7% of the osteogenic sarcoma patients and in 75% of the giant-cell tumour patients. These results were compared with those obtained with five sera from patients with benign bone tumours and 20 sera from normal young donors. In the last two groups, the incidence of elevated Clq-binding activity was 0% and 5%, respectively. In some patients with giant-cell tumours, pre- and post-operative serum samples were studied, showing a decrease in test values after tumour resection. Preliminary sequential studies of individual patients indicate that the 125I-Clq binding assay may be useful for monitoring patients with bone tumours. PMID- 14768703 TI - A prospective study on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma from liver cirrhosis with persistent hepatitis B virus infection. AB - We made a prospective study on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with liver cirrhosis with hepatitis B virus infection from April, 1973 to December, 1977. Seven out of 30 patients (23%) with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive cirrhosis developed HCC. On the other hand, only 5.9% of the patients with HBsAg-negative liver cirrhosis developed HCC. These patients were classified into three groups according to their anti-HB core (anti-HBc) titers. When the anti-HBc titer, expressed as a dilution of serum, was 2(10) or more (Group I), 20-24% of the liver cirrhosis patients developed HCC either with or without a detectable amount of HBs Ag present in the sera. When the anti-HBc titer was 2(9) or less (Group II), only 0-5.7% developed HCC. There was no significant difference between this and the anti-HBc and HBsAg-negative group (Group III), which was 4.4%. In five individual cases from group I, HBsAg was detected in serum, and in biopsies of liver cells, before HCC could be detected by angiography and/or rising levels of alphafetoprotein (AFP). In all of these cases, the anti-HBc titer was higher than 2(10) throughout the observation period, even before the development of HCC. These findings indicate that active virus proliferation in chronic hepatitis B virus infection precedes the development of HCC as indicated by a higher anti-HBc titer. Therefore we have prepared these studies to show the pathogenic role of hepatitis B virus in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID- 14768704 TI - Radioimmunoassay for infectious primate retrovirus reverse transcriptase: characterization, comparison with conventional immunologic assays and applicability to cellular extracts. AB - SSV reverse transcriptase (RT) was purified to homogeneity and used in a radioimmunoassay. Following iodination, the homogeneity of the protein and its identity with RT were confirmed by several criteria: (1) its molecular weight on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel; (2) its precipitation by anti-SSV RT but not by antisera to other SSV proteins; (3) its cross-reactivity in RIA with antisera to other retroviral polymerases; (4) its competition in RIA by active homogeneous SSV RT but not by other purified SSV proteins; and (5) its competition in RIA by only those fractions from a poly(U)-Sepharose column possessing SSV RT activity. Competition of the labelled probe with disrupted retroviruses of the infectious primate group showed that, while a homologous RIA detected only type-specific enzyme determinants, it did not distinguish the various woolly-gibbon retroviral DNA polymerases. A more broadly reactive heterologous assay utilizing an antiserum to R-MuLV RT detected group- but not interspecies-specific enzyme determinants. A comparison of immunologic assays for RT showed that: (1) highly purified RT is not essential for reliable results in enzyme neutralization or enzyme binding assays; (2) the greater sensitivity of enzyme binding compared to enzyme neutralization assays is a function of the antibody, not of the antigen. Competition RIAs using extracts of virus-infected cells showed that infectious primate retrovirus RT could be measured in a crude system and that cellular DNA polymerases alpha, beta and gamma did not compete with the labelled probe. PMID- 14768705 TI - Restricted expression of endogenous N-tropic XC-positive leukemia virus in hybrids between G and AKR mice: an effect of the Fv-4r gene. AB - G mice carrying the Fv-4r gene are resistant to exogenous infections of various strains of ecotropic MuLVs (Suzuki, 1975). The expression of endogenous N-tropic XC-positive virus was studied in the progency of a cross between G and AKR mice. In the F1 mice, the virus expression was almost completely supressed, and no leukemia developed during 1 year of observation. Results of successive backcrossings with AKR mice indicated that a single dominant gene, the Fv-4r suffices for supression. It can be concluded that the extensive growth of N tropic XC-positive virus is a prerequisite for leukemia development in AKR mice. PMID- 14768706 TI - Separation of different molecular forms of macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing proteins for normal and leukemic myeloid cells. AB - It is shown that serum of mice treated with endotoxin (ES) contains three separable and functionally distinct forms of macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing (MGI) proteins. One form (MGI-1M) induced the formation of macrophage colonies from normal bone-marrow cells and showed on gel filtration an apparent molecular weight of 300,000; a second form (MGI-1G) induced the formation of granulocyte colonies from normal bone-marrow cells and had an apparent molecular weight of 45 100,000; and the third form (MGI-2) induced the normal differentiation of MGI+D+ myeloid leukemic cells to macrophages and granulocytes and had an apparent molecular weight of 28,000. Studies on the time course of the decrease of these three activities in ES have indicated that MGI-2 was more readily inactivated in vivo than MGI-1M and MGI-1G. The MGI-1M in ES isolated after gel filtration was completely neutralized by an antiserum to MGI-1 from mouse L-cells, whereas the isolated MGI-1G and MGI-2 were not affected by this antiserum. Gel filtration under dissociating conditions (6 M guanidinium chloride) resulted in a reduction of the apparent molecular weights of MGI-1M from 300,000 to 42,000, and of MGI-1G from 45-100,000 to 28,000, while it produced no change in the 28,000 apparent molecular weight of MGI-2. Similar studies with conditioned medium produced in vitro from mouse lung and peritoneal macrophages showed that in these conditioned media, MGI-1 (both G and M) in the native form had an apparent molecular weight of 41,000 and MGI-2 of 24,000, and that both MGI-1 and 2 had an apparent molecular weight of 24,000 under dissociating conditions. The results indicate that MGI-1 exists in serum in vivo and in these conditioned media as aggregated proteins, whereas MGI-2 does not, and that macrophages and lung tissue are not the only source of the MGI proteins found in ES. It is suggested that all three forms of MGI activity are derived from one precursor protein; that only the MGI-2 form assayed on leukemic cells should be used for treatment based on the induction of normal cell differentiation in myeloid leukemia; and that MGI-2 may serve as a survey mechanism for inducing differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells that have lost their responsiveness to the MGI-1 molecules that control the viability, proliferation and differentiation of normal myeloblasts. PMID- 14768707 TI - Quantitation of extracts containing tumour angiogenesis factor (TAF) by radioimmunometric and radioimmunoassays. AB - An antiserum which is able to inhibit TAF-induced neovascularization in vivo (TAF antiserum) was used to develop two quantitative assays for TAF-containing tumour extracts (tumor TAF). 1) Radioimmunometric assay (RIMA): the IgG of the TAF antiserum was labelled with 125I. An excess of 125I-IgG was incubated with increasing concentrations of tumour TAF and the antigen-bound fraction was precipitated by addition of Clq. 2) Radioimmunoassay (RIA): an excess of iodinated antigen (tumour TAF) was incubated with TAF antiserum diluted so that binding in the absence of unlabelled antigen represented 70-80% of the maximum binding. When tumour TAF was added, competition between labelled and unlabelled antigen for the TAF antibody binding sites resulted in displacement of the former by increasing concentrations of the latter. A second antibody was used to precipitate the bound labelled antigen. Of the two assays, the RIMA was the more sensitive and, due to the lack of a purified antigen, allowed standardization of the results in a more accurate manner. Our data show that there was a good correlation between the ability of tumour TAF to induce angiogenesis in vivo and the degree of antiserum binding detected in vitro by both assays. Preparations containing TAF, whatever the source (i.e. human or animal tumours or tissue culture) shared common antigenic determinants. It is suggested that the quantitative assays should prove valuable in determining the clinical relevance of TAF as a tumour marker. PMID- 14768708 TI - Tumor metastases and cell-mediated immunity in a model system in DBA/2 mice. X. Immunoselection of tumor variants differing in tumor antigen expression and metastatic capacity. AB - We previously described morphological, functional and antigenic differences between a chemically-induced DBA/2 lymphoma, Eb, and a spontaneous variant, ESb, which arose in 1968 and had highly increased metastatic capacity. Now we present evidence that the two cell lines, in spite of the differences observed, are still related. (1) Shifts from Eb to ESb can be reproduced after 11 years. They occur during routine i.p. transplantation, especially when high cell numbers are passaged. (2) ESb variant cells can be recovered from Eb tumor populations after immunoselection in vivo with specific anti-Eb cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). (3) Parental-type Eb cells can be isolated from ESb tumor populations after immunoselection in vitro with specific anti-ESb CTL Ten ESb cells mixed with 10(6) Eb cells and inoculated s.c. caused a shift in the mortality curve suggesting that a possible contamination of the Eb population with pre-existing ESb variant cells was less than 1 in 100,000. PMID- 14768709 TI - The binding of benzo(a)pyrene to DNA components of differing sequence complexity. AB - An examination has been made of the binding, both in vitro and in vivo, of the benzo(a)pyrene (BP) adduct to DNA components of differing sequence complexity. Annealing was performed at low renaturation temperatures in the presence of high concentrations of formamide to minimize hydrocarbon-induced depurination. BHK-DNA was modified in vitro using a tritiated derivative of the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of BP, 7alpha,8beta-di-hydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10 tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BPDE). Co-renaturation of this modfied DNA with [14C] thymidine-labelled BHK-DNA demonstrated that the hydrocarbon adduct did not interfere with strand annealing and showed that the BP adduct was distributed randomly throughout all DNA sequence classes. However, when the DNA of cells in culture was modified by [3H]BP, following metabolic activation, and mixed with [14C]-thymidine-labelled DNA, a small but reproducible difference in the renaturation of the two labels was found. This difference in renaturation profiles was not due to base-compositional effects since a similar result was found when the alternate 14C-label was present in guanine bases, the principal site of BP modification. The small difference in the renaturation of the two radioactive labels indicated an enrichment of the hydrocarbon on the most rapidly renaturing sequence components (the palindromic and highly repetitive sequences) where it amounted to between 19 and 64% increased modification. PMID- 14768710 TI - Specific glycolipid antigen(s) in SV40-transformed cell membranes. AB - A glycolipid extract was prepared from an SV40-transformed hamster cell line (EH SV) according to the Folch partition procedure. The glycolipids from the aqueous layer were incorporated in liposomal membranes composed of lecithin/sphingomyelin/cholesterol (1:1:2 by weight). This liposomal preparation was inoculated in Syrian hamsters to raise immune sera. The sera were absorbed with trypsinized "normal" hamster cells (EH-N) and tested on various cell lines by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. When used for staining living cells, the immune serum produced a distinct cell-surface fluorescence with SV40 transformed cell lines regardless of the cell origin (e.g., rat or hamster). No reaction was observed with heterologous Py-transformed cell lines, spontaneously transformed cells, or sera from non-immunized hamsters. When used for staining acetone-fixed cells, the antiglycolipid serum reacted specifically with a thermostable antigen in the nuclear envelope and the cytoplasm of SV40 transformed cells. The sera lack interfering SV40 T reactivity. The results indicate the presence of related SV40-specific glycolipid antigen(s) in the plasma membrane, the nuclear membrane and probably other endomembranes of SV40 transformed cells. PMID- 14768711 TI - Cytogenetic studies on abelson-virus-induced mouse leukemias. AB - The karyotype of Abelson-virus-induced murine leukemias was studied by G-banding. In contrast to the regular trisomy of chromosome 15 in most murine T-cell leukemias, Abelson leukemias were purely diploid, and remained diploid for up to seven consecutive passages in vivo. The hypothesis is advanced that integration into the recipient cell of the DNA copy of the large cellular insert, carried by the Abelson virus, may perform a function similar to the effects of gene duplication by trisomy in the more slowly developing murine leukemias. PMID- 14768712 TI - Role of elevated temperature in malignant transformation of mammalian cells in vitro. AB - Rat embryo cells subjected in vitro to transient incubation at an elevated temperature (39 degrees C) became transformed and induced fibrosarcomas in both homologous and heterologous hosts. Malignant transformation correlated with the occurrence of karyotypic changes which appeared long after incubation at 39 degrees C and subsequent return to 37 degrees C. Control cultures incubated at only 37 degrees C did not show similar chromosomal changes or induce tumors and remained predominantly diploid during the same observation period. In contrast to rat embryo cells, marmoset monkey cell cultures incubated at 39 degrees C did not develop characteristics of transformed cells. PMID- 14768713 TI - In vivo splenic irradiation eradicates suppressor T-cells causing the regression and inhibition of established tumor. AB - Splenic irradiation has been employed in tumor-bearing animals to eradicate non specific, spleen-seeking suppressor T cells, and to inhibit established tumor growth. MC1315 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice were treated with 400 R splenic irradiation. Untreated mice or mice receiving 400 R splenic irradiation plus reconstitution with syngeneic spleen cells served as controls. Statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth, regression of established lethal tumor, and the disappearance of suppressor cell activity from the spleens of tumor regressed mice were observed. Tumor growth inhibition was statistically significant at the p < 0.001 level. We postulate that non-specific, spleen seeking, radiation-sensitive suppressor T cells are in a large measure responsible for mediating progressive tumor growth. By taking advantage of their radiosensitivity and by exploiting their spleen-seeking nature, we have achieved significant regression of established tumor in up to 50% of the animals treated. These findings lend further support to the role of suppressor cells in abrogating anti-tumor immunity, and suggest that their manipulation may have potential implications for the design of human adjuvant therapy. PMID- 14768714 TI - NIH Consensus Statement on Management of Hepatitis C: 2002. AB - OBJECTIVE: To provide health care providers, patients, and the general public with a responsible assessment of currently available data regarding the management and treatment of hepatitis C. PARTICIPANTS: A non-Federal, nonadvocate, 12-member panel representing the fields of infectious diseases, gastroenterology, medical oncology, molecular genetics, geriatrics, internal medicine, and the public. In addition, experts in these same fields presented data to the panel and to a conference audience of approximately 300. EVIDENCE: Presentations by experts; a systematic review of the medical literature provided by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; and an extensive bibliography of hepatitis C research papers, prepared by the National Library of Medicine. Scientific evidence was given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. CONFERENCE PROCESS: Answering predefined questions, the panel drafted a statement based on the scientific evidence presented in open forum and the scientific literature. The draft statement was read in its entirety on the final day of the conference and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. The panel then met in executive session to consider these comments and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The statement was made available on the World Wide Web at http://consensus.nih.gov immediately after the conference. This statement is an independent report of the panel and is not a policy statement of the NIH or the Federal Government. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of newly acquired hepatitis C infection has diminished in the United States. This decline is largely due to a decrease in cases among IDUs for reasons that are unclear and, to a lesser extent, to testing of blood donors for HCV. The virus is transmitted by blood and such transmission now occurs primarily through injection drug use, sex with an infected partner or multiple partners, and occupational exposure. The majority of infections become chronic, and therefore the prevalence of HCV infections is high, with about 3 million Americans now estimated to be chronically infected. HCV is a leading cause of cirrhosis, a common cause of HCC and the leading cause of liver transplantation in the United States. The disease spectrum associated with HCV infection varies greatly. Various studies have suggested that 3 to 20 percent of chronically infected patients will develop cirrhosis over a 20-year period, and these patients are at risk for HCC. Persons who are older at the time of infection, patients with continuous exposure to alcohol, and those co-infected with HIV or HBV demonstrate accelerated progression to more advanced liver disease. Conversely, individuals infected at a younger age have little or no disease progression over several decades. The diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C infection is often suggested by abnormalities in ALT levels and is established by EIA followed by confirmatory determination of HCV RNA. Several sensitive and specific assays are now partly automated for the purposes of detecting HCV RNA and quantifying the viral level. Although there is little correlation between viral level and disease manifestations, these assays have proven useful in identifying those patients who are more likely to benefit from treatment and, particularly, in demonstrating successful response to treatment as defined by an SVR. Liver biopsy is useful in defining baseline abnormalities of liver disease and in enabling patients and healthcare providers to reach a decision regarding antiviral therapy. Noninvasive tests do not currently provide the information that can be obtained through liver biopsy. Information on the genotype of the virus is important to guide treatment decisions. Genotype 1, most commonly found in the United States, is less amenable to treatment than genotypes 2 or 3. Therefore, clinical trials of antiviral therapies require genotyping information for appropriate stratification of subjects. Recent therapeutic trials in defined, selected populations have clearly shown that combinations of interferons and ribavirin are more effective than monotherapy. Moreover, trials using pegylated interferons have yielded improved SVR rates with similar toxicity profiles. However, results continue to show that the SVR rate is less common in patients with genotype 1 infections, higher HCV RNA levels, or more advanced stages of fibrosis. Genotype 1 infections require therapy for 48 weeks, whereas shorter treatment is feasible in genotype 2 and 3 infections. In genotype 1, the lack of an early virologic response (< 2 log decrease in HCV RNA) is associated with failure to achieve an SVR. The SVR is lower in patients with advanced liver disease than in patients without cirrhosis. Ongoing trials are exploring the usefulness of combination therapy in various populations. Preliminary experience in IDUs, individuals co-infected with HIV, children, and other special groups suggests similar responses are achievable in these populations. Patients with acute hepatitis C may be treated, but specific recommendations for antiviral treatment must await further evaluation of the rate of spontaneous clearance of the virus and determination of the optimal time to initiate treatment. Preventive measures beyond blood-banking practices include prompt identification of infected individuals, awareness of the potential for perinatal transmission, implementation of safe-injection practices, linkage of drug users to drug treatment programs, and implementation of community-based education and support programs to modify risk behavior. Some of these measures have been successfully implemented in the control of HIV infections, and it stands to reason that they would be valuable for reducing HCV transmission. Future advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatitis C require continued vigilance concerning the transmission of this infection, extending treatment to populations not previously evaluated in treatment trials, and the introduction of more effective therapies. PMID- 14768715 TI - Mapping antibiotic use and resistance in the Netherlands: SWAB and NethMap. AB - The worldwide emergence of antimicrobial resistance has elicited responses from national and international organisations, including the World Health Organisation and the European Union. In the Netherlands, the non-profit foundation SWAB was jointly started by several professional medical societies to coordinate the Dutch efforts in preventing and reversing the trend of emerging resistance. SWAB publishes guidelines on the prudent use of antibiotics in this and other journals. The results of SWAB's surveillance systems for antibiotic consumption and resistance were recently summarised in its NethMap 2003 document. Attention should now be focused on elucidating the major determinants of antibiotic use and resistance emergence, and designing effective intervention strategies to reverse the trend of resistance emergence. PMID- 14768716 TI - The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - SLE is a complex, heterogeneous disease, the precise pathogenesis of which remains something of a mystery. In recent years our understanding has been advanced by the development of novel genetic and immunological techniques. Susceptibility to SLE has a genetic component and multiple putative genes are being investigated. The genes involved are likely to play a part in immune regulation. Central to the immune dysfunction seen in SLE is the presence of autoreactive B cells, which predominantly target nuclear antigens. In addition to evidence of aberrant B and T cell behaviour, lupus is associated with complement deficiencies, and abnormal cytokine function. A number of environmental triggers exist, and likely candidates include viral infection and exposure to UV light. Finally, evidence is accumulating that implicates apoptosis as a mechanism by which disease may be provoked and propagated. PMID- 14768717 TI - Coagulopathy in prostate cancer. AB - Patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma may have dramatic and life-threatening coagulation complications from their disease. We report here the case of a man with relapsing disseminated intravascular coagulation, and review the different coagulation disorders that may occur during prostatic carcinoma evolution. We focus mainly on disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), the most frequent coagulation complication. Other coagulopathies associated with prostate cancer are thrombocytopenic thrombotic purpura, thrombosis, Trousseau's syndrome and acquired factor VIII inhibitor development. PMID- 14768718 TI - Lifetime health effects and costs of diabetes treatment. AB - BACKGROUND: This article presents cost-effectiveness analyses of the major diabetes interventions as formulated in the revised Dutch guidelines for diabetes type 2 patients in primary and secondary care. The analyses consider two types of care: diabetes control and the treatment of complications, each at current care level and according to the guidelines. METHODS: A validated probabilistic diabetes model describes diabetes and its complications over a lifetime in the Dutch population, computing quality-adjusted life years and medical costs. Effectiveness data and costs of diabetes interventions are from observational current care studies and intensive care experiments. Lifetime consequences of in total sixteen intervention mixes are compared with a baseline glycaemic control of 10% HBA1C. RESULTS: The interventions may reduce the cumulative incidence of blindness, lower-extremity amputation, and end-stage renal disease by >70% in primary care and >60% in secondary care. All primary care guidelines together add 0.8 quality-adjusted life years per lifetime. CONCLUSION: In case of few resources, treating complications according to guidelines yields the most health benefits. Current care of diabetes complications is inefficient. If there are sufficient resources, countries may implement all guidelines, also on diabetes control, and improve efficiency in diabetes care. PMID- 14768719 TI - Candida-specific interferon-gamma deficiency and toll-like receptor polymorphisms in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. AB - Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is a group of disorders, characterised by persistent mucocutaneous infections with Candida species. The underlying defect of CMC has not been elucidated, but a defective cytokine response may be involved. Therefore, we investigated whether an imbalance between IFNgamma and IL 10 may play a role in this disorder. We assessed the cytokine production in whole blood cultures from CMC patients using Candida albicans, lipopolysaccharide and phytohaemagglutinin as stimuli. As the Toll-like receptors are important pattern recognition receptors for Candida species, we also investigated Toll-like receptor polymorphisms in these patients. Patients with CMC had a significantly decreased IFNgamma production when whole blood was stimulated with C. albicans (232 +/- 120 vs 2279 +/- 609 pg/ml, p<0.02). When stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin, the differences were not significant (3549 +/- 1320 vs 7631 +/- 1790 pg/ml). The Candida-stimulated production of IL-10 tended to be higher in CMC patients, whereas TNF and IL-1beta production were similar in patients and controls. Stimulation with LPS showed no differences in cytokine production between patients and controls. Two out of seven patients had the TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and none had the TLR2 Arg677Trp polymorphism. These data support the hypothesis that deficient IFNgamma production is involved in the pathogenesis of CMC, whereas a role for genetic polymorphisms of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 is not obvious in these patients. PMID- 14768720 TI - A patient with pancytopenia and microcytic megaloblastic anaemia. PMID- 14768721 TI - Unexpected prolonged extreme hypocalcaemia and an inadequate PTH response in a patient with metastatic breast carcinoma. AB - Although hypercalcaemia is often encountered during the course of malignant disease, hypocalcaemia appears to be rather rare. We describe a 37-year-old patient with metastatic carcinoma of the breast, who developed extreme hypocalcaemia (as low as 0.75 mmol calcium per litre) after chemotherapy. This is caused by a combination of hungry-bone syndrome and an insufficient parathyroid response. The latter may be the result of a direct toxic effect of chemotherapy on parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis possibly in combination with microscopic tumour infiltration in the parathyroid glands. Correction of the extreme hypocalcaemia over a period of 100 days by oral and intravenous calcium supplementation, corresponding to a total of 352 gram elemental calcium (1/3 of the total body calcium), resulted in gradual symptomatic relief. The possible mechanisms for these findings are discussed and the literature is briefly reviewed. PMID- 14768722 TI - Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection in an adult with no detectable immune deficiency. AB - INTRODUCTION: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes lifelong latent infection. In some patients the host-virus balance is disturbed, resulting in a chronic active EBV infection. The following case illustrates the difficulty in diagnosing and treating chronic EBV infection. CASE: A 30-year-old woman was referred because of recurrent swellings of lymphatic tissue of both eyelids, orbit and lymph nodes and general malaise since the age of 19. In the past, repeated biopsies showed MALT lymphoma and nonspecific lymphoid infiltrations. Now, a biopsy of an axillary lymph node showed paracortical hyperplasia with a polymorphous polyclonal lymphoid proliferation, and large numbers of EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) positive cells, consistent with EBV infection. Laboratory investigation showed a high EBV viral load. No evidence of immunodeficiency was found. Chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) was diagnosed. Treatment with high-dose acyclovir did not significantly reduce the viral load. Rituximab was given in an attempt to reduce the amount of EBV-infected B lymphocytes. However, soon after the second dose the patient died of a sub-arachnoidal haemorrhage. CONCLUSION: This case report illustrates CAEBV as a rare manifestation of EBV-induced disease, which will be detected more frequently with the use of EBV-EBER hybridisation of lymph nodes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for EBV DNA. The prognosis is poor with no established therapeutic strategies. PMID- 14768723 TI - Why don't medical textbooks teach? The lack of logic in the differential diagnosis. AB - Medical textbooks are an important aid in the process of diagnosing and treating patients. Medical students use these books to acquire the skills necessary for this process, while medical teachers and experienced doctors use them for teaching these competences. We posed the question whether medical textbooks are structured in such a way that medical students are taught to structure knowledge and to make a differential diagnosis in a logical way. Five major textbooks were compared with regard to four clinical problems (gastrointestinal bleeding, anaemia, oedema and heart failure). The presentation appeared to be very variable in respect of logic and systematic arrangement. In fact, it was disappointing that even in well-reputed textbooks, a systematic approach is lacking. We feel there is a need for improvement, in order to facilitate the learning of medical students and to enhance their abilities in clinical problem solving. PMID- 14768724 TI - More on bleomycin and scuba diving. PMID- 14768725 TI - Imaging of brain tumors with diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor MR imaging. AB - The advent of diffusion-weighted MR imaging and diffusion tensor MR imaging has had little impact on brain tumor detection. Diffusion-weighted imaging has been effective in characterizing specific types of masses, particularly in distinguishing epidermoids from arachnoid cysts, and cystic tumors from intracerebral abscesses. Presurgical planning using tractography with diffusion tensor MR imaging, and perhaps the evaluation of tumor response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy with diffusion-weighted imaging, may become important applications in the near future. PMID- 14768726 TI - Perfusion MR imaging: basic principles and clinical applications. AB - Dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging provides hemodynamic information that complements traditional structural imaging and is increasingly used in clinical practice to diagnose, manage, and understand brain tumors. Relative cerebral blood volume maps derived from perfusion MR imaging data provide quantifiable estimates of regional blood volume that can be used to grade gliomas, differentiate different brain tumor types, and distinguish tumors from non-neoplastic lesions. There are a few minor limitations of the dynamic contrastenhanced perfusion MR imaging technique-susceptibility artifacts, relative rather than absolute quantification of cerebral blood volume, and the inaccurate estimation of cerebral blood volume in patients in whom the blood brain barrier has been severely disrupted or destroyed. Despite the minor potential pitfalls of the technique, inclusion of perfusion MR imaging as part of a routine evaluation of brain tumors can lead to improved diagnostic accuracy, understanding of tumor pathophysiology, and detection and quantification of tumor angiogenesis. With further work, perfusion MR imaging could be used to assess existing and novel cancer therapies that target blood vessels. PMID- 14768727 TI - MR spectroscopy of brain tumors. AB - MR spectroscopy is a non-invasive technique for measuring tissue metabolites. Changes in tissue metabolites may be useful for diagnosing or characterizing primary and other brain neoplasms, planning treatment, and assessing the results of treatment. Ongoing improvements in equipment and pulse sequence design may make full brain spectroscopy clinically practical in the near future. The authors review the basic concepts of MR spectroscopy and its use in clinical management of brain neoplasms. PMID- 14768728 TI - Intraoperative MR imaging. AB - Intraoperative MR imaging has become a safe and effective technology that has revolutionized the way neurosurgery is performed. Benefits include the ability to update data sets for navigational systems, to monitor tumor resections, to adjust the approach to intracranial lesions, and to guide functional and drug or cell delivery procedures. Use of this technique can help avoid inadvertent injury of important anatomic and vascular structures. In addition, complications such as ischemia or hemorrhage can be detected early. Intraoperative MR imaging is particularly useful for ensuring that brain biopsies yield diagnostic tissue and for assessing the completeness of tumor resection. As is true for any new technology, the benefits of intraoperative MR imaging must be examined carefully to guarantee appropriate use. Many neurosurgical procedures do not require real time image guidance and can be performed safely using current surgical techniques, including microsurgical methods and frameless and frame-based stereotaxy. Other tumor resections, tumor biopsies, and surgical and interventional procedures distinctly benefit from the sophisticated information provided by intraoperative imaging techniques. In surgery for low-grade gliomas, intraoperative MR imaging has found general acceptance, whereas its usefulness to monitor the resection of high-grade gliomas remains controversial. The economic issues related to intraoperative MR imaging cannot be overlooked. The acquisition of an intraoperative MR imaging system is associated with considerable expense, and its performance increases the cost of equipment and the operating time. Despite these additional expenses, intraoperative MR imaging can lead to a potential overall cost reduction in the treatment of certain patients if long term cure can be achieved, repeat resection can be avoided, or procedure associated morbidity can be reduced. Although intraoperative MR imaging techniques hold tremendous potential, the definition of their appropriate role in the delivery of successful and cost-effective medical care awaits further study. PMID- 14768729 TI - Newer MR imaging techniques for head and neck. AB - Dynamic and functional imaging techniques are being developed to improve the evaluation of various pathologic processes of the head and neck region. These techniques include dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging for evaluating soft tissue masses and cervical lymph nodes, the use of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent, and functional techniques such as in vivo and in vitro MR spectroscopy of head and neck cancer and lymph nodes and apparent diffusion coefficient mapping of parotid glands. These techniques can help to differentiate nonmalignant tissue from malignant tumors and lymph nodes and can aid in differentiating residual malignancies from postradiation changes. From methodological development, they are making the critical transition to preclinical and clinical validating methods and eventually to widespread clinical tools. PMID- 14768730 TI - Magnetization transfer, HASTE, and FLAIR imaging. AB - Continuous technologic developments and research have increased the clinical applications of MT, HASTE, and FLAIR imaging in neuroradiology. HASTE has become the MR imaging sequence of choice for fetal neuroimaging. Other promising uses, such as for diffusion-weighted imaging, have not been fully exploited. FLAIR has been firmly established as one of the cornerstones of brain imaging; however, post-contrast FLAIR images have not offered a clear advantage over standard T1 weighted images as suggested by early studies. FLAIR imaging with echoplanar acquisition is not considered advantageous, because the decreased imaging times are obtained at the expense of lower sensitivity. For a number of applications, diffusion-weighted imaging has surpassed FLAIR. Nevertheless, FLAIR images may be more sensitive for the detection of acute brain infarction. Recently described methods for the elimination of CSF flow artifacts may lead to improved quality and reliability of FLAIR images for subarachnoid space disease. MT preparation is now routinely incorporated in time-of-flight MR angiography and gradient-echo T2* weighted spine imaging sequences and provides increased sensitivity for postcontrast MR imaging. These applications may not be advantageous in all clinical settings. MTR analysis offers valuable information for an increasing number of pathologic processes but has not yet gained wide clinical acceptance owing to sophisticated postprocessing and significant intercenter variations. Different modifications of these techniques are being evaluated, and further developments are expected. PMID- 14768731 TI - Application of new MR techniques in pediatric patients. AB - Pediatric neuroradiology is a fascinating and challenging field because there are normal changes associated with normal development and unique and unusual pathologies that occur in this population. The numerous new MR techniques first applied in the adult population are appropriate for use in the pediatric population, often with minimal modification of parameters. These new techniques will undoubtedly contribute significantly to use of pediatric neuroimaging, but the adult experience is not always directly transferable. The pediatric brain, particularly the immature brain is different in structure, has predilection for different types of disease processes, and may react differently to insults than the adult brain. As a result, the role of these techniques needs to be evaluated in the context of the pediatric brain and common pediatric disease processes. PMID- 14768732 TI - Strengthen Canada's public health system now. PMID- 14768733 TI - Proceedings of the "Think tank on the future of public health in Canada" Calgary, May 10, 2003. PMID- 14768734 TI - Fighting obesity: a call to arms. PMID- 14768735 TI - Overweight and obesity mortality trends in Canada, 1985-2000. AB - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the temporal trends in the mortality burden attributed to overweight and obesity in Canada between 1985 and 2000. DESIGN: Overweight and obesity prevalence data from six cross-sectional national population surveys, including the 1985 and 1990 Health Promotion Surveys, 1994, 1996 and 1998 National Population Health Surveys, and 2000 Canadian Community Health Survey, in conjunction with one published prospective cohort study on overweight, obesity and mortality. PARTICIPANTS: Adults 20-64 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The number of deaths attributable to overweight and obesity at the national and provincial levels. Attributable deaths were estimated using the Population Attributable Risk (PAR), which combined the prevalence data with the relative risks of mortality associated with overweight and obesity. A two-way sensitivity analysis was conducted by simultaneously varying the population prevalences and relative risk estimates by +/-10%. RESULTS: Between 1985 and 2000, the national PAR for overweight and obesity increased from 5.1% to 9.3%, and the annual number of deaths attributable to overweight and obesity increased from 2,514 (966-4,061) to 4,321 (2,114-6,542). Cumulatively, 57,181 (25,075-89,227) deaths were attributed to overweight and obesity between 1985 and 2000. Although overweight- and obesity-related mortality is increasing in every province, the problem is particularly pronounced in Eastern Canada. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity are important public health problems in Canada, accounting for approximately 57,000 deaths over the last 15 years. Immediate and sweeping public health campaigns and interventions are required to slow or reverse the recent trends. PMID- 14768736 TI - SARS: a local public health perspective. PMID- 14768737 TI - SARS: lessons learned from a provincial perspective. PMID- 14768738 TI - Responding to pandemic influenza: a local perspective. AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess, via a tabletop exercise, the ability of a rural health unit to manage an influenza pandemic. PARTICIPANTS: The exercise brought together community stakeholders including representation from public health, hospitals, long-term care, social services, first responders, morticians, local government and the media. SETTING: Leeds, Grenville and Lanark, a rural region of Ontario. INTERVENTION: In June 2002, exercise participants were presented with a scenario involving the local response to pandemic influenza. Facilitators prepared a framework for the mock emergency in advance. However, the scenario was guided by decisions made by participants and the probable consequences of those decisions. Following the exercise, a debriefing session identified recommendations to be included in future plan development. OUTCOMES: The exercise identified critical issues, including communication, emergency decision-making, vaccination priorization, local surge capacity, and disease containment. Both participants and observers deemed the exercise successful. CONCLUSION: Improvements in the local contingency plan for pandemic influenza were identified. The exercise was an opportunity to familiarize participants with the contingency plan, practice working collectively and identify areas for further planning. The principles and lessons generated from the exercise can be used to guide the response to other large-scale infectious disease outbreaks. PMID- 14768739 TI - Environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of pancreatic cancer: findings from a Canadian population-based case-control study. AB - BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that tobacco is a well-recognized risk factor for pancreatic cancer, no study has yet reported on the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and this malignancy. We investigated the relationship between pancreatic cancer and childhood and adult exposure to ETS using a case-control study design. METHODS: Our study population consisted of 583 pancreatic cancer cases and 4,813 population-based controls that were identified within 8 Canadian provinces between 1994 and 1997. Mail-out questionnaires were used to collect risk factor information and a lifetime residential and occupational history of exposure to ETS. RESULTS: Among never smokers, those who were exposed to ETS both as a child and as an adult had an odds ratio of 1.21 (95% CI=0.60-2.44) relative to those with no exposure. For active smoking, when the referent group consisted of never smokers who had not been regularly exposed to ETS, the risk increases were more pronounced with an increased number of years of smoking, cigarette pack-years, years since quit smoking, and average number of cigarettes smoked daily. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results are suggestive of a weak association between pancreatic cancer and ETS. Perhaps more importantly, they suggest that ETS smoking exposures may confound the risk of pancreatic cancer associated with active smoking measures commonly used in epidemiologic studies. PMID- 14768740 TI - Mortality attributable to tobacco use in Canada and its regions, 1998. AB - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this report is to calculate 1998 smoking attributable mortality (SAM) and to explore whether SAM estimates have changed from the late 1980s to the late 1990s. METHODS: Using the data from the National Population Health Survey and the Canadian Mortality Database, a modified Smoking Attributable Mortality, Morbidity and Economic Cost (SAMMEC) method was applied to estimate national and regional smoking-attributable mortality for 1998. FINDINGS: The results indicate that in 1998, 30,230 men and 17,351 women died as a result of both active and passive smoking, including 96 children under the age of 1. This includes 1,107 Canadians who died from both lung cancer and ischemic heart disease attributable to environmental tobacco smoke. The total of 47,581 deaths represents an increase of 9,224 deaths since 1989, with females accounting for 6,531 of these increased deaths. The increase in female mortality is divided between cancers (2,452), cardiovascular diseases (1,646), and respiratory diseases (2,283). In 1998, the top causes of adult smoking-related deaths were lung cancer (13,951 deaths), ischemic heart disease (9,289 deaths) and chronic airways obstruction (6,457 deaths). CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking remains the number one preventable cause of death in Canada and its impact on the health of Canadians continues to be an unacceptable burden. PMID- 14768741 TI - Cigarette smoking, mental health and social support: data from a northwestern First Nation. AB - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of smoking is high in many Aboriginal Canadian communities; rates of 50% are not uncommon. Aboriginal Canadians suffer a severe burden of smoking-related disease. Research in other populations has linked depression and smoking. It is not known whether mental health or affective measures are related to smoking for any of Canada's First Nations, and this study sought to answer this question. Understanding relations between affect and smoking behaviour is requisite to mounting anti-smoking interventions. METHODS: Smoking status and psychosocial measures including depression, mastery, affect balance and social support were obtained in a community-based chronic disease survey for a rural Interior Salishan First Nation in British Columbia (Plateau area). Persons surveyed were on-reserve residents (n=187), overweight (body mass index > or = 25 kg/m2), with mean age of 44.1 years (standard deviation 15.0). RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking was 48.1%. Adjusted for age, sex and body mass index, smokers relative to nonsmokers had higher (p<0.010) depression (mean 21.3 [CI 95%, 19.1-23.4] vs. 16.1 [14.1-18.0]) and negative affect (18.6 [14.9-22.3] vs. 11.0 [7.6-14.4]), and lower mastery (36.4 [35.5-37.3] vs. 38.1 [37.2-38.9]). A positive relationship between mastery and social support was greater for nonsmokers (p=0.046). CONCLUSION: Depression and negative affect are associated with smoking among overweight persons in a rural First Nation in British Columbia. Furthermore, smoking is inversely related to mastery, and this relation varies with social support. Longitudinal study is required to determine whether smoking influences mental health and mastery, or the reverse. PMID- 14768742 TI - A low-cost, practical method for increasing smokers' interest in smoking cessation programs. AB - BACKGROUND: Low participation rates reduce the public health impact of smoking cessation programs. Two barriers for improving participation are the cost of media campaigns and the proportion of smokers motivated to quit smoking. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of using classified newspaper ads and messages aimed at each stage of change to enhance participation in smoking cessation programs. METHODS: Three classified ads were run concurrently in a local daily newspaper for five consecutive days. The ads were designed to engage smokers in each of Prochaska's five stages of change. Each ad invited smokers or former smokers to call the local health department to participate in a paid focus group to design a new health department program. RESULTS: Calls were received from 181 eligible smokers, including 124 who provided data for the study. Thirty-seven, 34, and 29 percent of smoking respondents were in precontemplation, contemplation and preparation respectively. Half of ex-smokers were in the action stage. Ads cost 174 dollars (Cdn), thus the cost per recruit was less than a dollar. CONCLUSION: Classified ads can recruit smokers from all stages of change. Compared to traditional mass media, classified ads may also be a highly cost-efficient promotional strategy. Results provide justification for further research. PMID- 14768743 TI - Retaining public health nurses in rural British Columbia: the influence of job and community satisfaction. AB - BACKGROUND: Although the need to retain rural registered nurses is pressing, little is known about what influences them to stay in their current employment. The objectives of the study were: to examine public health nurses' (PHNs) job and community satisfaction; to relate job and community satisfaction to their decision to stay in their current employment in rural British Columbia. METHODS: A survey was mailed to all front-line PHNs in 48 rural and small urban communities in British Columbia. Of the 164 eligible PHNs, 124 responded (76% response rate). RESULTS: PHNs were most satisfied with their professional status, professional interaction and autonomy, their communities' acceptance of their partners, friendliness of the community and their friends. They were least satisfied with their salary. Job satisfaction or community satisfaction was not found to influence retention. Instead, "filter factors" such as age, retirement, family needs and the economy affected PHNs' intent to stay or leave. CONCLUSION: If PHNs are to be retained in rural areas, their economic and family life situations merit greater attention, as does their experience of living and working in rural communities. PMID- 14768744 TI - Twenty-year trends in physical activity among Canadian adults. AB - OBJECTIVE: Physical inactivity is associated with increased risk of mortality and chronic diseases, yet trend information is lacking in most countries. This investigation examines physical activity levels of Canadian adults aged 18 years and older. METHODS: Data were collected in six national surveys between 1981 and 2000. Sample sizes ranged from 2,500 to 18,000. Prevalences were tested using Chi square and Student's t-tests. Socio-demographic correlates were examined using odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, education and income. RESULTS: Physical activity increased in the 1980s and 1990s among men and women and for all age, education and income groups (p<0.01). Although education differentials narrowed over the period, age differentials widened and income differentials emerged. DISCUSSION: The positive trend in Canada is consistent with Finland, but contrary to recent trends for Australia, England and the United States. Despite increases, sedentary living remains a public health issue particularly among women, older adults and lower income groups. PMID- 14768745 TI - [Ambulatory turning point and family home care: a gamble in public health]. AB - CONTEXT: Family caregivers are now considered an at-risk population in Canada. As hospital stays have been gradually reduced, family caregivers of the elderly are burdened with complex responsibilities. This change in care delivery was implemented with little consideration for services offered to this specific population. INTERVENTION AND DISCUSSION: The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of four groups of stakeholders towards services as determinants of health: family caregivers, professionals, community organizations and health care administrators. Focus groups (FG) were conducted (n=11 with 49 participants), followed by semi-structured interviews with key informants (n=29), in urban and rural areas. Results of content analysis were categorized according to the Donabedian model. Congruent perceptions between groups pinpointed the following: A limited accessibility of services, a lack of flexibility and coordination of services, a disregard for health promotion of caregivers and a lack of preventive services. Transportation problems and geographical distance to access services were specific to rural area. CONCLUSION: Results provide evidence based data for public health. They suggest insights for the development of preventive interventions and services for this increasing at-risk population of family caregivers in Canada. PMID- 14768746 TI - Single-mother families in Canada. PMID- 14768748 TI - Anal canal cancer and chemoradiation treatment in two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated by chronic therapeutic immunosuppression. AB - Two case reports of anal cancer developing during chronic therapeutic immunosuppression for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and their cancer management are presented. The complex issues of delivery of curative chemoradiation treatment for anal cancer in the context of co-existing autoimmune connective tissue disease (AICD) are discussed. These two cases show that combined chemotherapy and radiation regimens are possible in patients with SLE. However, frequent, careful assessment with judicious and prompt management of haematological and other complications during treatment is important. PMID- 14768747 TI - An investigation of the impact of supplementary health benefits for low-income families in Saskatchewan. AB - OBJECTIVES: To examine the changes in health service use by recipients of Family Health Benefits, a supplementary benefits program that was introduced to lower income, working families in Saskatchewan beginning in July 1998. These benefits reduced or eliminated fees for prescription drugs and for chiropractic, optometric and dental services. METHODS: The study population included program beneficiaries between July 1998 and January 2000. Administrative data maintained by Saskatchewan Health were used to capture information on changes in benefits coverage and use of hospital, physician, prescription drug, chiropractic and optometric services from 1997 to 2000. Demographic characteristics of the study population were described. Utilization rates were compared for periods prior to and following introduction of the program. RESULTS: Almost three quarters of Family Health Benefit beneficiaries had not had any form of prior supplementary health coverage in the previous year. A large proportion of these beneficiaries lived in rural Saskatchewan. Distinct demographic characteristics were observed for rural and urban beneficiaries. While utilization of physician and hospitalization services was lower following the introduction of the program, utilization of prescription drugs, and both chiropractic and optometric services increased. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in user fees for non-insured services resulted in an increased use of these health services, suggesting that user fees can act as a barrier to the use of medical services by low-income families. PMID- 14768749 TI - Effect of delay in initiating radiotherapy for patients with early stage breast cancer. AB - AIMS: For early stage breast cancer, a standard treatment option is partial mastectomy followed by radiation treatment. The 5-year risk of local recurrence ranges from 6-9%. Variable waiting times for radiation treatment of breast cancer in our institution provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact of waiting time on the risk of local recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1988 and December 1989, 482 patients with stage I and II breast cancer were treated with radiotherapy in our institution. Information on prognostic factors, such as age, tumour size, histological grade, number of positive lymph nodes and margins of resection, was abstracted from their charts. The interval between date of surgery and date of initial radiation treatment was noted. Dates of local recurrence, metastasis and deaths were recorded. RESULTS: At 5 years, the local recurrence rate was 8%, the metastatic rate 12% and the 'cause-specific' survival rate 90%. In univariate analysis, the risk of local recurrence was associated with younger age, higher histological grade and time to radiation treatment. In the multivariate analysis, the effect of time to radiation treatment on the risk of local recurrence was equivocal. CONCLUSION: Delay in radiation treatment may be associated with an increased risk of local recurrence of breast cancer, at least in our centre. Future research is needed on a larger data set to more accurately estimate the effect of time to radiation treatment on the risk of local recurrence. PMID- 14768750 TI - Impact of radiation therapy on acute toxicity in breast conservation therapy for early breast cancer. AB - AIMS: To document the acute toxicity experienced by women receiving radiation therapy as part of breast-conservation therapy (BCT) for early breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of the medical records of 234 consecutive women managed with radiation therapy for BCT over a 2 year period. A policy of formal acute toxicity documentation was present during this period with descriptive measures as well as the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) acute toxicity scoring system. Cutaneous moist desquamation, peak RTOG score, breast oedema and chemotherapy dose intensity were end points assessed. Patient and treatment characteristics were investigated for their association with study end points using Chi-squared and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 223 (95%) of women had data available for analysis. All women were treated with tangential fields on megavoltage linear accelerators. Eighty-three (37.2%) women had systemic chemotherapy either delivered simultaneously in 58 and sequentially in 25. Moist desquamation occurred in 70 (31.4%) women; principally in the inframammary fold only in 43 (19.3%). Only 12 (5.4%) had a confluent moist reaction. Two hundred and ten (94%) women had a peak RTOG skin grade of 2 or less. Breast oedema was evident at treatment end in 46 (20.5%). On univariate analysis, physical factors, such as patient weight (P<0.001) and breast size (P<0.001), were significantly associated with moist desquamation, as were the volume of breast resected (P=0.02) and the use of chemotherapy (P=0.03). Only the physical factors remained significant on multivariate analysis. The presence of breast oedema was associated with surgical factors such as post-operative oedema (P<0.001) and infective complications (P<0.001). The use of concurrent chemoradiotherapy did not affect chemotherapy dose intensity, nor did the presence of moist desquamation increase the risk of febrile complications in chemotherapy-related neutropenia. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the relatively low incidence of significant acute toxicity experienced by women during radiation therapy as part of BCT. These study data should assist surgeons and women in the decision-making process for BCT. PMID- 14768751 TI - Unexpected toxicities in elderly patients treated with oral idarubicin in metastatic breast cancer: the GINECO experience. AB - AIMS: Chemotherapy can be considered for many elderly patients with metastatic hormone-resistant breast cancer. Idarubicin, the only orally administrated cytotoxic agent belonging to the anthracycline family, may be a potential alternative to intravenous chemotherapy for this population for quality-of-life reasons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between November 2000 and June 2001, 26 consecutive patients were included in an open, multicentre, phase II trial. All patients presented with metastatic hormone-resistant breast cancer and were over 70 years old. Eligibility requirements included the following: no prior chemotherapy for their metastatic disease, performance status (PS) 0-2, normal heart function, blood counts and liver function. Treatment consisted of oral idarubicin 20 mg/m2/week, and the dose was individually adjusted according to the observed haematological toxicity. A multi-dimensional geriatric assessment (MGA) was performed at baseline to assess the potential prognostic value of geriatric co-variates (autonomy, physical ability, co-morbidity, nutritional status, cognitive function) on chemotherapy feasibility and efficacy. RESULTS: The trial was stopped after three toxic deaths were recorded. Two patients died of septicaemia with and without neutropenia, and the remaining patient developed congestive heart failure unresponsive to appropriate medication. Treatment was stopped for six other patients because of severe toxicity. Among the 19 patients who could be evaluated, disease had progressed in 14 (74%) at the first evaluation (2 months). Other than poor PS, no particular MGA factor proved helpful in predicting such a poor outcome. CONCLUSION: Owing to the lack of efficacy and unacceptably high toxicity, weekly oral idarubicin should not be given to patients over 70 years old with poor PS and metastatic hormone-resistant breast cancer. The data obtained do not support the use of oral idarubicin in elderly patients, but oral administration of other drugs (vinorelbine, capecitabine) should be assessed, with careful monitoring of the patients, in light of our findings. PMID- 14768752 TI - Can the irradiated uterus sustain a pregnancy? A literature review. AB - A significant number of adult pre- menopausal women are offered pelvic radical radiotherapy as part of the management of their malignancy. Advances in human reproductive research are making pregnancy a possibility for these women, but ovarian function, however, is not the only requirement for establishing and maintaining a pregnancy that will result in the delivery of a normal infant. The processes of implantation, fetal and placental development and labour require normal cervical structure and function. Radiation induces acute and late changes in the uterus that have a permanent impact. This article aims to summarise the published data on this complex subject. To date, the majority of reports of successful pregnancies refer to women who had hemi-pelvis or abdominal irradiation suggesting that partial volume irradiation of the uterus may not preclude pregnancy. However, with the current available information, women receiving a radical dose of radiotherapy to the whole uterus are very unlikely to have a successful pregnancy even if ovarian function is maintained. Systematic studies and, in particular, studies looking at modern radiotherapy techniques are required, as well as a register of pregnancies and outcomes to be able to provide answers for this group of patients. PMID- 14768753 TI - Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and ionizing radiation: sensor, signaller and therapeutic target. AB - Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is an abundant nuclear enzyme that binds rapidly to single and double-strand breaks in DNA and consequently modifies a range of nuclear proteins involved in the cellular response to ionising radiation. PARP-1 knockout mice are highly sensitive to ionising radiation, and inhibition or depletion of PARP-1 brings about modest sensitisation of cells in culture to radiation doses of 2 Gy and above. In certain cell lines, chemical inhibition of PARP activity is also associated with marked sensitisation to very low doses of radiation (<0.5 Gy). The mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed, and possible therapeutic applications of PARP-1 manipulation in combination with ionising radiation are considered. PMID- 14768755 TI - Chemotherapy for primary gastric lymphoma: does in-patient observation prevent complications? AB - AIMS: Primary gastric lymphoma (PGL) is the most common site of extra-nodal non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In recent years there has been a move away from a surgical approach to primary chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy. Data support this approach, with overall survival rates equivalent or superior to surgery. Concerns have been raised over the incidence of acute chemotherapy complications, primarily gastrointestinal (GI) haemorrhage and perforation. As a result, several units, including our own, have routinely admitted all patients for observation during the commencement of therapy. We conducted an audit to elucidate the incidence and timing of such complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used our prospectively recorded lymphoma database to identify all patients with aggressive PGL treated with primary chemotherapy. We examined individual patient notes for the incidence of gastric perforation and GI haemorrhage, defined as a fall in haemoglobin of least 2 g/dl, or the occurrence of haematemesis or malaena. RESULTS: We identified 29 patients with aggressive PGL who received primary systemic chemotherapy. Of these, only two had acute complications, one with GI bleed and the other with perforation. Both events occurred after discharge following our standard inpatient admission period of 5 days (day 13 and day 17). CONCLUSION: In this study, the rate of acute chemotherapy-related complications is low (6.9%). This is consistent with most published series, in which the incidence seems to be around 5% or less. Both acute complications in this series occurred after the patients had been discharged following a routine admission period of 5 days for observation. Although rarely documented, other series suggest that these events also occur late after the initiation of chemotherapy. This work suggests that routine admission for the initiation of chemotherapy for PGL is not necessary and should be at the discretion of the treating physician. All patients should receive comprehensive education about the risks and clinical signs of gastric perforation and bleed. This change in policy has obvious implications for healthcare resources. PMID- 14768754 TI - The management and survival of patients with advanced germ-cell tumours: improving outcome in intermediate and poor prognosis patients. AB - AIMS: The survival of germ-cell tumours (GCT) was transformed after the introduction of cisplatin-based therapy. Previous trials have indicated BEP (bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin) as the optimum treatment, although some centres including our own advocate the use of the alternating regimen POMB-ACE (cisplatin, vincristine, methotrexate, bleomycin and dactinomycin, cyclophosphamide and etoposide) for men with intermediate or poor prognosis disease. We analysed the survival and management of GCT patients treated at a specialist cancer centre in relation to internationally recognised prognostic groupings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrieved patient information using the Trent Testicular Tumour Registry and supplemented it with information from patient notes. This included all patients with Royal Marsden Hospital Stage II, III and IV disease and patients with stage I disease at diagnosis with raised markers or subsequent relapse. We compared the efficacy and toxicity of the BEP and POMB-ACE chemotherapy regimens, and assessed relapse-free and overall survival. RESULTS: We identified 178 non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCT) and 71 seminoma patients. Overall survival was similar to the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) classification for the good (95% vs 92%) and intermediate groups (82% vs 80%). The outcome for the poor prognosis group was better than expected in our series (57% vs 48%). There was a higher proportion of both immediate and late side-effects with POMB-ACE. CONCLUSION: Survival and disease progression rates at this single institution were at least as good as reported by the IGCCCG and somewhat better for the poor-prognosis group. This may reflect use of the POMB-ACE chemotherapy regimen as opposed to standard BEP regimen. However, a randomised comparison of BEP and POMB-ACE would be required to validate this. PMID- 14768756 TI - Limited field radiotherapy for early stage, infra-diaphragmatic Hodgkin's lymphoma. AB - AIMS: To analyse the treatment outcome for patients with stage I and II infra diaphragmatic Hodgkin's lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of case notes for 33 consecutive patients treated between 1988 and 2000. Twenty five out of 33 patients received radiotherapy alone, three out of 33 patients received minimal initial chemotherapy (MIT) (4 weeks VAPEC B) and five patients received six cycles of ChlVPP EVA hybrid chemotherapy before radiotherapy. Radiotherapy was given as a limited field in 32 out of 33 patients. RESULTS: Twenty-seven out of 33 patients were men (82%), and the median age was 47 years. Fifteen of the 33 patients were stage IA, 15 were IIA, 1 was IB and 2 were IIB. The median follow-up was 71 months. Histological subtype was lymphocyte predominant (15/33), nodular sclerosis (11/33), mixed cellularity (4/33), lymphocyte-rich classical (1/33) and unclassifiable (2/33). The 5-year overall survival was 89% and 5-year relapse-free survival was 85%. The median time to relapse was 37 months (range 7-65 months). One out of five relapses was within the previous radiotherapy field. All five relapses had received radiotherapy alone and four were salvaged with chemotherapy. There have been four second malignancies and one patient transformed to high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. No patient has died of Hodgkin's lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of patients with infra-diaphragmatic stage I and II Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with limited field radiotherapy, no patients died from uncontrolled disease. The use of MIT may reduce the risk of relapse and obviate the need for conventional salvage chemotherapy. Late relapses may occur, and second malignancies are a cause for concern underlining the need for long-term follow-up. PMID- 14768757 TI - Pre-treatment haemoglobin concentration in accelerated and conventional radiotherapy for non-small cell lung carcinoma. AB - Serum haemoglobin has been shown to be an independent prognostic factor for a number of cancers including head and neck, bladder, cervix and anal cancers. This study has investigated the prognostic significance of pre-treatment haemoglobin in 164 consecutive patients receiving radical radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Forty-six received conventional fractionation to 60 Gy in 30 fractions and the remainder received accelerated fractionation, either CHART, 54 Gy in 36 fractions over 12 days (27 patients) or CHARTWEL, 60 Gy in 40 fractions over 18 days (76 patients). Patients were divided into three equal groups by haemoglobin concentration. The median overall survival in each of the three groups from lowest to highest haemoglobin was 17.5 months (95% CI 7.9 25), 18.4 months (95% CI 15.0 25.9) and 16.3 months (95% CI 13.0-19.6). No significant effect of pre-treatment haemoglobin concentration was seen in predicting overall, local disease free or metastases free survival. PMID- 14768758 TI - Influence of anaemia in patients with head and neck cancer receiving adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy in the Grampian region. AB - AIMS: To assess the impact of haemoglobin on local recurrence and overall survival in patients receiving postoperative radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study identified all patients with head and neck carcinoma treated with primary surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy from 1994-2000. Data were collected on host related, tumour-related and treatment-related factors, and outcome was measured in terms of time to local recurrence and overall survival. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients were identified for analysis. The median age was 58.5 years; 31% were women. Mean pre-treatment haemoglobin was 128 g/l. The primary site of tumour was in the oral cavity in 35% of patients, oropharynx in 20%, larynx in 20% and hypopharynx in 5% of patients. Nodal involvement was seen in 48% of patients. A median biologically effective dose (BED) of 62.5 Gy10 was delivered, with a median overall treatment time of 26 days. After a median follow-up of 3.1 years, 23% of patients had local recurrence and 48% had died, with an estimated median survival time of 5.6 years. Actuarial 2-year and 5-year local control rates were both 75%, and actuarial 2-year and 5-year survival rates were 67% and 51%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed T stage, margin status, BED and anaemia to be independent prognostic factors, and T stage, N stage, tumour site, BED and anaemia to be independent predictors for local recurrence. CONCLUSION: The data from this study are consistent with the hypothesis that pre-treatment anaemia is an independent prognostic factor for survival and predictive factor for local recurrence in postoperative radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. PMID- 14768759 TI - Small cell lung cancer associated with anti-Hu paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy and peripheral nerve microvasculitis: case report and literature review. AB - A 53-year-old man presented with an 8-week history of upper and lower limb paraesthesia. Neurological examination revealed a glove and stocking distribution of sensory loss. Sural nerve biopsy showed severe axonal neuropathy associated with microvasculitis. Positron-emission tomography and thoracic computed tomography helped in localising the underlying malignancy. A transbronchial biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Neuroimmunological studies identified anti-Hu antibodies and confirmed a paraneoplastic aetiology for his neuropathy. Treatment of small cell lung cancer with carboplatin and etoposide resulted in significant improvement of neurological symptoms. We report a case of a patient with SCLC and anti-Hu paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy with microvasculitis, and discuss the literature on prognosis of patients with SCLC with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes compared with patients with SCLC only. PMID- 14768760 TI - Bilateral palmar contractures as a paraneoplastic syndrome in primary peritoneal carcinoma. AB - Primary peritoneal carcinoma, like ovarian cancer, usually causes non-specific abdominal symptoms, and often presents at a late stage. We report a case of primary peritoneal carcinoma where the development of abdominal symptoms was preceded for 6 months by paraneoplastic palmar contractures. This case demonstrates the importance of recognising palmar contractures as a potential sign of neoplastic disease. PMID- 14768761 TI - Audit of overall treatment time in chemoradiation for cervical carcinoma. PMID- 14768762 TI - Endometrial carcinoma occurring beyond the radiotherapy field after treatment for Wilm's tumour. PMID- 14768763 TI - An unusual complication of chemotherapy: herpes simplex meningoencephalitis and bilateral acute retinal necrosis. PMID- 14768764 TI - Concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for cervical cancer: a meta-analysis. PMID- 14768765 TI - Community support: older adults' perceptions. AB - The purpose of this inquiry was to determine older adults' perceptions of facilitators and barriers in their use of community support. A descriptive, exploratory design was used incorporating focus group methodology. Fifteen participants were recruited in two separate senior citizen housing complexes, 10 in one building and 5 in the second. All participants were 65 years of age and older, alert, oriented, and English speaking. Systematic content analysis of the focus groups revealed two general categories: knowledge and systems. Under each category, facilitators and barriers were identified. Knowledge facilitators included life experiences and learning from one another. A major knowledge barrier was lack of awareness. A system facilitator was caring connections. System barriers included complex connections, pseudoconnections, superficial connections, and cookie cutter connections. The data suggest the need for additional research to further clarify these facilitators and barriers. The information obtained from this research will be a beginning step in the development of supportive intervention strategies for assisting older adults as they live in their home communities. PMID- 14768766 TI - Physiological and psychological correlates of sleep in HIV infection. AB - Insomnia, a common problem associated with HIV disease, is most likely caused by a multitude of factors. This study investigated the correlations between a selected group of physiological and psychological factors and sleep quality in an HIV-infected population. A convenience sample of 79 ethnically diverse HIV positive adults, ages 24 to 63, completed a number of questionnaires and released their laboratory records for CD4+ cell count and viral load information. Variables significantly related to sleep quality were HIV-related symptoms, total pain, fatigue, depression, state anxiety, and the number of adults in the household. Findings support the need for health care providers to consider factors that contribute to impaired sleep when developing effective care for HIV infected individuals with sleep disturbance. PMID- 14768767 TI - Salivary cortisol as indicators of pain in preterm infants: a pilot study. AB - Assessment and management of pain in preterm infants is critical and complicated. The addition of salivary cortisol measurement may improve the specificity of assessment and guide care to alleviate pain. The purpose of this study was fourfold: (a) assess the feasibility of a method of saliva collection in premature infants, (b) assess reliability of a method of measuring salivary cortisol in response to heelstick, (c) identify relationships between salivary cortisol and a measure of pain behavior (using CRIES) following heelstick, and (d) identify peak response times for elevations of salivary cortisol following heelstick in preterm infants. This was a prospective, descriptive pilot study. Serial saliva samples were collected from eight healthy infants 30 to 36 weeks' gestational age in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit. Cortisol levels were determined using enzyme-immune assay. Samples were collected without use of stimulants. Sample means supported peak and trough patterns previously described in the literature. Behavioral measures of pain did not correlate well with peak cortisol levels. PMID- 14768768 TI - Promoting adherence: effects of theory-based asthma education. AB - This study compared the effects of a theoretically focused audiotape and a standard educational booklet on asthma preventive medication adherence and other asthma outcomes. Forty-six adult asthmatics were randomly assigned to receive either an experimental audiotape incorporating components of protection motivation theory, a standard asthma management booklet, both, or no educational materials. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Mean pharmacy-verified adherence improved 15% to 19% in the intervention groups and declined 22% in the control group at 6 months. Using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to control for baseline adherence, these changes were significant between the control and booklet group (t = 2.47; p = .02) and between control and combined group (t = 2.07; p = .04). Providing a minimal educational intervention can have a beneficial effect on asthma medication adherence that persists at least 6 months. PMID- 14768769 TI - In vivo effect of vitamin C with cobalt on oxidative stress in experimental diabetic rat kidney. AB - In the present study, kidney superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) activities, vitamin C and lipid peroxidation levels were investigated in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in rats by streptozotocin and the treated rats received 1 g/l vitamin C with 0.5 mM CoCl2 in drinking water at 2-week intervals for 6 weeks. Kidney SOD, GSH-Px, CAT activities and lipid peroxidation levels were significantly increased in diabetic rats at the end of the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks (p < 0.05), whereas vitamin C level was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at the end of the 6th week compared to those of controls. Vitamin C with cobalt treatment of diabetic rats resulted in partial restoration of SOD and CAT activities, thiobarbituric acid reactant substances and vitamin C levels at all times studied, whereas treatment did not change GSH Px activity. These results suggest that vitamin C with cobalt effectively normalized hyperglycemia (at the end of the 6th week) but could not completely restore the altered endogenous defence systems in diabetic rat kidney. PMID- 14768770 TI - Prospective multicentre trial comparing the efficacy of, and compliance with, glimepiride or acarbose treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes not controlled with diet alone. AB - AIM: To determine the efficacy of, and compliance with, glimepiride or acarbose in patients with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Two hundred and nineteen patients with Type 2 diabetes uncontrolled by diet alone were randomized to receive either glimepiride (1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 mg once daily, n = 111) or acarbose (50, 100, 150 or 200 mg 3 times daily, n = 108). Both drugs were titrated in a 6-week dose-finding phase to achieve a fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentration < or = 7.8 mmol/ (140 mg/dl). Patients achieving this target entered a 20-week treatment period. Efficacy was assessed by responder rate, number of patients achieving a FBG of < or = 7.8 mmol/l, HbA1c, blood glucose concentrations in response to a standard breakfast, body weight and compliance. RESULTS: Glimepiride was associated with a significantly greater responder rate than acarbose (61 vs 34%, p < 0.001), significantly greater decreases in HbA1c (2.5 +/- 2.2% vs 1.8 +/- 2.2%, p = 0.014) and FBG (2.6 +/- 2.6 mmol/l vs 1.4 +/- 2.8 mmo/l, p = 0.004), a decreased glucose response to breakfast compared with acarbose [area under curve (AUC) end: 8.9 +/- 2.7 mmol/l vs 11.3 +/- 3.9 mmol/l, p = 0.0001], and was accompanied by significantly greater compliance (91 < or = 12% vs 66 +/- 26%, p = 0.0001). Weight loss during the study was observed in both the acarbose group (1.9 +/- 3.9 kg, p = 0.001) and glimepiride group [0.4 +/- 5.2 kg, p = 0.8 (NS)]. CONCLUSIONS: Improved efficacy and greater compliance were observed in response to treatment with glimepiride compared with acarbose, in patients with Type 2 diabetes. PMID- 14768771 TI - Diabetes- and semi-starvation-induced changes in metabolism and regulation of Na,K-ATPase in rat heart. AB - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: In comparison with healthy controls, rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes exhibit retarded gain in body weight. This is generally attributed to lowered protein synthesis resulting from abnormal metabolism. Furthermore, decreased abundance and activity of Na,K-ATPase in heart and skeletal muscle has been described. However, decreased gain in body weight per se is accompanied by a down-regulation of skeletal muscle Na,K-ATPase. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate cardiac Na,K-ATPase in semi-starvation and diabetes. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats with streptozotocin. In healthy parallel running control rats body weight gain was kept reduced by limited food intake. RESULTS: Semi-starved and diabetic rats demonstrated 18 and 16% (p < 0.05) retarded gain in body weight after 63 days. As compared to semi starved rats, diabetic animals exhibited a 59-273% (p < 0.05) increase in glucose, glycohaemoglobin, triglyceride and cholesterol plasma levels. Activity of heart K-pNPPase, reflecting Na,K-ATPase, in crude membrane homogenates was reduced by 29 and 10% (p < 0.05) by diabetes and semi-starvation. The age dependent reduction in heart K-pNPPase in normal controls was 6%. After subtracting the age-dependent change, the reductions were 25 and 4% in diabetes and semi-starvation, respectively. After subtracting the semi-starvation associated change, the diabetes-induced reduction was 22-27%. The reduction was in accord with measurements of Na,K-ATPase activities in partially purified membranes, Na,K-ATPase isoforms and cytochemical evaluations. Expressed per heart, the reduction in Na,K-ATPase was 30%. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Streptozotocin-induced diabetes selectively reduces heart Na,K-ATPase concentration by around 1/4, which reduces the capacity of the heart for maintaining K- and Ca-homeostasis. This may pose a risk of arrhythmias and may be associated with heart failure in diabetic cardiomyopathy. PMID- 14768772 TI - Dissociation between carotid artery lesions and lipid parameters in recipients of successful kidney graft. AB - BACKGROUND: The relationships between lipid levels and atherosclerotic lesions of carotid arteries in kidney graft recipients are still unclear. METHODS: We evaluated carotid morphology in 53 recipients of functioning renal transplantation, and studied the relationship of carotid artery wall lesions with relevant clinical and laboratory risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The patients were on stable, cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive therapy. RESULTS: The main clinical characteristics of patients were: age, 46.5 +/- 10.1 years; males/females, 40/13; body mass index, 25.8 +/- 4.4 kg/m2; duration of transplantation, 43 +/- 52 months. Ultrasonographic scanning of carotid arteries showed the presence of lesions (intimal-media thickness and/or plaque) in 28 patients (52.8%). These recipients differed from patients without carotid lesions in terms of age (50.4 +/- 9.0 vs 42.2 +/- 9.7 years, p < 0.01) and duration of pre-transplant dialysis (4.6 +/- 3.4 vs 2.3 +/- 1.9 years, p < 0.01), whereas no statistically significant difference was observed as for total cholesterol (230 +/- 44 vs 235 +/- 35 mg/dl), LDL-cholesterol (142 +/- 32 vs 143 +/- 30 mg/dl), HDL-cholesterol (52 +/- 12 vs 58 +/- 20 mg/dl) and triglycerides (178 +/- 94 vs 167 +/- 89 mg/dl). The percentage of post-transplant diabetes was 3-fold higher in patients with carotid lesions (25 vs 8%). No difference was observed as for the following parameters: body mass index, duration of transplantation, fibrinogen levels, DDimer concentrations, reactive C-protein values, prevalence of hypertension, percentage of smokers vs non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: The present study supports the view that carotid artery lesions in kidney graft recipients on stable, cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive therapy may not be related to circulating lipid values. PMID- 14768773 TI - A hospital survey of the clinical features of diabetes in Congo. AB - The occurrence of diabetes mellitus is increasing throughout the world, both in industrialised nations and in developing countries. While this disease is not a leading cause of death in developing country populations, it must nevertheless be considered for its social and economic impact. This study examines the clinical and epidemiological situation of diabetes mellitus in the city of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, as based on data from two city hospitals: Saint Joseph's Hospital (SJH) and the Centre Hospitalier Monkole (CHM), two urban health facilities typical of those developing countries. The results show that diabetes is a real public health problem in Congo. Average blood glucose levels were above 300 mg/dl in 44.4% of patients at SJH and 41.5% at CHM, and hypertension (> or = 140/90 mmHg) was reported in 35.8% of patients at SJH and 20% at CHM. The management of diabetes and, in particular, its complications is suffering because of some cultural influences but mainly economic ones. In fact, incidence of disease complications is closely linked to the financial status of patients and facilities. SJH, which serves mainly the low-income community, has a greater incidence of severe diabetes-associated complications than CHM, which treats patients with a higher mean income level. SJH hospitalised patients had a 24.7% incidence of diabetic foot with 3 amputations as compared to only a 10% incidence and no amputations for CHM hospitalised patients. At SJH, 17.3% of patients died during the study, while at CHM none died. Overall, differences in the prevalence of complications between SJH and CHM patients were found not to be significant. For the large majority of Congo population, education on diabetes is not available, and due to the failure of the national health system, access to treatment is impossible. Furthermore, because most diabetic people in Congo go untreated, the mortality rate for the disease is high. Congo would greatly benefit from a national diabetes program in order to give all diabetic patients in Congo access to good and consistent medical care. PMID- 14768774 TI - The interrelationship between insulin secretion and action in type 2 diabetes mellitus with different degrees of obesity: evidence supporting central obesity. AB - This paper investigates the relative role of the impairment of insulin secretion and action in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The parameters indicating insulin secretion and action were calculated from the data obtained during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), in 156 age- and sex-matched T2DM patients divided in 4 groups according to their body mass index (BMI, I = 20.0 24.9, II = 25.0-29.9, III = 30.0-39.9 and IV > 40.0 kg/m2). After obtaining baseline biomedical parameters (plasma glucose, serum insulin, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, BMI, and amount of fat tissue), the rates of insulin secretory capacity and insulin action were obtained from OGTT and compared between the T2DM patients with normal body weight and different grades of obesity. Beta-cell secretory capacity of the participants was found to be proportionally and significantly higher in graded obese than that of the normal body weight patients. The rates of hepatic as well as peripheral insulin resistance in obese groups proportionally and significantly rise in comparison with that of non-obese diabetics. In addition, these parameters are shown to be related to the body fat, presumably visceral in origin. In conclusion, hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia observed in obese and T2DM patients might be due, in part, to increased capacity of insulin secretion, and to exaggerated hepatic glucose production because of hepatic insulin resistance, respectively. PMID- 14768775 TI - Quality of life in young diabetic patients. AB - AIM: To assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in young diabetic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 30 consecutive (16 male, 14 female; mean age 15.8 years) out-patients affected by Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We used validated clinical, metabolic (HbA1c) and patient-oriented (Short Form-36) measurements. RESULTS: Patient-oriented physical scores were significantly related to several clinical and habit features (daily glycaemia and number of insulin administration, dosage of HbA1c, number of snacks). Interestingly, the number of snacks is associated with better social functioning; furthermore, the mother's educational level is related with physical and mental aspects of the patient's quality of life. DISCUSSION: The patient-oriented measure provides an important perspective of the severity of the disease and suggests new interpretations to conventional biological measurements. This multidimensional study shows that HRQoL is influenced by the metabolic picture. During adolescence a "constant attendance" of the disease, through strict self-control and the high number of therapy administrations, can deteriorate the patient's quality of life. Interestingly, this study indicates the mother's crucial role in the management of the disease during adolescence: the higher the mother's educational level the better the patient's HRQoL probably because she is able to help the child to manage and accept the disease. PMID- 14768776 TI - Investigation on the accuracy of the blood glucose monitoring device Prestige IQ. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and reliability of the blood glucose self-monitoring system Prestige IQ (Home Diagnostics, Inc., Ft. Lauderdale, USA) in comparison to an established blood glucose reference method and four commercially available blood glucose self-monitoring devices. Over a 3 month period, 61 patients with Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) participated in this study. The patients entered the study clinic for two visits. Each visit consisted of 7 glucose determinations in samples of capillary whole blood drawn from the fingertip. The first and last measurements were determined using the laboratory reference and the mean of both readings was used as the reference value for statistical analysis. The 5 remaining glucose measurements were performed in randomized order using the 5 commercially available blood glucose devices. One hundred twenty-one data sets were generated and used to evaluate accuracy. Prestige IQ blood glucose results obtained from the fingertip agreed well with the laboratory reference (linear regression analysis: slope = 1.016; intercept = 0.4 mg/dl; SD = 13.555 mg/dl; correlation r = 0.972) and were comparable to the results generated using the other four blood glucose devices. Bland-Altman analysis for reliability confirmed that 119 out of 121 Prestige IQ results (98.3%) exhibited acceptable accuracy as defined in the new ISO/DIS guideline 15197.2 (85.1-99.2% in this area for the other devices). Error-grid analysis shows all Prestige IQ glucose results in clinically acceptable zones A and B (95.9% in zone A and 4.1% in zone B). In conclusion, Prestige IQ showed excellent performance with clinically acceptable accuracy and reliability as compared to both the laboratory reference and the four commercially available self-monitoring blood glucose systems. PMID- 14768777 TI - Short-term effects of two integrated, non-pharmacological body weight reduction programs on coronary heart disease risk factors in young obese patients. AB - In order to evaluate the short-term effects (3 weeks) on selected coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors, 90 obese in-patients (body mass index, BMI, > or = 35 kg/m2 received a same low-calorie diet (1200-1800 kcal/day), nutritional education and psychological counselling, and were randomly assigned to either a non-specific, high-volume, low-intensity exercise training program (NET), or to an individualised, low-volume and high-intensity exercise training program (IET), for 5 days/week for 3 weeks. NET and IET programs lead to a significant reduction in blood glucose (6.2 and 7.7% respectively), total cholesterol (17.3%, 12.3%), HDL-cholesterol (13.7%, 15.2%), systolic (8.9%, 5.3%) and diastolic resting blood pressure (10.6%, 3.3%). Total CHD scores were also significantly improved (38.1%, 33.1%). The changes occurred with a relatively moderate decrease in body weight (4.2%, 4.4%) and with still elevated BMI values (41.6 kg/m2). Although IET, compared to NET program, induced smaller reductions of blood pressure, it requires 30% daily training period and may possibly enhance long-term patient compliance. PMID- 14768778 TI - New international consensus guidelines: call for improved management of new-onset diabetes after transplantation. PMID- 14768779 TI - Determination of normal concentration levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn in hair of the child population in the Czech Republic. AB - Knowledge of normal levels of concentrations of trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn) in the population serve, among others, in the designing of regulations of exposure limits and prevention of diseases caused by deficiency in essential trace elements. Concentrations of the named elements in the hair of children in the Czech population were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. The samples of hair were collected during 1994- 2001 from 3,556 children (1,741 boys and 1,815 girls, average age 9.9 years). Mineralization in a microwave digestion system was used following a washing procedure. The accuracy of results was checked by means of the control materials CRM Human Hair GBW 07601. Values of concentrations of the trace elements in hair found for children were (in medians) 0.14 microg Cd.g(-1), 0.22 microg Cr.g(-1), 12 microg Cu.g(-1), 0.19 microg Hg.g(-1), 1.6 microg Pb.g(-1), 0.22 microg Se.g(-1) and 124 microg Zn.g(-1), respectively. Statistically significant differences between boys and girls were found for Cd, Cu and Zn. Concentrations of the elements under study correspond to the published values for the non-exposed population. PMID- 14768780 TI - Metal (Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb) concentrations in human placentas. AB - The concentrations of some metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb) in human placentas at term in two populations living in polluted (Krakow, n = 10) and non-polluted (Bieszczady, n = 13) areas were investigated by means of graphite furnace--or flame atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS or F-AAS). The concentrations of Cu, Fe and Pb were higher in Krakow vs. Bieszczady, while Zn concentration was lower, but these differences were not significant. The following results were obtained for the whole studied group: Cu 1.17 +/- 0.25 microg/g w.w., Zn 8.44 +/- 2.10 microg/g w.w., Fe 115.0 +/- 31.9 microg/g w.w., Pb 51.6 +/- 18.0 ng/g w.w. The inverse accumulation of Zn and Pb is in accord with previous observations. In the whole group of placenta specimens the statistically significant correlation was also found between concentrations of Cu and Pb. The correlations between metal concentrations and placental or maternal features were the strongest for lead. PMID- 14768781 TI - Preventing lead poisoning in children: can the US experience inform other countries? The case of Poland. AB - Exposure to excess lead during childhood is preventable, but nowhere has that goal been achieved. In the US, recommendations for prevention of childhood lead poisoning are issued by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, based on periodically updated population-based data on the prevalence of lead poisoning by age and blood lead level. A well developed public health infrastructure is to provide case management to the lead exposed children. In Poland, the social and economic transitions of the last decade changed the potential for childhood lead exposure, and there has been a profound restructuring of the health care system. Blood lead testing in children is performed outside the primary care. Data on blood lead levels are not collected and analysed centrally. The range of follow up services may differ among the regions, depending on the local expertise. An updated approach to prevention of childhood lead poisoning, making better use of the existing expertise and involving primary care providers, needs consideration. Complex public health programs like this of lead poisoning prevention cannot be transplanted whole to other countries. However, experiences gained by the US might provide valuable suggestions for others, even though the US policy has flaws and is not fully implemented. Discussing proposal for Poland in light of the current US practice highlights the necessity of reliable estimates of the exposed population for rational policy. It also helps to define research questions relevant to public health practice in Poland, and confirms that prevention of lead poisoning in children requires the coordinated work of different professionals. PMID- 14768782 TI - Difference of baseline serum copper levels between groups of patients with different one year mortality and morbidity and chronic heart failure. AB - BACKGROUND: Serum copper concentrations as indicators of non-specific inflammatory response are higher in patients with severe heart failure than in patients with mild to moderate cardiac insufficiency and correlate with acute phase protein concentrations. The aim of this study was to find out if baseline serum copper concentrations are higher in patients with chronic heart failure and higher one year mortality and morbidity and whether serum copper concentrations correlate with prognostic indicators. METHODS AND RESULTS: Baseline serum copper concentrations were determined in 64 patients with chronic heart failure, functional classification NYHA II-IV (NYHA - New York Heart Association), caused by ischemic heart disease, with severe left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction < or = 35%). 30 patients died or were admitted to the hospital because of worsening heart failure (group A) within 12 months since their examination. 34 patients did not die and hospitalisation was not necessary within 12 months (group B). Retrospectively the presence of differences in serum copper concentrations and in prognostic indicators was assessed between both groups. Statistically significant differences between both groups were found in these parameters: baseline serum copper concentrations (p < 0.001), ejection fraction of left ventricle (p < 0.05), baseline heart rate (p < 0.01) and cardiothoracic ratio (p < 0.01). Serum copper concentrations significantly correlate with heart rate (p < 0.01), inverse correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction and positive correlation with cardiothoracic ratio are not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline serum copper concentrations are significantly higher in patients with chronic heart failure, also correlating with higher one-year mortality and morbidity. Serum copper levels significantly correlate with baseline heart rate. Relation of serum copper concentrations with left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiothoracic ratio is not statistically significant. PMID- 14768783 TI - Weight gain in two adult cohorts in East and West Germany reunification. AB - BACKGROUND: Several epidemiological studies have shown consistently higher prevalence rates of obesity and overweight in East German adults compared to West German adults before German reunification in 1990. If different lifestyle factors after German division contribute to these differences, one might speculate that trends of obesity and overweight in the East and West after German reunification in 1990 would be similar. OBJECTIVE: To examine weight gain in East and West German adult cohorts in the decade after German reunification. METHODS: The study population includes 554 individuals with complete data aged 20 - 47 years in 1990 92 participating in the ten year follow-up of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) in the German centres Hamburg (West) and Erfurt (East). Age and occupation-adjusted prevalence and incidence rates, stratified for gender and centre, were calculated for the Erfurt and Hamburg cohorts. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight increased in males and females in both cities, and was statistically significant for Hamburg males (32.7% to 44.9%), Hamburg females (12.3% to 25.4%) and Erfurt females (18.5% to 31.2%). The increase in the prevalence of obesity was statistically significant for males (Hamburg: 3.7% to 7.9%; Erfurt: 5.2% to 10.8%) and for females only in Hamburg (6.4% to 14.2%). The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity were larger in Hamburg than in Erfurt. Moreover, the incidence rates of obesity were higher in Hamburg for both sexes, but were not statistically significant CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate different patterns of weight gain in 2 study sites in East- and West Germany. These results might reflect a convergence of initially higher prevalences of overweight and obesity in the East with initially lower prevalences in the West. PMID- 14768784 TI - Effectiveness of vaccination against influenza in SkodaAuto Company employees during the influenza season 2000-2001. AB - The SkodaAuto management evaluated the effectiveness of vaccination within the course of the influenza season, 2000 - 2001. All 23,782 company employees working in the plants at Mlada Boleslav, Vrchlabi, and Kvasiny were enrolled into the study, of which 5,079 (21.3%) agreed to be vaccinated against influenza in the autumn, 2000. In comparison with the preceding years, two- to three-fold more employees were vaccinated. During the study period (i.e. between the 4th and 13h week of 2001), 67 (1.3%) individuals from the vaccinated group and 1,297 (6.9%) from the non-vaccinated group fell ill due to influenza or an influenza-like disease (i.e. a five-fold difference). The morbidity peak appeared in the 5th and 6th calendar week with the number of sick reaching nearly 300 during the latter. The morbidity from acute respiratory disease (ARD) in the district of Mlada Boleslav in calendar week 6 was 484 per 10,000 inhabitants which was nearly twice that of the national average. Overall, influenza-related morbidity in the SkodaAuto Company was 4 to 7 times lower than ARD in the Mlada Boleslav district; whereas the respective values in the vaccinated group were up to 10-fold lower. The vaccination effectiveness reached 81.2%. PMID- 14768785 TI - Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and other diseases with acute flaccid paralysis syndrome in Belarus. AB - According to the WHO global polio eradication initiative acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance has been conducted in Belarus since 1996. For the period 1996 2002, 295AFP cases were reported. The main indices ofAFP surveillance in Belarus met the WHO criteria. A11 AFP cases, with the exception of one, were virologically examined. Polioviruses (PV) were isolated from 28 (9.5%) of them. Results of intratypic differentiation (a neutralization test with type-specific monoclonal antibodies and a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay) proved vaccine origin of all isolated PV. According to the final classification, 11 AFP cases were classified as vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Nine VAPP cases were recipient [six of them developed after the first, two--after the third and one--after the fourth oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) dose] and two cases in non-vaccinated children were classified as contact VAPP cases. PV of all three serotypes were isolated with an equal frequency from the recipient cases and only PV2--from contact ones. Immunological investigations of children with VAPP showed that the majority of them had disorders in B-cell immunity. A risk of one VAPP case per 96,000 first OPV doses and per 745,000 distributed ones was estimated. The other 284 AFP cases were classified as AFP of non-polio etiology (non-polio AFP). Among them Guillain-Barre syndrome (118 cases, 41.5% of all non-polio AFP cases), traumatic neuritis (63 cases, 22.2%), transient monoparesis of limb (35 cases, 12.3%), myelitis (26 cases, 9.2%) were registered most frequently. Vaccine PV were isolated from 19 (6.7%) children with non-polio AFP, 28 (9.9%) children excreted non-polio enteric viruses. In contrast to VAPP, other AFP with PV isolation had no clinical picture typical of poliomyelitis, and had no any residual paralysis 60 days after the onset of paralysis. PV isolation from them seemed to be not related to the etiology of the disease, but was a mere coincidence of paralysis with the recent vaccination. Results of AFP surveillance supported the previous data on the absence of classical poliomyelitis cases caused by wild PV in Belarus for more than 35 years. PMID- 14768786 TI - Suppression of salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli by topical caries preventive agents. AB - Reduction of cariogenic bacteria, especially salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli is a valuable clinical procedure that in many ways alleviates implementation of targeted caries preventive procedures in the entire population. The aim of this study was to investigate the caries preventive values of certain preventive procedures in in vivo conditions. Four groups of subjects, each with 18 children aged from 4-5 and 10-12 years (n = 72) were treated with different caries preventive agent (aminfluoride solution, Proxyt paste, chewing gum containing xylitol and fluoride and chlorhexidine solution). During a period of two months five control measurements for number of salivary Streptococcus mutans (SM) and lactobacilli (LB) were performed. At the end of the study the best result in the reduction of the bacteria was achieved by the application of Proxyt paste and daily use of chewing gum (p < 0.001). In patients treated with this preventive procedure the number of SM was reduced by 1 class and LB to < 10(4) CFU/ml saliva after two months of study. The results obtained indicate that professional teeth cleaning and use of chewing gum with xylitol and fluorides on daily basis can be very effective protocol for cariogenic bacteria reduction and in the individual caries prevention. PMID- 14768787 TI - Tobacco industry efforts to keep cigarettes affordable: a case study from Hungary. AB - OBJECTIVE: To review strategies of multinational tobacco companies aimed at keeping tobacco products affordable to smokers in Hungary and to provide background information on the Hungarian request for the delayed introduction of minimum European Union tobacco excise duty levels. METHOD: Review of internal tobacco industry documents available on the World Wide Web, downloaded between 26 July 2001 and 31 October 2002. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate pricing strategies and lobbying for low tobacco tax policies were used by the tobacco industry in Hungary to keep cigarettes affordable to the public. During the 1990s and in the early 2000s transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) were still able to prevent substantial cigarette price rises, which would have been desirable for more effective control of Hungarian tobacco use. Strategies used by TTCs included the creation of new partnerships, use of supportive MPs, communication around tobacco tax issues and also the successful management of the differences in approaches used by individual companies regarding taxation of tobacco products. These resulted in the adoption of governmental policy aimed at delaying the introduction of the EU directive on the minimum tax levels of retail prices of cigarettes. PMID- 14768788 TI - Mathematical models for the evaluation of antibiotic resistance in hospitals: a systematic review. AB - As the appearance and spread of antibiotic resistance is becoming an increasingly serious public health problem, there is a definite need for further studies by simulation, experiment and observation. Mathematical models may provide very useful tools to develop a rationale to extend the effective life of existing and newly introduced antimicrobial agents. In this work we systematically reviewed a number of mathematical models recently presented in the literature, in order to provide a brief and informative tool for public health policy makers, regarding the spread of antibiotic resistance, worldwide. PMID- 14768789 TI - Light microscopy observation of lytic enzymatic activity of the organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis. AB - In this study, cervico-vaginal smears taken from 500 patients were examined cytologically using the Papanicolaou technique. Seventeen of the 500 were classified as having bacterial vaginosis. Lytic enzymatic activity of the organisms on clue cells were determined at light microscopic level. The integrity of the cell and the smoothness of the cell membrane were disrupted. Small cavities on the cell membrane and hollows in the cytoplasm were observed. Due to the loss of cytoplasm, very narrow and thin tracks around the nucleus and in the cytoplasm resembling a cobweb were seen. It is suggested that these lytic cellular changes might be formed by the organisms on clue cells. PMID- 14768790 TI - Outcomes of very low birth weight infants in a newborn tertiary center in Turkey, 1997-2000. AB - Our purpose was to determine mortality and morbidity rates and selected outcome variables for infants weighing less than 1500 g, who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of our hospital from 1997 to 2000. The ultimate goal of the study was to define a model for developing a regional database. Information on all very low birth weight (VLBW) admissions to a tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Ankara between January 1997 and December 2000 was prospectively collected by three neonatologists using a standard manual of operation and definitions. The data consisted of patient information including sociodemographic characteristics; antenatal history; mode of delivery; APGAR scores; need for resuscitation; admission illness severity (Clinical Risk Index for Babies-CRIB) and therapeutic intensity (Neonatal Therapeutic Intensity Scoring System-NTISS); selected NICU parameters and procedures such as respiratory support, surfactant therapy, and postnatal corticosteroid therapy; and selected patient outcomes such as intraventricular hemorrhage, septicemia, necrotizing enterecolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, and chronic lung disease. The number of VLBW admissions to the NICU was 133, with 51 (28.6%) referrals from other maternity centers. The mean birth weight and gestational age of the infants were 1175 +/- 252 g and 30.3 +/- 2.9 weeks, respectively. One hundred and seventeen of 133 cases (88.7%) received at least one antenatal care visit. The median CRIB and NTISS scores were 4.5 and 31, respectively. Antenatal steroids had been given to 74 (55.6%) infants. Surfactant treatment and respiratory support were given to 33 (24.8%) and 73 (54.8%) infants, respectively. Among selected outcomes, chronic lung disease (CLD), threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH > or = grade III), nosocomial infection and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) were encountered in 14 (12.6%), 9 (8.1%), 3 (2.2%), 34 (25.5%) and 35 (26.3%) of the infants, respectively. Overall survival rate was 83.5% (111/133); most of the deceased cases were under 750 g (12/22). It was prospectively shown that 111 (100%) of the surviving infants could be regularly followed in a newborn follow-up clinic to provide health maintenance, developmental assessment and support. Compared with reports from other developing countries, VLBW infants at our center had higher survival rates. Compared to developed countries, survival rate was lower, especially for extremely very low birth weight infants. There is interaction between birth weight and survival rate. Among selected neonatal outcomes, chronic lung disease, threshold retinopathy, severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH > or = grade III) and nosocomial infection rates at this center were comparable with some reports from developed nations. PMID- 14768791 TI - Rotavirus gastroenteritis among children under five years of age in Izmir, Turkey. AB - Little is known about the epidemiology of rotavirus infection in Turkey. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence and clinical significance of rotavirus gastroenteritis, in view of the potentially available prevention by rotavirus vaccination. The study also sought to determine possible risk factors for rotavirus gastroenteritis. Therefore, 920 children under five years of age with acute gastroenteritis admitted to three pediatric hospitals in Izmir were studied. Rotavirus was identified in 39.8% of the children. Most children with rotavirus gastroenteritis (80.7%) were younger than two years of age. Marked seasonality of rotavirus gastroenteritis was observed, with a peak incidence from January to March. A total of 91% of rotavirus strains that were typed were of serotypes G 1-4. There was no significant difference among rotavirus-positive and rotavirus-negative patients with regard to family income. Compared with children who were exclusively breast-fed, those who were not exclusively breast-fed were at a two-fold greater risk of rotavirus diarrhea. Rotavirus gastroenteritis was significantly more severe than non-rotavirus gastroenteritis; 69% of children with rotavirus infection had severe gastroenteritis (score > or = 11). In conclusion, rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis among children under five years of age in Izmir. A new potent rotavirus vaccine, when available, will provide effective protection against severe rotavirus infection. Promotion of breast-feeding would augment the impact of rotavirus vaccines in preventing severe childhood diarrhea. PMID- 14768792 TI - A randomized and comparative study of intravenous immunoglobulin and mega dose methylprednisolone treatments in children with acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. AB - The most common cause of mortality in childhood acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), which occurs in about 0.1% of children with platelet counts below 20,000/microl. Forty-two children (1-13 years) with ITP and platelet counts < or = 20,000/microl were randomly divided into two groups. Twenty patients received mega-dose methylprednisolone (MDMP) in a dosage of 30 mg/kg/d for three days and 20 mg/kg/d for four days. Twenty-two patients received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in a dosage of 1 g/kg/d two days. Platelet counts of the patients were determined at diagnosis, at 2, 4, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days and at three-month intervals after the 6th month. The mean platelet counts of both groups gradually increased and peaked on the 7th day (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences between the mean platelet counts of patients, in the two groups on treatment days 0, 2, 4, 7, and 14. The mean time for achievement of platelet counts above 20,000/microg in the MDMP group and the IVIG group was 4.1 and 2.9 days (p < 0.05) and above 50,000/microl was 5.0 and 5.2 days (p > 0.05), respectively. The percentages of patients with platelet counts above 20,000/microl at the 2nd day of the treatment were 50% in the MDMP group, and 86% in the IVIG group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the mean platelet counts of the two groups treatment days 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 (p > 0.05). Chronic ITP developed in five patients (25%) in the MDMP group, and in four patients (18%) in the IVIG group (p > 0.05). Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (1 g/kg/d for 2 days) and MDMP treatments (30 mg/kg/d for 3 days, 20 mg/kg/d for 4 days, perorally) are equally effective in the treatment of acute ITP. Because of its nonbiologic source, lower cost, fewer side effects and oral use, we prefer oral preparations of MDMP in the treatment of childhood ITP. PMID- 14768793 TI - Cardiac abnormalities in children with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n = 14) with no cardiac symptoms were examined for cardiac involvement by physical examination, electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography. The indexes of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function were compared with the findings of 20 healthy, age-matched control subjects. Echocardiographic examination revealed mild tricuspid valve regurgitation in three, and moderate tricuspid and mitral valve regurgitation in two patients. Pericardial thickening was found in one patient. Indexes of LV systolic and diastolic function of SLE patients differed significantly from control subjects, with marked reduced ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) as well as reduced peak early diastolic filling velocity (E) and ratio of early-to-late diastolic filling velocity (E/A). Deceleration time (DT) was longer in the patients than in the control group. Late filling velocity (A) and isovolumic relaxation time (IRT) did not differ between the two groups. Valvular and pericardial involvement was found to be lower than previous reports. We conclude that asymptomatic diastolic and systolic dysfunction is common in children with SLE, most likely representing myocardial involvement. Routine cardiac evaluation by echocardiography can be recommended in the follow-up of children with SLE in order to detect silent cardiac abnormalities. PMID- 14768794 TI - Cardiovascular changes in children with pneumonia. AB - Pneumonia is an important cause of death in childhood, especially in the infancy period. Since the respiratory and cardiovascular systems cannot be thought of independently, it is important to detect cardiovascular changes during pneumonia. We prospectively studied 50 children aged 2-24 months admitted to the hospital because of pneumonia in order to evaluate their cardiovascular findings with noninvasive methods. Patients were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria of pneumonia, and evaluated by obtaining complete blood counts, serum electrolytes, renal and liver function tests, blood gases, creatinine kinase MB fraction (CK-MB), chest X-ray, electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography at the admission and after clinical recovery. Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was found to be high in 70% of patients and there was a correlation between the severity of the pneumonia and RVSP All patients had normal left ventricular dimensions and functions, but in 68% of them CK-MB was elevated. In these infants, T voltages in D1 derivation showed a significant rise with clinical recovery. Seven cases developed congestive heart failure, and three died. CK-MB was found to be high in all patients who died and in six of seven patients with congestive heart failure. Our findings suggest that myocarditis incidence in children with pneumonia may be higher than previously known. Since myocarditis can be a fatal disease, its detection is important by noninvasive techniques like ECG, echocardiography and cardiac enzyme measurements. PMID- 14768795 TI - C-reactive protein: a sensitive marker in the management of treatment response in parapneumonic empyema of children. AB - C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the best indicators of the acute phase response to inflammation. The rapid kinetics of CRP metabolism appears to closely parallel the degree of inflammation. The purpose of this prospective study was to analyze the clinical value of CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and white blood cell count (WBC) in the assessment response to treatment in children with parapneumonic empyema. Thirty-eight children were prospectively studied. CRP was elevated in all patients on the day of hospital admission. With antibiotic treatment, serum CRP levels fell rapidly within the first days, and in 32 patients who had uncomplicated course, serial CRP levels fell progressively at each measurement. All but four patients had normal CRP levels on the day of hospital discharge. ESR was also elevated in all patients on the day of hospital admission. Despite antibiotic treatment, ESR continued to increase in all patients in the first few days, with peak values reached on day 3. Only three patients had normal ESR levels on the day of hospital discharge. In six patients who had a complicated course, after an initial decrease, CRP levels began to rise earlier than ESR and WBC count. Plasma CRP level is a sensitive marker not only in the diagnosis of parapneumonic empyema, but also in the management of treatment response. PMID- 14768796 TI - Maternal vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D supplementation in healthy infants. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the common effects of maternal vitamin D deficiency, various doses of vitamin D given to newborns and the effects of these on vitamin D status in early childhood. Seventy-eight pregnant women and 65 infants who were followed up in various health centers were included in the sudy. 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25-OHvitD), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and alkaline phosphatase levels were measured in blood samples drawn from pregnant women in the last trimester. Infants born to these mothers were given 400 or 800 IU of vitamin D subsequently at the start of the second week. 25-OHvitD, Ca, P and alkaline phosphatase levels of the 65 infants who were brought in for controls (May-September 2000) were measured and hand-wrist X-rays were evaluated. We analyzed the relationship between vitamin D status of the mothers and infants and socio-economic status; mothers' dressing habits (covered vs uncovered), educational level, and number of pregnancies; and sunlight exposure of the house. Covered as a dressing habit meant covering the hair and sometimes part of the face and wearing dresses that completely cover the arms and legs. In 40 infants who were breast-fed and received the recommended doses of vitamin D on a regular basis, the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and supplementation doses given was analyzed. Serum 25-OHvitD level of the mothers was 17.50 +/- 10.30 and 94.8% of the mothers had a 25-OHvitD level below 40 nmol/L (below 25 nmol/L in 79.5%). The risk factors associated with low maternal 25-OHvitD were low educational level (p = 0.042), insufficient intake of vitamin D within diet (p = 0.020) and "covered" dressing habits (p = 0.012). 25-OHvitD level of the infants was 83.70 +/- 53.70 nmol/L, and 24.6% of the infants had 25-OHvitD levels lower than 40 nmol/L. Risk factors for low 25-OHvitD levels in infants were a) not receiving recommended doses of vitamin D regularly (p = 0.002) and b) insufficient sunlight exposure of the house (p = 0.033). There was a pour but significant correlation between maternal vitamin D levels and infants' 25-OHvitD levels at four months (r = 0.365, p < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between 25-OHvitD levels and supplementation doses of vitamin D (19 infants were supplemented with 400 IU/day and 21 with 800 IU/day of vitamin D) (p = 0.873). Severe maternal vitamin D deficiency remains a commonly seen problem in Turkey. However, vitamin D deficiency can be prevented by supplementation of vitamin D to newborns (at least 400 IU). Supplementation of 800 IU vitamin D in the areas of maternal vitamin D deficiency has no greater benefits for the infants. PMID- 14768797 TI - A retrospective study of choledochal cyst: clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. AB - The treatment and early diagnosis of choledochal cyst are very important to prevent complications of the disease. Delay in treatment can cause lethal complications like biliary cirrhosis and increased morbidity in patients. We studied 26 children with choledochal cyst retrospectively for their clinical presentation, and for the diagnostic tools and treatment modalities, used. The most common findings of choledochal cyst in our series were abdominal pain, vomiting, and ictures in contrast to the classical triad of the disease of jaundice, mass and pain. The most useful diagnostic tool was abdominal ultrasonography. For the treatment, we preferred Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy to the internal drainage procedures, and the results were excellent with minimal mortality and morbidity. We underline prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent late complications of the disease. PMID- 14768798 TI - Breast fibroadenoma in teenage females. AB - Over a period of 30 years, the author received surgical specimens of fibroadenoma from doctors who had operated on 530 teenage females of the Igbo ethnic group, who inhabit southeastern Nigeria, West Africa. The peak age was 18 years. The right breast (51.3%) was involved more often than the left (48.7%). There were 58 bilateral cases, i.e., 10.9% of the entire series. Seven teenagers had undergone previous operations for fibroadenoma and five growths were infarcted. The teenagers showed awareness of breast disease as manifested by (a) rising incidence trend during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, (b) little delay in presenting for treatment and (c) smallness of the excised tumors. PMID- 14768799 TI - Anemic or not? AB - Laboratory data obtained from blood analysis by an electronic cell counter is a routine test along with physical evaluation. We assessed the hematological characteristics of schoolchildren to establish the prevalence of anemia in Istanbul. The study was performed on 1,600 students between the ages of 6-16. Hematological parameters of all the students were measured by an electronic cell counter on blood taken intravenously. Anemia prevalence was primarily determined according to Dallman's criteria. The results showed that if hemoglobin (Hb) was used as the primary criterion to define anemia, 423 students (27.6%) were found anemic; if hematocrit (Hct) was used, 625 students (40.8%) were found anemic and if mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was taken as a criterion to define microcytosis, 121 students (7.9%) remained below the normal level. The difference of anemia prevalence was high (p < 0.001) when two evaluation criteria (Hb or Hct) were compared. Furthermore it is known that a 3% difference occurs when automated and spun Hct values are compared. When a correction was made by adding this 3% to our series' Hct values, the anemic students' number decreased to 418 and the ratio became 27.3%, quite similar to Hb criterion ratio. Population based screening surveys for anemia must be designed and compared cautiously taking into account the method used (electronic counters or gravity based centrifuges), otherwise misleading results can be achieved. We evaluated the data of the survey according to different cut-off values and tried to select the proper one for our conditions. PMID- 14768800 TI - Successful management of severe chronic autoimmune hemolytic anemia with low dose cyclosporine and prednisone in an infant. AB - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is characterized by shortened red cell survival due to the presence of autoantibodies directed against antigens on the red blood cell membrane. Corticosteroids and rarely intravenous immunoglobulin G are used in the treatment of AIHA. We report a six-month-old boy with severe AIHA who initially responded to high dose methylprednisolone (HDMP) and intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) therapies but eventually became refractory. He was then treated with low dose cyclosporine and prednisone successfully. In conclusion low dose cyclosporine and prednisone should be kept in mind in severe IHA. PMID- 14768801 TI - Permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy treated by catheter ablation: a case report. AB - The permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT) is usually refractory to drug therapy, and these patients are at risk of developing tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. The electrocardiogram insribes inverted P waves in leads 2, 3, aVF as well as left lateral leads, along with a P-R interval shorter than R-P interval during the tachycardia. This report describes a three year-old male patient with PJRT who underwent successful radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) of accessory pathway. On transthoracic echocardiography of patient, decreased ventricular systolic function was observed. RFA was performed by applying radiofrequency pulses. Echocardiograms of the patient, two months after catheter ablation, demonstrated progressive improvement of ventricular function. Transcatheter radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways in patients with PJRT is an effective, and possibly preferable, form of treatment, especially in cases of tachycardia refractory to multiple pharmacologic treatments or when left ventricular dysfunction is present. PMID- 14768802 TI - Successful radiofrequency catheter ablation therapy of an adolescent with atrial ectopic tachycardia. AB - Atrial ectopic tachycardia is an incessant supraventricular tachycardia and is frequently refractory to medical treatment. Because it can cause tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, early diagnosis and treatment is important. We present a 16-year-old boy who was diagnosed as atrial ectopic tachycardia. The tachycardia, originating from the lower region of the right atrium along the crista terminalis was terminated by successful radiofrequency ablation treatment. The tachycardia did not recur in eight months of follow-up. PMID- 14768803 TI - Adenomyoma of the small intestine in children: a rare cause of intussusception: a case report. AB - Adenomyomas are hamartomas of the alimentary tract with exceptionally rare localization at the ileum. The case presented here concerns an infant aged 18 months suffering from adenomyoma of the ileum, which was responsible for the development of ileoileac intussusception. Our paper aims at underlining the particularities of this extremely rare entity, while adding the 13th case reported to the international bibliographic references. PMID- 14768804 TI - Pseudo-knuckle pads: an unusual cutaneous sign of obsessive-compulsive disorder in an adolescent patient. AB - Knuckle pads are discrete benign cutaneous lesions overlying the extensor surfaces of the fingers and hand joints and are unrelated to trauma, whereas pseudo-knuckle pads may be considered as a form of callosity that appears after repeated trauma. This type of knuckle pad has been described in children with obsessive behavior as "chewing pads" and in adults as occupational disorder. Cases of pachydermodactyly, benign fibromatosis of the fingers, have been described as the unusual forms of knuckle pads that usually affect young adult males. We believe that pseudo-knuckle pads, chewing pads or pachydermodactyly are terms which have been used to decribe the same clinical situation reported in different patients. Here we describe a 12-year-old male patient with pseudo knuckle pads along the metacarpophalangeal joints developed secondary to repeated trauma reflecting obsessive-compulsive disorder characterized by a tic-like habit. He received fluvaksamine 25 mg/day. The lesions started to disappear after three months of therapy. The recognition of pseudo-knuckle pads by dermatologists and pediatricians is very important in adolescent patients because these lesions may be clues for diagnosis of serious psychiatric problems. The collaboration of a dermatologist or pediatrician with a psychiatrist is essential in the follow-up of these patients. PMID- 14768805 TI - Horseshoe kidney with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis and goiter. AB - Horseshoe kidney is a relatively common renal anomaly with which many structural and developmental anomalies have been shown to be associated. However, there are only a few case reports regarding the association of membranous glomerulonephritis and focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis in patients with horseshoe kidneys. We report a girl who was evaluated for hematuria and proteinuria, and found to have horseshoe kidney. Renal biopsy demonstrated mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. She also had simple diffuse goiter. PMID- 14768806 TI - Wegener's granulomatosis in a 15-year-old boy. AB - Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is an uncommon systemic vasculitis that is rarely encountered in children. A 15-year old boy presented with a one-month history of nasal obstruction, hemorrhagic rhinorrhea, malaise, fever, anorexia and weight loss, together with high values of inflammatory markers, microscopic hematuria and progressive decrease of renal functions. Renal biopsy revealed rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis with rare findings of interstitial and periglomerular granulomas. The diagnosis of WG was established and intravenous methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide therapy followed by oral application of prednisone and azathioprine led to a complete clinical and laboratory remission of the disease. The second renal biopsy performed after 28 months of treatment did not show any activity of the process. Currently, the boy is without any clinical or laboratory signs of active disease. Since untreated WG has a fatal prognosis, early diagnosis and appropriately aggressive immunosuppressive therapy are necessary for a favorable outcome. PMID- 14768807 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of Cantrell's pentalogy: a case report. AB - A 23 year-old nulliparous woman was admitted to the obstetrics clinic in the 12th week of her pregnancy. Following the first trimester scanning, the fetus was diagnosed as having a large omphalocele and ectopia cordis. It was thought to be a thoracoabdominal wall defect and a possible case of Cantrell's pentalogy. Amniocentesis was performed and at the 16th week, the pregnancy was terminated because of karyotype revealing trisomy 21 and the serious structural defects. Autopsy demonstrated an ectopia cordis without pericardium and an abdominal wall defect with an omphalocele. Fetus had no diaphragma or sternum, and pulmonary and extremity anomalies were also present. With these findings, this case is suggested to be a variant of Cantrell's pentalogy. PMID- 14768808 TI - Short rib-polydactyly syndrome: a case report. AB - Short rib-polydactyly syndrome (SRPS) is a group of rare, lethal skeletal dysplasias characterized by short ribs and limbs, polydactyly, hypoplastic thorax and visceral anomalies. Our case had coarsening of facial features, low-set ears, lobulated tongue, cleft palate, and hypoplastic epiglottis. Short proximal parts of upper limbs, bilateral postaxial polydactyly of hands, and bifid big toe with zygodactyly were additional findings. Chest was narrow. Ambiguous genitalia was noted but testicles were in scrotum. Choroid plexus cyst and coarctation of aorta were found in autopsy. Radiographies of the skull revealed occipital horn accompanied by prominent external occipital protuberance. The thoracic cage was narrow and elongated with short and iliac wings, pubic and ischial rami were were hypoplastic, and both acetabula were shallow and trident shaped. All tubular bones had wide and rounded metaphyses. Because clinical and radiological features of the four established subtypes are very similar, there are difficulties in the classification. We report an infant whose radiological, clinical and postmortem features were consistent with type IV SRPS (Beemer-Langer). PMID- 14768809 TI - Noncompaction with arcus aorta anomalies. AB - An 18-month-old girl with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), mental retardation and multiple infarcts on brain computerized tomography (CT) is presented. Her sineangiocardiograms showed a thrombus (moving from the left ventricle to ascending and abdominal aorta), TOF, right arcus aorta with anomalous origin of left subclavian artery from the descending aorta, honeycombed appearance of the apex and half of the posterior wall of left ventricle and the apex of right ventricle. Her echocardiography (ECHO) examinations revealed depressed left ventricular systolic function and thrombus in the left ventricle apex, with noncompaction of the left ventricle apex and the middle portion of posterior wall, and in the right ventricular apex. PMID- 14768810 TI - Defensive chemistry of an aposematic bug, Pachycoris stallii Uhler and volatile compounds of its host plant Croton californicus Muell.-Arg. AB - Volatile components of Pachycoris stallii scent gland secretions and the bug's host plant, Croton californicus, were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. The predominant compounds isolated from C. californicus fruit and leaves were beta-myrcene and beta-caryophyllene. Metathoracic gland secretions of P. stallii contained mostly (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, and n-tridecane. In males, n-tridecane was present throughout the metathoracic gland, but in females this compound was found only in the median reservoir/accessory gland. (E)-2-Hexenal was present throughout the gland of female bugs, but in males was primarily present in the median reservoir/accessory gland. (E)-4-Oxo-2-hexenal and n-dodecane were isolated from the median reservoir/accessory gland of male and female bugs. Metathoracic glands were sexually monomorphic. Data from chemical analyses and anatomical observations suggest that dorsal abdominal glands of adults were apparently obsolescent. In nymphs, dorsal abdominal glands produced (E)-2-hexenal, (E )-4-oxo-2-hexenal, n dodecane, n-tridecane, and tetradecanal. The proportion of the predominant constituent, (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, decreased from 72% in the first instar to 47% in the fourth instar. Proportions of tetradecanal and n-tridecane were greater in the fourth instar than in the first instar. Observations of dissected glands indicated that median and posterior dorsal abdominal glands of all nymphal instars were more developed than anterior dorsal abdominal glands. Scanning electron micrography revealed the presence of polygonal microsculpturing on the integument surrounding the ostioles of metathoracic and dorsal abdominal glands. Chemical, anatomical, and behavioral data indicated that P. stallii has a chemical defense system based on short-chain carbonyl compounds and that this system is directed against arthropods. The abundance of arthropod natural enemies apparently has forced P. stallii to maintain this defense system despite feeding on a toxic host plant. PMID- 14768811 TI - Angiosperm bark volatiles disrupt response of Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, to attractant-baited traps. AB - Antennally active, bark-derived, angiosperm volatiles were tested singly and in groups for their ability to disrupt the response of the Douglas-fir beetle (DFB), Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, to attractant-baited multiple-funnel traps. One compound, conophthorin, was active alone in reducing the response of beetles to the baited traps. Further experiments showed disruptive activity in two aliphatic green-leaf alcohols [1-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol], as well as guaiacol and benzyl alcohol, and three aliphatic aldehydes [nonanal, hexanal, and (E)-2 hexenal] but not in two aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde). Every binary combination that included conophthorin or any two of the other groups, except aromatic aldehydes, significantly reduced the response of beetles to baited traps. Various ternary mixtures and the complete mixture of all the groups were generally the most effective treatments. These results provide evidence that DFBs recognize and avoid nonhosts while flying rather than landing on candidate hosts and testing them while in contact with the tree. Nonhost angiosperm bark volatiles may have practical utility on their own or in combination with the antiaggregation pheromone 3-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one (MCH) to protect single trees, logs, or stands from attack by the DFB. PMID- 14768812 TI - Field attraction of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) to synthetic stereoselective enantiomers of the ceralure B1 isomer. AB - Stereoselectively synthesized enantiomers of ethyl cis-5-iodotrans-2 methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate (ceralure B1), a potent lure for male Mediterranean fruit flies, were tested in the laboratory and the field against laboratory reared sterile flies. The (-)-ceralure B1 enantiomer was significantly more attractive than the (+)-ceralure B1 antipode. Dose-response studies of the above compounds demonstrated that (-)-ceralure B1 and to a lesser extent, racemic ceralure B1, captured consistently more male flies than trimedlure, the current male attractant used in detection programs. Longevity tests demonstrated that, over a three-week period, both (-)-ceralure B1 and racemic ceralure B1 caught significantly more flies than trimedlure. The synthesis of specific enantiomers of ceralure B1 shows great promise as a male attractant that could replace trimedlure for detection and delimitation in action programs aimed at this exotic pest. PMID- 14768813 TI - Effects of allelochemicals from first (brassicaceae) and second (Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae) trophic levels on Adalia bipunctata. AB - Three Brassicaceae species, Brassica napus (low glucosinolate content), Brassica nigra (including sinigrin), and Sinapis alba (including sinalbin) were used as host plants for two aphid species: the generalist Myzus persicae and the specialist Brevicoryne brassicae. Each combination of aphid species and prey host plant was used to feed the polyphagous ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata. Experiments with Brassicaceae species including different amounts and kinds of glucosinolates (GLS) showed increased ladybird larval mortality at higher GLS concentrations. When reared on plants with higher GLS concentrations, the specialist aphid, B. brassicae, was found to be more toxic than M. persicae. Identification of GLS and related degradation products, mainly isothiocyanates (ITC), was investigated in the first two trophic levels, plant and aphid species, by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. While only GLS were detected in M. persicae on each Brassicaceae species, high amounts of ITC were identified in B. brassicae samples (allyl-ITC and benzyl-ITC from B. nigra and S. alba, respectively) from all host plants. Biological effects of allelochemicals from plants on predators through aphid prey are discussed in relation to aphid species to emphasize the role of the crop plant in integrated pest management in terms of biological control efficacy. PMID- 14768814 TI - Synthesis and antialgal activity of dihydrophenanthrenes and phenanthrenes II: mimics of naturally occurring compounds in Juncus effusus. AB - 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrenes and phenanthrenes, mimics of natural compounds with strong antialgal activity, have been synthesized through cross-coupling by zerovalent Ni of 1-(2-iodo-5-methoxy)-phenylethanol or 2-iodo-5 methoxyacetophenone with iodoxylenes. The synthetic compounds had a hydroxyl or a methoxyl group at C-2 and two methyls in the C ring. Assays on the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum showed that all the compounds, except 2-methoxy-5,7 dimethylphenanthrene, caused strong inhibition of algal growth at 10(-4) M. 2 Hydroxy-7,8-dimethyl-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene and 2-methoxy-5,6 dimethylphenanthrene fully inhibited growth at 10(-5) M. PMID- 14768815 TI - Feeding by the aphid Sipha flava produces a reddish spot on leaves of Sorghum halepense: an induced defense? AB - Feeding by the aphid Sipha flava produces a reddish spot on mature leaves of Sorghum halepense. The present work is aimed at determining whether this plant response entails induced resistance against the aphid. Old and young leaves showed the same response to aphid feeding (reddish coloration). Water-stressed plants displayed a similar reddish coloration to aphid-infested plants. This was verified by evaluation of absorbance peaks of the respective leaf extracts. Aphid fecundity was reduced on previously infested (and hence reddish colored) leaves. However, aphid fecundity was not affected on water stressed plants. Furthermore, aphid survival was not different on artificial diets containing increasing concentrations of the reddish pigment. It is concluded that the reddish spot is correlated with, but is not itself responsible for, the observed induced resistance of S. halepense against S. flava. PMID- 14768816 TI - Mineralogical and chemical interactions of soils eaten by chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains and Gombe Stream National Parks, Tanzania. AB - Termite mound soils eaten by chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains and Gombe National Parks, Tanzania, have mineralogical and geochemical compositions similar to many soils eaten by higher primates, but release very low levels of either toxic or nutritional inorganic elements to solution at acid pH. Comparison with control (uneaten) soils from the same areas showed lower levels of carbon and nitrogen in the eaten soils, a relationship confirmed by surface analysis. Surface analysis also revealed lower levels of iron on particle surfaces versus interiors, and higher levels of iron on ingested versus control soil particle surfaces. The soils can adsorb dietary toxins, present in the plant diet or those produced by microorganisms. Taking the toxic alkaloids quinine, atropine, sparteine, and lupanine as examples, it is evident that soils from Mahale have a very good adsorptive capacity. A new adaptive advantage of geophagy is proposed, based on the prevention of iron uptake. The behavior of the soils in vitro is consistent with the theory that geophagy has a therapeutic value for these chimpanzees. PMID- 14768817 TI - Phenylheptatriyne variation in Bidens alba var. radiata leaves. AB - Variation of phenylheptatriyne (PHT) in leaves of Bidens alba (Linn.) var. radiata (Shultz-Bip.) was investigated across its Florida range, throughout the year, and in response to the photoenvironment. A survey of PHT in B. alba leaves was done at 13 sites in Florida and three sites throughout the year. PHT concentrations differed among populations (P < 0.001), but little of the variation was explained by latitude (R2 = 0.024) or longitude (R2 = 0.022). Leaf concentrations of PHT fluctuated throughout the year (P < 0.001); they were highest in October and lowest in January and April. Experimental manipulations of light quality and quantity caused increased PHT accumulation when UV wavelengths were filtered out and decreased accumulation under low R/FR treatments. Low light levels did not significantly influence the concentration of PHT on a dry weight basis, but did decrease leaf biomass and PHT levels on a leaf area basis. The results suggest that PHT in B. alba leaves varies in nature and that light quality affects PHT biosynthesis in situ. PMID- 14768818 TI - Effects of salinity on endogenous ABA, IAA, JA, AND SA in Iris hexagona. AB - Phytohormones play critical roles in regulating plant responses to stress. We investigated the effects of salinity on abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA) in leaves, stalks, fruits, and seeds of Iris hexagona, a native wetland species. Using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy with selected ion monitoring, our experiments demonstrated significant and different short- and long-term changes in iris phytohormones. ABA and JA generally increased and IAA and SA declined in response to salinity. We conclude that these phytohormones may have separate and interactive effects on how plants respond and adapt to stress in natural environments. PMID- 14768819 TI - Phenotypic plasticity of Senecio vulgaris from contrasting habitat types: growth and pyrrolizidine alkaloid formation. AB - The growth-differentiation balance hypothesis (GDB), which postulates a physiological trade-off between growth and differentiation (morphological and chemical), has been tested almost exclusively for carbon-based secondary metabolites. Little attention has been paid to N-based compounds. In this study we aimed to test the predictions of the GDB hypothesis under field conditions for growth and pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) formation in Senecio vulgaris. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment at two sites differing widely in their nutrient supply. These included a conventionally managed vineyard (V) and a strip of local wild flowers between crop fields, which was established to promote species diversity in agroecosystems (C). No fertilizer or pesticides are allowed in such ecological compensation areas. In C, we expected lower growth but higher PA formation than in V. Due to differentiated selection regimes in the two habitat types with regard to nutrient (nitrogen) availability in the soil, we also expected different N-allocation patterns for the genotypes of the two collection sites. Plants of V produced more biomass and were taller than the plants of C. The relatively poor nitrogen conditions in C favored an earlier differentiation towards generative organs. In plants of C, higher concentrations of PAs were found than in plants of V. There exists a close negative correlation between growth and PA formation, indicating a trade-off. The origin of the plant material had only a little effect on PA formation. The observed phenotypic reaction of PA formation in S. vulgaris in the two habitats fits quite well the predictions of GDB theory. It is shown that this general response is overlaid by physiological factors leading to a pattern of PA accumulation, which is not readily predictable by nonmechanistic theories. PMID- 14768820 TI - Effects of 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one derivatives from maize on survival and fecundity of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) on artificial diet. AB - Effects of 2-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA-Glc) and DIMBOA-Glc N-O-methylated (HDMBOA-Glc), two compounds present in high concentration in maize, were tested on the aphid Metopolophium dirhodum reared on artificial diet. HDMBOA-Glc and DIMBOA-Glc decrease survival of adults with an LD50 of I mM and 5.6 mM, respectively, after 72 hr of feeding. These compounds also decrease the fecundity of the aphids at concentrations of 2 mM and 1 mM, respectively. At concentrations of 2 mM HDMBOA-Glc and 8 mM DIMBOA-Glc in the diet, the average lifetime fecundity of 10 females is near zero. Offspring mortality on diet with 2 mM DIMBOA-Glc is significantly higher than with the control diet. In contrast, HDMBOA-Glc has no effect on the survival of offspring. The possibility that these compounds protect Poaceae against aphids is discussed. PMID- 14768821 TI - Isolation and structural identification of a germination inhibitor in fire recruiters from the California chaparral. AB - A role for inhibitors as regulators of seed dormancy in fire-dependent annuals and their nondormant (fire-independent) congeners was examined in the family Hydrophyllaceae. From seeds of the fire-dependent species, Emmenanthe penduliflora, Phacelia minor, P. brachyloba, and P. grandiflora, extracts were obtained that were found to be largely self-inhibitory and potent inhibitors of seed germination in nondormant congeners. Lower activity was detected in the fire independent species, P. tanacetifolia and P. campanularia. The inhibitory activity was associated with the new sucrose ester, 6-O-linoleyl-alpha-D glucopyranosyl-beta-D-fructofuranoside. PMID- 14768822 TI - Phytotoxicity of vulpia residues: III. Biological activity of identified allelochemicals from Vulpia myuros. AB - Twenty compounds identified in vulpia (Vulpia myuros) residues as allelochemicals were individually and collectively tested for biological activity. Each exhibited characteristic allelochemical behavior toward the test plant, i.e., inhibition at high concentrations and stimulation or no effect at low concentrations, but individual activities varied. Allelopathins present in large quantities, such as syringic, vanillic, and succinic acids, possessed low activity, while those present in small quantities, such as catechol and hydrocinnamic acid, possessed strong inhibitory activity. The concept of a phytotoxic strength index was developed for quantifying the biological properties of each individual allelopathin in a concise, comprehensive, and meaningful format. The individual contribution of each allelopathin, assessed by comparing the phytotoxic strength index to the overall toxicity of vulpia residues, was variable according to structure and was influenced by its relative proportion in the residue. The majority of compounds possessed low or medium biological activity and contributed most of the vulpia phytotoxicity, while compounds with high biological activity were in the minority and only present at low concentration. Artificial mixtures of these pure allelochemicals also produced phytotoxicity. There were additive/synergistic effects evident in the properties of these mixtures. One such mixture, formulated from allelochemicals found in the same proportions as occur in vulpia extract, produced stronger activity than another formulated from the same set of compounds but in equal proportions. These results suggest that the exploration of the relative composition of a cluster of allelopathins may be more important than simply focusing on the identification of one or two compounds with strong biological activity and that synergism is fundamental to the understanding of allelopathy. PMID- 14768823 TI - Phytotoxicity of vulpia residues: IV. Dynamics of allelochemicals during decomposition of vulpia residues and their corresponding phytotoxicity. AB - The behavior and dynamics of 20 identified allelochemicals in vulpia residues were both collectively and individually monitored, and their kinetic phytotoxicity was assessed. The total content of the identified allelochemicals in decaying vulpia residues increased from 0.31 to 1.24 mg/g dry residue over a 21-day decomposition period, while the total phenolic content increased from 1.86 to 2.16 mg/g dry residue. This corresponded to a phytotoxicity increase from 42% to 82% of radical inhibition. Allelochemicals changed in composition and quantity over the duration of the residue decomposition. Addition of soil to the residues reduced the total allelochemical contents extracted and altered the dynamic pattern. In the same period, the total content of allelochemicals declined from 0.061 to 0.046 mg/g residue + soil, with the total phenolics reduced from 0.20 to 0.11 mg/g residue + soil, corresponding to a radical length increase from 53% to 109% of control. Only 14 of the identified allelochemicals were detected in the mix of soil and residues, in contrast to 20 present in the residues alone. The implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 14768824 TI - Describing phytotoxic effects on cumulative germination. AB - Phytotoxic studies strongly depend on evaluation of germination responses, which implies the need for adequate procedures to account for distinct aspects of the germinative process. For this, indices, comparisons among treatments at various times, and model fitting have been proposed. The objective of this work is to compare the three approaches and select the one providing the greatest insight and precision. Speed of germination, speed of accumulated germination, the coefficient of the rate of germination, comparisons at each determination time, including final germination, and the parameters of the Weibull function were examined. The Weibull function proved the best approach to describe the germination process, providing not only the same type of information about the speed of germination, with greater precision, but also additional information about the initiation and shape of the germination response curve. PMID- 14768825 TI - In vitro antiviral activity of bael (Aegle marmelos Corr) upon human coxsackieviruses B1-B6. AB - The in-vitro antiviral activity of a series of compounds in samples extracted from various parts of the Indian holy tree, Bael (Aegle marmelos corr.) were evaluated for their efficacy against human coxsackieviruses B1-B6. The inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for leaves (L1 and L2) stem and stem bark (S1, S2, S3 and S4) fruit (F1 and F2micro) root and root bark (R1 and R2) and pure compound, the marmelide were 1000 microg/ml (for L1 and L2), 1000 microg/ml (for S1, S2, S3 and S4), 1000 microg/ml (for F1) and 500 microg/ml (for F2) 250 microg/ml (for R1) and 500 microg/ml (for R2) and 62.5 microg/ml for marmelide respectively by plaque inhibition assay at 96 hrs. On the other hand, the corresponding value for Ribavirin, a standard antiviral drug, was 2000 microg/ml for the same viruses at the same time period. These concentrations did not exhibit any toxicity to Vero cells, the host subtoxic concentrations were 5000 microg/ml for leaf and stem fractions 2000 microg/ml for fruit fractions 500 and 1000 microg/ml for root fractions 250 microg/ml for marmelide and 2000 microg/ml for Ribavirin. The cytotoxic concentrations were 8000 microg/ml for leaf and stem compounds 4000 mg/ml for fruit; 1000 microg/ml and 2000 microg/ml for root 500 microg/ml for marmelide and 4000 microg/ml for ribavirin at 96 hrs. These were also confirmed by trypan blue dye exclusion test and further passaging of cells. Additionally pretreatment of host cells, virus inactivation, yield reduction and effect of time of addition assays against coxsackievirus B3 suggested that marmelide was most effective as a virucidal agent besides interfering at early events of its replicative cycle like adsorption, penetration, at various steps in single cycle growth curve and effect of time of addition. PMID- 14768826 TI - Worm infestation and anaemia: a public health problem among tribal pre-school children of Madhya Pradesh. AB - A study to assess the status of intestinal parasitosis and anaemia was carried out among the pre-school children of Gond tribal community in Kundam block of Jabalpur district, Madhya Pradesh. A total of 985 pre-school children were covered. The results revealed that 48% pre-school children had intestinal parasitic infections. Common parasites observed among them were Hymenolepis nana, hookworms and roundworms. Mean epg for these parasites ranged from 371.2 to 1221.8. High prevalence of anaemia (86.7%) was also observed among them. This high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and anaemia could be due to indiscriminate defecation, low socio-economic status, ignorance and low standard of personal hygiene. Comprehensive control strategy with specific intervention measures need to be evolved and implemented specially in tribals as serious efforts are being madeby the Govt. for their overall development. PMID- 14768827 TI - Seroprevalence of brucellosis in man. AB - A total of 352 human serum samples were screened for brucellosis. A combination of serological tests including Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), standard tube agglutination test (STAT) and dot-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) were employed for the purpose. The study revealed a prevalence rate of 4.97 per cent in samples that included specimens from persons occupationally exposed to animals. The number of seropositives through all tests used was higher among males (5.95 per cent) than females (3.15 per cent). A markedly higher prevalence of 17.39 per cent was recorded among field veterinarians. A low prevalence (2-6 per cent) was observed in humans with unknown history of animal contact. Dot ELISA yielded 4.97 per cent positives compared to 1.38 and 0.82 per cent through RBPT and STAT respectively. PMID- 14768828 TI - Bancroftian filariasis in Bagdogra town, district Darjeeling (West Bengal). AB - Filaria endemicity is probably gradually increasing over the years in Bagdogra town, district Darjeeling (West Bengal). Of 1511 night blood smears examined, 35 were found positive for Wuchereria bancrofti (mf rate 2.32%). The microfilaria (mf) rates for males and females were 2.84% and 1.79 % respectively. The age of these positives ranged from 5-45 years. The mf rate was highest (4.46%) in the age group of 20-29 years. All mf carriers were local residents of Bagdogra and Wuchereria bancrofti was only the infection encountered. Mean microfilaria density was 7.71 per 20 cmm. of blood, whereas Median microfilaria density (MFD50) was 21 per 20 cmm. of blood. Disease and filarial endemicity rates were 0.33% and 2.65% respectively. Ten man hour vector mosquito density ranged from 30 to 65. Out of 49 female Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes dissected for the presence of filaria infection, none was found positive for the infection. During 1976 survey in the same town, mf rate was 1.6% and disease rate was nil. PMID- 14768829 TI - Malaria outbreak in Bhojpur PHC of district Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. AB - Based on the reports of 18 fever related deaths in Bhojpur Primary Health Centre (PHC) of Moradabad District (UP), a study was undertaken during September and October, 2000 to explore the possibility of outbreak of malaria in the area and the reasons of the outbreak. The slide positivity rate (SPR) and slide falciparum rate (SFR) in active fever surveys were found to be 84.7% and 82.2% respectively. Among children the average enlarged spleen and spleen rate were 1.9 and 27.4 per cent respectively. The mortality rate of Anopheles culicifacies in DDT, Malathion and Deltamethrin was 42.5, 86.7 and cent per cent respectively. The results of the study revealed that the outbreak was of malaria with predominance of Plasmodium falciparum causing several deaths in the affected villages. The investigation revealed that there was disruption of surveillance and supervision of malaria activities. PMID- 14768830 TI - Prevalence of ixodid ticks in Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu state (India). AB - The Nilgiri hills provides favourable ecological conditions for the propagation of haematophagous arthropods due to its richness in vegetation and animal fauna. A study was undertaken by the NICD during August to November 1996 on the prevalence of ectoparasitic ticks from different localities of the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu state. The ticks were hand picked from various domestic animals of the study area and identified. A total of 1232 adults and immatures of ticks were collected from domestic animals which comprised of the various species in the order of abundance Boophilus microplus, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Riphicephalus haemaphysaloides and Riphicephalus sanguineus. Studies carried out in the grass lands, meadows and areas adjoining to tea plantations by flagging method revealed mainly immature stages and few adults of Riphicephalus Spp. and Haemaphysalis Spp. The public health importance of the above species have been discussed. PMID- 14768831 TI - Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices regarding measles in a rural area of Delhi. AB - 387 mothers in Mehrauli block of Delhi were interviewed regarding their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices regarding measles. 98.4% enumerated one or the other symptoms, fever being the commonest. 77.5% were aware of the infectious nature and 97% had favourable attitude regarding feeding the child during measles. The commonest foodstuff given was cowmilk and khichdi. 95.1% of the respondents intended to apply local herbs on eruptions. There was a variety of local medicines for home treatment and Laung, Tulsi leaves and Kishmish being the practice in descending order of preference. 98.4% respondents favoured giving special nutritional care during the attack of measles to their children. PMID- 14768832 TI - An investigation into the JE epidemic of 2000 in Upper Assam--a perspective study. AB - The viral encephalitis epidemic during 2000 involved all the seven districts of Upper Assam (with 96.4% cases). The epidemiological, serological, clinical and entomological observations of the epidemic confirmed it to be due to JE. These were analysed, presented and discussed in the light of past history/records of the disease in the state. The epidemic was confined to the peak monsoon months of July and August (96% of the cases in the past). Serologically, 75-90% cases were confirmed to be due to JE. Case fatality Rate was 42.11% (overall average of the state in the past). There was no difference in case incidence among children or adults. Male to female ratio was 1:0.6. Based on the abundance and host preferences during the transmission period as well as virus isolation studies (as per past studies in the area) the main vectors Culex vishnui and Mansonia annulifera were susceptible to 4% DDT. PMID- 14768833 TI - Hepatitis B virus in a select pediatric population in Delhi, India. PMID- 14768834 TI - Effectiveness of training on the knowledge of HIV/AIDS among doctors in Delhi. PMID- 14768835 TI - Seroprevalence of HBV among people visiting barbers at Gulbarga. PMID- 14768836 TI - Screening for HBsAg, anti-HIV, anti-HCV and syphilis amongst blood donors in a teaching hospital. PMID- 14768837 TI - Motor schema theory after 27 years: reflections and implications for a new theory. AB - The schema theory for discrete motor skill learning (Schmidt, 1975), originally published in 1975, has generated considerable interest and received strong challenges over its lifetime. In this paper, I focus on the findings generated since 1975 that bear on the theory and highlight those that produce difficulties for it and will be motivators for differing theoretical viewpoints in the future. At the same time, I examine other lines of evidence that seem to bolster the original lines of thinking. Finally, I provide some suggestions for a much needed new generation of motor learning theory, pointing out particular features from the schema theory that could be included and suggesting gaps and omissions that will need additional data and theorizing in future attempts. PMID- 14768838 TI - Schema theory: critical review and implications for the role of cognition in a new theory of motor learning. AB - This paper is based on a symposium celebrating the 26th anniversary of the publication of "A Schema Theory of Discrete Motor Skill Learning" (Schmidt, 1975) held at the annual conference of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity in June 2001. We provide a brief historical context for schema theory and a review of the development of the mechanistic approach to motor learning in general. We explore recent findings in mental practice, observational learning, augmented feedback presentation, and the variability of practice that are inconsistent with schema theory and provide a rationale for the importance of cognitive activity in motor learning. PMID- 14768839 TI - Schema theory (1975): retrospectives and prospectives. AB - A brief commentary is provided on the theoretical assumptions, scholarly impact and continuing influence of the schema theory of motor learning (Schmidt, 1975). The traditional contrasts of schema theory to the coordinative structure or dynamical systems framework are reemphasized, and limitations of the variability of practice experiments noted. A central problem for theories of motor learning is change over time, the basis on which learning is typically defined. Most theories including schema have, however, undervalued the importance of the time dependent nature of change in deference to the almost exclusive study of the amount of some averaged change in behavioral outcome. The persistent and transitory change(s) in movement and outcome that are observed in action are reflections of multiple time scales of change in a dynamical system. PMID- 14768840 TI - Accumulating 10,000 steps: does this meet current physical activity guidelines? AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether taking 10,000 steps in a day is equivalent to meeting the current minimum physical activity guidelines of accumulating at least 30 min of moderate physical activity (IMPA). Fifty-nine women ages 20-65 years wore a pedometer and accelerometer concurrently on their right hip for 1 day. There were no differences in the age, body mass index, or the amount of time the pedometers and accelerometers were worn between the 10K+ and the < 10K groups. The 10K+ group accumulated significantly more steps and minutes of MPA than the < 10K group (M = 13,084 steps, SD = 2,603 vs. M = 7,518 steps, SD = 1,956; and M = 62.1 min, SD = 27.7 vs. M = 38.8 min, SD = 18.9; p < .05). A 2 x 2 chi-square analysis demonstrated no difference between the proportions of 10K and < 10K participants who met the step goal, when all minutes of MPA accumulated throughout the day were considered (chi2 = 1.8, df = 1, p = .175). When only continuous bouts of MPA lasting > 5 min and > 10 min were considered, a significantly greater proportion of 10K participants met the current physical activity guidelines than the < 10K participants (chi2 = 11.5, df = 1, p = .001, and chi2 = 5.9, df = 1, p = .015, respectively). Our finding, suggest that individuals who accumulate 10,000 steps/day are more likely to meet the current physical activity guidelines by engaging in the length of bouts promoted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine (Pate et al., 1995) and the US Surgeon General (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996). However, the data also reveal that accumulating 10,000 steps/day does not guarantee meeting the guidelines in the bout lengths documented to confer the health benefits of physical activity. PMID- 14768841 TI - Timing of triggering in relation to the cardiac cycle in nonelite rifle shooters. AB - This study investigated the timing of the trigger pull in relation to the cardiac cycle during air rifle shooting. Electrocardiogram) was recorded from 20 male nonelite rifle shooters in two separate testing sessions. The testing was conducted at an indoor shooting range using an optoelectronic shooting system. Each participant fired a shot in the standing position at a distance of 10 m from the target. The results showed that compared to random triggering, the shooters fired more often during the phase of 10-50% of the R wave-to-R wave (R-R) interval and less often during the phase of 50-90%. With regard to performance accuracy, the participants exhibited average or above average performance, when the shot occurred in the beginning (0-50%) and in the end (70-99%) of the R-R interval. The less optimal range for the triggering was located within the 50-70% phase of the R-R interval. The length of R-R interval (i.e., heart rate) did not affect the relation of shot placement within the cardiac cycle to the accuracy of shooting performance. The present results extend previous findings by showing that in air rile shooting the optimum firing time within the cardiac cycle may be located in the systolic phase. It is argued that the systole-diastole dichotomy is not a sufficiently accurate way to investigate the effects of shot placement in the cardiac cycle. Further research is needed to examine the extent to which the relationship between the timing of triggering within the cardiac cycle and shooting performance depends a shooter's skill level. PMID- 14768842 TI - The independence of response structure and element production in timing sequences. AB - In three experiments, participants were asked to produce a prescribed temporal sequence of key presses. The number of elements in a key press sequence, the movement time of the elements, and uniformity of the timing elements comprising the sequence were manipulated. If the processing of the sequence structure was independent of the processing of elements comprising the sequence, increasing the number of the elements in the sequence should affect the production of the sequence but not the proficiency with which the individual elements are, produced. Increasing the movement time of the elements, however, should affect the production of the elements but have little, if any, effect on the integrity of the sequence. The findings indicated that increasing the number of elements negatively affected sequence production when the elements were nonuniform but had little or no effect when elements were uniform. Alternatively, element production was affected by movement time but not number of elements. The results of these experiments appear to confirm the independence of sequence and element production. However, Experiment 3, in which the uniformity of the elements was directly contrasted, found strong evidence for coarticulatory influences in the learning processes, whereby the longer and shorter than average elements in the sequence negatively affected the sequence integrity and the production of the individual elements. When faced with a nonuniformn timing pattern, participants appear to elongate or shrink individual elements of a uniform timing pattern to fit the desired sequence requirements. The result is that the longer or shorter than average elements require more practice to produce correctly, tend to regress across retention intervals, and are generally less stable than the elements nearer the average. PMID- 14768843 TI - Influence of social goal orientations and peers on unsportsmanlike play. AB - The present study was designed to examine the influence of personal (i.e., social goal orientations or definitions of success that include interpersonal relationships) and situational (i.e., peer influence) factors on decisions surrounding unsportsmanlike play. Middle school students (ages 11-15 years) completed a measure to assess task, ego, and social goal orientations. Participants also read scenarios about unsportsmanlike actions and responded to questions tapping the intention to perform those actions. A series of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that in certain peer contexts, social goal orientations influenced unsportsmanlike play responses above and beyond the contribution of task and ego goal orientations. Results varied/for boys and girls and provide support far including social goal orientations in achievement motivation research in the physical domain. PMID- 14768844 TI - Arousal, anxiety, and performance: a reexamination of the Inverted-U hypothesis. AB - Until recently, the traditional Inverted-U hypothesis had been the primary model used by sport psychologists to describe the arousal-performance relationship. However, many sport psychology researchers have challenged this relationship, and the current trend is a shift toward a more "multidimensional" view of arousal anxiety and its effects on performance. In the current study, 104 college-age participants performed a simple response time task while riding a bicycle ergometer. Participants were randomly assigned to one of eight arousal groups (between 20 and 90% of heart rate reserve) and were told they were competing for a cash prize. Prior to the task, the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS) were administered to assess the influence of cognitive and somatic anxiety. As hypothesized, regression analysis revealed a significant quadratic trend for arousal and reaction time. This accounted for 13.2% of the variance, F change (1, 101) = 15.10, p < .001, in performance beyond that accounted for by the nonsignificant linear trend. As predicted by the Inverted-U hypothesis, optimal performance on the simple task was seen at 60 and 70% of maximum arousal. Furthermore, for the simple task used in this study, only somatic anxiety as measured by the SAS accounted for significant variance in performance beyond that accounted for by arousal alone. These findings support predictions of the Inverted-U hypothesis and raise doubts about the utility theories that rely on differentiation of cognitive and somatic anxiety to predict performance on simple tasks that are not cognitively loaded. PMID- 14768845 TI - Moral issues in sport: the child's perspective. AB - Sport offers opportunities for children to identify and resolve moral issues. Moral issues in sport have primarily been studied from the researcher's perspective, with the child's perspective relatively ignored. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the nature and content of the issues children experienced in sport. Interview participants consisted of 7 boys and 8 girls ranging in age from 10 to 12 years (M = 11.6 years, SD = 1.7) who had competitive youth sport experience. An inductive content analysis revealed that children identified issues surrounding three overall dimensions concerning fairness of adult's actions, negative game behaviors, and negative team behaviors. Specific examples of issues included unfair actions by coaches, disrespecting opponents, and selfish behavior in practice. The self-identified issues both confirmed and expanded upon the content found in hypothetical moral dilemmas in sport. PMID- 14768846 TI - Treatment discrimination among assistant coaches of women's teams. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine organizational treatment discrimination (i.e., when members of a group receive fewer rewards, opportunities, or resources than they legitimately deserve based on job-related criteria) in the context of women's athletics. Data were collected from 170 assistant coaches of women's teams (i.e., women's basketball, softball, track, volleyball, soccer, and tennis). Results indicate that women's perceived work experiences and outcomes were comparable, and sometimes better, than those of men. We present competing explanations for this finding. First, it is possible that these women were not subjected to treatment discrimination. Alternatively, it is possible that this demonstrates the existence of the "paradox of the contented working woman." Additional analyses indicate that work experiences explained a large portion of the variance in organizational commitment and turnover intentions, thereby demonstrating their importance in the workplace. PMID- 14768847 TI - Reduced knowledge of results frequency enhances error detection. PMID- 14768848 TI - Situational indexes of achievement motivation, help-seeking, and performance: influences of the learning context and gender differences. PMID- 14768849 TI - An update on the management of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. AB - BACKGROUND: To provide an update on the latest evidence-based management of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A literature search (MEDLINE 1966 to 2002) was performed using the key words "diabetic nephropathy," and relevant book chapters were also reviewed, to identify well-controlled, prospective landmark studies and expert review articles on diabetic nephropathy (DN). Data and conclusions from the selected articles that provided solid evidence regarding the optimal management of DN were extracted and interpreted in light of clinical and research experience with Chinese patients. RESULTS: DN is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. High blood pressure, dyslipidemia, long duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control and central obesity are important risk factors. Microalbuminuria is a practical marker to predict the development of overt nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Risk factor modification, renal function monitoring and combined therapies are the current integrated approaches to manage patients with diabetic kidney disease. Optimal glycemic control is a fundamental goal, but effective antihypertensive and possibly lipid-lowering therapy delay the progression of DN. Recent large clinical trials support the earlier experimental data that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure lowering actions. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for microalbuminuria and monitoring renal function will identify patients with DN at an early stage and allow for intervention. Tight glycemic control and aggressive antihypertensive treatment as well as the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors should substantially delay the progression of nephropathy. PMID- 14768850 TI - Intrapericardial ethanol delivery inhibits neointimal proliferation after porcine coronary overstretch. AB - BACKGROUND: Previous work has shown that ethanol dampens cell growth signals and inhibits smooth muscle proliferation in a restenosis model. Catheter-based approaches to intrapericardial (IPC) delivery of therapeutic agents have been recently demonstrated to be feasible. This study tested the effect of IPC instillation of ethanol on the injury response of overstretched porcine coronary arteries. METHODS: Ethanol, 30%, (E, 10 mL, n = 6) or saline, 0.9%, (C, 10 mL, n = 6) was administered IPC after overstretch injury of porcine coronary arteries. Animals were sacrificed 28 days after balloon dilation. RESULTS: The neointimal and adventitial area were significantly reduced in the E group (0.36 +/- 0.05 mm2; 1.68 +/- 0.09 mm2) as compared to the C group (0.61 +/- 0.05 mm2; 2.61 +/- 0.14 mm2; p < 0.001). The maximal intimal and adventitial thicknesses of the treated vessels were also significantly smaller than those of untreated vessels (0.44 +/- 0.02, 0.38 +/- 0.08 mm vs 0.57 +/- 0.03, 0.54 +/- 0.03 mm, respectively; p < 0.005). The calculated luminal stenosis decreased in the treated group, 16.1%, versus the control group, 25.3%. CONCLUSION: Perivascular administration of a single-dose of ethanol significantly reduce neointimal proliferation in the porcine balloon-overstretch model. This data suggests that intrapericardial delivery of therapeutic agents may be useful and feasible in the coronary angioplasty setting for prevention of restenosis. PMID- 14768851 TI - Relationship of predicted postoperative product to postpneumonectomy cardiopulmonary complications. AB - BACKGROUND: This retrospective analytic study was to evaluate diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and predicted postoperative product (PPP) as predictors of postpneumonectomy cardiopulmonary complications. METHODS: One hundred fifty-one patients underwent pneumonectomy at Vancouver General Hospital from January 1992 to December 1997. The PPP was obtained by multiplying the predicted postoperative (ppo) FEV1 by the ppo DLCO, both expressed as % of predicted. The ppo FEV1 and DLCO were derived by calculating the proportional loss of functional lung from the resected lung. We also evaluated a new index, the measured product (MP), obtained by multiplying the measured preoperative FEV1 by DLCO, both expressed as % of predicted. RESULTS: Patients with complications had lower FEV1, lower DLCO, lower MP, lower ppo FEV1, lower ppo DLCO, and lower PPP than patients without complications. DLCO at 70% of predicted was the best predictor of postoperative complications, while PPP at 1400 was similar to MP at 5000 and ppo DLCO at 40% of predicted in predicting postoperative complications. The complication rate was 88% in patients with DLCO < 70% of predicted, compared with a complication rate of 19% in patients with DLCO > or = 70% of predicted (sensitivity = 68%, specificity = 93%), while the complication rate was 66% in patients with PPP < 1400, compared with a complication rate of 25% in patients with PPP > or = 1400 (sensitivity = 63%, specificity = 78%). CONCLUSIONS: DLCO < 70% of predicted is associated with increased risk of complications following pneumonectomy. PPP determined preoperatively allows a patient with a critically low value (< 40% of predicted) for one variable (either ppo FEV1 or ppo DLCO) to be accepted for surgery on the basis of a good value in the other. Patients with PPP > or = 1400 have a relatively low postpneumonectomy complication rate. PMID- 14768852 TI - MR imaging of the musculoskeletal soft tissue mass: is heterogeneity a sign of malignancy? AB - BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance (MR) is considered the imaging modality of choice to evaluate soft tissue lesions. Whether MR imaging can be used to differentiate benign from malignant soft tissue lesions is still controversial. To elucidate this controversy, MR images of 37 patients with soft tissue masses of the musculoskeletal system were reviewed at Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand. METHODS: There were 19 benign and 18 malignant lesions. MR images were evaluated with regard to lesion size, border definition, homogeneity, changes in pattern of homogeneity, signal characteristic (signal intensity on T1-weighted, T2 weighted), and demonstration of relation to neurovascular bundle and bone as well as edema in or around the lesion. RESULTS: Statistically significant imaging features favoring a diagnosis of malignancy included inhomogeneity at T2-weighted images (p = 0.002) and a change in pattern from homogeneity on T1-weighted images to inhomogeneity at T2-weighted images (p = 0.003). Malignant tumors also had neurovascular or bone involvement in 28% of cases, which was not seen in their benign counterparts. Size, border definition, and edema of surrounding tissues were generally not helpful in distinguishing benign from malignant soft tissue masses. CONCLUSIONS: The inhomogeneity of lesions on T2, the change from homogeneity on T1 to inhomogeneity on T2 sequence, and involvement of bone or neurovascular structures are features that may be helpful in differentiating benign from malignant soft tissue masses. PMID- 14768853 TI - Risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth-weight infants. AB - PURPOSE: To calculate incidence and evaluate the risk factors of the threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in very low birth-weight (VLBW, birth weight less than 1,251 gram) infants. We also compared the incidence of threshold ROP in Taiwan with those of Caucasians and Negros. Additionally, the post-conception age when threshold ROP happened was considered. METHODS: From February 1995 to February 2000, we enrolled 458 VLBW infants at the China Medical College Hospital. Patients with congenital anomalies and those who survived less than 6 months were excluded. The perinatal and neonatal data of enrolled infants were reviewed. Student's t test and chi-square test were used to evaluate the statistical significance of risk factors. We also used logistic regression test and correct classification rate to evaluate different risk factors. RESULTS: The incidence of threshold ROP in our study was 6.8%. The gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), number of days in using ventilator, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and oxygen supplements, the occurrence of broncopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and the length of hospitalization were statistically different between patients groups with and without threshold ROP (p < 0.05). However, small size for gestational age (SGA), sepsis status, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) status (Gr.III and Gr.IV) and type of delivery were not significantly different between patients with and without threshold ROP (p > 0.05). Threshold ROP was noted at an average post conception age of 34.25 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of threshold ROP (6.8%) in VLBW Taiwan babies is comparable with the incidence of Caucasian patients in Western countries. Risk factors including PVL, NEC, BPD and RDS should be avoided to prevent the occurrence of threshold ROP. Threshold ROP occurred at an average of 34.3 weeks of post-conception age; the premature baby around this age must be checked carefully. PMID- 14768854 TI - Risk factors associated with intra-operative major blood loss in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent hepatic resection. AB - BACKGROUND: Minimizing intraoperative blood loss during hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) decreases the need for blood transfusion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors associated with major blood loss in performing liver resection for HCC. METHODS: A total of 643 consecutive patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC were included in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into groups according to the intraoperative blood loss. Blood loss more than 1,000 mL was defined as major blood loss. Twenty-eight variables were analyzed. RESULTS: As compared with patients with blood loss < 1,000 mL, patients with major blood loss had worse disease-free and overall survival rates (p < 0.001). Patients with major blood loss had higher surgical morbidity, mortality and prolonged hospital stay (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis shows that independent risk factors associated with major blood loss include: male gender, alanine aminotrasferase > 55U/dL, prothrombin time < 95%, resection more than 3 Couinaud segments, en bloc resection, surgeon with low case volume (< 65 cases) and tumor with central location. CONCLUSIONS: Hemorrhage control is the main problem in liver resection for HCC. In patients with risk factors of major bleeding, it is essential to take effective measure in order to minimize intraoperative blood loss in hepatectomy for patients with HCC. PMID- 14768855 TI - Comparison of stabilities between obliquely and conventionally inserted Bagby and Kuslich cages as posterior lumbar interbody fusion in a cadaver model. AB - BACKGROUND: The Bagby and Kuslich (BAK) cage as posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is reported to give satisfactory results in restoring spinal stability. Moreover, correction by obliquely inserting a single BAK cage has the advantages of reducing exposure, precise implantation, and lower cost. However, biomechanical data on this procedure are not abundant. This study was designed to compare the stability imparted by the cages placed using an oblique and posterior approaches and to determine the effects of supplementary posterior instrumentation. METHODS: After affixing nine human cadaveric spines (L2-S1) within a testing frame, load testing in several clinically relevant modes was performed sequentially for the intact and the following procedures across the L4 5 segments: posterior destabilization, stabilization using 2 parallel BAK cages (CBAK group) or 1 oblique BAK cage (OBAK group), and additional stabilization with posterior instrumentation. Spatial locations of vertebral bodies were recorded after each loading step using a 3-D motion measurement system. RESULTS: Except the OBAK group that had a lower stability in left axial rotation, there were no significant differences in the stability between both groups in all loading modes for the stabilization using cages alone. Compared with the intact cases, CBAK cages provide significant improvement in the stability in 5 displacement modes and OBAK cage may restore the stabilities of the specimens to the intact state in 5 modes and provide significant improvement in flexion. Addition of supplementary posterior instrumentation significantly reduced the angular displacements in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods of cage insertion have similar stability. Both implantations, alone or with posterior instrumentation, may improve the stability of the spine, although posterior instrumentation may further strengthen the stability. The oblique insertion is more favorable since it requires less exposure, enables precise implantation, and is less expensive. PMID- 14768856 TI - Delayed rejection after initial engraftment in non-myeloablative bone marrow transplantation. AB - Non-myeloablative bone marrow transplantation (NM-BMT) is a newly developed therapeutic strategy for malignant and non-malignant hematological diseases, as well as immunotherapy-responsive solid tumors. The graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) or graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect is the major therapeutic effect of this procedure, which also decreases transplant-related mortality (TRM) while remaining relatively safe for older patients. Graft rejection may be a main concern for NM-BMT in high-risk patients such as unrelated-donor BMT and elder recipients, however, very few literatures have mentioned this issue. Here we report 2 cases of NM-BMT where delayed rejection developed after initial engraftment. The first case was a victim of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in chronic phase receiving HLA-matched unrelated-donor (MUD) BMT using the non myeloablative regimen (fludarabine/busulphan/ATG). Chimerism study after BMT revealed successful initial engraftment, however, pancytopenia developed since day +38. Bone marrow examination on day +47 revealed only 15% of donor-type cells, with subsequent salvage haploidentical BMT failing to engraft. The patient expired on day +71. The second case was a victim of myelodysplastic syndrome, received HLA-matched sibling-donor allogeneic BMT using the same regimen as for Case 1, with successful initial engraftment proved by chimerism study. Pancytopenia was noted since day +124, and chimerism study on day +127 revealed only 25% of donor-type cells. The patient expired on day +151. We recommend that the suitability of NM-BMT for high-risk patients such as unrelated-donor BMT and elder recipients needs further studies to confirm. PMID- 14768857 TI - A suprasellar meningioma simulating atypical retrobulbar optic neuritis. AB - A 39-year-old female came with the chief complaint of acute decrease of left eye vision for the past 2 weeks. No history of systemic diseases or headache was complained. The visual acuity of the left eye was "hand motion", and rapidly responded to methylprednisolone therapy in 3 days. On tapering oral prednisolone, the visual acuity decreased again from 20/20 to light perception in the left eye. The magnetic resonance image (MRI) study showed a large suprasellar mass. The patient underwent craniotomy and removal of the tumor successfully, and the pathological report turned out to be a meningioma. The visual acuity of the left eye remained poor after the surgery. In conclusion, neuroimaging study is necessary in every case of presumed retrobulbar optic neuritis which shows atypical course. Early detection of a brain tumor may save the vision of the patient. PMID- 14768858 TI - An easily misinterpreted diagnosis of laryngeal tumor-atypical carcinoid. AB - Non-squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare cancer in the larynx. Although atypical carcinoid tumor is the most common one, it is frequently unrecognized. We present a 55-year-old man with laryngeal atypical carcinoid tumor in the supraglottic region with initial manifestation of neck metastases. Two diagnostic biopsies revealed malignancy of different cell origins. The final pathologic report confirmed this diagnosis after the patient received total laryngectomy and radical neck dissection later. He received post-operative radiotherapy and was disease-free after a 19-month follow-up. We discuss this tumor with particular reference to the difficulty in distinguishing this tumor from other tumors of the larynx. The accurate pathological identification of this tumor is essential for treatment and prognosis. PMID- 14768859 TI - Microbial transformation of pyrethroid insecticides in aqueous and sediment phases. AB - Recent studies showed that synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) can move via surface runoff into aquatic systems. Fifty-six of SP-degrading bacteria strains were isolated from contaminated sediments, of which six were evaluated for their ability to transform bifenthrin and permethrin in the aqueous phase and bifenthrin in the sediment phase. In the aqueous phase, bifenthrin was rapidly degraded by strains of Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, and the half-life (t1/2) was reduced from >700 h to 30 to 131 h. Permethrin isomers were degraded by Aeromonas sobria, Erwinia carotovora, and Yersinia frederiksenii. Similar to bifenthrin, the t1/2 of cis- and trans-permethrin was reduced by approximately 10 fold after bacteria inoculation. However, bifenthrin degradation by S. acidaminiphila was significantly inhibited in the presence of sediment, and the effect was likely caused by strong adsorption to the solid phase. Bifenthrin t1/2 was 343 to 466 h for a field sediment, and increased to 980 to 1200 h for a creek sediment. Bifenthrin degradation in the inoculated slurry treatments was not greatly enhanced when compared with the noninoculated system. Therefore, although SP-degrading bacteria may be widespread in aquatic systems, adsorption to sediment could render SPs unavailable to the degraders, thus prolonging their persistence. PMID- 14768860 TI - Phase distribution of synthetic pyrethroids in runoff and stream water. AB - Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are a group of hydrophobic compounds with significant aquatic toxicity. Their strong affinity to suspended solids and humic materials suggests that SPs in natural surface water are distributed in solid-adsorbed, dissolved organic matter (DOM)-adsorbed, and freely dissolved phases. The freely dissolved phase is of particular importance because of its mobility and bioavailability. In the present study, we used solid-phase microextraction to detect the freely dissolved phase, and we evaluated the phase distribution of bifenthrin and permethrin in stream and runoff waters. In stream water, most SPs were associated with the suspended solids and, to a lesser extent, with DOM. The freely dissolved phase contributed only 0.4% to 1.0%. In runoff effluents, the freely dissolved concentration was 10% to 27% of the overall concentration. The predominant partitioning into the adsorbed phases implies that the toxicity of SPs in surface water is reduced because of decreased bioavailability. This also suggests that monitoring protocols that do not selectively define the freely dissolved phase can lead to significant overestimation of toxicity or water quality impacts by SPs. PMID- 14768861 TI - Source of toxicity in storm water: zinc from commonly used paint. AB - A Department of Energy site in Paducah, Kentucky (USA), stores thousands of cylinders of depleted uranium hexafluoride. Breaches of the cylinders could result in the release of uranium and hydrogen fluoride. Beginning in 1996, a program was begun to paint the cylinders in order to prevent corrosion of the cylinders and the surfaces of the storage yards were converted to concrete. In 1998, storm water from the cylinder storage yards was found to be toxic to Ceriodaphnia, at concentrations exceeding limits in the site's discharge permit. A six-month study was conducted to identify the source of the toxicity in the storm water. Ceriodaphnia toxicity tests with the storm water resulted in 48-h median lethal concentrations (LC50) ranging from 12 to 94%; zinc concentrations in the storm water ranged from 0.08 to 0.54 mg/L. Acute toxicity tests with zinc and linear regression identified that zinc concentrations in the storm water were sufficient to account for the toxicity observed. By tracking the sources to the discharge point, newly painted cylinders were identified as the source of the zinc in the storm water. Rainwater collected directly from the painted cylinders contained up to 13 mg Zn/L. Laboratory and field tests showed that topcoating the cylinders would reduce the amount of zinc in the runoff from the cylinders. PMID- 14768862 TI - Methylmercury production in High Arctic wetlands. AB - Mercury is present at elevated levels in the top predators living in High Arctic ecosystems. Because only methylmercury (MeHg) bioaccumulates in food chains, the sources need to be identified. In temperate environments, wetlands are considered to be the principal sources of MeHg, with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) thought to be responsible. The present study investigated whether High Arctic wetlands produced MeHg and whether SRB were involved in MeHg formation. Frozen soil was collected from 18 High Arctic wetlands before ground thaw, and when analyzed for MeHg, values were low, averaging 0.065 ng/g. When soils were incubated for 30 and 60 d at typical summer Arctic soil temperatures (4 degrees C and 8 degrees C), MeHg increased up to 100-fold. These laboratory observations were consistent with field measurements of wetland surface water, where MeHg concentrations increased from near detection limits (0.02 ng/L) at the inflow to an average of 1.21 ng/L at the outflow. Both laboratory and field data showed MeHg production in High Arctic wetlands. The prevalence of SRB in soil was low, however, and DNA analysis of the dissimilatory sulfate-reductase gene specific to SRB was positive at only one site. The present study showed that wetlands in the High Arctic can produce MeHg but that SRB may not the dominant mercury methylators. PMID- 14768863 TI - Predicting toxic equivalence factors from 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra for dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls using linear and nonlinear pattern recognition methods. AB - Two quantitative spectrometric data-activity relationships (QSDAR) models have been developed relating 29 dioxin or dioxin-like molecules to their toxic equivalence factors (TEFs). These models were based on patterns in simulated 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data with the patterns defined by comparative spectral analysis (CoSA). Two versions of CoSA multiple linear regression (MLR) models using 7 or 10 spectral bins had, respectively, explained variances (r2) of 0.88 and 0.95, and leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validated variances (q2) of 0.78 and 0.88. A third, artificial neural network model--using a feed forward, back propagating, three-layer neural network--produced an r2 of 0.99, a LOO q2 of 0.82, and a leave-three-out q2 of 0.81. A postulated reason that the results of these QSDAR models are better than traditional quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models is based on the difference in descriptors rather than on any differences in pattern recognition approach. Results suggest that the 13C NMR spectral data contain molecular quantum mechanical information more reflective of each molecule's biochemical properties than do the calculated electrostatic potentials and molecular alignment assumptions used in developing QSAR models. The QSDAR models provide a rapid, simple way to model the toxicity of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds. PMID- 14768864 TI - Toxicological profiling of sediments using in vitro bioassays, with emphasis on endocrine disruption. AB - In vitro bioassays are valuable tools for screening environmental samples for the presence of bioactive (e.g., endocrine-disrupting) compounds. They can be used to direct chemical analysis of active compounds in toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) approaches. In the present study, five in vitro bioassays were used to profile toxic potencies in sediments, with emphasis on endocrine disruption. Nonpolar total and acid-treated stable extracts of sediments from 15 locations in the Rhine Meuse estuary area in The Netherlands were assessed. Dioxin-like and estrogenic activities (using dioxin-responsive chemical-activated luciferase gene expression [DR-CALUX] and estrogen-responsive chemical-activated luciferase gene expression [ER-CALUX] assays) as well as genotoxicity (UMU test) and nonspecific toxic potency (Vibrio fischeri assay) were observed in sediment extracts. For the first time, to our knowledge, in vitro displacement of thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) from the thyroid hormone transport protein thransthyretin by sediment extracts was observed, indicating the presence of compounds potentially able to disrupt T4 plasma transport processes. Antiestrogenic activity was also observed in sediment. The present study showed the occurrence of endocrine-disrupting potencies in sediments from the Dutch delta and the suitability of the ER- and DR-CALUX bioassays to direct endocrine-disruption TIE studies. PMID- 14768865 TI - Reduction of halogenated ethanes by green rust. AB - Green rusts, mixed Fe(II)/Fe(III) hydroxide minerals present in many suboxic environments, have been shown to reduce a number of organic and inorganic contaminants. The reduction of halogenated ethanes was examined in aqueous suspensions of green rust, both alone and with the addition of Ag(I) (AgGR) and Cu(II) (CuGR). Hexachloroethane (HCA), pentachloroethane (PCA), 1,1,1,2 tetrachloroethane (1,1,1,2-TeCA), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (1,1,2,2-TeCA), 1,1,1 trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA), 1,1 dichloroethane (1,1-DCA), and 1,2-dibromoethane were reduced in the presence of green rust alone, AgGR, or CuGR; only 1,2-dichloroethane and chloroethane were nonreactive. The reduction was generally more rapid for more highly substituted ethanes than for ethanes having fewer halogen groups (HCA > PCA > 1,1,1,2-TeCA > 1,1,1-TCA > 1,1,2,2-TeCA > 1,1,2-TCA > 1,1-DCA), and isomers with the more asymmetric distributions of halogen groups were more rapidly reduced than the isomer with greater symmetry (e.g., 1,1,1-TCA > 1,1,2-TCA). The addition of Ag(I) or Cu(II) to green rust suspensions resulted in a substantial increase in the rate of halogenated ethane reduction as well as significant differences in the product distributions with respect to green rust alone. PMID- 14768866 TI - Profiles of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, organochlorine pesticides, and butyltins in southern sea otters and their prey. AB - Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, and butyltins were measured in sea otters and selected prey species (invertebrates) collected from the California (USA) coast. Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs (sum of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [p,p'-DDE], p,p' dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane [p,p'-DDD], and p,p'-DDT), and butyltins were the major contaminants found in sea otters and their prey. Lipid-normalized concentrations of PCBs and DDT in sea otter livers were 60- and 240-fold greater than those found in the prey. Great biomagnification of PCBs and DDT in sea otters is suggested to result from their high per-capita intake of diet compared with those of other marine mammals. Profiles of PCB congeners in sea otters and prey species suggest a great capacity of sea otters to biotransform lower chlorinated congeners. Sea otters seem to possess a greater ability than cetaceans to metabolize PCBs. The 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents of non- and mono-ortho PCBs in sea otters and certain prey species were at or above the theoretical threshold for toxic effects. PMID- 14768867 TI - Bioavailability and assimilation of sediment-associated benzo[a]pyrene by Ilyodrilus templetoni (Oligochaeta). AB - Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-amended sediment was desorbed by a sequential batch method using an isopropanol solution wash. The observed isotherm showed no evidence of desorption resistance, as indicated by increased partitioning to the solid phase at low concentrations. This was consistent with the prediction of minimal desorption resistance for highly hydrophobic compounds using a biphasic model. Bioavailability of BaP in desorbed sediments was assessed by toxicokinetic measures of uptake, bioaccumulation, and elimination in the deposit-feeding, freshwater tubificid oligochaete Ilyodrilus templetoni. Worms were exposed to sediments with BaP concentrations of approximately 26 and 11 microg/g dry weight sediment after desorption for one and three batches, respectively. The I. templetoni tissue concentration attained an apparent steady state after approximately one month and resulted in a biota-sediment accumulation factor of approximately 1.3 for both sediments. This is consistent with the paradigm that pore-water concentration predicts the uptake of organic contaminants into lipids despite the literature data showing that the major uptake route for BaP is likely from the ingestion of sediment particles. Ilyodrilus templetoni exhibited a high assimilation efficiency (80%) during a single-gut passage, a low elimination rate (k(c) = 0.0032 h(-1)), and negligible biotransformation of sediment-associated BaP. PMID- 14768868 TI - Importance of equilibration time in the partitioning and toxicity of zinc in spiked sediment bioassays. AB - The influences of spiked Zn concentrations (1-40 micromol/g) and equilibration time (approximately 95 d) on the partitioning of Zn between pore water (PW) and sediment were evaluated with estuarine sediments containing two levels (5 and 15 micromol/g) of acid volatile sulfides (AVS). Their influence on Zn bioavailability was also evaluated by a parallel, 10-d amphipod (Leptocheirus plumulosus) mortality test at 5, 20, and 85 d of equilibration. During the equilibration, AVS increased (up to twofold) with spiked Zn concentration ([Zn]), whereas Zn-simultaneously extracted metals ([SEM]; Zn with AVS) remained relatively constant. Concentrations of Zn in PW decreased most rapidly during the initial 30 d and by 11- to 23-fold during the whole 95-d equilibration period. The apparent partitioning coefficient (Kpw, ratio of [Zn] in SEM to PW) increased by 10- to 20-fold with time and decreased with spiked [Zn] in sediments. The decrease of PW [Zn] could be explained by a combination of changes in AVS and redistribution of Zn into more insoluble phases as the sediment aged. Amphipod mortality decreased significantly with the equilibration time, consistent with decrease in dissolved [Zn]. The median lethal concentration (LC50) value (33 microM) in the second bioassay, conducted after 20 d of equilibration, was twofold the LC50 in the initial bioassay at 5 d of equilibration, probably because of the change of dissolved Zn speciation. Sediment bioassay protocols employing a short equilibration time and high spiked metal concentrations could accentuate partitioning of metals to the dissolved phase and shift the pathway for metal exposure toward the dissolved phase. PMID- 14768869 TI - The effects of low hardness and pH on copper toxicity to Daphnia magna. AB - The majority of metal toxicity data available for freshwater organisms have been generated in laboratory water at pH > 6.5 and hardness > 50 mg/L as CaCO3. Extrapolation of these results to soft surface waters (i.e., hardness < or = 40 mg/L as CaCO3), similar to predominant conditions in the southeastern United States, may prove challenging. For example, South Carolina has surface waters that average 20 mg/L as CaCO3, and exist at extremes of 1 and 600 mg/L as CaCO3. This research characterized the acute toxicity of Cu to Daphnia magna in waters with low hardness and low pH. The 48-h total Cu median lethal concentrations were related to water hardness over a hardness range of 8 to 51 mg/L as CaCO3. Although toxicological differences existed between water hardness of 7 and 20 mg/L as CaCO3 (p = 0.0001), differences in pH (range 5.5-8.5) did not influence acute Cu toxicity. Results of these laboratory studies will provide the data needed to more accurately predict organism response to Cu in waters with low pH and low hardness. PMID- 14768870 TI - Uptake and depuration of cadmium, nickel, and lead in laboratory-exposed Tubifex tubifex and corresponding changes in the concentration of a metallothionein-like protein. AB - Based on weight loss in water, 24 h is recommended for Tubifex tubifex gut clearance. Biota-to-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) in gut-cleared T. tubifex following six weeks of exposure to Cd-, Ni-, and Pb-spiked sediment were 12.4, 3.0, and 19.0, respectively. Tissue Ni concentrations peaked after 12 h, whereas Cd and Pb were accumulated for the duration of the exposure. Tubifex tubifex were transferred to either water (24 h) or sediment (10 weeks) to monitor changes in internal metal concentrations. After 24 h in water, only Ni concentration had declined significantly (p < 0.05), suggesting that the majority of Ni was associated with the gut content, while Cd and Pb were accumulated in the tissues. Metal depuration in sediment was described with two-compartment, first-order kinetic models (r2 = 0.7-0.8; p < 0.001), indicating that T. tubifex has both a quickly depurated and a more tightly bound pool of accumulated metal. Tubifex tubifex were also exposed to sediment spiked with just Cd (3.66 micromol/g). Cadmium uptake and induction of metallothionein-like protein (MTLP) were rapid; both parameters were significantly elevated within 24 h of exposure. Metallothionein-like protein (8.7 +/- 1.8 nmol/g) and Cd (60.8 +/- 11.0 micromol/g) reached maximum concentrations after 96 h and four weeks, respectively. PMID- 14768871 TI - Influence of water quality and age on nickel toxicity to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). AB - This research characterized the effects of water quality and organism age on the toxicity of nickel (Ni) to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to facilitate the accurate development of site-specific water-quality criteria. Nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NiSO4 x 6H2O) was used as the Ni source for performing acute toxicity tests (median lethal concentration after 96-h exposure [96-h LC50]) with < 1-d-old and 28-d-old P. promelas under varying regimes of hardness, pH, alkalinity, and natural organic matter (NOM). The toxicity of Ni was inversely related to water hardness between hardness values of 20 and 150 mg/L (as CaCO3). Below 30 mg/L alkalinity, Ni toxicity was related to alkalinity. The effect of pH was confounded by hardness and the presence of NOM. In the absence of NOM, the toxicity of Ni increased as pH increased at high hardness and alkalinity. In general, 28-d-old fish were less sensitive than < 1-d-old fish to Ni. This lower sensitivity ranged from 12-fold at low hardness and alkalinity (20 and 4 mg/L, respectively) to 5-fold at high hardness and alkalinity (100 and 400 mg/L, respectively). The presence of NOM (10 mg/L as dissolved organic carbon [DOC]) reduced Ni toxicity by up to 50%, but this effect appeared to be saturated above DOC at 5 mg/L. Incubating Ni with the NOM solution from 1 to 17 days had no effect on Ni toxicity. When using multivariate analysis, the 96-h LC50 for Ni was a function of fish age, alkalinity, hardness, and NOM (96-h LC50 = -0.642 + 0.270(fish age) + 0.005(alkalinity) + 0.018(hardness) + 0.138(DOC)). When using this model, we found a strong relationship between measured and predicted 96-h LC50 values (r2 = 0.94) throughout the treatment water qualities. The biotic ligand model (BLM) did not accurately predict Ni toxicity at high or low levels of alkalinity. Results of our research suggest that the BLM could be improved by considering NiCO3 to be bioavailable. PMID- 14768872 TI - European starling (Sturnus vulgaris): avian model and monitor of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination at a Superfund site in southern Illinois, USA. AB - Accumulation and effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in avian species were evaluated at a Superfund site located at Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge (IL, USA). European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were monitored at nest boxes constructed at each of two study and two reference sites. During the breeding season, starling productivity and adult provisioning behavior were monitored. At 15 d after hatch, chicks and adults were collected for contaminant and biomarker analyses. Chicks and adults were necropsied. ethoxyresorufin-O deethylase (EROD) activity was measured in liver tissue, and polychlorinatedbiphenyl (PCB; Aroclor 1254) and 34 chlorinated biphenyl (CB) congener concentrations were measured in carcasses. Polychlorinated biphenyl and CB concentrations also were measured in eggs that failed to hatch. Mean Aroclor 1254 and quantified CB concentrations were greater (p < 0.001) in eggs that failed to hatch, 15-d-old chicks, and adults collected from PCB-contaminated sites (hereafter PCB sites) compared to those collected from reference sites. The EROD activity was greater (p = 0.005) in 15-d-old chicks, but not adults (p = 0.972), collected from PCB sites compared to those collected from reference sites. No differences were found among study and reference sites in number of eggs laid or percent of eggs hatched; however, reduced nest provisioning behavior and decreased chick survival were observed at PCB sites. Polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations measured in samples collected from the PCB sites are similar to concentrations previously associated with adverse effects in avian species. Other avian species utilizing these sites also may be exposed to PCBs with associated adverse effects. This study demonstrates that starling nestlings are good biological monitors of local contamination and continued monitoring may provide useful data for evaluating the effectiveness of proposed remediation. PMID- 14768873 TI - An assessment of the bioaccumulation of estrone in Daphnia magna. AB - The bioaccumulation of estrone by Daphnia magna was determined. Direct uptake via the aqueous medium occurred within the first 16 h. A bioconcentration factor of 228 was established over all temporal periods. Ingestion via Chlorella vulgaris gave a partitioning factor of 24, which may approximate to a biomagnification factor assuming steady state conditions. These preliminary results indicate that the partitioning to Daphnia magna via the food source, C. vulgaris is less significant than bioconcentration. PMID- 14768874 TI - Effects of sublethal fenitrothion ingestion on cholinesterase inhibition, standard metabolism, thermal preference, and prey-capture ability in the Australian central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps, Agamidae). AB - The central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) is a medium-sized lizard that is common in semiarid habitats in Australia and that potentially is at risk of fenitrothion exposure from use of the chemical in plague locust control. We examined the effects of single sublethal doses of this organophosphate (OP; low dose = 2.0 mg/kg; high dose = 20 mg/kg; control = vehicle alone) on lizard thermal preference, standard metabolic rate, and prey-capture ability. We also measured activities of plasma total cholinesterase (ChE) and acetylcholinesterase before and at 0, 2, 8, 24, 120, and 504 h after OP dosing. Predose plasma total ChE activity differed significantly between sexes and averaged 0.66 +/- 0.06 and 0.45 +/- 0.06 micromol/min/ml for males and females, respectively. Approximately 75% of total ChE activity was attributable to butyrylcholinesterase. Peak ChE inhibition reached 19% 2 h after OP ingestion in the low-dose group, and 68% 8 h after ingestion in high-dose animals. Neither OP doses significantly affected diurnal body temperature, standard metabolic rate, or feeding rate. Plasma total ChE levels remained substantially depressed up to 21 d after dosing in the high dose group, making this species a useful long-term biomonitor of OP exposure in its habitat. PMID- 14768875 TI - Fipronil effects on estuarine copepod (Amphiascus tenuiremis) development, fertility, and reproduction: a rapid life-cycle assay in 96-well microplate format. AB - Fipronil is a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-specific phenylpyrazole insecticide commonly used near estuarine environments for rice production, turf grass management, and residential insect control. In this study, we evaluated the acute, developmental, and reproductive toxicity of fipronil to the estuarine harpacticoid copepod Amphiascus tenuiremis. Fipronil was highly toxic to A. tenuiremis (adult 96-h median lethal concentration [LC50] = 6.8 microg/L) and was more toxic to male copepods (96-h LC50 = 3.5 microg/L) than to nongravid female copepods (96-h LC50 = 13.0 microg/L). By using a newly developed 96-well microplate-based life-cycle toxicity test, we successfully reared single individuals of A. tenuiremis to adulthood in 200-microl microwells and concurrently assessed developmental and reproductive effects (after paired virginal matings) of environmentally relevant aqueous fipronil concentrations (0.16, 0.22, and 0.42 microg/L measured). Throughout the entire life cycle, copepod survival in all treatments was >90%. However, fipronil at 0.22 microg/L and higher significantly delayed male and female development from stage 1 copepodite to adult by approximately 2 d. More importantly, fipronil significantly halted female egg extrusion by 71% in the 0.22-microg/L fipronil treatment, and nearly eliminated reproduction (94% failure) in the 0.42-microg/L fipronil treatment. A three-generation Leslie matrix-based population growth model of fipronil reproductive and life-cycle impacts predicted a 62% decline in population size of A. tenuiremis relative to controls at only 0.16 microg/L. PMID- 14768876 TI - Effect of prairie grass on the dissipation, movement, and bioavailability of selected herbicides in prepared soil columns. AB - Phytoremediation of pesticide-contaminated sites using a prairie grass mixture (big bluestem, yellow indiangrass, and switch grass) has been suggested as a low cost in situ remediation strategy. In this study, the proposed phytoremediation technique was applied to artificially prepared soil columns that were fortified with high concentrations of four herbicides (atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and pendimethalin). The fate and toxicity of the herbicides were compared with results from soil columns lacking vegetation. After either 150 or 240 d of phytoremediation, soils were watered with 7.5 cm of water, and leachate was collected. Columns were then divided into three sections (top, middle, bottom). For each section of the column, chemical analysis (ethyl acetate and water extractions), earthworm accumulation tests, and lettuce seedling growth tests were performed. The leachate was chemically analyzed and tested for chronic toxicity to algae. Atrazine and alachlor degraded rapidly in the column, and the total amount recoverable was less than 2% of applied. After 250 d, vegetation reduced the total recoverable amounts of metolachlor and pendimethalin by 78 and 39%, respectively. Metolachlor was the only compound found in leachate, and the amounts recovered were reduced 5- to 20-fold by vegetation. Vegetation decreased the bioavailability of pendimethalin as measured by 8-d, earthworm bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and lettuce seedling growth assays. Decreases in mobility and bioavailability indicate that this technique may stabilize pesticide residues in addition to increasing dissipation rates. PMID- 14768877 TI - Toxicity of ambient atmospheric particulate matter from the Lake Michigan (USA) airshed to aquatic organisms. AB - Short-term chronic and acute aquatic bioassays are valuable tools in screening a variety of environmental samples. However, only a limited number of studies have used these methods for testing the toxicity of atmospheric particulate matter samples. Previous studies have shown that compounds known to have adverse biological effects, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are deposited in significant quantities into Lake Michigan (USA); however, these compounds comprise a small portion of the total particulate matter deposition. In the present study, a method is described for using Ceriodaphnia dubia, Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae), and MitoScan bioassays to compare the toxicities of reconstituted hard freshwater and methylene chloride extracts of atmospheric particulate matter collected at three locations around the southern shore of Lake Michigan in August 2000. The locations include an urban/industrial site in Milwaukee (WI, USA), an urban-impacted/industrial site in Porter (IN, USA), and a rural site in Bridgman (MI, USA). The bulk chemistry, including organic and elemental carbon, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and chloride, shows regional similarities over the sampling event, but the toxicities vary spatially by site, by extraction solvent, and by bioassay. Thus, the bioassays are sufficiently sensitive to show differences in toxicity among the atmospheric particulate matter extracts and have significantly different responses to the samples to enable an initial comparison of toxicity from the different sites. PMID- 14768878 TI - Recommendations for the assessment of TNT toxicity in sediment. AB - Previous investigations of the ecotoxicity of TNT in spiked sediments noted the rapid degradation and disappearance of the toxicant, yet little is understood regarding the effects of this process on toxicity and subsequent derivation of toxicity reference values. We conducted environmental fate studies and 28-d sediment toxicity tests with benthic oligochaete worms (Tubifex tubifex) with sediments spiked at three different TNT concentrations (440, 1,409, and 4,403 nmol/g dry wt) aged for 1, 8, and 29 d. Because of rapid degradation of TNT, disappearance of degradation products, and partitioning to overlying water, only 25 to 40% of the added nitroaromatic mass balance was associated with sediment immediately after spiking. Lethal toxicity decreased with aging time and was best described by measured sediment nitroaromatic concentrations (sum of TNT and degradation products) at the beginning of exposure, with a median lethal concentration of nitroaromatic compounds of 184 nmol/g dry weight. To accurately describe the ephemeral exposure doses of TNT and its degradation products during toxicity tests with spiked sediments, we suggest that sediments should be aged at least 8 to 14 d after spiking, exposure should be based on measured sediment concentrations or chemical measures of availability, exchange of overlying water should be avoided or minimized, and short-term toxicity tests should be considered. PMID- 14768879 TI - Relative sensitivity distribution of aquatic invertebrates to organic and metal compounds. AB - In the field, a multitude of species can be exposed to numerous toxicants; thus, the sensitivity of individual species to particular toxicants must be known to predict effects and to analyze changes in species composition. For most species, no information about their toxicant sensitivity is available. To address this limitation, we have grouped the available information to assign sensitivities to aquatic invertebrate taxa relative to Daphnia magna. With respect to organic compounds, most taxa of the orders Anisoptera, Basommatophora, Coleoptera, Decapoda, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Eulamellibranchiata, Heteroptera, Hirudinea, Isopoda, Oligochaeta, Prosobranchia, Trichoptera, Tricladida, and Zygoptera are less sensitive than D. magna. Some taxa of the Amphipoda, Plecoptera, and Cladocera (other than D. magna) are significantly more sensitive. For organic compounds, approximately 22% of the investigated taxa were more sensitive than D. magna. Most taxa of the orders Amphipoda, Basommatophora, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Eulamellibranchiata, Heteroptera, Isopoda, Oligochaeta, and Tricladida are significantly less sensitive than D. magna to metal compounds. The taxa belonging to the Crustacea, with the exception of the order Isopoda, are much more sensitive. For metal compounds, approximately 30% of the investigated taxa were more sensitive than D. magna. Hence, D. magna is among the most sensitive taxa regarding both groups of toxicants. The sensitivities for several taxa are listed, and use of the relative sensitivity distribution to link toxicant effects in mesocosm studies and field investigations is discussed. PMID- 14768880 TI - Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in British Columbia, Canada, and Washington State, USA, reveal a combination of local and global polychlorinated biphenyl, dioxin, and furan signals. AB - The harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) can serve as a useful indicator of food web contamination by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because of its high trophic level, wide distribution in temperate coastal waters of the Northern Hemisphere, and relative ease of capture. In 1996 through 1997, we live-captured 60 harbor seal pups from three regions, spanning remote (Queen Charlotte Strait, BC, Canada), moderately industrialized (Strait of Georgia, BC, Canada), and heavily industrialized (Puget Sound, WA, USA) marine basins straddling the Canada-United States border. Biopsy samples of blubber were taken and analyzed for congener specific polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) by using high-resolution gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Harbor seals in Puget Sound were heavily contaminated with PCBs, whereas seals from the Strait of Georgia had relatively high concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs. Pattern evaluation and principal components analysis suggested that proximity to sources influenced the mixture to which seals were exposed, with those inhabiting more remote areas being exposed to lighter PCB congeners (those with lower Henry's law constant and K(ow)) that disperse more readily through atmospheric and other processes. Total toxic equivalents to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for the PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs suggest that Puget Sound seals are at greatest risk for adverse health effects, and that PCBs represent the class of dioxinlike contaminants of greatest concern at all sites. PMID- 14768881 TI - Toxicokinetics of sediment-associated polybrominated diphenylethers (flame retardants) in benthic invertebrates (Lumbriculus variegatus, Oligochaeta). AB - Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants showing rapid temporal increase in some sample types. The compounds are known to biomagnify in aquatic food webs and are assumed to archive into sediments and soils. Currently, no direct evidence indicates whether sediment-associated PBDEs are available for biota. The aim of the present study was to explore the uptake and elimination of two common congeners (47 and 99) in sediment-inhabiting invertebrates to shed light on possible bioavailability of sediment-associated PBDEs. Two clean lake sediments were spiked with environmentally relevant concentrations of 14C-labeled tetra- and pentabromo diphenylether, and oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus) were exposed for three or four weeks to allow kinetic accumulation calculations. Subsequent depuration tests were performed after three weeks of exposure to obtain depuration rates. Both congeners were clearly bioavailable, and only slight differences in steady-state tissue concentrations were found between the four sediment-ingesting oligochaete treatments (biota sediment accumulation factors [BSAFs], 3.0-3.7). The tetrabromo diphenylether-exposed oligochaetes that did not ingest sediment had clearly lower influx rates (0.1 vs 1-3 nmol h(-1)) than sediment-ingesting worms. Also, the estimated BSAF (1.8) was statistically different from that of the sediment ingesting oligochaetes. These findings support the significance of feeding behavior in bioaccumulation of very hydrophobic organic contaminants. Depuration of both congeners was biphasic, indicating two kinetically different compartments in L. variegatus. Compartment A made up 73 to 92% of total radioactivity in tissues and had relatively fast depuration rates (half-lives, 10.5-47.5 h); the smaller compartment B had very slow depuration rates. No significant biotransformation of PBDEs was evident. The present study clearly demonstrates that the sediment-associated PBDEs, like other hydrophobic organic contaminants of environmental concern, are not totally sequestered from sediment-inhabiting oligochaetes and are subject to trophic transfer. PMID- 14768882 TI - Metallothionein-like protein in the least killifish Heterandria formosa and its role in cadmium resistance. AB - Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal binding proteins ubiquitous in animals. They function in metal regulation and detoxification. An MT-like protein was separated by gel-permeation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the least killifish Heterandria formosa exposed to 6 mg/L of Cd for 26 h. Western blot analysis showed that this protein cross-reacted with a cod-MT antibody. We quantified MT-like protein levels by the Cd-hemoglobin saturation assay in fish from two Cd-resistant and two control laboratory populations. Fish from the resistant populations had higher MT-like protein levels than those from the control populations; this difference was found for basal levels and for levels after 26 h of exposure to Cd. Our results suggest that the MT-like protein detoxified Cd in the least killifish and accounted for at least part of the increased resistance in the Cd resistant laboratory populations. PMID- 14768883 TI - Effect of 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl on the reworking behavior of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to contaminated sediment. AB - The reworking response (bioturbation) of the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus was measured by following the burial rate and spread of a 137Cs marker layer translating worm activity into a biological burial rate (Wb) and a biological diffusion rate constant (Db) for surficial sediment mixing. Reworking was measured at 10 and 22 degrees C in two sediments: a reference site sediment dosed with 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCBP) and a field-collected sediment from a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated site in Dicks Creek (DCC, Middletown, OH, USA). The body residue associated with response to TCBP also was determined. Reduction in the temperature from 22 to 10 degrees C reduced both Wb and Db by a factor of approximately two. The internal TCBP concentration to reduce the Wb by 50% was 96 nmol/g (95% CI 45-225 nmol/g) and 124 nmol/g (40-547 nmol/g) (28 and 36 microg/g) wet weight at 22 and 10 degrees C, respectively, and was independent of temperature. The Wb for the DCC sediment was lower than observed for the highest TCBP treatment. The internal body residue for total PCB for worms exposed to DCC sediment was 20-fold lower than TCBP in worms exposed to the lowest TCBP treatment on a molar basis. Comparing body residues of total PCB to TCBP assumes that the PCB congeners act additively on a molar basis. The DCC site contained a higher proportion of coarse material and a lower organic carbon concentration. The difference in sediment characteristics was assumed to be responsible for differences in the Wb. PMID- 14768884 TI - Comparing behavioral and chronic endpoints to evaluate the response of Lumbriculus variegatus to 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl sediment exposures. AB - The response of Lumbriculus variegatus to 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCBP) was examined with feeding behavior and changes in carbon assimilation by using stable carbon isotopes at 22 and 10 degrees C. The classical measure of feeding behavior determined on a subset of sediment for which the biological burial rate was determined in a companion study allowed direct method comparison. This comparison helped address relationships between biological burial rate, feeding rate, and bioaccumulation. The change in stable isotope composition reflects the total metabolic activity by measuring carbon assimilation rate and was compared to feeding rate, biological burial rate (as determined in the companion study), and reproduction. Decreasing the temperature from 22 to 10 degrees C resulted in a twofold reduction in feeding rate and carbon assimilation. The fractional decline in feeding rate relative to the control mimicked the decline in the biological burial rate with increasing TCBP concentration that was found in the companion study. The bioaccumulation factor declined with increasing TCBP sediment concentration, tracking the feeding rate decline. Stable isotope measures showed differences in metabolic rates between the exposure temperatures but did not distinguish a metabolic rate change at 22 degrees C among TCBP treatments. Likewise, reproduction declined from 22 to 10 degrees C, with no reproduction at 10 degrees C. Like the stable isotope measure, no dose response was found among TCBP treatments at 22 degrees C. The reduction in carbon assimilation rate tracked the reduction in reproduction with lower temperature. PMID- 14768885 TI - The effect of counterion and percolation on the toxicity of lead for the springtail Folsomia candida in soil. AB - In standard soil toxicity tests, heavy metals are amended as water-soluble salts. The role of the counterion in metal salt toxicity is scarcely looked into. In this study, we assessed the contribution of nitrate and chloride to the toxicity of lead to Folsomia candida in a natural standard soil. Both lead salts were tested according the standard test protocol as well as after percolation of the soil with deionized water. Lead nitrate was more toxic than lead chloride for survival as well as reproduction. Percolation proved to be an effective method to remove counterions from the soil. Survival of F. candida increased for both metal salts when percolation was included. Percolation reduced the reproduction toxicity of lead, the effect of which was largest for the nitrate salt. In percolated treatments, the nitrate and chloride lead salts did not differ in toxicity. It is concluded that counterions contribute to metal toxicity and that nitrate is more toxic to F. candida than chloride. PMID- 14768886 TI - Copper tolerance in fathead minnows: I. The role of genetic and nongenetic factors. AB - Swim performances of male and female fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) from three different suppliers were determined before and after an 8- to 9-d exposure to 175 microg/L copper (Cu). The reduction in swim performance (delta) due to the Cu exposure varied widely among individual fish, but was surprisingly consistent from one supplier to the next and between males and females. Genetic analysis of the individuals revealed significant correlations between delta and genotypic variation at the glucosephosphate isomerase-1, phosphoglucomutase-1, and lactate dehydrogenase-2 enzyme loci. Based upon delta, the most Cu-resistant fathead minnows were bred together, as were the most Cu-susceptible individuals and two groups of unselected minnows. Larvae produced by each group of adults were subjected to a survival test. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for larvae produced by Cu-resistant adults was significantly greater than the LC50s for the control groups. Surprisingly, the LC50 for the larvae produced by Cu-susceptible adults was also significantly greater than the LC50s for the control groups, but not significantly different from the larvae produced by Cu-resistant parents. While Cu tolerance has a genetic component in fathead minnows, the Cu tolerance of larval fish appears to be influenced by nongenetic as well as genetic factors. PMID- 14768887 TI - Copper tolerance in fathead minnows: II. Maternal transfer. AB - Female fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to copper (Cu) maternally transfer Cu tolerance to their larval offspring. Larvae produced after female parents received a sublethal 5-d, 100 microg/L Cu exposure had significantly greater survivorship in potentially lethal Cu solutions than larvae produced before those females were exposed to Cu. PMID- 14768888 TI - A comparison of the sensitivity of stream benthic community indices to effects associated with mines, pulp and paper mills, and urbanization. AB - This study examined the relative sensitivities of seven commonly used indices of stream benthic community composition and three multivariate indices to effects associated with mines, pulp and paper mills, and urbanization. The indices included total abundance, number of taxa, diversity (H'), evenness, Hilsenhoff's biotic index (HBI), the BioMAP water quality index (WQI), the percent model affinity (PMA), and the first three ordination axes from a correspondence analysis. The second objective of the study was to determine the degree of redundancy among these indices. Six data sets (two from each of the three types of development) were used to address the objectives. In each data set, replicate benthic samples were collected from reference areas as well as one or more downstream areas exposed to a point-source or non-point-source discharge. The PMA approach and the ordination axes indicated significant differences between the reference and downstream communities for all six data sets (p < 0.05). With the exception of H', each of the other metrics revealed significant effects associated with one or two, but not all three, types of development. For example, the HBI and WQI indicated significant effects associated with pulp and paper mills and urbanization, but not mining. In all studies, effect sizes (i.e., the standardized difference between means for the reference and exposed areas expressed in units of standard deviations [SDs]) exceeded 2 SDs. However, effect sizes for the PMA and the first or second ordination axis scores were generally larger than effect sizes for the other metrics, indicating that these indices were often the most sensitive indicators of development. In addition, a high degree of redundancy was found among the various metrics, perhaps because the effects were large (i.e., >2 SDs). The greater sensitivity of the ordination axes and the PMA approach emphasizes their value as indices of benthic community composition. As a result, we recommend that any suite of indices used for assessing benthic communities should include these types of multivariate metrics. PMID- 14768889 TI - Mercury accumulation and loss in mallard eggs. AB - Female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed diets containing 5, 10, or 20 ppm mercury as methylmercury chloride. One egg was collected from each bird before the start of the mercury diets and 15 eggs were collected from each bird while it was being fed mercury. The mercury diets were then replaced by uncontaminated diets, and each female was allowed to lay 29 more eggs. Mercury levels in eggs rose to about 7, 18, and 35 ppm wet-weight in females fed 5, 10, or 20 ppm mercury, respectively. Mercury levels fell to about 0.16, 0.80, and 1.7 ppm in the last egg laid by birds that had earlier been fed 5, 10, or 20 ppm mercury, respectively. Higher concentrations of mercury were found in egg albumen than in yolk, and between 95 and 100% of the mercury in the eggs was in the form of methylmercury. PMID- 14768890 TI - Energy-based modeling as a basis for the analysis of reproductive data with the midge (Chironomus riparius). AB - We propose a biologically based approach to analyze reproductive data for the midge (Chironomus riparius). We showed in a previous study that its larval development can be divided in two distinct phases regarding the use of energy: The somatic growth period and the gametic growth period. We hypothesize here the gametic period to be a crucial period for the energetic investment for reproduction. To test this, we performed several assays with different feeding programs. Our results confirmed that energetic investment for reproduction mainly occurs during the gametic growth period. We could then propose energy-based models to analyze reproductive data. We assumed the effects to result from a perturbation in the use of energy. Two models corresponding to different physiological modes of actions--decreased efficiency of feeding (i.e., feeding decrease model) or increased cost of egg production (i.e., egg-cost increase model)--were built and used for the analysis of data obtained after an exposure to an artificially copper-spiked sediment. During this experiment, different exposure patterns were performed to investigate whether effects on reproduction resulted mainly from an exposure that occurs during the gametic growth period or from an exposure that occurs during the somatic growth period. These exposure patterns led to similar effects on reproduction, which suggests that the toxicant induced stress persists during the whole life cycle, even in case of exposure occurring only during part of it. Both the feeding decrease model and egg-cost increase model were able to describe the data. We showed that addition of copper in the sediment, even in low quantity (<6.5 mg/kg), might affect reproduction at the individual level. If no-effect concentrations were derived from these results, this may lead to an overprotective value. A relevant no-effect concentration could be derived from further investigations at the population level. PMID- 14768891 TI - A comparative study of an accelerated life-test model and a toxicokinetics-based model for the analysis of Porcellio scaber survival data. AB - Statistical models have long been used for reliability analysis and risk assessment. In the present study, an accelerated life-test model was used to analyze a set of dose-time-response data obtained with the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. Survival data were experimentally obtained by exposing P. scaber to diazinon (a nonpersistent insecticide) at six concentrations between 2 and 11.31 microg/g (toxicant/soil). Survival data are presented on a weekly basis. The accelerated life-test model assumed a log-normal distribution and constant variance across all diazinon concentrations. Model parameters were obtained by maximum likelihood estimation. The accelerated life-test model was compared to a toxicokinetics-based model reported in the literature. Survival predictions made by both models were compared with the observed data. Both the accelerated life-test model and the toxicokinetics-based model underestimated toxicity at a diazinon concentration of 8 microg/g. Overall, however, the accelerated life-test model outperformed the toxicokinetics-based model, with survival predictions closer to the observed data in most cases and a stronger correlation between predicted and observed survivals. However, as a statistical model, the accelerated life-test model did not reveal mechanistic information, and only statistical and distributional interpretations of its model parameters could be made. PMID- 14768892 TI - Target sequences of Tc1, Tc3 and Tc5 transposons of Caenorhabditis elegans. AB - We report here the consensus target sequence of transposons Tc1, Tc3 and Tc5 of Caenorhabditis elegans. These sequences were obtained by molecular analysis of 1008 random new insertions which have not been exposed to natural selection. This analysis reveals consensus target sites slightly different from those previously reported, and confirms that the mariner elements Tc1 and Tc3 insert in sites which are not preferentially palindromic. PMID- 14768893 TI - Relative roles of mutation and recombination in generating allelic polymorphism at an MHC class II locus in Peromyscus maniculatus. AB - The MHC class II loci encoding cell surface antigens exhibit extremely high allelic polymorphism. There is considerable uncertainty in the literature over the relative roles of recombination and de novo mutation in generating this diversity. We studied class II sequence diversity and allelic polymorphism in two populations of Peromyscus maniculatus, which are among the most widespread and abundant mammals of North America. We find that intragenic recombination (or gene conversion) has been the predominant mode for the generation of allelic polymorphism in this species, with the amount of population recombination per base pair exceeding mutation by at least an order of magnitude during the history of the sample. Despite this, patchwork motifs of sites with high linkage disequilibrium are observed. This does not appear to be consistent with the much larger amount of recombination versus mutation in the history of the sample, unless the recombination rate is highly non-uniform over the sequence or selection maintains certain sites in linkage disequilibrium. We conclude that selection is most likely to be responsible for preserving sequence motifs in the presence of abundant recombination. PMID- 14768894 TI - Unusual pattern of single nucleotide polymorphism at the exuperantia2 locus of Drosophila pseudoobscura. AB - We have investigated the pattern of DNA sequence variation at the exuperantia2 locus in Drosophila pseudoobscura. This adds to the increasing dataset of genetic variation in D. pseudoobscura, a useful model species for evolutionary genetic studies. The level of silent site nucleotide diversity and the divergence from an outgroup Drosophila miranda are comparable with those for other X-linked loci. One peculiar pattern at the exu2 locus of D. pseudoobscura is a complete linkage disequilibrium between two SNPs, one of which is a replacement site. As a result, there are two distinct haplotype groups in our dataset. Based upon the comparisons with the outgroup sequences from D. miranda and Drosophila persimilis, we show that the newly derived haplotype group has lower diversity than the ancestral haplotype group. The pattern of protein evolution at exu2 shows some deviation from the neutral model. Together, these and other characteristics of the exu2 locus suggest the action of selection on the pattern of SNP variation, consistent with a partial selective sweep associated with the newly derived haplotype. PMID- 14768895 TI - Sex determination in crayfish: are intersex Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda, Parastacidae) genetically females? AB - In the Australian red-claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens) (Decapoda, Parastacidae), a gonochoristic species, seven different combinations of intersex individuals (with both male and female genital openings) have been described. However, to date, the genetic basis for this phenomenon has not been investigated. This study was designed to test a simple chromosome-based sex determination model for C. quadricarinatus that assumes the male to be the homogametic (ZZ) sex. According to our model, intersex individuals that are functionally males are genetically females (WZ). Individual crosses were performed between intersex and female crayfish, with control crosses being performed between normal males and females. The control crosses yielded, in most cases, the expected 1:1 sex ratio in the F1 progeny. Crosses between intersex individuals and females yielded a 1:3 (male:female) sex ratio in most crosses. According to our hypothesis, one-third of the females produced in a cross of a female with an intersex animal should be WW females. The hypothesis was tested by crossing normal males with F1 females, which were progeny of intersex fathers. These crosses yielded almost 100% females, a finding that conforms to the above suggested sex determination model for C. quadricarinatus and the female WZ genotype of intersex individuals. PMID- 14768896 TI - The genetics of mating recognition between Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia. AB - During courtship, visual and chemical signals are often exchanged between the sexes. The proper exchange of such signals ensures intraspecific recognition. We have examined the genetic basis of interspecific differences in male mating behaviour and pheromone concentration between Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia by using Drosophila simulans/D. sechellia introgression lines. Our results show a majority of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) explaining variation in both male mating behaviour and pheromone concentration to be located on the third chromosome. One QTL found on the third chromosome explains variation in time needed to start courtship and copulation as well as time spent courting. The position of such QTL (approximately 84A-88B) with effects on courtship and copulation aspects of mating includes the candidate sex determination gene doublesex (84E5-6) and Voila (86E1-2), a gene that affects male courtship in D. melanogaster. One additional third chromosome QTL explained variation in 7 tricosene pheromone concentrations among males. The interval mapping position of this QTL (approximately 68E-76E) did not overlap with the position detected for differences in mating behaviour and the intervals did not include candidate genes previously identified as having an effect on D. melanogaster cuticular hydrocarbon production. We did not detect any directionality of the effect of Drosophila sechellia allele introgressions in male mating recognition. PMID- 14768897 TI - An EM algorithm for mapping binary disease loci: application to fibrosarcoma in a four-way cross mouse family. AB - Many diseases show dichotomous phenotypic variation but do not follow a simple Mendelian pattern of inheritance. Variances of these binary diseases are presumably controlled by multiple loci and environmental variants. A least squares method has been developed for mapping such complex disease loci by treating the binary phenotypes (0 and 1) as if they were continuous. However, the least-squares method is not recommended because of its ad hoc nature. Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian methods have also been developed for binary disease mapping by incorporating the discrete nature of the phenotypic distribution. In the ML analysis, the likelihood function is usually maximized using some complicated maximization algorithms (e.g. the Newton-Raphson or the simplex algorithm). Under the threshold model of binary disease, we develop an Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm to solve for the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs). The new EM algorithm is developed by treating both the unobserved genotype and the disease liability as missing values. As a result, the EM iteration equations have the same form as the normal equation system in linear regression. The EM algorithm is further modified to take into account sexual dimorphism in the linkage maps. Applying the EM-implemented ML method to a four way-cross mouse family, we detected two regions on the fourth chromosome that have evidence of QTLs controlling the segregation of fibrosarcoma, a form of connective tissue cancer. The two QTLs explain 50-60% of the variance in the disease liability. We also applied a Bayesian method previously developed (modified to take into account sex-specific maps) to this data set and detected one additional QTL on chromosome 13 that explains another 26% of the variance of the disease liability. All the QTLs detected primarily show dominance effects. PMID- 14768898 TI - Inferences regarding the numbers and locations of QTLs under multiple-QTL models using interval mapping and composite interval mapping. AB - This paper examines the properties of likelihood maps generated by interval mapping (IM) and composite interval mapping (CIM), two widely used methods for detecting quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We evaluate the usefulness of interpretations of entire maps, rather than only evaluating summary statistics that consider isolated features of maps. A simulation study was performed in which traits with varying genetic architectures, including 20-40 QTLs per chromosome, were examined with both IM and CIM under different marker densities and sample sizes. IM was found to be an unreliable tool for precise estimation of the number and locations of individual QTLs, although it has greater power for simply detecting the presence of QTLs than CIM. The ability of CIM to resolve the correct number of QTLs and to estimate their locations correctly is good if there are three or fewer QTLs per 100 centiMorgans, but can lead to erroneous inferences for more complex architectures. When the underlying genetic architecture of a trait consists of several QTLs with randomly distributed effects and locations likelihood profiles were often indicative of a few underlying genes of large effect. Studies that have detected more than a few QTLs per chromosome should be interpreted with caution. PMID- 14768899 TI - A reagent-based strategy for the design of large combinatorial libraries: a preliminary experimental validation. AB - Combinatorial library design can be carried out at either the reagent or the product level. Various reports in the literature have come to conflicting conclusions in favor of one over the other. In this paper a reagent-based screening library design strategy is presented. The method relies on analysis of scaffolds and building blocks separately to define the overall diversity in a compound file. The primary diversity selection by properties relevant for molecular recognition and by redundancy is followed by the application of filters for molecular properties known to be relevant for drug-likeness. Filter properties are rapidly estimated at the product level using a fragmental estimation approach. Initial experimental data suggest that high diversity in vast screening libraries can be achieved by carefully applied reagent level analysis. A potential role of diverse screening libraries in chemical genomics (pharmacological knockouts) is also discussed. PMID- 14768901 TI - Development of chemically modified glass surfaces for nucleic acid, protein and small molecule microarrays. AB - Microarrays have become a widely used tool to investigate the living cell at different levels. DNA microarrays enable the expression analysis of thousand of genes simultaneously, while protein arrays investigate the properties and interactions of proteins with other proteins and with non-proteinaceous molecules. One crucial step in producing such microarrays is the permanent immobilization of samples on a solid surface. Our goal was to develop diverse linker systems capable of anchoring different biological samples, especially DNA and drug-like small molecules. We developed 6 different chemical surfaces having a 3-D-like linker system for biomolecule immobilization, and compared them to previously described immobilization strategies. The attachment chemistry utilizes the amino reactive properties of acrylic and epoxy functions. The capacity of the support was increased by creating a branching structure holding the reactive functions. The method of anchoring was investigated through a model reaction. From HPLC and mass spectrometry measurements we concluded that the covalent binding of DNA occurs through nucleobases. The tested systems offer the capability to permanently immobilize several biomolecular species in an array format. PMID- 14768900 TI - Normal coordinate structural decomposition of the heme distortions of hemoglobin in various quaternary states and bound to allosteric effectors. AB - The distortions of the alpha1, alpha2, beta1, and beta2 hemes of human hemoglobin (HbA) in various quaternary states and as affected by the presence of allosteric effectors was investigated by subjecting CHARMM energy-minimized models to normal coordinate structural decomposition (NSD) analysis. NSD was applied to the individual hemes extracted from the R, T, and R2-state models of HbA and to HbA bound to DPG and to IHP. Overall, NSD results are indicative of characteristic distortions, not only for the hemes of the different HbA quaternary states, but also for the hemes of the HbA models bound to allosteric effectors. Comparing the distortions of the inequivalent alpha and beta hemes in T-state HbA, we show good correlation between NSD and the experimentally observed low-frequency nu52 (Eg) and gamma7 (A2u) modes reported in the literature for alpha and beta HbA hemes while noting substantial differences between these types for B2u and B1u distortions. For the R2 hemes, NSD yields heme distortions that are more comparable to those of the R-state, especially in magnitude. However, the R2 hemes do not exhibit inequivalence of alpha and beta heme distortions, a result that may contribute to an understanding of the functional importance of this state. Relative to T-state heme distortions, NSD results on the effector-bound hemes show that tertiary changes induced in T-state HbA as a result of binding DPG and IHP drastically affect heme distortions. In the alpha hemes extracted from the HbA-DPG model, most noteworthy are the increased wav(x) and wav(y) distortions and enhancement of ruf and dom deformations. In the beta hemes, the wav(y) is the most affected distortion with increase in sad. The NSD results are also different for the hemes of the HbA-IHP model, in that the beta sad and ruf deformations are more enhanced with increase of doming in the alpha hemes. Our results describe the effect of the subtle protein-induced changes on the nonplanarity of the HbA hemes that may play a role in the regulation of their oxygen affinity. PMID- 14768902 TI - Validation subset selections for extrapolation oriented QSPAR models. AB - One of the most important features of QSPAR models is their predictive ability. The predictive ability of QSPAR models should be checked by external validation. In this work we examined three different types of external validation set selection methods for their usefulness in in-silico screening. The usefulness of the selection methods was studied in such a way that: 1) We generated thousands of QSPR models and stored them in 'model banks'. 2) We selected a final top model from the model banks based on three different validation set selection methods. 3) We predicted large data sets, which we called 'chemical universe sets', and calculated the corresponding SEPs. The models were generated from small fractions of the available water solubility data during a GA Variable Subset Selection procedure. The external validation sets were constructed by random selections, uniformly distributed selections or by perimeter-oriented selections. We found that the best performing models on the perimeter-oriented external validation sets usually gave the best validation results when the remaining part of the available data was overwhelmingly large, i.e., when the model had to make a lot of extrapolations. We also compared the top final models obtained from external validation set selection methods in three independent and different sizes of 'chemical universe sets'. PMID- 14768904 TI - Construction of a Linux based chemical and biological information system. AB - A chemical and biological information system with a Web-based easy-to-use interface and corresponding databases has been developed. The constructed system incorporates all chemical, numerical and textual data related to the chemical compounds, including numerical biological screen results. Users can search the database by traditional textual/numerical and/or substructure or similarity queries through the web interface. To build our chemical database management system, we utilized existing IT components such as ORACLE or Tripos SYBYL for database management and Zope application server for the web interface. We chose Linux as the main platform, however, almost every component can be used under various operating systems. PMID- 14768903 TI - Comparative molecular surface analysis: a novel tool for drug design and molecular diversity studies. AB - The application of the SOM network in drug design and molecular diversity is discussed. In particular, examples of the applications of the Comparative Molecular Surface Analysis (CoMSA) are reviewed. Molecular surface is a fuzzy category, inspired by the macroscopic world, which has no unique equivalent in the molecular scale. However, it is somewhere near the area where the molecular recognition processes are taking place. Consequently, the methods that analyze this region promise better efficiency than procedures that are based on uniform grids. An important advantage of the CoMSA method is the possibility for the generation of fuzzy molecular representations together with its ability to discover such aspects of molecular similarity that can be easily overlooked by a chemist. The ability for data compression is a further advantage. It has also been shown that the fast processing of the comparative Kohonen mapping enables one to implement this method in the field of molecular diversity. PMID- 14768905 TI - In silico prediction of aqueous solubility, human plasma protein binding and volume of distribution of compounds from calculated pKa and AlogP98 values. AB - We have investigated whether three important ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) related properties (aqueous solubility, human plasma protein binding, and human volume of distribution at steady-state) can be predicted from chemical structure alone if only the predicted predominant ionisation state and lipophilicity (calculated logP [P = octanol-water partition coefficient]) are considered. A simple, fast method for the in silico prediction of aqueous solubility of predominantly uncharged compounds has been developed, while some potential is shown for the prediction of predominantly charged or zwitterionic compounds. Ten other known in silico prediction methods for aqueous solubility have also been evaluated. It has furthermore been demonstrated that the molecular weight (MW) profile of training sets for the development of aqueous solubility prediction methods can influence their predictive performance with regard to test sets of either matching or diverging profiles. The same property descriptors which have been found most relevant for the prediction of aqueous solubility have also proved useful for the prediction of human plasma protein binding and human volume of distribution at steady-state. PMID- 14768906 TI - Chemical modification of manganese porphyrins with biomolecules for new functional antioxidants. AB - Superoxide dismutase (SOD), which catalyzes the reduction of O2*- to H2O2, is the key enzyme for the protection of oxidative stress. Here we have chemically modified manganese (Mn) porphyrins with biomolecules for new functional antioxidants. The Mn-porphyrins were conjugated with the following biochemical functional molecules: (1) catalase, to catalyze reduction of H2O2 to H2O. The resulting conjugate showed dual functions of SOD and catalase; (2) a carbohydrate, to facilitate receptor binding and, hence, active targeting. The resulting conjugate showed both SOD activity and carbohydrate recognition. These results suggest that the antioxidants promise the application to biomedical fields. PMID- 14768907 TI - Constitutive model development and micro-structural topology optimisation for nafion hydrogel membranes with ionic clustering. AB - The deployment of electroactive ionic polymer hydrogel-metal composites in artificial muscle and BioMEMS applications has recently been intensively investigated. In order to analyse their electromechanical responses to externally applied electrical fields, it is critical to develop a constitutive model linking the macro-mechanical moduli with the micro-mechanical characteristics, and to determine the geometric size and shape of the micro-structural cluster and investigate the effect of cluster morphology on the effective electro-elastic moduli of the polymer hydrogels. As a typical ionic polymer-based hydrogel, the Nafion membrane is studied in this work. Based on the Biot poroelasticity theory, a multi-scale constitutive model which includes both macro and micro characteristics is developed using an asymptotic homogenisation method. The effect of water-volume fraction on the effective elastic moduli of the hydrogel membrane is examined for different equivalent weights. Numerical investigations show that the simulated effective constitutive moduli agree well with experimental data. The presently developed constitutive model is thus validated. In order to determine the micro-structural shape of the polymer skeleton subject to fluid pressure, a representative volume element (RVE) is designed by topology optimisation of the periodic microstructures of the Nafion hydrogels, through the minimisation of the electro-elastic interaction energy between the polymer-based fluorocarbon matrix and the surrounding fluid. This optimal RVE correctly predicts the geometric shapes of the clusters. PMID- 14768908 TI - Reagent-free crosslinking of aqueous gelatin: manufacture and characteristics of gelatin gels irradiated with gamma-ray and electron beam. AB - In order to obtain a gelatin hydrogel crosslinked by a reagent-free method, gamma ray and electron beam radiation was applied to porcine, bovine and fish gelatin gels and the products were characterized by measuring the gel fraction, the swelling ratio and the enzymatic degradability. On increasing the radiation dose, the gel fraction increased and both the swelling ratio and the enzymatic degradability decreased. The transition temperature from gel to sol of the hydrogel containing more than 5% mammal gelatins increased up to more than 90 degrees C when gamma-ray or electron beam were irradiated by more than 10 kGy. The results show that the degree of crosslinking of irradiated gelatin hydrogels increases with increasing irradiation dose and with decreasing concentration. It is suggested that the radiation crosslinking occurs around the physical crosslinking point or multiple helix structure of gelatin gel. PMID- 14768909 TI - Core-shell nanospheres for oligonucleotide delivery. V: adsorption/release behavior of 'stealth' nanospheres. AB - The adsorption/release behavior of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on new PEGylated core-shell polymethylmethacrylate nanospheres is described. The outer shell consists of alkyl chains containing quaternary ammonium groups and of poly(ethylene glycol) chains, both covalently bound to the inner core. Ion pair formation between negatively charged ODN phosphate groups and positively charged groups on the nanosphere surface is the main interaction mechanism. No cellular toxicity in HL60 cells is observed at nanosphere concentrations required for biologically active ODN delivery. These results indicate that these novel cationic polymeric nanoparticles are safe and represent promising vectors for oligonucleotide delivery. PMID- 14768910 TI - Effect of triphenyl bismuth on glass transition temperature and residual monomer content of acrylic bone cements. AB - Self-curing acrylic bone cements are widely used in the fixation of prosthetic implants in orthopaedic surgery. Commercial bone cements are rendered radiopaque by the addition of heavy metal salts of barium and zirconia. The addition of barium sulphate adversely affects the mechanical strength and fracture toughness of bone cement and despite the fact that it has low solubility in water; its slow release and subsequent toxicity have caused concern. In an earlier study triphenyl bismuth (TPB) was found to be a viable alternative as a radiopaque agent in acrylic bone cements, which provided enhanced homogeneity. In this study we report the effect of the inclusion of TPB on the thermal properties of PMMA based bone cements using both conventional DSC and Modulated Temperature DSC. Furthermore, analysis of the residual monomer contents is reported analysed by NMR spectroscopy in order to ascertain the influence of TPB on the polymerisation reaction. The glass transition temperature (Tg) determined by DSC showed that the values decreased with the addition of increasing amounts of TPB through both blending and dissolution methods; however, the method of incorporating TPB did not influence Tg. The magnitude of reduction was dependent of the amount of TPB and was greatest in the case of highest concentration of TPB used. A TPB melting peak was observed in the 25 wt% TPBBC, suggesting a limit to the solubility of TPB. The residual monomer analysis showed that at 10 and 15% by weight of TPB in the cement caused no significant changes in the residual monomer content but 25 wt% of TPB exhibited a significantly higher residual monomer content. PMID- 14768911 TI - Retention and release behavior of insulin in chitosan gel beads. AB - Chitosan (CS) gel beads were prepared in a 10% (w/v) aqueous amino acid solution (pH 9.0) as a vehicle for delivering peptide and protein drugs. CS gel beads with a weight-average molecular weight of (16-280) x 10(4) were employed in this study. Preparation of the CS gel beads was affected by properties such as molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Insulin, which is commonly used to assess protein drug delivery, was retained in the CS gel beads. Drug release from the CS gel beads was governed by diffusion of drug from the gel matrix. Sustained release of insulin from the CS gel beads was observed, despite the fact that insulin is a comparatively water-soluble drug. because insulin formed a complex with CS. Modification of the CS gel matrix by chondroitin sulfate inhibited release of insulin from the gel beads. CS gel beads were implanted into air pouches prepared subcutaneously on the dorsal surface of diabetic mice in order to investigate the efficacy of insulin retained in the CS beads. Blood glucose levels were found to be reduced after implantation of CS gel beads retaining insulin. CS gel beads may possibly improve the stability and control of insulin release. These observations indicate that CS beads are a promising biocompatible and biodegradable vehicle for peptide and protein delivery. PMID- 14768912 TI - Effect of adsorbent of Riposorber, a cellulose microparticle with immobilized dextran sulfate, on the serum complement system. AB - Abstract-Apheresis. using columns of cellulose microparticles with immobilized dextran sulfate, Riposorber, has been applied to treatment of patients with various diseases, such as hypercholesterolemia and systemic lupus erythematosus. Unfortunately, it has been reported that the apheresis activates the complement system. It might exert unpleasant side effects on patients during lifelong treatment. In this study, the interaction of the serum complement system with cellulose microparticles with immobilized dextran sulfate and its components, nontreated cellulose microparticles and dextran sulfate, were examined in vitro to get some ideas for development of an extracorporeal apparatus which does not give any serious damage to patient blood. The cellulose microparticles with immobilized dextran sulfate reduces both the CH50 and the ACH50. Decrease in CH50 is not due to the classical pathway activation, but to adsorption of C2 or Cl components including Clq. The alternative pathway was not activated by the addition of the dextran sulfate alone to serum, but the addition of non-treated cellulose microparticles to serum activated complement. Form these, decrease in ACH50 is not caused by dextran sulfate on the microparticles, but by the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose microparticles that is the core of the column. For prevention of complement activation, hydroxyl groups remaining after dextran sulfate immobilization should be blocked by further treatment with a reagent that reacts with them, or else dextran sulfate might be immobilized on particles without nucleophiles such as hydroxyl or amino groups. PMID- 14768913 TI - Survival of lactic acid bacteria in simulated gastrointestinal juice protected by a DNA-based complex gel. AB - Salmon milt DNA was utilized in the approach to protect functional materials, proteins, microorganisms, drugs, etc., by forming a DNA-based complex gel with gelatin and kappa-carrageenan. The multiplier effect of the combination of DNA, gelatin and kappa-carrageenan was examined by measuring the release of methyl orange from the gel after being incubated in simulated gastric juice. The results indicated that the hydrogel made of DNA, gelatin and kappa-carrageenan can efficiently maintain the functional materials. Furthermore, a complex gel was developed and optimized by applying an emulsion of lactic acid bacteria and cacao oil onto the already prepared hydrogel. The existence of the lactic acid bacteria in the oil emulsion particles was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The protection capabilities in the simulated gastrointestinal juice, which had a viability of 1.50 x 10(6) CFU/g gel after 2 h incubation in the simulated gastric juice and 2.53 x 10(7) CFU/g gel after 6 h continued incubation in the simulated intestinal juice, were measured, in contrast to 2.58 x 10(7) CPU/g in the original gel before treatment. PMID- 14768914 TI - Comprehensive biocompatibility testing of a new PMMA-hA bone cement versus conventional PMMA cement in vitro. AB - For more than 50 years PMMA bone cements have been used in orthopaedic surgery. In this study attempts were made to show whether cultured human bone marrow cells (HBMC) show an osteogenetic response resulting in new bone formation, production of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell differentiation when they were cultured onto polymerized polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-hydroxyapatite (HA), conventional PMMA bone cement being taken as reference. Biocompatibility parameters were collagen-I and -II synthesis, the detection of the osteoblast markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin, the number of adherent cells and the cytodifferentiation of immunocompetent cells. Cement surface structure, HA stability in culture medium and chemical element analysis of specimens were considered. Fresh marrow cells were obtained from the human femora during hip replacement. Incubation time was up to ten weeks. We used atomic forced microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for cement specimen analysis. Fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS), immunohistochemical staining. SEM and light microscopy (LM) served us to judge the cellular morphology. Products of the extracellular matrix were analyzed by protein dot blot analysis, SEM energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) and Ca2+/PO(4)3- detection. HA particles increased the osteogenetic potential of PMMA bone cement regarding the cellular production of collagen, alkaline phosphatase (AP), the number of osteoblasts and the cellular differentiation pattern in vitro. Both tested cements showed good biocompatibility in a human long-term bone marrow cell culture system. PMID- 14768915 TI - Measurement of in vitro phagocytic activity using functional groups carrying monodisperse poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres in rat blood. AB - Phagocytic activity of monocyte and neutrophil leukocytes in rat blood was investigated using monodisperse poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (poly(GMA)) microspheres. Interactions of monocyte and neutrophil leukocytes with plain poly(GMA), charged poly(GMA)-NH2 and biomodified poly(GMA) (poly(GMA)-albumin and opsonized poly(GMA)) was studied as a function of time. Here we report the cellular phagocytosis rate of particles and the total internalised particle amount. Phagocytes showed higher phagocytic activity for poly(GMA) microspheres carrying functional groups versus plain poly(GMA) particles. Phagocytic activity was the highest for opsonized poly(GMA) microspheres (P < 0.05). PMID- 14768916 TI - The rationale for perioperative brain protection. AB - Perioperative brain protection refers to prophylactic measures instituted during the perioperative period to prevent or reduce ischaemic damage and to improve neurological outcome. In that context, strategies for protecting the brain rely on the control of physiological variables, anaesthesia, administration of non anaesthetic pharmacological agents and preconditioning. Avoiding hyperthermia, hyperglycaemia and arterial hypotension are passive neuroprotective measures acknowledged in human beings. The protective effect of anaesthesia, compared to the awake state, is demonstrated in animals but remains to be validated in clinical practice. Laboratory studies investigating pharmacological neuroprotection have shown interesting results but most clinical trials have been disappointing except for a few drugs in specific settings. Preconditioning which results in the induction of some resistance to ischaemia appears as a promising strategy. Up to now, the translation of beneficial experimental results into clinical success is considered an entirely permissible hope but remains an unachieved objective. PMID- 14768917 TI - EEG-based indices of anaesthesia: correlation between bispectral index and patient state index? AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Both the bispectral and the patient state indices are derived from the electroencephalogram and have been proposed as a measure of the same clinical target, the hypnotic component of anaesthesia. The present study evaluated whether there is concordance between the bispectral and the patient state indices with regard to end-points measured simultaneously in patients undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia. METHODS: Fifty-seven patients scheduled for elective abdominal, orthopaedic (Groups 1 and 2) or cardiac surgery (Group 3) under general anaesthesia were enrolled in the study. Anaesthesia was performed using remifentanil/ sevoflurane (Group 1, 19 patients), remifentanil/propofol (Group 2, 19 patients) or sufentanil/propofol/isoflurane (Group 3, 19 patients). The bispectral and the patient state indices were simultaneously recorded. Pearson's correlation between these two indices was calculated for the complete data and each group. The percentage of bispectral index values in the recommended range for general anaesthesia (45-60) that were confirmed by levels of patient state index (25-50) was calculated and vice versa. RESULTS: Overall correlation between the bispectral and the patient state indices was 0.667, 0.671 in Group 1, 0.650 in Group 2 and 0.675 in Group 3 (P < 0.01). For values of the bispectral index between 45 and 60, only 40% of corresponding patient state index values were between 25 and 50. For patient state index values of 25-50, only 50% of the corresponding bispectral index values were in the range of 45-60. CONCLUSIONS: Concordance between the bispectral and patient state indices is relatively weak, whereas both are thought to reflect the same clinical target, the hypnotic component of anaesthesia. As a consequence, further studies are required to compare reliability of both indices as indicators of different levels of hypnosis. PMID- 14768918 TI - Effects of acupressure, manual acupuncture and Laserneedle acupuncture on EEG bispectral index and spectral edge frequency in healthy volunteers. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sensory (acupressure and acupuncture) and optical stimulation (Laserneedle acupuncture) on electroencephalographic bispectral index, spectral edge frequency and a verbal sedation score. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy volunteers (mean age +/- SD: 25.5 +/- 4.0yr) were investigated during the awake state. The acupuncture point Yintang and a placebo control point were stimulated. The study was performed as a randomized, controlled and partly blinded cross-over trial. RESULTS: Bispectral index and spectral edge frequency values both decreased significantly (P < 0.001) during acupressure on Yintang to values of 62.9 (minimum 35) +/- 13.9 bispectral index and to 13.3 (minimum 2.9) +/- 8.1 Hz (spectral edge frequency right) and 13.8 (minimum 2.7) +/- 7.3 Hz (spectral edge frequency left), respectively. Bispectral index was also significantly (P < 0.05) affected by Laserneedle acupuncture and acupressure on the control point but the changes were not clinically relevant, 95.4 +/- 4 and 94.2 +/- 4.8, respectively. All interventions significantly (Yintang: P < 0.001; control point: P < 0.012) reduced verbal sedation score. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the electroencephalographic similarities of acupressure induced sedation and general anaesthesia as assessed by bispectral index and spectral edge frequency. PMID- 14768919 TI - Mood change after anaesthesia with remifentanil or alfentanil. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There are anecdotal reports of dysphoria occurring in patients on the first day after anaesthesia with remifentanil. This study was performed to investigate this allegation and to find a possible relationship to postoperative shivering or to nausea and vomiting. METHODS: Patients undergoing otorhinolaryngeal surgery took part in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol (2 mg kg(-1) bolus injection then 100 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) and remifentanil (1 microg kg(-1) bolus then 0.1-0.5 microg kg(-1) min-1) or alfentanil (30 microg kg(-1) bolus then 0.16 0.83 microg kg((-1) min(-1)). The patients were carefully insulated and actively warmed by convective heating and rectal temperature was monitored continuously. Postoperative shivering was graded on a three-point scale, and the cumulative incidence of nausea and vomiting were registered at 24 h after surgery. Pre- and postoperative mood was measured with the von Zerssen mood scale (Befindlichkeits Skala) and changes tested for significance. High scores reflect discontent and dysphoria. RESULTS: The data of 98 patients (49 in each group, ASA I-II, age 42 +/- 13 yr, anaesthesia time 141 +/- 60 min; mean +/- SD; intergroup P values > 0.1) were evaluated. Core temperature did not change perioperatively (before 36.6 +/- 0.2 degrees C; after 36.8 +/- 0.3 degrees C, inter- and intragroup P > 0.1). The incidence of nausea was the same in each group; vomiting occurred with equal frequency (6/49 vs. 7/49). Shivering was significantly more frequent after remifentanil (41% vs. 10%, P < 0.001). The patients' mood remained stable after remifentanil but worsened after alfentanil (von Zerssen score from 9.3 +/- 2.5 to 13.9 +/- 3.6; mean +/- 95% confidence intervals; P < 0.01). DISCUSSION: Postoperative shivering was more frequent after remifentanil but was unrelated to intraoperative heat loss. Contrary to preliminary informal observations, there was no evidence that remifentanil caused postanaesthetic dysphoria on the day one after surgery. PMID- 14768920 TI - Real-time ultrasonic observation of combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The quality of combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia mainly depends on accurate identification of the epidural space. The real-time ultrasound control of the procedure for puncture was therefore evaluated. METHODS: Thirty parturients scheduled for Caesarean section were randomized to three equal groups. Ten control patients received conventional combined spinal epidural anaesthesia. Ten of the remaining patients received ultrasonic scans by an offline scan technique, and 10 received online imaging of the lumbar region during epidural puncture. The epidural space was identified and needle advancement was surveyed through the interspinal and flaval ligaments. The number of attempts to advance the needle to achieve a successful puncture was measured and compared, as well as the number of vertebral interspaces punctured before successful entry into the epidural space. RESULTS: There was no difference between patient characteristics in the three groups. The visualization of the epidural structures and of the needle manipulations was very effective. In the ultrasound group, the reduction in the number of attempts at puncture was significant (P < 0.036). The number of interspaces necessary for puncture was reduced (P < 0.036) in the ultrasound online group compared with controls. The number of spinal needle manipulations was significantly reduced (P < 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Real-time ultrasonic scanning of the lumbar spine is an easy procedure. It provides an accurate reading of the location of the needle tip and facilitates the performance of combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia. PMID- 14768921 TI - Comparison between bupivacaine 0.125% and ropivacaine 0.2% for epidural administration to outpatients with chronic low back pain. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Epidural blocks should provide good analgesia for the treatment of chronic low back pain without any motor block to allow active physiotherapy. Epidural ropivacaine is known to produce less motor block compared to bupivacaine at anaesthetic concentrations. This prospective, randomized double blind study compares the analgesic, motor block, and haemodynamic effects of single shot epidural injections of ropivacaine 0.2% 10 mL with bupivacaine 0.125% in outpatients suffering from chronic low back pain. METHODS: Forty patients were assigned to receive either ropivacaine 0.2% (n = 20) or bupivacaine 0.125% (n = 20) within a series of eight single shot epidural blocks. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients received either ropivacaine 0.2% (n = 18) or bupivacaine 0.125% (n = 18) within a series of eight single shot epidural blocks. Both groups showed no significant differences either in analgesia, or in motor blockade or haemodynamic changes. Thus ropivacaine 0.2% did not reduce the incidence of motor block (9.0% of patients with motor block Bromage scores 1, 2 or 3 in ropivacaine or bupivacaine). The combination of repeated epidural analgesia and physiotherapy reduced the median pain-scores (visual analogu scale, 0-10) from 7 (SD +/- 1.6) at the beginning of the study to 4.1 (SD +/- 1.7) at the end of the series. CONCLUSIONS: Both bupivacaine 0.125% and ropivacaine 0.29% appear suitable for epidural administration to outpatients with chronic low back pain attending for epidural analgesia associated with physiotherapy (physical therapy). PMID- 14768922 TI - A multicentre trial comparing different concentrations of ropivacaine plus sufentanil with bupivacaine plus sufentanil for patient-controlled epidural analgesia in labour. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal concentration of ropivacaine for bolus-only patient-controlled epidural labour analgesia, three different doses of ropivacaine were evaluated in comparison with bupivacaine in a double blinded multicentre study. METHODS: Four hundred-and-fifty labouring parturients at term in three different academic institutions were randomized to four groups receiving bupivacaine 0.125% with sufentanil 0.75 microg mL(-1), ropivacaine 0.125% or 0.175% with sufentanil 0.75 microg mL(-1), or ropivacaine 0.2%. After an initial bolus of 10 mL of the study solution, and once visual analogue scores (VAS) were below 30 mm, patient-controlled epidural analgesia was initiated with a bolus of 4 mL, a lockout interval of 15 min and without a background infusion. Variables studied were the quality of analgesia, incidence of side-effects, the degree of motor blockade, and the mode of delivery. RESULTS: Bupivacaine 0.125% and ropivacaine 0.125% with sufentanil proved equally effective in providing labour analgesia without a difference in local anaesthetic consumption (48.6 +/- 23 mg bupivacaine vs. 52.1 +/- 38 mg ropivacaine), motor blockade or mode of delivery. Ropivacaine 0.175% plus sufentanil enhanced the quality of analgesia of the initial loading dose, whereas ropivacaine 0.2% without sufentanil increased the consumption of local anaesthetics (80.2 +/- 34 mg; P < 0.05) and the degree of motor blockade. CONCLUSION: Despite recent studies indicating that bupivacaine and ropivacaine may not be equipotent, both local anaesthetics provided equi effective analgesia at equal doses without a difference in side-effects. PMID- 14768923 TI - Release of inflammatory mediators in irradiated cell salvage blood and their biological consequences in human beings following transfusion. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Irradiation of intraoperative cell salvage blood has recently been used to inactivate tumour cells before retransfusion, during cancer surgery. No information is available about a potential inflammatory response of the recipient to the retransfusion of irradiated intraoperative cell salvage blood. This pilot study was conducted to investigate the possible release of the pro-inflammatory mediators, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), eotaxin and monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1), in the serum of recipients by intraoperative retransfusion of irradiated intraoperative cell salvage blood. METHODS: Nine patients undergoing gynaecological cancer surgery were included in this study. Intraoperative cell salvage blood was irradiated with 50 Gy and retransfused to the patient. Serum and intraoperative cell salvage blood concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, eotaxin and MCP-1 were repeatedly analysed before and after retransfusion, respectively before and after irradiation. RESULTS: Traces of mediators were detected in intraoperative cell salvage blood but no increase due to irradiation was observed. Following transfusion of intraoperative cell salvage blood, minute quantities (all < 30 pg mL(-1) of mediators were detected in the serum of patients. However, there was no significant upregulation compared to serum values before retransfusion. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence that retransfusion of irradiated intraoperative cell salvage blood might represent a blood-saving strategy in cancer surgery without an immunological inflammatory response as shown by a lack of upregulation of inflammatory mediators. PMID- 14768924 TI - Effects of chronic isovolaemic haemodilution on regional cerebral blood flow in conscious rats. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acute isovolaemic haemodilution increases local and mean cerebral blood flow. It is not known whether a single haemodilution has a short-term effect only or whether it affects cerebral perfusion over a longer time period. In the present study, local and mean cerebral blood flow were determined in conscious rats after a 4, 24 and 48 h period following one-time haemodilution. METHODS: Thirty-six rats were randomized to three untreated sham groups and three groups of haemodilution (4, 24 or 48 h, n = 6 for each group). Isovolaemic haemodilution with albumin 5% aimed to a target haematocrit of 0.2. Local cerebral blood flow was measured in 38 brain regions by the iodo [14C]antipyrine method in conscious normothermic rats. RESULTS: Isovolaemic haemodilution reduced haematocrit from 0.44 to 0.20. During the following 24 and 48 h periods, haematocrit remained low (0.22 and 0.21). Mean cerebral blood flow was similar in untreated sham groups (88 +/- 12 after 4 h, 92 +/- 11 after 24 h, 96 +/- 10 mL 100 g(-1) min(-1) after 48 h). Haemodilution increased mean cerebral blood flow after 4h (184 +/- 11 mL 100 g(-1) min(-1)), after 24h (153 +/- 13 mL 100 g(-1) min(-1)) and 48h (149 +/- 15 mL 100 g(-1) min(-1)) (P < or = 0.05). Local cerebral blood flow increased in all 38 structures after 4h haemodilution but decreased with time in six of 38 brain structures after 24h and in 15 regions after 48 h (P < or = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A single one-time haemodilution increased mean cerebral blood flow for 2 days. However, local adaptation of cerebral blood flow to a chronic low haematocrit occurred but was heterogeneous within the brain. PMID- 14768925 TI - Comparative study of the antiemetic efficacy of ondansetron, propofol and midazolam in the early postoperative period. AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To compare the antiemetic efficacy of ondansetron with two different hypnotic drugs (propofol 15 mg, midazolam 1 and 2 mg) for the treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). METHODS: Four hundred-and-fifty-three patients scheduled for elective gynaecological or abdominal surgery were enrolled. One-hundred-and-twenty patients (26%) experienced postoperative emesis, and when nausea scores reached 2 or greater on a five-point scale, they were randomized to receive intravenously: propofol 15 mg (1.5 mL) in Group P, midazolam 1 mg in Group M1, midazolam 2 mg in Group M2 and ondansetron 4 mg in Group O. RESULTS: Four patients (13.3%) in Group P, 13 patients (43.3%) in Group M1, five patients (16.6%) in Group M2 and one patient (3.3%) in Group O required a second dose of the study drug. After administration of the study drugs, nausea scores were significantly lower in all groups than before these drugs were given. No patient had a sedation score over 3 (the patients remained awake and/or responded to verbal contact). The sedative effects of midazolam and propofol lasted for a much shorter time than the antiemetic effects of these drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Propofol and midazolam used in subhypnotic doses were as effective as ondansetron in treating PONV in patients undergoing abdominal or gynaecological surgery without untoward sedative or cardiovascular effects. PMID- 14768926 TI - Resuscitation after cardiac surgery: are we ageist? AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of age and other risk factors on: (a) the incidence and outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and (b) any decision to institute a 'Do Not Attempt Resuscitation' order following cardiac surgery. METHODS: Prospective audit of cardiac arrest calls following 6550 consecutive open-heart surgery cases and retrospective audit of all cardiac surgical deaths not preceded by cardiac arrest calls. RESULTS: One-hundred-and seventy-four patients (2.7%) had audited cardiac arrests of whom 70 (40%) survived to discharge. Elderly patients (> or = 70 yr old) had higher incidence of cardiac arrest (3.8% vs. 2%, P < 0.001). Survival to discharge following cardiopulmonary resuscitation was lower in the elderly patients, 33% vs. 48%, the difference approaching statistical significance (P = 0.06). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was withheld in 46% of elderly vs. 40% of younger deaths (P = 0.40) which represented 3.1% of elderly vs. 1.2% younger patients (P < 0.001). Similar proportions of elderly (62%) and younger (67%) patients had failure of > or = 3 organ systems on institution of the 'Do Not Resuscitate' order (P = 0.70). CONCLUSION: 'Do Not Resuscitate' orders appeared twice as frequently in elderly patients (> or = 70 yr). However, the proportions of deaths without cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the organ failure scores between age groups were similar suggesting that severity of illness was more important than age in determining resuscitation status. PMID- 14768927 TI - Epileptiform movements associated with re-exposure to propofol. PMID- 14768928 TI - Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy: the anaesthesiologist's perspective. PMID- 14768929 TI - Perioperative neutropenia. PMID- 14768930 TI - Anaesthesia for a life-limited child with adrenoleucodystrophy. PMID- 14768931 TI - Hispanic ethnicity, rural residence, and regular source of care. AB - This study assessed whether Hispanic ethnicity and rural residence were related to usual source-of-care. We studied 3,689 persons over age 65 who lived in their own homes in a 108-county area in West Texas. A telephone interview in two waves was used to collect information. Usual source-of-care was measured in two ways: by asking if the subject had a usual place to go and by asking if the subject had a personal physician or nurse. In a logistic regression analysis, Hispanic ethnicity was independently associated with both having a usual place of care (OR = .511, CI = .32-.82) and a usual provider (OR = .629, CI = .45-.88). Rural residence was not associated with either measure. Efforts to promote usual source of-care should be targeted at Hispanic seniors in this region of the southwestern United States. PMID- 14768932 TI - Powerlessness, destiny, and control: the influence on health behaviors of African Americans. AB - This study assessed the extent to which a belief in fate or destiny might explain certain health behaviors among African Americans. A survey of 1,253 African Americans in Alabama churches was conducted. Fifty-nine percent of the total sample indicated that they believe in fate or destiny. The findings of this study suggest that fate/destiny may influence health decisions. The study found a statistically significant difference between men and women regarding their belief in fate or destiny. Women reported believing in fate and destiny more than men. Surprisingly people with more education (i.e., college or postgraduate) believed in fate and destiny significantly more than high school dropouts and high school graduates. A belief in fate or destiny also varied by income level. Respondents who made more in annual income were more likely to believe in fate and destiny than people who made less. One behavior, breast exam had a statistically significant association with a belief in fate and destiny. Women who reported never having a breast exam were more likely to believe in fate and destiny than women who did not have a belief in fate or destiny. These findings highlight the need for practitioners to examine more closely the definition of fate and destiny and determine how this belief influences or does not influence health behaviors as once believed. The research suggests a closer examination of the role culture plays in health decision making which may be independent of a belief in fate and destiny. PMID- 14768933 TI - A comparison of diabetes care in rural and urban medical clinics in Alabama. AB - This study sought to determine the differences in the level of diabetes care of patients in a rural family practice clinic and an urban internal medicine clinic in Alabama. Medical records of patients with diabetes were reviewed and management practices were compared to current American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards of care. The rural practice had fewer patients at goal A1c, goal LDL, and goal blood pressure. Rural patients were also less likely to receive screening and preventative services such as lipid profiles, eye examinations, microalbumin screening, aspirin therapy, and vaccinations than urban patients. Although, adherence to the ADA standards of care was lower with rural patients, the results suggest that there exists significant opportunity to improve the delivery of diabetes care services to both patient populations. PMID- 14768934 TI - Evaluation of a Five-A-Day recipe booklet for enhancing the use of fruits and vegetables in low-income households. AB - The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) needs to evaluate appropriate nutrition education for its at risk audience, including Five-A-Day for Better Health educational material that promotes consumption of five servings a day of fruits and vegetables. An evaluation was conducted of a Five-A-Day recipe booklet for use with mothers having a child or children enrolled in WIC. Three clinic sites in eastern Washington State tested the booklet using a pretest (n = 225)/post-test (n = 167) design and an intervention protocol based on preliminary focus group data. The booklet featured information on fresh produce and was accordingly tested over the summer months. Participants were on average 28 years of age and mostly White (77%). After receiving the booklet, many WIC mothers reported feeling more confident about choosing good quality fresh produce (70%) and storing fruits and vegetables appropriately (68%), and also felt that it was easier to include fruits and vegetables in their family's meals (74%). Many mothers reportedly served more fruits and vegetables to their families after receiving the booklet. Notably, this occurred at numerous meals and snack times with both fruits and vegetables, and was independent of a reported trend to consume more fruits and vegetables in the summer. Mothers also favorably evaluated the format and content of the booklet. However, mothers' barriers related to fruits and vegetables did not change, and their estimated intake of fruits and vegetables decreased slightly over the intervention period. Adjustments to the protocol are suggested that may enhance the booklet's effect on WIC mothers' attitudes and behaviors. PMID- 14768935 TI - HIV prevention in practice: an assessment of the public health response of physicians and nurses in the Midwest. AB - Epidemiological trends in HIV infection in the United States suggest existing primary and secondary prevention efforts are inadequate. Healthcare providers may be missing valuable opportunities to engage in necessary public health services, such as prevention education, risk assessment, and case finding. This study examined the HIV-related practice behaviors and training needs of physicians and nurses in the Midwest. A cross-sectional survey method was employed. A questionnaire was mailed to a probability sample of 1,500 physicians and registered nurses licensed as of August 1999 in one of six Midwestern states. A total of 534 physicians and nurses replied to the survey, and over half had received prior HIV-related continuing medical education and training. One third of nurses and 26.8 percent of physicians reported that they did not engage in any HIV-related public health role in their practice. Physicians with prior HIV continuing medical education and training were 3.1 times more likely to report HIV-related public health services in their practice than providers without prior training (p = .004). Nurses with prior experience serving HIV-infected patients were 2.0 times more likely to identify a public health role (p = .012). These findings reflect the need for greater awareness among medical providers of the importance of assuming a public health role with the HIV epidemic. PMID- 14768936 TI - Abraham Lincoln loses a medical malpractice case, debates Stephen A. Douglas, and secures two murder acquittals. AB - An improperly healed fracture was the most common reason for the medical malpractice crisis between the 1830s and 1860s in the United States. As a practicing lawyer in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln defended physicians in medical malpractice law suits. One of these was Dr. Powers Ritchey, who was sued for malpractice in 1855. Lincoln agreed to represent Dr. Ritchey in 1858 as the case was appealed to the supreme court of Illinois. In the interim, Lincoln defended two indicted murderers and won acquittals for both. Between the two murder trials, Lincoln debated Stephen A. Douglas while running for U.S. Senator from Illinois. Lincoln believed that Ritchey's case was poorly represented in the lower court. Ritchey's prior attorneys did not file a bill of exceptions to the testimony of the plaintiff's expert medical witnesses. Lincoln attempted to rebut the allegation of a lack of reasonable medical care and diligence by Ritchey, and he sought to secure a new trial for his client. In its decision, the supreme court of Illinois did not find any error and affirmed the lower court's judgment. PMID- 14768937 TI - Ablation of NK cell function during tumor growth favors Type 2-associated macrophages, leading to suppressed CTL generation. AB - Several reports describe regulatory interactions between NK cells and CTLs. We addressed the issue of NK participation in the early anti-tumor defense by inoculating alpha-ASGM-1 treated mice with BW-Sp3 T lymphoma. Rejection of BW-Sp3 depends on strong CTL responses. Our results demonstrated that (i) NK cells are a prerequisite for efficient CTL generation and (ii) the absence of NK cells favors the outgrowth of alternatively activated macrophages that can suppress CTL restimulation. In vitro studies demonstrate that in splenic cultures from NK deficient, tumor-bearing mice, the presence of alternatively activated macrophages correlates with a lack of Type 1 cytokines, while the production of Type 2 cytokines is promoted. Provision of the Type 1 cytokine, IFN-gamma can boost overall CTL activity but does not revert the dominance of arginase producing adherent cells in the NK-deficient CTL cultures. The role of NK effector functions in the efficient switch of the immune system towards Type 1 activation was evaluated in cytotoxicity assays. The results indicate that the accessory function of NK can depend at least partially on their ability to preferentially engage arginase-producing cells, suggesting that NK/macrophage lytic interactions might be involved in the switch from Type 2 to Type 1 dependent immune responses. PMID- 14768938 TI - DNA double strand breaks occur independent of AID in hypermutating Ig genes. AB - Somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) take place in B cells of the germinal center (GC) and are associated with DNA double-strand breaks (DNA-DSBs). Transcription favors the generation of DNA-DSBs in the V regions and switch regions of Ig genes. Both SHM and CSR are controlled by the Activation Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID), an enzyme exclusively expressed in B cells of the GC. Because AID is capable of deaminating deoxy-cytidine (dC) to deoxy-uracil (dU), it might directly induce nicks (single strand DNA breaks) and also DNA-DSBs via a U-DNA glycosylase mediated base excision repair pathway ('DNA substrate model'). Alternatively, AID could function like its closest homologue Apobec-1 as a catalytic subunit of a RNA editing holoenzyme ('RNA-substrate model'). To determine whether AID lies upstream or downstream of the DNA lesions found in hypermutating Ig genes, we have analysed the Vlambda locus of AID proficient and AID deficient GC B cells for the presence of DNA-DSBs. Although rearranged Vlambda genes are preferred targets of SHM we find that AID-proficient and -deficient Vlambda1/2-expressing GC B cells display a similar frequency, distribution and sequence preference of DNA-DSBs in rearranged and germline Vlambda genes, favoring the idea that AID acts downstream of the DNA lesions to mediate error prone processing. PMID- 14768939 TI - Expression of the HPV16E7 oncoprotein by thymic epithelium is accompanied by disrupted T cell maturation and a failure of the thymus to involute with age. AB - Transgenic mice expressing the E7 protein of HPV16 from the keratin 14 promoter demonstrate increasing thymic hypertrophy with age. This hypertrophy is associated with increased absolute numbers of all thymocyte types, and with increased cortical and medullary cellularity. In the thymic medulla, increased compartmentalization of the major thymic stromal cell types and expansion of thymic epithelial cell population is observed. Neither an increased rate of immature thymocyte division nor a decreased rate of immature thymocyte death was able to account for the observed hypertrophy. Thymocytes with reduced levels of expression of CD4 and/or CD8 were more abundant in transgenic (tg) mice and became increasingly more so with age. These thymic SP and DP populations with reduced levels of CD4 and/or CD8 markers had a lower rate of apoptosis in the tg than in the non-tg mice. The rate of export of mature thymocytes to peripheral lymphoid organs was less in tg animals relative to the pool of available mature cells, particularly for the increasingly abundant CD4lo population. We therefore suggest that mature thymocytes that would normally die in the thymus gradually accumulated in E7 transgenic animals, perhaps as a consequence of exposure to a hypertrophied E7-expressing thymic epithelium or to factors secreted by this expanded thymic stromal cell population. The K14E7 transgenic mouse thus provides a unique model to study effects of the thymic epithelial cell compartment on thymus development and involution. PMID- 14768940 TI - Lack of association between anti-phospholipid antibodies (APLA) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. AB - Numerous studies have shown the pathological influence anti-phospholipid antibodies (APLA) have on the physiology of the single neuron as well as the function of the entire human nervous system. The influence is well demonstrated in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). This syndrome is characterized by a triad of arterial or venous thrombotic events, recurrent fetal loss and thrombocytopenic purpura. The syndrome exhibits different neurological pathologies such as: chorea, seizures, transverse myelopathy, migraine, cerebral ataxia, hemiballismus and transient global amnesia, which are not fully explained by the procoagulopathic trait of APLA. A study on mice induced with APS demonstrated hyperactive behavior when compared to the control group. The information gathered from these different studies raised the question whether APLA has any part in the etiology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) in children. We compared 41 children diagnosed with ADHD to a control of 28 healthy children. Blood drawn from the two groups was screened using ELISA for the presence of anti-cardiolipin antibodies, anti-beta2GP antibodies, anti phosphatidyleserine antibodies and anti-ethanolamine antibodies. The results show no significant difference in the level of antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA) measured between the children diagnosed with ADHD and the control group. PMID- 14768941 TI - New ELISA kits using C3 binding glycoprotein from Cuscuta europea detect mainly IgM CIC in rheumatoid arthritis and progressive systemic sclerosis, but not in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Elevated levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC), containing IgG, IgM or IgA antibodies were detected in the sera of patients with autoimmune diseases. This might indicate a different biological meaning of the three isotypes of immunoglobulin (Ig) in the CIC. Each CIC assay detected only certain classes and subclasses of Ig in CIC material or fixed complement protein. In this study, a new method based on C3binding glycoprotein named CIF-ELISA and a well-known method ANTI-C3 ELISA, were used for quantitative assessment of IgM-CIC, IgG-CIC and IgA-CIC levels in human sera. A modified CIF-ELISA and ANTI-C3 ELISA for simultaneous detection of CIC, containing IgG, IgM and IgA, (stCIC), were also performed. The assays were evaluated on the same specially prepared samples: 55 normal sera, 99 sera from rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 88 sera from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 27 sera from progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). We found that the sensitivity of the tests used varied depending on the diseases studied. CIF-ELISA displayed higher sensitivity of IgM-CIC when compared to ANTI C3 ELISA in RA patients (40.0 and 20.95%, respectively) and PSS (44.43 and 37.04%, respectively). Results for the sensitivity of IgA-CIC were in adverse direction in the RA group (14.28 and 19.05%) and PSS (14.81 and 25.93%) by both methods. It was also established that the concordance of IgM-CIC positives by both methods was 48.84% in RA and 46.67% in PSS, while in SLE it was 18.78%. These results are most probably due to the different assay abilities to detect antibody isotype of the CIC material and help to explain what specific role each Ig isotype in CIC has in the course of the disease. PMID- 14768942 TI - Effects of air pollutants on development of allergic immune responses in the respiratory tract. AB - The increased incidence of allergic asthma in the human population worldwide has stimulated many explanatory theories. A concomitant decrease in air quality leads to epidemiological and laboratory-based studies to demonstrate a link between air pollutants and asthma. Specifically, ozone, environmental tobacco smoke, and diesel exhaust are associated with enhancement of respiratory allergy to inhaled allergens. This review summarizes the state of the knowledge, both human epidemiology and laboratory animal experiments, linking air pollution to allergy. Critical issues involve development of the lung and the fetal immune response, and the potential for substances like ozone and ETS in the air to modulate early immune responses with lifelong consequences. PMID- 14768943 TI - Geographic clusters of primary biliary cirrhosis. AB - Genetic and environmental factors have been widely suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology leading to destruction of small bile ducts. Interestingly, epidemiologic data indicate a variable prevalence of the disease in different geographical areas. The study of clusters of PBC may provide clues as to possible triggers in the induction of immunopathology. We report herein four such unique PBC clusters that suggest the presence of both genetic and environmental factors in the induction of PBC. The first cluster is represented by a family of ten siblings of Palestinian origin that have an extraordinary frequency of PBC (with 5/8 sisters having the disease). Second, we describe the cases of a husband and wife, both having PBC. A family in which PBC was diagnosed in two genetically unrelated individuals, who lived in the same household, represents the third cluster. Fourth, we report a high prevalence of PBC cases in a very small area in Alaska. Although these data are anedoctal, the study of a large number of such clusters may provide a tool to estimate the roles of genetics and environment in the induction of autoimmunity. PMID- 14768944 TI - Role of peritoneal macrophages in cytomegalovirus-induced acceleration of autoimmune diabetes in BB-rats. AB - BACKGROUND: As one of the natural perturbants, infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is believed to play a role in the development of Type I diabetes. Using the DP-BB rat model for autoimmune diabetes, we here report about possible mechanisms responsible for R(at)CMV-induced accelerated onset of diabetes. METHODS: Rats were i.p. infected with 2 x 10(6) plaque forming units (pfu) RCMV and followed for diabetes development. Presence of RCMV antigens and DNA was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and PCR on pancreatic tissue and isolated islets. The effect of viral infection on peritoneal macrophages (pMphi) and diabetes development was studied by analyzing numbers of pMphi, virus permissiveness and by depletion of this subset by peritoneal lavage. RESULTS: RCMV accelerated onset of diabetes without infecting pancreatic islets. Immunohistochemistry and PCR on pancreas and isolated islets indicated that islets are non-permissive for RCMV. Infection results in an influx of pMphi 1 day p.i. of which approximately 0.05% showed signs of reproductive infection. Depletion of pMphi on days 1-3 p.i. completely counteracted the accelerating effect of RCMV. INTERPRETATION: RCMV accelerates onset of diabetes without infecting pancreatic islets. pMphi might function as an carriage to disseminate virus to the pancreas where they enhance activation of autoreactive T cells resulting in accelerated onset of diabetes. PMID- 14768945 TI - Temporary, but essential requirement of CD8+ T cells early in the pathogenesis of diabetes in BB rats as revealed by thymectomy and CD8 depletion. AB - Autoimmunity-prone BB rats demonstrate a T lymphocytopenia and abnormal T cell subset distribution. To test whether the life span of all T cells or only of certain subsets is reduced in BB rats, we thymectomised 8-week-old BB and PVG rats and subsequently assessed size and composition of the T cell population over a 6-week-period. In both strains, thymectomy (Tx) was followed by a decrease in peripheral T cell numbers, which was proportionally larger in BB rats. The decline of the Thy-1+ recent thymic migrant (RTM) T cell phenotype was similar in both strains. BB rats showed a rapid preferential loss of CD8+ and CD45RC+ T cells, whereas the relative loss of RT6+ T cells was proportional to that of all T cells and not significantly different from that in PVG rats. Tx at 8-week did not prevent diabetes. Tx of 4-week-old BB rats revealed essentially the same changes in peripheral T cell subset distribution as in 8-week-old animals. However, Tx at week 4 did prevent diabetes. Since this raised the possibility of a temporary requirement of CD8+ T cells for the development of diabetes, we performed CD8 depletions during different pre-diabetic intervals. We found that CD8 depletion from 4 to 8 and 4 to 14 weeks, but not from 8 to 14 weeks of age prevented diabetes. We conclude that the protective effect of early adult Tx is, at least in part, due to the rapid loss of CD8+ T cells, and that these cells are only required between 4 and 8 weeks of age for diabetes to develop in BB rats. PMID- 14768946 TI - Cytomegalovirus infection modulates cellular immunity in an experimental model for autoimmune diabetes. AB - BACKGROUND: Viral infections are thought to play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes. In this study we investigated the effect of Rat Cytomegalovirus (RCMV) infection on cellular immunity in a well defined animal model for diabetes, the Biobreeding (BB) rat. METHODS: Diabetes prone (DP)- and Diabetes resistant (DR)-BB rats were infected with 2 x 10(6) plaque forming units (pfu) RCMV. Diabetes development was monitored by frequent blood-glucose analysis. Effects of RCMV on CD4+, CD8+ and Vbeta-TCR+ T-cell subsets were measured in vivo, and in vitro after restimulation with RCMV infected fibroblasts. Proliferative capacity was determined by 3H-Thymidine incorporation. RESULTS: RCMV-infection resulted in a significant acceleration of diabetes onset in DP-BB rats (p = 0.003). Percentages CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were not affected in vivo. In vitro, RCMV-restimulation resulted in a decreased CD4+/CD8+ blastoid T-cell ratio compared to ConA (p = 0.00028). Furthermore, RCMV restimulation resulted in a strong RCMV-specific proliferation, which comprises about 50% of the response triggered by ConA. Vbeta-TCR percentages did not change upon RCMV-infection or RCMV-restimulation. INTERPRETATION: RCMV-restimulation of splenic T-cells in vitro resulted in a strong RCMV-specific proliferation, probably also including autoreactive T-cells. In vivo, this polyclonal response might be involved in the observed accelerated diabetes development in DP-BB rats upon RCMV-infection. PMID- 14768947 TI - The effects of alpha interferon on the development of autoimmune thyroiditis in the NOD H2h4 mouse. AB - Alpha interferon (alphaIFN) therapy is known to induce thyroid autoimmunity in up to 40% of patients. The mechanism is unknown, but Th1 switching has been hypothesized. The aim of our study was to examine whether alphaIFN accelerated the development of thyroiditis in genetically susceptible mice. We took advantage of NOD-H2h4, a genetically susceptible animal model, which develops thyroiditis when fed a high iodine diet. Six to eight week old male NOD H2h4 mice were injected with mouse alphaIFN (200 units) or with saline three times a week for 8 weeks. All mice drank iodinated water (0.15%). Mice were sacrificed after 8 weeks of injection. Their thyroids were examined for histology and blood was tested for antithyroglobulin antibody levels. T4 and glucose levels were also assessed. In the IFN-injected group, 6/13 (46.2%) developed thyroiditis and/or thyroid antibodies while in the saline-injected group, only 4/13 (30.8%) developed thyroiditis and/or thyroid antibodies (p = 0.4). The grade of thyroiditis was not different amongst the two groups. None of the mice developed clinical thyroiditis or diabetes mellitus. Our results showed that alphaIFN treatment did not accelerate thyroiditis in this mouse model. This may imply that alphaIFN induces thyroiditis in a non-genetically dependent manner, and this would not be detected in a genetically susceptible mouse model if the effect were small. Alternatively, it is possible that alphaIFN did not induce thyroiditis in mice because, unlike in humans, in mice alphaIFN does not induce Th1 switching. PMID- 14768948 TI - Basis for the age-related decline in intestinal mucosal immunity. AB - The elderly are characterized by mucosal immunosenescence and high rates of morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases of the intestinal tract. Little is known about how the differentiation of immunoglobulin A (IgA) plasma cells in Peyer's patches (PPs) and their subsequent homing to the small intestinal lamina propria (LP) is affected by aging. Quantitative immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated a 2-fold increase in the number of IgA+ cells in the PPs, coupled with significant declines in the numbers of IgA+ and antibody-positive cells in the intestinal LP of senescent rats compared to young adult animals. These data suggest that aging diminishes the emigration of IgA immunoblasts from these lymphoid aggregates, as well as their migration to the intestinal LP. Flow cytometry and lymphocyte adoptive transfer studies showed 3- to 4-fold age-related declines in the homing of antibody-containing cells and mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes to the small intestines of rhesus macaques and rats, respectively. The number of peripheral blood IgA immunoblasts expressing the homing molecule alpha4beta7 declined 30% in senescent rats. This was accompanied by a > 17% decrease in the areal density of LP blood vessels staining positive for the cell adhesion molecule MAdCAM-1. Cumulatively, declines in expression of these homing molecules constitute a substantial age-related diminution of IgA immunoblast homing potential. In vitro antibody secretion by LP plasma cells, i.e. antibody secreted per antibody-positive cell, remains unchanged as a function of donor age. Intestinal mucosal immunosenescence is a consequence of reduced homing of IgA plasma cells to the intestinal LP as a result of declines in homing molecule expression. PMID- 14768949 TI - Characterization of a lipoyl domain-independent B-cell autoepitope on the human branched-chain acyltransferase in primary biliary cirrhosis and overlap syndrome with autoimmune hepatitis. AB - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) which recognize pyruvate acetyltransferase (PDC-E2) represent a highly diagnostic feature of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The analysis of immunofluorescence (IF)-AMA-positive sera in PBC patients indicates a conformational epitope located within the lipoyl binding domain of bovine branched-chain acyltransferase (BCKADC-E2) alone or in combination with AMA directed against PDC-E2 the significance of which is presently unclear. In the present study, immunoreactivities and disease associations of AMA against BCKADC-E2 were analyzed. B-cell autoepitopes on BCKADC-E2 were mapped by immunoprecipitation assay. METHODS: Sera of 96 IF-AMA positive patients with serological evidence of anti-BCKADC-E2 alone (n = 26), anti-PDC-E2 alone (n = 15), and both anti-BCKADC-E2 and anti-PDC-E2 (n = 55) were analyzed by Western blot and ELISA in addition to an analysis of B cell autoepitopes on BCKADC-E2 by immunoprecipitation using in vitro translated, unmodified human proteins. Ninety-four patients without IF-AMA [blood donors (n = 30), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 40), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)(n = 10) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) (n = 14) served as controls. RESULTS: Eighty of 81 (99%) sera positive for BCKADC-E2 recognized the full length, mature protein, while only 2/10 AIH sera and none of the other controls showed reactivity. Of the 68 PBC sera 58 (85%) recognized the N-terminus consisting of aa 1-144 representing the lipoyl domain. Surprisingly, C-terminal sequences (aa 143-421) were recognized by 46 out of 68 sera (68%). Three PBC sera reacted with the C-terminus only. Only 1/7 serum from patients with an "overlap syndrome of PBC and AIH" was reactive with C-terminal sequences. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis of BCKADC-E2-positive PBC sera identified a novel B cell epitope on the C-terminal part of the human protein. Our data indicate that a distinct subset of AMA recognize sequence(s) on BCKADC-E2 which located outside of the lipoyl binding domain. The absence of immunoreactivity against C-terminal sequences may serve as a marker differentiating patients with PBC and overlap syndrome of PBC with AIH. PMID- 14768950 TI - Models for natural killer cell repertoire formation. AB - Natural killer (NK) cells lyse only cells that do not express sufficient levels of self class I MHC molecules. Inhibition of lysis is mediated by inhibitory receptors expressed by NK cells, such as the murine Ly49 receptors, that bind to MHC class I molecules. Since inhibitory receptor genes and MHC class I genes are located on different chromosomes, and are hence not automatically co-inherited, NK cells apparently adapt to the MHC environment during their development. Two models have been proposed to account for this "education" process of NK cells. The two-step selection model postulates that developing NK cells initiate the stable expression of a random set of Ly49 genes, and then undergo two selection steps, one for cells that express a sufficient number of self-MHC receptors, and one against cells that express too many inhibitory receptors. The sequential model postulates that a cell keeps initiating the stable expression of additional inhibitory receptors until a sufficient expression level of self-MHC specific receptors is reached, and the cell matures. In this study we implement both models in computer simulations, and compare simulation results to experimental data, in order to evaluate the relative plausibility of the two models. PMID- 14768951 TI - Pseudo alopecia areata caused by skull-caps with metal pin fasteners used by Orthodox Jews in Israel. AB - BACKGROUND: Alopecia Areata (AA) is a disease characterized by hair loss that is widely believed to be autoimmune in origin. Thus treatment is generally aimed in this direction using immune inhibitors such as steroids and PUVA. OBJECTIVE: To describe a variant of AA, Pseudo Alopecia Areata, caused by a particular cupola pin holder (tic-tac) and to offer a non-pharmacological treatment option (NPT). METHODS: A prospective open label study in 37 Jewish religious patients (34 males, 3 females, mean 35 +/- 2 years), previously diagnosed and treated for scalp AA were randomly referred to one of the three NPT intervention methods: small cupola held by two pins, large cupola held by one pin and similar cupola held by a different pin. RESULTS: Three of the ten patients (33.3%) from the first group developed secondary AA from the additional pin. No changes were seen in the second group. Ten of the seventeen patients (58.8%) from the third group achieved immediate improvement subsequent to replacing the original pin with a new one on a larger cupola. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative pharmacological treatment failed to repair the lesions. The addition of a second pin caused an additional lesion. In contrast, replacing the cupola with a larger one and the original pin fastener with a different type, successfully reduced the lesions. PMID- 14768952 TI - Appearance of human plasma cells following differentiation of human B cells in NOD/SCID mouse spleen. AB - Relatively little is known for the differentiation and maturation process of human B cells to plasma cells. This is particularly important in reconstitution work involving transfer of autoantibodies. To address this issue, we transplanted human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) directly into the spleen of irradiated NOD/SCID mice depleted of natural killer cell activity. Within 6 weeks, naive B cells differentiated into memory B cells and, importantly, the numbers of human CD138+ plasma cells in spleen increased by 100 fold after transplantation. Plasma cell numbers correlated with the detection of human IgM and IgG in serum, indicating that human B cells had differentiated into mature plasma cells in the murine spleen. In addition to CD19+ plasma cells, a distinct CD19- plasma cell population was detected, suggesting that downregulation of CD19 associated with maturation of plasma cells occurred. When purified human B cells were transplanted, those findings were not observed. Our results indicate that differentiation and maturation of human B cells and plasma cells can be investigated by transplantation of human PBMC into the spleen of NOD/SCID mice. The model will be useful for studying the differentiation of human B cells and generation of plasma cells. PMID- 14768953 TI - IgG autoantibodies against beta2-glycoprotein I complexed with a lipid ligand derived from oxidized low-density lipoprotein are associated with arterial thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome. AB - We recently reported [J. Lipid Res. 42 (2001), 697; 43 (2002), 1486; 44 (2003), 716] that [beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2GPI) forms complexes with oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and autoantibodies against these complexes are present in patients with SLE and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The relationship of beta2GPI/oxLDL complexes and IgG autoantibodies against beta2GPI complexed with oxLig-1 (an oxLDL-derived ligand) with clinical manifestations of APS was studied in 150 APS and SLE patients. The beta2GPI/oxLDL levels of APS patients were similar to those of SLE patients without APS, but they were significantly higher than healthy individuals. There was no difference in the complex levels among the patients with arterial, venous thrombosis, or pregnancy morbidity. IgG anti-beta2GPI/oxLig 1 levels of APS were significantly higher than those of SLE without APS and healthy individuals. Further, antibody levels of APS patients with arterial thrombosis were significantly higher than those patients with venous thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity. Thus, oxidation of LDL leads the complex formation with beta2GPI in SLE and APS patients. In contrast, anti-beta2GPI/oxLig-1 autoantibodies were generated only in APS and were strongly associated with arterial thrombosis. These results suggest that autoantibodies against beta2GPI/oxLDL complexes are etiologically important in the development of atherosclerosis in APS. PMID- 14768954 TI - Magnitude of alloresponses to MHC class I/II expressing human cardiac myocytes is limited by their intrinsic ability to process and present antigenic peptides. AB - In this investigation we have explored the relationship between the weak allogenicity of cardiac myocytes and their capacity to present allo-antigens by examining the ability of a human cardiac myocyte cell line (W-1) to process and present nominal antigens. W-1 cells (HLA-A*0201 and HLA-DR beta1*0301) pulsed with the influenza A matrix 1 (58-66) peptide (M1) were able to serve as targets for the HLA-A*0201 restricted CTL line PG, specific for M1-peptide. However, PG CTLs were unable to lyse W-1 target cells infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the M1 protein (M1-VAC). Pretreatment of these M1-VAC targets with IFN-gamma partially restored their ability to process and present the M1 peptide. However, parallel studies demonstrated that IFN-gamma pretreated W-1's could not process tetanus toxin (TT) or present the TT(830-843) peptide to HLA DR3 restricted TT-primed T cells. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR measurements revealed significantly lower constitutive levels of expression for MHC class I, TAP-1/2, and LMP-2/7 genes in W-1s that could be elevated by pretreatment with IFN-gamma to values equal to or greater than those expressed in EBV-PBLs. However, mRNA levels for the genes encoding MHC class II, Ii, CIITA, and DMA/B were markedly lower in both untreated and IFN-gamma pretreated W-1s relative to EBV-PBLs. Furthermore, pulse-chase analysis of the corresponding genes revealed significantly lower protein levels and longer half-life expression in W-1s relative to EBV-PBLs. These results suggest that weak allogenicity of cardiac myocytes may be governed by their limited expression of MHC genes and gene products critical for antigen processing and presentation. PMID- 14768955 TI - Is there a relation between Chlamydia infection and primary biliary cirrhosis? AB - Over the past two decades, a number of studies have failed to provide direct evidence of specific microbial chronic infection in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). However, a recent report suggests that there is a specific association of Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with PBC and that C. pneumoniae or similar antigens might play a role in the pathogenesis of disease. To determine if Chlamydia infection is associated with PBC, we applied a combination of immunological and molecular approaches to investigate (a) the serological reactivity against two common Chlamydia human pathogens, C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis, by immunoblotting, (b) the presence of Chlamydia in liver samples of patients with PBC and controls by PCR amplification of Chlamydia specific 16S rRNA and (c) the presence of Chlamydia proteins in liver samples of patients with PBC and controls by immunohistochemical staining. By immunoblotting, C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae specific serological antibodies were found in 52/57 (91.2%) AMA positive PBC, 7/33 (21/2%) of AMA negative PBC, 1/25 (4%) PSC, 0/15 (0%) Sjorgen's syndrome and 0/20 (0%) systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 0/20 (0%) healthy volunteers at 1:200 sera dilution. PBC sera reacted to Chlamydia and E. coli lysates in western blots up to a maximum of 10(-4) dilution. However, PCR amplification of the Chlamydia specific 16S rRNA gene was negative in 25/25 PBC livers but positive in 1/4 PSC liver, 3/6 in other liver disease controls and 1/4 normal liver samples. While two commercially available specific monoclonal antibodies stained positive controls (Chlamydia infected HEp 2 cells) they failed to detect Chlamydia antigens in PBC livers. The detection of Chlamydia specific antibodies but not Chlamydia rRNA gene and Chlamydia antigens in PBC suggests that Chlamydia infection is not involved in PBC. PMID- 14768956 TI - Sexy shoes or sorry feet. PMID- 14768957 TI - Ankle and pantalar arthrodeses using vascularized fibular grafts. AB - From 1989 to 1998 ankle and pantalar arthrodeses using vascularized fibular grafts were performed for seven patients. The indications for surgery were chronic nonunion following fracture of the distal tibia in four patients, rheumatoid arthritis in two, and talus necrosis in one. The ankle joint was fused in the two patients with a pilon fracture, and in the other five patients, both the ankle and subtalar joints were fused. In one patient, additional bone grafting was required for delayed union. In the other six patients, the mean period required to obtain radiographic bone union was 6 months (range, 4-9 months). The time until the patients could walk without braces ranged from 6 to 20 months (mean, 12.3 months). Local infection was not encountered in any patients. This procedure represents a viable option for patients in whom a standard, less complicated arthrodesis cannot be performed. PMID- 14768958 TI - Mechanical response of ankle ligaments at low loads. AB - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the mechanical behavior of human ankle ligaments at low forces. Predominantly, ankle ligaments have been studied under the auspices of ligament injury. While the mechanical properties of a ligament when tested to failure provide a basis for comparisons, the loads and displacement do not reflect normal physiologic loading. METHODS: Eight fresh frozen ankles (mean age 65) were dissected to expose the ligaments surrounding the talocrural joint. Eight ankle ligaments were studied and included: medially anterior tibiotalar (ATTL), posterior tibiotalar (PTTL), tibiocalcaneal (TCL); laterally-anterior tibiofibular (ATiFL), posterior tibiofibular (PTiFL), anterior talofibular (ATFL), posterior talofibular (PTFL), and calcaneofibular (CFL). Stress relaxation tests were carried out at 30% and 10% strain. The peak load and area under the curve were assessed for all experiments. RESULTS: Significant differences were found for the average peak loads of the elastic response between 30% and 10% strain for each ligament (p < .05). At 10% strain the relationship between the ligaments on the medial and lateral side revealed a Pearson R value of .991 (p = .087). No significant difference was found between the strain energies of the various ligaments (p > .05). The anterior talofibular ligament was found to possess similar relaxation results to the medial ligaments. The calcaneofibular ligament relaxed up to 10% more compared to the anterior talofibular for the same relaxation period. The mechanical testing was performed in uniaxial tension and did not consider off-axis loading that may occur in vivo during ankle motion. CONCLUSIONS: The stress relaxation experiments revealed all ligaments to relax even when loaded to less than 5 N, reflecting the viscoelastic nature of ligaments. The stress relaxation results show that the anterior talofibular ligament does not relax to the same extent as the other lateral ligaments. Examining the properties of human ankle ligaments at low loads has revealed some new findings. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study highlights the need to understand the synergistic effects of the ligaments. This is important for reconstruction and arthroplasty procedures. PMID- 14768959 TI - Transarticular distal soft-tissue release with an arthroscopic blade for hallux valgus correction. AB - The few reported anatomic studies have proved the inconsistency of distal soft tissue release for hallux valgus correction with both the open (dorsal) and transarticular approaches. Anatomic dissections were performed in 15 fresh-frozen human anatomic lower extremity specimens to evaluate the efficacy of the transarticular soft-tissue release utilizing an arthroscopic blade. The features of the arthroscopic blade, such as continuous cutting surface in all edges, increased length as compared with the No. 15 scalpel blade, and flexibility that permits bending without the likelihood of breakage, substantially increase its efficacy during the transarticular soft-tissue release, allowing for complete release of the lateral sesamoid ligament, lateral metatarsophalangeal capsule, and the adductor hallucis tendon insertion onto the proximal phalangeal base. Based on these observations, the authors recognized the inherent limitations of the transarticular approach for complete adductor release from the lateral sesamoid. Transarticular release including the lateral sesamoid ligament, lateral metatarsophalangeal capsule, and the adductor hallucis tendon insertion onto the proximal phalangeal base utilizing the arthroscopic blade is a versatile, reproducible, safe, and easy technique that should be expected to have decreased morbidity and improved cosmesis compared with the open approach. PMID- 14768960 TI - Health-related quality of life for patients with rheumatoid arthritis foot involvement. AB - HYPOTHESIS: Rheumatoid arthritis is a common disabling form of arthritis that frequently affects the hands and feet. With time, the majority of affected individuals will become disabled. METHODS: Sixty-nine consecutively selected mild to moderately affected individuals with rheumatoid arthritis provided demographic data and agreed to complete the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SFMA) instrument. Focus group subjects selectively used minimally adaptive nonprescription footwear. Control subjects had similar disease expression, but did not alter their choice of footwear due to their disease. RESULTS: Adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis demonstrate a significant negative impact on their quality of life with mild or moderate disease expression, as evidenced by poor scores in all six domains of the SFMA. Subjects who used even mildly adaptive nonprescription footwear demonstrated a statistically significant negative impact in mobility (p < .044) and functional index (p < .052) domains as compared with the control population having similar overall disease expression. Focus subjects also demonstrated a trend to less favorable scores in the arm and hand domain. Mean scores of the daily activity, emotional status, and bother index domains fared worse than population norms, but there was no statistical difference between subjects using, or not using, adaptive footwear. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals affected with mild to moderate rheumatoid arthritis are disabled as compared with the general population. There is a severe negative impact on mobility and functional capacity when the disease process begins to affect their feet. PMID- 14768961 TI - Clinical outcome of surgical treatment of the symptomatic accessory navicular. AB - BACKGROUND: When conservative treatment fails to provide relief for a symptomatic accessory navicular, surgical intervention may be necessary. Numerous studies have been published, reporting the results of the traditional Kidner procedure and alternative surgical techniques, all of which produce mostly satisfactory clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical results, utilizing the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Midfoot Scale, of surgical management for symptomatic accessory navicular with simple excision and anatomic repair of the tibialis posterior tendon. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the results of 13 consecutive patients (14 feet) who underwent surgical treatment for symptomatic accessory navicular. The patients ranged in age from 16 to 64 years (average, 34.1 years; mean, 28.2 years) at the time of surgery. All patients had a type II accessory navicular. The average follow-up of the patients involved in the study was 103.4 months (range, 45-194 months). The AOFAS Midfoot Scale was utilized to determine both preoperative and postoperative clinical status of the 14 feet included in the study. RESULTS: The average preoperative AOFAS score was 48.2 (range, 20-75; mean, 38.8). The average postoperative AOFAS score was 94.5 (range, 83-100; mean, 94.3). At last follow up, 13 of 14 feet were without any pain, no patients had activity limitations, and only two of 14 feet required shoe insert modification. Postoperatively, no patients had a clinically notable change in their preoperative midfoot longitudinal arch alignment. All of the patients in the study were satisfied with the outcome of their surgery and would undergo the same operation again under similar circumstances. CONCLUSIONS: When conservative measures fail to relieve the symptoms of a painful accessory navicular, simple excision of the accessory navicular and anatomic repair of the posterior tibialis tendon is a successful intervention. Overall, the procedure provides reliable pain relief and patient satisfaction. In the current study, the clinical status of each patient improved significantly postoperatively, quantified utilizing the AOFAS Midfoot Scale. PMID- 14768962 TI - Reconstruction of the lateral ligaments: do the anatomical procedures restore physiologic ankle kinematics? AB - BACKGROUND: If conservative therapy fails, the standard treatment for chronic ankle instability is surgical reconstruction of the lateral ligaments. For the last seventy years, the tenodesis principles have been used for reconstruction. Recently however, surgical reconstructions--respecting the intact joint anatomy- have been developed, thus called "anatomical reconstruction principles". METHODS: This study focused on the investigation of the range of motion of the ankle and the subtalar joint following anatomical reconstruction surgery. Three different types of anatomical reconstruction procedures were compared: Direct ligament repair, tendon graft and carbon-fiber implant. RESULTS: All procedures restored the original range of motion of the subtalar joint, except for the plantarflexed/dorsiflexed positions. As for the talocrural joint, the tendon graft and the carbon fiber implant left a small laxity for movements of inversion/eversion and internal/external rotation. The direct repair procedure achieved a more accurate result and restored the physiologic kinematics almost completely. During each procedure the insertion points and the direction of the original ligaments were maintained. However, the different results for the procedure of direct ligament repair compared to the other two anatomical reconstruction procedures showed that this condition alone is not sufficient to perfectly restore the kinematics of the talocrural and subtalar joints. It is important to note that none of the procedures caused a restriction of the range of motion. CONCLUSIONS: The maintenance of the range of hindfoot motion decreases the risk of osteoarthritis as well as chronic pain or problems for the patient to walk on uneven surface. Therefore, we believe that standard therapy for chronic instability of the ankle should include direct surgical reconstruction of the ligaments. If this direct procedure cannot be performed because of poor quality of the ligaments an alternative anatomical reconstruction procedure should be considered. PMID- 14768963 TI - Technique tip: popliteal nerve block by surgeon in the lateral decubitus position. PMID- 14768965 TI - Re: Modified split extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer for correction of hallux varus, Lau JTC, Myerson MS, Foot Ankle Int. 23(12):1138-1140, 2002. PMID- 14768964 TI - Technique tip: tantalum: a structural bone graft option for foot and ankle surgery. PMID- 14768966 TI - Hypnosis, memory, and frontal executive functioning. AB - According to the dissociated-control hypothesis forwarded by Woody and Bowers (1994), the effects of hypnosis are consistent with attenuated frontal lobe functioning. The present study was designed to compare the performance of participants with high and low hypnotic ability on a variety of memory tasks thought to be sensitive to frontal lobe functioning, as well as some control memory tasks not considered to be sensitive to such functioning. Results generally indicated that participants with high hypnotic ability have more difficulty with tasks sensitive to frontal lobe functioning, including free recall, proactive interference, and source amnesia tasks, both within and outside of the context of hypnosis. These differences, which were not found for nonfrontal tasks, are generally supportive of the dissociated control theory of hypnotic responding. PMID- 14768967 TI - Virtual reality hypnosis: a case report. AB - This preliminary case report explored the use of hypnosis induced through a 3 dimensional, immersive, computer-generated virtual reality (VR) world as a means to control pain and anxiety in a patient with a severe burn injury. On hospitalization Day 40, after reports of uncontrollable pain and anxiety, the patient underwent hypnotic induction while immersed in a virtual world and received posthypnotic suggestions for decreased pain and anxiety during subsequent wound-care sessions. The patient's pain and anxiety each dropped 40% after VR hypnosis on a Graphic Rating Scale for his Day 41 wound care. Pain dropped similar levels on Day 42 with an audio-only version of the intervention and then returned to baseline without intervention on Day 43. PMID- 14768968 TI - Sex differences on the HGSHS:A. AB - Over a 28-year period, 724 men and 1148 women completed the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A. Overall, women scored higher than men. This effect was most prominent on 6 of the 12 items, most (though not all) challenge items (identified by a principal-components analysis). The overall effect size was quite small. Results are discussed in terms of differences in item difficulty. PMID- 14768969 TI - Hypnotic susceptibility: multidimensional relationships with Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, COMT polymorphisms, absorption, and attentional characteristics. AB - One hundred and seven healthy volunteers were administered Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), the Differential Attentional Processes Inventory (DAPI), the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS), and the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C). Polymorphisms of catechol O methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme involved in dopamine metabolism, were assessed. Highly hypnotizable subjects self-reported greater TPQ persistence, absorption, and focused attentional abilities. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses found that TPQ persistence, COMT, TAS, and the DAPI attentional scales explained 43.8% of the variance in women and 29% in men. Membership was correctly discriminated for the more extreme low (62.1%) and highly (81.5%) hypnotizable groups. These results suggest that highly hypnotizable persons have a more effective frontolimbic attentional system and further suggest the involvement of dopaminergic systems in hypnotizability. PMID- 14768970 TI - Clinical hypnosis for smoking cessation: preliminary results of a three-session intervention. AB - This study presents preliminary data regarding hypnosis treatment for smoking cessation in a clinical setting. An individualized, 3-session hypnosis treatment is described. Thirty smokers enrolled in an HMO were referred by their primary physician for treatment. Twenty-one patients returned after an initial consultation and received hypnosis for smoking cessation. At the end of treatment, 81% of those patients reported that they had stopped smoking, and 48% reported abstinence at 12 months posttreatment. Most patients (95%) were satisfied with the treatment they received. Recommendations for future research to empirically evaluate this hypnosis treatment are discussed. PMID- 14768971 TI - Salient findings: pivotal reviews and research on hypnosis, soma, and cognition. AB - Recently, 9 especially important critical reviews and research studies have appeared in the general scientific and medical literatures pertaining to 4 areas of applied and scientific hypnosis: management of pain, treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, adjunctive hypnosis in outpatient surgery, and error in memory. Together, these articles examine matters of soma and cognition that are at once core to scientific hypnosis but also of keen interest to clinicians. The studies and reviews are conceptually ambitious and methodologically sophisticated. The findings enlighten medical and scientific readers about what hypnosis is and what it is not. PMID- 14768972 TI - An investigation into the inter-relationships of sulphur xeno-biotransformation pathways in Parkinson's and motor neurone diseases. AB - The role of defective 'sulphur xenobiotic' biotransformations in the aetiology of Parkinson's and motor neurone diseases has been in the literature for over a decade. Problems in the S-oxidation of aliphatic thioethers, sulphation of phenolic compounds and the S-methylation of aliphatic sulphydryl groups have all been reported. These reports have also been consistent in observing that only a 'significant minority' of patients express these problems in sulphur biotransformation pathways. However, no investigation has yet reported on the incidence of these three defective pathways in control invididuals and in patients with Parkinson's and motor neurone disease. This investigation has found that: 1. Forty percent of patients with Parkinson's and motor neurone disease have a defect in the S-oxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine compared to 4% of controls. 2. 35-40% of patients with Parkinson's and motor neurone disease have a defect in the sulphation of paracetamol compared to 4% of controls. 3. 60% of patients with motor neurone disease have a high capacity for the S-methylation of 2-mercaptoethanol compared to 4% of controls. 4. 38% of patients with Parkinson's disease have a low capacity for the S-methylation of 2-mercaptoethanol compared to 4% of controls. 5. There is no correlation between the S-oxidation phenotype, low paracetamol sulphation phenotype and low or high S-methylation phenotype in controls or patients with Parkinson's or motor neurone disease. 6. The number of controls that expressed one of the aberrant phenotypes was 4% compared to 38% of the patients with Parkinson's disease and 47% of the patients with motor neurone disease. 7. The number of controls that expressed two of the aberrant phenotypes was 0% compared to 18% of the patients with Parkinson's disease and 19% of those with motor neurone disease. 8. No controls or patients with Parkinson's disease or motor neurone disease expressed all three of the aberrant phenotypes. The results indicate that the three xeno-biotransformation pathways are under separate genetic control in the three population groups studied and that patients with Parkinson's and motor neurone disease do not have a widespread defect in their sulphur xenobiochemistry capacity. PMID- 14768973 TI - Degradation to sulphate of S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide and S-carboxymethyl-L cysteine sulphoxide in man. AB - A nearly complete recovery of radioactivity was achieved over 14 days following the oral administration of [35S]-S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide and [35S]-S carboxymethyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide to four healthy male volunteers. The urine was the major pathway of excretion of radioactivity (c. 96% in 0-14 days; c. 59% in 0-24 hours), with the faecal route being relatively unimportant (c. 1.7% in 0 3 days). Inorganic sulphate was an important degradation product, incorporating a substantial proportion of radioactive sulphur derived from these molecules (c. 40% in 0-14 days; c. 20% in 0-24 hours). Subtle differences were noted in the pattern of radioactive sulphate excretion following administration of the two cysteine-sulphoxide compounds, suggesting that their sulphur-containing moieties may enter different catabolic routes. PMID- 14768974 TI - Investigation of enzyme selectivity in the human CYP2C subfamily: homology modelling of CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 from the CYP2C5 crystallographic template. AB - Homology modelling of human CYP2C subfamily enzymes, CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, based on the rabbit CYP2C5 crystal structure template is reported. The relatively high sequence homologies (75-80%) between the rabbit CYP2C5 and human CYP2C subfamily enzymes tend to indicate that the resulting structures should prove adequate models of these major catalysts of human drug metabolism. Selective substrates of all three human CYP2C enzymes are found to fit closely within the putative active sites in a manner which is consistent with site-directed mutagenesis experiments and known positions of substrate metabolism. The specific interactions between substrates and enzymes can be used to rationalize the variation in substrate binding affinity and generate QSAR models for both inhibition and metabolism via CYP2C family enzymes, yielding a generally good agreement with experimental binding data obtained from Km values, with correlation coefficients (R values) of between 0.97 and 0.99 depending on the QSAR equation produced. PMID- 14768975 TI - Influence of rifampicin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of celecoxib in healthy male volunteers. AB - The effect of rifampicin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of celecoxib was investigated in 12 healthy male human volunteers. After an overnight fast, celecoxib 200 mg was administered to the volunteers, either alone or after 5 days pretreatment with once daily dose of 600 mg rifampicin. Serum concentrations of celecoxib were estimated by reverse phase HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined based on non-compartmental model analysis using the computer program KINETICA. A significant difference was observed in AUC(0-1) (4531.28 +/- 2147 vs 1629.1 +/- 1006 ng x h x ml(-1), p < 0.0001), AUC(0-infinity) (4632.42 +/- 2221.75 vs 1629.46 +/- 1012.61 ng x h x ml(-1), p = 0.0006), Cmax (544.89 +/- 273.91 vs 238.61 +/- 146.34 ng/ml, p = 0.04), t(1/2) (9.3 +/- 3.58 vs 4.0 +/- 1.43 h, p = 0.0317) and Cl/f (43.14 +/- 36.23 vs 122.85 +/- 95 l x h(-1), p < 0.0001) of celecoxib administered before and after rifampicin pretreatment. However, time to reach peak concentration, tmax (4 +/- 0.88 vs 4 +/- 0.83 h) and volume of distribution Vd/f (583 +/- 251 vs 710 +/- 690 l/kg) were not affected significantly. Rifampicin pretreatment reduced the AUC of celecoxib by 64% and increased the clearance by 185%. This may be due to increased metabolism of celecoxib due to the induction of cytochrome P4502C9 (CYP2C9) in liver. This interaction has a significant clinical relevance and may warrant dosage adjustment when celecoxib is co-administered with rifampicin in chronic treatment conditions, such as tuberculosis, leprosy and other infections of joints, bones, etc. PMID- 14768976 TI - CAM and DSHEA. PMID- 14768977 TI - Business owner or employee--which is best for your practice? PMID- 14768978 TI - Networking lessons for women professionals--connecting the dots, building matrices. PMID- 14768979 TI - From swords to shields: the essential partnership of physicians and attorneys. PMID- 14768980 TI - Ethics surrounding the impoverished patient. AB - A case is presented in which an uninsured woman sought care at a medical clinic and then an emergency room, where she was ultimately diagnosed with early cervical cancer. Although cervical cancer at this stage carries an excellent prognosis, the patient was unable to pay for the diagnostic testing, surgery, and additional treatment that she needed and was therefore told that she would be treated in an emergency situation only. The ethics of providing care in a health care system that makes no provision for care of the indigent is discussed, with consideration of obligations of individual physicians as well as of institutions to care for the sick. A single-payer system is advocated as a solution to the problem of providing care to the under- and uninsured. PMID- 14768981 TI - Herbal supplement use among US women, 2000. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of herbal supplement use and its association with sociodemographic, health status, and health behavior characteristics in a nationally representative sample of US women. METHODS: We analyzed the cancer supplement file of the 2000 National Health Interview Survey, which included 11,888 non-Hispanic white, 2866 non-Hispanic black, 3035 Hispanic, and 599 non Hispanic other women. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between sociodemographic, health status, and health behavior characteristics and the use of: 1) any herbal supplement; 2) Echinacea, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, or St. John's wort; and 3) at least 3 herbal supplements concurrently. RESULTS: Nearly one-sixth of US women took at least 1 herbal supplement in 2000. Logistic regression showed that women who were non-Hispanic white, aged 35 to 64 years, more educated, not poor, current alcohol users, residents of the South and West, and who had functional limitations and chronic conditions were significantly more likely to take the most commonly reported herbal supplements. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests high levels of herbal supplement use among US women. Supplement use is generally associated with higher education, higher income, residence in the South and West, and health needs. The growing practice of herbal supplement use suggests a need for public health guidance on the safe and efficacious use of these products. PMID- 14768982 TI - Sex differences in first-year students at Canadian medical schools. AB - OBJECTIVES: To compare male and female medical students by age, level of education before admission to medical school, race/ethnicity, parental education level, socioeconomic status, and attitudes toward public health care. METHODS: In 2001, we conducted an Internet-based survey of all students enrolled in the 16 medical schools across Canada. Based on the high response rate, first-year medical students at Canadian medical schools outside of Quebec were included in this analysis. The interactions between sex and age, years of premedical education, race/ethnicity, parental occupation, education and household income, impact of finances on choice of medical school, future specialty and practice location, attitudes toward private funding in the Canadian health care system were examined using descriptive statistics and chi2 tests. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between male and female medical students in age, level of education before admission, and race/ethnicity. Female students' fathers (p=.046) and mothers (p=.061) were more likely to hold positions of higher occupational status than were those of male students. There was no significant difference between the parental household incomes of male and female students. Male students were more likely than female students to state that financial considerations would affect their choice of specialty (p=.002) and practice location (p=.002). Male students were more likely to express a positive attitude toward private funding in the health care system, both with respect to increasing the amount of private funding (p=.007) and the addition of private paying patients (p=.002). CONCLUSION: Although women have almost reached equity with men in undergraduate medical education, female students are more likely than male students to have highly educated parents, suggesting that some barriers to access may still exist. The differences in attitudes of female and male medical students to finances and the public health care system become increasingly important as more women practice medicine. These sex differences need to be investigated further, as they could have implications for health policy. PMID- 14768983 TI - Pitfalls in management of shoulder dystocia with occiput-posterior position. AB - BACKGROUND: The protocol for shoulder dystocia assumes an anterior shoulder entrapped above the pubic symphysis. If the shoulders lie in a different position, a different strategy is required. Such a situation can occur in shoulder dystocia with an occipito-posterior position. CASE: An operative vaginal delivery in a nulliparous woman resulted in a shoulder dystocia with the head in the occipito-posterior position, and the usual maneuvers were unsuccessful. The shoulders were transverse and after being manipulated into the oblique plane, an atraumatic vaginal delivery resulted. CONCLUSION: In the rare situation of an occipito-posterior shoulder dystocia, the shoulders may be in the transverse position. This situation can be addressed by manipulating the shoulders and by making an episiotomy to facilitate the maneuver. If unsuccessful, cephalic replacement may be an option. PMID- 14768984 TI - Intimate partner violence and job instability. AB - OBJECTIVE: Research has shown that intimate partner violence (IPV) affects the physical and mental health of victims. It can also compromise work performance, leading to job loss. We explored the potential link between job loss and IPV as part of a larger study on IPV and health care. METHODS: Thirty-two mothers in Midwestern IPV shelters or support groups were interviewed to gather information about their abuse histories, health care experiences, and demographic characteristics. Interviews were audio taped, transcribed, and reviewed for themes. RESULTS: Half of participants had lost jobs because of IPV. Reasons included: the abuser told the victim to quit, in order to be safe, excessive absences because of covering up the abuse, and health issues exacerbated by IPV. CONCLUSION: Job instability was common among IPV victims in this study. Although this study did not address cause and effect, evidence of job instability may be another "red flag symptom" indicating that providers should screen for IPV. PMID- 14768985 TI - Out-of-pocket expenditures for oral contraceptives and number of packs per purchase. AB - OBJECTIVE: Two potential barriers to use of oral contraceptives (OCPs) are out-of pocket expenditures and the inconvenience of monthly pharmacy visits. This study used nationally representative data to examine the out-of-pocket costs of OCPs and whether women obtain more than 1 pack per purchase. METHODS: We used data from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Dependent variables were out-of pocket expenditures per pack and the number of packs obtained per purchase. Chi2 tests were used to examine the bivariate relationships between the dependent variables and covariates. Regression analyses were used to examine the predictors of OCP expenditures and the number of packs obtained per purchase. RESULTS: Women paid an average of 14 dollars per pack of OCPs, and 73% obtained only 1 pack per purchase. On average, privately insured women paid 60% of the total expenditures for OCPs. Women who had no prescription drug coverage, who were uninsured, or who were privately insured but not in managed care plans had higher out-of-pocket expenditures. Women who were without prescription drug coverage or who were in managed care plans were more likely to obtain only 1 pack per purchase. CONCLUSION: Out-of-pocket costs and dispensing restrictions may be barriers to consistent use of OCPs. Women's health care providers should consider options to overcome these barriers, such as the use of mail order prescription services. PMID- 14768986 TI - An investigation of sex differences in nonpsychiatric morbidity associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. AB - OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the current study are to delineate nonpsychiatric illness associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in order to inform services and interventions for traumatized patients in medical and public health settings. The current report examines sex differences in nonpsychiatric illnesses associated with PTSD in a nationally representative sample. Analyses account for the roles of poverty and major depression, 2 factors strongly linked to both health status and PTSD. METHOD: Data on 2835 men and 3042 women from the National Comorbidity Survey were analyzed to obtain adjusted odds ratios for the risk of medical conditions and the types of medical conditions associated with PTSD for men and women. RESULTS: Women and men with PTSD were more than twice as likely to experience at least 1 current nonpsychiatric medical condition as were women and men without PTSD, even when age, socioeconomic status, and major depression were adjusted for. Depression and income below the poverty level were associated with additional risk of nonpsychiatric conditions among women, but not among men. CONCLUSIONS: PTSD is associated with significant nonpsychiatric illness. The relationship between PTSD and current health conditions is similar for men and women, but depression and poverty, which frequently co-occur with PTSD, define a subset of disadvantaged women with significant health and mental health service needs. Interventions for this population must address the full range of both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric illness. PMID- 14768987 TI - A survey of residents' attitudes and practices in screening for, managing, and documenting domestic violence. AB - OBJECTIVE: We conducted this study to identify residents' limitations in screening for, documenting, and managing domestic violence (DV) and to focus future educational interventions. METHODS: We administered a detailed survey to 103 internal medicine residents from 4 university-affiliated programs to ascertain their attitudes about and practices in screening for, documenting, and managing DV. RESULTS: Most residents agreed that DV is a significant health care problem (87%) and one in which physicians can intervene effectively (77%), yet 37% reported not screening for DV. Residents who said they do not screen reported a variety of mitigating factors, from uncertainty about how to screen for and manage DV, to fear of insulting or angering the patient. Eighty-two percent stated that they would document DV in the chart, but 51% had reasons for not documenting DV, ranging from fear that the patient's partner might harm the patient or the physician to concern that the patient may not be telling the truth. Fifty-seven percent of residents said they would ask about DV more often if state law mandated it. When asked to choose which management interventions were helpful or unhelpful, many residents made incorrect, potentially injurious choices. CONCLUSION: Many residents reported beliefs and practices that could inhibit optimal care of DV victims. Educational interventions should be directed at remedying residents' gaps in knowledge and attitudes to improve screening for, documenting, and managing DV. PMID- 14768988 TI - Management and follow-up of abnormal Papanicolaou tests. AB - Although less prevalent than breast cancer, cervical cancer has a lower 5-year survival rate. Cervical cancer is nearly always due to human papillomavirus (HPV). Increased screening and DNA typing for oncogenic HPV have begun to reduce the number of cases. Interpretation of Papanicolaou test results and disease management decisions require a comprehensive grasp of recent revisions in classification and management practice. This article reviews the recommendations of the multidisciplinary Bethesda 2001 Workshop and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Practice changes include: new criteria for using liquid-based collection, a streamlined borderline category of atypical squamous cells (ASC), and a new category of ASC-cannot exclude high-grade lesion (ASC-H). Management includes colposcopy for all categories suspicious for epithelial abnormality and clearer guidelines for diagnostic colposcopy and endocervical sampling for glandular cell abnormalities (AGC, AGC-favor neoplasia). Adolescents and postmenopausal women have some variations from the recommended protocol. Reflex HPV DNA typing reflects the advances in research regarding risks for progression to cervical cancer. Treatment options include surgical removal of the lesions via laser, cryosurgery, loop excision, or cold knife conization. Medical options include local treatments of cervical condyloma with tricloroacetic acid or 5-fluorouracil. Visible and sometimes functional cervical changes may result. Clinicians now have clearer guidelines with which to manage abnormal Papanicolaou test results, using the latest technology and research. Discussing abnormal results with patients requires great sensitivity. PMID- 14768989 TI - What schools can do to help gay/lesbian/bisexual youth: a harm. AB - In recognition of the fact that heterosexism is one of the most significant realities of adolescents' day-to-day experiences in school, this paper examines the school environment in terms of disempowering and empowering aspects. It is argued that failure to take a proactive stance to help youth with gender identity issues is a major cause of psychological problems, leading in some cases to suicide, alcohol and other drug abuse, and homelessness. PMID- 14768990 TI - Adolescent girls' perceptions of goodness and badness and the role of will in their behavioral decisions. AB - The present study explored adolescents' ethical self-images and related behavioral decisions. Data were collected from two groups of adolescent girls (N = 49) using an open-ended survey. One group attended a public high school for gifted students and the other group attended an alternative public high school. The results indicate that goodness is connected with altruism, adherence to external standards, or self-beneficial actions. Alternatively, badness is associated with going against social norms, harming others, or violating inner values. In these two groups overall, decisions about how to behave seem influenced by both inner standards and relational pulls. Differences between the two groups are also discussed. PMID- 14768991 TI - School-year employment among high school students: effects on academic, social, and physical functioning. AB - This study describes the effects of different weekly work intensity levels on adolescent functioning in a sample of 3,083 high school students in rural South Texas, where economically disadvantaged and Hispanic youth are heavily represented. Anonymous surveys were conducted in 10th- and 12th-grade students' classrooms in 1995. The following effects were associated with long hours of weekly employment during the school year: (1) decreased performance/engagement in school and satisfaction with amount of leisure time, and (2) increased health risk behaviors and psychological stress. The effects of school-year work on academic factors and health behaviors differed by grade, but not by race/ethnicity, parent education, or race/ethnicity and parent education considered together. It was concluded that parents and professionals should continue to monitor the number of weekly hours that students work during the school year. PMID- 14768992 TI - The association of ecological variables and psychological distress with exposure to community violence among adolescents. AB - Ecological theory suggests that exposure to community violence should be related to individual, family, and community characteristics; traumatic stress theory suggests that exposure to community violence should be related to level of psychological distress. A correlational study of 468 older adolescents in New York City tested these hypotheses. Exposure was found to be moderately related to level of psychological distress, but was not related to family or neighborhood characteristics. It was concluded that the nature of exposure to community violence poses difficulties for interventions aimed at either prevention or amelioration of effects. PMID- 14768993 TI - The cultural adjustment and mental health of Japanese immigrant youth. AB - Interviews were conducted with eight Japanese immigrant youth about their experiences with respect to adjusting to life in the United States, dealing with discrimination, and coping with cultural challenges. They were also questioned about their mental health and family and peer relations. Results indicate that participants managed to maintain bicultural identities and to cope with the problems that they encountered. Nevertheless, they experienced the following difficulties: racism and prejudice, language barriers, and conflict regarding identity and values. In terms of coping, participants mostly relied on friends for support; only one had sought the help of a professional counselor. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of working with immigrant youth from Japan. PMID- 14768994 TI - The success of Caucasian mothers in guiding adolescents. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine how 391 Caucasian American mothers of 10- to 14-year-olds viewed their assets and limitations as parents and to find out how 352 adolescents perceived the parenting performance of their mothers. Both generations completed the Parent Success Indicator. It was found that the amount of time mothers spent talking to, and doing things with, their adolescent children had the greatest impact on how both generations rated mother success. PMID- 14768995 TI - Psychosocial factors associated with adolescent boys' reports of dating violence. AB - The prevalence of dating violence, as well as its association with psychosocial factors, was examined among a nationally representative sample of 9th- through 12th-grade U.S. boys (N = 7,434) who completed the 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The dependent variable was physical dating violence; the independent variables were violence, suicide, substance use, and sexual risk behavior. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were examined. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine all significant independent variables from the univariate models. Adjusted OR and 95% CI were examined to assess the significance of these relationships. In terms of prevalence, 9.13% of the boys reported physical dating violence. Boys who reported sad/hopeless feelings (OR = 1.68), had attempted suicide (OR = 2.22), reported fighting (OR = 1.81), had multiple sex partners (OR = 3.53), and reported nonuse of condoms (OR = 1.66) were more likely to report physical dating violence. These findings indicate that physical dating violence among adolescent boys may be a more serious problem than has previously been recognized. It was concluded that intervention programs should include a focus on boys as not only perpetrators but also recipients of dating violence. PMID- 14768996 TI - Outcomes of teen parenting programs in New Mexico. AB - Although teen pregnancy rates in the U.S. have recently declined, the need for programs for pregnant and parenting teens remains. This report presents information from 53 programs that served pregnant and parenting teens in New Mexico between 1997 and 2000. Data on 3,194 teens, including their characteristics, the services they received, and several key outcomes, are examined. These data indicate that the programs were successful in promoting educational attainment as well as gains in employment. Prevalence of late prenatal care and low birth weight babies was lower than statewide averages, and the rate of repeat pregnancy was lower than that reported by many other programs. How these programs achieved these results is discussed. PMID- 14768997 TI - Life in school: narratives of resiliency among Vietnamese-Canadian youths. AB - This qualitative study examined eleven Vietnamese refugees' self-reported experiences of discrimination in urban schools in British Columbia, Canada. The students reported experiencing or witnessing racial conflict, harassment, and unfair treatment. The boys reported experiencing more racism than did the girls. However, most of the students felt confident that racism would not present insurmountable obstacles for them in the future. PMID- 14768998 TI - High school drinking and its consequences. AB - The present study surveyed 930 high school students regarding self-reported alcohol use, their perceptions of parents and peers, and the negative consequences of drinking. Two-fifths of males and one-fifth of females reported frequent problem (binge) drinking. Problem drinkers reported more negative consequences associated with drinking. In addition, problem drinkers reported greater susceptibility to peer pressure, perceived their peers as drinking more, and reported less parental monitoring and more use of alcohol by parents. The results demonstrate the importance of both parent and peer variables in adolescent substance use and highlight the negative consequences of drinking reported by high school students. PMID- 14768999 TI - Genetic aberrations in Chernobyl-related thyroid cancers: implications for possible future nuclear accidents or nuclear attacks. AB - Cases of thyroid cancer among children in Belarus represent a unique model system in which the cause of the cancer is known--radiation. Although other sources of radiation-induced cancers are diminishing (survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and individuals exposed to diagnostic or therapeutic radiation) fears of radiation exposure from accidents and terrorism are increasing. Our analysis of current data reveals that Chernobyl-related cancer cases might have a specific pattern of genetic aberrations. These data strongly confirm the hypothesis that radiation-induced cancers might arise as a result of specific gene aberrations that are distinct from those in sporadic cancers, suggesting that methods of prevention and treatment of radiation-induced cancers might require a different approach. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Chernobyl-related papillary thyroid carcinomas will help to identify mechanisms by which radiation causes aberrations and oncogenic cell transformation. Thus, in turn, it will be important in the development of new treatments or technologies to minimize the effects of radiation damage from nuclear accidents or nuclear attacks. PMID- 14769000 TI - SMC proteins at the crossroads of diverse chromosomal processes. AB - How should a protein be designed to serve in processes as diverse as chromosome condensation, sister chromatid cohesion, DNA recombination, gene dosage regulation, and perhaps even gene silencing or transcriptional regulation--which occur in both mitosis and meiosis? Such a protein or protein complex needs to bear DNA interaction domains, it needs the capacity to use energy to move DNA, it needs to enter into highly specific protein interactions, it needs to be large enough to link two DNA molecules, it needs to be of sufficient flexibility to cope with different types of chromatin structure, yet it also needs to be rigid enough to pull, push or enclose DNA. SMC proteins fulfill these requirements and form the core units of high molecular weight complexes that act in all those processes, and are essential for some of them. SMC stands for 'Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes', although SMC proteins are not static scaffold proteins merely providing support for a particular chromosome structure. SMC proteins are rather highly dynamic actors, that generate and modulate chromosome structures, affecting a plethora of biological processes. PMID- 14769001 TI - Pathway illuminated: visualizing protein kinase C signaling. AB - Protein kinase C has been at the center of cell signaling since the discovery 25 years ago that it transduces signals that promote phospholipid hydrolysis. In recent years, the use of genetically encoded fluorescent reporters has enabled studies of the regulation of protein kinase C signaling in living cells. Advances in imaging techniques have unveiled unprecedented detail of the signal processing mechanics of protein kinase C, from the second messengers calcium and diacylglycerol that regulate protein kinase C activity, to the locations and kinetics of different protein kinase C isozymes, to the spatial and temporal dynamics of substrate phosphorylation by this key enzyme. This review discusses how fluorescence imaging studies have illuminated the fidelity with which protein kinase C transduces rapidly changing extracellular information into intracellular phosphorylation signals. PMID- 14769002 TI - Small heat-shock proteins and clusterin: intra- and extracellular molecular chaperones with a common mechanism of action and function? AB - Small heat-shock proteins (sHsps) and clusterin are molecular chaperones that share many functional similarities despite their lack of significant sequence similarity. These functional similarities, and some differences, are discussed. sHsps are ubiquitous intracellular proteins whereas clusterin is generally found extracellularly. Both chaperones potently prevent the amorphous aggregation and precipitation of target proteins under stress conditions such as elevated temperature, reduction and oxidation. In doing so, they act on the slow, off folding protein pathway. The conformational dynamism and aggregated state of both proteins may be crucial for their chaperone function. Subunit exchange is likely to be important in regulating chaperone action; the dissociated form of the protein is probably the chaperone-active species rather than the aggregated state. They both exert their chaperone action without the need for hydrolysis of ATP and have little ability to refold target proteins. Increased expression of sHsps and clusterin accompanies a range of diseases that arise from protein misfolding and deposition of highly structured protein aggregates known as amyloid fibrils, e.g., Alzheimer's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Parkinson's diseases. The interaction of sHsps and clusterin with fibril-forming species is discussed along with their ability to prevent fibril formation. PMID- 14769003 TI - The HIV-1 Tat transactivator protein: a therapeutic target? AB - The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a major health problem world-wide. Central to HIV infection is the transactivator protein Tat, that plays a critical role in the nucleus during the HIV infectious cycle, by binding the transactivation responsive region (TAR) and thereby enhancing transcriptional elongation. Tat appears to gain nuclear entry through a novel mechanism, independent of the normal cellular importin/Ran-dependent pathways, and regulated by a cytoplasmic retention mechanism. Since blocking Tat nuclear import is likely to prevent HIV infection, detailed delineation of Tat's nuclear import pathway is critical to assessing its viability as a therapeutic target. Other feasible anti-HIV therapies include approaches to inhibit Tat-TAR interaction. PMID- 14769004 TI - Trichosanthin induces leakage and membrane fusion of liposome. AB - Trichosanthin (TCS) is a ribosome inactivating protein with multiple pharmacological properties. Here the interaction between TCS and a phospholipid bilayer is investigated to provide evidence for membrane translocation mechanism of TCS. The results show that TCS can destabilize liposomes made by phospholipids with negatively charged head group. The destabilization effect is pH-dependent and happens only under acidic conditions. Membrane fusion is also seen to accompany the destabilizing process. The interaction between a phospholipid bilayer and C7, a mutant of TCS with 7 residues at its C-terminus deleted, has been investigated. Deleting the C-terminus almost completely abolishes the destabilizing effect of TCS on the phospholipid bilayer, which implicates the C terminus in the interaction between trichosanthin and the membrane. PMID- 14769005 TI - Mechanistic insights revealed through characterization of a novel chromophore in selenophosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli. AB - The incorporation of selenium into specific proteins and tRNAs requires selenophosphate (SePO3), whose formation is catalyzed by selenophosphate synthetase. In a Mg/ATP-dependent reaction, selenophosphate synthetase catalyzes the phosphorylation of selenide to yield AMP, inorganic phosphate, and SePO3. In this report, a previously unrecognized chromophore covalently attached to selenophosphate synthetase is characterized. The UV/Vis spectrum of selenophosphate synthetase has a feature centered at 315 nm that is irreversibly destroyed by alkylation. Moreover, addition of Zn2+, which is known to inhibit selenophosphate synthetase, reversibly quenches the 315 nm absorption. Since Zn2+ is known to bind to Cys17, these data strongly suggest that this residue participates in the 315 nm absorption. Upon incubation with both Mg2+ and ATP, the lambda(max) of the chromophore shifts to 340 nm, and it is shown that the shift requires binding of nucleotide having a hydrolyzable gamma-phosphoryl group. These data indicate that either the chromophore is directly involved in phosphoryl transfer or indirectly reflects a phosphorylation-dependent conformational change in selenophosphate synthetase. This work provides the first spectroscopic handle on catalytic steps associated with SePO3 synthesis, which will be used to study the molecular structure of the chromophore and its role in the catalytic mechanism of selenophosphate synthetase. PMID- 14769006 TI - Q: Why is glutathione, a tripeptide, synthesized by specific enzymes, while the TSH-releasing hormone TRH or thyroliberin, also a tripeptide is produced as part of a pro-hormone peptide? PMID- 14769007 TI - How I became a biochemist. PMID- 14769008 TI - Introduction: towards better integration of normative judgements in health care package decisions. PMID- 14769009 TI - Italian drug policy: ethical aims of essential assistance levels. AB - In 2001 the Italian Government defined Essential Assistance Levels (LEA), which can be considered as an important step forward in the health care system. The Italian health care system would provide payment of essential and uniform aid services in order to safeguard many values such as human dignity, personal health, equal assistance and good health practices. The Ministry of Health has worked to rationalize the National Formulary and to define evaluation methods for drugs in order to choose what to reimburse without penalizing the rights of the individual and society. This paper describes how this job of rationalization was done and tries to illustrate the choices made in Italy by the use of two meaningful examples (statins and rivastigmine). PMID- 14769010 TI - Problematic notions in Dutch health care package decisions. AB - This paper discusses the problematic and sometimes implicit nature of some central notions and criteria used in debates about inclusion (or exclusion) of health care services in the health care benefit package. An analysis of discussions about four health care services--lungtransplantation, statins, (sildenafil (viagra) and rivastigmine--illustrates a case-by-case approach and inconsistent use of criteria, which present a challenge to develop a decision making procedure in which important criteria or central notions can be discussed explicitly. PMID- 14769011 TI - Understanding the role of "the hidden curriculum" in resource allocation--the case of the UK NHS. AB - In this paper we want to briefly illustrate the ways in which technical, ethical and political judgements of various kinds are interwoven in the processes of healthcare decision-making in the UK. Drawing upon the research for the "Choices in Health Care" project we will borrow the notion of the hidden curriculum from education to illuminate the nature of resource allocation decision processes. In particular we will indicate some of the fundamental but largely hidden political factors in play in these processes and the importance of the inchoate and implicit notion of "NHS values" in shaping UK resource allocation policies. We suggest that these more diffuse, holistic and system level value judgements are both central to understanding priority setting and at the same time difficult to reduce or abstract out into lists of single values/principles. PMID- 14769012 TI - Decisions on inclusion in the Swedish basic health care package--roles of cost effectiveness and need. AB - BACKGROUND: Inclusion or not of a treatment strategy in the publicly financed health care is really a matter of prioritisation. In Sweden priority setting decisions are governed by law in which it is stated that decisions should be guided by firstly the principle of need and secondly the principle of cost effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the paper is to discuss and illustrate the roles of need and cost-effectiveness in decisions on inclusion or not of treatment strategies in the publicly financed health care. METHODS: The theoretical backgrounds of need and cost-effectiveness are discussed in short, both with respect to their meaning and to their potential roles in decisions on priority setting. Four treatment strategies, Viagra, Rivastigmine, statins, and lung transplants, are analysed with respect to whether either cost-effectiveness or need, or both, seem to have played a role in the decisions of inclusion or not in the basic health care package. RESULTS: Both need and cost-effectiveness are important and should be important aspects when making decisions on priority setting. From the examples of the four treatment strategies it seems that decisions are almost exclusively made with reference to the principle of need. CONCLUSIONS: The most evident conclusion to be drawn from this study is that decisions on priority setting are almost solely based on the principle of need. This implies that the principle of cost-effectiveness is given very little space, which is a problem as this means an obvious risk of inefficient resource use. PMID- 14769013 TI - Key concepts in health care priority setting. AB - In decisions about inclusion (or exclusion) of health care services in the benefit package, different interpretations of notions like health, health risk, disease, quality of life or necessary care often remain implicit. Yet they can lead to different benefit package decisions. After a brief discussion of these concepts in definitions of the goals of medicine, the various value-judgements implicit in interpretations of key notions in health care are analysed and conclusions are drawn with regard to the composition of decision making bodies at various levels. It is further argued that such a body needs to discuss the various interpretations of key-notions explicitly in the various phases of a priority-setting procedure so that more consistent choices can be made in health care priority setting. PMID- 14769014 TI - Justice and solidarity in priority setting in health care. AB - During the last decade a "technical" approach has become increasingly influential in health care priority setting. The various country reports illustrate, however; that non-technical considerations cannot be avoided. As they often remain implicit in health care package decisions, this paper aims to make these normative judgements an explicit part of the procedure. More specifically, it aims to integrate different models of distributive justice as well as the principle of solidarity in four different phases of a decision-making procedure, and to identify important moral choices which present themselves. First four important justice models are discussed, then a justification is given for their inclusion in a four-step decision making procedure. This is followed by a discussion of different justice and solidarity problems--with their inherent conceptual difficulties in each of these stages. The paper concludes with a summary of the major moral choices that are to be made in health care package decisions. PMID- 14769015 TI - Substrate interactions with nitrogenase: Fe versus Mo. AB - Biological nitrogen reduction is catalyzed by a complex two-component metalloenzyme called nitrogenase. For the Mo-dependent enzyme, the site of substrate reduction is provided by a [7Fe-9S-Mo-X-homocitrate] metallocluster, where X is proposed to be an N atom. Recent progress with organometallic model compounds, theoretical calculations, and biochemical, kinetic, and biophysical studies on nitrogenase has led to the formulation of two opposing models of where N(2) or alternative substrates might bind during catalysis. One model involves substrate binding to the Mo atom, whereas the other model involves the participation of one or more Fe atoms located in the central region of the metallocluster. Recently gathered evidence that has provided the basis for both models is summarized, and a perspective on future research in resolving this fundamental mechanistic question is presented. PMID- 14769016 TI - Crystal structure of the broadly cross-reactive HIV-1-neutralizing Fab X5 and fine mapping of its epitope. AB - The human monoclonal antibody Fab X5 neutralizes a broad range of HIV-1 primary isolates. The crystal structure of X5 has been determined at 1.9 A resolution. There are two crystallographically independent Fab fragments in the asymmetric unit. The crystallographic R value for the final model is 0.22. The antibody combining site features a long (22 amino acid residues) CDR H3 with a protruding hook-shaped motif. The X5 structure and site-directed mutagenesis data suggest that X5 amino acid residues W100 and Y100F in the CDR H3 motif may be critical for the binding of Fab X5 to gp120. X5 bound to a complex of a CD4 mimetic and gp120 with approximately the same kinetics and affinity as to a CD4-gp120 complex, suggesting that specific interactions between CD4 and X5 are unlikely to contribute to the binding of X5 to gp120-CD4 complexes. Binding of X5 to alanine scanning mutants of gp120JR-CSF complexed with CD4 suggested a critical role of the highly conserved amino acid residues at positions 423 and 432. The X5 structure and fine mapping of its epitope may assist in the elucidation of the mechanisms of viral entry and neutralization, and the development of HIV-1 inhibitors and vaccines. PMID- 14769017 TI - Solution structure of the 30 kDa polysulfide-sulfur transferase homodimer from Wolinella succinogenes. AB - The periplasmic polysulfide-sulfur transferase (Sud) protein encoded by Wolinella succinogenes is involved in oxidative phosphorylation with polysulfide-sulfur as a terminal electron acceptor. The polysulfide-sulfur is covalently bound to the catalytic Cys residue of the Sud protein and transferred to the active site of the membranous polysulfide reductase. The solution structure of the homodimeric Sud protein has been determined using heteronuclear multidimensional NMR techniques. The structure is based on NOE-derived distance restraints, backbone hydrogen bonds, and torsion angle restraints as well as residual dipolar coupling restraints for a refinement of the relative orientation of the monomer units. The monomer structure consists of a five-stranded parallel beta-sheet enclosing a hydrophobic core, a two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, and six alpha-helices. The dimer fold is stabilized by hydrophobic residues and ion pairs found in the contact area between the two monomers. Similar to rhodanese enzymes, Sud catalyzes the transfer of the polysulfide-sulfur to the artificial acceptor cyanide. Despite their similar functions and active sites, the amino acid sequences and structures of these proteins are quite different. PMID- 14769018 TI - Crystal structure of yeast acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase in complex with AMP. AB - Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) belongs to the family of AMP-forming enzymes that also includes acyl-CoA synthetases, firefly luciferase, and nonribosomal peptide synthetases. ACS catalyzes the two-step activation of acetate to acetyl CoA: formation of an acetyl-AMP intermediate from acetate and ATP and the transfer of the acetyl group to CoA. In mammals, the acetyl-CoA product is used for biosynthesis of long chain fatty acids as well as energy production. We have determined the crystal structure of yeast ACS in a binary complex with AMP at 2.3 A resolution. The structure contains a large, N-terminal domain and a small, C terminal domain. AMP is bound at the interface between the two domains. This structure represents a new conformation for the ACS enzyme, which may be competent for catalyzing the first step of the reaction. A Lys residue that is critical for this step is located in the active site. A rotation of 140 degrees in the small domain is needed for the binding of CoA and the catalysis of the second step. In contrast to the monomeric bacterial enzyme, yeast ACS is a stable trimer. PMID- 14769019 TI - Urea-dependent unfolding of murine adenosine deaminase: sequential destabilization as measured by 19F NMR. AB - Murine adenosine deaminase (mADA) is a 40 kDa (beta/alpha)(8)-barrel protein consisting of eight central beta-strands and eight peripheral alpha-helices containing four tryptophan residues. In this study, we investigated the urea dependent behavior of the protein labeled with 6-fluorotryptophan (6-(19)F-Trp). The (19)F NMR spectrum of 6-(19)F-Trp-labeled mADA reveals four distinct resonances in the native state and three partly overlapped resonances in the unfolded state. The resonances were assigned unambiguously by site-directed mutagenesis. Equilibrium unfolding of 6-(19)F-Trp-labeled mADA was monitored using (19)F NMR based on these assignments. The changes in intensity of folded and unfolded resonances as a function of urea concentration show transition midpoints consistent with data observed by far-UV CD and fluorescence spectroscopy, indicating that conformational changes in mADA during urea unfolding can be followed by (19)F NMR. Chemical shifts of the (19)F resonances exhibited different changes between 1.0 and 6.0 M urea, indicating that local structures around 6-(19)F-Trp residues change differently. The urea-induced changes in local structure around four 6-(19)F-Trp residues of mADA were analyzed on the basis of the tertiary structure and chemical shifts of folded resonances. The results reveal that different local regions in mADA have different urea dependent behavior, and that local regions of mADA change sequentially from native to intermediate topologies on the unfolding pathway. PMID- 14769020 TI - Triple helix forming TRIPside molecules that target mixed purine/pyrimidine DNA sequences. AB - A new strategy to form stable and sequence-specific triple helical DNA structures at mixed purine/pyrimidine sequences using a combination of four C-glycosides (TRIPsides) has been described [Li et al. (2003) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 2084]. The partial realization of the approach is demonstrated by incorporating two of the four TRIPsides into oligomers that can potentially fold into intramolecular triplexes that contain one or two major groove crossovers of the purine Hoogsteen H-bond information. Using temperature-dependent electronic and fluorescence spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, it is demonstrated that stable triplexes form at physiological conditions at non-homopurine targets. In addition, triplexes using the TRIPsides form in a highly sequence specific manner. PMID- 14769021 TI - Insight into the mechanism of internalization of the cell-penetrating carrier peptide Pep-1 through conformational analysis. AB - Recently, we described a new strategy for the delivery of proteins and peptides into mammalian cells, based on an amphipathic peptide of 21 residues, Pep-1, which was designed on the basis of a protein-interacting domain associated with a nuclear localization sequence and separated by a linker. This peptide carrier constitutes a powerful tool for the delivery of active proteins or peptides both in cultured cells and in vivo, without requiring any covalent coupling. We have examined the conformational states of Pep-1 in its free form and complexed with a cargo peptide and have investigated their ability to interact with phospholipids and the structural consequences of these interactions. From the conformational point of view, Pep-1 behaves significantly differently from other similarly designed cell-penetrating peptides. CD analysis revealed a transition from a nonstructured to a helical conformation upon increase of the concentration. Determination of the structure by NMR showed that in water, its alpha-helical domain extends from residues 4-13. CD and FTIR indicate that Pep-1 adopts a helical conformation in the presence of phospholipids. Adsorption measurements performed at the air-water interface are consistent with the helical form. Pep-1 does not undergo conformational changes upon formation of a particle with a cargo peptide. In contrast, we observe a partial conformational transition when the complex encounters phospholipids. We propose that the membrane crossing process involves formation of a transient transmembrane pore-like structure. Conformational change of Pep-1 is not associated with complexation with its cargo but is induced upon association with the cell membrane. PMID- 14769022 TI - Transition state analysis for human and Plasmodium falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylases. AB - Recent studies have shown that Plasmodium falciparum is sensitive to a purine salvage block at purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and that human PNP is a target for T-cell proliferative diseases. Specific tight-binding inhibitors might be designed on the basis of specific PNP transition state structures. Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were measured for arsenolysis of inosine catalyzed by P. falciparum and human purine nucleoside phosphorylases. Intrinsic KIEs from [1' (3)H]-, [2'-(3)H]-, [1'-(14)C]-, [9-(15)N]-, and [5'-(3)H]inosines were 1.184 +/- 0.004, 1.031 +/- 0.004, 1.002 +/- 0.006, 1.029 +/- 0.006, and 1.062 +/- 0.002 for the human enzyme and 1.116 +/- 0.007, 1.036 +/- 0.003, 0.996 +/- 0.006, 1.019 +/- 0.005, and 1.064 +/- 0.003 for P. falciparum PNPs, respectively. Analysis of KIEs indicated a highly dissociative D(N)A(N) (S(N)1) stepwise mechanism with very little leaving group involvement. The near-unity 1'-(14)C KIEs for both human and P. falciparum PNP agree with the theoretical value for a 1'-(14)C equilibrium isotope effect for oxacarbenium ion formation when computed at the B1LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. The 9-(15)N KIE for human PNP is also in agreement with theory for equilibrium formation of hypoxanthine and oxacarbenium ion at this level of theory. The 9-(15)N KIE for P. falciparum PNP shows a constrained vibrational environment around N9 at the transition state. A relatively small beta-secondary 2'-(3)H KIE for both enzymes indicates a 3'-endo conformation for ribose and relatively weak hyperconjugation at the transition state. The large 5'-(3)H KIE reveals substantial distortion at the 5'-hydroxymethyl group which causes loosening of the C5'-H5' bonds during the reaction coordinate. PMID- 14769023 TI - Essential roles of a dynamic loop in the catalysis of 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8 dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase. AB - 6-Hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase (HPPK) catalyzes the transfer of pyrophosphoryl group from ATP to 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin (HP) following an ordered bi-bi mechanism with ATP as the first substrate. The rate limiting step of the reaction is product release, and the complete active center is assembled and sealed only upon the binding of both ATP and HP. The assembly of the active center involves large conformational changes in three catalytic loops, among which loop 3 undergoes the most dramatic and unusual changes. To investigate the roles of loop 3 in catalysis, we have made a deletion mutant, which has been investigated by biochemical and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The biochemical data showed that the deletion mutation does not have significant effects on the dissociation constants or the rate constants for the binding of the first substrate MgATP or its analogues. The dissociation constant of HP for the mutant increases by a factor of approximately 100, which is due to a large increase in the dissociation rate constant. The deletion mutation causes a shift of the rate-limiting step in the reaction and a decrease in the rate constant for the chemical step by a factor of approximately 1.1 x 10(5). The crystal structures revealed that the deletion mutation does not affect protein folding, but the catalytic center of the mutant is not fully assembled even upon the formation of the ternary complex and is not properly sealed. The results together suggest that loop 3 is dispensable for the folding of the protein and the binding of the first substrate MgATP, but is required for the assembling and sealing of the active center. The loop plays an important role in the stabilization of the ternary complex and is critical for catalysis. PMID- 14769024 TI - Spectroscopic properties of the main-form and high-salt peridinin-chlorophyll a proteins from Amphidinium carterae. AB - The main-form (MFPCP) and high-salt (HSPCP) peridinin-chlorophyll a proteins from the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae were investigated using absorption, fluorescence, fluorescence excitation, two-photon, and fast-transient optical spectroscopy. Pigment analysis has demonstrated previously that MFPCP contains eight peridinins and two chlorophyll (Chl) a molecules, whereas HSPCP has six peridinins and two Chl a molecules [Sharples, F. P., et al. (1996) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1276, 117-123]. Absorption spectra of the complexes were recorded at 10 K and analyzed in the 400-600 nm region by summing the individual 10 K spectra of Chl a and peridinin recorded in 2-MTHF. The absorption spectral profiles of the complexes in the Q(y) region between 650 and 700 nm were fit using Gaussian functions. The absorption and fluorescence spectra from both complexes exhibit several distinguishing features that become evident only at cryogenic temperatures. In particular, at low temperatures the Q(y) transitions of the Chls bound in the HSPCP complex are split into two well-resolved bands. Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy has revealed that the peridinin-to-Chl a energy transfer efficiency is high (>95%). Transient absorption spectroscopy has been used to measure the rate of energy transfer between the two bound Chls which is a factor of 2.9 slower in HSPCP than in MFPCP. The kinetic data are interpreted in terms of the Forster mechanism describing energy transfer between weakly coupled, spatially fixed, donor-acceptor Chl a molecules. The study provides insight into the molecular factors that control energy transfer in this class of light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes. PMID- 14769025 TI - The extra fragment of the iron-sulfur protein (residues 96-107) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome bc1 complex is required for protein stability. AB - Sequence alignment of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein (ISP) of cytochrome bc(1) complex from various sources reveals that bacterial ISPs contain an extra fragment. To study the role of this fragment in bacterial cytochrome bc(1) complex, Rhodobacter sphaeroides mutants expressing His-tagged cytochrome bc(1) complexes with deletion or single- or multiple-alanine substitution at various positions of this fragment (residues 96-107) were generated and characterized. The ISPDelta(96-107), ISP(96-107)A, and ISP(104-107)A mutant cells, in which residues 96-107 of ISP are deleted, and residues 96-107 and 104-107 are substituted with alanine, respectively, do not grow photosynthetically and show no bc(1) complex activity in intracytoplasmic membranes prepared from these mutant cells. The ISP(96-99)A, in which residues 96-99 are substituted with alanine, grows photosynthetically at a rate comparable to that of the complement cells, whereas ISP(100-103)A, in which residues 100-103 are substituted with alanine, has a longer lag period prior to photosynthetic growth. Chromatophores prepared from these two mutant cells have 48% and 9% of the bc(1) activity found in the complement chromatophores. The loss (or decrease) of bc(1) activity in these mutant membranes results from a lack (or decrease) of ISP in the membrane due to ISP protein instability and not from mutations affecting the assembly of cytochromes b and c(1) into the membrane, the binding affinity of cytochrome b to cytochrome c(1), or the ability of these two cytochromes to interact with ISP or subunit IV. The order of essentiality of residues in this fragment is residues 104-107 > residues 100-103 > residues 96-99. PMID- 14769026 TI - Structural characterization of recombinant soluble rat neuroligin 1: mapping of secondary structure and glycosylation by mass spectrometry. AB - Neuroligins (NLs) are a family of transmembrane proteins that function in synapse formation and/or remodeling by interacting with beta-neurexins (beta-NXs) to form heterophilic cell adhesions. The large N-terminal extracellular domain of NLs, required for beta-NX interactions, has sequence homology to the alpha/beta hydrolase fold superfamily of proteins. By peptide mapping and mass spectrometric analysis of a soluble recombinant form of NL1, several structural features of the extracellular domain have been established. Of the nine cysteine residues in NL1, eight are shown to form intramolecular disulfide bonds. Disulfide pairings of Cys 117 to Cys 153 and Cys 342 to Cys 353 are consistent with disulfide linkages that are conserved among the family of alpha/beta hydrolase proteins. The disulfide bond between Cys 172 and Cys 181 occurs within a region of the protein encoded by an alternatively spliced exon. The disulfide pairing of Cys 512 and Cys 546 in NL1 yields a structural motif unique to the NLs, since these residues are highly conserved. The potential N-glycosylation sequons in NL1 at Asn 109, Asn 303, Asn 343, and Asn 547 are shown occupied by carbohydrate. An additional consensus sequence for N-glycosylation at Asn 662 is likely occupied. Analysis of N-linked oligosaccharide content by mass matching paradigms reveals significant microheterogeneous populations of complex glycosyl moieties. In addition, O linked glycosylation is observed in the predicted stalk region of NL1, prior to the transmembrane spanning domain. From predictions based on sequence homology of NL1 to acetylcholinesterase and the molecular features of NL1 established from mass spectrometric analysis, a novel topology model for NL three-dimensional structure has been constructed. PMID- 14769027 TI - 19F NMR studies of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. AB - Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a 43 kDa protein involved in the regulation of fibrinolysis. PAI-1 is the principal inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), trapping the proteinase as an acyl-enzyme covalent complex (approximately 105 kDa). Four single tryptophan mutants of PAI-1 have been constructed in which three of the four tryptophan residues (Trp86, Trp139, Trp175, and Trp262) were replaced with phenylalanine. Biosynthetic incorporation of 5-fluorotryptophan (5F-Trp) into wild-type PAI-1 (5FW wtPAI-1) and the single tryptophan mutants (5FW86, 5FW139, 5FW175, and 5FW262) was achieved, allowing a (19)F NMR spectroscopic study of PAI-1 in its active and cleaved forms and in complex with t-PA. The (19)F NMR spectrum of active 5FW wtPAI-1 shows four clearly resolved peaks at -39.20, -49.26, -50.74, and -52.57 ppm relative to trifluoroacetic acid at 0 ppm. Unequivocal assignments of these four resonances in the spectrum of 5FW wtPAI-1 to specific tryptophan residues were accomplished by measuring the chemical shifts of the (19)F resonances of the single tryptophan mutants. There was close agreement between the resonances observed in 5FW wtPAI-1 and of those in the mutants for all three protein forms. This would imply little structural perturbation in the local structures of the tryptophan residues resulting from substitution by phenylalanine. The 5FW wtPAI-1 was observed to have lower second-order rate constant (k(app)) for the inhibition of t-PA than the natural tryptophan wtPAI-1, suggesting that the decreased activity may result from a small structural effect of the fluorine substituent of the indole ring. Further alterations in the k(app) and the stoichiometry of inhibition (SI) were observed in each of the mutants indicating an effect of the three tryptophan to phenylalanine mutations. Detailed interpretation of the (19)F NMR spectra of the PAI-1 mutants provides insights into the local segmental structure of the active form of the proteins and the structural changes that occur in the cleaved and t PA complexed forms. PMID- 14769028 TI - Resolution of undistorted symmetric immobile DNA junctions by vaccinia topoisomerase I. AB - Holliday junctions are intermediates in genetic recombination. They consist of four strands of DNA that flank a branch point. In natural systems, their sequences have 2-fold (homologous) sequence symmetry. This symmetry enables the molecules to undergo an isomerization, known as branch migration, that relocates the site of the branch point. Branch migration leads to polydispersity, which makes it difficult to characterize the physical properties of the junction and the effects of the sequence context flanking the branch point. Previous studies have reported two symmetric junctions that do not branch migrate: one that is immobilized by coupling to an asymmetric junction in a double crossover context, and a second that is based on molecules containing 5',5' and 3',3' linkages. Both are flawed by distorting the structure of the symmetric junction from its natural conformation. Here, we report an undistorted symmetric immobile junction based on the use of DNA parallelogram structures. We have used a series of these junctions to characterize the junction resolution reaction catalyzed by vaccinia virus DNA topoisomerase. The resolution reaction entails cleavage and rejoining at CCCTT/N recognition sites arrayed on opposing sides of the four-arm junction. We find that resolution is optimal when the scissile phosphodiester (Tp/N) is located two nucleotides 5' to the branch point on the helical strand. Covalent topoisomerase DNA adducts are precursors to recombinant strands in all reactions, as expected. Kinetic analysis suggests a rate limiting step after the first-strand cleavage. PMID- 14769029 TI - Structural basis of the unusual stability and substrate specificity of ervatamin C, a plant cysteine protease from Ervatamia coronaria. AB - Ervatamin C is an unusually stable cysteine protease from the medicinal plant Ervatamia coronaria belonging to the papain family. Though it cleaves denatured natural proteins with high specific activity, its activity toward some small synthetic substrates is found to be insignificant. The three-dimensional structure and amino acid sequence of the protein have been determined from X-ray diffraction data at 1.9 A (R = 17.7% and R(free) = 19.0%). The overall structure of ervatamin C is similar to those of other homologous cysteine proteases of the family, folding into two distinct left and right domains separated by an active site cleft. However, substitution of a few amino acid residues, which are conserved in the other members of the family, has been observed in both the domains and also at the region of the interdomain cleft. Consequently, the number of intra- and interdomain hydrogen-bonding interactions is enhanced in the structure of ervatamin C. Moreover, a unique disulfide bond has been identified in the right domain of the structure, in addition to the three conserved disulfide bridges present in the papain family. All these factors contribute to an increase in the stability of ervatamin C. In this enzyme, the nature of the S2 subsite, which is the primary determinant of specificity of these proteases, is similar to that of papain, but at the S3 subsite, Ala67 replaces an aromatic residue, and has the effect of eliminating sufficient hydrophobic interactions required for S3-P3 stabilization. This provides the possible explanation for the lower activity of ervatamin C toward the small substrate/inhibitor. This substitution, however, does not affect the binding of denatured natural protein substrates to the enzyme significantly, as there exist a number of additional interactions at the enzyme-substrate interface outside the active site cleft. PMID- 14769030 TI - Analysis of the substrate specificity of the Staphylococcus aureus sortase transpeptidase SrtA. AB - The Staphylococcus aureus sortase transpeptidase SrtA isoform is responsible for the covalent attachment of virulence and colonization-associated proteins to the bacterial peptidoglycan. SrtA utilizes two substrates, undecaprenol pyrophosphoryl-MurNAc(GlcNAc)-Ala-D-isoGlu-Lys(epsilon-Gly(5))-D-Ala-D-Ala (branched Lipid II) and secreted proteins containing a highly conserved C terminal LPXTG sequence. SrtA simultaneously cleaves the Thr-Gly bond of the LPXTG-containing protein and forms a new amide bond with the nucleophilic amino group of the Gly(5) portion of branched Lipid II, anchoring the protein to this key intermediate that is subsequently polymerized into peptidoglycan. Here we describe the development of a general in vitro method for elucidating the substrate specificity of sortase enzymes. In addition, using immunofluorescence, cell adhesion assays, and transmission electron microscopy, we establish links between in vitro substrate specificity and in vivo function of the S. aureus sortase isoforms. Results from these studies provide strong supporting evidence of a primary role of the SrtA isoform in S. aureus adhesion and host colonization, illustrate a lack of specificity cross talk between SrtA and SrtB isoforms, and highlight the potential of SrtA as a target for the development of antivirulence chemotherapeutics against Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. PMID- 14769031 TI - Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum: effect of redox potential on catalysis. AB - The Ni-Fe-S-containing C-cluster of carbon monoxide dehydrogenases is the active site for catalyzing the reversible oxidation of CO to CO(2). This cluster can be stabilized in redox states designated C(ox), C(red1), C(int), and C(red2). What had until recently been the best-supported mechanism of catalysis involves a one electron reductive activation of C(ox) to C(red1) and a catalytic cycle in which the C(red1) state binds and oxidizes CO, forming C(red2) and releasing CO(2). Recent experiments cast doubt on this mechanism, as they imply that activation requires reducing the C-cluster to a state more reduced than C(red1). In the current study, redox titration and stopped-flow kinetic experiments were performed to assess the previous results and conclusions. Problems in previous methods were identified, and related experiments for which such problems were eliminated or minimized afforded significantly different results. In contrast to the previous study, activation did not correlate with reduction of Fe-S clusters in the enzyme, suggesting that the potential required for activation was milder than that required to reduce these clusters (i.e., E(0)(act) > -420 mV vs SHE). Using enzyme preactivated in solutions that were poised at various potentials, lag phases were observed prior to reaching steady-state CO oxidation activities. Fits of the Nernst equation to the corresponding lag-vs-potential plot yielded a midpoint potential of -150 +/- 50 mV. This value probably reflects E degrees ' for the C(ox)/C(red1) couple, and it suggests that C(red1) is indeed active in catalysis. PMID- 14769033 TI - Increased positive electrostatic potential in p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase accelerates hydroxylation but slows turnover. AB - Para-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase is a flavoprotein monooxygenase that catalyzes a reaction in two parts: reduction of the enzyme cofactor, FAD, by NADPH in response to binding p-hydroxybenzoate to the enzyme, and oxidation of reduced FAD with oxygen to form a hydroperoxide, which then oxygenates p-hydroxybenzoate. These different reactions are coordinated through conformational rearrangements of the isoalloxazine ring within the protein structure. In this paper, we examine the effect of increased positive electrostatic potential in the active site upon the catalytic process with the enzyme mutation, Glu49Gln. This mutation removes a negative charge from a conserved buried charge pair. The properties of the Glu49Gln mutant enzyme are consistent with increased positive potential in the active site, but the mutant enzyme is difficult to study because it is unstable. There are two important changes in the catalytic function of the mutant enzyme as compared to the wild-type. First, the rate of hydroxylation of p-hydroxybenzoate by the transiently formed flavin hydroperoxide is an order of magnitude faster than in the wild-type. This result is consistent with one function proposed for the positive potential in the active site-to stabilize the negative C-4a-flavin alkoxide leaving group upon heterolytic fission of the peroxide bond. However, the mutant enzyme is a poorer catalyst than the wild-type enzyme because (unlike wild-type) the binding of p-hydroxybenzoate is a rate-limiting process. Our analysis shows that the mutant enzyme is slow to interconvert between conformations required to bind and release substrate. We conclude that the new open structure found in crystals of the Arg220Gln mutant enzyme [Wang, J., Ortiz Maldonado, M., Entsch, B., Massey, V., Ballou, D., and Gatti, D. L. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 608-613] is integral to the process of binding and release of substrate from oxidized enzyme during catalysis. PMID- 14769032 TI - Identification of Tyr504 as an alternative tyrosyl radical site in human prostaglandin H synthase-2. AB - Hydroperoxides induce formation of a tyrosyl radical on Tyr385 in prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS). The Tyr385 radical initiates hydrogen abstraction from arachidonic acid, thereby mechanistically connecting the peroxidase and cyclooxygenase activities. In both PGHS isoforms the tyrosyl radical undergoes a time-dependent transition from a wide doublet to a wide singlet species; pretreatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors results in a third type of signal, a narrow singlet [Tsai, A.-L.; Kulmacz, R. J. (2000) Prost. Lipid Med. 62, 231 254]. These transitions have been interpreted as resulting from Tyr385 ring rotation, but could also be due to radical migration from Tyr385 to another tyrosine residue. PATHWAYS analysis of PGHS crystal structures identified four tyrosine residues with favorable predicted electronic coupling: residues 148, 348, 404, and 504 (ovine PGHS-1 numbering). We expressed recombinant PGHS-2 proteins containing single Tyr --> Phe mutations at the target residues, a quadruple mutant with all four tyrosines mutated, and a quintuple mutant, which also contains a Y385F mutation. All mutants bind heme and display appreciable peroxidase activity, and with the exception of the quintuple mutant, all retain cyclooxygenase activity, indicating that neither of the active sites is significantly perturbed. Reaction of the Y148F, Y348F, and Y404F mutants with EtOOH generates a wide singlet EPR signal similar to that of native PGHS-2. However, reaction of the Y504F and the quadruple mutants with peroxide yields persistent wide doublets, and the quintuple mutant is EPR silent. Nimesulide pretreatment of Y504F and the quadruple mutant results in an abnormally small amount of wide doublet signal, with no narrow singlet being formed. Therefore, the formation of an alternative tyrosine radical on Tyr504 probably accounts for the transition from a wide doublet to a wide singlet in native PGHS-2 and for formation of a narrow singlet in complexes of PGHS-2 with cyclooxygenase inhibitors. PMID- 14769034 TI - Kinetic mechanism and quaternary structure of Aminobacter aminovorans NADH:flavin oxidoreductase: an unusual flavin reductase with bound flavin. AB - The homodimeric NADH:flavin oxidoreductase from Aminobacter aminovorans is an NADH-specific flavin reductase herein designated FRD(Aa). FRD(Aa) was characterized with respect to purification yields, thermal stability, isoelectric point, molar absorption coefficient, and effects of phosphate buffer strength and pH on activity. Evidence from this work favors the classification of FRD(Aa) as a flavin cofactor-utilizing class I flavin reductase. The isolated native FRD(Aa) contained about 0.5 bound riboflavin-5'-phosphate (FMN) per enzyme monomer, but one bound flavin cofactor per monomer was obtainable in the presence of excess FMN or riboflavin. In addition, FRD(Aa) holoenzyme also utilized FMN, riboflavin, or FAD as a substrate. Steady-state kinetic results of substrate titrations, dead end inhibition by AMP and lumichrome, and product inhibition by NAD(+) indicated an ordered sequential mechanism with NADH as the first binding substrate and reduced FMN as the first leaving product. This is contrary to the ping-pong mechanism shown by other class I flavin reductases. The FMN bound to the native FRD(Aa) can be fully reduced by NADH and subsequently reoxidized by oxygen. No NADH binding was detected using 90 microM FRD(Aa) apoenzyme and 300 microM NADH. All results favor the interpretation that the bound FMN was a cofactor rather than a substrate. It is highly unusual that a flavin reductase using a sequential mechanism would require a flavin cofactor to facilitate redox exchange between NADH and a flavin substrate. FRD(Aa) exhibited a monomer-dimer equilibrium with a K(d) of 2.7 microM. Similarities and differences between FRD(Aa) and certain flavin reductases are discussed. PMID- 14769035 TI - Native-like conformations are sampled by partially folded and disordered variants of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. AB - Partially folded conformational ensembles of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) are accessed by replacing Cys 5, 30, 51, and 55 by alpha-amino-n-butyric acid (Abu) while retaining the disulfide between Cys 14 and 38; the resultant variant is termed [14-38](Abu). Two new analogues with modifications in the beta turn, P26D27[14-38](Abu) and N26G27K28[14-38](Abu), are compared to partially folded [14-38](Abu), as well as to [R](Abu), the unfolded protein with all six Cys residues replaced by Abu. Structural features of the new analogues of [14 38](Abu) have been determined by circular dichroism (CD), one-dimensional (1)H NMR, and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence experiments. Both analogues are more disordered than the parent [14-38](Abu), but while P26D27[14-38](Abu) has a small population of native-like conformations observed by NMR, no ordered structure is detected for N26G27K28[14-38](Abu). Trypsin inhibition assays were carried out using a modified rat trypsin, C191A/C220A, that minimizes cleavage of unfolded peptides. Both [14-38](Abu) and P26D27[14 38](Abu) significantly inhibit modified trypsin. N26G27K28[14-38](Abu) has low but measurable inhibitor activity, while [R](Abu) has no activity even when in very high molar excess relative to trypsin. ANS fluorescence is enhanced by [14 38](Abu) and by both variants but not by [R](Abu). We conclude that partially folded ensembles of BPTI, even those with little or no CD- or NMR-detectable structure, contain minor populations of native-like conformations. Partially folded [14-38](Abu) and both variants, as well as [R](Abu), have enhanced negative ellipticity in CD spectra acquired in the presence of the osmolyte trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). TMAO-induced structure is formed cooperatively, as indicated by thermal unfolding curves. Inhibitor activity as a function of TMAO concentration implies that the osmolyte-induced structure is native-like for [14 38](Abu) and P26D27[14-38](Abu) and is probably native-like for N26G27K28[14 38](Abu). [R](Abu) also shows increased CD-detected structure in the presence of TMAO, but such structure is likely to be collapsed and non-native. PMID- 14769037 TI - The refolding and reassembly of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit: analysis of reassembly-competent and reassembly-incompetent unfolded states. AB - The B-subunit pentamer of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (EtxB) is an exceptionally stable protein maintaining its quaternary structure over the pH value range 2.0-11.0. Up to 80% yields of reassembled pentamer can be obtained in vitro from material disassembled for very short incubation periods in KCl-HCl, pH 1.0. However, when the incubation period in acid is extended, the reassembly yield decreases to no more than 20% (Ruddock et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271 19118-19123). Here we demonstrate that the ion species present in the disassembly conditions strongly influence the reassembly competence of EtxB showing that 60% reassembly yields can be achieved, even after prolonged incubations, by the use of a phosphate buffer for acid disassembly. Using this system, we have fully characterized the disassembly and reassembly behavior of EtxB by electrophoretic, immunochemical, and spectroscopic techniques and compared it with that previously observed. Depending on the denaturation system used, the acid-denatured monomer is either in a predominantly reassembly-competent state (H(3)PO(4) system) or in a predominantly reassembly-incompetent conformation (KCl-HCl system). Interconversion between these two conformations in the denatured state is possible by the addition of salts to the denatured protein. The results are consistent with the previous hypothesis that the conversion between reassembly competent and -incompetent states corresponds to a cis/trans isomerization of a peptide bond, presumably that to Pro93. PMID- 14769036 TI - A quantitative single-cell assay for protein kinase B reveals important insights into the biochemical behavior of an intracellular substrate peptide. AB - The introduction of peptides into living cells for the purpose of manipulating cellular biochemistry has become widespread throughout biology. However, little is known about the behavior of these short sequences of amino acids within cells, particularly those used as substrates or inhibitors for kinases and other enzymes. We utilized a quantitative, single-cell assay to demonstrate that an 11 amino acid peptide was efficiently phosphorylated by intracellular protein kinase B (PKB) in fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 and in NIH-3T3 cells. The phosphorylated peptide was also readily dephosphorylated by intracellular phosphatases. Assays of the peptide's phosphorylation in single, living cells measured the balance of the activities of PKB and phosphatases in that cell. At a peptide concentration below the K(M) of PKB and the phosphatases, the ratio of phosphorylated to nonphosphorylated peptide at the steady state was independent of the peptide concentration. A single-cell assay utilizing this peptide revealed the existence of two subpopulations of cells whose unique activities had hitherto been obscured by population averaging. Additional studies of cells stimulated by PDGF demonstrated that a quantitative analysis of PKB activation in response to a physiological stimulus was possible. These studies demonstrated that short peptides can remain specific within the complex intracellular milieu and function as sensitive reporters of the activation state of native kinases within live cells. PMID- 14769038 TI - The disassembly and reassembly of mutants of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin: replacement of proline 93 does not abolish the reassembly-competent and reassembly-incompetent states. AB - The carrier moiety of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (EtxB) is formed by the noncovalent association of identical monomeric subunits, which assemble, in vivo and in vitro, into exceptionally stable pentameric complexes. In vitro, acid disassembly followed by neutralization results in reassembly yields of between 20% and 60% depending on the identity of the salts present during the acid denaturation process. Loss of reassembly competence has been attributed to isomerization of the native cis-proline residue at position 93. To characterize this phenomenon further, two mutants of EtxB at proline 93 (P93G and P93A) were generated and purified. The proline variants reveal only minor differences in their biophysical and biochemical properties relative to wild-type protein, but major changes were observed in the kinetics of pentamer disassembly and reassembly. Additionally, a loss of assembly competence was observed following longer term acid treatment, which was even more marked than that of the wild-type protein. We present evidence that the loss of assembly competence of these mutants is best explained by a cis/trans peptidyl isomerization of the unfolded mutant subunits in acid conditions; this limited reassembly competence and the biophysical properties of the native P93 mutant pentamers imply the retention of the native cis conformation in the nonproline peptide bond between residues 92 and 93 in the mutated proteins. PMID- 14769039 TI - Regulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 transcription by thyroid hormone receptor. AB - Transcriptional regulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA1) gene is complex. It involves multiple transcription start sites and the binding of several different transcription factors to the ABCA1 promoter region. Cholesterol and oxysterol-mediated up-regulation of ABCA1 transcription includes the binding of the liver X receptor and retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) heterodimer to the DR-4 element of the ABCA1 promoter. In this study we show that another nuclear hormone receptor, thyroid hormone receptor (TR), can suppress ABCA1 transcription. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using both purified proteins and isolated nuclear extracts from primary human fibroblasts and 293T cells demonstrate that the TR/RXR heterodimer is able to bind to the DR-4 element of the ABCA1 promoter. This binding is also demonstrated in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation studies. Luciferase assays from 293T cells transfected with TRbeta or LXRalpha expression plasmids show that TR, together with its ligand T3, suppresses ABCA1 transcriptional activity, even in the presence of LXR-activating oxysterols. Finally, competition between TR/RXR and LXR/RXR heterodimers to suppress or activate ABCA1 transcription is shown to be dynamic and dependent on the amount of nuclear receptor present in the cells. These data identify a novel regulatory mechanism for ABCA1 and suggest new strategies to modify its expression. PMID- 14769040 TI - Purification and characterization of the human erythrocyte band 3 protein C terminal domain. AB - To clarify the function of the hydrophilic carboxyl-terminal tail of human erythrocyte membrane band 3 protein (HEM-B3), we purified two peptides, C1 (Ala893-Val911) and KS4 (Gly647-Arg656), from human erythrocyte band 3 protein preparations. Purified C1 peptides at concentrations from 5 to 80 microM were incubated with fresh human erythrocyte white ghosts. The C1 peptide demonstrated a novel protease activity, which cleaved glycophorin A (GPA) at Leu118-Ser119 in a dose-dependent manner. This activity was eliminated by trypsin. In a control experiment, the KS4 peptide did not cleave GPA under the same conditions. To help substantiate that the band 3 C-terminal tail peptide (C1) alone possesses the protease activity, two experiments were performed. First, the plasmids pGBKT(7) GPA-Ct and pGADT(7)-AE1-Ct were cotransformed into the yeast strain AH109. The pGBKT(7)-GPA-Ct plasmid contains the cDNA of the 33 amino acid residue section of GPA (Tyr93-Asn125) fused with the pGBKT(7) vector. The plasmid pGADT(7)-AE1-Ct contains the cDNA of the C-terminal 33 amino acid residues of HEM-B3 fused with the GAL4 DNA-binding domain in the pGADT(7) vector. The results of the cotransformation experiment indicated that the C-terminal 33 amino acid residues of HEM-B3 interacted directly with the GPA C-terminal segment defined above. Second, we used a mammalian two-hybrid analysis to confirm the interaction relationship between the band 3 C-terminal segment and the GPA C-terminus. The C terminus of GPA and the C-terminal 33 amino acid residues of HEM-B3 were subcloned into the DNA-binding domain and transcription activation domain vectors of the two-hybrid system, respectively. They were then cotransfected along with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferse (CAT) reporter vector into HeLa cells. The CAT activity measured in this experiment also indicated that there was interaction between the C-terminal 33 amino acid residues of HEM-B3 and the C-terminus of GPA. PMID- 14769041 TI - Structural requirements of MLD-containing disintegrins for functional interaction with alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 9 beta1 integrins. AB - Three non-RGD-containing disintegrins, VLO5, EO5, and EC3, belong to the heterodimeric family of these snake venom-derived proteins. They are potent inhibitors of certain leukocyte integrins such as alpha4beta1, alpha4beta7, and alpha9beta1, and act through the MLD motif present in one of their subunits. However, the selectivity of these disintegrins to interact with integrins is related to the amino acid composition of the integrin-binding loop in the MLD containing subunit. The most important amino acid is that preceding the MLD motif. In vitro experiments in adhesion and ELISA assays revealed that the TMLD containing disintegrins, VLO5 and EO5, appeared to be very potent inhibitors of human alpha4beta1 and alpha9beta1 and less effective in inhibition of the alpha4beta7 integrin. The reverse effect was observed for the AMLD-containing disintegrin, EC3. The data with native disintegrins were confirmed by experiments with synthetic peptides displaying TMLD and AMLD motifs. The MLD-containing disintegrins showed differential activities to inhibit human and murine alpha4beta1 integrin. EC3 was a weaker inhibitor of human integrin, whereas VLO5 and EO5 less actively inhibited murine alpha4beta1. These data describe a useful set of potent and selective integrin antagonists and suggest conformational requirements of human and mouse integrins for interaction with ligands. PMID- 14769042 TI - Selectivity of retinal photoisomerization in proteorhodopsin is controlled by aspartic acid 227. AB - Similarly to bacteriorhodopsin, proteorhodopsin that normally contains all-trans and 13-cis retinal is transformed at low pH to a species containing 9-cis retinal under continuous illumination at lambda > 530 nm. This species, absorbing around 430 nm, returns thermally in tens of minutes to initial pigment and can be reconverted also with blue-light illumination. The yield of the 9-cis species is negligibly small at neutral pH but increases manyfold (>100) at acid pH with a pK(a) of 2.6. This indicates that protonation of acidic group(s) alters the photoreaction pathway that leads normally to all-trans --> 13-cis isomerization. In the D97N mutant, in which one of the two acidic groups in the vicinity of the retinal Schiff base is not ionizable, the yield of 9-cis species at low pH shows a pH dependence similar to that in the wild-type but with a somewhat increased pK(a) of 3.3. In contrast to this relatively minor effect, replacement of the other acidic group, Asp227, with Asn results in a remarkable, more than 50-fold, increase in the yield of the light-induced formation of 9-cis species in the pH range 4-6. It appears that protonation of Asp227 at low pH is what causes the dramatic increase in the yield of the 9-cis species in wild-type proteorhodopsin. We conclude that the photoisomerization pathways in proteorhodopsin to 13-cis or 9-cis photoproducts are controlled by the charge state of Asp227. PMID- 14769043 TI - A possible role for the covalent heme-protein linkage in cytochrome c revealed via comparison of N-acetylmicroperoxidase-8 and a synthetic, monohistidine coordinated heme peptide. AB - N-Acetylmicroperoxidase-8 (1) contains heme and residues 14-21 of horse mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c). The two thioether bonds linking protein to heme in cyt c are present in 1, and the native axial ligand His-18 remains coordinated to iron. As an approach to probing structural or functional roles played by the double covalent heme-protein linkage in cyt c, we have initiated a study in which the properties of 1 are compared with those of a synthetic mono His coordinated heme peptide containing a single covalent linkage (2). One consequence of the greater conformational restriction imposed on peptide conformation in 1 is that His-Fe(III) coordination is approximately 1.4 kcal/mol more favorable in 1 than in 2. This highlights a clear advantage conferred to cyt c by having two covalent heme-protein linkages rather than one: greater thermodynamic stability of the protein fold. EPR (11 K) and resonance Raman (298 K) studies reveal that 1 and 2 exhibit a thermal high-spin/low-spin ferric equilibrium but that low-spin character is considerably more pronounced in 1. In addition, the thioether 2-(methylthio)ethanol (MTE) coordinates 0.5 kcal/mol more strongly to 1 than to 2 in 60:40 H(2)O/CH(3)OH and only triggers the expected conversion of iron to the low-spin state characteristic of ferric cyt c in the case of 1. This demonstrates that the axial ligand field provided by an imidazole and a thioether is too weak to induce a high-spin to low-spin conversion in a ferric porphyrin. Our results suggest that a conformationally constrained double covalent heme-protein linkage, as exists in 1 and its parent protein cyt c, is an effective solution that nature has evolved to circumvent this limitation. We propose that the stronger His-Fe(III) coordination enabled by such a linkage serves to markedly enhance the effective ligand field strength of His-18. Our studies with 1 and 2 suggest that a double covalent linkage in cyt c may also enable energetically more favorable trans ligation of Met-80 than would be possible if only a single linkage were present. This would serve to further increase the stability of the protein fold and perhaps to increase the effective ligand field strength of Met-80 as well. PMID- 14769044 TI - Electrochemical studies of arsenite oxidase: an unusual example of a highly cooperative two-electron molybdenum center. AB - Arsenite oxidase from Alcaligenes faecalis, an unusual molybdoenzyme that does not exhibit a Mo(V) EPR signal during oxidative-reductive titrations, has been investigated by protein film voltammetry. A film of the enzyme on a pyrolytic graphite edge electrode produces a sharp two-electron signal associated with reversible reduction of the oxidized Mo(VI) molybdenum center to Mo(IV). That reduction or oxidation of the active site occurs without accumulation of Mo(V) is consistent with the failure to observe a Mo(V) EPR signal for the enzyme under a variety of conditions and is indicative of an obligate two-electron center. The reduction potential for the molybdenum center, 292 mV (vs SHE) at pH 5.9 and 0 degrees C, exhibits a linear pH dependence for pH 5-10, consistent with a two electron reduction strongly coupled to the uptake of two protons without a pK in this range. This suggests that the oxidized enzyme is best characterized as having an L(2)MoO(2) rather than L(2)MoO(OH) center in the oxidized state and that arsenite oxidase uses a "spectator oxo" effect to facilitate the oxo transfer reaction. The onset of the catalytic wave observed in the presence of substrate correlates well with the Mo(VI/IV) potential, consistent with catalytic electron transport that is limited only by turnover at the active site. The one electron peaks for the iron-sulfur centers are difficult to observe by protein film voltammetry, but spectrophotometric titrations have been carried out to measure their reduction potentials: at pH 6.0 and 20 degrees C, that of the [3Fe 4S] center is approximately 260 mV and that of the Rieske center is approximately 130 mV. PMID- 14769045 TI - A kinetic description of dioxygen motion within alpha- and beta-subunits of human hemoglobin in the R-state: geminate and bimolecular stages of the oxygenation reaction. AB - Laser flash photolysis technique is used to study human hemoglobin (HbA) oxygenation. Monomolecular geminate oxygenation of triliganded R-state HbA molecules is described by a function of three exponentials. Geminate oxygenation of the alpha-subunit within R-state HbA is characterized by two components with time constants of 0.14 and 1 ns, while geminate oxygenation of the beta-subunit within HbA is characterized by two components with time constants of 1 and approximately 30 ns. Bimolecular oxygenation of triliganded R-state HbA molecules is described by a biexponential law. Two observed rate constants are assigned to oxygenation of the alpha- and beta-subunit within HbA. The bimolecular association rate constants for O(2) rebinding with the alpha- and beta-subunit within triliganded R-state HbA are k(alpha) = 18.8 +/- 1.3 (microM x s)(-1) and k(beta) = 52 +/- 4 (microM x s)(-1), respectively. The apparent quantum yields of photodissociation of the beta- and alpha-subunit within completely oxygenated R state HbA differ from each other by a factor of 3.6 and are equal to 0.041 +/- 0.004 and 0.0114 +/- 0.0012, respectively. The apparent quantum yield of photodissociation of completely oxygenated R-state HbA is equal to 0.026 +/- 0.003. PMID- 14769046 TI - Cholesterol crystal nucleation from enzymatically modified low-density lipoproteins: combined effect of sphingomyelinase and cholesterol esterase. AB - An assay detecting and quantifying cholesterol nucleation from low-density lipoproteins has been established. Forster resonance energy transfer between dehydroergosterol and dansylated lecithin becomes significantly alleviated as a consequence of conucleation of dehydroergosterol and cholesterol. The assay, in combination with dynamic light scattering, absorbance spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy, can be used to study aggregation and nucleation in model blood systems. Human plasma LDL was labeled with dehydroergosterol and dansylated lecithin by incubation with donor multilamellar liposomes and isolated by centrifugation. Exposure of labeled LDL (0.5 mg/mL of total lipids) to sphingomyelinase (0.0-0.2 unit/mL) led to modest particle aggregation but produced no changes in energy transfer and no crystallization. However, addition of sphingomyelinase produced significant particle aggregation, nucleation, and crystallization, in a dose-dependent fashion, in samples that were previously treated with the enzyme, cholesterol esterase (0.2 unit/mL). The combination of cholesterol esterase and sphingomyelinase led to a significant alleviation of energy transfer, which preceded by 24 h the appearance of fluorescent, microscopic sterol crystals. These results point to a synergistic effect between cholesterol esterase and sphingomyelinase, suggesting that mere aggregation of LDL is insufficient to promote nucleation, and crystal formation likely proceeds in the intracellular space after LDL uptake by macrophages. PMID- 14769047 TI - Tau paired helical filaments from Alzheimer's disease brain and assembled in vitro are based on beta-structure in the core domain. AB - Tau protein, a neuronal microtubule-associated protein, forms insoluble fibers ("paired helical filaments") in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Conflicting views on the structure of the fibers have been proposed recently, ranging from mainly alpha-helical structure to mainly beta-sheet, or a mixture of mostly random coil and beta-sheet. We have addressed this issue by studying tau fibers immunopurified from Alzheimer brain tissue by a conformation-specific antibody and comparing them with fibers reassembled from recombinant tau or tau constructs in vitro, using a combination of electron microscopy and spectroscopic methods. Brain-derived fibers and reassembled fibers both exhibit a typical twisted appearance when examined by electron microscopy. The soluble tau protein is a natively unfolded protein dominated by random coil structure, whereas Alzheimer PHFs and reassembled fibers show a shift toward an increase in the level of beta-structure. The results support a model in which the repeat domain of tau (which lies within the core of PHFs) adopts an increasing level of beta structure during aggregation, whereas the N- and C-terminal domains projecting away from the PHF core are mostly random coil. PMID- 14769048 TI - Evidence for an intermediate in tau filament formation. AB - Alzheimer's disease is defined in part by the intraneuronal accumulation of filaments comprised of the microtubule-associated protein tau. In vitro, fibrillization of full-length, unphosphorylated recombinant tau can be induced under near-physiological conditions by treatment with various agents, including anionic surfactants. Here we examine the pathway through which anionic surfactants promote tau fibrillization using a combination of electron microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Protein and surfactant first interacted in solution to form micelles, which then provided negatively charged surfaces that accumulated tau aggregates. Surface aggregation of tau protein was followed by the time-dependent appearance of a thioflavin S reactive intermediate that accumulated over a period of hours. The intermediate was unstable in the absence of anionic surfaces, suggesting it was not filamentous. Fibrillization proceeded after intermediate formation with classic nucleation-dependent kinetics, consisting of lag phase followed by the exponential increase in filament lengths, followed by an equilibrium phase reached in approximately 24 h. The pathway did not require protein insertion into the micelle hydrophobic core or conformational change arising from mixed micelle formation, because anionic microspheres constructed from impermeable polystyrene were capable of qualitatively reproducing all aspects of the fibrillization reaction. It is proposed that the progression from amorphous aggregation through intermediate formation and fibrillization may underlie the activity of other inducers such as hyperphosphorylation and may be operative in vivo. PMID- 14769049 TI - Folding of an abridged beta-lactamase. AB - The effects of C-terminal truncation on the equilibrium folding transitions and folding kinetics of B. licheniformis exo small beta-lactamase (ES-betaL) have been measured. ES-betaL lacking 19 residues (ES-betaL(C)(Delta)(19)) has no enzymic activity. Deletion of the last 14 residues produces ES betaL(C)(Delta)(14), which is 0.1% active. The enzyme lacking nine residues (ES betaL(C)(Delta)(9)) is nearly fully active, has native optical and hydrodynamic properties, and is protease resistant, a distinguishing feature of the wild-type enzyme. Although ES-betaL(C)(Delta)(9) folds properly, it does so 4 orders of magnitude slower than ES-betaL, making possible the isolation and characterization of a compact intermediate state (I(P) ES-betaL(C)(Delta)(9)). Based on the analysis of folding rates and equilibrium constants, we propose that equilibrium between I(P) ES-betaL(C)(Delta)(9) and other intermediate slow folding. Residues removed in ES-betaL(C)(Delta)(9) and ES-betaL(C)(Delta)(14) are helical and firmly integrated into the enzyme body through many van der Waals interactions involving residues distant in sequence. The results suggest that the deleted residues play a key role in the folding process and also the existence of a modular organization of the protein matrix, at the subdomain level. The results are compared with other examples of this kind in the folding literature. PMID- 14769050 TI - Urea-induced sequential unfolding of fibronectin: a fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism study. AB - Fibronectin (FN) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein found soluble in corporal fluids or as an insoluble fibrillar component incorporated in the ECM. This phenomenon implicates structural changes that expose FN binding sites and activate the protein to promote intermolecular interactions with other FN. We have investigated, using fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy, the unfolding process of human fibronectin induced by urea in different ionic strength conditions. At any ionic strength, the equilibrium unfolding data are well described by a four-state equilibrium model N <= => I(1) <= =>I(2) <= => U. Fitting this model to experimental values, we have determined the free energy change for the different steps. We found that the N <= => I(1) transition corresponds to a free energy of 10.5 +/- 0.4 kcal/mol. Comparable values of free energy change are generally associated with a partial unfolding of the type III domain. For the I(1) <= => I(2) transition, the free energy change is 7.6 +/- 0.4 kcal/mol at low ionic strength but is twice as low at high ionic strength. This result is consistent with observations indicating that the complete unfolding of the type III domain from partially unfolded forms necessitates about 5 kcal/mol. The third step, I(2) <= => U, which leads to the complete unfolding of fibronectin, corresponds to a free energy change of 14.4 +/- 0.9 kcal/mol at low ionic strength whereas this energy is again twice as low under high ionic strength conditions. This hierarchical unfolding of fibronectin, as well as the stability of the different intermediates controlled by ionic strength demonstrated here, could be important for the understanding of activation of the matrix assembly. PMID- 14769051 TI - Transferrin's mechanism of interaction with receptor 1. AB - The kinetics and thermodynamics of the interactions of transferrin receptor 1 with holotransferrin and apotransferrin in neutral and mildly acidic media are investigated at 37 degrees C in the presence of CHAPS micelles. Receptor 1 interacts with CHAPS in a very fast kinetic step (<1 micros). This is followed in neutral media by the interaction with holotransferrin which occurs in two steps after receptor deprotonation, with a proton dissociation constant (K(1a)) of 10.0 +/- 1.5 nM. The first step is detected by the T-jump technique and is associated with a molecular interaction between the receptor and holotransferrin. It occurs with a first-order rate constant (k(-1)) of (1.6 +/- 0.2) x 10(4) s(-1), a second order rate constant (k(1)) of (3.20 +/- 0.2) x 10(10) M(-1) s(-1), and a dissociation constant (K(1)) of 0.50 +/- 0.07 microM. This step is followed by a slow change in the conformation with a relaxation time (tau(2)) of 3400 +/- 400 s and an equilibrium constant (K(2)) of (4.6 +/- 1.0) x 10(-3) with an overall affinity of the receptor for holotransferrin [(K'1)(-1)] of (4.35 +/- 0.60) x 10(8) M(-1). Apotransferrin does not interact with receptor 1 in neutral media, between pH 4.9 and 6, it interacts with the receptor in two steps after a receptor deprotonation (K(2a) = 2.30 +/- 0.3 microM). The first step occurs in the range of 1000-3000 s. It is ascribed to a slow change in the conformation which rate-controls a fast interaction between apotransferrin and receptor 1 with an overall affinity constant [(K(3))(-1)] of (2.80 +/- 0.30) x 10(7) M(-1). These results imply that receptor 1 probably exists in at least two forms, the neutral species which interacts with holotransferrin and not with apotransferrin and the acidic species which interacts with apotransferrin. At first, the interaction of the neutral receptor with holotransferrin is extremely fast. It is followed by the slow change in conformation, which leads to an important stabilization of the thermodynamic structure. In the acidic media of the endosome, the interaction of apotransferrin with the acidic receptor is sufficiently strong and rate controlled by a very slow change in conformation which allows recycling back to the plasma membrane. PMID- 14769052 TI - Compaction of a bacterial group I ribozyme coincides with the assembly of core helices. AB - Counterions are critical to the self-assembly of RNA tertiary structure because they neutralize the large electrostatic forces which oppose the folding process. Changes in the size and shape of the Azoarcus group I ribozyme as a function of Mg(2+) and Na(+) concentration were followed by small angle neutron scattering. In low salt buffer, the RNA was expanded, with an average radius of gyration (R(g)) of 53 +/- 1 A. A highly cooperative transition to a compact form (R(g) = 31.5 +/- 0.5 A) was observed between 1.6 and 1.7 mM MgCl(2). The collapse transition, which is unusually sharp in Mg(2+), has the characteristics of a first-order phase transition. Partial digestion with ribonuclease T1 under identical conditions showed that this transition correlated with the assembly of double helices in the ribozyme core. Fivefold higher Mg(2+) concentrations were required for self-splicing, indicating that compaction occurs before native tertiary interactions are fully stabilized. No further decrease in R(g) was observed between 1.7 and 20 mM MgCl(2), indicating that the intermediates have the same dimensions as the native ribozyme, within the uncertainty of the data (+/-1 A). A more gradual transition to a final R(g) of approximately 33.5 A was observed between 0.45 and 2 M NaCl. This confirms the expectation that monovalent ions not only are less efficient in charge neutralization but also contract the RNA less efficiently than multivalent ions. PMID- 14769053 TI - Mechanism of primer synthesis by the herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase. AB - We utilized templates of defined sequence to investigate the mechanism of primer synthesis by herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase. Under steady-state conditions, the rate of primer synthesis and the size distribution of products remained constant with time, suggesting that the rate-limiting step(s) of primer synthesis occur(s) during primer initiation (at or before the formation of the pppNpN dinucleotide). Consistent with this idea, increasing the concentration of NTPs required for dinucleotide synthesis increased the rate of primer synthesis, whereas increasing the concentration of NTPs not involved in dinucleotide synthesis inhibited primer synthesis. Due to these effects on primer initiation, varying the NTP concentration could affect start site selection on templates containing multiple G-pyr-pyr initiation sites. Increasing the NTP concentration also increased the processivity of primase. However, even at very high concentrations of NTPs, elongation of the dinucleotide into longer products remained relatively inefficient. Primase did not readily elongate preexisting primers under conditions where free template was present in large excess of enzyme. However, if template concentrations were lowered such that primase synthesized primers on all or most of the template present in the reaction, then primase would elongate previously synthesized primers. PMID- 14769054 TI - Analysis of the information structure of protein sequences: a new method for analyzing the domain organization of proteins. AB - The amino acid sequences of gamma-crystallin, Haloalkane Dehalogenase, Phthalate Dioxygenase, Porphobilinogen Deaminase and Myosin Regulatory Domain c-chain were analyzed for their information content. Sites of increased degree of information coordination between residues (IDIC-sites) were identified, and their organization was studied by means of analyzing the information structure of the protein sequences. Relationships between the structural units forming the spatial and informational structure of proteins were demonstrated. Associations of information-coordinated structural elements (IDIC-associations) were mapped onto compact structural domains found in the spatial structures of globular proteins. The proposed method of analyzing the information structure of protein sequences may find applications in the biotechnology and structural chemistry of proteins. PMID- 14769055 TI - Prediction of protein structure by simulating coarse-grained folding pathways: a preliminary report. AB - A set of software tools designed to study protein structure and kinetics has been developed. The core of these tools is a program called Folding Machine (FM) which is able to generate low resolution folding pathways using modest computational resources. The FM is based on a coarse-grained kinetic ab initio Monte-Carlo sampler that can optionally use information extracted from secondary structure prediction servers or from fragment libraries of local structure. The model underpinning this algorithm contains two novel elements: (a) the conformational space is discretized using the Ramachandran basins defined in the local phi-psi energy maps; and (b) the solvent is treated implicitly by rescaling the pairwise terms of the non-bonded energy function according to the local solvent environments. The purpose of this hybrid ab initio/knowledge-based approach is threefold: to cover the long time scales of folding, to generate useful 3 dimensional models of protein structures, and to gain insight on the protein folding kinetics. Even though the algorithm is not yet fully developed, it has been used in a recent blind test of protein structure prediction (CASP5). The FM generated models within 6 A backbone rmsd for fragments of about 60-70 residues of alpha-helical proteins. For a CASP5 target that turned out to be natively unfolded, the trajectory obtained for this sequence uniquely failed to converge. Also, a new measure to evaluate structure predictions is presented and used along the standard CASP assessment methods. Finally, recent improvements in the prediction of beta-sheet structures are briefly described. PMID- 14769056 TI - Molecular docking of the scorpion toxin Tc1 to the structural model of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.1 from human Homo sapiens. AB - In this study, structural model of the pore loop region of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.1 from human Homo sapiens was constructed based on the crystallographic structure of KcsA by structural homology. The pore loop region of Kv1.1 exhibits similar folds as that of KcsA. The structural feature of the selectivity filter of Kv1.1 is nearly identical to that of KcsA, whereas most of the structural variations occur in the turret as well as in the inner and outer helices. Molecular docking experiments of the scorpion toxin Tc1 from Tityus cambridgei to the outer vestibule of KcsA as well as Kv1.1 were subsequently performed with various initial Tc1 orientations. Tc1 was found to form the most stable complexes with these two K+ channels when the side chain of Lys14 occupies the pore of the selectivity filter through electrostatic interaction. Tc1 binds preferentially towards Kv1.1 than KcsA due to stronger hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions formed between the toxin and the selectivity filter and outer vestibule of Kv1.1. Furthermore, surface complementarity of the outer vestibules of the channels to the Tc1 spatial conformations also plays an important role in stabilizing both the Tc1/KcsA and Tc1/Kv1.1 complexes. PMID- 14769057 TI - Structural features in the model of a thermostable and stress-resistant protein, SP1 from aspen. AB - A three dimensional theoretical model of SP1 (stable protein 1), which is resistant to high temperature and biotic-stresses, is presented here. The model was generated by the application of homology modeling technique. The conformational rigidity imparted to the fold by the presence of hydrogen-bonded, C5, C7, C10 and C13 structures in the loop regions, multiple aromatic--aromatic interactions at the protein interior and on the surface, in addition to salt links and hydrogen-bonds are primarily the major factors, responsible for the increased stability of protein. The putative protein family is characterized by motifs, E-x(0,1)-L-x-[AEGQS] and V-x(2,3)-L-x-[ADEGST] and the active site in the tertiary structure is formed by conserved aromatic and isoleucine clusters. PMID- 14769058 TI - Thermostability of protein studied by molecular dynamics simulation. AB - The thermostability of protein thermostable cathechol 2,3-dixoygenase (TC23O) has been studied by the parallel molecular dynamics simulations. By analysis of the exponent beta, which is related to the scattering spectrum and constant-pressure heat capacity Cp, we reveal the respective contribution of a specific residue 228 proline; a specific salt bridge, Lys188N-Glu291OE1; four ions; and a different water environment to the thermostability of TC23O. The dynamic transition temperature of the mutants, Pro228Ser and Glu291Gly of the TC23O, was decreased about 10 degrees C and 19 degrees C respectively. The displacement of the four ions had no significant effect on the thermostability of TC23O. Water affects the thermostability by influencing the changes of accessible conformation to a certain extent. All these results agree with the known experimental results. PMID- 14769059 TI - Reduced spectral density mapping of a partially folded fragment of E. coli thioredoxin. AB - The backbone dynamics of a partially folded, N-terminal fragment of E. coli thioredoxin were investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Relaxation data were collected at three temperatures and analyzed using reduced spectral density mapping. As temperature was increased, the values for the viscosity normalized J(0) and for J(omegaH) increased, while J(omegaN) decreased. The global trend observed for the viscosity normalized J(0) was consistent with an increase in the hydrodynamic volume of the fragment and suggested the presence of correlated rotational motion in the absence of long range interactions. In addition, the residue specific variation observed for the viscosity normalized J(0) suggested contributions to J(omega) from a range of correlation times that are close to the global correlation time. PMID- 14769060 TI - Aggregation of mucin by chromium(III) complexes as revealed by electrokinetic and rheological studies: influence on the tryptic and O-glycanase digestion of mucin. AB - In the present study, the impact of chromium(III) complexes ([Cr(salen)(H2O)2](+) (1), [Cr(en)3]3+ (2) and [Cr(EDTA)(H2O)]- (3)) on the biophysical properties of mucin like specific viscosity, zeta potential and particle size has been investigated. It is evident from the present investigation that the nature of the coordinated ligand has a major role to play in bringing about the changes in the physical characteristics of the glycoprotein. It was observed that (1) and (3) because of their coordinate mode of binding lead to decrease in the specific viscosity of mucin, whereas (2) on the other hand was found to bring about drastic increase in the mucin viscosity due to sol-gel transition in the mucin conformation. Complex (2) was found to gradually lower the zeta potential value of mucin (particle size=51.5 nm) from -24.8 +/- 1.31 mV to -0.58 +/- 0.30 mV, which reveals aggregation (particle size=216 nm) and subsequent sedimentation of mucin with an increase in the average diameter of mucin particles. The binding of (2) to mucin was found to impart resistance to mucin against both tryptic and O glycanase digestion, suggesting that, the aggregation of mucin causes conformational as well as configurational changes in the glycoprotein; thus perturbing the location of carbohydrate domains. PMID- 14769061 TI - Improved model of a LexA repressor dimer bound to recA operator. AB - A complete three dimensional model for the LexA repressor dimer bound to the recA operator site consistent with relevant biochemical and biophysical data for the repressor was proposed from our laboratory when no crystal structure of LexA was available. Subsequently, the crystal structures of four LexA mutants Delta(1-67) S119A, S119A, G85D and Delta(1-67) quadruple mutant in the absence of operator were reported. It is examined in this paper to what extent our previous model was correct and how, using the crystal structure of the operator-free LexA dimer we can predict an improved model of LexA dimer bound to recA operator. In our improved model, the C-domain dimerization observed repeatedly in the mutant operator-free crystals is retained but the relative orientation between the two domains within a LexA molecule changes. The crystal structure of wild type LexA with or without the recA operator cannot be solved as it autocleaves itself. We argue that the 'cleavable' cleavage site region found in the crystal structures is actually the more relevant form of the region in wild-type LexA since it agrees with the value of the pre-exponential Arrhenius factor for its autocleavage, absence of various types of trans-cleavages, difficulty in modifying the catalytic serine by diisopropyl flourophosphate and lack of cleavage at Arg 81 by trypsin; hence the concept of a 'conformational switch' inferred from the crystal structures is meaningless. PMID- 14769062 TI - Using cross-links to study ribosomal dynamics. AB - After publications of 3-D models of a static ribosome and its large and small subunits, one of the next tasks is to recognize movable ribosomal elements responsible for mechanical shifts during protein synthesis. Statistic analysis of available cross-linking data allowed us to reveal three well separated groups of motions in the ribosome: I, mean magnitude of 10 A; II, most abundant, centered at 20 A and of wide dispersion, and III, sparsely populated, with large distances up to 95 A. The last group, III, comprises elements, like the L7/12-stalk and the L1- protuberance, that adopt different positions in crystallographic or electron micrographic structures, and neighboring hairpins 88 and 89, indicating mobility. We demonstrate that the cross-linking method can be applied to study ribosomal dynamics, including large-scale functional movements and, in particular, to estimate which structures participate in molecular switches. PMID- 14769063 TI - Methylene blue binding to DNA with alternating AT base sequence: minor groove binding is favored over intercalation. AB - The results presented in this paper on methylene blue (MB) binding to DNA with AT alternating base sequence complement the data obtained in two former modeling studies of MB binding to GC alternating DNA. In the light of the large amount of experimental data for both systems, this theoretical study is focused on a detailed energetic analysis and comparison in order to understand their different behavior. Since experimental high-resolution structures of the complexes are not available, the analysis is based on energy minimized structural models of the complexes in different binding modes. For both sequences, four different intercalation structures and two models for MB binding in the minor and major groove have been proposed. Solvent electrostatic effects were included in the energetic analysis by using electrostatic continuum theory, and the dependence of MB binding on salt concentration was investigated by solving the non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation. We find that the relative stability of the different complexes is similar for the two sequences, in agreement with the interpretation of spectroscopic data. Subtle differences, however, are seen in energy decompositions and can be attributed to the change from symmetric 5'-YpR-3' intercalation to minor groove binding with increasing salt concentration, which is experimentally observed for the AT sequence at lower salt concentration than for the GC sequence. According to our results, this difference is due to the significantly lower non-electrostatic energy for the minor groove complex with AT alternating DNA, whereas the slightly lower binding energy to this sequence is caused by a higher deformation energy of DNA. The energetic data are in agreement with the conclusions derived from different spectroscopic studies and can also be structurally interpreted on the basis of the modeled complexes. The simple static modeling technique and the neglect of entropy terms and of non-electrostatic solute-solvent interactions, which are assumed to be nearly constant for the compared complexes of MB with DNA, seem to be justified by the results. PMID- 14769064 TI - Daunomycin intercalation stabilizes distinct backbone conformations of DNA. AB - Daunomycin is a widely used antibiotic of the anthracycline family. In the present study we reveal the structural properties and important intercalator-DNA interactions by means of molecular dynamics. As most of the X-ray structures of DNA-daunomycin intercalated complexes are short hexamers or octamers of DNA with two drug molecules per doublehelix we calculated a self complementary 14-mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide duplex d(CGCGCGATCGCGCG)2 in the B-form with two putative intercalation sites at the 5'-CGA-3' step on both strands. Consequently we are able to look at the structure of a 1:1 complex and exclude crystal packing effects normally encountered in most of the X-ray crystallographic studies conducted so far. We performed different 10 to 20 ns long molecular dynamics simulations of the uncomplexed DNA structure, the DNA-daunomycin complex and a 1:2 complex of DNA-daunomycin where the two intercalator molecules are stacked into the two opposing 5'-CGA-3' steps. Thereby--in contrast to X-ray structures- a comparison of a complex of only one with a complex of two intercalators per doublehelix is possible. The chromophore of daunomycin is intercalated between the 5'-CG-3' bases while the daunosamine sugar moiety is placed in the minor groove. We observe a flexibility of the dihedral angle at the glycosidic bond, leading to three different positions of the ammonium group responsible for important contacts in the minor groove. Furthermore a distinct pattern of BI and BII around the intercalation site is induced and stabilized. This indicates a transfer of changes in the DNA geometry caused by intercalation to the DNA backbone. PMID- 14769065 TI - Parallel processing in visual search asymmetry. AB - The difficulty of visual search may depend on assignment of the same visual elements as targets and distractors-search asymmetry. Easy C-in-O searches and difficult O-in-C searches are often associated with parallel and serial search, respectively. Here, the time course of visual search was measured for both tasks with speed-accuracy methods. The time courses of the 2 tasks were similar and independent of display size. New probabilistic parallel and serial search models and sophisticated-guessing variants made predictions about time course and accuracy of visual search. The probabilistic parallel model provided an excellent account of the data, but the serial model did not. Asymptotic search accuracies and display size effects were consistent with a signal-detection analysis, with lower variance encoding of Cs than Os. In the absence of eye movements, asymmetric visual search, long considered an example of serial deployment of covert attention, is qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with parallel search processes. PMID- 14769066 TI - Adaptive utilization of optical variables during postural and suprapostural dual task performance: comment on Stoffregen, Smart, Bardy, and Pagulayan (1999). AB - T. A. Stoffregen, L. J. Smart, B. G. Bardy, and R. J. Pagulayan (1999) combined a postural task (upright stance) with a suprapostural task (visual fixation) to show that sway variability was not driven by optic flow in a task-independent manner (autonomous control) but governed by the demands of the supra-postural task (facilitatory control). The present study used a novel combination of Stoffregen et al.'s task conditions but obtained clear evidence of autonomous control and no indication of facilitatory control. The theoretical adequacy of the stabilization-by-looking versus stabilization-of-looking contrast was examined, as was emerging evidence that posture control and common cognitive tasks place concurrent demands on the same capacity-limited resources. An adaptive resource-sharing view of postural-suprapostural multitasking was proposed as an alternative to both the autonomous- and facilitatory-control views. PMID- 14769067 TI - A Simon effect with stationary moving stimuli. AB - To clarify whether motion information per se has a separable influence on action control, the authors investigated whether irrelevant direction of motion of stimuli whose overall position was constant over time would affect manual left right responses (i.e., reveal a motion-based Simon effect). In Experiments 1 and 2, significant Simon effects were obtained for sine-wave gratings moving in a stationary Gaussian window. In Experiment 3, a direction-based Simon effect with random-dot patterns was replicated, except that the perceived direction of motion was based on the displacement of single elements. Experiments 4 and 5 studied motion-based Simon effects to point-light figures that walked in place--displays requiring high-level analysis of global shape and local motion. Motion-based Simon effects occurred when the displays could be interpreted as an upright human walker, showing that a high-level representation of motion direction mediated the effects. Thus, the present study establishes links between high-level motion perception and action. PMID- 14769068 TI - Response selection in visual search: the influence of response compatibility of nontargets. AB - The authors used visual search tasks in which components of the classic flanker task (B. A. Eriksen & C. W. Eriksen, 1974) were introduced. In several experiments the authors obtained evidence of parallel search for a target among distractor elements. Therefore, 2-stage models of visual search predict no effect of the identity of those distractors. However, clear compatibility effects of the distractors were obtained: Responses were faster when the distractors were compatible with the response than when they were incompatible. These results show that even in parallel search tasks identity information is extracted from the distractors. In addition, alternative interpretations of the results in terms of the occasional identification of a distractor before or after the target was identified could be ruled out. The results showed that flat search slopes obtained in visual search experiments provide no benchmark for preattentive processing. PMID- 14769069 TI - What kind of memory supports visual marking? AB - In visual search tasks, if a set of items is presented for 1 s before another set of new items (containing the target) is added, search can be restricted to the new set. The process that eliminates old items from search is visual marking. This study investigates the kind of memory that distinguishes the old items from the new items during search. Using an accuracy paradigm in which perfect marking results in 100% accuracy and lack of marking results in near chance performance, the authors show that search can be restricted to new items not by visual short term memory (VSTM) of old locations but by a limited capacity and slow-decaying VSTM of new locations and a high capacity and fast-decaying memory for asynchrony. PMID- 14769070 TI - Depth of monocular elements in a binocular scene: the conditions for da Vinci stereopsis. AB - Quantitative depth based on binocular resolution of visibility constraints is demonstrated in a novel stereogram representing an object, visible to 1 eye only, and seen through an aperture or camouflaged against a background. The monocular region in the display is attached to the binocular region, so that the stereogram represents an object which is only partially visible to the eye that sees it. The results show that this feature is necessary for quantitative depth, which is not found for a fully visible monocular object in the same location, and that depth in these displays, although very precise, is not based on fusional Stereopsis. The findings provide clear support for the existence of a process of da Vinci Stereopsis, but one more sophisticated than the one proposed by K. Nakayama and S. Shimojo (1990). PMID- 14769071 TI - How different spatial-frequency components contribute to visual information acquisition. AB - We test 3 theories of global and local scene information acquisition, defining global and local in terms of spatial frequencies. By independence theories, high- and low-spatial-frequency information are acquired over the same time course and combine additively. By global-precedence theories, global information acquisition precedes local information acquisition, but they combine additively. By interactive theories, global information also affects local-information acquisition rate. We report 2 digit-recall experiments. In the 1st, we confirmed independence theories. In the 2nd, we disconfirmed both independence theories and interactive theories, leaving global-precedence theories as the remaining alternative. We show that a specific global-precedence theory quantitatively accounted for Experiments 1-2 data as well as for past data. We discuss how their spatial-frequency definition of spatial scale comports with definitions used by others, and we consider the suggestion by P. G. Schyns and colleagues (e.g., D. J. Morrison & Schyns, 2001) that the visual system may act flexibly rather than rigidly in its use of spatial scales. PMID- 14769072 TI - The attentional dynamics of masked detection. AB - A dichoptic masking procedure was used to test whether the mask-dependent cuing effects found in luminance detection by P. L. Smith (2000a) were due to integration masking or interruption masking. Attentional cuing enhanced detection sensitivity (d') when stimuli were backwardly masked with either dichoptic or monoptic masks, whereas no cuing effect was found with unmasked stimuli, implying the mask dependencies were due to interruption of stimulus processing in visual cortex by the mask. The effect is predicted by a gated diffusion process model in which masks interrupt stimulus processing and attention controls the flow of information to a sequential-sampling decision mechanism. The model correctly predicts different patterns of performance for detection and discrimination and cuing effects in simple reaction time. PMID- 14769073 TI - Detection of counter-changing contrast: second-order apparent motion without postrectification motion-energy analysis or salience mapping/feature tracking. AB - The perception of 2nd-order, texture-contrast-defined motion was studied for apparent-motion stimuli composed of a pair of spatially displaced, simultaneously visible checkerboards. It was found that background-relative, counter-changing contrast provided the informational basis for the perception of 2nd-order apparent motion; motion began where contrast changed toward the contrast value of the background checkerboard and ended where contrast changed away from the background value. The perceived apparent motion was not attributable to either postrectification motion-energy analysis or salience-mapping/feature-tracking mechanisms. Parallel results for 1st-order, luminance-defined motion (H. S. Hock, L. A. Gilroy, & G. Harnett, 2002) suggest that counter-changing activation provides a common basis for the perception of both luminance- and texture contrast-defined apparent motion. PMID- 14769074 TI - Vowel duration affects visual word identification: evidence that the mediating phonology is phonetically informed. AB - What form is the lexical phonology that gives rise to phonological effects in visual lexical decision? The authors explored the hypothesis that beyond phonological contrasts the physical phonetic details of words are included. Three experiments using lexical decision and 1 using naming compared processing times for printed words (e.g., plead and pleat) that differ, when spoken, in vowel length and overall duration. Latencies were longer for long-vowel words than for short-vowel words in lexical decision but not in naming. Further, lexical decision on long-vowel words benefited more from identity priming than lexical decision on short-vowel words, suggesting that representations of long-vowel words achieve activation thresholds more slowly. The discussion focused on phonetically informed phonologies, particularly gestural phonology and its potential for understanding reading acquisition and performance. PMID- 14769075 TI - A rotation invariant in 3-D reaching. AB - In 3 experiments, the authors investigated changes in hand orientation during a 3 D reaching task that imposed specific position and orientation requirements on the hand's initial and final postures. Instantaneous hand orientation was described using 3-element rotation vectors representing current orientation as a rotation from a fixed reference orientation. The direction of these 3-vectors gives the rotation axis, and the length of the axis gives the rotation magnitude. Hand translation parameters (relative timing of velocity components, trajectory linearity) varied systematically with position and orientation of the target, arm load, and movement velocity. Hand orientation, however, remained constrained to 2 D planar motions in the 3-D space of all possible rotation vectors. Implications of this functional constraint for theories of trajectory formation are discussed. PMID- 14769076 TI - Auditory attentional capture: effects of singleton distractor sounds. AB - The phenomenon of attentional capture by a unique yet irrelevant singleton distractor has typically been studied in visual search. In this article, the authors examine whether a similar phenomenon occurs in the auditory domain. Participants searched sequences of sounds for targets defined by frequency, intensity, or duration. The presence of a singleton distractor that was unique on an irrelevant dimension (e.g., a low-frequency singleton in search for a target of high intensity) was associated with search costs in both detection and discrimination tasks. However, if the singleton feature coincided with the target item, search was facilitated. These results establish the phenomenon of auditory attentional capture. PMID- 14769077 TI - Saccadic inhibition in reading. AB - In 5 experiments, participants read text that was briefly replaced by a transient image for 33 ms at random intervals. A decrease in saccadic frequency, referred to as saccadic inhibition, occurred as early as 60-70 ms following the onset of abrupt changes in visual input. It was demonstrated that the saccadic inhibition was influenced by the saliency of the visual event (Experiment 3) and was not produced in response to abrupt but irrelevant auditory stimuli (Experiment 1). Display changes restricted to an area either inside or outside the perceptual span required for normal reading produced strong saccadic inhibition (Experiment 2). Finally, Experiments 4 and 5 demonstrated higher level cognitive or attentional modulation of the saccadic inhibition effect. PMID- 14769078 TI - Decomposition of variability in the execution of goal-oriented tasks: three components of skill improvement. AB - A central ability of the motor system is to achieve goals with great reliability, although never with zero variability. It is argued that variability is reduced with practice by 3 separate means: reduction of stochastic noise (N), exploitation of task tolerance (T), and covariation (C) between central variables. A method is presented that decomposes variability into these components in relation to task space that is defined by the execution variables. Successful variable combinations form the solution manifold. In a virtual skittles task, it is demonstrated that participants' improvement over repetitions, indicated by increasing accuracy, is accounted for by N, T, and, to a lesser degree, C. The relative contribution of these components changes over the course of practice and task variations. PMID- 14769079 TI - Bringing the frame into focus: the influence of regulatory fit on processing fluency and persuasion. AB - This research demonstrates that people's goals associated with regulatory focus moderate the effect of message framing on persuasion. The results of 6 experiments show that appeals presented in gain frames are more persuasive when the message is promotion focused, whereas loss-framed appeals are more persuasive when the message is prevention focused. These regulatory focus effects suggesting heightened vigilance against negative outcomes and heightened eagerness toward positive outcomes are replicated when perceived risk is manipulated. Enhanced processing fluency leading to more favorable evaluations in conditions of compatibility appears to underlie these effects. The findings underscore the regulatory fit principle that accounts for the persuasiveness of message framing effects and highlight how processing fluency may contribute to the "feeling right" experience when the strategy of goal pursuit matches one's goal. PMID- 14769080 TI - When resistance is futile: consequences of failed counterarguing for attitude certainty. AB - This research tests the notion that attitudes after a failed attempt to counterargue may be stronger than attitudes after undirected thinking. Specifically, failed counterarguing may be accompanied by unique metacognitions that serve to strengthen the attitude. The present research examines this issue by giving participants a very strong message and instructing them to counterargue or simply think about the message. Across several experiments, attitudes were as favorable when individuals were trying to counterargue as when they were simply thinking, indicating that counterarguing failed to instill any extra resistance. However, attitudes were held with greater certainty following failed counterarguing compared with following undirected thinking. Furthermore, attitudes following failed counterarguing were more predictive of subsequent behavioral intentions. The metacognitions that follow failed counterarguing are addressed. PMID- 14769081 TI - When memory shifts toward more typical category exemplars: accentuation effects in the recollection of ethnically ambiguous faces. AB - In 4 studies, the authors examined the impact of categorization on the recollection of ethnically ambiguous faces. Participants were presented with faces lying at various locations on mixed-race continua (i.e., Caucasian-North African and Caucasian-Asian faces were used as source images in a morphing program). In all studies, the prevalence of exclusive ethnic features in a face distorted participants' recollections of the face toward faces more typical of the category. Specifically, the recollection of 30% North African (or 30% Asian) faces shifted toward Caucasian source faces, whereas the recollection of 70% North African (or 70% Asian) faces shifted toward North African (Asian) source faces. Memory distortions did not emerge for extremely ambiguous (50%) faces and proved larger on mixed-race than same-race continua (Studies 3 and 4). Memory distortions also emerged with high levels of confidence. The authors elaborate on the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. PMID- 14769082 TI - Relevance override: on the reduced impact of "cues" under high-motivation conditions of persuasion studies. AB - This research addressed the reduced impact of cues under high processing motivation of persuasion experiments. The results of 3 studies suggested that such reduced impact is due to a relevance override whereby any more subjectively relevant information swamps the effects of any less subjectively relevant information, given the recipient's sufficient motivation to process both. Because, in much persuasion research, cues may have been perceived as less relevant to the attitudinal judgments than message arguments, the relevance override hypothesis provides a general explanation of the reduced cue effect. PMID- 14769083 TI - Intimacy expectations in same-sex friendships: a prototype interaction-pattern model. AB - A prototype interaction-pattern model of intimacy expectations was proposed. The central tenet of this model was that people develop knowledge of the patterns of relating that are likely to produce intimacy in a same-sex friendship. Further, it was posited that these interaction patterns are structured as prototypes, such that some patterns of relating are regarded as more likely to create a sense of intimacy than others. Support for this model was found in 6 studies. Interaction patterns depicting self-disclosure, emotional support, and the like were considered more prototypical of intimacy expectations than patterns depicting shared activities and practical support. Regarding gender, women rated intimacy interaction patterns higher than did men, particularly prototypical patterns. However, women and men agreed that prototypical interaction patterns were more indicative of intimacy in a friendship than nonprototypical patterns. Implications for the controversy over whether women's friendships are more intimate than men's are discussed. PMID- 14769084 TI - Marriage and personality: a genetic analysis. AB - There is substantial evidence that married people fare better than their unmarried peers on many life outcome variables. The authors asked whether self selection might partially explain these benefits through genetic influences on personality contributing to propensity to marry. Using a population-based sample of 4,225 women and 2,869 men that included 2,527 complete twin pairs, the authors investigated the phenotypic associations between personality and propensity to marry, the heritability of propensity to marry, and the extent of genetic influence on the link between personality and propensity to marry. The results suggest that propensity to marry is heritable and that the phenotypic link between personality and propensity to marry is genetically influenced. PMID- 14769085 TI - Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience. AB - Two studies were conducted to explore gratitude in daily mood and the relationships among various affective manifestations of gratitude. In Study 1, spiritual transcendence and a variety of positive affective traits were related to higher mean levels of gratitude across 21 days. Study 2 replicated these findings and revealed that on days when people had more grateful moods than was typical for them, they also reported more frequent daily episodes of grateful emotions, more intense gratitude per episode, and more people to whom they were grateful than was typical for them. In addition, gratitude as an affective trait appeared to render participants' grateful moods somewhat resistant to the effects of discrete emotional episodes of gratitude. PMID- 14769086 TI - Do we know how we cope? Relating daily coping reports to global and time-limited retrospective assessments. AB - The current study examined the concordance among daily, trait (global retrospective), and time-limited retrospective reports of coping. A sample of 93 adults completed the COPE (C. S. Carver, M. F. Scheier, & J. K. Weintraub, 1989) prior to recording coping with the day's most negative event for 30 consecutive days. At the end of daily data collection, participants recalled to what extent they used each of 16 coping strategies over the past 30 days. Whereas findings indicate generally good concordance between daily and time-limited retrospective reports, concordance between global and daily reports was weak. Only limited evidence was found for systematic individual differences in concordance. Time limited reports appear to be an adequate, though not ideal, method of determining usual patterns of coping with stress. PMID- 14769087 TI - Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. AB - Theory indicates that resilient individuals "bounce back" from stressful experiences quickly and effectively. Few studies, however, have provided empirical evidence for this theory. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (B. L. Fredrickson, 1998, 2001) is used as a framework for understanding psychological resilience. The authors used a multimethod approach in 3 studies to predict that resilient people use positive emotions to rebound from, and find positive meaning in, stressful encounters. Mediational analyses revealed that the experience of positive emotions contributed, in part, to participants' abilities to achieve efficient emotion regulation, demonstrated by accelerated cardiovascular recovery from negative emotional arousal (Studies 1 and 2) and by finding positive meaning in negative circumstances (Study 3). Implications for research on resilience and positive emotions are discussed. PMID- 14769088 TI - Do people agree about the causes of behavior? A social relations analysis of behavior ratings and causal attributions. AB - Two studies examined consistency and agreement in behavior ratings and causal attributions. In Study 1, participants (N = 280) engaged in a series of getting acquainted conversations in one of 3 communication media (face-to-face, telephone, computer mediated); in Study 2, participants (N = 120) engaged in a competitive group task. In both studies, participants rated themselves and their interaction partners on a set of behaviors and then made attributions about the causes of those behaviors. The major findings were that (a) participants consistently favored some causal factors over others in explaining both their own and their partners' behavior, supporting the existence of generalized attributional styles; and (b) participants showed moderate self-partner and partner-partner agreement about behavior but virtually no agreement about the causes of behavior. Thus, in brief interactions people tend to see themselves and others through the lens of their stable patterns of perceiving and interpreting behavior. PMID- 14769089 TI - I like myself but I don't know why: enhancing implicit self-esteem by subliminal evaluative conditioning. AB - On the basis of a conceptualization of implicit self-esteem as the implicit attitude toward the self, it was predicted that implicit self-esteem could be enhanced by subliminal evaluative conditioning. In 5 experiments, participants were repeatedly presented with trials in which the word I was paired with positive trait terms. Relative to control conditions, this procedure enhanced implicit self-esteem. The effects generalized across 3 measures of implicit self esteem (Experiments 1-3). Furthermore, evaluative conditioning enhanced implicit self-esteem among people with low-temporal implicit self-esteem and among people with high-temporal implicit self-esteem (Experiment 4). In addition, it was shown that conditioning enhanced self-esteem to such an extent that it made participants insensitive to negative intelligence feedback (Experiments 5a and 5b). Various implications are discussed. PMID- 14769090 TI - A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. AB - Standard psycholexical studies of personality structure have produced a similar 6 factor solution in 7 languages (Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Polish). The authors report the content of these personality dimensions and interpret them as follows: (a) a variant of Extraversion, defined by sociability and liveliness (though not by bravery and toughness); (b) a variant of Agreeableness, defined by gentleness, patience, and agreeableness (but also including anger and ill temper at its negative pole); (c) Conscientiousness (emphasizing organization and discipline rather than moral conscience); (d) Emotionality (containing anxiety, vulnerability, sentimentality, lack of bravery, and lack of toughness, but not anger or ill temper); (e) Honesty-Humility; (f) Intellect/Imagination/Unconventionality. A potential reorganization of the Big Five factor structure is discussed. PMID- 14769091 TI - Intra-administration associations and withdrawal symptoms: morphine-elicited morphine withdrawal. AB - On the basis of a conditioning analysis, some drug "withdrawal symptoms" are conditional responses elicited by stimuli paired with the drug effect. Prior demonstrations of conditional elicitation of withdrawal symptoms evaluated the role of environmental cues; however, pharmacological cues also typically signal a drug effect. Within each administration, early drug onset cues (DOCs) may become associated with the later, larger drug effect (intra-administration associations). This experiment evaluated the contribution of intra-administration associations to withdrawal symptoms. The results indicated that (a). 5 mg/kg morphine elicited behavioral and thermic withdrawal symptoms in rats previously injected on a number of occasions with 50 mg/kg morphine and that (b). DOC elicited withdrawal symptoms are not a sensitized response to the opiate but rather an associative phenomenon. PMID- 14769092 TI - On the nature of the intra-administration unconditioned stimulus: comment on McDonald and Siegel (2004). AB - R. V. McDonald and S. Siegel (see record 2004-10475-001) present convincing evidence that a small dose of morphine (5 mg/kg) may elicit withdrawal signs in rats previously injected on a number of occasions with a large dose of morphine (50 mg/kg), thus suggesting that intra-administration associations may be involved in drug withdrawal. This finding is important for basic and applied researchers studying drug reward mechanisms. Although R. V. McDonald and S. Siegel point out that the morphine conditional stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) making up the intra-administration association differ in onset and magnitude, the author of this comment argues that the CS and US may also differ in terms of pharmacologic activity. PMID- 14769093 TI - Drug onset cues, conditioned withdrawal, and drug relapse: comment on McDonald and Siegel (2004). AB - Previous research has shown that under certain conditions environmental cues associated with morphine administration induce drug-opposite conditioned effects that mimic symptoms of opiate withdrawal. R. V. McDonald and S. Siegel (see record 2004-10475-001) extend these observations by demonstrating that acute exposure to a low dose of morphine induces symptoms of opiate withdrawal in rats previously exposed to a high dose of morphine. They hypothesized that early drug onset cues, repeatedly paired with later, larger drug effects, mediate the paradoxical effect of the low drug dose on behavior. They also hypothesized that conditioned withdrawal symptoms induced by the early drug onset cues may mediate the "priming" effect of drugs on relapse and craving. The authors of this comment discuss the degree to which the literature supports this hypothesis. PMID- 14769094 TI - A general role for early onset cues and intra-event learning; comment on McDonald and Siegel (2004). AB - Research on classical conditioning with drug unconditional stimuli has had a profound effect on the understanding of general conditioning processes. The experiment reported by R. V. McDonald and S. Siegel (see record 2004-10475-001) demonstrates that cues coincident with the onset of an event can become associated with the rest of the event. This sort of learning is probably ubiquitous and has been proposed as a mechanism behind the development of panic disorder, in which interoceptive cues coincident with the start of a panic attack can be associated with the rest of the attack and can eventually come to elicit full-blown panic on their own. Evidence that extinction exposure to early onset cues can reduce their power is especially important. Drug conditioning research continues to provide a powerful testing ground for important general principles of learning. PMID- 14769095 TI - Disentangling the sources of opioid withdrawal responses: comment on McDonald and Siegel (2004). AB - R. V. McDonald and S. Siegel (see record 2004-10475-001) present new evidence for the idea that opioid drug-opposite responses can become conditioned to cues of initial drug onset and that they could, therefore, play a role in the development of tolerance of some drug effects and a role in the elicitation of withdrawal like symptoms in cases in which addicted individuals are exposed to small doses of the drug they normally consume. In this comment, some puzzling features of the data are discussed, and alternative explanations are suggested. PMID- 14769097 TI - Alcohol expectancy mediation of biopsychosocial risk: complex patterns of mediation. AB - Alcohol expectancies' mediation of many known antecedents' influence on drinking has been well established, but most models have omitted theoretically relevant mediational pathways through both common (overlapping) and unique (nonshared) expectancy variance. The authors of this study evaluated expectancy mediation using a hierarchical expectancy model that specified both common and unique expectancy factors. The hierarchical model mediated a significantly (p <.05) larger percentage of the antecedent influences than a model specifying only common expectancy variance, revealed previously unseen mediational paths, and showed, to the authors' knowledge for the first time, expectancy mediation of protective as well as risk-related antecedents. It also allows the modeling of specific pathways for particular antecedents, rather than treating all expectancy mediation as though it flows through a general expectancy factor. PMID- 14769098 TI - Contingency management of reliable attendance of chronically unemployed substance abusers in a therapeutic workplace. AB - The Therapeutic Workplace is an effective drug abuse treatment that integrates abstinence reinforcement into a work setting by using a salary that drug abusers earn for work. Drug abuse patients are trained and hired to become data entry operators in a Therapeutic Workplace business. Despite the opportunity to earn a high wage, participants frequently arrive at work late and fail to work complete shifts. In the present study, a contingency management intervention to promote consistent and reliable attendance was evaluated in 4 participants. Participants were not allowed to work on days that they arrived late, and their pay was temporarily reduced each time they arrived late at work or failed to complete a work shift. A within-subject reversal design showed that the intervention increased the frequency with which participants arrived at work on time and completed work shifts. PMID- 14769099 TI - Comparing the developmental trajectories of marijuana use of African American and Caucasian adolescents: patterns, antecedents, and consequences. AB - Adolescent marijuana use has tripled recently, and the once-noted race gap between African American and Caucasian adolescents in marijuana use appears to have disappeared. Yet, relatively little research has examined marijuana use among African American adolescents. In this study, we examined developmental trajectories of marijuana use among Caucasian and African American adolescents to identify whether and when differences in marijuana use appear and whether the precursors and outcomes associated with these developmental trajectories differ by race. Findings indicate that both the developmental patterns and outcomes associated with marijuana use are different for African American and Caucasian adolescents. Early-onset Caucasian and mid-onset African American adolescents experienced the greatest number of negative outcomes later in life associated with their marijuana use, suggesting that groups to target for intervention may vary by race. PMID- 14769100 TI - Effect of methylphenidate on time perception in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. AB - The effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on performance of a time-production task were studied in 17 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder who participated in 1 test session on and 1 off MPH. Participants held a response lever down for at least 10 but no longer than 14 s. Administration of MPH had no effect on the number of correct responses or on the mean duration of lever holds. MPH administration significantly decreased timing response variability, increased holds of 10- to 11-s duration, and decreased lever holds of extremely short durations. These results indicate that administration of MPH resulted in more precise timing performance without changing the mean duration of lever holds, suggesting an enhancement in working memory. PMID- 14769101 TI - Alcohol, tobacco, and drug use disorders and personality disorder symptoms. AB - In a nonclinical sample of 395 young adults, the authors evaluated the relations between major personality traits, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) personality disorder symptoms, and DSM-IV alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Consistent with previous findings, traits related to disinhibition and negative affectivity were consistently associated with AUDs, as were Cluster B personality disorder symptoms (especially antisocial and borderline disorder symptoms). Multivariate analyses revealed that Cluster B symptoms were significantly associated with AUDs above and beyond what was accounted for by personality traits. Further, the authors found differential patterns of relations between other substance use disorders (SUDs; i.e., tobacco dependence and drug use diagnoses) and personality disorder symptoms. Overall, these results suggest that personality disorder symptoms predict unique variance in SUDs that reflect maladaptive aspects of personality traits. PMID- 14769103 TI - May 1968 revisited. PMID- 14769102 TI - The effect of tobacco abstinence on recognition memory, digit span recall, and attentional vigilance. AB - This article examines the effects of tobacco abstinence on recognition memory, digit span recall, and visual attentional vigilance. The results demonstrated that abstinence impaired recognition memory discrimination (ad libitum d' =.85, abstinent d' =.64), recognition memory hit rates (ad libitum =.60, abstinent =.54), accuracy of target detection in attentional vigilance (ad libitum =.99, abstinent =.97), and speed of target detection in attentional vigilance (ad libitum = 662 ms, abstinent = 687 ms). Abstinence did not impair digit span recall (ad libitum =.55, abstinent =.56). These results are consistent with the hypotheses that tobacco abstinence impairs episodic memory and sustained attention. They also suggest that some, but not necessarily all, short-term memory processes may not be influenced by tobacco abstinence. PMID- 14769104 TI - The impact of managed care on children's outpatient treatment: a comparison study of treatment outcome before and after managed care. AB - This study examined treatment outcome pre- and post-managed care in 3 samples of patients (N = 885; ages 5 to 18 years) at an urban-based children's psychiatric outpatient clinic. Although the post-managed care groups were seen for fewer sessions than the pre-managed care group, there was no difference between the pre and post-managed care groups in clinical outcome. PMID- 14769106 TI - Children's appraisal of Major Life Events. AB - Two hundred nine 9-12-year-olds completed items assessing their appraisal of the most stressful event in the past 5 months. Exploratory factor analyses revealed 6 appraisal dimensions (Self- Blame, External Blame, Degree of Threat, Significance, Gain, and Predictability) and 2 expectancy dimensions (Positive Outcome and Duration Expectancies). Situational variations were found for the appraisal dimensions, with the exception of Gain, Outcome, and Duration Expectancies. Implications for models of developmental psychopathology are considered. PMID- 14769105 TI - The effect of quality of the relationship between mothers and adult children with schizophrenia, autism, or down syndrome on maternal well-being: the mediating role of optimism. AB - This article investigates the effects of the quality of the relationship between maternal caregivers and their adult child with disabilities on maternal well being and whether this effect is mediated by dispositional optimism. Mothers caring for an adult child with Down syndrome (n=126), schizophrenia (n=292), or autism (n=102) were surveyed. Mothers of adults with schizophrenia and autism had better psychological well-being when the mother/adult child relationship was positive, but this effect was mediated totally or partially by optimism. For all 3 groups, optimism was related to better mental and physical health. The findings highlight the importance of dispositional optimism, a psychological resource that has been virtually ignored in studies of family caregivers of adults with disabilities. PMID- 14769107 TI - Rehabilitative residential treatment in patients with severe mental disorders: personality features associated with short-term outcome. AB - The aims of this study were to evaluate the outcome of inpatients with severe psychiatric disorders after 6 months of multimodal residential treatment. Ninety one subjects admitted to residential prolonged treatment at an Italian rehabilitative complex were included in the study. Within 6 months, the program of treatment was effective in reducing symptoms and improving the patients' psychosocial functioning. The study of personality can be useful to "dose" symptomatic (pharmacological and psychotherapeutic) and rehabilitative treatments in the therapy program. PMID- 14769108 TI - Diagnostic consistency in assessing conduct disorder: an experiment on the effect of social context. AB - The major objective of the diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (see, e.g., the 4th ed., American Psychiatric Association, 1994) has been to achieve better diagnostic consistency. This has proved to be an elusive goal, because the diagnostic criteria and their rules for application can be ambiguous. This study mailed systematically varied case vignettes of conduct disorder to a nationally representative sample of 1,500 mental health clinicians in order to examine the effect of social context on diagnostic consistency. It found that consistency of diagnosis was modest and that it was affected by context and varied by profession. PMID- 14769109 TI - Responses to racism: a taxonomy of coping styles used by Aboriginal Australians. AB - The author takes up the challenge from social psychologists to explore the coping responses of those who experience racism. Previous attempts to provide taxonomies of responses to racism-discrimination-oppression are reviewed. An analysis of data derived from semistructured interviews conducted with 34 Indigenous Australians that explored experiences of racism and emotional and behavioral responses is reported, and a taxonomy of coping made up of 3 broad categories is presented. The defining feature of these categories is the purpose of the responses contained therein: to defend the self, to control or contain the reaction, or to confront the racism. It is argued that this may be a more useful way to understand responses to racism than taxonomies previously proposed. PMID- 14769110 TI - The meaning of life experiences: application of a meta-model to rehabilitation sciences and services. AB - A motivational, developmental meta-model of the meaning of everyday life experiences is presented. The model proposes that there are 3 fundamental ways in which people establish meaning across the life span: the paths of belonging (relationships), doing (meaningful engagement in activities), and understanding oneself and the world. The principles of the model include intertwined, fundamental meanings of human experience; the indeterminacy of cause and effect; individual differences in preferences for ways of attaining meaning; the importance of commitments in life; and life-long adaptation and changes in meaning. The model provides an organizing framework that clarifies the assumptions of various disciplinary frames of reference with respect to establishing meaning in everyday life. Implications of the model are discussed for the rehabilitation sciences and rehabilitation service delivery. PMID- 14769116 TI - Risk propensity differences between managers and entrepreneurs and between low- and high-growth entrepreneurs: a reply in a more conservative vein. AB - A recent article (W. H. Stewart & P. L. Roth, 2001) in the Journal of Applied Psychology presented the conclusion from meta-analysis that entrepreneurs have a higher risk propensity than managers and that this propensity is particularly pronounced among the growth-oriented. A previously unresolved question was said to be laid to rest and a "vital component" of a theory of entrepreneurship established. The present article disagrees and cites data from 14 studies not included in the Stewart and Roth (2001) analysis, adding up to a conclusion (supported by new meta-analyses) that entrepreneurs (and those with a growth orientation) are more risk avoidant. Thus, a conservative view, retaining the position that the role of risk propensity in entrepreneurship remains unresolved, is upheld. Potential explanations for the conflicting results are explored. PMID- 14769117 TI - Data quality affects meta-analytic conclusions: a response to Miner and Raju (2004) concerning entrepreneurial risk propensity. AB - J. B. Miner and N. S. Raju (2004) contended that there are additional studies that compare the risk propensity of entrepreneurs and managers, which, when added to the data from W. H. Stewart and P. L. Roth (2001) and meta-analyzed, produce relationships between risk propensity and entrepreneurial status that are substantially weaker than previously believed. This conclusion was evaluated by identifying and examining methodological problems associated with their inclusion of effect sizes (i.e., ds) from studies with variables not relevant to research questions, dependent samples, extraneous variance in outcome variables, and confusion of constructs. When these methodological issues were addressed, a new meta-analysis indicated an overall conclusion consistent with that of Stewart and Roth, but the results varied according to instrumentation, particularly objective instrumentation (observed d = 0.31) versus the Miner Sentence Completion Scale Form T (observed d = -0.35). PMID- 14769118 TI - Assessor cognitive processes in an operational assessment center. AB - The purpose of this study was (a) to provide additional tests of C. E. Lance, Newbolt, et al.'s (2000) situational specificity (vs. method bias) interpretation of exercise effects on assessment center postexercise dimension ratings and (b) to provide competitive tests of salient dimension versus general impression models of assessor within-exercise evaluations of candidate performance. Results strongly support the situational specificity hypothesis and the general impression model of assessor cognitive processes in which assessors first form overall evaluations of candidate performance that then drive more specific dimensional ratings. PMID- 14769119 TI - The forgotten ones? The validity of consideration and initiating structure in leadership research. AB - This study provided a meta-analysis of the relationship of the Ohio State leadership behaviors--Consideration and Initiating Structure--with leadership. Overall, 163 independent correlations for Consideration and 159 correlations for Initiating Structure were analyzed. Results revealed that both Consideration (.48) and Initiating Structure (.29) have moderately strong, nonzero relations with leadership outcomes. Consideration was more strongly related to follower satisfaction (leader satisfaction, job satisfaction), motivation, and leader effectiveness, and Initiating Structure was slightly more strongly related to leader job performance and group-organization performance. Validities did vary by leadership measure, but in most cases validities generalized regardless of the measure used. Overall, the results provide important support for the validity of Initiating Structure and Consideration in leadership research. PMID- 14769120 TI - Mutuality and reciprocity in the psychological contracts of employees and employers. AB - The authors assessed the joint perceptions of the employee and his or her employer to examine mutuality and reciprocity in the employment relationship. Paired psychological contract reports were obtained from 80 employee-employer dyads in 16 university-based research centers. On the basis of in-depth study of the research setting, research directors were identified as primary agents for the university (employer) in shaping the terms of employment of staff scientists (employees). By assessing the extent of consistency between employee and employer beliefs regarding their exchange agreement, the present study mapped the variation and consequences of mutuality and reciprocity in psychological contracts. Results indicate that both mutuality and reciprocity are positively related to archival indicators of research productivity and career advancement, in addition to self-reported measures of Met Expectations and intention to continue working with the employer. Implications for psychological contract theory are presented. PMID- 14769121 TI - Multiple independent identification decisions: a method of calibrating eyewitness identifications. AB - Two experiments (N = 147 and N = 90) explored the use of multiple independent lineups to identify a target seen live. In Experiment 1, simultaneous face, body, and sequential voice lineups were used. In Experiment 2, sequential face, body, voice, and clothing lineups were used. Both studies demonstrated that multiple identifications (by the same witness) from independent lineups of different features are highly diagnostic of suspect guilt (G. L. Wells & R. C. L. Lindsay, 1980). The number of suspect and foil selections from multiple independent lineups provides a powerful method of calibrating the accuracy of eyewitness identification. Implications for use of current methods are discussed. PMID- 14769122 TI - Personality trait inferences about organizations: development of a measure and assessment of construct validity. AB - The authors conducted 4 studies to construct a multidimensional measure of perceptions of organization personality. Results of the first 2 studies suggest that (a) 5 broad factors are sufficient to capture the structure of organization personality perceptions, (b) real-world organizations differ on personality profiles, and (c) personality trait inferences are related to organizational attraction. Results of a 3rd study suggest that personality trait inferences assessed in 1 sample are related lo ratings of organizational attractiveness by a 2nd sample. Finally, results of a 4th study suggest that the measure is sensitive to experimental manipulations of organizational descriptions. Implications and suggestions for the use of this measure in future research are discussed. PMID- 14769123 TI - Removing the shadow of suspicion: the effects of apology versus denial for repairing competence- versus integrity-based trust violations. AB - Two studies were conducted to examine the implications of an apology versus a denial for repairing trust after an alleged violation. Results reveal that trust was repaired more successfully when mistrusted parties (a) apologized for violations concerning matters of competence but denied culpability for violations concerning matters of integrity, and (b) had apologized for violations when there was subsequent evidence of guilt but had denied culpability for violations when there was subsequent evidence of innocence. Supplementary analyses also revealed that the interactive effects of violation type and violation response on participants' trusting intentions were mediated by their trusting beliefs. Combined, these findings provide needed insight and supporting evidence concerning how trust might be repaired in the aftermath of a violation. PMID- 14769124 TI - Detecting deception in children: event familiarity affects criterion-based content analysis ratings. AB - Statement Validity Assessment (SVA) is a comprehensive credibility assessment system, with the Criterion-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) as a core component. Worldwide, the CBCA is reported to be the most widely used veracity assessment instrument. We tested and confirmed the hypothesis that CBCA scores are affected by event familiarity; descriptions of familiar events are more likely to be judged true than are descriptions of unfamiliar events. CBCA scores were applied to transcripts of 114 children who recalled a routine medical procedure (control) or a traumatic medical procedure that they had experienced one time (relatively unfamiliar) or multiple times (relatively familiar). CBCA scores were higher for children in the relatively familiar than the relatively unfamiliar condition, and CBCA scores were significantly correlated with age. Results raise serious questions regarding the forensic suitability of the CBCA for assessing the veracity of children's accounts. PMID- 14769125 TI - Career benefits associated with mentoring for protegee: a meta-analysis. AB - Meta-analysis was used to review and synthesize existing empirical research concerning the career benefits associated with mentoring for the protege. Both objective (e.g., compensation) and subjective (e.g., career satisfaction) career outcomes were examined. Comparisons of mentored versus nonmemored groups were included, along with relationships between mentoring provided and outcomes. The findings were generally supportive of the benefits associated with mentoring, but effect sizes associated with objective outcomes were small. There was also some indication that the outcomes studied differed in the magnitude of their relationship with the type of mentoring provided (i.e. career or psychosocial). PMID- 14769126 TI - Detecting true lies: police officers' ability to detect suspects' lies. AB - Ninety-nine police officers, not identified in previous research as belonging to groups that are superior in lie detection, attempted to detect truths and lies told by suspects during their videotaped police interviews. Accuracy rates were higher than those typically found in deception research and reached levels similar to those obtained by specialized lie detectors in previous research. Accuracy was positively correlated with perceived experience in interviewing suspects and with mentioning cues to detecting deceit that relate to a suspect's story. Accuracy was negatively correlated with popular stereotypical cues such as gaze aversion and fidgeting. As in previous research, accuracy and confidence were not significantly correlated, but the level of confidence was dependent on whether officers judged actual truths or actual lies and on the method by which confidence was measured. PMID- 14769127 TI - Incremental validity of the frame-of-reference effect in personality scale scores: a replication and extension. AB - Context-specific personality items provide respondents with a common frame of reference unlike more traditional, noncontextual personality items. The common frame of reference standardizes item interpretation and has been shown to reduce measurement error while increasing validity in comparison to noncontextual items (M. J. Schmit, A. M. Ryan. S. L. Stierwalt. & S. L. Powell, 1995). Although the frame-of-reference effect on personality scales scores has been well investigated (e.g., M. J. Schmit et al., 1995), the ability of this innovation to obtain incremental validity above and beyond the well-established, noncontextual personality scale scores has yet to be examined. The current study replicates and extends work by M. J. Schmit et al. (1995) to determine the incremental validity of the frame-of-reference effect. The results indicate that context-specific personality items do indeed obtain incremental validity above and beyond both noncontextual items and cognitive ability, and in spite of socially desirable responding induced by applicant instructions. The implications of these findings for personnel selection are discussed. PMID- 14769128 TI - Raters who pursue different goals give different ratings. AB - J. N. Cleveland and K. R. Murphy (1992) suggested that phenomena such as rater errors and interrater disagreements could be understood in terms of differences in the goals pursued by various raters. We measured 19 rating goals of students at the beginning of a semester, grouped them into scales, and correlated these with teacher evaluations collected at the end of the semester. We found significant multiple correlations, both within classes and in an analysis of the pooled sample (adjusting for instructor mean differences, incremental R2 =.08). Measures of rating goals obtained after raters had observed a significant proportion of ratee performance accounted for variance (incremental R2 =.07) not accounted for by measures of goals obtained at the beginning of the semester. PMID- 14769129 TI - Reexamining the job satisfaction-performance relationship: the complexity of attitudes. AB - The present article argues that organizational researchers tend to adopt an overly simplistic conceptualization and operationalization of job satisfaction (and job attitudes in general). Specifically, past research has failed to examine the affective-cognitive consistency (ACC) of job attitudes and the implications this has for the strength of the attitude and its relationship with behavior (e.g., job performance). Results from Study 1 suggest ACC is a significant moderator of the job satisfaction-job performance relationship, with those employees higher in ACC showing a significantly larger correlation between job satisfaction and performance than those lower in ACC. Study 2 replicated these findings. Implications for the study of job attitudes, limitations of the current studies, and multiple avenues for future research are discussed. PMID- 14769130 TI - Muscarinic-receptor-mediated inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor stimulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. AB - In 1321N1 astrocytoma cells, stimulation of the IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) receptor increased the association of PI3K [phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase] activity with IRS-1 (insulin re-ceptor substrate 1), and increased the cellular concentration of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Carbachol, acting on M3 muscarinic receptors, inhibited insulin-, but not PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)-, stimulated responses by approximately 50%. The inhibition of IRS-1-associated PI3K activity by carbachol (i) was rapid (<1 min), persistent (> or =60 min) and potent (half maximal concentration approximately 1 microM); (ii) was reproduced by stimuli for several phospholipase-C-coupled receptors; (iii) was prevented by the inhibition of protein kinase C, but not by chelation of intracellular Ca2+; and (iv) was not blocked or reproduced by inhibitors or stimuli respectively of mitogen-activated protein kinase, PI3K, protein kinase B or the mammalian target of rapamycin. However, the effects of carbachol were prevented by sodium vanadate, a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, and were accompanied by reduced insulin stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment of the 85 kDa regulatory subunit of PI3K to IRS-1, but not by reduced IGF-1 receptor kinase activity. The inhibitory effect of carbachol was reproduced by okadaic acid, a protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor, but not by PDGF, yet all three agents stimulated the serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 at residues Ser312, Ser616 and Ser636/639, albeit to different extents. Thus muscarinic receptors may inhibit insulin signalling by promoting IRS-1 tyrosine dephosphorylation and/or by uncoupling IRS-1 from the stimulated IGF-1 receptor by stimulating IRS-1 serine phosphorylation. However, the proportion of IRS-1 molecules phosphorylated at a particular site or the phosphorylation of additional IRS-1 serine residues other than those noted above must be important. PMID- 14769131 TI - Isolation and characterization of lipid rafts with different properties from RBL 2H3 (rat basophilic leukaemia) cells. AB - Lipid rafts are plasma-membrane microdomains that are enriched in certain lipids (sphingolipids, glycosphingolipids and cholesterol), as well as in lipid-modified proteins. Rafts appear to exist in the liquid-ordered phase, which contributes to their partitioning from the surrounding liquid-disordered glycerophospholipid environment. DRM (detergent-resistant membrane) fractions isolated from cells are believed to represent coalesced lipid rafts. We have employed extraction using two different non-ionic detergents, Brij-96 and Triton X-100, to isolate detergent-resistant lipid rafts from rat basophilic leukaemia cell line RBL-2H3, and compared their properties with each other and with plasma-membrane vesicles. DRM fractions were isolated as sealed unilamellar vesicles of similar size (135 170 nm diameter), using either sucrose-density-gradient sedimentation or gel filtration chromatography. Lipid rafts isolated using Brij-96 and Triton X-100 differed in density, protein content and the distribution between high- and low density fractions of the known raft constituents, Thy-1, and the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, Yes and Lyn. Lyn was found in the raft microdomains in predominantly phosphorylated form. The level of enrichment of the protein constituents of the isolated lipid rafts seemed to depend on the ratio of cell lipid/protein to detergent. As indicated by reactivity with anti-Thy-1 antibodies, lipid rafts prepared using Brij-96 appeared to consist of vesicles with primarily right-side-out orientation. Both Brij-96 and Triton X-100 appear to isolate detergent-insoluble raft microdomains from the rat basophilic leukaemia cell line RBL-2H3, but the observed differences suggest that either the detergents themselves play a role in determining the physicochemical characteristics of the resulting DRM fractions, or different subsets of rafts are isolated by the two detergents. PMID- 14769133 TI - Telomere maintenance in childhood primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors. AB - Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), including medulloblastoma (PNET/MB) and supratentorial PNET (sPNET), are the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood. The stabilization of telomere lengths by telomerase activation is an important step in carcinogenesis and cell immortalization. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol in green tea, is a telomerase inhibitor with antiproliferative and anticarcinogenic effects against different types of cancer. In this study, we used real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to measure the mRNA expression of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in 50 primary PNET samples (43 PNET/MB, 7 sPNET), 14 normal human brain samples, and 6 human PNET cell lines. Compared to normal human cerebellum, 38/50 (76%) primary PNET samples had >or= 5-fold upregulated hTERT mRNA expression. We then examined PNET cell lines for telomerase activity using a quantitative telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP), and for telomere length using terminal restriction fragment analysis. While a positive correlation between hTERT mRNA expression and telomerase activity was detected in PNET cell lines, no correlation was found between telomerase activity and telomere length. Treatment of PNET cell lines with EGCG resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of telomerase activity at micromolar levels. Although EGCG displayed strong proliferation inhibitory effects against TRAP-positive PNET cell lines, it had no significant effect against TRAP-negative D425 cells. These results provide evidence for a possible role of telomerase in the pathogenesis of most PNETs and indicate that subsets of PNETs maintain telomere length by alternative mechanisms. Inhibition of telomerase function represents a novel experimental therapeutic strategy in childhood PNETs that warrants further investigation. PMID- 14769134 TI - Expression of the splicing regulator polypyrimidine tract-binding protein in normal and neoplastic brain. AB - Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) is a nuclear factor that binds to the polypyrimidine tract of pre-mRNA introns, where it is associated with negative regulation of RNA splicing and with exon silencing. We have previously demonstrated that PTB expression is increased during glial cell transformation and that this increase correlates brain and in glial and neuronal tumors. Paraffin sections were stained by using a primary monoclonal antibody against PTB. Tissues that were analyzed included normal with changes in the RNA splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1. In this paper we examine the specific cellular distribution of PTB expression in normal brain (n = 2) and tumors of various types (low-grade astrocytoma, n = 2; anaplastic astrocytoma, n = 2; glioblastoma, n = 4; medulloblastoma, n = 4; central neurocytoma, n = 2; dysplastic gangliocytoma, n = 1; ganglioglioma, n = 1; paraganglioma, n = 1). In glial cell populations the majority of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were negative, but occasional positively staining cells were observed. Strongly positive PTB staining was observed in ependymocytes, choroid plexus epithelium, microglia, arachnoid membrane, and adenohypophysis, and weak staining was found in the neurohypophysis. In all cases vascular endothelium and smooth muscle stained strongly. In tumor samples, intense positive nuclear staining was observed in transformed cells of low-grade astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma, paraganglioma, and the glial population of both ganglioglioma and dysplastic gangliocytoma (the neuronal cells of both were negative). In medulloblastoma, neoplastic neuronal cells were positive, as were other cell lineages. In normal brain, all neuron populations and pineocytes were negative for PTB. We conclude that although glial cells show derepression of PTB expression, a similar mechanism is absent in both nonneoplastic neurons and in most neuronally derived tumor cells. Strong upregulation of PTB expression in tumor cells of glial or primitive neuroectodermal origin suggests involvement of this protein in cellular transformation. Whether PTB affects splicing of RNAs critical to cellular transformation or proliferation is an important question for future research. PMID- 14769135 TI - Suramin and radiotherapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: phase 2 NABTT CNS Consortium study. AB - Suramin is a polysulfonated naphthylurea that inhibits the function of growth factors and growth factor receptors implicated in glioma progression, angiogenesis, and radioresistance. The safety and benefits of combining inhibitors of angiogenesis and growth factors with cytotoxic therapies in patients with neoplasms of the central nervous system remain unclear. The objectives of this phase 2 study were to determine the safety of administering suramin with standard cranial radiotherapy (RT) and to estimate survival using this approach in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Fifty-five patients with newly diagnosed GBM (Karnofsky performance status >or= 60) were enrolled in this multicenter phase 2 study. Patients received suramin by a conventional intermittent fixed-dosing regimen for 1 week prior to and during cranial RT (60 Gy in 30 fractions, weeks 2-7). Patients with stable or responsive disease at week 18 received an additional 4 weeks of suramin (weeks 19-22). The median survival for suramin-treated patients was 11.6 months, with 1-year and 18 month survival rates of 49% (95% confidence interval [CI], 36%-62%) and 18% (95% CI, 8%-28%), respectively. Overall, 55% of the patients (30/55) had greater than grade 2 toxicity at least possibly related to suramin therapy. Two patients died of possibly related neurologic events (i.e., stroke, elevated intracranial pressure). Otherwise, toxicities were generally transient and self-limited. Administration of suramin using an intermittent fixed-dosing regimen during cranial RT was generally well tolerated. However, overall survival is not significantly improved when compared with the New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy GBM database or other comparable patient populations. PMID- 14769136 TI - Phase 2 study of weekly irinotecan in adults with recurrent malignant glioma: final report of NABTT 97-11. AB - The primary objective of this study was to determine the proportion of patients exhibiting a radiographic response in a cohort of patients with recurrent malignant glioma who were treated with irinotecan. Secondary objectives were to determine progression-free survival, overall survival, and toxicity. The trial was terminated after the first 18 patients were enrolled in this multicenter, 2 stage, phase 2 study. Twelve patients received concurrent enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs, and 6 did not. Each cycle consisted of a 90-min i.v. infusion of irinotecan every week for 4 consecutive weeks, followed by 2 weeks off. One patient had a complete response, 5 patients had stable disease, 5 patients had radiographic progression, 6 patients were removed from the study because of toxicity, and 1 patient refused further therapy and was removed from the study. The response rate in this study was 6% (1/18), and 28% (5/18) of these patients progressed while receiving irinotecan. Dose-limiting toxicities consisted of diarrhea in 5 patients, neutropenia in 1 patient, infection in 1 patient, and respiratory failure in 1 patient. Irinotecan had minimal efficacy in this cohort of 18 patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Toxicity was significant but similar to that reported in other patient populations. PMID- 14769137 TI - O6-benzylguanine suppression of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in anaplastic gliomas. AB - The purpose of the study was to determine the dose of O(6)-benzylguanine (BG) that would suppress O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) activity to undetectable levels in > 90% of anaplastic gliomas, as measured 6 h after a 1-h BG infusion. Subjects who were scheduled for surgical resection of a known or presumed anaplastic glioma received a 1-h infusion of BG. Tumor tissue was surgically removed approximately 6 h after the end of the infusion and was analyzed for AGT activity. The BG dose was escalated until at least 11 of 14 subjects had no detectable AGT activity. An additional cohort of patients received the identified effective dose of BG approximately 18 h before tumor resection in order to compare our results with an earlier study using the longer time interval. In the 79 subjects who were enrolled, there was no significant toxicity that was attributed to the BG. A dose-response relationship was determined between the BG dose and the percentage of subjects with undetectable AGT. A dose of 120 mg/m(2) suppressed AGT to less than detectable levels in 17 of 18 patients when the drug-resection interval was 6 h. With an 18-h interval, only 5 of 11 subjects had undetectable AGT at the 120-mg/m(2) dose. We conclude that a BG dose of 120 mg/m(2) given 6 h before an alkylating drug would be effective in suppressing AGT and possibly potentiating the cytotoxic effects of the drug. PMID- 14769138 TI - Phase 2 study of BCNU and temozolomide for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: North American Brain Tumor Consortium study. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity, measured in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) and response rates, of 1,3-bis(chloro-ethyl)-1 nitrosourea (BCNU) plus temozolomide in adult patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. The phase 2 dose and schedule for this trial was BCNU 150 mg/m(2) i.v. followed in 2 h by temozolomide 550 mg/m(2) as a single oral dose. Treatment was repeated every 6 weeks for up to 8 cycles unless tumor progression was documented. The primary end point was PFS at 6 months (PFS-6). Response was a secondary end point, measured by MR imaging, neurological status, and steroid requirements prior to each 6-week cycle. The median age of eligible patients was 53, and 89.5% had no prior chemotherapy. All patients were evaluable for toxicity and time to progression. The PFS-6 was 21%. Overall survival was 68% at 6 months and 26% at 1 year. The MRI response for 36 patients was 2 partial responses, 2 minor responses, 19 cases of stable disease, and 13 immediate progressions. Median survival was 34 weeks, and median PFS was 11 weeks. Toxicity was primarily myelosuppression; no toxic deaths occurred. Historical phase 2 study data in this patient population show a PFS-6 of 15%. Recent data for use of temozolomide alone have shown a PFS-6 of 21%. We conclude that BCNU plus temozolomide when used in these doses and schedule has only modest activity, with significant toxicity, and appears to be no more effective than single-agent temozolomide. PMID- 14769139 TI - Phase 2 study of temozolomide and Caelyx in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. AB - Temozolomide has established activity in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Caelyx (liposomal doxorubicin) has established activity in a broad range of tumors but has not been extensively evaluated in the treatment of GBM. Phase 1 data suggest that temozolomide and Caelyx can be combined safely at full dose. In this phase 2 study, combination temozolomide (200 mg/m(2) orally, days 1-5) and Caelyx (40 mg/m(2) i.v., day 1) was given every 4 weeks to a cohort of 22 patients with recurrent GBM, who received a total of 109 cycles (median 3.5 cycles). The median age of the patients was 55 years (range, 31-80 years), and 17 were male. All patients had received radiotherapy, but only 2 had received prior chemotherapy. One patient (5%) had a complete response, 3 patients (14%) had a partial response, and 11 patients (50%) had stable disease. The median time to progression for the cohort was 3.2 months (range, 1-13 months). Median overall survival was 8.2 months (range, 1-16+ months). Seven patients (32%) were progression free at 6 months. Hematological toxicity included grade 3/4 neutropenia in 4 patients (18%) and grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia in 4 patients (18%). Grade 3 non-hematologic toxicity included rash in 3 patients (14%), nausea and vomiting in 1 patient (4%), hypersensitivity reaction to Caelyx in 3 patients (14%), and palmar-plantar toxicity in 1 patient (4%). We conclude that the combination of temozolomide and Caelyx is well tolerated, results in a modest objective response rate, but has encouraging disease stabilization in the treatment of recurrent GBM. PMID- 14769140 TI - Phase 1 trial of irinotecan (CPT-11) in patients with recurrent malignant glioma: a North American Brain Tumor Consortium study. AB - This study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose and dose limiting toxicity of irinotecan (CPT-11) administered every 3 weeks to adults with progressive malignant glioma who were treated with enzyme inducing antiepileptic drug (EIAED) therapy, and to compare the pharmacokinetics with those in patients not on EIAED therapy treated at the recommended phase 2 dose for other cancers. The CPT-11 dose was 350 mg/m(2) i.v. every 3 weeks and remained fixed in patients not on EIAED therapy, but the dose was escalated by 50 mg/m(2) increments in patients on EIAED therapy. CPT-11 and its metabolites SN 38, SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38G), and APC (7-ethyl-10[4-N-(5 aminopentanoic acid)-1 piperidine]-carbonyloxycamptothecin) were characterized in both groups. Patients on EIAEDs received 350 to 800 mg/m(2) of CPT-11. Dose-limiting toxicity was due to grade 3 diarrhea despite maximal doses of loperamide. The systemic levels of CPT-11, APC, SN-38G, and SN-38 were all lower in the EIAED group. There was a moderate-to-fair relationship between CPT-11 dose and the area under the curve (AUC) for CPT-11 and APC over the 2, but no relationship dosage range of 350 to 800 mg/m between CPT-11 dose and the AUC for SN-38 or SN-38G. At the 750-mg/m(2) dose, the AUC for CPT-11 (21.6 microg x h/ml) matched the AUC (21.6 microg x h/ml) in the non-EIAED group treated with 350 mg/m(2) of CPT-11. We conclude that the recommended phase 2 dose of CPT-11 for patients on EIAEDs is 750 mg/m(2) when given every 3 weeks. A phase 2 study of patients with recurrent malignant glioma is ongoing to assess the efficacy of CPT-11 when the dose is stratified according to the use of EIAEDs. PMID- 14769141 TI - Immunomodulatory treatment trial for paraneoplastic neurological disorders. AB - Paraneoplastic neurological disorders are devastating remote effects of malignancy. Despite compelling evidence of an autoimmune pathogenesis, empiric immunomodulatory treatment of these disorders is often ineffective. However, very few systematic studies have been conducted, and the treatment of patients without active malignancy has not been addressed. We conducted a prospective open-label treatment study of plasma exchange plus conventional cancer chemotherapy (10 patients) or plasma exchange plus continuous oral cyclophosphamide (10 patients). All patients had progressive symptoms and at least moderate disability at enrollment (mean Rankin score, 3.4). Patients who had experienced symptoms for more than 12 months were excluded (mean duration of symptoms at enrollment, 3.6 months). The primary outcome measure was change in quantitative disability measures (Rankin and Barthel scores) after 6 months of treatment; a positive response was defined as stability or improvement in disability. Overall, 50% of patients had a positive response at 6 months (6 patients had improved by at least 1 Rankin grade). Patients with good outcome tended to be those with less disability at time of enrollment. Hematologic toxicity was common among those receiving cyclophosphamide. Aggressive immunosuppression early in the clinical course should be considered in patients who have paraneoplastic neurological disorders, even when there is no evidence of active malignancy. PMID- 14769142 TI - Durable response of breast cancer leptomeningeal metastasis to capecitabine monotherapy. AB - We report a durable (12-month) response to capecitabine monotherapy, shown clinically, by MRI, and by cerebrospinal fluid analysis, in a patient with leptomeningeal metastasis from breast cancer. PMID- 14769143 TI - Review of microdialysis in brain tumors, from concept to application: first annual Carolyn Frye-Halloran symposium. AB - In individuals with brain tumors, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies of therapeutic agents have historically used analyses of drug concentrations in serum or cerebrospinal fluid, which unfortunately do not necessarily reflect concentrations within the tumor and adjacent brain. This review article introduces to neurological and medical oncologists, as well as pharmacologists, the application of microdialysis in monitoring drug metabolism and delivery within the fluid of the interstitial space of brain tumor and its surroundings. Microdialysis samples soluble molecules from the extracellular fluid via a semipermeable membrane at the tip of a probe. In the past decade, it has been used predominantly in neurointensive care in the setting of brain trauma, vasospasm, epilepsy,and intracerebral hemorrhage. At the first Carolyn Frye Halloran Symposium held at Massachusetts General Hospital in March 2002, the concept of microdialysis was extended to specifically address its possible use in treating brain tumor patients. In doing so we provide a rationale for the use of this technology by a National Cancer Institute consortium, New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy, to measure levels of drugs in brain tissue as part of phase 1 trials. PMID- 14769145 TI - PACT-mediated enhancement of reporter gene expression at the translational level. AB - The cellular protein, PACT, can directly activate protein kinase (PKR) in vitro by the interaction of PACT domain 3 with PKR. In contrast, in vivo, PACT-mediated PKR activation and concomitant inhibition of protein synthesis require additional cellular stresses. We observed that without such stresses, cotransfection of a PACT expression vector with various reporter genes enhances their levels of expression. This effect was promoter and inducer-independent and PACT specific and mediated by PACT domains 1 and 2. PACT did not increase the level of the reporter mRNA but enhanced its translation by suppressing phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) caused by the transfection process. To further examine the phenomenon, we generated cell lines expressing a PACT mutant containing only domains 1 and 2. Reporter gene expression was higher and eIF2alpha phosphorylation was lower in such cell lines compared with the corresponding control cells. Thus, different domains of PACT can either promote or inhibit translation by appropriately modulating the status of eIF2alpha phosphorylation. PMID- 14769146 TI - Avian interleukin-12beta (p40): cloning and characterization of the cDNA and gene. AB - We isolated the chicken interleukin-12 (ChIL-12) p40 cDNA from a concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated spleen cDNA library using the PCR with primers based on a partial 3' EST sequence in a chicken EST library. The cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 315 amino acids (aa), with a predicted mature peptide of 300 aa. ChIL-12 p40 has 46% and 41% amino acid identity with human (HuIL-12) and murine IL-12 (MuIL 12) p40, respectively. We also isolated a partial turkey IL-12 (TuIL-12) p40 cDNA sequence with 95% predicted aa identity with ChIL-12 p40. The structures of the ChIL-12 p40 gene and its promoter were determined by direct sequencing of a chicken BAC identified by hybridization with the cDNA. The gene structures of HuIL-12, MuIL-12, and ChIL-12 p40 all differ. The promoter of the ChIL-12 p40 gene shares some (an ETS consensus sequence, a C/EBP binding site, and a TATA box) but not all (an NF-kappaB binding site and a GA12 site are absent) of the transcription factor binding sites identified in the human and murine promoters. IL-12 p40 mRNA expression was identified in a wide variety of tissues and in B, T, and macrophage cell lines by RT-PCR. PMID- 14769148 TI - Thrombomodulin RNA is destabilized through its 3'-untranslated element in cells exposed to IFN-gamma. AB - Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a potent activator of mononuclear phagocytes, allowing them to play a prominent role in acute and chronic inflammatory responses. IFN-gamma binding to its cell surface receptor initiates changes in the steady-state levels of cellular RNAs, permitting the proteins encoded by these RNAs to exert its biologic actions. Hundreds of cellular RNAs have been identified whose rates of transcription are altered by incubation of cells with IFNs. The rates of transcription of many of the genes encoding these RNAs are enhanced by IFN-gamma-mediated activation of the Stat1 transcription factor that is tyrosine phosphorylated and translocates to the nucleus, where it binds enhancers present in IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). IFN-gamma can also modify the concentrations of some RNAs by posttranscriptional mechanisms. However, very little is understood about the molecular mechanisms regulating this phenomenon. We have identified the RNA encoding thrombomodulin (TM), a physiologic receptor for thrombin, that is downregulated in primary human monocytes incubated with IFN gamma. Using actinomycin D as a transcriptional inhibitor, we show that the mRNA half-life is rapidly shortened by IFN-gamma. The TM transcript contains a large 3'-untranslated region (UTR), with several AU-rich elements (AREs), elements that have been implicated in the regulation of mRNA decay. Using a tetracycline regulatory promoter system, we analyzed RNA levels in the absence of transcription of TM. Results from these experiments indicate that incubation of cells with IFN-gamma accelerates the decay of TM RNA through its 3'-UTR. This is the first report describing a clear posttranscriptional downregulation of an mRNA by IFN-gamma that identifies the 3'-UTR as a target of IFN-gamma-stimulated destabilization. PMID- 14769147 TI - Conditional expression of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma activated by HBV as genetic therapy for hepatitis B. AB - Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) has potentially devastating consequences and is very difficult to treat. Therapy with recombinant interferons (IFN), especially IFN-alpha, may be effective. The blood IFN-alpha levels that are needed to maintain therapeutic IFN-alpha levels in the liver, however, often cause severe side effects. Gene delivery to the liver may provide a solution. Using a long-term expression construct could provide the desired levels of IFN locally without the need to maintain potentially problematic blood levels. Recombinant, Tag-deleted SV40-derived vectors transduce hepatocytes efficiently and provide permanent transgene expression. We designed an expression construct that was effective against HBV and whose activity was limited to HBV-infected cells. To do this, we exploited the ability of HBV X protein to activate NF kappaB and, via NF-kappaB, to activate promoter activity of HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) in hepatocytes. Using HIVLTR as a conditional promoter upstream of human and murine IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma cDNAs, rSV40 vectors were used to test the responsiveness of IFN to HBV and the ability of these IFNs to inhibit HBV transcripts and protein production and to activate IFN signaling in neighboring untransduced cells. We found that in hepatocyte cell lines and in primary hepatocytes, HBV activated the promoter activity of the HIVLTR via NF-kappaB. When whole HBV genome was delivered to cells by transfection to simulate HBV infection, IFN expression was activated, IFNs were produced and secreted, and they protected cells from HBV. Levels of IFN proteins that were secreted in this context were comparable to targeted blood levels needed to control chronic hepatitis viral infection. Further, IFNs that were elicited and secreted in this manner were able to activate IFN-induced signaling pathways in neighboring, untransduced cells and so were likely to provide protection even to cells that the rSV40 vector did not transduce. Gene delivery using such rSV40 vectors expressing IFNs conditionally in response to HBV may be an attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. PMID- 14769149 TI - Association of endogenous G-CSF with anti-inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. AB - Upregulation of the anti-inflammatory mediators, soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptors I and II (sTNFRI/RII) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL 1RA), by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) may contribute to the pathophysiology of lung injury. We determined the relation of endogenous G-CSF to proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI). Nineteen patients with ARDS and 10 with ALI were included in this prospective investigation. BAL was performed within 12 h and 24 h after onset of lung injury. Concentrations of G-CSF, TNF-alpha, IL-6, sTNFRI and sTNFRII, IL-1RA and IL-10 in BALF as well as in serum were determined by ELISA. G-CSF was associated with alveolar neutrophilia. Results in patients with ARDS and ALI exhibited significant positive correlations in BALF of G-CSF levels with that of IL-6, sTNFRII, and IL-1RA and of G-CSF levels in serum with that of serum IL-6, IL-1RA, and IL-10. Given the potential of G-CSF to directly induce anti-inflammatory cytokines in vitro, significant associations of endogenous G CSF levels with these mediators early in the development of severe lung injury suggest an endogenous anti-inflammatory role of G-CSF in vivo. PMID- 14769150 TI - The effect of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on the eosinophilic differentiation and NADPH oxidase activation of human HL-60 clone 15 cells. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on NADPH oxidase activity and gp91-phox gene expression in HL-60 clone 15 cells as they differentiate along the eosinophilic lineage. The results were compared to the eosoniphilic inducers interleukin-5 (IL-5) and butyric acid. IFN-gamma (100 U/ml) and TNF-alpha (1000 U/ml) or IL-5 (200 pM) caused a significant increase in the expression of the eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and the major basic protein (MBP) genes. Similar results were observed when the cells were cultured with 0.5 mM butyric acid for 5 days. IFN-gamma (100 U/ml) and TNF-alpha (1000 U/ml) also caused a significant increase in superoxide release by HL-60 clone 15 cells after 2 days compared with control or with butyric acid-induced cells. After 5 days, these cytokines and butyric acid induced an even stronger release of superoxide. HL-60 clone 15 cells cultured with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha for 2 days showed a significant increase in gp91-phox gene expression. We conclude that IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha are sufficient to induce the differentiation of HL-60 clone 15 cells to the eosinophilic lineage and to upregulate gp91-phox gene expression and activity of the NADPH oxidase system. PMID- 14769151 TI - Novel growth and death related interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in melanoma: greater potency of IFN-beta compared with IFN-alpha2. AB - Interferon (IFN)-dependent cellular effects are mediated by transcriptional induction of responsive genes, collectively referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Which ISGs regulate the potent antiviral, antiproliferative, apoptosis inducing, antiangiogenic, and immunologic effects of IFNs remains largely undetermined. To identify genes that might be useful for predicting or targeting apoptosis induction in response to IFNs, WM9 melanoma cells were assessed. WM9 cells had equivalent antiviral activity in response to IFN-beta and IFN-alpha2 but underwent apoptosis only in response to IFN-beta. RNA samples from WM9 cells and WM35 cells, a second melanoma cell line, treated with IFN-alpha2 or IFN-beta were assessed on oligonucleotide arrays. For 95% of genes assessed, IFN-beta was more potent than IFN-alpha2 in inducing ISG expression. Using a 22,000-gene oligonucleotide array, the largest yet reported for assessing ISG induction, approximately 910 genes were identified as induced by IFN-beta at 500 U/ml, and 260 ISGs were identified as significantly induced by IFN-beta at both 50 and 500 U/ml. Of these 260, 209 were defined as new ISGs based on the array analysis. Confirmation by Northern blot or semiquantitative or quantitative PCR was undertaken for 28, and all were confirmed. Nearly half of the 260 genes were functionally categorized as encoding growth-regulatory proteins. Of the 104 with described growth-regulatory function, 71 were induced more than three times by 500 U/ml and twice by 50 U/ml IFN-beta, and 48 of these were new ISGs. Included in this latter category were tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1), galectin 9, a cyclin E binding protein, amphiphysin 1, MyD88, and several ubiquitin pathway genes. The diversity of stimulated genes suggests the full therapeutic potential of IFN regulation of gene expression has yet to be realized. PMID- 14769153 TI - [Quality control of the serological diagnosis of dengue in laboratories throughout the Americas, 1996-2001]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To report the results from participating laboratories for four external quality control proficiency tests of dengue serological diagnosis that were carried out in the Region of the Americas in the period of 1996-2001. METHODS: External quality control proficiency tests of dengue serological diagnosis were carried out in 1996-1997, 1998-1999, 1999-2000, and 2000-2001. Panels made up of 20 serum samples (12 of them positive for dengue IgM antibodies) were sent to participating laboratories in the Region. The sera were negative for HIV antibodies, hepatitis C virus antibodies, and hepatitis B surface antigen. The sera were stored at -20 degrees C until they were sent in refrigerated shipments to the participating laboratories. The presence of IgM antibodies was determined through IgM-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the IgG antibody titer was determined by hemagglutination inhibition or by IgG ELISA. The results of the IgM antibody testing that differed from those of the reference center were considered discordant. The IgG antibody titer was considered discordant when the results differed by two dilutions or more with respect to the reference center's results. RESULTS: A total of 27 laboratories received a total of 59 serum panels over the 1996-2001 period, and the results from testing 54 of those panels (91.5%) were sent back in. Of the total of 1 080 sera samples from those 54 panels, the results from 95.6% of the IgM antibody tests were concordant with the results from the reference center. With 47 of the 54 panels (87.0%) the participating laboratories' agreement with the reference center's results for the IgM antibody testing was 90.0% or higher. The laboratories sent back results from a total of 27 IgG antibody titer tests, and 22 of them (81.5%) coincided with those from the reference center. Considering the IgM antibody testing results from the four periods, the findings from 22 of the participating laboratories coincided with those from the reference center for at least 90% of the samples, and 13 of the laboratories were in complete concordance with the reference center. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the participating laboratories showed an excellent level of performance in detecting dengue IgG and IgM antibodies. However, the deficiencies found in some instances confirm the need for continuing to improve laboratory diagnosis of dengue in the Region of the Americas. PMID- 14769154 TI - Meningitis and pneumonia in Guatemalan children: the importance of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive infections in hospitalized Guatemalan children. This is an important issue since Hib vaccine has not been incorporated into the routine immunization program in Guatemala and information from hospital records in 1995 indicated a low incidence of Hib and S. pneumoniae as causes of meningitis and invasive infections. METHODS: Children who were hospitalized in Guatemala City with clinical signs compatible with bacterial infections were evaluated for evidence of Hib or S. pneumoniae infection. Normally sterile body fluids were cultured, and antigen detection was performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and pleural fluid. RESULTS: Of 1 203 children 1-59 months of age hospitalized over a 28-month period, 725 of them (60.3%) had a primary diagnosis of pneumonia, 357 (29.7%) of meningitis, 60 (5.0%) of cellulitis, and 61 (5.1%) of sepsis and other conditions. Hib was identified in 20.0% of children with meningitis and S. pneumoniae in 12.9%. The average annual incidence of Hib meningitis was 13.8 cases per 100 000 children under 5 years of age, and 32.4% of meningitides caused by Hib and 58.7% of S. pneumoniae meningitides occurred prior to 6 months of age. Case fatality rates were 14.1%, 37.0%, and 18.0%, respectively, for children with Hib, S. pneumoniae, and culture-negative and antigen-negative meningitis. Prior antibiotic therapy was common and was associated with significant reductions in CSF-culture-positive results for children with other evidence of Hib or S. pneumoniae meningitis. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in case detection, culture methods, and latex agglutination for antigen detection in CSF resulted in identification of Hib and S. pneumoniae as important causes of severe disease in Guatemalan children. Using a cutoff of > 10 white blood cells per cubic millimeter in CSF would improve the sensitivity for detection of bacterial meningitis and help estimate the burden of bacterial meningitis in Guatemala and other developing countries. PMID- 14769155 TI - [Sanitary monitoring of an integrated system for the treatment of wastewaters from pig farming]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential for contamination of wastewaters from pig farming. METHODS: Wastewaters from pig farming were stored in a tank. After 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of hydraulic retention, they were added to lysimeters filled with argillaceous, sandy, or medium soil. Finally, these lysimeters were submitted to simulations of either a rainy season or a dry season. The number of colony-forming units (CFUs) of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci was measured in the effluents of the storage tank (for the various periods of hydraulic retention), in the percolate from the lysimeters, and in the three types of soil. The microbiological analyses were carried out using the membrane filter technique. The pH analyses were done potentiometrically. RESULTS: For the three microorganisms, the largest decrease in bacterial counts in the storage tanks occurred with 90 or 120 days of retention. There was a marked decrease in the bacterial count in the percolates of the three soils. For the three soil types the greatest reduction in bacterial counts was found in medium soil, due to its acidity (pH < 7.0). Hydraulic retention was not sufficient to ensure the sanitary adequacy of the wastewaters and their use for irrigation, given that fecal coliform values were above 1 000 CFU per 100 mL. Therefore, adding the residues to the soil was considered a second stage of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The retention of wastewaters followed by adding them to soil was effective in minimizing the contaminating effect of pig farming residues. The storage time for wastewaters from pig farming could be decreased from 120 to 90 days. PMID- 14769156 TI - [A game as an educational strategy for the control of Aedes aegypti in Venezuelan schoolchildren]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of a game known as Jugando en salud: dengue [Playing for health: dengue] as a teaching/learning tool leading to the incorporation of schoolchildren enrolled in secondary school in the control of Aedes aegypti and dengue prevention activities in the municipality of Girardot, Aragua state, Venezuela. METHODS: We performed a descriptive, quasi-experimental study based on field research carried out in 9 schools that were chosen by systematic random sampling among the 29 public schools in the municipality of Girardot, Aragua state, Venezuela, having three or more sixth-grade classrooms. In each school three workrooms were set up: in group no. 1 (210 students) the game was practiced three times a week for a total of 60 days, and the teacher was furnished with theoretical materials about dengue; in group no. 2 (196 students) only the theoretical materials that were given to the teacher were used, and in group no. 3 (215 students), which was the control group, the regular learning program established by the Ministry of Education was followed. Participating students were evaluated before and after each of the proposed programs by means of a questionnaire that was evaluated using a Likert scale. We calculated concentration and dispersion measures for the data obtained during the evaluations. Simple analysis of variance was used to compare the mean results obtained in the different classrooms and to detect significant differences among the various groups in terms of knowledge and skills before and after the proposed program. Scheffe's test was used to detect differences within groups. RESULTS: Six hundred twenty-one schoolchildren between the ages of 8 and 16 years (mean age: 11.8 years) participated in the study. Of the 210 students that took part in the game, 41% rated its acceptability as "high" and 45% as "very high." The knowledge about dengue and the skills that were measured prior to following the prescribed program were lower (6.5 and 18.4 points, respectively) than those displayed in the final test (8.25 and 22.9 points, respectively; P < 0,05). There appeared to be better learning in the groups that used the game plus the theoretical materials (group no. 1), or that used just the theoretical materials (group no. 2), than in the control group (group no. 3). Students in workrooms 1 and 2 also appeared to acquire more skills than those in the control group (P < 0,05). CONCLUSIONS: The game was highly accepted among students enrolled in secondary school. It helped them acquire greater knowledge about dengue and to develop skills and abilities leading to their incorporation in dengue prevention activities in their respective communities. We recommend that the game be extended to all schools as a tool for strengthening the educational process and incorporating children in dengue control activities. PMID- 14769157 TI - [Educational strategy for improving patient compliance with the tuberculosis treatment regimen in Chiapas, Mexico]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To implement a training program for physicians and patients and assess its effectiveness in terms of patient compliance with the pulmonary tuberculosis treatment regimen in the border region of Chiapas, Mexico. METHODS: A controlled intervention study was performed with patients over 15 years of age who had pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed by direct microscopy (bacilloscopy) between 1 February 2001 and 31 January 2002 in health units randomly selected in the border region of Chiapas, Mexico. The sample was made up of patients who sought consultation at 23 and 25 health units over that period (intervention and control group, respectively). The intervention group took part in a training program for health personnel in which the following were discussed: the social, cultural, and economic aspects of tuberculosis; the theoretical and practical underpinnings of the diagnosis and treatment of the illness, and the establishment of self-help groups. Selfhelp groups were also created for all patients at the 23 units where the intervention group sought consultation. All patients were given a short-term treatment regimen with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for a total of 25 weeks, until completing a total of 105 doses. Patient follow-up was extended through December 2003. The intervention and control groups were compared by means of the chi square test, and Student's t test was used to compare means. The relative risk of non-compliance (RR) was calculated along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: Eighty-seven patients participated in the study; 44 were exposed to the intervention, and 43 made up the control group. Compliance with treatment was considerably greater in the intervention group than in the control group (97.7% vs. 81.4%, respectively; RR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.39; P = 0.0015). It was noted that physicians in the border region of Chiapas gear their activities toward curative medicine, rather than preventive medicine or understanding the social determinants of disease. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the educational activities that were part of the intervention, there was an increase in the proportion of patients who complied with treatment. Health services can improve tuberculosis control in Chiapas with the resources that are available to them at present. Physicians should be taught to view health problems in Chiapas as part of an integral set of conditions, and efforts should be made to improve the doctor-patient relationship. Steps should also be taken to incorporate educational activities and community participation in health services in order to address public health problems in a comprehensive way. PMID- 14769158 TI - Socioeconomic determinants of schistosomiasis in an urban area in the Northeast of Brazil. AB - OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify the socioeconomic determinants of schistosomiasis in the urban section of Sao Lourenco da Mata, a town in the Northeast of Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1988 to measure the prevalence of schistosomiasis in Sao Lourenco da Mata among individuals aged 10-25 years and to estimate the socioeconomic characteristics of the households of those individuals. Household aggregation was tested. The data were analyzed on two levels, the family level and the individual level. On the family level we estimated the odds ratios for the association of schistosomiasis and socioeconomic variables related either to the head of the family or to the household. On the individual level we investigated if for the infected individuals there were differences in the intensity of infection (mean egg count) for the different levels of the socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: We found a significant degree of household aggregation of schistosomiasis (allowing for sex and area of residence (neighborhoods with similar socioeconomic conditions, according to census data)). In the analysis on the family level, better socioeconomic indicators for the place in the productive process (occupation, economic sector, and position in production of the head of the family, plus family income) and better socioeconomic indicators for patterns of consumption (level of education of the head of the family, type of housing, household possessions, water supply for the home, sanitation (that is, excreta collection), and family access to medical care) were all associated with a lower risk of schistosomiasis. The estimation of the probability of schistosomiasis for different levels of the socioeconomic variables showed a lower risk (0.072) for individuals whose households were at the top (best) levels of the indicators relative to the risk (0.715) for individuals whose households were at the baseline (lowest) levels of the indicators. Infected individuals whose families had better socioeconomic conditions had lower mean egg count values. CONCLUSIONS: Control measures that may have a long-term effect, such as improvements in the water supply and sanitation, should be strongly encouraged. The theoretical reduction that we found in the probability of being infected if water supply and sanitation were improved highlights the importance of these measures. Implementing them would have a more permanent effect on the control of schistosomiasis and would also result in other benefits to the population. PMID- 14769159 TI - [Risk factors for iron-deficiency anemia in children and adolescents with intestinal helminthic infections]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk factors for iron-deficiency anemia in children and adolescents (7 to 17 years of age) with intestinal helminthic infections. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1 709 children and adolescents living in Jequie, a town in the state of Bahia, Brazil, who had mild to moderate infection by Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, or hookworms. We obtained data concerning hemoglobin levels (using a portable hemoglobinometer), dietary habits (24-hour dietary recall), parasitic infections (Kato-Katz method), sanitary conditions (water supply, sewage connection, garbage collection), housing conditions (type of construction, number of persons per room), income, and amount of schooling of the parents or guardians. The risk factors for anemia were studied based on a hierarchical model of causality. RESULTS: The prevalence of parasitic infection was 74.8% for T. trichiura, 63.0% for A. lumbricoides, 55.5% for S. mansoni, and 15.7% for hookworms. Among the children and adolescents studied 32.2% were anemic. After adjustment for confounding variables, the results of the multivariate analysis showed that the following variables were significantly associated with anemia: per capita family income below US$ 27 (equal to one fourth of the Brazilian minimum wage), male sex, age of 7 to 9 years, and inadequate intake of bioavailable iron. CONCLUSIONS: The initiatives to control anemia in the group at greatest risk, as identified in this study, should seek to increase the consumption of iron-rich foods, boost the bioavailability of the iron ingested, and improve socioenvironmental conditions. PMID- 14769161 TI - Countries of Central America need to invest more in HIV/AIDS prevention. 2003. PMID- 14769162 TI - [The role of local governments in the fight against the scourge of AIDS. 2003]. AB - The challenges imposed by HIV/AIDS in urban areas make it imperative to act at the local level. Local government agencies (LGAs) are closer to the victims of HIV/AIDS and are thus better able to undertake the needed actions. However, LGAs can succeed in the fight against HIV/AIDS only if they work closely with all levels of government and other local representatives of civil society that take part in the struggle against HIV/AIDS at the community level. In fact, the most obvious comparative advantage of LGAs may be their capacity for creating an atmosphere that is conducive to coordinating, directing, and undertaking local measures - both new and preexisting - against HIV/AIDS. Even with reduced support (financial or political), LGAs can achieve significant results in the fight against HIV/ AIDS by incorporating response measures against these conditions in the municipal agenda. It is precisely in order to help solve this complex situation that the World Bank has just published a book entitled Local Government Responses to HIV/AIDS: A Handbook. This text is intended for officials working for the mayor and members of local legislative bodies in charge of implementing sustainable and responsible measures against HIV/AIDS at the municipal level. Though it is hoped that each local government office will creatively follow the suggestions given in this manual, the theoretical framework and practical approach in it are a guarantee that applying them will lead to an improved ability to respond against HIV/AIDS on the part of local government agencies. PMID- 14769163 TI - Establishing valid AIDS monitoring and research in countries with generalized epidemics. AB - The authors present guidelines for valid HIV/AIDS surveillance and epidemiologic research, and for clarification of uncertainties in transmission dynamics, particularly in countries with generalized epidemics. The consensus assumption that most HIV/AIDS cases in many developing regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, are explained by 'heterosexual' transmission (interpreted, by default, to mean penile-vaginal intercourse) has been challenged by recent reviews demonstrating an important contribution from unsafe health care practices. Resolution of existing uncertainties about the proportions of HIV transmission accounted for by specific parenteral exposures and sexual practices (e.g., vaginal and anal intercourse, considered separately) is crucial for the design and implementation of efficacious prevention strategies. Accurate risk-factor information is the best foundation upon which people living in countries with generalized epidemics can learn to protect themselves and their families. Multimethod approaches for developing sound HIV/AIDS research are presented. PMID- 14769164 TI - The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings. AB - As part of the 2000 Global Burden of Disease study, we quantified the death and disability from injection-associated infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We modelled the fraction of incident infections attributable to health care injections in the year 2000 on the basis of the annual number of injections, the proportion of injections administered with reused equipment, the probability of transmission following percutaneous exposure, the prevalence of active infection, the prevalence of immunity and the total incidence. Infections in 2000 were converted into disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2000-2030 using natural history parameters, background mortality, duration of disease, disability weights, age weights and a 3% discount rate. Four Global Burden of Disease regions where reuse of injection equipment in the absence of sterilization was negligible were excluded from the analysis. In the remaining 10 regions, in 2000, persons received an average of 3.4 injections per year, 39.3% of which were given with reused equipment. In 2000, contaminated injections caused an estimated 21 million HBV infections, two million HCV infections and 260,000 HIV infections, accounting for 32%, 40% and 5%, respectively, of new infections for a burden of 9,177,679 DALYs between 2000 and 2030. Injection overuse and unsafe practices account for a substantial burden of death and disability worldwide. There is a need for policies and plans for the safe and appropriate use of injections in countries where practices are poor. PMID- 14769165 TI - 5% Imiquimod cream for external anogenital warts in HIV-infected patients under HAART therapy. AB - The efficacy of imiquimod in the treatment of external genital warts in HIV positive subjects was compared to a group of patients with normal immune function. Imiquimod 5% cream was applied by patients three times a week until resolution for a maximum of 16 weeks. Assessment for response and the occurrence of side effects was performed every four weeks. Thirty-one per cent of 75 HIV positive patients achieved a complete clearance, a partial response was obtained in 24% of subjects while in 45% we observed no clinical response. In the control group a total clearance was obtained in 62% of subjects, a partial response in 24% and no response in 14%. Recurrences occurred in 4/23 HIV patients and 2/31 immunocompetent patients within three months of follow-up. Side effects were minor to moderate. We conclude that imiquimod 5% cream has an acceptable efficacy and safety on HIV patients. PMID- 14769166 TI - Mycoplasma genitalium in chronic non-gonococcal urethritis. AB - Seventy-eight men with a history of chronic urethritis were referred for investigation. Of 52 men diagnosed as having persistent or recurrent non gonococcal urethritis (NGU) at the time of referral, 11 (21%) were infected with Mycoplasma genitalium and three with Chlamydia trachomatis. Men who were M. genitalium-positive had not previously received less antibiotic, in terms of treatment duration, than those who were M. genitalium-negative, suggesting a possible resistance to the antibiotics given. In the current investigation, of 11 M. genitalium-positive men with persistent or recurrent NGU who were treated for four to six weeks with erythromycin, 500 mg four times daily, nine (82%) responded clinically and microbiologically, but later six relapsed without M. genitalium being detected. The results of observing and investigating a patient for about one year, the only one to have concurrent chlamydial and mycoplasmal infections, is presented, a feature being the intermittent persistence of the mycoplasma. PMID- 14769167 TI - A survey of study leave entitlement in 2002 amongst non-consultant career grade doctors in genitourinary medicine. AB - Non-consultant career grade (NCCG) doctors perform a significant proportion of the clinical work in genitourinary medicine (GUM) and it is essential that their training and educational needs are met. Seven hundred questionnaires were posted to NCCGs in the UK to investigate whether employing trusts supported the educational needs of NCCG doctors by granting/funding study leave. A summary of the 220 replies (31% response) is presented. One hundred and twenty (55%) were not granted study leave to attend the 2002 national GUM NCCG conference. Study leave was less likely to be granted to those who held posts as clinical assistant or hospital practitioner and to those doctors who were working three or fewer sessions per week in GUM. It appears from our survey that many NCCG doctors who are seeing a significant proportion of the clinical workload in GUM are not supported by their employing trusts to keep up to date. PMID- 14769168 TI - Following-up for HIV test results: what limits return in an STD clinic population? AB - HIV testing is routinely performed in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics, but many tested do not follow up for results. We analysed data on STD clinic patients undergoing HIV testing between 1994-1998 who tested HIV-negative to describe characteristics associated with 'non-return' for results. Among 31,777 patients testing HIV-negative, male gender (odds ratio [OR] 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19, 1.33), age <30 years (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.43, 1.82), and a diagnosis of gonorrhoea at the testing visit (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.43, 1.82) were all independently associated with 'non-return.' Presentation to clinic specifically for HIV testing (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.63, 0.77) or reporting a partner with HIV (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.53, 0.74) were factors independently protective against 'non-return.' Operational changes to improve test results notification, or enhanced counselling at the initial test visit, particularly focusing on young men with gonorrhoea, may optimize prevention outcomes in this high risk population. PMID- 14769169 TI - The sociodemographic profile, risk categories and prevalence of HIV infection among people attending a London same-day testing clinic, 2000-2001. AB - The objectives were to determine the sociodemographic profile, risk category, and prevalence of HIV infection amongst people attending a confidential clinic providing counselling, medical advice and results of HIV antibody testing on the same day of consultation. Data were collected on all 1749 individuals attending the same-day HIV testing clinic at the Royal Free Hospital, London and proceeding to HIV testing between June 2000 and May 2001. One thousand, one hundred and forty-eight men and 601 women (mean age 33.3 years) were tested for HIV antibodies. The primary risk for HIV infection was heterosexual contact (69.9%; 1224/1749) and homosexual contact (27.7%; 485/1749). Fifty individuals tested HIV positive (42 men and eight women). HIV seroprevalence was 2.8% (50/1749) and was highest among men who reported risk through homosexual contact (6.2%; 30/485). The rates for heterosexual men and women were 1.8% (12/648) and 1.4% (8/576), respectively, though they were highest among Black Caribbean (12%; 3/25) and Black African attendees from sub-Saharan African countries (11.2%; 18/160). Of the total number attending the clinic, more than half (56%; 981/1749) had previously been tested and received a negative test result. Of the fifty HIV antibody-positive individuals, 26%, (13) had previously received a negative result and had all reported risk through homosexual contact. Thirty of the HIV antibody-positive individuals were asymptomatic, 14 were symptomatic and three were diagnosed with an AIDS-defining condition. Half of all HIV-positive attendees (51.2%; 22/43) presented at the time of testing with CD4 cell counts below the normal range (>400x10(6)/l). The high HIV seroprevalence among homosexual men, some of whom had previously tested negative, suggests that HIV prevention strategies used within this group may need to be reassessed. The continuing high HIV seroprevalence among individuals from African countries suggests that this population require specific targeting for HIV risk reduction and information on the advantages of early diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14769170 TI - Doubts about necessity and concerns about adverse effects: identifying the types of beliefs that are associated with non-adherence to HAART. AB - This cross-sectional study assessed beliefs about highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and their association with reported adherence to HAART among 109 HIV-positive patients receiving HAART while attending an ambulatory care clinic in Brighton, UK. Patients' beliefs about the necessity for and concerns about HAART and their adherence to it were assessed using validated questionnaires. There was considerable variation in beliefs and reported adherence. A quarter of participants reported low adherence to HAART and this was related to concerns about adverse effects as well as to the way in which each individual balanced concerns against perceptions of necessity. Patients were significantly more likely to report low adherence rates if their concerns were high relative to their perceptions of personal need for HAART. Patients with higher CD4 counts were significantly more likely to hold a view of HAART in which perceptions of necessity were higher relative to their concerns about adverse effects. CD4 was not related to reported adherence. A comparison of most recent viral load results between high and low adherence group identified differences in the predicted direction but these were not statistically significant. These preliminary findings suggest that patients' perceptions of HAART are important determinants of adherence with implications for future research and clinical practice. PMID- 14769171 TI - The role of urethral samples in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women. AB - We studied the value of carrying out urethral samples in women to diagnose gonorrhoea. All cases of genital gonorrhoea in women were identified (between 1 October 2000 and 30 September 2001) at the Whittall Street Clinic and the genitourinary medicine department at the Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital. Two hundred and twenty-four cases of female urethral gonorrhoea were identified. In 20 cases (6.3%) the urethra was the sole site of the infection. At the Whittall Street Clinic, we had to carry out 643 urethral samples in order to treat one additional case of gonorrhoea. On the other hand, 1204 urethral samples were requested to treat one additional case of female gonorrhoea at the Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital. In both units, use of the Gram-stained urethral smear permitted early treatment in only 1.8% of cases of genital gonorrhoea. Units with low prevalence of gonorrhoea should consider abandoning urethral samples for the diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women. PMID- 14769172 TI - Aetiology of meningitis in HIV-infected patients in a referral hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. AB - The HIV epidemic in Cambodia is one of the most extensive in Asia. Meningitis accounts for a substantial proportion of HIV-related morbidity and mortality in Cambodia. A retrospective chart review was performed to identify the clinical and spinal fluid characteristics of patients undergoing spinal tap at an AIDS referral hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia during a 16-month period. Of 932 charts reviewed, 89 met criteria for analysis. Overall mortality was 49.4%. Cryptococcus was the most commonly identified pathogen (83%), followed by mycobacteria (8%). No pathogen was identified in 9% of charts reviewed. In hospital mortality was similar in all groups. PMID- 14769173 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in apparently healthy adult population of Tamil Nadu, India: a population-based study. AB - Since the epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in apparently healthy population has not been studied in India, a population-based study was conducted in the state of Tamil Nadu, India in order to analyse the prevalence of genital chlamydial infections in the community and to implement control programmes. A representative sample was taken from three randomly selected districts by using the 'probability proportional to size' cluster survey method. Households were the basic units of clusters. Adults aged 15-45 years, pre-identified from the selected households were enrolled during the medical camps conducted for a major study on community prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in Tamil Nadu. Blood and urine samples collected from the study subjects were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-chlamydial IgM antibodies and by the commercial Amplicor polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for chlamydial DNA. The prevalence of anti-C. trachomatis antibodies determined by IgM-ELISA was 2.4% (95% CI 1.6%-3.2%). The prevalence of genital chlamydial infection determined by PCR was 1.1% (95% CI 0.5%-1.7%). Majority of the detected infections (68.8%) were asymptomatic. This is the first Indian report on the prevalence of genital chlamydial infections in the general population. It is concluded that this study provides evidence for a substantial burden of approximately 10 million asymptomatic genital chlamydial infection cases in the sexually active age groups in the general population of India. PMID- 14769174 TI - HIV/AIDS risk perception, attitudes and sexual behaviour in Portugal. AB - One thousand individuals in the age group 18-69 were selected for a multistage nationwide random sample. Of the interviewees 68.3% were of the opinion that the risk of AIDS, in Portugal, is considerably high and 37.1% stated that they had feared being infected by the HIV; 28.0% established a connection between being afraid and the fact that AIDS is a serious/incurable disease; 31.5% believed that there are risks inherent to the health services; only 7.8% expressed fear of AIDS because of an infected partner. Only 42.6% regarded extra-marital sexual relations as either partially or totally acceptable. Sexual relations between youths were seen as totally acceptable by 11.9% and partially acceptable by 51.1%. Homosexual relations between men were seen as either totally or partially acceptable by 38%. Of the interviewees, 7.8% thought that recent treatments can definitely cure AIDS and 6.5% believed that with recent treatments HIV transmission would no longer be possible. PMID- 14769175 TI - Transmission of HIV via unsafe injection or unsafe sex? Anomalies or misunderstanding? PMID- 14769176 TI - Non-sexual transmission of HIV. PMID- 14769178 TI - Reply to 'Unsafe healthcare drives spread of African HIV'. PMID- 14769179 TI - Value of therapeutic drug monitoring in the management of patients with HIV infection undergoing haemodialysis. PMID- 14769180 TI - Gonorrhoea, test of cure, evidence-based medicine and the Emperor's new clothes! PMID- 14769181 TI - Evidence-based reassurance. PMID- 14769182 TI - Screening for non-gonococcal urethritis. PMID- 14769183 TI - View from the frontline. PMID- 14769198 TI - Inhibition of cytochrome P450 by furanocoumarins in grapefruit juice and herbal medicines. AB - Furanocoumarins (psoralens) exist in various plants and some of them are used to cure skin diseases. These chemicals draw attentions recently because of their abilities to arouse drug interaction through inhibition of cytochrome P450. Grapefruit juice is a well-known example for food-drug interaction. But in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the causative components are mainly furanocoumarin derivatives with geranyloxy side chains. In vitro experiments confirmed that furanocoumarins from grapefruit juice are both competitive and mechanism-based inhibitors of CYP3A4. Although the inhibition appeared to be stronger in the dimers than that in the monomers, all contribute comprehensively to the grapefruit juice-drug interaction. Further experiments with other furanocoumarins and related citrus fruits or umbelliferous herbal medicines indicate that drug interaction might also occur with stuffs other than grapefruit juice, especially with traditional medicine. PMID- 14769199 TI - Two components of delayed rectifier K+ current in heart: molecular basis, functional diversity, and contribution to repolarization. AB - Delayed rectifier K+ current (IK) is the major outward current responsible for ventricular repolarization. Two components of IK (IKr and IKs) have been identified in many mammalian species including humans. IKr plays a pivotal role in normal ventricular repolarization. A prolongation of action potential duration (APD) under a variety of conditions would favor the activation of IKs so that to prevent excessive repolarization delay causing early afterdepolarization. The pore-forming a subunits of IKr and IKs are composed of HERG (KCNH2) and KvLQT1 (KCNQ1), respectively. KvLQT1 is associated with a function-altering beta subunit, minK to form IKs. HERG may be associated with mink (KCNE1) and/or minK related protein (MiRP1) to form IKr, but the issue remains to be established. IKs is enhanced, whereas IKr is usually attenuated by beta-adrenergic stimulation via cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A-dependent pathways. There exist regional differences in the density of IKr and IKs transmurally (endo epicardial) and along the apico-basal axis, contributing to the spatial heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization. A decrease of IKr or IKs by mutations in either HERG, KvLQT1, or KCNE family results in inherited long QT syndrome (LQTS) with high risk for Torsades de pointes (TdP)-type polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. As to the pharmacological treatment and prevention of ventricular tachyarrhythmias, selectively block of IKs is expected to be more beneficial than selectively block of IKr in terms of homogeneous prolongation of refractoriness at high heart rates especially in diseased hearts including myocardial ischemia. PMID- 14769200 TI - About the evaluation of drug combination. PMID- 14769201 TI - Two useful methods for evaluating antihypertensive drugs in conscious freely moving rats. AB - AIM: Computerized analysis of blood pressure in conscious freely moving rats is a sound technique for physiological and pharmacological studies. The present work, based on this technique, was designed to introduce two useful methods for the evaluation of antihypertensive drugs in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). They were the directly intragastric administration of drugs and modified probability sum test for evaluating the synergism of the combination of two drugs. METHODS AND RESULTS: (1) Directly intragastric administration was used in conscious rats. A catheter was inserted into stomach immediately after arterial catheter insertion. Three days after operation, blood pressure was recorded and drug might be given intragastrically via the gastric catheter. (2) Modified probability sum test was used to evaluate the synergism of two drugs. The formula was: q=P(A+B)/(PA+PB-PAxB). With this method, it was obtained: q=1.32 for the effects of the combination of atenolol and nitrendipine (20 mg/kg+10 mg/kg) on systolic blood pressure; q=1.41 for the effects of the combination of atenolol and amlodipine (10 mg/kg+1 mg/kg) on systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION: The two methods introduced by the present work will be important and useful for antihypertensive drug evaluation in conscious freely moving rats. PMID- 14769202 TI - Loss of C-terminal alpha-helix decreased SDF-1alpha-mediated signaling and chemotaxis without influencing CXCR4 internalization. AB - AIM: To investigate the possibility that a novel alpha-helix-defective mutant of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) (SDF-1/54R) acts as an antagonist of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). METHODS: According to the genetic sequence of natural SDF-1alpha, a recombinant alpha-helix-defective mutant of SDF-1alpha was designed and some biologic characteristics of this mutant were demonstrated. The migration of Jurkat cells was assessed with chemotactic assay. ERK phosphorylation was analyzed by Western blot with a specific anti-phospho-ERK1/2 antibody. Intracellular calcium influx was examined by flow cytometer with a calcium indicator dye Fluo-3AM. The CXCR4 on the cell surface was detected by flow cytometer with a PE conjoined anti-human CXCR4 antibody. RESULTS: Compared with native SDF-1alpha, SDF-1/54R displayed apparent decrease in chemotactic ability, ERK1/2 activation, and intracellular calcium influx in Jurkat cells. However, the binding to CXCR4 and inducing CXCR4 internalization of SDF-1/54R did not change outstandingly. Moreover, a competitive inhibitory effect of SDF-1/54R on the migration of Jurkat cells induced by native SDF-1alpha was confirmed. CONCLUSION: Alpha-helix-defective mutant of SDF-1alpha, SDF-1/54R that remained both the N-terminus and the central beta-sheet region, decreased SDF-1alpha mediated signaling and chemotaxis but did not influence CXCR4 internalization, which suggested that SDF-1/54R might be developed as an anti-CHIV inhibitor with high biological potency and low side-effect. PMID- 14769203 TI - Electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of nucleus basalis magnocellularis neurons in rats. AB - AIM: To investigate the primary electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbM) neurons. METHODS: Single unit extracellular recordings from the nbM neurons were obtained with glass micropipettes in urethane-anesthetized rats. RESULTS: Most nbM neurons responded to noxious but not innocuous mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrical stimuli. The receptive fields were usually very large and bilateral. Electrical stimulation applied to the frontal cortex (FCX) either activated orthodromically or antidromically the nbM neurons. The FCX stimulation-induced excitatory response in the nbM neurons could be partly blocked by intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of atropine 2.5 mmol/L or tubocurarine 0.1 mmol/L. Icv injection of ach (1, 10, and 100 mmol/L) dose-dependently increased the spontaneous firing rate in most of the nbM neurons. Atropine (2.5, 25, and 250 mmol/L) or tubocurarine (0.1, 1, and 10 mmol/L) not only antagonized the ACh-induced excitation, but also inhibited the spontaneous firing of the nbM neurons. CONCLUSION: The nbM might be involved in nociception, although it was considered to play a critical role in cognitive function. Also, the nbM appears to be rich in cholinergic autoreceptors. PMID- 14769204 TI - Compare two methods of measuring DNA damage induced by photogenotoxicity of fluoroquinolones. AB - AIM: To compare two methods of measuring DNA damage induced by photogenotoxicity of fluoroquinolones (FQ). METHODS: Lomefloxacin (LFLX), sparfloxacin (SPFX), ciprofloxacin (CPFX), and levofloxacin (LELX) were tested by comet assay and photodynamic DNA strand breaking activity under the different conditions of UVA irradiation. RESULTS: In comet assay, photogenotoxicity was evident at SPFX 1 mg/L, LFLX 5 mg/L, and CPFX 5 mg/L, and LELX 10 mg/L. In photodynamic DNA strand breaking activity, SPFX and LFLX induced the conversion of the supercoiled form into the nicked relaxed form at 10-50 micromol/L, while CPFX at 25 micromol/L and LELX at 50 micromol/L. CONCLUSION: There were good correlations between the two methods to detect DNA damage induced by phototoxicity of fluoroquinolones. Photodynamic DNA strand breaking activity was a good method to detect DNA damage induced by photogenotoxicity of fluoroquinolones as well as comet assay. PMID- 14769205 TI - Competitive binding of postsynaptic density 95 and Ca2+-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B in rat brain. AB - AIM: To investigate the interactions among postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95), Ca2+ calmodulin dependent protein kinase IIalpha (CaMKIIalpha), and N-methyl-D aspartate receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) during ischemia and reperfusion in hippocampus of rats. METHODS: Brain ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion procedure in rats. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting were performed to study the interactions and phosphorylation of proteins. The association-dissociation of PSD-95 and CaMKIIalpha to and from N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor induced by ischemia and reperfusion and the effects of 1-[N,O-bis-(5 isoquinolinesulfonyl)-N-methyl-L-tyrosyl]-4-phenyl-piperazine (KN-62, a selective inhibitor of CaMKII) on these protein interactions were investigated. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunoblotting were performed for the studies of interactions among proteins. RESULTS: The alternations of the binding level of PSD-95 and CaMKIIalpha to NR2B during ischemia and reperfusion demonstrated the negative correlation to each other. Pre-administration of KN62 through both cerebral ventricles inhibited the 10 min ischemia-induced increase of the binding of PSD-95 to NR2B and, on the contrary, promoted the binding of CaMKIIalpha to NR2B. CONCLUSION: PSD-95 competes with CaMKII to bind to NR2B during ischemia and reperfusion in rat hippocampus. PMID- 14769206 TI - Effects of presenilins and beta-amyloid precursor protein on delayed rectifier potassium channels in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. AB - AIM: To study the effects of presenilin-1 (PS-1), presenilin-2 (PS-2), and amyloid beta-protein precursor (APP695) on delayed rectifier potassium channels (IK) in the cultured rat hippocampal neurons. METHODS: PS-1, PS-2, and APP695 were transfected into the cultured rat hippocampal neurons by transient transfection techniques. The IK current was observed by the whole cell patch clamp techniques. RESULTS: IK was increased in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, after transient transfection of PS-1, PS-2, and APP695. IK amplitudes and densities were significantly increased from (1689 +/- 412) pA, (48 +/- 18) pA/pF (mock cells, GFP alone, n=17) to (5565 +/- 1403) pA, (252 +/- 107) pA/pF (PS 1/GFP, n=22, P<0.01), (3804 +/- 1651) pA, (120 +/- 58) pA/pF (PS-2/GFP, n=16, P<0.01), and (4978 +/- 904) pA, (218 +/- 70) pA/pF (APP695, n=22, P<0.01). But PS 1, PS-2, and APP695 did not alter the activation curve of IK (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Overexpression of PS-1, PS-2, and APP695 increased IK in the cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The upregulation of IK may be related to neuronal apoptosis after PS-1, PS-2, and APP695 were transfected. PMID- 14769207 TI - Melatonin reduces peroxynitrite-induced injury in aortic smooth muscle cells. AB - AIM: To study the protective role of melatonin (MT) in peroxynitrite-induced injury in cultured aortic smooth muscular cells (ASMC). METHODS: Peroxynitrite was synthesized chemically with a quenched flow reaction. Cells were exposed to peroxynitrite 500 micromol/L for 1 h in the absence or presence of various concentrations of MT 100, 300, and 500 micromol/L. Nitrotyrosine (NT), a specific "footprint"of peroxynitrite formation, was detected by immunohistochemical technique. The DNA damage was assayed by TUNEL technique. The levels of MDA in the medium and cell viability were measured. RESULTS: Incubation of ASMC with peroxynitrite 500 micromol/L for 1 h elicited the increase in the extent of immunostaining for NT, the rate of the TUNEL-positive cell, the content of MDA in the medium, and the number of dead cell. Pretreatment of ASMC with MT 100-500 micromol/L decreased these peroxynitrite-induced changes in a concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSION: MT attenuated the injury induced by peroxynitrite in ASMC. PMID- 14769208 TI - Hypoglycemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. AB - AIM: To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS) in the normal fasted mice and its possible mechanism. METHODS: Normal fasted mice were given a single dose of Gl-PS 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg by i.p. and the serum glucose was measured at 0, 3, and 6 h after administration. Gl-PS 100 mg/kg were also given by i.p. and the serum glucose and insulin levels were measured at 0 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h. Pancreatic islets were isolated and incubated with glucose 5.6 mmol/L and different concentration of Gl PS, the insulin content of islets and insulin release were examined. The islets fluorescent intensity of [Ca2+]i was also studied with a confocal microscope. Verapamil and egtazic acid were used to testify whether the insulin-releasing effect of Gl-PS was mediated by its ability to raise the Ca2+ influx. RESULTS: Gl PS dose-dependently lowered the serum glucose levels at 3 h and 6 h after administration. Gl-PS 100 mg/kg raised the circulating insulin levels at 1 h after administration. In vitro, Gl-PS had no effect on islets insulin content, but it stimulated the insulin release after incubation with glucose 5.6 mmol/L. Confocal microscope showed that Gl-PS 100 mg/L had the capacity to raise the [Ca2+]i. The insulin-releasing effect of Gl-PS was inhibited by verapamil/egtazic acid. CONCLUSION: Gl-PS possesses the hypoglycemic effect on normal mice; one mechanism is through its insulin-releasing activity due to a facilitation of Ca2+ inflow to the pancreatic beta cells. PMID- 14769209 TI - Effect of hydroxyurea and etoposide on transduction of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem and progenitor cell by adeno-associated virus vectors. AB - AIM: To study the effect of hydroxyurea and etoposide on transduction of human marrow mesenchymal and progenitor stem cells by adeno-associated virus (AAV). METHODS: Isolated human bone marrow mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (hMSCs) were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS or 5% FBS and dexamethasone 1 micromol/L respectively. After being treated with hydroxyurea and etoposide, hMSCs were transduced by AAV-LUC. After two days luciferase activity (relative light unites per second or RLU/s) were tested, which indirectly reflected the relative transduction efficiency of different groups, and virus DNA was isolated by Hirt extraction for Southern hybridization. RESULTS: Transduction luciferase activity and transduction efficiency in cultures treated with hydroxyurea and etoposide were significantly higher than that in control cultures. Dividing cells had about 20-fold higher transduction efficiency compared with control cells. Transduction efficiency in stationary cells was about 50 times higher than that in control cells. Southern analysis showed that hydroxyurea and etoposide enhanced second strand DNA synthesis by rAAV. CONCLUSION: Hydroxyurea and etoposide could increase transduction efficiency of hMSCs by AAV vectors, and stationary cells were more sensitive to these drugs than dividing cells. PMID- 14769210 TI - Effects of Ginkgolide B on action potential and calcium, potassium current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. AB - AIM: To investigate the effect of Ginkgolide B (GB) on action potential (AP), delayed rectifier potassium current (IK), and L-type calcium current (I(Ca-L)) in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. METHODS: Single ventricular myocytes were isolated by an enzymatic dissociation method. AP, IK, I(Ca-L) were recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp technique in either current or voltage clamp mode. RESULTS: GB shortened APD in a concentration-dependent manner. GB 0.1, 1, and 10 micromol/L shortened APD50 by 7.9% (n=5, P>0.05), 18.4% (n=5, P<0.01), and 28.9% (n=6, P<0.01), respectively; APD90 by 12.4% (n=5, P>0.05), 17.6% (n=5, P<0.01), 26.4% (n=5, P<0.01), respectively. GB increased IK in a concentration-dependent manner. GB 0.1, 1, and 10 micromol/L increased IK by 20.1% (n=6, P<0.05), 43.1% (n=6, P<0.01), 55.6% (n=6, P<0.05); increased IK tail by 10.7% (n=6, P<0.05), 25.1% (n=6, P<0.05), and 37.7% (n=6, P<0.05), respectively at testing potential of +50 mV and shift the I-V curve of IK upward. But GB had no significant effect on I(Ca-L) at above concentrations. CONCLUSION: GB significantly shortened APD in a concentration-dependent manner which mainly due to increase of IK. PMID- 14769211 TI - Effects of tacrolimus on infection of Friend murine leukemia virus to Fv-4 gene heterozygous mice. AB - AIM: To investigate the effect of tacrolimus (FK506) on the infection of Friend murine leukemia virus (Friend MuLV) in vivo. METHODS: Three kinds of mice were used including Friend MuLV-sensitive BALB/c mice, Friend MuLV-resistant Fv-4 gene homozygous mice (Fv-4 mice), and Friend MuLV-resistant Fv-4 gene-heterozygous mice (F1 mice). Tacrolimus was administrated i.p. to those mice in every 2 d. Those treated mice were inoculated i.p. with Friend MuLV once on d 3. The symptoms and viral proliferations in those mice were observed to recognize the Friend MuLV infection. The expression and genotype of Fv-4 gene that resistant against the infection of Friend MuLV were analyzed to confirm the genomic background and related mechanism of the resistance. RESULTS: BALB/c mice and F1 mice, but not Fv-4 mice, appeared obvious early death, spleenomegaly, and viral proliferation after both treatments of viral inoculation and tacrolimus administration, whereas the expression and genotype of Fv-4 gene was not changed in F1 mice and Fv-4 mice with treatment of tacrolimus. Compared to the virus inoculated control, the Friend MuLV-sensitivity of tacrolimus-treated BALB/c mice and the Friend MuLV-resistance of tacrolimus-treated Fv-4 mice were the same as the controls, but only F1 mice became the symptoms and viral proliferation after both treatments. It suggested the Friend MuLV-resistant F1 mice could be converted to be Friend MuLV-sensitive by treatment of tacrolimus, and this conversion was not depended on the expression and genotype of Fv-4 gene. CONCLUSION: Tacrolimus could not inhibit the infection of Friend MuLV in all mice, furthermore, it could enhance the infection of Friend MuLV in F1 mice. The enhancement may be related to the immunosuppressive effect of tacrolimus. PMID- 14769212 TI - Tannin inhibits HIV-1 entry by targeting gp41. AB - AIM: To investigate the mechanism by which tannin inhibits HIV-1 entry into target cells. METHODS: The inhibitory activity of tannin on HIV-1 replication and entry was detected by p24 production and HIV-1-mediated cell fusion, respectively. The inhibitory activity on the gp41 six-helix bundle formation was determined by an improved sandwich ELISA. RESULTS: Tannins from different sources showed potent inhibitory activity on HIV-1 replication, HIV-1-mediated cell fusion, and the gp41 six-helix bundle formation. CONCLUSION: Tannin inhibits HIV 1 entry into target cells by interfering with the gp41 six-helix bundle formation, thus blocking HIV-1 fusion with the target cell. PMID- 14769213 TI - Allitridi induces apoptosis by affecting Bcl-2 expression and caspase-3 activity in human gastric cancer cells. AB - AIM: To investigate the mechanism of allitridi-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer cell line BGC823. METHODS: Growth inhibition by allitridi was analyzed using cell growth curve and MTT assay. Apoptotic cells were detected using staining with Hoechst 33342, and confirmed by flow cytometric analysis and DNA fragmentation analysis. The protein expression affected by allitridi was determined using Western blot. The activity of caspase-3 was measured using a fluorescence assay. RESULTS: Allitridi induced apoptosis, and then inhibited cells proliferation in human gastric cancer cell line BGC823. The protein level of Bcl-2 was decreased dramatically, while Bax and p53 were not significantly affected by allitridi. The expression and activity of caspase-3 started to increase after allitridi treatment for 72 h. CONCLUSION: Allitridi induced apoptosis through down-regulation of Bcl-2, and increased caspase-3 expression and its activity. PMID- 14769214 TI - Downregulation of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 channel gene expression in right ventricular hypertrophy induced by monocrotaline in rat. AB - AIM: To investigate the differences in gene expression of transient outward potassium ion channel between the free wall of right ventricle, free wall of left ventricle, and the septum in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced right ventricular hypertrophy of rat. METHODS: Twenty rats were randomly divided into two groups: a single injection of monocrotaline (MCT) 60 mg/kg (model) or saline (control). Four weeks later, hemodynamic parameters were measured and the gene expression of Ito channels were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: After 28 d, the right ventricular systolic pressure and central venous pressure were remarkably elevated by 128% and 533% in the MCT-treated group, accompanied by an overt right ventricle (RV) remodeling. The difference of mRNA expression of Kv1.4 was not significant in free wall of RV, left ventricle (LV), and septum in MCT group compared with control group. In contrast, mRNA of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 in the free wall of RV in MCT-induced rat was dramatically decreased by 45.2% and 51.1% vs control, however, in free wall of LV and septum, no difference was found. In addition, mRNA expression level of Kv4.2 in control rat was significantly lower in septum than that in free wall of RV and LV. CONCLUSION: Expression of Kv1.4, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3 differs between regions in normal rat hearts. The down regulation of Kv4 family gene expression of Ito contributed to the pathophysiological changes in ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension induced by MCT. PMID- 14769215 TI - Effects of chebulinic acid on differentiation of human leukemia K562 cells. AB - AIM: To study effects of chebulinic acid on erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation in K562 cells. METHODS: The benzidine staining method was used to evaluate hemoglobin synthesis; the expression of erythroid specific glycophorin A (GPA) protein and megakaryocytic surface marker CD61 was determined by flow cytometry using fluorescence labeled antibodies; erythroid and megakaryocytic mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. RESULTS: During erythroid differentiation induced by butyric acid (BA) or hemin, chebulinic acid not only inhibited the hemoglobin synthesis of BA- and hemin-treated K562 cells in concentration dependent manner with IC50 of 4 micromol/L and 40 micromol/L respectively, but also inhibited another erythroid differentiation marker acetylcholinesterase at the concentration of 50 micromol/L in the cells either treated or untreated with each erythroid differentiation inducers, whereas chebulinic acid 50 micromol/L did not change GPA protein expression in these cells significantly. When K562 cells were treated with TPA 50 microg/L for 72 h to induce megakaryocytic differentiation, the presence of chebulinic acid 50 micromol/L slightly provoked the decrease of GPA protein expression induced by TPA. Chebulinic acid did not change the TPA-induced CD61 expression at the same concentration. Chebulinic acid also reduced the mRNA levels of erythroid relative genes including gamma-globin, PBGD, NF-E2, and GATA-1 genes in K562 cells either treated or untreated with BA, whereas chebulinic acid upregulated the mRNA levels of GATA-2 transcription factor in these cells. CONCLUSION: Chebulinic acid had inhibitory effect on erythroid differentiation likely through changing transcriptional activation of differentiation relative genes, which suggests that chebulinic acid or other tannins might influence the efficiency of some anti-tumor drugs-induced differentiation or the hematopoiesis processes. PMID- 14769216 TI - PCR-based site-specific mutagenesis of peptide antibiotics FALL-39 and its biologic activities. AB - AIM: AIM: To construct PGEX-1lambdaT-FALL-39 expression vector and its mutant vector, and study the relationship of function and structure. METHODS: A cDNA encoding mature FALL-39 was cloned from SPCA-1 cell mRNA and the prokaryotic expression vector PGEX-1lambdaT-FALL-39 was constructed. Two kinds of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the site-direction mutagenesis were used to construct FALL-39 mutant expression vector, FALL-39-Lys-32 and FALL-39-Lys-24. Minimal effective concentration, minimal inhibitory concentration, and minimal bactericidal concentration were used to assay the antibacterial activities of these peptides. Effects of different solution on the antibacterial activity of FALL-39 and FALL-39-Lys-32 were observed by CFU determination. The hemolytic effects of these peptides were also examined on human red blood cells. RESULTS: Two site-specific mutants FALL-39-Lys-32 and FALL-39-Lys24 were obtained by PCR induced mutagenesis. In comparison with two-step PCR which required two pairs of primers, one step PCR which required one pair of primers is a simple and efficient method for the PCR based site-specific mutagenesis. Using the prokaryotic expression system, the E coli-based products of recombinant FALL39 and its mutant peptides were also obtained. The antibacterial assay showed that FALL-39-Lys-32 and FALL-39-Lys24 were more potential in the antibacterial activity against E coli ML35p and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 than that of FALL-39, and no increase in hemolysis was observed at the antibacterial concentrations. The antibacterial activity of FALL-39-Lys-32 against E coli was more potent than that of FALL-39 in NaCl-containing LB medium, while its activity was almost the same as FALL-39 in SO4(2-) containing Medium E. CONCLUSION: PCR based mutagenesis is a useful model system for studying the structure and function relationship of antimicrobial peptides. Keeping a-helical conformation of FALL-39 and increasing net positive charge can increase the antibacterial activity of FALL-39 without increasing hemolysis at the antibacterial concentrations. PMID- 14769217 TI - 3,4-oxo-isopropylidene-shikimic acid inhibits adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocyte to TNF-alpha-induced endothelial cells in vitro. AB - AIM: To examine the effect of 3,4-oxo-isopropylidene-shikimic acid (ISA) on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and explore its mechanism. METHODS: Adhesion of PMN to HUVEC was measured by rose bengal staining assay. Cell-ELISA and RT-PCR methods were used to examine the expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1. Cell viability was detected with MTT assay. RESULTS: ISA (1-100 micromol/L) effectively reduced PMN adhesion to TNF-alpha-induced HUVEC with the inhibitory rate from 17.2 % to 53.5 %, and exerted no effect on PMN adhesion to normal HUVEC. Adhesion molecule ICAM 1 surface protein and mRNA expression induced by TNF-alpha (400 kU/L) were significantly inhibited by ISA. In addition, the cell viability of HUVEC was unchanged 48 h after treatment with ISA. CONCLUSION: ISA inhibited TNF-alpha stimulated PMN-HUVEC adhesion and expression of ICAM-1. PMID- 14769218 TI - Relation between upregulation of CD40 system and complex stenosis morphology in patients with acute coronary syndrome. AB - AIM: To investigate whether upregulation of CD40-CD40 ligand system is related to matrix metalloproteinases level and stability of coronary atherosclerotic plaque in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: Sixteen normal controls and 56 patients including 24 with stable angina (SA), 20 with unstable angina (UA), and 12 with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were investigated. The expression of CD40 and CD40L on platelet was analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum soluble CD40L (sCD40L), MMP-9 and MMP-3 level was determined by ELISA. All coronary stenosis with > or =30% diameter reduction were assessed by angiographic coronary stenosis morphology. RESULTS: Patients with ACS showed a significant increase of CD40 (75 +/- 12 MIF) and CD40L (13 +/- 4 MIF) coexpression on platelets compared with control and SA group (P<0.01). sCD40L also showed higher level in patients with ACS (10.2 +/- 3.5 microg/L) than in control (3.1 +/- 1.4 microg/L, P<0.01) and SA group (3.3 +/- 1.6 microg/L, P<0.01). Serum MMP-3 and MMP-9 in patients with ACS were two times greater than those in control. A positive correlation was found between MMP-9, MMP-3, and CD40L expression on platelets as well as sCD40L levels, but not for CD40 expression on platelets. An obvious correlation was also observed between sCD40L concentration and complex coronary stenoses (r=0.60, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Patients with ACS show increased coexpression of CD40 system, especially expression of CD40L, which may create a proinflammatory and prothrombotic milieu for aggravating the development of atherosclerosis and instability of atherosclerotic plaques, and may be a valuable marker for predicting the severity of ACS. PMID- 14769219 TI - [Clinical study of visual plasticity in teenage and adults with amblyopia]. AB - OBJECTIVE: Human visual plasticity was studied by the observation of the effects of treatment in teenage and adult amblyopia. METHODS: One hundred and two cases (125 eyes) were diagnosed as amblyopia according to the national criteria of amblyopia. These patients were divided into teenage group (15 - 17 years old, 47 cases and 57 eyes) and adult group (18 - 45 years old, 55 cases and 68 eyes). Eye examination, including best correct visual acuity, laser interference fringes visual acuity (IVA), degree and patterns of amblyopia, and nature of fixation were performed in these two groups before amblyopic treatment. Patients were treated with correct spectacle, optical and drug penalization (including far and near penalization, as well as light penalization), combined with occlusion and assisted with red light pleoption. All patients were followed up for 1 - 5 years, with an average of 2.9 years. RESULTS: Fifty five eyes (44%) were cured (23 eyes recovered, 32 eyes basically cured), 37 eyes (29.6%) were improved, 33 eyes (26.4%) were nullified and the total improvement rate was 73.6%. Different ages did not influence the results of treatment significantly (P > 0.05). Outcome of foveal fixation and parafoveal fixation was much better than that of paramacular fixation and peripheral fixation (P < 0.005). The curative efficiency of amblyopia was also dependent on the degree of amblyopia (P < 0.005). Curative effects of ametropic and anisometropic amblyopia were better than that of strabismic and deprivable amblyopia (P < 0.01). Visual acuity predicted by IVA before the treatment was the same as real results after the treatment in 112 eyes among 125 eyes (92.8%). The correlation efficient between the predicted and real vision was statistically significant (r = 0.886 2, P < 0.000 1). CONCLUSIONS: Vision in most teenage and adult amblyopia can be improved by amblyopic therapy. Therefore, it seems that human visual plasticity exists permanently during the whole life. Visual acuity after the treatment can be predicted by pre-treatment IVA. Results of amblyopia treatment are closely related with the degree and patterns of amblyopia and are also dependent on the cooperation of the patients. PMID- 14769220 TI - [Applications of Orbit 1.8 Computer Biomechanics Simulation for diagnosis and treatment of congenital superior oblique paresis]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the significance of Orbit 1.8 Computer Biomechanics Simulation in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital superior oblique paresis. METHODS: Fifteen patients with congenital superior oblique paresis were enrolled in the present study. Hess test and other strabismus tests were performed before and after the surgery. Parameters such as contractile force, elasticity, innervation of extraocular muscles and the secondary changes in other muscles were treated by the Orbit 1.8 to simulate the preoperative situation. A biomechanical strabismus model was created. Surgical manipulations were tested on the model to predict postoperative outcomes. After surgery, simulated and actual outcomes were compared. RESULTS: The predicted results matched with the actual results quite well. Before the surgery, the mean difference between these two data was 1.66 degrees +/- 0.44 degrees in horizontal and 1.97 degrees +/- 0.51 degrees in vertical gaze. After surgery, mean difference in horizontal and vertical gaze of these two data was 1.21 degrees +/- 0.34 degrees and 1.59 degrees +/- 0.41 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: Orbit 1.8 Computer Biomechanics Simulation offers a biomechanical approach to understand all of the forces that combine to control eye movement and how these forces interact in normal eyes and in eyes with motility problems. It can be used to reflect the causes of strabismus, to design the surgical procedure, to verify the diagnosis and to predict the outcome of surgery. It is a helpful tool in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular motility disorders. PMID- 14769221 TI - [Postoperative change of the Bielschowsky head tilt test in patients with unilateral congenital superior oblique palsy]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the postoperative changes of the head tilt test in patients with unilateral congenial superior oblique palsy. METHODS: Thirty-eight cases with congenital unilateral superior oblique palsy underwent the ipsilateral inferior oblique or/and contralateral inferior rectus weakening procedure. Bielschowsky head tilt test was evaluated quantitatively before and after the operation by the prism cover test while the patient fixated at 33 cm and 6 m on the small light target. A positive Bielschowsky head tilt test was defined as one in which the vertical deviation when the head tilt to the side of the paresis was at least 5.0(Delta) greater than that on tilt to the uninvolved side. RESULTS: Before the operation, the hyperdeviation of the involved eye was 3.0(Delta) - 25.0(Delta) (average 11.0(Delta)) in primary position. The deviation on tilt to the side of the paresis was 23.0(Delta) (15.0(Delta) - 40.0(Delta)) and the deviation on tilt to the uninvolved side was 2.5(Delta) (0.0(Delta) - 10.0(Delta)). A positive Bielschowsky tilt test was found in all cases preoperatively. After the operation, the hyperdeviation of the involved eye was 0.0(Delta) - 5.0(Delta) (average 2.0(Delta)) in primary position. The result of Bielschowsky tilt test was still positive in 34 cases and negative in only 4 cases. CONCLUSION: In most cases with unilateral superior oblique paresis, the results of Bielschowsky tilt test do not change to negative postoperatively. The significance of using this test for evaluating surgical results remains to be determined. PMID- 14769222 TI - [Treatment of dissociated vertical deviation by shifting fixating eye]. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the results of using shifting fixation eye to manage monocular or asymmetrical binocular dissociated vertical deviation (DVD). METHODS: Twenty-three DVD children whose corrected vision was better than 0.5 in the amblyopic eye were studied. The goal of the shifting fixation eye was gained by decreasing the vision of the primary fixation eye to 2 or 3 lines (Snellen Visual Acuity) lower than that of the fellow fixation eye by occlusion or optical methods. The vision, alignment and retinal correspondence were evaluated before and after the treatment. RESULTS: After the treatment, in 10 patients, the vision of the primary fixation eye did not decrease significantly and the vision of the fellow eye increased 2 lines. In 19 patients, a cosmetic result was achieved; the primary fixation eye was shifted in 4 patients that had similar hepertropia in two eyes ( plantain > sorghum. The mode of addition of disintegrants, disintegrant concentration and relative density had a significant impact on the disintegrant properties. The tested starches, namely, sorghum and plantain, showed promising results. PMID- 14769239 TI - Biochemistry of apoptotic cell death. AB - Apoptosis is a physiological cell suicide program that is critical for the development and maintenance of healthy tissues. Regulation of programmed cell death allows the organism to control the cell number and the tissue size, and to protect itself from rogue cells that threaten homeostasis. The changed activity of numerous genes influences switching of cells to a self-destruction program. Apoptosis requires co-ordinated action and fine tuning of a set of proteins that are either regulators or executors of the process. Cancer, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency disease, reperfusion injury and neurodegenerative disorders are characterised by disregulation of apoptosis. Modulation of the expression and activation of the key molecular components of the apoptotic process has emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for many diseases. PMID- 14769240 TI - Solid-state investigation of piroxicam benzoate. AB - Solid-state properties of piroxicam benzoate, an ester prodrug of piroxicam, were investigated. Samples were prepared by recrystallization from various organic solvents (toluene, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and acetone). Recrystallized samples were characterized by means of FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM and XRPD. DSC, TGA and XRPD methods confirmed that piroxicam benzoate crystallized in two pseudopolymorphic forms, A and B. Pseudopolymorphic form A was obtained by recrystallization from ethanol and methanol by slow cooling at room temperature and by rapid cooling in an ice-cold bath, and also from toluene by rapid cooling in an ice-cold bath. Pseudopolymorphic form B was obtained by recrystallization from toluene by slow cooling at room temperature. PMID- 14769241 TI - Novel 1,2,5-oxadiazine derivatives--synthesis and in vitro biological studies. AB - A new synthetic approach to the 1,2,5-oxadiazine ring system is described. 2 Substituted or 2,4-disubstituted 2H-1,2,5-oxadiazine-3,6(4H,5H)-dione derivatives 4 were prepared by cyclisation of hydroxamic acids 3 derived from N-(1 benzotriazolylcarbonyl)-amino acids 1. The structures of the synthesised compounds were fully characterised by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate biological activity of the newly synthesised oxadiazine derivatives. Cytotoxic and cytostatic activities were tested on two cell lines (HeLa and GMK) and evaluated by MTT-test. Two human DNA viruses (adenovirus 7 and herpesvirus 1) and two human RNA viruses (coxsackievirus B5 and echovirus 7) were used in the antiviral test. Selected biological studies indicated that 2-phenyl- -2H-1,2,5-oxadiazine-3,6(4H,5H)-dione (4a) and 4-benzyl-2-phenyl-2H-1,2,5-oxadiazine-3,6(4H,5H)-dione (4c) statistically significantly inhibited cell growth. A minor antiviral effect was observed upon adenovirus, herpesvirus and enteroviruses. PMID- 14769242 TI - Biodistribution of 131I-BSA loaded gelatin microspheres after peroral application to BALB/c mice--particle size study. AB - Biodistribution studies of radiolabelled 131I-BSA loaded gelatin microspheres were carried out on BALB/c mice after peroral administration. To two groups, radiolabelled 131I-BSA gelatin microspheres of different particle size, 1.2 +/- 1.1 microm and 7.0 +/- 1.2 microm, were administered orally. To the control group, a solution of 131I-BSA was administered orally as well. Biodistribution was followed periodically within 15 days as the percent of total radioactivity present in the stomach and small intestine with Peyer's patches and mesentery, in colon with Peyer's patches, appendix and mesentery, in liver, spleen, blood, kidney, lungs and heart. Preliminary in vitro biodegradation and drug release studies confirmed the potential of gelatin microspheres to protect the antigen of interest from enzymatic degradation in the gut, and to release it in a controlled manner. The biodistribution data confirmed that particle uptake into Peyer's patches and passage to the liver and spleen via the mesentery lymph supply and nodes increased with decreasing particle size. PMID- 14769243 TI - Design and characterization of mucoadhesive buccal patches containing cetylpyridinium chloride. AB - Mucoadhesive patches for delivery of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) were prepared using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and chitosan. Swelling and bioadhesive characteristics were determined for both plain and medicated patches. The results showed a remarkable increase in radial swelling (S(D)) after addition of the water-soluble drug (CPC) to the plain formulae. A decrease in the residence time was observed for PVA and chitosan-containing formulae. Higher drug release was obtained from PVA patches compared to HEC ones, while both are non-ionic polymers. A considerable drop in release was observed for chitosan formulae after the addition of water-soluble additives, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and gelatin. Ageing was done on PVA formulae; the results showed there was no influence on the chemical stability of CPC, as reflected from the drug content data. Physical characteristics of the studied patches showed an increase in the residence time with storage accompanied with a decrease in drug release. This may be due to changes in the crystal habit of the drug as well as to slight agglomeration of the polymer particles. PMID- 14769244 TI - Studies on thiazolopyridines--a novel synthesis of bis-thiazolopyridines as promising antimicrobial agents. AB - A variety of novel bis-thiazolopyridine derivatives 4a-e were synthesized via the reaction of bis-thiazolinone 3 with different arylcinnamonitrile derivatives (1:2 molar ratio), whereas the reaction of bis-compounds 7a-e with malononitrile in ethanol solution containing a few drops of piperidine afforded the novel bis thiazolopyridines 8a-e. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established by elemental analyses and spectral data. Some of the newly synthesized compounds show moderate to high antimicrobial activity. PMID- 14769245 TI - Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of some [2-amino-6-(4-substituted aryl) 4-(4-substituted phenyl)-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-yl]-acetic acid derivatives. AB - Dihydropyrimidines 4a-r have been synthesized by base catalysed condensation of beta-aroylpropanoic acid, guanidine nitrate and aromatic aldehyde. Structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of 1H NMR and IR spectral data. Anti-inflammatory activity in vivo was evaluated and compared with standard drug diclofenac sodium. PMID- 14769246 TI - The effects of starches on mechanical properties of paracetamol tablet formulations. I. Pregelatinization of starch binders. AB - A study has been made of the effects of pregelatinization of native sorghum and plantain starches on the mechanical properties of a paracetamol tablet formulation in comparison with corn starch BP. The mechanical properties tested, viz. tensile strength (T) and brittle fracture index (BFI) of the paracetamol tablets were affected by pregelatinization of the starch. The results suggest that pregelatinized starches may be useful as binders when a particular degree of bond strength and brittleness is desired. PMID- 14769247 TI - Isolation of 4-chloro-3-formyl-2-(2-hydroxyethene-1-yl) quinolines by Vilsmeier Haack reaction on quinaldines: Construction of diazepino quinoline heterocycles and their antimicrobial and cytogenetic studies. AB - Application of Vilsmeier conditions to 4-hydroxyquinaldines gives 4-chloro-3 formyl-2-(2-hydroxyethene-1-yl)-quinolines as an intermediate. The latter is utilized to prepare diazepino quinolines on treatment with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their antibacterial and antifungal as well as cytogenetic activities. PMID- 14769248 TI - Design and synthesis of semicarbazones and their bio-isosteric analogues as potent anticonvulsants: the role of hydrogen bonding. AB - A series of p-nitrophenyl substituted semicarbazones (4a-c) and phenoxy/p bromophenoxy acetyl hydrazones (8a-q) were synthesized and their anticonvulsant activity was screened against maximal electroshock seizure (MES), subcutaneous metrazole (ScMet) and subcutaneous strychnine (ScSty) tests. Compounds 4a-c with NHCO- were found to be the most active in all these tests. These compounds were also active in the MES test after oral administration in rats. On the other hand, compounds 8a-q with -OCH2- were devoid of anticonvulsant activity. The studies revealed that the hydrogen bonding domain in semicarbazones, adjacent to the lipophilic aryl ring, is essential for the anticonvulsant activity. PMID- 14769249 TI - Hydrogels based on the chemically crosslinked polyacrylic acid: biopharmaceutical characterization. AB - This study is an attempt of biopharmaceutical characterization of hydrogels based on crosslinked polyacrylic acid (PAA). Macrodiisocyanates (MDIC) or oligomethanediisocyanate (DO) were used as crosslinking agents. The drug release rate from such hydrogels is determined by the density of the net and is lowered by a decrease in the PAA : MDIC mass ratio. The increase of the drug concentration in the matrix improved the release process. The drug release from the hydrogels was found to be pH dependent. PMID- 14769250 TI - Analgesic effect of caffeine and clomipramine: a possible interaction between adenosine and serotonin systems. AB - The goals of this study were to determine whether the nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine exerts an analgesic effect and to investigate the time-dependent influence of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor clomipramine on the action of caffeine. Results suggest a possible interaction between serotonin and adenosine systems, which may contribute to the analgesic action of drugs. Therefore, the hot-plate and formalin tests were employed in order to measure the response to painful thermic and chemical stimuli. Results have shown that caffeine (1.67, 16.7 and 67 mg kg(-1), i.p.) exerts a direct dose dependent analgesic action. When caffeine (1.67 and 16.7 mg kg(-1)) was combined with clomipramine (3 mg kg(-1) i.p.), an enhanced analgesic effect was obtained. However, the same combinations were ineffective in a subacute model. In this model, clomipramine was administered for 14 days and the respective dose of caffeine was added on the last day. Therefore, it can be concluded that the serotonin system interacts with the analgesic action of caffeine and that a long term use of clomipramine probably triggers subsensitivity of adenosine receptors. PMID- 14769251 TI - Coating polymers for colon specific drug delivery: a comparative in vitro evaluation. AB - Colon is being extensively investigated as a drug delivery site. This study presents a comparison of the usual enteric coating polymers viz. Eudragit, cellulose acetate phathalate with shellac and ethyl cellulose, as carriers for colon specific drug delivery. Lactose based indomethacin tablets were prepared. These were coated with one of the coating polymers to a varying coat thickness. The coated formulations were evaluated for dissolution rates under simulated stomach and small intestine conditions. From the dissolution data obtained, it was found that the dissolution rate varied with the type and concentration of the polymer applied. Comparative dissolution data revealed that, of all the polymers and coat thicknesses used, a 3% (m/m) coat of shellac was most suitable for colonic drug delivery. It retarded drug release by 3-4 h (the usual small intestinal transit time) in simulated small intestinal fluid, whereafter a rapid drug release was observed. PMID- 14769252 TI - Effects of the diluent type on compressional characteristics of the mixed stem bark extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus and Prosopis africana tablet formulation. AB - The hot water extract of a mixture of stem barks of Anogeissus leiocarpus and Prosopis africana was formulated into tablets using the wet granulation method of massing and screening. The Heckel equation was used to study the compaction characteristics of the extract formulated with lactose (water-soluble) or magnesium carbonate (water-insoluble) as diluents. Granules prepared using magnesium carbonate were found to exhibit two stages of deformation - an initial fragmentation followed by plastic flow while those formulated with lactose consolidated mainly by plastic deformation. Compressibility profiles of the formulations were affected by the diluent type. Tensile strength of granules formulated with magnesium carbonate was found to increase as the compression pressure increased from 56.6 to 113.2 MN m(-2) while the tensile strength of tablets formulated with lactose had its maximum at a compression force of 84.9 MN m(-2). PMID- 14769254 TI - Glycosyl composition of polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia. AB - Polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia was isolated, purified, hydrolysed, trimethylsilylated and then subjected to GC-MC studies. The polysaccharide composition was estimated as follows: glucose 98.0%, arabinose 0.5%, rhamnose 0.2%, xylose 0.8%, mannose 0.2% and galactose 0.3%. PMID- 14769253 TI - Formulation of fast release glibenclamide liquid and semi-solid matrix filled capsules. AB - The ability of liquid and semi-solid matrix (SSM) filling capsule technology to improve the dissolution rate of glibenclamide (GBD) was investigated. Semiquantitative estimation of GBD solubility in various vehicles was carried out. Tetraglycol was found to be the most efficient solubilizer. GBD was formulated in different concentrations as solutions in tetraglycol or tetraglycol/ PEG 6000 blend and as suspensions in SSM composed of Gelucire 44/14 as a base. Dissolution rate studies revealed that the release profiles of GBD from capsule formulations containing the drug in concentrations up to 3.5% (m/m) were comparable. PMID- 14769255 TI - Long-acting beta agonists in asthma therapy. PMID- 14769258 TI - Airway smooth muscle and fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of asthma. AB - Asthma is a disease characterized by marked structural changes within the airway wall. These changes include deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and an increase in the numbers of airway smooth muscle cells and subepithelial fibroblasts. Both these cell types possess properties that would enable them to be involved in remodeling and inflammation. These properties include the production of a variety of cytokines; growth factors and fibrogenic mediators; proliferation, migration and release of extracellular matrix proteins; matrix metalloproteinases; and their tissue inhibitors. Airway smooth muscle and subepithelial fibroblasts are likely to be key players in the asthmatic airway pathophysiology through their interaction with each other, inflammatory cells, and other mesenchymal cells, such as the epithelium. Current asthma therapies lack the ability to completely prevent or reverse the remodeling of the airways, therefore indicating the need for new therapeutic strategies to counter this important aspect of asthma. PMID- 14769259 TI - Factors controlling airway smooth muscle proliferation in asthma. AB - Airway smooth muscle proliferation has been the focus of considerable attention, as it is a quantitatively important component of the airway wall remodeling response in asthma and has been suggested as a suitable target for the development of novel anti-asthma agents. Such agents are considered likely to reduce airway hyperresponsiveness and, consequently, airway obstruction, resulting in fewer symptoms and exacerbations. Identifying suitable drug targets has proved an elusive goal, as no dominant molecular mechanism for remodeling has emerged. Moreover, recent findings raise some doubt as to whether smooth muscle proliferation per se is the explanation of the increase in smooth muscle cell number in asthma, with alternative explanations including the proposal that cells migrate either from the interstitial compartment or from a circulating precursor stem cell population. Therefore, drug targeting of migration responses should be considered as an alternative approach to regulating the smooth muscle component of airway wall remodeling. PMID- 14769260 TI - Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of asthma. AB - Asthma affects 5% to 10% of the population of the United States. In asthmatics, oxidative stress occurs not only as a result of inflammation but also from environmental exposure to air pollution. The specific localization of antioxidants in the lung and the adaptive changes during asthma underscore the importance of oxidative stress, and therapeutic interventions that decrease exposure to environmental reactive oxygen species or augment endogenous antioxidant defenses might be beneficial as adjunctive therapies in asthmatic patients. PMID- 14769261 TI - Interleukin-13 in asthma pathogenesis. AB - Numerous studies have clearly shown that the Th2 cytokine, interleukin (IL)-13, is the central regulator of the allergic diathesis. Initial studies in animal models of disease provided compelling evidence that IL-13, independent of other Th2 cytokines, was both necessary and sufficient to induce all features of allergic asthma. The importance of IL-13 in allergic disorders in humans is supported by consistent associations between tissue IL-13 levels and genetic variants in the IL-13 gene with asthma and related traits. With the preponderance of evidence continuing to support the importance of IL-13 in allergic disorders, attention is now turned toward understanding the mechanisms by which this cytokine might mediate the pathophysiologic features of allergic disease. The emerging paradigm is that IL-13 induces features of the allergic response via its actions on epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells, not through traditional effector pathways involving eosinophils and IgE-mediated events. In light of these recent developments, in this review our current understanding of the role of IL-13 in the pathogenesis of asthma is explored, with a particular focus on new insights into the mechanisms by which IL-13 induces the features of asthma. PMID- 14769263 TI - Treatment of patients with respiratory reactions to aspirin and nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs. AB - Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is an adult onset condition manifested as asthma, rhinosinusitis/nasal polyps, and sensitivity to aspirin and other cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1)-inhibitor nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). There is no cross-sensitivity to highly selective Cox-2 inhibitors. PMID- 14769262 TI - Antibiotics in asthma. AB - Asthma pathogenesis appears to be a result of a complex mixture of genetic and environmental influences. There is evidence that Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae play a role in promoting airway inflammation that could contribute to the onset and clinical course of asthma. If antimicrobial therapy can eradicate these organisms, it might be possible to alter the course of the disease. Although antibiotics have no role in the routine management of acute exacerbations of asthma, certain macrolide antibiotics have been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity. Part of this effect is due to their known inhibition of steroid and theophylline metabolism, but through a myriad of mechanisms that are incompletely understood, macrolide antibiotics have additional broad anti inflammatory properties that might prove useful in the management of asthma and other inflammatory diseases. PMID- 14769264 TI - The dose-response relationship of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. AB - Inhaled corticosteroids are the only class of asthma medication that can reduce symptoms, improve lung function, reduce the frequency of severe exacerbations, including hospital and ICU admissions, and decrease the risk of mortality. The therapeutic dose range for all clinical outcome measures in adults is 100 to 1000 mg/d of beclomethasone dipropionate or budesonide, or 50 to 500 mg/d of fluticasone propionate. Doses in excess of this range are not recommended for routine use because they are likely to increase the risk of systemic side-effects without further major improvement in efficacy. The recommendations are qualified by the recognition that there is considerable individual variability in the response to inhaled corticosteroids in asthma, which would suggest that some patients might obtain greater benefit at higher doses, just as some might obtain maximum benefit at lower doses. PMID- 14769265 TI - Eosinophil function in allergic inflammation: from bone marrow to tissue response. AB - The role of the eosinophil in the pathophysiology of allergy and asthma has been the focus of intense interest during the past two decades. Although the presence of eosinophils in humans with allergy and asthma is well established, the precise role of this cell in human and animal tissue response is still unclear. However, recent developments in research on many organ systems have provided novel insights into the possible underlying role of the eosinophil in both allergic and nonallergic inflammation. In this review, we examine the pathways associated with eosinophil recruitment and activation, and discuss these findings with reference to clinically defined categories. PMID- 14769266 TI - Childhood asthma. AB - The prevalence of asthma and wheezing illness in children has increased substantially over recent decades and places a large burden on health care resources. Despite increasing evidence that both genetic and environmental factors have significant effects on airway development and function in early life, our understanding of the natural history of the disease is limited. Several phenotypes of wheeze have been described and many risk factors identified for the development of asthma. A thorough knowledge of early life lung physiology will enable us to identify children at risk for developing persistent disease. The development of objective outcome measures that can be applied in early life will aid in distinguishing between children with transient early wheeze and those who will progress to persistent disease, enabling effective, targeted therapy. PMID- 14769279 TI - Human mobility and disease: a global challenge. PMID- 14769267 TI - The role of lung inflation in airway hyperresponsiveness and in asthma. AB - Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a fundamental phenomenon in asthma that can explain many aspects of the clinical manifestations of the disease. Several theories on the mechanisms of AHR have been proposed, but the true nature of this problem is yet to be defined. During the past decade, the role of lung inflation in airway physiology and its relationship to AHR have attracted major attention. Deep inspirations are known to exert strong beneficial effects on the airways of healthy humans. These effects appear to be of dual nature: bronchoprotective and bronchodilatory. The bronchoprotective effect of deep inspiration is lost in asthma, even in mild disease. It is also lost in individuals with rhinitis and AHR, but no asthma. Therefore, the loss of bronchoprotection is related to AHR. The bronchodilatory effect of deep inspiration is somewhat reduced in mild asthma and is only lost in severe disease, in the presence of significant airway obstruction. Current research is focused on the elucidation of the physiologic mechanisms behind lung inflation-induced bronchoprotection and bronchodilation and on the causes of their loss. This information could open new horizons in asthma therapy and prevention. PMID- 14769280 TI - Knowledge, attitudes and practices in travel-related infectious diseases: the European airport survey. AB - BACKGROUND: The European Travel Health Advisory Board conducted a cross-sectional pilot survey to evaluate current travel health knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) and to determine where travelers going to developing countries obtain travel health information, what information they receive, and what preventive travel health measures they employ. Subsequently, the questionnaire used was improved and a cross-sectional, multicenter study was undertaken in airports in Europe, Asia, South Africa and the United States. This paper describes the methods used everywhere, and results from the European airports. METHOD: Between September 2002 and September 2003, 5,465 passengers residing in Europe and boarding an intercontinental flight to a developing country were surveyed at the departure gates of nine major airports in Europe. Questionnaires were self administered, and checked for completeness and validated by trained interviewers. RESULTS: Although the majority of travelers (73.3%) had sought general information about their destination prior to departure, only just over half of the responders (52.1%) had sought travel health advice. Tourists and people traveling for religious reasons had sought travel health advice more often, whereas travelers visiting friends and relatives were less likely to do so. Hepatitis A was perceived as the most probable among the infectious diseases investigated, followed by HIV and hepatitis B. In spite of a generally positive attitude towards vaccines, 58.4% and 68.7% of travelers could not report any protection against hepatitis A or hepatitis B, respectively. Only one in three travelers to a destination country with at least some malaria endemicity were carrying antimalarial drugs. Almost one in four travelers visiting a high-risk area had an inaccurate risk perception and even one in two going to a no-risk destination were unnecessarily concerned about malaria. CONCLUSIONS: The large variation in destinations, age of the travelers and reasons for traveling illustrates that traveling to a developing country has become common practice. The results of this large-scale airport survey clearly demonstrate an important educational need among those traveling to risk destinations. Initiatives to improve such education should target all groups of travelers, including business travelers, those visiting friends and relatives, and the elderly. Additionally, travel health advice providers should continue their efforts to make travelers comply with the recommended travel health advice. Our common objective is to help travelers stay healthy while abroad, and consequently to also reduce the potential importation of infectious diseases and the consequent public health and other implications. PMID- 14769281 TI - Travel health knowledge, attitudes and practices among Australasian travelers. AB - BACKGROUND: Although the Asia Pacific region is the focus of the fastest-growing tourist and travel industry, few data are available on the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of travelers from this region with regard to travel-related infectious diseases. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among travelers at the departure lounges of five airports in Australasia (Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Taipeh, Melbourne, Seoul) whose travel destinations were Asia, Africa or South America. Two standardized questionnaires directed towards KAP in travel health, travel immunizations and malaria were administered. RESULTS: Of 2,101 respondents (82% Asian, 17% Western), 31% had sought pretravel health advice and only 4% sought travel health advice from the travel medicine specialist. The risk of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases and malaria at the destination country was perceived to be low. Overall, fewer than 5% of travelers had been vaccinated in preparation for their trip. The most frequent travel vaccinations were for hepatitis A and B. Only 40% of travelers to malaria endemic areas carried malaria prophylaxis. Compared to Western travelers, those of Asian nationality were significantly less likely to obtain pretravel advice and malaria prophylaxis and to receive travel vaccinations. CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need for increased awareness about travel-related infectious diseases among Asian travelers, and greater uptake of pretravel health advice, vaccinations and malaria prophylactic measures. PMID- 14769282 TI - Travelers' knowledge, attitudes and practices on the prevention of infectious diseases: results from a study at Johannesburg International Airport. AB - BACKGROUND: Although Johannesburg International Airport (JIA) acts as a hub for travel into Africa, little was known of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) with respect to infectious disease prevention of departing travelers. METHODS: The study was conducted among departing passengers at JIA from August to October 2003. Travelers aged at least 18 years, resident in non-malarious developed countries and departing from JIA for risk destinations, were given either a malaria (Q-mal, n=219) or vaccine-preventable disease (Q-vac, n=200) questionnaire. European Travel Health Advisory Board traveler KAP questionnaires were used. RESULTS: African destinations accounted for 99% of the total. Traveler mean age was 42 years, with 30% aged 50 years or above. Leisure (42%) and business (37%) were the commonest travel reasons; 8% of subjects were visiting friends or relatives. Forty-six per cent of travelers prepared for their trip at least 1 month in advance; 86% had sought pre-travel health advice, with travel clinics and the Internet being rated highest by travelers for quality of advice. World Health Organization immunization guidelines were followed poorly: only 37% and 27%, respectively, of travelers had demonstrable proof of protection against hepatitis A and B, with 40% of all Q-vac travelers unable to produce a vaccination certificate. Of travelers to yellow fever- endemic countries, 76% were able to produce a valid vaccination certificate; 22% of travelers to countries not endemic for yellow fever had nevertheless been specifically immunized against yellow fever for their journeys. Forty-nine per cent of Q-mal travelers carried either no or inappropriate antimalarials. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable deficiencies in KAP were documented with regard to travel vaccinations and malaria protection in travelers departing JIA. Improved vaccine uptake and antimalarial prescribing are required for travelers to Africa. PMID- 14769283 TI - Travel health knowledge, attitudes and practices among United States travelers. AB - BACKGROUND: Large numbers of United States residents travel each year to countries where malaria, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and other vaccine-preventable diseases are prevalent. However, relatively little is known about how United States travelers perceive risks associated with travel or how they prepare for their international voyages. This airport survey was therefore performed to determine the travel health knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of United States travelers. METHODS: Questionnaires were administered to international travelers, aged 18 years or more, departing from the John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York who were going to destinations that were high risk for malaria or hepatitis A. RESULTS: Overall, 404 questionnaires were completed, including 203 focused on malaria and 201 on vaccine-preventable diseases. Latin America and Asia were the most common destinations. Only 36% of travelers sought travel health advice, despite the fact that more than half prepared their trip at least a month in advance. Only 17% of travelers considered themselves at high risk for hepatitis A. Although the majority of travelers (73%) to a high-risk malaria-endemic region perceived malaria as a high health risk, only 46% of them were carrying antimalarial medications. Additionally, although the majority of travelers believed that vaccines were effective for prevention, few were vaccinated for their journey: 11% for tetanus, 14% for hepatitis A, 13% for hepatitis B, and 5% for yellow fever. DISCUSSION: This airport survey demonstrated important shortcomings in the travel health KAP of international travelers. A substantial proportion of the travelers were not adequately protected against malaria, hepatitis A or hepatitis B. Future efforts need to focus on improving the level of awareness of travelers regarding their risk of disease acquisition overseas and the importance of pre-travel education, immunizations, and malaria chemoprophylaxis. PMID- 14769284 TI - Influence of hygiene on gastrointestinal illness among wilderness backpackers. AB - BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal illness is a common risk for wilderness travelers, even among those who consistently disinfect their water, yet the importance of hygiene has not been characterized. METHODS: In a prospective surveillance study, 334 Appalachian Trail backpackers who hiked for at least 7 days in 1997 were interviewed. Upon completion of their hike, a written questionnaire was sent, addressing illnesses, water disinfection methods, and hygiene. Hygiene inquiries focused on the frequency of behaviors concerning handwashing and cleaning cookware. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty backpackers compiled 38,940 wilderness exposure days, with 56% (n=56) experiencing diarrhea. Diarrhea correlated with the frequency of drinking untreated surface water (relative risk (RR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-4.7%, p5.03). Of those who consistently treated water, 45% suffered from diarrhea, whereas 69% of those who inconsistently treated water experienced diarrhea (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.53-0.81%, p5.001). Hikers practicing "good hygiene", defined as handwashing post-defecation and cleaning cookware routinely, were less likely to ever experience diarrhea (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.22-0.99, p5.04). Routine handwashing with soap and water after both urination and defecation reduced the risk of diarrhea (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.04-0.31%, p,.001). In a case-control analysis of those experiencing diarrhea, decreased diarrhea was associated with routine consumption of multivitamins (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.37-0.66%, p,.001), routine cleaning of utensils with warm, soapy water (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.20-0.74%, p,.01), and post-defecation handwashing with soap and water (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39-0.93%, p5.006). CONCLUSIONS: Lack of hygiene, specifically handwashing and cleaning of cookware, should be recognized as a significant contributor to wilderness gastrointestinal illness. Hikers should routinely disinfect water and avoid untreated surface water. PMID- 14769285 TI - Prevalence of anti-poliovirus type 1, 2 and 3 antibodies in unvaccinated Italian travelers. AB - BACKGROUND: Immunization against poliomyelitis is recommended for international travelers to developing countries. However, the level of antibodies varies even in previously unvaccinated persons, due to wild-type or vaccine-type infections in the eldest travelers. METHODS: In 1999, we conducted a seroprevalence study in the Lombardy region (northern Italy), using sera collected in 1994 from a population aged 50 to 59 years. The study subjects were consecutive, randomly selected travelers enrolled in an anti-hepatitis A virus antibody study. Neutralizing antibodies were titrated on Vero cells in microtiter plates. Each serum dilution (1:8 to 1:256) was challenged against 100 tissue culture infective doses of the three Sabin strains. Titers> 1:8 were considered to be protective. RESULTS: We studied 98 travelers, 59 male and 39 female, of mean age 54 years. Seventy-three (74.4%) reported previous travel abroad, but none had been vaccinated against polio. Dietary habits included consumption of seafood in 74.4% and raw vegetables from their own garden in 52.1%. The seroprevalences for neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus type 1, type 2 and type 3 were 86.7%, 89.9%, and 86.7%, respectively. All travelers presented protective antibody titers against at least one of the three viral types. Protective antibody titers were unrelated to travel history or dietary habit. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of the previously unvaccinated adults in our sample presented protective immunity to polioviruses. This observation may have implications for cost-effectiveness analysis of generalized polio vaccination in adult Italian travelers. PMID- 14769286 TI - Travel patterns and risk behavior in solid organ transplant recipients. AB - BACKGROUND: International travel is associated with an increased risk of enteric, vector-borne and bloodborne infections. The risk of acquiring travel-related illness is higher in those who are immunocompromised. However, little is known about travel practices and risk behaviors in transplant recipients who travel. We herein profile transplant recipients who travel, and characterize their pre travel precautions, travel activities, burden of illness, and exposure history. METHODS: With the use of a standardized and validated questionnaire, patients attending a transplant clinic were surveyed regarding recent travel and risk behaviors. RESULTS: Of 267 transplant recipients who participated, 95 (36%) indicated that they had recently traveled outside Canada and the USA. Their mean age was 49.9 years, 54% were male, and 54% were born outside Canada. Eighty-six percent of travelers were receiving at least two immunosuppressive drugs at the time of their trip. Sixty-six percent of travelers sought pre-travel advice, primarily from their transplant physician. Sixty-three percent traveled to areas where hepatitis A is endemic, but only 5% had received hepatitis A immunization. Fifty percent traveled to dengue- and malaria-endemic areas, but,25% adhered to mosquito prevention measures. Ten percent reported behaviors that exposed them to blood or body fluids, including injections, body piercing, and casual sexual activity. CONCLUSIONS: Solid organ transplant recipients represent a unique group of compromised travelers; however, few were adequately protected against travel associated enteric, vector-borne and bloodborne pathogens. PMID- 14769287 TI - Bacterial colonization of patients undergoing international air transport: a prospective epidemiologic study. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of multiresistant bacteria in patients treated in foreign hospitals and repatriated by international interhospital air transport. METHODS: This was a prospective epidemiologic study on patients who were hospitalized in a foreign country and repatriated to a hospital in their home country by international aeromedical transport on scheduled airlines or ambulance jets. The study was carried out by the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany, and MedCall Germany, the organizing company for repatriation. One hundred and three patients, who were hospitalized abroad, required repatriation by international interhospital air transport and met the entry criteria. RESULTS: Four hundred and eighty-three swabs from brow, nose, ear, throat, groin or axilla were taken from 103 patients, mean age 62 years. They were transported from southern and eastern European countries, Morocco, Egypt, Ghana, Tunisia, Pakistan, the United States and the Bahamas to destinations in Germany, the UK, Belgium, Switzerland, the United States and Japan. Forty-four patients were in an intensive care unit (ICU) for 6.5 days (median) prior to transport. Forty patients received antibiotics at the time of repatriation. Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida were found. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was found in three patients (3%), ventilated for 17 days, and treated in the ICU for a median of 23 days. In 2 patients, multiresistant Acinetobacter baumanii and multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were found. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial colonization of patients undergoing international interhospital air transport does not differ from that of patients in a European hospital. Multiresistant bacteria, especially MRSA, were found only in ICU patients. There is no elevated risk of transmission of multiresistant bacteria in this patient group compared to other patients treated in hospital, especially in ICUs. PMID- 14769288 TI - Brucellosis and international travel. AB - Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution that mainly affects persons working with domestic animals and animal products. Despite being controlled in many developed countries, the disease remains endemic in many parts of the world, including Latin America, the Middle East, Spain, parts of Africa, and western Asia. The disease is mainly transmitted to humans through the ingestion of raw milk or non-pasteurized cheese contaminated with one of the four Brucella species pathogenic to humans. The clinical presentation can vary from asymptomatic infection with seroconversion to a full-blown clinical picture of fever, night sweats and joint manifestations; rarely, there is hepatic, cardiac, ocular or central nervous system involvement. Since travelers may be affected, travel health physicians need to know the clinical presentation of patients with brucellosis and preventive strategies. PMID- 14769289 TI - Could it be lymphatic filariasis? PMID- 14769290 TI - Cyclospora cayetanensis in a patient with travelers' diarrhea: case report and review. AB - In recent years, several studies have shown that Cyclospora cayetanensis is a worldwide intestinal pathogen, and it has been implicated in a number of sporadic cases and epidemic outbreaks of diarrheal illness in several endemic areas. The parasite is associated with prolonged and relapsing watery diarrhea in immunocompetent persons, as well as in AIDS patients. Most reports of Cyclospora infection concern travelers visiting endemic countries. In European countries, a few cases of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection have been reported, and almost all of them were observed in persons after foreign travel. PMID- 14769291 TI - Severe high-altitude cerebral edema on the Inca Trail. AB - The following case history serves to reiterate the practical dangers of trekking at altitude. Despite the latter-day rise in the profile of altitude-related dangers, risks can still be understated to clients and poorly prepared for, even on commonly walked routes. Financial pressures can sometimes outweigh safety considerations. PMID- 14769292 TI - Treatment of travelers' diarrhea among Austrian tourists. PMID- 14769294 TI - Travel health insurance: indicator of serious travel health risks. PMID- 14769297 TI - All radiology reports should be in the medical record. PMID- 14769298 TI - The obligation to communicate. PMID- 14769299 TI - Development of a valid, cost-effective laparoscopic training program. AB - BACKGROUND: Practical programs for training and evaluating surgeons in laparoscopy are needed to keep pace with demand for minimally invasive surgery. METHODS: At the University of Kentucky five inexpensive simulations have been developed to train and assess surgical residents. Residents are videotaped performing laparoscopic procedures on models. Five surgeons assess the taped performances on 4 global skills. RESULTS: Creating mechanical models reduces training costs. Trainees agreed procedures were well represented by the simulations. Blinded assessment of performances showed high interrater agreement and correlated with the trainees' level of experience. Nonclinician evaluations on checklists correlated with evaluations by surgeons. CONCLUSIONS: Inexpensive simulations of laparoscopic appendectomy, cholecystectomy, inguinal herniorrhaphy, bowel enterotomy, and splenectomy enable surgical residents to practice laparoscopic skills safely. Obtaining masked, objective, and independent evaluations of basic skills in laparoscopic surgery can assist in reliable assessment of surgical trainees. The simulations described can anchor an innovative educational program during residency for training and assessment. PMID- 14769300 TI - Treatment and outcome of patients with chest wall recurrence after mastectomy and breast reconstruction. AB - BACKGROUND: Chest wall recurrence (CWR) in the setting of previous mastectomy and breast reconstruction can pose complex management dilemmas for clinicians. We examined the impact of breast reconstruction on the treatment and outcomes of patients who subsequently developed a CWR. METHODS: Between 1988 and 1998, 155 breast cancer patients with CWR after mastectomy were evaluated at our center. Of these patients, 27 had previously undergone breast reconstruction (immediate in 20; delayed in 7). Clinicopathologic features, treatment decisions, and outcomes were compared between the patients with and without previous breast reconstruction. Nonparametric statistics were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the reconstruction and no reconstruction groups in time to CWR, size of the CWR, number of nodules, ulceration, erythema, and association of CWR with nodal metastases. In patients with previous breast reconstruction, surgical resection of the CWR and repair of the resulting defect tended to be more complex and was more likely to require chest wall reconstruction by the plastic surgery team rather than simple excision or resection with primary closure (26% [7 of 27] versus 8% [10 of 128], P = 0.013). Risk of a second CWR, risk of distant metastases, median overall survival after CWR, and distant-metastasis-free survival after CWR did not differ significantly between patients with and without previous breast reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Breast reconstruction after mastectomy does not influence the clinical presentation or prognosis of women who subsequently develop a CWR. Collaboration with a plastic surgery team may be beneficial in the surgical management of these patients. PMID- 14769301 TI - Management of general surgical problems in the pregnant patient. AB - BACKGROUND: General surgeons are frequently consulted for nonobstetrical surgical problems in pregnant women, as up to 2% of pregnancies are complicated by such problems. Concerns over the increased morbidity for both the pregnant patient and the fetus are unique to this population. DATA SOURCES: A review of the English language literature surrounding nonobstetrical surgical issues was collected through a Medline search and review of relevant society and academy papers. CONCLUSIONS: This manuscript offers a review of current information regarding aspects of surgical care in the pregnant patient. Areas discussed include anesthesiology, radiology, laparoscopy, and specific common and uncommon surgical diseases found in the pregnant patient. PMID- 14769302 TI - A review of liver masses in pregnancy and a proposed algorithm for their diagnosis and management. AB - BACKGROUND: Liver masses in pregnancy are rare; some behave aggressively while others remain indolent. The paucity of case series has hindered the development of a defined approach to their diagnosis and management. This paper presents an algorithm for the diagnosis and management of hepatic hemangiomas, focal nodular hyperplasia, liver cell adenomas and hepatocellular carcinoma associated with pregnancy based on our own experience and literature review. DATA SOURCES: A Medline search from 1966 to present was performed. Seven additional illustrative cases from our institution are included. Twenty pregnancies with hepatic hemangiomas, 37 with focal nodular hyperplasias, 26 with liver cell adenomas and 33 with hepatocellular carcinomas were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Gestational hepatic hemangiomas and focal nodular hyperplasia behave indolently and can be observed. Liver cell adenomas often require surgery, but small, asymptomatic lesions may be carefully observed. Meticulous observation postpartum is mandatory. As pregnancy impacts survival in hepatocellular carcinoma, resection maybe indicated. PMID- 14769303 TI - Management of pectus chest deformities in female patients. AB - BACKGROUND: There is sparse published information regarding surgical management of females with pectus excavatum (PE) or carinatum (PC) deformities. METHODS: During the past 33 years 104 females with PE, and 21 with PC underwent surgical repair using extensive modifications of the Ravitch technique. Seven had previous right breast implants, 3 had prostheses placed in the PE deformity. Nine PE patients underwent successful pregnancy before repair, but had severe third trimester dyspnea. RESULTS: Very good to excellent results were reported by 96% (mean follow-up, 6 years). Increased endurance, decreased dyspnea, reduced chest discomfort, and less tachycardia occurred in all within 6 months. No patients had significant breast asymmetry after repair. Complications included mildly hypertrophic scar (8), transient pleural effusion (3), bar displacement (1), and mild recurrence (3). CONCLUSIONS: Females with symptomatic PE or PC, can be repaired with low morbidity, mild pain, low cost, and improvement in body image and symptoms. Prostheses are not beneficial in the treatment of physiologic symptoms caused by pectus deformities. PMID- 14769304 TI - Variables influencing medical student learning in the operating room. AB - BACKGROUND: The operating room (OR) is an important venue where surgeons do much of medical student teaching and yet there has been little work evaluating variables that influence learning in this unique environment. We designed this study to identify variables that affected medical student learning in the OR. METHODS: We developed a questionnaire based on surgery faculty observations of learning in the OR. The medical students completed the questionnaire on 114 learning episodes in the OR. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to establish the strength of association between various variables and the student's overall perception of learning. RESULTS: The students evaluated 27 variables that might impact their learning in the OR. Strong correlations were identified between the attending physician's attitude, interactions and teaching ability in the OR and the environment being conducive to learning. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical faculty behavior is a powerful determinant of student perceptions of what provides for a favorable learning environment in the OR. PMID- 14769305 TI - Risk factors for complications after pancreatic head resection. AB - BACKGROUND: Postoperative morbidity is high after pancreatic head resections. Data about risk factors are controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors for complications after pancreatic head resection and to assess whether the complication rate changed during the study period. METHODS: Data of 301 patients undergoing pancreatic head resection were recorded prospectively. Risk factors were assessed by multivariate analysis. The first and second part of the study period were compared. RESULTS: Mortality was 3%. Overall and surgery related complications occurred in 42% and 28%, respectively. Independent risk factors for postoperative morbidity were impaired renal function (odds ratio [OR] 2.7), absence of preoperative biliary drainage (OR 1.9), and resection of other organs (OR 3.2). Complication rate, duration of surgery, amount of blood transfused, and length of hospital stay decreased during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing hospital experience decreased complication rates. Patients with risk factors should be considered for transferal to specialized centers. PMID- 14769306 TI - Therapeutic efficacy of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of biliary dyskinesia. AB - BACKGROUND: The outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for patients who present with "classic" biliary colic without evidence of cholelithiasis or acute inflammation (biliary dyskinesia) is not well documented. This study evaluates whether a cholecystokinin dimethyl iminodiacetic acid (CCK-HIDA) scan can predict relief of symptoms in this group of patients. METHODS: Patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy after a normal ultrasound and with an abnormal dimethyl iminodiacetic acid scan were retrospectively reviewed. Symptomatic improvement was correlated with degree of dyskinesia, histologic findings, sex, and age. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-six patients were studied and 69% were available for followup at a mean interval of 16 months. One hundred fourteen patients (94%) had complete or partial relief of symptoms. No correlation was found between degree of relief and degree of impaired ejection (31% to 50% versus <30%), the histologic findings, sex, or age. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal cholecystokinin dimethyl iminodiacetic acid scan effectively predicts relief of symptoms in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia. PMID- 14769307 TI - Laparoscopic ultrasonography and biopsy of hepatic tumors in 310 patients. AB - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic ultrasonography is increasingly being recognized as an important tool in the evaluation of patients with possible hepatic tumors. The aim of this paper is to describe the technical aspects of imaging and biopsy based on our experience in 310 patients with 1,080 primary and metastatic liver tumors within a 6.5-year period. METHODS: A 10-mm rigid or flexible, 7.5 MHz linear, side-viewing laparoscopic ultrasonography probe was used for imaging, and an 18G spring-loaded core biopsy gun was used for tissue diagnosis. RESULTS: There were no complications. The entire liver was imaged using a right subcostal port. Using a free-hand technique, the needle was best targeted into the lesion when inserted parallel to the plane of the transducer. The rigid transducer was found to be more convenient to guide needle placement. CONCLUSIONS: The use of this minimally invasive technique avoids laparotomy in many patients undergoing staging of malignancy and also offers increased sensitivity for tumor detection compared with conventional imaging modalities. PMID- 14769308 TI - Crohn's disease patients who quit smoking have a reduced risk of reoperation for recurrence. AB - BACKGROUND: Smoking increases the risk of recurrent Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: We examined the impact of smoking, quitting smoking, and other factors on reoperation for recurrent CD. We distributed questionnaires to 584 patients from a surgical database whom had undergone a surgical operation for ileocecal CD to assess history of smoking, medical, behavioral, and demographic information. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-seven patients completed the questionnaire (46% response). Smokers were more likely to have undergone 1, 2, and 3 reoperations for recurrence at any site (relative incidence rates [RIR] 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10 to 1.60; RIR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.09 to 2.20; and RIR 1.77, 95% CI: 1.02 to 3.06, respectively) and were more likely to have undergone one reoperation for recurrent ileocecal CD (RIR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.86). Patients who quit smoking were less likely to have undergone 1, 2, and 3 reoperations for recurrence at any site (RIR 0.25, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.41; RIR 0.30, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.57; and RIR 0.25, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.71, respectively) and were less likely to have undergone one reoperation for recurrent ileocecal CD (RIR 0.27, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.47). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that patients with ileocecal CD who stop smoking reduce the risk of reoperation for recurrent CD. PMID- 14769309 TI - Teflon pledget reinforced fundoplication causes symptomatic gastric and esophageal lumenal penetration. AB - BACKGROUND: Nissen fundoplication has become the standard operative procedure for the treatment of severe gastroesophageal reflux disease. The use of Teflon pledgets in Nissen fundoplications by our unit has been associated with a number of complications that has led to a change of technique in performing these operations. METHODS: We reviewed our database of all patients who had fundoplications that involved the use of pledgets and identified those who had represented with postoperative complications related to pledget erosion/migration. RESULTS: We identified 11 patients to date from a total of 1,175 fundoplications who had symptomatic pledget erosion occurring between 2 and 85 months after surgery (mean time 33.3 months). Symptoms included dysphagia, recurrent symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux, chest pain, and melaena, and in some cases significant morbidity was associated with the erosion. No common factor predisposing these patients to pledget erosion was identified. In the majority of cases removal of the pledget was associated with resolution of the symptoms. A review of the literature does not reveal any similar studies but problems associated with the erosion and migration of Teflon prostheses are described. CONCLUSIONS: The use of Teflon pledgets in fundoplication is associated with a small but significant risk of complications that has led to our unit abandoning this technique. PMID- 14769310 TI - Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in morbidly obese and super morbidly obese patients. AB - BACKGROUND: Our objective was to compare the outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in morbidly obese (body mass index [BMI] <50) patients with super morbidly obese (BMI >50) patients. METHODS: A prospective analysis of 120 patients who underwent laparoscopic RYGB at a community based teaching hospital between January 2002 and August 2002 was performed. Sixty patients with BMI <50 were compared with 60 patients with BMI >50. Study endpoints included: operative time, length of stay, and overall complication rates including early (<7 days) and late (>7 days) complications. RESULTS: Mean BMI in the obese group was 44.6 (range 39 to 49) versus 58.6 (range 50 to 100) in the superobese group. Medical comorbidities, age, and sex distribution were similar in both groups. Mean operative time in the obese group was 128 minutes (range 75 to 225) versus 144 minutes (range 75 to 240) in the superobese group. The overall complication rate was 10% in the obese group versus 20% in the superobese group. (P = 0.2) With regard to the obese group, the early complication rate was 5% (n = 3). These included 2 upper gastrointestinal bleeds and 1 respiratory failure. The late complication rate in this group was also 5% (n = 3). These were all anastomotic strictures requiring endoscopic dilation. In comparison, in the superobese group, the early complication rate was 8% (n = 5). These included 2 upper gastrointestinal bleeds, 1 pneumonia, 1 superficial wound infection, and 1 small bowel obstruction. The late complication rate in this group was 12% (n = 7). These included 4 anastomotic strictures, 1 incisional hernia, 1 pulmonary embolism, and 1 anastomotic leak. There were no conversions to open gastric bypass or deaths in either group. Median length of stay in both groups was 2 days. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate no significant difference in operative times, complication rates or length of stay between morbidly obese and super morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic RYGB. Laparoscopic RYGB is safe and technically feasible in the super morbidly obese patient population. PMID- 14769311 TI - Toward therapeutic guidelines for patients with acute right colonic diverticulitis. AB - BACKGROUND: At present, little information is available on the outcome of medical therapy for patients with acute right colonic diverticulitis, and this has meant a gap in constructing guidelines for its treatment. METHODS: The records of patients with acute right colonic diverticulitis at Nagasaki University Graduate School and affiliated hospitals were reviewed and analyzed with the goal of establishing therapeutic guidelines. The time frame of the data analyzed was from 1984 to 2002. RESULTS: Of the 81 patients included in the data, 80 patients who were suffering a first attack were successfully treated with bowel rest and antibiotics. Two of these 80 patients underwent an elective operation at the surgeon's discretion during the original hospitalization and 1 (1.2%) needed an urgent operation. Of the 78 patients who responded to medical therapy, 16 (20.5%) developed recurrent right colonic diverticulitis. All 16 patients who had a second attack were successfully treated with medical therapy. Three of the 16 patients underwent an elective operation during this rehospitalization period. Of the 13 patients who had had a second attack and had responded to medical therapy, there was a third attack in 2 patients (15.4%). Both of these patients were again successfully treated with medical therapy. There has been no morbidity and no mortality related to recurrence to date. The average time from the first attack to us contacting the patient was 35.2 months. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike acute uncomplicated left colonic diverticulitis, our findings indicate that after two documented episodes, medical treatment alone rather than elective surgery may be considered as an effective guideline for the treatment of acute uncomplicated right colonic diverticulitis. PMID- 14769312 TI - A review of the literature on octylcyanoacrylate tissue adhesive. AB - BACKGROUND: Octylcyanoacrylate is a medical grade topical tissue adhesive that has been approved for closing surgical incisions and traumatic lacerations. We reviewed animal and human studies that evaluated its use for a variety of surgical indications and specialties. We also performed a meta-analysis of all clinical trials using octylcyanoacrylate. DATA SOURCES: Animal and human studies published in peer-reviewed articles as well as published abstracts. A search of Medline was performed using the MESH terms: tissue adhesives, cyanoacrylates, and octylcyanoacrylate. CONCLUSIONS: The current review and metanalysis demonstrate that octylcyanoacrylate can be used successfully in a wide variety of clinical and surgical settings for multiple types of wounds covering most of the surface of the human body. Prior knowledge of the limitations and technical aspects specific to wound closure with octylcyanoacrylate as well as appropriate wound selection and preparation will help ensure optimal results. PMID- 14769313 TI - Revisited anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. AB - BACKGROUND: The most frequent postthyroidectomy complication is recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) damage with subsequent vocal cord palsy. METHODS: We have undertaken an intraoperative study aimed to determine the course, distribution, and RLN's anatomical relationships with adjacent structures. Only its identification and its careful exposure allow prevention of iatrogenic injuries. RESULTS: The RLN was always routinely exposed and identified in 1,543 thyroidectomies. All patients underwent laryngoscopic evaluation before surgery and at the time of discharge. A total of 2,626 RLN were observed. The number of nerves exposed to risk was 673 (25.6%). In the whole series, of 2626 nerves controlled, there were 11 (0.4%) permanent palsies. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that damage to the RLN or to one of its branches may be avoided only by identification and careful exposure of the nerve itself. An experienced surgeon with good knowledge of the anatomy of the RLN and its anatomical variations is required for uncomplicated treatment of thyroid disease. PMID- 14769314 TI - Decompressive percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in nonmalignant disease. AB - BACKGROUND: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is the standard for long-term enteral access. It can provide enteral nutrition or gastrointestinal decompression. Utilization of the gastrostomy for decompression has traditionally been reported in the setting of malignant obstruction. However, decompressive gastrostomy can play a role in the treatment of nonmalignant bowel dysfunction as well. METHODS: Over a 2-year period, 20 of 121 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies attempted by this surgical endoscopist were for gastrointestinal decompression. RESULTS: Eleven of 18 gastrostomies successfully placed for decompression were for benign conditions. In 5 patients with fistulous disease, the purpose of decompression was to divert the gastrointestinal tract until operative repair. Four of these patients have since undergone definitive surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This series presents the successful use of the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy for decompression of nonmalignant conditions. In such scenarios, the drainage gastrostomy can be employed as a bridge to future surgery, or as a means of long-term decompression for bowel dysfunction. PMID- 14769315 TI - The effect of halofuginone, a specific inhibitor of collagen type 1 synthesis, in the prevention of esophageal strictures related to caustic injury. AB - BACKGROUND: To assess the effects of halofuginone, a specific inhibitor of synthesis of collagen type 1, which is the major constituent of fibrosis, on esophageal stricture formation due to caustic ingestion. METHODS: Sixty rats were divided into four equal groups: control group; sham laparotomy group; caustic injury without treatment group; caustic injury with halofuginone treatment group. Caustic injuries were done by 50% sodium hydroxide. Halofuginone was administered by the first postoperative day. All animals were sacrificed on day 21; and the results were evaluated by hydroxyproline levels, stenosis index, lumen diameter, histopathological evaluation, wall thickness, and animal weights. RESULTS: Mortality differences were significant comparing group 3 with group 1 and 2 (P = 0.006) and group 4 (P = 0.03). According to hydroxyproline levels, the differences are significantly higher (P <0.001) comparing group 3 with group 1, 2, and 4. The P value was considered significant in all other parameters (P <0.001) for all the groups but group 1 versus group 2 (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Halofuginone, a specific inhibitor of collagen type 1 synthesis, significantly reduced esophageal stricture occurrence. PMID- 14769316 TI - Blood saving protocol in elective total knee arthroplasty. AB - BACKGROUND: To eliminate the need for allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing elective total knee arthroplasty, we established and tried a protocol of combined methods, which is characterized by effectiveness, ease in application, and safety. It is based on perioperative administration of human recombinant erythropoietin plus iron and folic acid, mild acute normovolemic hemodilution, meticulous surgical technique, postoperative blood salvage through a closed-wound drainage system, and lower transfusion triggers. DATA SOURCES: Sixty-one patients entered the protocol, and the results were retrospectively compared with the ones obtained from 58 consecutive patients who were operated on in the past before the use of any blood saving technique. CONCLUSIONS: Only 5 patients of those who entered the protocol finally needed allogeneic blood transfusion, receiving a total number of 7 units, which is remarkable when compared with the 50 patients before the application of the protocol who required 111 units. Consequently, the utilization of allogeneic blood was reduced by 94%, a statistically quite significant result (P <0,001). We believe the protocol should be included in orthopedic surgeons' alternatives for blood saving in elective total knee arthroplasty. PMID- 14769317 TI - Acute abdomen for omental volvulus. PMID- 14769318 TI - Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in gastric cancer. AB - BACKGROUND: To determine the feasibility and significance of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with gastric cancer. METHODS: From August 1999 to January 2002, 27 gastric cancer patients underwent lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy using isosulfan blue dye. RESULTS: The success rate of SLNB was 96.3% (26 of 27). Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 100%. There were no false negatives. In 26 successful cases, 8 patients had positive sentinel lymph nodes and 18 had negative sentinel nodes. Of 8 patients with positive sentinel nodes, 6 had positive sentinel nodes only at N1 lymph node station, 1 only at N2 station, and 1 had positive sentinel nodes at both N1 and N2 stations. Of 18 patients with negative sentinel lymph nodes, 9 patients had sentinel nodes only at N1, 3 only at N2, 5 at both N1 and N2, and 1 at both N1 and N3. There were no cases in which sentinel lymph nodes were the only sites of metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node biopsy using isosulfan blue dye in gastric cancer is a feasible procedure with high sensitivity and accuracy. Sentinel lymph nodes demonstrate the varied lymphatic drainage. If the sentinel nodes at N2 are positive, it will guide surgeons to do a more extended lymph node dissection in early stage gastric cancer. PMID- 14769319 TI - An algorithm for the accurate identification of benign liver lesions. AB - BACKGROUND: Benign liver lesions may be difficult to characterize preoperatively. In most instances, determination of the etiology of a hepatic mass makes its management decisions clear-cut. We present our experience using an algorithm for the management of liver masses of suspected benign or uncertain pathology and highlight this approach along with our surgical experience in benign liver lesions. METHODS: Seventy-one patients underwent hepatectomy with a preoperative diagnosis of benign disease or unknown etiology from December 1992 to February 2002. Patients were preoperatively assessed with computed tomography, along with other imaging studies, as indicated. Final pathology was reviewed to confirm the preoperative diagnosis. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent (65 of 71) were correctly characterized preoperatively. Diagnosis was inaccurate in 6 patients. Of these patients, final pathology revealed focal nodular hyperplasia in 4 patients. The remaining 2 patients, who had adenoma, were found to harbor malignancy within the surgical specimens. CONCLUSIONS: An algorithm to manage liver lesions resulted in a high diagnostic accuracy of a preoperative evaluation. Hepatic resection for benign disease can be performed with low morbidity and mortality and is highly successful in achieving relief for symptomatic patients. PMID- 14769320 TI - Hepatic resection using stapling devices. AB - BACKGROUND: The progress and development of stapling devices has been remarkable. They have become indispensable for gastrointestinal diseases and are increasingly utilized in laparoscopic operations. Liver surgery applications for this technique are continuing to emerge, and in this study, we introduced the use of stapling devices to hepatic surgery. METHODS: We examined the operative procedure and efficacy of hepatic resections using stapling devices as follows: transection of Glisson's pedicle and the hepatic vein using endolineal stapling devices in right and left lobectomies; bisegmentectomy II and III en masse using a stapling device; and application of endolineal stapling devices to vessel transections and dissections of the hepatic parenchyma in laparoscopic hepatectomies. RESULTS: It was considered useful to tactfully apply stapling devices to vessel transections and dissections of the hepatic parenchyma in order to simplify the operative procedures of right or left lobectomies and lateral segmentectomies. Furthermore, the use of endoscopic stapling devices was an acceptable alternative to vessel transactions and dissections of the hepatic parenchyma in laparoscopic hepatectomies. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that stapling devices will become utilized in liver surgery hereafter. PMID- 14769321 TI - A novel technique of finger-assisted laparoscopic surgery. AB - BACKGROUND: Although advanced and complex laparoscopic procedures are now being performed, tactile sensation is limited with available laparoscopic instrumentation. For immediate hemostasis, it sometimes is necessary to convert laparoscopic into open surgery. METHODS: We improved the procedure with the aid of an abdominal wall sealing device, a Lap protector, and a surgical grove. With this simple apparatus, we can easily switch from laparoscopic to open surgery and vice versa. RESULTS: Only 4 cm of skin incision was made. The operator can use his or her finger and most of the usual surgical instruments during the laparoscopic surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Finger-assisted laparoscopic surgery is affordable to perform the advanced laparoscopic procedure. This new technique made laparoscopic abdominal surgery easier and safer for beginners in laparoscopic surgery and skilled surgeons in open surgery. For the experts, this technique set up the safety door for the emergency in laparoscopic surgery. PMID- 14769322 TI - Organ-sparing surgical treatment of giant hepatic hydatid cysts. AB - BACKGROUND: Excision of giant hepatic hydatid cysts may be associated with loss of hepatic tissue. We describe a method for obliterating spacious residual cavities that promotes salvage of healthy liver parenchyma. METHODS: After simple cystectomy, the residual cavity is obliterated by manual compression of the healthy liver parenchyma from the left and right toward the midline of the cavity. While compression is maintained, the approximated edges of the cyst's fibrous capsule are closed with mattress sutures. Omentoplasty or gelatine sponges are used to fill the dead space prior to suturing of the fibrous capsule. RESULTS: The method was used in 8 patients between 1993 and 2000. No sepsis, postoperative bile leak, or other complications occurred. No long-term adverse effects were found. CONCLUSIONS: This method is simple and effective for obliteration of extremely large residual cavities after cystectomy for liver hydatidosis. It may be used safely in selected patients. PMID- 14769323 TI - A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of primary wound closure after lateral internal sphincterotomy. AB - BACKGROUND: Much of the lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) complications is related to LIS incision. In this study, incisions sutured primarily or left to secondary healing after open LIS procedure are compared regarding the wound healing and complications associated with wounds. METHODS: Planning a prospective, randomized clinical study, 39 patients were separated into two groups. Open LIS was performed on both of the groups. While the incisions of the patients in group 1 (n = 22) were closed with two interrupted sutures using 3-0 chromic catgut, the incisions of the patients in group 2 (n = 17) were left open. The patients were followed up for 90 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Hematoma in 1 (4.5%), ecchymosis in 7 (31.8%), and wound infection in 1 (4.5%) developed in patients of group 1. In this group no significant external bleeding was seen. Wound healing duration was 15.05 +/- 5.60 days. In group 2 no hematoma developed (P = 0.98), but 2 (11.7%) ecchymoses (P = 0.25), 4 (23.5%), wound infections (P = 0.14), and 3 (17.6%) postoperative significant external bleedings (P = 0.07) were seen. Wound healing duration was 33.94 +/- 6.67 days (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: To achieve early wound healing, primary closure of open LIS incision is useful, but this technique has no significant effect on wound-related complications in comparison with secondary healing. PMID- 14769324 TI - Effectiveness of therapeutic (N1, N2) selective neck dissection (levels II to V) in patients with laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. AB - BACKGROUND: The use of selective neck dissection (SND) in the treatment of clinically node-positive necks remains controversial. METHODS: A total of 48 patients with laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma underwent 53 primary, therapeutic SNDs (levels II-V) and were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Regional metastases were staged as pN1 in 8 patients, pN2a in 3, pN2b in 29, and pN2c in 8. Of the primarily treated necks 45 of 53 (85%) were irradiated postoperatively. Extracapsular spread was found in 27 neck specimens (51%). Regional recurrences in level I occurred in one patient (1.8%) and in level II-V in 5 patients (9.4%). The actuarial overall survival at 4 years was 36.5%. CONCLUSIONS: In selected cases therapeutic SND (levels II-V) in node positive (N1,2) patients with laryngeal or hypopharyngeal carcinoma does not lead to increased risk for recurrence in level I or other levels of the neck and is therefore a safe procedure. PMID- 14769325 TI - Elliptical rotation flap for pilonidal sinus. AB - BACKGROUND: The treatment of the symptomatic pilonidal sinus is surgical with one of the most extensive being excision of the diseased tissue down to the sacral fascia. The closure of the defect is the matter of debate. An elliptical rotation flap has been used for pilonidal sinus treatment with no recurrence rate. METHODS: From April 1996 to June 2001, 20 patients were treated with this technique. The surgical procedure is a vertical elliptical excision of the diseased tissue and an elliptical cutaneous rotation flap to close the defect. RESULTS: Twenty patients underwent with this technique, mean age 23.4 years (range 18 to 34). Mean follow-up was 42 months. All patients were discharged on the first postoperative day. Primary healing was achieved in all of the patients in 2 weeks. No recurrence was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Elliptical rotation flap is recommended for patients selected for defect closure. It offers improved patient comfort, shorter hospital stay, and no recurrence rate. PMID- 14769326 TI - Application of Adcon-P or Seprafilm in consecutive laparotomies using a murine model. AB - BACKGROUND: Intraabdominal administration of antiadhesive products may reduce postoperative adhesions. We compared two barriers, Adcon-P (Gliatech, Cleveland, Ohio) and Seprafilm (Genzyme, Cambridge, Massachusetts), in a relaparotomy murine model to evaluate whether using them during the first and second laparotomy reduces adhesion formation better than using them only during the relaparotomy. METHODS: One-hundred and fifty mice underwent cecal abrasion, followed by complete adhesiolysis and cecal abrasion 21 days later. All were sacrified 21 days after the second operation. The mice (30 to a group) received Adcon-P in both surgeries (AA), Seprafilm in both surgeries (SS), Adcon-P in the second surgery (CA), Seprafilm in the second surgery (CS), or neither barrier (CC). Difficulty of adhesiolysis was blindly assessed with a 6-point scoring system and sites of adhesions were determined with a yes/no questionnaire. RESULTS: The AA group had lower adhesiolysis score than SS, CS, and CC groups, and had fewer adhesions over cecum and between cecum and intra-peritoneal fat than all other groups. The numbers of the animals had adhesions between the cecum and abdominal wall were similar between the treatment groups. No difference was observed between SS and CS groups in any analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Using Adcon-P starting with the first laparotomy more effectively reduce adhesion formation and difficulty of adhesiolysis. Using Seprafilm only in the relaparotomy is as effective as using it in both laparotomies. Adcon-P is more effective in preventing adhesions to different sites than Seprafilm except to the abdominal wall under the midline incision. PMID- 14769327 TI - Multiservice laparoscopic surgical training using the daVinci surgical system. AB - BACKGROUND: The daVinci surgical system affords surgeons a magnified three dimensional videoscopic view of the operative field and precise articulating laparoscopic instruments. The learning curve for this advanced surgical robotics system is poorly characterized. METHODS: Twenty-three surgeons representing seven surgical subspecialties participated in a surgical robotics training program consisting of standardized daVinci system training (phase 1) followed by self guided learning in a porcine model (phase 2). RESULTS: The average number of recorded procedures performed per surgeon during phase 2 was 5.5. The mean daVinci system set-up time was 45 minutes and decreased by an average of 56.1% by the third successive set-up (r = -0.702, P <0.005). Operative times decreased 39.0% by the third successive practice operation (r = -0.860, P <0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: New use of the daVinci robot is associated with a rapid learning curve and preclinical animal model training is effective in developing surgical robotics skills. PMID- 14769328 TI - Enteric duplication cyst. PMID- 14769329 TI - Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis methods for analyzing peptidoglycan composition of Escherichia coli. AB - Currently, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the method of choice for determining the types and amounts of muropeptide subunits comprising bacterial peptidoglycan. Although effective and sensitive, the technique does not lend itself to high throughput screening, and its complexity and equipment requirements may dissuade some investigators from pursuing certain types of cell wall experiments. Previously, we showed that muropeptides can be labeled with a fluorescent dye and separated by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE), a simple and rapid gel procedure that might serve as a prelude to more intense analysis by HPLC. To validate the utility of FACE, we used both techniques to perform a side-by-side analysis of the peptidoglycan of eight mutants and their Escherichia coli parent strain. FACE and HPLC both detected the seven major muropeptides, which represent more than 95% of the total muropeptides present in this organism. In addition, FACE returned the same relative and quantitative results in 92% of 72 measurements, indicating that the procedure gives an accurate overview of peptidoglycan composition. The results also suggest a possible biochemical activity for the AmpC and AmpH proteins of E. coli, and the use of FACE as an in vitro enzyme assay detected possible substrate preferences for the endopeptidase penicillin binding protein 4. PMID- 14769330 TI - Visible fluorescent detection of proteins in polyacrylamide gels without staining. AB - 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol (TCE) incorporated into polyacrylamide gels before polymerization provides fluorescent visible detection of proteins in less than 5min of total processing time. The tryptophans in proteins undergo an ultraviolet light-induced reaction with trihalocompounds to produce fluorescence in the visible range so that the protein bands can be visualized on a 300-nm transilluminator. In a previous study trichloroacetic acid or chloroform was used to stain polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) gels for protein visualization. This study shows that placing TCE in the gel before electrophoresis can eliminate the staining step. The gel is removed from the electrophoresis apparatus and placed on a transilluminator and then the protein bands develop their fluorescence in less than 5min. In addition to being rapid this visualization method provides detection of 0.2microg of typical globular proteins, which for some proteins is slightly more sensitive than the standard Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) method. Integral membrane proteins, which do not stain well with CBB, are visualized well with the TCE in-gel method. After TCE in gel visualization the same gel can then be CBB stained, allowing for complementary detection of proteins. In addition, visualization with TCE in the gel is compatible with two-dimensional PAGE, native PAGE, Western blotting, and autoradiography. PMID- 14769331 TI - A column method for determination of DNA cytosine-C5-methyltransferase activity. AB - DNA methylation at the 5th position of cytosine has been found to be correlated with tumorigenesis. An inhibitor of DNA methylase could, therefore, be used as an anticancer drug. However, only a few inhibitory compounds have been discovered due to the limitations for assaying the DNA methylation. In this study, we describe a modification of DNA cytosine-C5-methyltransferase assay system utilizing [(3)H]-labeled S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) and Sephadex G-25 column. Pre-treatment of either lambda DNA or the promoter region of human telomerase (hTERT) with HaeIII methylase greatly reduced the digestion of the DNAs with the corresponding restriction enzyme HaeIII endonuclease (over 100-fold), and the result was further confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Application of this column method to another modification/restriction system, EcoRI methylase/endonuclease, gave rise to the similar results. Our data suggest that the newly developed column method could be effective for rapid screening of large number of cytosine methylase inhibitors and could also be applicable to other DNA methylases. PMID- 14769332 TI - Cell-free N-terminal protein labeling using initiator suppressor tRNA. AB - A highly efficient method for the introduction of fluorophores and other markers at the N terminus of proteins produced in a cell-free extract has been developed. The method utilizes an amber (CUA) initiator suppressor tRNA chemically aminoacylated with a fluorophore-amino acid conjugate which is introduced into an Escherichia coli S30 cell-free translation system. The DNA template contains a complementary amber (UAG) codon instead of the normal initiation (AUG) codon. Using this approach, the fluorophore BODIPY-F1 (4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora 3a,4a- diaza-s-indacene-3-propionic acid) has been incorporated at the N terminus of several model proteins. The specific labeling achieved (27-67%) using this approach is much higher than that of wild-type tRNAs. Several potential biophysical and biotechnological applications of this new technology are described. PMID- 14769333 TI - A selective protein sensor for heparin detection. AB - No clinical assays for the direct detection of heparin in blood exist. To create a heparin sensor, the hyaluronan (HA)-binding domain (HABD) of a protein that binds heparin and HA was engineered. GST fusion proteins containing one to three HABD modules were cloned, expressed, and purified. The affinities of each construct for heparin and for HA were determined by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using immobilized HA or heparin. Each of the constructs showed modest affinity for immobilized HA. However, heparin was 100-fold more potent than HA as a competing ligand. With immobilized heparin, affinity increased as the HABD copy number increased. The three-copy construct, GST-HB3, detected unfractionated free heparin (UFH) as low as 39ng/ml (equivalent to approximately 0.1U/ml) with a signal-to-noise ratio of 5.6. GST-HB3 also showed 100-fold selectivity for heparin in preference to other glycosaminoglycans. The plot of logKd vs log [Na+] showed 2.5 ionic interactions per heparin-HB3 interaction. GST-HB3 showed a linear detection of both UFH (15kDa) and low molecular-weight heparin (LMWH; 6kDa) added to human plasma. For UFH, the range examined was 78 to over 2000ng/ml (equivalent to 0.2 to 5.0U/ml). For LMWH, the useful range was 312 to over 2000ng/ml. The coefficient of variance for the assay was < 9% for six serial heparin dilutions and <12% for three plasma samples. In clinical use, GST-HB3 could accurately measure therapeutic heparin levels in plasma (0.2 to 2U/ml). PMID- 14769334 TI - Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography assay and revision of kinetic parameters for the Staphylococcus aureus sortase transpeptidase SrtA. AB - The SrtA isoform of the Staphylococcus aureus sortase transpeptidase is responsible for the covalent attachment of virulence- and colonization-associated proteins to the bacterial peptidoglycan. Sortase utilizes two substrates, undecaprenol-pyrophosphoryl-MurNAc(GlcNAc)-Ala-d-isoGlu-Lys(-Gly5)-d-Ala-d-Ala (branched Lipid II) and secreted proteins containing a highly conserved LPXTG sequence near their C termini. SrtA simultaneously cleaves the Thr-Gly bond of the LPXTG-containing protein and forms a new amide bond with the nucleophilic amino group of the Gly5 portion of branched Lipid II, anchoring the protein to this key intermediate that is subsequently polymerized into peptidoglycan. Here we show that reported fluorescence quenching activity assays for SrtA are subject to marked fluorescence inner filter effect quenching, resulting in prematurely hyperbolic velocity versus substrate profiles and underestimates of the true kinetic parameters kcat and Km. We therefore devised a discontinuous high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based assay to monitor the SrtA reaction employing the same substrates used in the fluorescence quenching assay: Gly5 and Abz-LPETG-Dap(Dnp)-NH2. Fluorescence or UV detection using these substrates facilitates separate analysis of both the acylation and the transpeptidation steps of the reaction. Because HPLC was performed using fast-flow analytical columns (<8min/run), high-throughput applications of this assay for analysis of SrtA substrate specificity, kinetic mechanism, and inhibition are now feasible. Kinetic analysis using the HPLC assay revealed that the kinetic parameters for SrtA with Abz-LPETG-Dap(Dnp)-NH2 are 5.5mM for Km and 0.27s-1 for kcat. The Km for Gly5 was determined to be 140microM. These values represent a 300-fold increase in Km for the LPXTG substrate and a 12,000-fold increase in kcat over literature-reported values, suggesting that SrtA is more a robust enzyme than previous analyses indicated. PMID- 14769335 TI - Glycoside hydrolase carbohydrate-binding modules as molecular probes for the analysis of plant cell wall polymers. AB - Novel molecular probes have been developed for the analysis and detection of polysaccharides in plant cell walls using carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) derived from modular glycoside hydrolases belonging to families 2a, 6, and 29. Recombinant forms of these proteins containing his-tags, in conjunction with anti his-tag detection, provide a flexible system that utilizes CBMs as molecular probes in a range of applications. Assays for the rapid analysis of the binding of CBMs to polysaccharides and oligosaccharides using nitrocellulose-based CBM macroarrays and microtiter plate-based CBM capture and competitive-inhibition assays are described. We also demonstrate the use of CBMs with his-tags for the localization of their target ligands in planta. The generation of molecular probes from other families of CBMs will dramatically increase the repertoire of molecular probes available to determine the developmental and functional aspects of plant cell walls. PMID- 14769336 TI - A water-stable protected isocyanate glass array substrate. AB - We describe the performance of a new glass attachment chemistry for arrays that is particularly well suited to attachment of small molecules, such as peptides. The attachment chemistry is a protected isocyanate (PI) group. Isocyanate groups are well suited to serving as a glass coating for arrays, in that they are highly reactive with many different types of biological compounds. However, they are generally so reactive as to be unstable. The new feature of the PI slide coating is its stability. It can withstand immersion in water without loss of reactivity and has at least a 1-year shelf life. The high reactivity of the PI group results in a rapid coupling reaction (< 15min) and is particularly useful for attaching small molecules, such as peptides. Since isocyanates bind to both amines (forming a urea linkage) and hydroxyl groups (forming a carbamate bond), we tested the ability of the PI coating to bind to a wide variety of compounds. We found that the PI slide coating can directly attach to peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, lipooligosaccharides, and DNA. The sensitivity of detection for these compounds is comparable to that of other previously published array substrates. PMID- 14769337 TI - Application of the measurement of oxidized pyridine dinucleotides with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection to assay the uncoupled oxidation of NADPH by neuronal nitric oxide synthase. AB - A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the measurement of oxidized pyridine dinucleotides (NAD+, NADP+) in biological samples following fluorescence derivatization. Under strongly alkaline conditions the pyridinium ring of the nicotinamide moiety reacts with carbonyl compounds, resulting in stable fluorescent products. Upon subsequent addition of concentrated formic acid and treatment with heat, this fluorescence is further amplified and is shifted to higher-wavelength regions. From among the ketones assayed (acetone, ethylmethyl ketone, acetophenone) the condensation product with acetophenone possesses the highest molar relative fluorescence, thus allowing the most sensitive detection in our experimental setup (limit of detection: 0.02pmol/50 microliter injected volume). The fluorescent products have been separated on a reverse-phase C-18 column using 0.1M citric acid (pH 3.2)/acetonitrile (92/8, v/v) as mobile phase. Our method is suitable for assaying NADH- and NADPH-dependent enzyme reactions by quantifying oxidized coenzyme products. As an example, the activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), a NADPH-requiring enzyme, has been assessed by measuring the products NADP+ and l-citrulline at various substrate (l-arginine) concentrations. The rate of the uncoupled NADPH oxidation by nNOS can be estimated from the ratio of NADP+/l-citrulline produced. PMID- 14769338 TI - An enzymatic assay for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) via the chemical quantitation of NAD(+): application to the high-throughput screening of small molecules as potential inhibitors. AB - The enzyme poly(adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) catalyzes the formation of (ADP)-ribose polymers on a variety of protein acceptors in a NAD+ -dependent manner. While PARP-1 is activated by DNA damage and plays a critical role in cellular survival mechanisms, its overactivation leads to a depletion of NAD+/ATP energy stores and ultimately to necrotic cell death. Due to this dual role of PARP in the cell, small-molecule inhibitors of the PARP family of enzymes have been widely investigated for use as potentiators of anticancer therapies and as inhibitors of neurodegeneration and ischemic injuries. Unfortunately, standard assays for PARP inhibition are not optimal for the high-throughput screening of compound collections or combinatorial libraries. Described herein is a highly sensitive, inexpensive, and operationally simple assay for the rapid assessment of PARP activity that relies on the conversion of NAD+ into a highly fluorescent compound. We demonstrate that this assay can readily detect PARP inhibitors in a high-throughput screen using 384-well plates. In addition, the assay can be used to determine IC50 values for PARP inhibitors that have a range of inhibitory properties. As existing PARP assays utilize specialized reagents such as radiolabeled/biotinylated NAD+ or antibodies to poly(ADP-ribose), the chemical quantitation method described herein offers a highly sensitive and convenient alternative for rapidly screening compound collections for PARP inhibition. PMID- 14769339 TI - Simultaneous determination of arginine and seven metabolites in plasma by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with a time-controlled ortho phthaldialdehyde precolumn derivatization. AB - In an attempt to simultaneously detect molecules generated through the metabolism of l-arginine, a high-performance liquid chromatography method with on-line time controlled preinjection reaction of ortho-phthaldialdehyde derivatization was developed. Plasma concentrations of citrulline, N(G)-hydroxy-l-arginine, N(G) monomethyl-l-arginine, asymmetric N (G), N (G)-dimethyl-l-arginine, symmetric N (G), N (G')-dimethyl-l-arginine, ornithine, and agmatine were analyzed within 35min, using only 20microl of sample, pretreated by a simple cold ethanol cleanup procedure. Plasma samples of 35 healthy human volunteers were analyzed and results were comparable to other published data. All detection parameters of the method demonstrate that it is a reliable and efficient means for the comprehensive determination of arginine and its metabolites, making this approach suitable for routine clinical applications. PMID- 14769340 TI - A rapid microplate fluorescence method to detect yessotoxins based on their capacity to activate phosphodiesterases. AB - This paper describes an easy and fast assay with enough sensitivity to detect yessotoxin (YTX) in shellfish samples. YTX decreases intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels by increasing the activity of phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Looking for new methods to detect YTXs, we developed a technique based on this effect. We use the fluorescent derivative of cAMP, anthranyloyl-cAMP, whose fluorescence decreases in time by hydrolysis effect of PDEs. The fluorescence fall is quantified in a plate reader. PDEs induce an anthranyloyl-cAMP hydrolysis rate that is increased in the presence of YTX. This effect is dose dependent, and the representation of YTX concentration versus rate of hydrolysis follows a lineal regression. The measurable range of YTX in this assay is 0.1 to 10microM, while by mouse bioassay, the official method to detect YTXs, the detection limit is 2microM. We determined by this method the concentration of YTX from alcoholic extracts whose concentrations were first determined by high performance liquid chromatography and the variation of concentration was from 5.26microM by fluorescence to 6microM by high performance liquid chromatography and from 3.16 by fluorescence to 3microM by HPLC. PMID- 14769341 TI - An enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay for S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. AB - We report here an enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay for salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT), which utilizes S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet or SAM) as the methyl donor. In this assay, S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (AdoHcy or SAH), a common product of AdoMet-dependent transmethylation reactions, is first hydrolyzed by recombinant AdoHcy nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.9) into adenine and S ribosylhomocysteine. Recombinant LuxS (S-ribosylhomocysteinase, EC 3.2.1.148) cleaves the latter compound to form homocysteine. Finally, homocysteine is quantified using Ellman's reagent and the accompanying absorption change at 412nm through recording using a microplate format. Notably, SAMT and most AdoMet dependent methyltransferases undergo marked AdoHcy-mediated product inhibition. As such, an additional advantage of this assay which includes AdoHcy nucleosidase is the destruction of AdoHcy, thus alleviating product inhibition. Under our assay conditions, complete substrate conversion is observed and precise kinetic parameters can be determined in a facile and quantitative manner. This assay should be generally applicable to other AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases. Moreover, the procedure is easily amendable to batch assay and high-throughput screening approaches. PMID- 14769342 TI - Development and comparison of two nonradioactive kinase assays for I kappa B kinase. AB - In response to diverse stimuli, the transcription factor NF-kappaB is activated by the IKK kinase complex containing two kinases (IKKalpha and IKKbeta) that phosphorylate IkappaB, an inhibitory protein of NF-kappaB. The phosphorylation of IkappaB results in ubiquitination and degradation of IkappaB, allowing NF-kappaB to translocate to the nucleus where it regulates its target genes. To elucidate the role of IKK in the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, we have developed and characterized two quantitative, sensitive, and nonradioactive assays for evaluating IKKbeta activity: a dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay called DELFIA and a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay called LANCE. We show that the two assays have similar sensitivity and Michaelis constants (Km) for adenosine 5'-triphosphate and substrate; however, the LANCE format was far more efficient and easier to perform. Additionally, the assays were validated with the known kinase inhibitor K252a and several other kinase inhibitors, which showed that the IC(50) values of the two assays were comparable. In summary, both assays are quantitative, sensitive, reproducible, and amenable to high-throughput screening with improved waste management over radioactive assays. PMID- 14769343 TI - Fluorescence-based assay of sphingosine kinases. AB - Sphingosine kinase enzymatic activity is commonly measured using radiolabeled substrates, with thin-layer chromatography and/or solvent extraction needed to detect the reaction product sphingosine-1-phosphate. We developed a fluorescence based assay, using a sphingosine derivative labeled with a 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3 diazole moiety (15-NBD-Sph). Separation of substrate (15-NBD-Sph) from product (the corresponding phosphate) is achieved by extraction with chloroform/methanol at pH 8.5. The phosphate derivative is recovered by >98% in the aqueous phase and is directly detected and quantified by its fluorescence. 15-NBD-Sph is readily phosphorylated by human and murine sphingosine kinases 1 and 2. The suitability of the assay for measuring the activity of the kinases, both in the purified state and when contained in lysates of mammalian cells, was demonstrated. The present method is a convenient alternative to the radiometric assays and is particularly suited to the search for inhibitors of sphingosine kinases. PMID- 14769344 TI - Leukotriene C4 synthase polymorphism analysis with the 5' fluorogenic exonuclease (TaqMan) assay. PMID- 14769345 TI - Improved plant RNA stability in storage. PMID- 14769346 TI - The role of backlash in the "first injection anomaly" in isothermal titration calorimetry. PMID- 14769347 TI - The emerging role of infectious pathogens in neurodegenerative diseases. PMID- 14769348 TI - Adenosine receptors and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: potential targets for a new therapeutic approach. PMID- 14769349 TI - Inflammation and dopaminergic neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease: a complex matter. PMID- 14769350 TI - Somatosensory cortical plasticity: recruiting silenced barrels by active whiskers. PMID- 14769351 TI - Diffusion-weighted MRI and the evaluation of spinal cord axonal integrity following injury and treatment. AB - Diffusion-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (DWI) has been shown experimentally to detect both injury and functionally significant neuroprotection of injured spinal cord white matter that would otherwise go undetected with conventional MRI techniques. The diffusion of water in the central nervous system (CNS) is thought to be affected by both its location (intracellular or extracellular), and by diffusion barriers formed by cell membranes and myelin sheaths. There is, however, controversy concerning how to obtain, interpret, and present DWI data. Computer simulations and MR microscopy have been helpful in resolving some of these issues, as well as determining exact histologic correlates to DWI findings. PMID- 14769352 TI - Distinct functional types of macrophage in dorsal root ganglia and spinal nerves proximal to sciatic and spinal nerve transections in the rat. AB - Inflammation proximal to a peripheral nerve injury may be responsible for ectopic discharge and/or death of sensory neurones, factors thought to contribute to the development and/or maintenance of neuropathic pain. Here, ED1+, ED2+ and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)+ macrophages in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal nerve roots have been compared quantitatively in adult rats following transection of one sciatic or one spinal nerve, using double labelling immunohistochemistry. In control DRGs, all ED2+ cells expressed ED1 and some also MHC II. One week after either lesion, the ED2+ cells changed negligibly, except that all expressed MHC II. ED1+ and MHC II+ cell density increased markedly, with cells expressing MHC II alone (the majority), ED1/MHC II or rarely ED1 alone. In the spinal roots, ED1+ and MHC II+ cell density increased less after sciatic than after spinal nerve transection when ED1+ foamy cells were prominent. All ED2- macrophages were aggregated with T lymphocytes around blood vessels at 1 week or around isolated somata at later stages. ED1+ cell density declined more rapidly than MHC II+ cell density. Within the DRG, the debris of retrogradely labelled neurones appeared in ED2+ cells and a small proportion of MHC II+ cells that contained ED1. The data suggest that (i) resident ED2+ macrophages do not proliferate but are phagocytic and (ii) of ED1+ and MHC+ monocytes invading from the blood, only ED1+/MHC II+ cells are phagocytic. Four functional subtypes of macrophage within the DRGs were distinct from ED1+ foamy cells that phagocytosed myelin after spinal nerve transection. PMID- 14769353 TI - Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase activity enhances axonal regeneration. AB - Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-induced cellular signaling through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway plays a critical role in Wallerian degeneration and subsequent regeneration, processes that depend on Schwann cell (SC) activity. TNF dose-dependently induces Schwann cell and macrophage activation in vivo and apoptosis in primary SC cultures in vitro, while inhibition of p38 MAPK is thought to block these cellular processes. We show with Western blots that after sciatic nerve crush injury, phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) MAPK is significantly increased (P < 0.01) in distal nerve segments. In tissue sections, p38 co-localized immunohistochemically with activated Schwann cells (GFAP) and to a lesser degree with macrophages (ED-1). In other experiments, animals were gavaged with Scios SD-169 (10 or 30 mg/kg) or excipient (PEG300) 1 day before and daily after crush injury to the sciatic nerve. SD-169 is a proprietary oral inhibitor of p38 MAPK activity. The rate of axonal regeneration was determined by the functional pinch test and was significantly increased in treated animals 8 days after crush injury (P < 0.05; 30 mg/kg dose). In SD-169-treated animals with nerve transection, nerve fibers regenerating through a silicone chamber were morphologically more mature than untreated nerves when observed 28 days after transection. TNF immunofluorescence of distal nerve segments after crush injury suggested that SD-169 reduced SC TNF protein. In support of these findings, SD-169 significantly reduced (P < 0.05) TNF-mediated primary SC death in culture experiments. We conclude that inhibition of p38 activity promotes axonal regeneration through interactions with SC signaling and TNF activity. PMID- 14769354 TI - Neuronal differentiation following transplantation of expanded mouse neurosphere cultures derived from different embryonic forebrain regions. AB - In vitro, expanded neurospheres exhibit multipotent properties and can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In vivo, cells from neurospheres derived from mouse fetal forebrain have previously been reported to predominantly differentiate into glial cells, and not into neurons. Here we isolated stem/progenitor cells from E13.5 lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE), medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and cortical primordium, of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-actin transgenic mouse. Free-floating neurospheres were expanded in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and implanted after five to six passages into the striatum, hippocampus and cortex of neonatal rats. Cell suspensions of primary LGE tissue were prepared and grafted in parallel. Grafted cells derived from the primary tissue displayed widespread incorporation into all regions, as visualized with the mouse-specific antibody M2, or mouse satellite DNA in situ hybridization, and differentiated into both neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Grafts of neurosphere cells derived from the LGE, MGE and cortical primordium differentiated primarily into astrocytes, but contained low but significant numbers of GFP-immunoreactive neurons. Neurons derived from LGE neurospheres were of three types: cells with the morphology of medium-sized densely spiny projection neurons in the striatum; cells with interneuron-like morphologies in striatum, cortex and hippocampus; and cells integrating into SVZ and migrating along the RMS to the olfactory bulb. MGE or cortical primordium-derived neurospheres differentiated into interneuron-like cells in both striatum and hippocampus. The results demonstrate the ability of in vitro expanded neural stem/progenitor cells to generate both neurons and glia after transplantation into neonatal recipients, and differentiate in a region specific manner into mature neurons with morphological features characteristic for each target site. PMID- 14769355 TI - The effect of treatment with BRX-220, a co-inducer of heat shock proteins, on sensory fibers of the rat following peripheral nerve injury. AB - In this study, we examined the effect BRX-220, a co-inducer of heat shock proteins, in injury-induced peripheral neuropathy. Following sciatic nerve injury in adult rats and treatment with BRX-220, the following features of the sensory system were studied: (a) expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP); (b) binding of isolectin B4 (IB4) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord; (c) stimulation-evoked release of substance P (SP) in an in vitro spinal cord preparation and (d) nociceptive responses of partially denervated rats. BRX-220 partially reverses axotomy-induced changes in the sensory system. In vehicle treated rats there is a decrease in IB4 binding and CGRP expression in injured neurones, while in BRX-220-treated rats these markers were better preserved. Thus, 7.0 +/- 0.6% of injured DRG neurones bound IB4 in vehicle-treated rats compared to 14.4 +/- 0.9% in BRX-220-treated animals. Similarly, 4.5 +/- 0.5% of DRG neurones expressed CGRP in the vehicle-treated group, whereas 9.0 +/- 0.3% were positive in the BRX-220-treated group. BRX-220 also partially restored SP release from spinal cord sections to electrical stimulation of primary sensory neurones. Behavioural tests carried out on partially denervated animals showed that BRX-220 treatment did not prevent the emergence of mechanical or thermal hyperalgesia. However, oral treatment for 4 weeks lead to reduced pain-related behaviour suggesting either slowly developing analgesic actions or enhancement of recovery processes. Thus, the morphological improvement seen in sensory neurone markers was accompanied by restored functional activity. Therefore, treatment with BRX-220 promotes restoration of morphological and functional properties in the sensory system following peripheral nerve injury. PMID- 14769356 TI - Apoptosis of auditory neurons following central process injury. AB - Although apoptotic changes in auditory neurons induced by injury to peripheral processes (dendrites) have been intensively studied, apoptotic changes in auditory neurons induced by injury to central processes (axons of spiral ganglion cells, SGCs) have not been reported previously, probably due to lack of an experimental model. The present study reports for the first time the appearance, extent, and time course of SGC apoptosis following injury to the central processes. Apoptosis was studied in a rat model that consisted of compression of the auditory nerve in the cerebellopontine (CP) angle cistern with intraoperative recordings of auditory nerve compound action potentials (CAPs) to ensure highly reproducible results. Rats were killed between day 0 and day 14 after compression and apoptosis of SGCs was evaluated quantitatively as well as qualitatively by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, anti-activated caspase-3 immunostaining, Hoechst 33342 staining, and electron microscopy. The average number of TUNEL positive apoptotic SGCs in each cochlear turn increased from day 1 to day 5 and then decreased gradually to an undetectable level on day 14 after compression. The average proportion of apoptotic SGCs identified in any cochlear turn on any day was always lower than 10%. The results of our present study should be useful in determining the therapeutic time window for rescuing auditory neurons undergoing apoptosis due to injury during surgery in the CP angle. PMID- 14769357 TI - Microglial response is poorly correlated with neurodegeneration following chronic, low-dose MPTP administration in monkeys. AB - Many investigators have reported extensive microglial activation in the mouse substantia nigra and striatum following acute, high-dose 1-methyl-4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration. Our previous work demonstrated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive fiber sprouting in the striatum in monkeys that had received a partial dopaminergic lesion using a low-dose, chronic MPTP administration paradigm. To characterize the microglial response, we utilized HLA DR (LN3) to immunolabel the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II). In MPTP-treated monkeys, there was an intense microglial response in the substantia nigra, nigrostriatal tract, and in both segments of the globus pallidus. This response was morphologically heterogeneous, with commingled ramified, activated, and multicellular morphologies throughout the extent of these basal ganglia structures. Surprisingly, there was little evidence of microglial reactivity in the striatum despite evidence of neurodegeneration-by silver labeling and by loss of TH immunolabeling. Moreover, this pattern of microglial reactivity was the same in all animals that had received MPTP and seemed to be independent of the degree of neurotoxin-induced neurodegeneration. Thus, we conclude that microglial reactivity, per se, is not consistently associated with neurodegeneration, but depends on regional differences. PMID- 14769358 TI - Identification and expression of the gene for human ataxin-2-related protein on chromosome 16. AB - Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a human neurodegenerative disease caused by mutation in the ataxin-2 gene on human chromosome 12. Ataxin-2 is a protein of unknown function. We identified a new family of proteins designated as ataxin-2 related proteins (A2RPs), with high homology at the nucleotide and predicted amino acid levels. Ataxin-2 and A2RP are proteins highly conserved in evolution with orthologs in mouse, cattle, pig, frog, and plants. A2RP has several isoforms with different C-terminal domains. The longest isoform is composed of 1051 amino acids and has widespread expression in human tissues by Northern and Western blot analyses. PMID- 14769359 TI - Blockade of A2A receptors plus l-DOPA after nigrostriatal lesion results in GAD67 mRNA changes different from l-DOPA alone in the rat globus pallidus and substantia nigra reticulata. AB - Studies in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) suggest the potential utility of adenosine A(2A) antagonists in the treatment of this disease. In the present study, unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats received chronic intermittent treatment with the adenosine A(2A) antagonist SCH58261 (5 mg/kg) plus l-DOPA (3 mg/kg) or l-DOPA (6 mg/kg) alone, at doses producing the same intensity of contralateral turning on first administration. Three days after discontinuation of treatments, GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) mRNA was evaluated at cellular level in the globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) by in situ hybridization. 6-OHDA lesion significantly increased GAD67 mRNA levels in both the GP and SNr ipsilateral to the lesion. Chronic l-DOPA (6 mg/kg), in contrast to SCH58261 plus l-DOPA (3 mg/kg), produced a sensitized contralateral turning indicative of dyskinetic potential and further increased GAD67 mRNA in the GP. In the SNr, a significant decrease in GAD67 mRNA was observed after either treatments. However, while l-DOPA (6 mg/kg) decreased SNr GAD67 mRNA below the intact side, SCH58261 plus l-DOPA (3 mg/kg) brought GAD67 mRNA to the same level of the intact SNr. l DOPA (3 mg/kg) or SCH58261 (5 mg/kg) alone failed to modify GAD67 mRNA. Results suggest that an increase in GAD67 mRNA in GP and a decrease in SNr might underlie dyskinetic movements induced by chronic l-DOPA. In contrast, the lack of GAD67 mRNA changes in the GP and a less marked inhibition of SNr might correlate with the absence of dyskinetic potential observed after SCH58261 plus l-DOPA. PMID- 14769360 TI - Successful storage of peripheral nerve before transplantation using green tea polyphenol: an experimental study in rats. AB - Green tea polyphenol is known to act as a buffer, reducing biological responses to oxidative stress. Several effects of polyphenol have been reported, such as protection of tissue from ischemia, antineoplasmic and anti-inflammatory effects, and suppression of arteriosclerosis. In this study, we investigated whether peripheral nerve segments could be kept viable in a polyphenol solution for 1 month. Sciatic nerve segments, 20 mm long, were harvested from Lewis rats and treated in three different ways before transplanting to recipient Lewis rats to bridge sciatic nerve gaps created by removal of 15-mm-long nerve segments. Group F: nerve segments were transplanted immediately after harvesting. Group P: nerve segments were transplanted after they had been stored in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) containing polyphenol for 7 days at 4 degrees C and then in DMEM for 21 days at 4 degrees C. Group M: nerve segments were stored in DMEM solution alone for 28 days at 4 degrees C. Viability of the nerve segments was assessed by vital staining (calcein-AM/ethidium homodimer), by electron microscopy and by genomic studies before transplantation. Nerve regeneration was evaluated using electrophysiological and morphological studies 12 and 24 weeks after transplantation. Neural cell viability of the preserved nerve segments was confirmed in group P, in which the nerve regeneration was similar to that in group F and superior to that in group M. Peripheral nerve segments can be successfully preserved for 1 month using green tea polyphenol. PMID- 14769361 TI - Immunohistochemical study of distribution of apolipoproteins E and D in human cerebral beta amyloid deposits. AB - Several molecules are known to be closely associated with amyloid deposits in human brain. Among these, apolipoproteins such as apolipoproteins E (apo E) and J (apo J) have been found in two neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA): senile plaques (SPs) and cerebrovascular amyloid. These apolipoproteins may be implicated in amyloid fibrillogenesis. Apo D is a multiligand-multifunctional glycoprotein present in SPs, as we previously reported. The aim of this work is to study the link between immunolocalization of apo E and apo D in AD and CAA brains. Both apolipoproteins were found in all types of SPs, but apo E was observed more often than apo D in mature plaques. Whereas apo E is always located overlapping the amyloid core, apo D seems to situate preferably around and near the amyloid. Immunohistochemistry revealed that these apolipoproteins behave differently in cerebral vessels. Apo E labeling in vessels appears mainly linked to amyloid deposits, whereas apo D shows a distribution almost opposite to that of apo E. This could be an indication of the different roles that each apolipoprotein plays in the pathogenesis of amyloid deposition. PMID- 14769362 TI - Diffuse perineuronal nets and modified pyramidal cells immunoreactive for glutamate and the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit form a unique entity in rat cerebral cortex. AB - Perineuronal nets (PNs) consisting of polyanionic chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) and other extracellular matrix components create an exceptional microenvironment around certain types of neurons. In rat neocortex, three types of PNs can be distinguished after staining with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) by their different morphological structure: lattice-like PNs associated with subpopulations of nonpyramidal neurons, weakly labeled PNs showing a pyramidal morphology, and diffuse PNs that possess a thick, strongly labeled matrix sheath located mainly in layer VIb above the white matter. The type of neuron surrounded by diffuse nets has not been described so far. This study is focused on the cytochemical and morphological characteristics of neurons associated with diffusely contoured PNs in rat parietal cortex using immunocytochemical staining, intracellular injection, and retrograde tracing methods. Cells surrounded by diffuse PNs were glutamate-immunoreactive in contrast to nonpyramidal, net-associated neurons that showed immunoreactivity for GABA, the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin and the potassium channel subunit Kv3.1b. Both groups of PN-ensheathed cells were mostly immunoreactive for the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit. Lucifer Yellow-injected neurons surrounded by diffuse PNs displayed the morphological properties of modified pyramidal cells with intracortical main axons. Many neurons with diffuse PNs were retrogradely labeled over a long distance after Fluoro-Gold tracer injection in the parietal cortex, but remained unlabeled after intrathalamic injection. We conclude that neurons associated with diffuse PNs are a subpopulation of glutamatergic modified pyramidal cells that could act as excitatory long-range intracortically projecting neurons. PMID- 14769363 TI - In situ hybridization for detection of nocardial 16S rRNA: reactivity within intracellular inclusions in experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys--and in Lewy body-containing human brain specimens. AB - Our previous studies found that experimental infection of BALB/c mice with the Gram-positive bacterium Nocardia asteroides induced a parkinsonian-type syndrome with levodopa-responsive movement abnormalities, loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, depletion of striatal dopamine, and intraneuronal inclusions in the substantia nigra (SN) with an appearance similar to Lewy bodies. In the present study, an in situ hybridization technique was developed to detect nocardial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), using a Nocardia-specific probe (B77). Cerebral cortical specimens from cynomolgus monkeys were examined for the presence of nocardial RNA 48 h, 3.5 months, and 1 year after experimental infection with N. asteroides. Hybridization reactions were detected within Nocardia-like structures 48 h after infection and within intracellular inclusion bodies (immunoreactive for alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin) in one of two 3.5-month infected monkeys. The in situ hybridization procedure was then applied in a blinded fashion to 24 human SN specimens with Lewy bodies and 11 human SN specimens without Lewy bodies (including five normal controls). Hybridization reactions were detected in nine Lewy body-containing specimens and none of the others. Reactivity was limited to inclusions with the appearance of Lewy bodies, with the exception of one specimen in which intracellular reactivity was also observed in Nocardia-like structures. These results suggest a possible association between Nocardia and neurodegenerative disorders in which Lewy bodies are present. PMID- 14769364 TI - Hypertension and neuronal degeneration in excised rat spinal cord studied by high b value q-space diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. AB - Hypertension is one of the major risk factors of stroke and vascular dementia (VaD). We used stroke prone spontaneous hypertensive rats (SPSHRs) as a model for neuronal degeneration frequently occurring in humans with vascular disease. Recently, high b value q-space diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was shown to be very sensitive to the pathophysiological state of the white matter. We studied the spinal cords of SPSHR rats ex vivo after the appearance of motor impairments using diffusion anisotropy and q-space diffusion imaging (measured at a high b value of up to 1 x 10(5) s/mm(2)). The diffusion anisotropy images computed from low b value data set (b(max) approximately 2500 s/mm(2)) showed a small but statistically significant decrease (approximately 12%, P < 0.05) in the diffusion anisotropy in the spinal cords of the SPSHR group as compared to control rats. However, more significant changes were found in the high b value q-space diffusion images. The q-space displacement values in the white matter of the SPSHR group were found to be higher by more than 70% (P < 0.002) than that of the control group. These observations concurred with electron microscopy (EM) that showed significant demyelination in the spinal cords of the SPSHR group. These results seem to indicate that high b value q-space DWI might be a sensitive method for following demyelination and axonal loss associated with vascular insults. PMID- 14769365 TI - Large-scale plasticity in barrel cortex following repeated whisker trimming in young adult hamsters. AB - Using the 2DG/immunostaining method [McCasland, J.S., Graczyk, G.M., 2000. Metabolic mapping-Unit 1.6. In: Gerfen, C.R. (Ed.), Current Protocols in Neuroscience. Wiley, New York, pp 1.6.1-1.6.15], we have previously demonstrated large-scale plasticity in whisker/barrel fields of young adult hamsters subject to follicle ablation on postnatal day 7 (P7) [Somatosens. Motor Res. 13 (1996) 245]. This plasticity occurs after the barrel field has formed, but before neuronal differentiation and synaptogenesis are complete. The present study tested for similar large-scale plasticity following whisker deprivation in young adult hamsters, when neuronal and synaptic development are more mature. Beginning around P40, animals had all whiskers except row C trimmed on alternating days for periods ranging from 1 h to 2 weeks, after which they were administered (3)H 2DG (i.p.) and allowed to explore a fresh empty cage. Autoradiograms from these animals showed a clear expansion in the zone of heavy 2DG labeling with continued whisker trimming. Hamsters with row C spared overnight showed markedly higher labeling in the row C barrels, as expected. After 2 weeks of repeated trimming, the pattern of 2DG labeling in the barrel field ranged from complete activation of all large-whisker columns, as in a previous study of P7 follicle ablation, down to a more localized activation of rows B, C, and D. Intermediate periods of trimming produced more localized label in the region of row C. There was a clear trend toward larger areas of activation with longer periods of trimming. Because inhibitory neurons are strongly activated in all cases, this large-scale neuronal plasticity must take place in the presence of strong inhibition. The data show that simple trimming of all but a few whiskers in normally reared adults leads to abnormally widespread metabolic labeling encompassing virtually the entire barrel field. Taken together, our findings suggest that a large-scale synaptic reorganization occurs in barrel fields deprived of normal sensory input in the adult as well as during postnatal development. PMID- 14769366 TI - Metabolic changes of arachidonic acid after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in diabetic rats. AB - The purpose of this study is to discuss an important component-arachidonic acid (AA) cascade of inflammatory reaction in diabetic rats with cerebral ischemia. Using the model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we have compared the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and measured the levels of their products prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) and cysteine-containing leukotrienes (cys-LTs) after different reperfusion periods in diabetic and normal rats. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was accompanied by increased expression of COX-2 and release of PGE(2), peaking at 12 h after reperfusion. The expression of COX-2 was maintained at a high level until 24 h after reperfusion, while the levels of PGE(2) were declined rapidly to baseline. The expression of 5-LOX and levels of cys-LTs reached a peak at 6 and 12 h after reperfusion, respectively, and was returned to baseline at 24 h after reperfusion. Compared with normal rats, the expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX as well as release of PGE(2) and cys-LTs was elevated in the brains of diabetic rats, revealing a possible mechanism for hyperglycemia-mediated aggravation of cerebral ischemic injury. A reduction of arachidonic acid metabolites mediated by inhibitors of its metabolites could be helpful in preventing ischemic brain injury in diabetic rats. PMID- 14769367 TI - Assessment of axonal loss in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies. AB - Sensory loss and weakness in Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy is due to axonal loss. However, the pattern and degree of axonal loss cannot be accurately determined from routine electrodiagnostic or strength testing due to collateral reinnervation. We sought to quantify axonal loss in two upper extremity muscles in CMT1A and CMT2 subjects using the electrophysiologic endpoint measure of motor unit number estimation (MUNE). Hypothenar and biceps-brachialis muscle groups were studied in 9 CMT1A, 9 CMT2, and 10 control subjects. The spike-triggered averaging (STA) technique was used to collect surface motor unit potentials for MUNE calculations, and a needle electrode was used to collect corresponding intramuscular data. Maximal voluntary hypothenar and handgrip strength was measured quantitatively, while biceps-brachialis strength was measured qualitatively. Compared to normal subjects, CMT1A and CMT2 subjects had significantly lower MUNE values in hypothenar muscles. Biceps-brachialis MUNE values were reduced in CMT2 but not in CMT1A subjects. In support of proximal axonal loss in CMT2 subjects, surface motor unit and intramuscular potential amplitudes were higher in biceps-brachialis muscles compared to controls. Correlations between quantitative strength and MUNE were significant for hypothenar but not for grip muscle groups. Axonal loss is demonstrated in distal muscles in CMT1A and CMT2 supporting a length-dependent axonopathy. Despite clinical findings of normal or near-normal strength and small reductions in compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, MUNE values were significantly lower in CMT2 subjects in proximal muscles, consistent with more diffuse denervation. These data indicate that subclinical axonal loss is present that cannot be appreciated using clinical examination or routine electrodiagnostic techniques. PMID- 14769368 TI - Contractile properties, fiber types, and myosin isoforms in fast and slow muscles of hyperactive Japanese waltzing mice. AB - This study focuses on the effects of neuromuscular hyperactivity on the contractile properties, fiber type composition, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression of fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscles in Japanese waltzing mice (JWM) of the C57BL/6J-v2J strain. The same properties were studied in the homologous muscle of control CBA/J mice (CM). In comparison to CM, the JWM exhibited (i) longer activity periods, prolonged bouts of running and a higher food intake, (ii) slower twitch and tetanic contractions of both EDL and SOL muscles, decreased cold and post-tetanic potentiation of the EDL, as well as increased cold and post-tetanic depressions of the SOL. Electrophoretic analyses of MHC isoform revealed a shift toward slower isoforms in both EDL and SOL muscles of JWM as compared to the homologous muscles of CM, namely, a shift from the fastest MHCIIb to the MHCIId/x isoform in the EDL muscle and a shift from MHCIIa to MHCI in the SOL muscle. The latter also contained a higher percentage of type I fibers and displayed a higher capillary density than the SOL muscle of CM. These findings show that the inherently enhanced motor activity of the JWM leads to fiber type transitions in the direction of slower phenotypes. JWM thus represent a suitable model for studying fast-to-slow fiber transitions under the influence of spontaneous motor hyperactivity. PMID- 14769369 TI - Transient ischemia of the retina results in massive degeneration of the retinotectal projection: long-term neuroprotection with brimonidine. AB - In adult rats, we have induced retinal ischemia and investigated anterogradely labeled surviving retinal ganglion cell (RGC) afferents to the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). The animals received topically in their left eyes two 5 microl drops of saline or saline-containing 0.5% brimonidine (BMD), 1 h before 90 min of retinal ischemia induced by ligature of the left ophthalmic vessels. Two months after ischemia, the anterogradely transported neuronal tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) was injected in the ischemic eyes and animals were processed 4 days later. As controls and for comparison, the retinotectal innervation of unlesioned age-matched control rats was also examined with CTB. In control and experimental animals, serial coronal sections of the mesencephalon and brainstem were immunoreacted for CTB and the area and thickness of the two most superficial layers of the SC containing densely CTB-labeled profiles were estimated with an image analysis system. Ninety minutes of ischemia resulted 2 months later in reduced density of CTB-labeled profiles in the contralateral SC of the vehicle-treated rats, representing less than one half the area occupied by CTB-labeled profiles in control rats. This resulted in shrinkage of these layers and in the presence of areas virtually devoid of CTB immunoreactivity, suggesting orthograde degeneration of retinal terminals and/or decrease of anterograde axonal transport. Topical pretreatment with BMD resulted 2 months later in CTB immunoreactivity that occupied the superficial layers of the contralateral SC in an area of approximately 86% of that observed in the unlesioned control group of animals, indicating that BMD protects against ischemia-induced degeneration of the retinotectal projection, and preserves anterograde axonal transport. PMID- 14769370 TI - Opposing effects by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide on hippocampal synaptic transmission. AB - Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and their receptors have been localized within the hippocampus but their physiological function on synaptic transmission is still unclear. We investigated the effects of PACAP and VIP on evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) recorded with patch clamp from CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampal slices. Bath application of PACAP reversibly reduced EPSC amplitude. This effect was partly prevented by intracellular addition of (R)-adenosine, cyclic 3',5'-hydrogenphosphorothioate (cAMPS-Rp), a cAMP antagonist inhibiting protein kinase A, but not by the calcium chelator 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA). Application of VIP induced a long-lasting increase of EPSC amplitude that was completely abolished when cAMPS-Rp was included in the intracellular solution. PACAP and VIP effects on EPSCs were mimicked by the cAMP agonist 8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br cAMP). The differing abilities of PACAP and VIP to modulate transmission efficiency over long periods of time, through the cAMP/PKA pathway, suggest that these neuropeptides may exert opposing roles in synaptic plasticity. PMID- 14769371 TI - Dopaminergic neurons associate with blood vessels in neural transplants. AB - Neural transplantation is an attractive strategy for diseases that result in focal neurodegeneration such as Parkinson's disease, where there is a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. A major drawback to its application, however, is the poor survival of donor dopaminergic neurons. While neurons probably depend on host-derived substances delivered by either diffusion or the establishment of functional vascular connections, the relative importance of each delivery mechanism is not known. We investigated the topography of transplants of embryonic mesencephalic tissue and describe the spatial relationships between transplanted dopaminergic neurons, the host brain, and in-growing blood vessels. Results indicate that transplant vascularization shares features with developmental patterns of brain vascularization. Moreover, the topographical distribution of dopaminergic neurons reflected their proximity to the host brain as well as their distance from vascular elements. Zonal analysis revealed that the majority of dopaminergic neurons were found at or near the host-transplant interface at 1 week after transplantation. Nearest neighbor analysis demonstrated a descending exponential gradient of dopaminergic neurons as a function of their distance from vessels at the same time point. These patterns became more marked with time. Results suggest that rates and patterns of vascularization may be important determinants in the long-term survival of dopaminergic neurons. PMID- 14769372 TI - Evidence that lipopolysaccharide-induced cell death is mediated by accumulation of reactive oxygen species and activation of p38 in rat cortex and hippocampus. AB - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration stimulates immune activation, inflammation and deterioration in cell function. Neuronal tissue in cortex and hippocampus are particularly susceptible. In this study, we report that LPS induces cell death as measured by caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation and that this is coupled with stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, p38. We provide evidence of co-localization of activated p38 and caspase-3 in cells prepared from cortical and hippocampal tissue after LPS treatment. Furthermore, administration of the p38 inhibitor, SB203580, abolished the LPS induced increase in caspase-3 activation. We observed that LPS treatment provoked accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while in vitro incubation of cortical and hippocampal tissue with H(2)O(2) increased p38 activity. In addition, H(2)O(2)-induced activation of caspase-3 was abrogated by SB203580. We propose, based on the data presented, that the action of LPS to induce cell death in cortex and hippocampus may be mediated by ROS accumulation and activation of p38. PMID- 14769373 TI - Failure to form a stable topographic map during optic nerve regeneration: abnormal activity-dependent mechanisms. AB - Visually evoked responses in the optic tectum are mediated by glutamate receptors. During development, there is a switch from N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) to alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-mediated activity as the retinotectal map refines and visual function ensues. A similar pattern is seen in goldfish as the map refines during optic nerve regeneration. Here we examined glutamate receptors during optic nerve regeneration in the lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus, in which an imprecise retinotopic map forms transiently but degrades, leaving animals blind via the experimental eye. Receptor function was examined using NMDA and AMPA/kainate antagonists during in vitro tectal recording of visually evoked post-synaptic extracellular responses. Expression of NR1 (NMDA) and GluR2 (AMPA) receptor subtypes was examined immunohistochemically. In unoperated control animals, responses were robust and AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated. When the imprecise map was present, responses were difficult to evoke and insecure; periods of spontaneous activity as well as inactivity were also noted. Although AMPA/kainate-mediated activity persisted and GluR2 immunoreactivity increased transiently, NMDA receptor-mediated activity was also consistently detected and NR1 expression increased. In the long term, when the map had degraded, responses were readily evoked and predominantly AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated although some NMDA-mediated activity and NR1 expression remained. We suggest that the asynchronous activity reaching the optic tectum results in an inability to recapitulate the appropriate functional sequences of expression of NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors necessary to refine the retinotectal map. PMID- 14769374 TI - Comparison of pure and mixed populations of human fetal-derived neural progenitors transplanted into intact adult rat brain. AB - We examined the influence of initial graft composition on the number, type, and distribution of human progenitor cells after transplantation into the anterior subventricular zone (SVZa) of normal adult rats. The grafted populations were derived from 19-week-old human cortical tissue grown under adherent conditions in the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and from a subpopulation of nestin expressing cells, isolated using negative immunoselection methods, which exhibited properties of neural progenitors. Identical numbers of each were transplanted and the number and location of engrafted cells were compared 4 weeks later. We found a significantly greater number of presumptive neurons and astrocytes in animals that received mixed grafts compared to those enriched for progenitors. In addition, the number of human cells undergoing division was significantly greater in animals that received mixed grafts. The spatial distribution of grafted cells was not significantly different, suggesting that the patterns of cell migration were unaffected by transplant composition, whereas, a greater proportion of neurons was observed in the neurogenic areas of animals that received progenitor-enriched grafts. From a clinical perspective, our results suggest that the cellular composition of human fetal-derived transplants may be an important parameter that influences the number and pattern of differentiation of engrafted cells following transplantation in the mature CNS. PMID- 14769375 TI - Motor disturbances in mice with deficiency of the sodium channel gene Scn8a show features of human dystonia. AB - The med(J) mouse with twisting movements related to deficiency of the sodium channel Scn8a has been proposed as a model of kinesiogenic dystonia. This prompted us to examine the phenotype of these mice in more detail. By cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, we could not detect any changes, demonstrating that the motor disturbances are not epileptic in nature, an important similarity to human dystonia. The significantly decreased body weight of med(J) mice was related to reduced food intake. Observations in the open field and by video recordings revealed that the mice exhibit sustained abnormal postures and movements of limbs, trunk and tail not only during locomotor activity but also at rest. With the exception of the head tremor, the other motor impairments were persistent rather than paroxysmal. When several neurological reflexes were tested, alterations were restricted to the posture and righting reflexes. Results of the wire hang test confirmed the greatly reduced muscle strength in the med(J) mouse. In agreement with different types of human dystonia, biperiden, haloperidol and diazepam moderately reduced the severity of motor disturbances in med(J) mice. In view of the sodium channel deficiency in med(J) mice, the beneficial effects of the sodium channel blocker phenytoin was an unexpected finding. By immunohistochemical examinations, the density of nigral dopaminergic neurons was found to be unaltered, substantiating the absence of pathomorphological abnormalities within the brain of med(J) mice shown by previous studies. With the exception of muscle weakness, many of the features of the med(J) mouse are similar to human idiopathic dystonia. PMID- 14769376 TI - Role of micro-opioid receptors in formalin-induced pain behavior in mice. AB - Intraplantar formalin injection is widely used as an experimental model of tonic pain. We investigated the role of endogenous micro-opioid receptor mechanisms in formalin-induced nocifensive behavior in mice. The flinching response induced by formalin (2%, 20 microl) was studied in mice with normal (wild type, n = 8) and absent (homozygous micro-opioid receptor knockout, n = 8) micro-opioid receptor levels. The flinch responses were counted every 5 min for 60 min post-formalin injection. Lumbar spinal cord (L4, 5) was harvested 2 h post-formalin injection to examine c-Fos expression using immunohistochemistry. The effects of naloxone (5 mg/kg, sc) administered 30 min before the intraplantar formalin injection on the flinching response of wild-type mice (n = 7) were also recorded. The second phase formalin response (10-60 min after formalin) was higher in homozygous micro opioid receptor knockout mice compared to the wild-type mice (P < 0.01). Naloxone administration in wild-type mice before formalin injection resulted in pain behavior similar to that observed in homozygous micro-opioid receptor knockout mice (P > 0.05). The c-Fos expression induced by formalin injection in the knockout mice was not different from that observed in wild-type mice. Our results suggest that the endogenous micro-opioid system is activated by intraplantar formalin injection and exerts a tonic inhibitory effect on the pain behavior. These results suggest an important modulatory role of endogenous micro-opioid receptor mechanisms in tonic pain states. PMID- 14769377 TI - NO inhibition of the magnocellular neuroendocrine system in rats is independent of cGMP signaling pathway. AB - Our objective was to test the hypothesis that the cGMP signal-transduction mechanism mediates nitric oxide's (NO) modulation of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) secretion from the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Three studies were conducted in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats: (1a) Euhydrated rats received an intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion (1 microl/min for 30 min) of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), vehicle (2.6% dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) or 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) (0.05 microg/microl), an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). ODQ did not affect basal levels of plasma VP or OT; (1b) Rats dehydrated for 24 h received aCSF or 8-Br-cGMP (icv), a membrane-permeable analog of cGMP, and plasma hormones were measured 2 min later. 8-Br-cGMP did not significantly change VP or OT levels; (2) Rats ingested water or 2% NaCl for 4 days, and NO synthase (NOS) and sGC activities were measured in posterior pituitaries, the anatomical site of hormone secretion. Salt loading enhanced (P < 0.001) production of [(14)C]citrulline, the coproduct of NO synthesis, without altering cGMP; (3) One SON was microdialyzed with [(14)C]arginine and NOS and sGC activities were quantified in microdialysates during intravenous (iv) infusion of isotonic or hypertonic saline in awake and anesthetized rats. In awake rats, [(14)C]citrulline recovery, but not cGMP, increased (P < 0.05) during intravenous infusion of both isotonic and hypertonic solutions, and after insertion of microdialysis probe itself. In anesthetized rats, however, where basal NOS activity is low, intravenous infusion of hypertonic, but not isotonic solution, increased [(14)C]citrulline recovery without affecting cGMP. Thus, in the forebrain, neither NO produced basally nor during osmotic stimulation depends on cGMP to modulate plasma vasopressin and oxytocin secretion. PMID- 14769378 TI - Transforming growth factor beta 1 may regulate the stability of mature myelin sheaths. AB - The molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral neuropathies have only been partially elucidated. In particular, the regulatory factors that control the stability and turnover of mature myelin are largely unknown. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1), and its associated receptors, are expressed by mature Schwann cells. On this basis, we postulated that TGF-beta1 may be an autocrine regulator of mature myelin. This hypothesis was tested by examining the ultrastructure of myelin in adult mice that have a null mutation of their TGF beta1 gene. We report here that the myelin of these mice is grossly abnormal. At the nodes of Ranvier, the cytoplasmic collars of the Schwann cells were expanded and the myelin had a honeycomb appearance. Focal (tomacula-like) hypermyelin structures were observed in the internodal regions of a significant number of axons in mutant nerve, and were not observed in littermate controls. Axon diameters were within the normal range and no axonal pathology was evident in mutant nerve and macrophages were absent. Results imply that lack of TGF-beta1 may have a direct effect on Schwann cells. We suggest that TGF-beta1 may stabilise compact myelin via an autocrine mechanism. PMID- 14769379 TI - Remyelination and recovery of conduction in cat optic nerve after demyelination by pressure. AB - Pressure has been applied to the optic nerve of cats sufficient to block conduction in the large (Y) nerve fibers. The pressure block produces a mixture of axotomy and demyelination. By means of implanted electrodes, recovery of conduction in these fibers was monitored. There is a short-term recovery starting about 2 weeks after block induction and finishing at about 4 weeks. A later recovery starts at about 6-7 weeks and finishes at about 10-11 weeks. The remyelination has been monitored in the electron microscope by measurement of the myelin thickness and axon diameter of the large fibers. The remyelination follows a time course similar to the late phase of conduction recovery. By reference to the work of others, we surmise that the early recovery of conduction is due to the reorganization of microtubules disorganized by the pressure. PMID- 14769380 TI - Enhanced functional recovery after proximal nerve root injury by vector-mediated gene transfer. AB - In order to test the functional implication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector mediated gene transfer after axonal injury, we injected replication-incompetent HSV vectors coding for the anti-apoptotic peptide Bcl-2 and the glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), separately or in combination into ventral spinal cord 30 min after a crush injury to the proximal spinal root that was combined with moderate mechanical traction. HSV-mediated expression of Bcl-2 or GDNF enhanced functional recovery assessed by histologic, electrophysiologic, and behavioral parameters up to 5 months after injury. The most sensitive measure of distal motor function, the sciatic function index, was significantly improved in animals injected with the two vectors together. These results suggest an approach to root trauma that might be used to enhance functional recovery after injury. PMID- 14769381 TI - Postnatal development of inflammation in a murine model of Niemann-Pick type C disease: immunohistochemical observations of microglia and astroglia. AB - Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is a rare and fatal neurovisceral storage disorder that is currently untreatable. In most cases, NPC is caused by mutations of the NPC1 gene, which encodes a glycoprotein playing an important role in cholesterol transport. Mice lacking the NPC1 gene exhibit several pathological features of NPC patients and have been widely used to provide insights into the mechanisms of the disease. In the present study, we analyzed the postnatal development of pathological manifestations of inflammation in several brain regions of NPC1-/- mice. Brain sections from NPC1-/- and wild-type (NPC1+/+) mice were immunostained with the MAC1 antibody, which recognizes microglia, with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which recognize astrocytes, and with antibodies against the cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Numbers of MAC1 immunopositive cells were markedly increased in several brain regions of NPC1-/- mice as early as 2 weeks of age. This effect was particularly evident in globus pallidus, ventral lateral thalamus, medial geniculate nucleus, and cerebellum. MAC1 immunopositive cells had enlarged cell bodies and shorter processes, suggesting they were in an active state. By 4 weeks, most brain structures exhibited enhanced microglial activation in NPC1-/- mice, and this was maintained at 12 weeks. At 2 weeks, reactive astrocytes were only observed in the ventral lateral thalamus while they were present throughout the brain of NPC1-/- mice at 4 weeks of age. Moreover, the astroglial reaction coincided with up-regulation of the cytokine, interleukin-1beta, in most, but not all brain regions. In particular, no interleukin-1beta up-regulation was observed in regions devoid of neuronal degeneration. These results suggest that microglial activation precedes and might be causally related to neuronal degeneration, while astrocyte activation might be a consequence of neuronal degeneration. PMID- 14769382 TI - Brain ischemia augments exo-focal transgene expression of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to ependyma in hypertensive rats. AB - The ependyma is one of the feasible targets for gene transfer to the brain. Using two different replication-deficient recombinant adenoviral vectors, AdCMVbetaGal or AdRSVIL10, we examined effects of cortical brain ischemia on transgene expression in the ependyma after administration of the vector into the lateral ventricle of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Expression of the reporter gene lacZ at the lateral ventricle was detected by histochemistry for semiquantitative scoring or by biochemical assay for quantitative analysis. Ependymal cells in the ventricles expressed the transgene as early as 6 h after gene transfer in both sham treatment and ischemia treatment. In the sham treatment, the expression peaked at 12 h and slowly decreased toward day 4 and day 7. However, transgene expressions in the ischemic brain on day 4 and day 7 were significantly higher than sham treatment. In the biochemical assay, beta galactosidase activity detected on day 4 at the periventricular area of the ischemic group (37 +/- 9 mU/mg protein) was significantly greater than that of the sham group (12 +/- 4, P < 0.01). In the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for gene transfer of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-10 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the ischemic group (11,633 +/- 4322 pg/ml) was significantly greater than that in the sham group (2460 +/- 1486, P < 0.05) on day 5. These results suggest that transgene expression in the exo-focal remote area of ependyma is augmented by cortical ischemia, and the ependyma may be a promising target of gene transfer of brain ischemia. PMID- 14769383 TI - Inducible expression of FGF2 by a rat oligodendrocyte precursor cell line promotes CNS myelination in vitro. AB - Transplantation of glial cells into the central nervous system (CNS) may be a promising approach for the treatment of myelin disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Myelination by transplantation of oligodendrocyte precursors has been obtained in different animal models of demyelination. A strategy to favor CNS remyelination is to enrich the lesioned areas in growth factors to stimulate the quiescent population of oligodendrocyte precursors. In this context, we have developed a genetically modified CG4 cell line (CG4-FGF2), which are able to release significant amounts of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in a controlable fashion in vitro. The data presented here demonstrate that upon induction with Dox, CG4-FGF2 cells retain their capacity to differentiate in vitro. Additionally, we provide evidence that FGF2 release by engineered cells enhance proliferation and migration of cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage without preventing them to differentiate and myelinate axons in vitro. PMID- 14769384 TI - A three amino acid peptide, Gly-Pro-Arg, protects and rescues cell death induced by amyloid beta-peptide. AB - Amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), causing neuronal death through apoptosis. In this study, the neuroprotective role of small peptides, Gly-Pro-Glu (GPE), Gly-Glu (GE), Gly-Pro Asp (GPD), and Gly-Pro-Arg (GPR) were examined against Abeta-induced toxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We report here that GPR (10-100 microM) prevented Abeta-mediated increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and Abeta inhibition of MTT reduction, even in neurons that were pre-exposed to Abeta for 24 or 48 h. Since GPR prevented Abeta inhibition of MTT reduction, the anti apoptotic effect of GPR was studied by examining activation of caspase-3 and expression of p53 protein. Caspase-3 was significantly activated by 20 microM Abeta25-35 and 5 microM Abeta1-40, but GPR effectively prevented the Abeta mediated activation of caspase-3. Similarly, Abeta increased numbers of p53 positive cells, but GPR prevented this Abeta effect. Our findings suggest that GPR can rescue cultured rat hippocampal neurons from Abeta-induced neuronal death by inhibiting caspase-3/p53-dependent apoptosis. PMID- 14769385 TI - Mifepristone (RU 38486) influences expression of glycoprotein Po and morphological parameters at the level of rat sciatic nerve: in vivo observations. AB - The observations here reported indicate that, in vivo, the expression of an important protein of peripheral myelin, the glycoprotein Po, is influenced by mifespristone (RU 38486), that is, an antagonist of progesterone (PR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptor. In our experimental model, male rats have been treated at the first day of life with this antagonist and after repeated treatments, we have analyzed in the sciatic nerve of 20- (20d) and 30-day-old rats (30d) the mRNA and protein levels of Po. Moreover, expression of Po has also been analyzed in the sciatic nerve of animals treated during the first 30 days of postnatal life and then sacrificed at 90th day of life (90d). The results obtained have indicated that both mRNA and protein levels of Po decrease at 20d. Apparently, these effects seem to be transient because no changes are evident at the other two times of analysis. As shown by morphometric analysis, the treatment with RU 38486 is also able to induce morphological changes at the level of sciatic nerve. However, at variance to what is expected by an alteration of an important component of the myelin membranes like Po, no changes are evident at the level of the myelin compartment. On the contrary, a significant reduction of axon diameter in parallel to an increase in neurofilament (NF) density occurs since 30d. In conclusion, the present data seem to suggest that progestin and/or glucocorticoid signals are not only involved in the control of myelin compartment but also on the axon maintenance. PMID- 14769386 TI - Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the hamster red nucleus: effects of axotomy and testosterone treatment. AB - Testosterone propionate (TP) administration coincident with facial nerve axotomy in the hamster attenuates glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the facial nucleus that is normally increased following axotomy alone. This ability of TP to modulate astrocyte activity has been linked to the ability of steroid hormones to enhance the regenerative response of injured motor neurons. In an ongoing study designed to examine the potential influences of steroid hormones on centrally projecting motoneurons, the astrocyte reaction in the red nucleus was examined. In the present study, in situ hybridization was used to assess changes in GFAP mRNA in the hamster red nucleus following spinal cord injury (SCI) and TP treatment. Castrated male hamsters were subjected to right rubrospinal tract (RST) transection at spinal cord level T1, with half the animals implanted subcutaneously with Silastic capsules containing 100% crystalline TP and the remainder sham implanted. The uninjured red nucleus served as an internal control. Postoperative survival times were 1, 2, 7, and 14 days. Qualitative-quantitative analyses of emulsion autoradiograms were accomplished. Axotomy alone resulted in a significant but transient increase in GFAP mRNA levels at 2 days postoperative in the injured red nucleus compared with the contralateral uninjured red nucleus. However, in TP-treated animals, GFAP mRNA levels were no different than control levels at 2 dpo but were significantly increased at 7 dpo relative to contralateral control. Additionally, the increase in GFAP mRNA levels following TP treatment was significantly smaller than following axotomy alone. These data suggest that testosterone both delays and reduces the astrocytic reaction in the red nucleus following rubrospinal tract axotomy, and confirms a difference between peripheral and central glial responses to axotomy and steroid administration. PMID- 14769387 TI - A nuclear microscopic and histochemical study of iron concentrations and distribution in the midbrain of two age groups of monkeys unilaterally injected with MPTP. AB - The present study was carried out to elucidate the concentration and distribution of iron in the substantia nigra of two age groups of monkeys after experimental hemi-Parkinsonism induced by unilateral internal carotid injections of MPTP. Iron levels and distribution were detected using the nuclear microscope, which is able to provide structural and quantitative elemental analysis of biological tissue down to the parts per million (ppm) level of analytical sensitivity. Five weeks after unilateral lesioning with MPTP, we observed a 30-65% loss of neurons in the injected substantia nigra of each monkey, compared with the contralateral control 'non-lesioned' side. In monkeys less than 7 years of age, the iron was distributed fairly uniformly and showed little evidence of focal deposits. In monkeys greater than 7 years of age, we observed many dense focal deposits of iron in the substantia nigra. A comparison between iron distributions in nuclear microscopic scans and cell distributions in the same sections stained by the Nissl technique showed that areas containing high iron concentrations were present not where large-diameter neurons with abundant Nissl substance (presumed dopaminergic neurons) were located but in a region ventral to these cell bodies, i.e., in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. These distributions were present on the control side as well as the MPTP-injected side. Since a previous study has shown that unilateral MPTP injection results in lesions of the substantia nigra of the same side but negligible injury to the opposite side, this implies that the iron deposits existed in the older monkeys before MPTP injections (i.e. they occurred normally). The accumulation of iron in the substantia nigra with age suggests the possibility of localised damage to neurons through the catalysis of free radicals. PMID- 14769388 TI - The presence of astrocytes in areas of demyelination influences remyelination following transplantation of oligodendrocyte progenitors. AB - To date, most experiments examining the myelination potential of transplanted cells have been undertaken into either the immature nervous system or into acutely demyelinating lesions. Since these are situations where myelination or remyelination are occurring, such studies provide little information on the likely outcome of introducing myelinogenic cells into area of chronic demyelination. In an attempt to gain a greater understanding of the interaction between astrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitors in areas of demyelination, we undertook transplantation experiments in which an identical preparation of oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs) was (1) transplanted directly into astrocyte free areas of acute demyelination (3 days after induction), (2) transplanted cranial to similar areas of demyelination (20 days after induction) or (3) transplanted cranial to areas of demyelination (20 days after induction) that had been injected with astrocytes at 3 days to confront OPCs with demyelinated axons in an astrocytic environment. The acute astrocyte-free lesions were remyelinated by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells while the delayed interaction of OPCs with demyelinating lesions resulted in only oligodendrocyte remyelination, the extent of which was reduced when the area of demyelination contained astrocytes. The results of these experiments illustrate that the introduction of OPCs into an astrocyte-free area of demyelination soon after its induction favours Schwann cell differentiation while the presence of established astrocytes in an area of demyelination has an inhibitory effect on the extent of oligodendrocyte remyelination achieved by OPCs. PMID- 14769390 TI - 3-Aminobenzamide reduces brain infarction and neutrophil infiltration after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. AB - Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was shown to be detrimental in cerebral ischemia but the mechanisms whereby PARP is deleterious have yet to be determined. They may include a role in neutrophil infiltration known to aggravate ischemic damage. In this context, we investigated the effect of 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), a PARP inhibitor, on brain damage and neutrophil infiltration after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Ischemia was induced in male Swiss mice, anaesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg, i.p.), by a 15-min-occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery using an intraluminal suture. Treatments with 3-AB were first administered intraperitoneally 15 min before reperfusion and endpoints measured at 24 h. Among the range of dosages studied (20-320 mg/kg), 40 mg/kg gave the maximal neuroprotection with a 30% decrease in the infarct volume and tended to improve the neurological score evaluated by a grip test. The same dosage was, however, devoid of effect when injection was delayed 2 or 6 h after reperfusion. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity used as an index of neutrophil infiltration showed that infiltration peaked 48 h after reperfusion in our model. At this time point, 3-AB (40 mg/kg given 15 min before reperfusion) markedly reduced the neutrophil infiltration, as evidenced by a 72%-decrease in MPO activity, and was still neuroprotective. Our results confirm that 3-AB reduces brain damage. Moreover, for the first time, a quantitative study shows that 3-AB decreases neutrophil infiltration elicited by cerebral ischemia. PMID- 14769389 TI - 5-HT2C receptors inhibit and 5-HT1A receptors activate the generation of spike wave discharges in a genetic rat model of absence epilepsy. AB - The present study was conducted to investigate the role of 5-HT(2C) and 5-HT(1A) receptors in the generation of spike-wave discharges (SWD) in the genetic absence epilepsy model Wistar Albino Glaxo rats from Rijswijk, Netherlands (WAG/Rij rats). We have determined the effects of the 5-HT(2C) receptor preferring agonist m-chlorophenyl-piperazine (m-CPP), the selective 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist SB 242084, the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY-100635, two selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI, fluoxetine and citalopram) and their combinations in this model. The 5-HT(2C) agonist m-CPP caused marked, dose dependent decreases in the cumulative duration and number of SWD administered either intraperitoneally (0.9 and 2.5 mg/kg) or intracerebroventricularly (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg). Treatment with SB-242084 (0.2 mg/kg, ip) alone failed to cause any significant change in SWD compared to vehicle. Pretreatment with SB-242084 (0.2 mg/kg, ip) eliminated the effects of m-CPP on SWD. Fluoxetine (5.0 mg/kg, ip) alone caused moderate increase in SWD. After pretreatment with SB-242084, the effect of fluoxetine was significantly enhanced. The combination of SB-242084 and citalopram (2.5 mg/kg, ip) caused a similar effect, namely an increase in SWD. In contrast, pretreatment with WAY-100635 significantly attenuated the effect of fluoxetine. In conclusion, these results indicate that the increase in endogenous 5-HT produces a dual effect on SWD; the inhibition of epileptiform activity is mediated by 5-HT(2C), the activation by 5-HT(1A) receptors. PMID- 14769391 TI - Intact aggrecan and chondroitin sulfate-depleted aggrecan core glycoprotein inhibit axon growth in the adult rat spinal cord. AB - Aggrecan is a chondroitin sulfate (CS)/keratan sulfate (KS)-substituted proteoglycan (PG) abundant in cartilage which is also present within the mammalian embryonic, adult, and injured adult central nervous system (CNS). Although its role within the CNS is not clear, cell culture studies show that when substituted with CS, aggrecan inhibits neurite extension. To better understand the inhibitory effect of aggrecan on injured adult axons in vivo, we developed a model to independently test intact aggrecan and CS-depleted aggrecan core glycoprotein. Acute rat spinal cord hemisection cavities were filled with a growth-promoting matrix, Matrigel, and severed dorsal rootlets were placed into this matrix. This created an assay in which axons readily grew. The extent of ingrowth in this baseline assay was compared to the ingrowth in Matrigel loaded with intact aggrecan or the purified core glycoprotein of aggrecan. Our results show that both intact aggrecan and equivalent concentrations of the core glycoprotein component significantly inhibit axonal growth in this model system. These results confirm that aggrecan can inhibit the growth of adult axons in vivo and suggest that the inhibitory effects of aggrecan may be mediated, at least in part, by structures located on the core glycoprotein in the absence of the bulk of the CS chains. PMID- 14769392 TI - Mutations in presenilin 1, presenilin 2 and amyloid precursor protein genes in patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease in Poland. AB - Mutations in three causative genes have been identified in patients with an autosomal-dominant form of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). To determine the spectrum of mutations in a group consisting of 40 Polish patients with clinically diagnosed familial EOAD and 1 patient with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and family history of AD, we performed a screening for mutations in the presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes. Four previously recognized pathogenic mutations in PSEN1 gene (H163R, M139V) and APP gene (T714A, V715A), and three novel putative mutations in PSEN1 gene (P117R and I213F) and PSEN2 gene (Q228L) were identified. The 34 patients with no mutations detected were older than the patients with mutations. A frequency of APOE4 allele was higher in this group. Frequency of mutations is relatively low (17%), possibly due to used operational definition of a patient with familial EOAD (a patient having at least one relative with early-onset dementia). It could be concluded that screening for mutations in the three genes could be included in a diagnostic program directed at patients with a positive family history or age of onset before 55 years. PMID- 14769393 TI - Peripheral nerve ischemia: reperfusion injury and fiber regeneration. AB - We continued our studies of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, extending the reperfusion duration to 42 days to capture the fiber regeneration process. We used a rat model for IR injury produced by ligation and release of nooses around supplying vessels to the sciatic nerve. Fifty-six rats were used. One group (control N = 8) underwent sham ischemia; the other six groups (N = 8 each) underwent complete hind limb ischemia for 4 h followed by reperfusion durations of 0 h (ischemia alone), 3 h, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, and 42 days. Behavioral and electrophysiological data were obtained immediately before euthanasia. Pathologically, three phases were identifiable: Phase 1 (0-3 h)-minimal pathological changes, minimal edema; phase 2 (7 days, 14 days)-prominent fiber degeneration, endoneurial edema; phase 3 (28 days, 42 days)-abundant small regenerating fiber clusters, minimal edema. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was the most sensitive index of neural deficits and recovery, showing progressive recovery beyond 14 days. Severe functional deficits developed immediately and persisted with a trend to recovery at the 42-day time-point. It was concluded that reperfusion, by oxidative injury, worsened nerve function and aggravated fiber degeneration, but in the longer time frame, permitted fiber regeneration to occur. PMID- 14769394 TI - Role of sex hormones in the sexually dimorphic expression of KCC2 in rat substantia nigra. AB - KCC2 is a neuronal-specific potassium chloride cotransporter. The level of KCC2 expression is a factor determining whether GABA(A) receptor agonists depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons. Substantia nigra reticulata (SNR) neurons of male postnatal day 15 (PN15) rats have low KCC2 mRNA expression and respond to GABA(A) receptor activation with depolarization and activation of calcium-regulated gene expression. Female PN15 SNR neurons have high KCC2 mRNA expression and GABA(A) receptor agonists cannot activate calcium-dependent signaling processes. We investigate whether sex hormones regulate KCC2 mRNA expression in PN15 rat SNR. Using in situ hybridization, we studied the effects of acute (4 h) or prolonged (52 h) subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of testosterone (100 microg), dihydrotestosterone (180 microg) or 17beta-estradiol benzoate (5 microg) on KCC2 mRNA expression in male and female PN15 rat SNR. Different doses of estradiol (1 and 10 microg s.c., 4 h) were also acutely administered in female PN15 rats. Controls received oil injections. Separate groups of PN15 male rats were pretreated with antagonists of L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels (L VSCCs) [nifedipine, 100 mg/kg s.c.] or GABA(A) receptors [bicuculline, 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)] or their vehicles, 30 min before estradiol (5 microg s.c., 4 h). Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone upregulated KCC2 mRNA in both sexes. Estradiol downregulated KCC2 mRNA in males but not in females. Both acute and prolonged hormonal administration had similar effects. In male PN15 SNR, nifedipine and bicuculline decreased KCC2 mRNA acutely and prevented further downregulation of KCC2 mRNA by estradiol. Estradiol therefore downregulates KCC2 mRNA in male PN15 SNR, by interacting with the GABA(A) receptor and L-VSCC signaling pathway. PMID- 14769395 TI - Relationship between CSF hypocretin levels and hypocretin neuronal loss. AB - The sleep disorder narcolepsy may now be considered a neurodegenerative disease, as there is a massive reduction in the number of neurons containing the neuropeptide, hypocretin (HCRT). Most narcoleptic patients have low to negligible levels of HCRT in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and such measurements serve as an important diagnostic tool. However, the relationship between HCRT neurons and HCRT levels in CSF in human narcoleptics is not known and cannot be directly assessed. To identify this relationship in the present study, the neurotoxin, hypocretin-2-saporin (HCRT2-SAP), was administered to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) to lesion HCRT neurons. CSF was extracted at circadian times (ZT) 0 (time of lights-on) or ZT8 at various intervals (2, 4, 6, 12, 21, 36, 60 days) after neurotoxin administration. Compared to animals given saline in the LH, rats with an average loss of 73% of HCRT neurons had a 50% decline in CSF HCRT levels on day 60. The decline in HCRT levels was evident by day 6 and there was no recovery or further decrease. The decline in HCRT was correlated with increased REM sleep. Lesioned rats that were kept awake for 6 h were not able to release HCRT to match the output of saline rats. As most human narcoleptics have more than 80% reduction of CSF HCRT, the results from this study lead us to conclude that in these patients, virtually all of the HCRT neurons might be lost. In those narcoleptics where CSF levels are within the normal range, it is possible that not all of the HCRT neurons are lost and that the surviving HCRT neurons might be increasing output of CSF HCRT. PMID- 14769396 TI - The importance of gender on the beneficial effects of posttraumatic hypothermia. AB - The authors studied the importance of gender on the consequences of mild posttraumatic hypothermia following parasagittal fluid-percussion (F-P) brain injury in rats. After traumatic brain injury (TBI), brain temperature was maintained at normothermia (37 degrees C) or reduced to 33 degrees C for 4 h starting 30 min after the insult followed by a 1.5-h slow rewarming period. Animals (n = 48) were allowed to survive for 3 days before quantitative histopathological and immunocytochemical examination. As previously reported, contusion volume in normothermic animals (37 degrees C) was smaller (P < 0.05) in intact females compared to males. In addition, numbers of NeuN-positive cortical neurons were greater in females versus males after TBI. Posttraumatic hypothermia significantly reduced overall contusion volume in males (P < 0.05), while not significantly reducing contusion volume in females. Likewise, hypothermia protected against the loss of cortical neurons in males but had no effect in females. Ovariectomized females showed contusion volumes and neuronal cell counts comparable to those seen in males as well as a significant reduction in contusion volumes and greater neuronal counts following posttraumatic hypothermia. These data are the first to demonstrate that posttraumatic hypothermia (4 h) does not affect short-term histopathological outcomes in female rats. Potential mechanisms underlying this gender difference are discussed. Finally, these experimental findings may have important implications in terms of clinical trials using therapeutic hypothermia targeting patients with central nervous system (CNS) injury. PMID- 14769397 TI - Central neurokinin 3 receptors increase systemic oxytocin release: interaction with norepinephrine. AB - Stimulation of central tachykinin receptors contributes to neuroendocrine functions of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. However, the specific role of each tachykinin receptor subtype has not been completely characterized. Specifically, while neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptor stimulation increases systemic vasopressin, the effects on oxytocin (OT) are not known. Therefore, the present studies investigated the effect of central NK3 receptor stimulation with senktide on release of systemic and central OT. Furthermore, since central NK3 receptors activate noradrenergic systems, which contribute to OT release, the effects of alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade on senktide-induced changes in OT release were evaluated. Female rats were implanted with a cannula in the third cerebral ventricle, and changes in plasma OT concentration determined before and following central administration of senktide in vehicle-treated rats, and animals following central administration of the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine. Other rats were implanted with microdialysis probes adjacent to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and dialysate and plasma OT concentrations were determined before and during administration of senktide through the dialysis probe. Central senktide increased systemic OT release, which was prevented by pretreatment with phentolamine. Furthermore, there was no detectable change in extracellular OT concentration in the PVN during dialysis administration of senktide. These data demonstrate that activation of central NK3 receptors stimulates systemic release of OT by activation of central noradrenergic systems, apparently without increasing intranuclear OT release in the PVN. PMID- 14769398 TI - Enkephalinergic striatal projection neurons become less affected by quinolinic acid than substance P-containing striatal projection neurons as rats age. AB - While the excitotoxic vulnerability of striatal neurons is known to be greater in juvenile than adult animals, it is uncertain if striatal neuron types decline differentially in their vulnerability with age. To examine this issue, we unilaterally injected quinolinic acid (QA), an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist, into the striatum of juvenile and adult rats, and used in situ hybridization histochemistry with oligonucleotide probes for preproenkephalin and preprotachykinin mRNA to label surviving enkephalinergic (ENK) and substance P containing (SP) neurons in adjacent sections through the injection center. The results confirmed that the region of severe damage is greater in young than adult animals, but revealed that at the very center of the QA injection, labeled neuron abundance was lower in adult than juvenile striatum. In juvenile rats, the vulnerability of the ENK neurons at all distances from the injection center was the same as that of the SP neurons. By contrast, in adult rats, the ENK neuron survival was greater than the SP neuron survival at all distances beyond the lesion center. The SP neuron survival outside the injection center in the adult rats was similar to that in juvenile rats, while the ENK neuron survival beyond the injection center was better in adult than juvenile rats. These data indicate that there is an age-dependent decrease in the vulnerability of ENK but not SP striatal projection neurons to QA-mediated injury in rats. The results also raise the possibility that, if an excitotoxic process is involved in HD pathogenesis, a differential age-related decline in the sensitivity of striatal projection neuron types to this process may contribute to the more uniform striatal neuron loss in juvenile-onset Huntington's disease (HD) and the more differential loss in adult onset HD. PMID- 14769399 TI - Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin causes neurotoxicity to myelin that contributes to spatial memory deficits in rats. AB - It has been reported that intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) impairs spatial memory by disrupting glucose utilization through an insulin-dependent mechanism in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. However, evidence of septal damage and microglosis induced by icv STZ suggested that its neurotoxic effects could contribute to the memory impairment. The present study examined the histopathological changes in adult rats following three icv STZ injections (0.25 mg into each lateral ventricle) and their effects on spatial memory in a Morris water maze task. STZ retarded acquisition of reference learning (progressive reduction in escape latency) and disrupted working memory (difference in escape latency between the two swims within a daily session). STZ caused selective injury to myelin and axons in the fornix and hippocampus in association with activation of microglia. The 3rd ventricle was enlarged by 100-150% because of a loss of ependymal cells and damage to hypothalamic periventricular myelin but the process involved in these changes is unclear. Our findings provide an alternative explanation for the decrease in glucose utilization in the hippocampus and cortex and the impairment of spatial memory induced by STZ. These could result from a disruption of the communication through myelinated axons in the fornix connecting the septum and the hippocampus, and through other myelinated axons adjacent to the ventricles. The selective damage to myelin may well result from oxidative stress. PMID- 14769400 TI - The beta-amyloid-related proteins presenilin 1 and BACE1 are axonally transported to nerve terminals in the brain. AB - In this study, we show that removal of entorhinal cortex (ERC) afferents to hippocampus reduces levels of presenilin 1 (PS1) in the dentate gyrus of APPswe/PS1DeltaE9 transgenic (Tg) mice. PS1 immunoreactivity on the deafferented dentate gyrus decreases by approximately 25% and 50%, 2 and 4 weeks post-lesion compared to the contralateral side; by Western blotting, there is an approximately 40% decrease of the 43 kDa (full length) PS1 and an approximately 80% decrease of the 28 kDa (N-terminal fragment) PS1 on the lesioned dentate gyrus. Levels of beta-site APP Cleavage Enzyme 1 (BACE1) immunoreactivity also decrease by approximately 50% and 65% 2 and 4 weeks post-lesion. Together, these data demonstrate that PS1 and BACE1 are transported from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus via axons of the perforant pathway. PMID- 14769401 TI - Neuronal and glial differentiation within expanded glial cultures derived from the lateral and medial ganglionic eminences. AB - Attached glial-like cell cultures were established from the lateral and medial ganglionic eminences (LGE and MGE) and from the neocortex (Cx) of E13.5 mouse embryos, and expanded over four to five passages under epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. Following removal of EGF and serum, we analysed the generation of neurons and glial cells within the cultures. Significant numbers of betaIII tubulin-positive neurons were generated in both the LGE (about 7% of total cell numbers) and the MGE (around 2%). However, only few betaIII-tubulin-positive cells with neuronal morphologies were detected in the differentiated Cx cultures. The newly formed neurons were to a large extent GABAergic, and many of the MGE derived, but not the LGE-derived, cells expressed the MGE-marker NKX2.1. Most cells in all cultures still appeared astroglial-like, expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), but in addition, CNPase-positive cells with oligodendroglial morphologies were present in the MGE (0.68%), and, to a lesser extent (0.2%), in the LGE cultures. The present results demonstrate that cells of expanded glial cultures from both the LGE and MGE can give rise to significant and, to a certain extent, region-specific neuronal and glial cell types under differentiating conditions. PMID- 14769404 TI - Filamentous bulking sludge--a critical review. AB - This paper reviews the long-standing bulking sludge problem in activated sludge systems. Despite the extensive amount of research that has been done on bulking sludge, it still occurs world-wide and a comprehensive solution does not seem to be available. Bulking sludge can be approached as a microbiological problem (occurrence of a specific filamentous bacterium) or as an engineering problem (growth of bacteria with a filamentous morphology). In the first case species specific solutions should be found, whereas in the latter case, a generic approach might be available. Since bulking sludge is caused by a group of bacteria with a specific morphology, but not a specific physiology we believe that a generic approach would be feasible. Several theories for bulking sludge are discussed. Based on these theories the application and associated problems with the use of biological selectors are critically evaluated. Finally, a set of open research questions is identified. PMID- 14769405 TI - Biology, persistence and detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocyst. AB - Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are obligate enteric protozoan parasites which infect the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans. The mechanism(s) by which these parasites cause gastrointestinal distress in their hosts is not well understood. The risk of waterborne transmission of Cryptosporidium is a serious global issue in drinking water safety. Oocysts from these organisms are extremely robust, prevalent in source water supplies and capable of surviving in the environment for extended periods of time. Resistance to conventional water treatment by chlorination, lack of correlation with biological indicator microorganisms and the absence of adequate methods to detect the presence of infectious oocysts necessitates the development of consistent and effective means of parasite removal from the water supply. Additional research into improving water treatment and sewage treatment practices is needed, particularly in testing the efficiency of ozone in oocyst inactivation. Timely and efficient detection of infectious C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts in environmental samples requires the development of rapid and sensitive techniques for the concentration, purification and detection of these parasites. A major factor confounding proper detection remains the inability to adequately and efficiently concentrate oocysts from environmental samples, while limiting the presence of extraneous materials. Molecular-based techniques are the most promising methods for the sensitive and accurate detection of C. parvum and C. hominis. With the availability of numerous target sequences, RT-PCR will likely emerge as an important method to assess oocyst viability. In addition, a multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of C. parvum, C. hominis and other waterborne pathogens such as Giardia lamblia would greatly benefit the water industry and protect human health. PMID- 14769406 TI - Relationship between macroinvertebrate fauna and environmental variables in small streams of the Dominican Republic. AB - Field assessment methods for freshwater macroinvertebrates and water quality in tropical small-island states were assessed in the Dominican Republic. Macroinvertebrate samples were collected from 26 river sites within the Dominican Republic's Yaque del Norte river catchment. Environmental data on geographical, physical and chemical variables were also collected from each site. The Biological Monitoring Working Party score and total numbers of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera were calculated for each site. Physico-chemical and biological data sets were ordinated by principal components analysis and non-parametric multi dimensional scaling, and the biotic and abiotic data sets were correlated to determine the most influential factors determining site similarities. Macroinvertebrate assemblage structure was correlated with declining water quality: however, a high correlation between water quality and altitude confounded an unqualified interpretation of impairment. PMID- 14769407 TI - An accurate approach to the design of channel hydraulic flocculators. AB - The design of flocculators for water treatment continues to be based on the generalized and simplistic concept of mean velocity gradient within the reaction zone. This approach makes little sense for hydraulic flocculators in which the turbulence conditions are heterogenous. A theoretical, experimental and computational fluid dynamics study is presented, in which a point-to-point approach is derived, allowing variations in turbulent kinetic energy to be taken into account in determining flocculation efficiency. Results for the point-to point calculation are compared with experimental measurements of flocculation efficiency in a full-scale model of a channel hydraulic flocculator, and an extremely good fit is obtained, demonstrating the point-to-point approach to be an accurate method of determining flocculation efficiency in channel hydraulic flocculators. A design example is presented showing how the point-to-point approach can be used in practice. It is concluded that the point-to-point approach is a much better method of design than that based on the mean velocity gradient. PMID- 14769408 TI - Association of cadmium with MnO2 particles generated during permanganate oxidation. AB - Particle filtration and cadmium sorption studies were performed at selected time points during reaction of potassium permanganate with trichloroethylene under varied reaction matrix conditions. The purpose of the studies was to determine the potential impact of manganese oxides particle generation, a by-product of the permanganate reaction, on subsurface metal mobility, with cadmium serving as a representative metal of interest in the environment. Results of the studies indicate that the association of cadmium with the manganese oxides is a function of (1) particle concentration, (2) pH, (3) the presence of calcium in the reaction matrix, and (4) the rate of particle generation and agglomeration. Based on these findings, it is important to give careful consideration to subsurface conditions that can potentially impact the mobility of metals present naturally or as co-contaminants. If subsurface conditions are not appropriately characterized and planned for, deleterious effects could result, including long term release of metals initially sorbed onto generated particles. Alternatively, the generated manganese oxides may serve as a long-term means of immobilizing metals within the subsurface. PMID- 14769409 TI - Validating sample preservation techniques and holding times for the approved compliance monitoring methods for haloacetic acids under the US EPA's stage 1 D/DBP rule. AB - Haloacetic acids (HAAs), which are formed during the disinfection of drinking waters with chlorine, are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproducts (D/DBP) Rule. Recently, three studies have been reported indicating that low concentrations of HAAs can also be formed during disinfection with chloramines. Methods currently approved for compliance monitoring under the Stage 1 Rule arrest the chlorine mediated formation of HAAs by adding ammonium chloride, which forms chloramines. Studies were undertaken using an in-process water that favored the formation of HAAs with moderate total organic carbon concentration and high levels of chlorine to investigate the potential formation of HAAs under sample storage conditions. The ammonium chloride-quenched sample did form a small amount of HAAs, but total formation over a period equal to the 14-day sample storage time was less than 2 microg/l, whereas the unquenched samples increased 41 microg/l during the same period. Pour plate studies indicated that chlorinated drinking waters quenched with ammonium chloride are protected from microbial growth, which is an important additional advantage to this preservation scheme. The presence of a combined chlorine residual should prevent microbial degradation of HAAs in samples. These studies support the preservation protocols and the sample storage times promulgated for compliance monitoring under the Stage 1 D/DBP Rule. PMID- 14769410 TI - Fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in activated sludge plants. AB - Monitoring data were collected in a pilot-scale municipal activated sludge plant to assess the fate of the C12-homologue of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS C12). The pilot-plant was operated at influent LAS-C12 concentrations between 2 and 12 mg l(-1) and at sludge retention times of 10 and 27 days. Effluent and waste sludge concentrations varied between 5 and 10 microg l(-1) and between 37 and 69 microg g(-1) VSS, respectively. In the sludge samples only 2-8% was present as dissolved LAS-C12, whereas the remaining 92-98% was found to be adsorbed to the sludge. In spite of this high degree of sorption, more than 99% of the LAS-C12 load was removed by biodegradation, showing that not only the soluble fraction but also the adsorbed fraction of LAS-C12 is readily available for biodegradation. Sorption and biodegradation of LAS-C12 were also investigated separately. Sorption was an extremely fast and reversible process and could be described by a linear isotherm with a partition coefficient of 3.2 l g(-1) volatile suspended solids. From the results of biodegradation kinetic tests it was concluded that primary biodegradation of LAS-C12 cannot be described by a (growth) Monod model, but a secondary utilisation model should be used instead. The apparent affinity of the sludge to biodegrade LAS-C12 increased when the sludge was loaded with higher influent concentrations of LAS-C12. PMID- 14769411 TI - Nitrogen mass balance across pilot-scale algae and duckweed-based wastewater stabilisation ponds. AB - Nitrogen removal processes and nitrogen mass balances in algae-based ponds (ABPs) and duckweed (Lemna gibba)-based ponds (DBPs) were assessed during periods of 4 months, each under different operational conditions. During periods 1 and 2, the effect of cold and warm temperature was studied. During periods 2 and 3, the effect of low- and high-system organic loading (OL) was studied in warm seasons operation. The pilot-scale systems consisted of four similar ponds in series fed with domestic sewage with hydraulic retention time of 7 days in each pond. Overall nitrogen removal was higher during warm temperature in both ABPs and DBPs, but similar during periods 2 and 3. Nitrogen removal in DBPs was lower than in ABPs by 20%, 12% and 8% during cold temperature, warm temperature and high-OL periods, respectively. Depending on temperature and OL rate, ABPs showed higher nitrogen removal via sedimentation (46-245% higher) compared to DBPs. Also, ABPs also showed higher nitrogen removal via denitrification (7-37% higher) compared to DBPs. Ammonia volatilisation in both systems did not exceed 1.1% of influent total nitrogen during the entire experimental period. N uptake by duckweed corresponds to 30% of the influent nitrogen during warm/low OL period and decreased to 10% and 19% during the cold and warm/high OL period, respectively. Predictive models for nitrogen removal presented a good reflection of nitrogen fluxes on overall nitrogen balance under the prevailing experimental conditions. PMID- 14769412 TI - Effect of ferric chloride addition on the removal of Cu and Zn complexes with EDTA during municipal wastewater treatment. AB - The presence of the synthetic chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in municipal wastewater has a significant impact on the efficacy of wastewater treatment plants because pollutant metal-EDTA complexes are difficult to remove. To understand the potential of FeCl3 addition during primary treatment to improve metal removal, laboratory experiments and a full-scale study were conducted. Results of laboratory experiments designed to simulate primary and secondary wastewater treatment indicate that a portion of pollutant metal-EDTA species can be converted into FeEDTA- by addition of FeCl3 during simulated primary treatment. Addition of FeCl3 also resulted in improved metal removal by adsorption. The combination of these two processes improved removal of Cu and Zn by 20% during simulated primary treatment. During full-scale treatment, a slight increase in the concentration of FeEDTA- in secondary effluent was observed when FeCl3 was added during primary treatment. However, FeCl3 addition had no observable effect on metal concentrations in the wastewater effluent. The most noticeable change in EDTA speciation at full scale occurred during primary treatment, where most of the pollutant metal-EDTA complexes were converted into FeEDTA-, irrespective of whether or not FeCl3 was added. The formation of FeEDTA- during primary treatment plays a potentially important role in metal removal and should be considered in future evaluations of wastewater treatment plant performance. PMID- 14769413 TI - Organotin survey in the Adour-Garonne basin. AB - Organotin monitoring was performed in waters of 11 rivers of the southwest of France during a 9 months period, between February and October 2001. Surface sediments were studied during the summer. Eighteen sampling points were chosen as representative of specific industrial or agricultural activities. In most samples, organotins were detected and butyltins are the most frequently present, with concentrations ranging over 0.2-30 ng(Sn)/L. Phenyltins were detected especially in spring and at the end of summer, which corresponds to likely diffusion from agricultural sources. Some high butyl- and phenyltin concentrations up to 700 ng(Sn)/L occurred during the spring where pesticides for agricultural activities were largely used. Octyltins were present in water frequently as well, with lower concentrations, probably originating from continuous leaching of plastics. Sediments appeared contaminated by the same species, with higher monobutyltin concentrations of about 30-40 microg(Sn)/kg which shows the importance of biological degradations occurring in surface sediments. This non-pesticidal organotin compounds can also be introduced from leaching of organotin-stabilized PVC by water. Using the different organotin concentrations obtained and other physico-chemical parameters measured, such as temperature or water flow rate, a statistical study was performed by principal component analysis. The results obtained allow the main sources of organotin diffusion to be identified and the hydrological cycle of these compounds better understand. PMID- 14769414 TI - Carbamazepine as a possible anthropogenic marker in the aquatic environment: investigations on the behaviour of Carbamazepine in wastewater treatment and during groundwater infiltration. AB - Sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents are significant sources of pharmaceutical residues in surface waters, where high concentrations of the antiepileptic drug Carbamazepine have been detected. The solids retention time (SRT) is the most important parameter for the design of STPs. It relates to the growth rate of microorganisms and to effluent concentrations. The influence of SRT on the removal of Carbamazepine was studied on lab-scale plants. The results from these tests were then validated on several full-scale plants. Due to the lack of suitable receiving waters and groundwater resources, one of these STPs has to infiltrate the treated wastewater into unsaturated soil. Here, groundwater samples at equal distances from the infiltration point were taken to estimate the behaviour of Carbamazepine during soil passage and within the groundwater. This antiepileptic drug seems to be very persistent in the environment, therefore qualifying as a suitable marker for anthropogenic influences in the aquatic environment. PMID- 14769415 TI - Kinetic study of photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, iomeprol and iopromide assisted by different TiO2 materials--determination of intermediates and reaction pathways. AB - The light-induced degradation of clofibric acid, carbamazepine, iomeprol and iopromide under simulated solar irradiation has been investigated in aqueous solutions suspended with different TiO2 materials (P25 and Hombikat UV100). Kinetic studies showed that P25 had a better photocatalytic activity for clofibric acid and carbamazepine than Hombikat UV100. For photocatalytic degradation of iomeprol Hombikat UV100 was more suitable than P25. The results can be explained by the higher adsorption capacity of Hombikat UV100 for iomeprol. The study also focuses on the identification and quantification of possible degradation products. The degradation process was monitored by determination of sum parameters and inorganic ions. In case of clofibric acid various aromatic and aliphatic degradation products have been identified and quantified. A possible multi-step degradation scheme for clofibric acid is proposed. This study proves the high potential of the photocatalytic oxidation process to transform and mineralize environmentally relevant pharmaceuticals and contrast media in water. PMID- 14769416 TI - Anoxic treatment of phenolic wastewater in sequencing batch reactor. AB - Studies were conducted on the anoxic phenol removal using granular denitrifying sludge in sequencing batch reactor at different cycle lengths and influent phenol concentrations. Results showed that removal exceeded 80% up to an influent phenol concentration of 1050 mg/l at 6 h cycle length, which corresponded to 6.4 kg COD/m3/d. Beyond this, there was a steep decrease in phenol and COD removal efficiencies. This was accompanied by an increase in nitrite concentration in the effluent. On an average, 1 g nitrate-N was consumed per 3.4 g phenol COD removal. Fraction of COD available for sludge growth was calculated to be 11%. PMID- 14769417 TI - Fate of wood extractives in wastewater treatment plants at kraft pulp mills and mechanical pulp mills. AB - Extensive environmental effects of the forest industry led to implementation of activated sludge treatment of effluents in the 1980s. Although the existence of chlorinated compounds in the effluents has decreased, a discussion about the possible environmental effects of elemental-chlorine-free (ECF) and total chlorine-free (TCF) bleached pulp mill effluents has arisen, and chronic effects on aquatic organisms have still been found. Recently, studies have mainly focussed on wood extractives and their role in the effects of effluents. Resin acids and unsaturated fatty acids are found to be toxic, and plant sterols are reported to have adverse endocrine effects on water organisms already at low concentrations. In this study, Finnish wastewater treatment plants of an ECF kraft pulp mill, a paper mill, and an integrated TCF kraft pulp and paper mill were sampled in order to ascertain how wastewater treatment plants, and especially activated sludge treatments, remove wood extractives. Concentrations of extractives in discharged wastewaters varied between 0.4 and 11 g/t kraft or mechanical pulp, and the concentrations decreased over 95% during the treatment processes. Of the wood extractives, 1.1-64% were adsorbed to biosludge and 35-99% were degraded or transformed to other forms during the activated sludge treatment. A major part of these compounds were discharged in particles (74-99%). The removal of extractives was efficient even in the effluent treatment plant, which was highly loaded during the sampling period. PMID- 14769418 TI - Anaerobic stabilisation and conversion of biopolymers in primary sludge--effect of temperature and sludge retention time. AB - The effect of sludge retention time (SRT) and process temperature on the hydrolysis, acidification and methanogenesis of primary sludge was investigated in completely stirred tank reactors (CSTRs). The CSTRs were operated to maintain SRTs of 10, 15, 20 and 30 days at process temperatures of 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C. The rates of hydrolysis and the biodegradability of primary sludge were assessed in batch reactors incubated at 15 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C. The results revealed that the major amount of sludge stabilisation occurred between 0 and 10 days at 35 degrees C and 10 and 15 days at 25 degrees C. Hydrolysis was found to be the rate limiting-step of the overall digestion process, for the reactors operated at 35 degrees C and 25 degrees C, except for the reactor operated at 10 days and 25 degrees C. At the latter conditions, methanogenesis was the rate-limiting step of the overall digestion process. Proteins hydrolysis was limited to a maximum value of 39% at 30 days and 35 degrees C due to proteins availability in the form of biomass. The biodegradability of primary sludge was around 60%, and showed no temperature dependency. The hydrolysis of the main biopolymers and overall particulate COD of the primary sludge digested in CSTRs were well described by first-order kinetics, in case hydrolysis was the rate-limiting step. Similarly, the hydrolysis of the overall particulate COD of the primary sludge digested in batch reactors were described by first-order kinetics and revealed strong temperature dependency, which follows Arrhenius equation. PMID- 14769419 TI - Removal of copper and nickel ions from aqueous solutions by grape stalks wastes. AB - In the present work, the usefulness of grape stalks wastes generated in the wine production process has been investigated for the removal of copper and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. The sorption process was relatively fast and equilibrium was reached after about 60 min of contact. The influence of pH, sodium chloride and metal concentration on metal removal has been studied. Uptake showed a pH-dependent profile. Maximum sorption for both metals was found to occur at around pH 5.5-6.0. An increase of sodium chloride concentration caused a decrease in metal removal. Langmuir isotherms, at pH 6.0, for each metal were used to describe sorption equilibrium data. Maximum uptake obtained was 1.59x10( 4) mol of copper and 1.81x10(-4) mol of nickel per gram of dry sorbent. Sorption of copper and nickel on grape stalks released an equivalent amount of alkaline and alkaline earth metals (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and protons, indicating that ionic exchange is predominantly responsible for metal ion uptake. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry analysis indicated that lignin C-O bond might be involved in metal uptake. Equilibrium batch sorption studies were also performed using a two metal system containing (Cu(II)+Ni(II)). In the evaluation of the two metal sorption system performance, single isotherm curves had to be replaced by three-dimensional sorption isotherm surface. In order to describe the isotherm surface mathematically, the extended-Langmuir model was used. Nickel was found to be much more sensitive to the presence of copper than copper is to the presence of nickel. PMID- 14769420 TI - Modelling microbial adaptation to changing availability of substrates. AB - In their natural environment microorganisms encounter changes in substrate availability, involving either nutrient concentrations or nutrient types. They have to adapt to the new conditions in order to survive. We present a model for slow microbial adaptation, involving the synthesis of new enzymes, in response to changes in the availability of substitutable substrates. The model is based on reciprocal (or mutual) inhibition of expression of both the substrate-specific carriers and the associated assimilatory machinery. The inhibition kinetics is derived from the kinetics of synthesizing units. An interesting property of the adaptation model is that the presence of a single limiting resource results in a constant maximum specific substrate consumption rate for fully adapted microorganisms. Because the maximum specific consumption rate is not a function of substrate concentration, for growth on one substrate, the Monod and Pirt models for instance are still valid. Other adaptation models known to us do not fulfil this property. The simplest version of our model describes adaptation during diauxic growth, using only one preference parameter and one initial condition. The applicability of the model is exemplified by fitting it to published data from diauxic growth experiments. PMID- 14769421 TI - Biosynthesis of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) from red alga--Bangia atropurpurea. AB - The contents of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) of red alga, Bangia atropurpurea, filaments cultured in artificial sea water medium were similar to those cultured in natural sea water medium. In the culture experiment, B. atropurpurea filaments were found to synthesize de novo phthalate esters. Additionally, DEHP and DBP contents in different species of algae grown in the same environment were different significantly, suggesting that it was due to the intrinsic nature of algae. PMID- 14769422 TI - Nitrate concentration in wetlands: assessing the contribution of deeper groundwater from anions. AB - Denitrification in wetlands is useful for removing nitrate from the surface water, although it can be difficult to assess wetland functioning particularly where it overlies a hard-rock aquifer whose fractures and joints form pathways that mix waters with different chemical composition. The variability of NO3 concentrations in such waters, which partly transit through wetlands, can obscure the effect of denitrification. To address this question, we monitored groundwater chemistry at different depths on three pilot sites overlying (mica)schist aquifers with almost no NO3 contamination at depth, probably due to denitrification. The spatial variability of NO3 concentrations, both along the flowpath and with depth, is related in each site to at least one of the following factors: (1) upward flux of deeper NO3-free groundwater; (2) in situ heterotrophic denitrification; (3) application of different types of fertilizer and other amendments. These factors are efficiently discriminated by the monitoring of just three, easily affordable, parameters: NO3, SO4 and Cl. PMID- 14769423 TI - Effects of reverse osmosis isolation on reactivity of naturally occurring dissolved organic matter in physicochemical processes. AB - A field reverse osmosis system was used to isolate dissolved organic matter (DOM) from two lacustrine and two riverine surface water sources. The rejection of DOM was on the order of 99% and did not vary significantly with pressure. A simple mass balance model using a single measured value of rejection predicted the concentration within the closed-loop isolation system. The effect of operating pressure and solution flux on mass recovery of DOM was evaluated in laboratory and field trials. Under controlled laboratory conditions, >99% of a lacustrine DOM could be accounted for. A fraction of the isolated DOM was not recoverable using hydrodynamic cleaning; however, this fraction was recovered by using a pH 10 NaOH wash solution. The mass recovered in the NaOH solution increased from <1% to >6% with increasing transmembrane pressures from 414 kPa (60 psi) to1000 kPa (145 psi), respectively. This is consistent with fouling that results from an increase in solution flux, and a decrease in tangential crossflow velocity. Under field conditions, mass balances were generally >95% and mass recovery was >90% in all cases. The effects of temperature on solution flux were consistent with changes in fluid viscosity; effects of temperature on membrane diffusivity or morphological properties were small. RO isolation under low pressure conditions designed to maximize DOM recovery had little effect on DOM reactivity evaluated in terms of nanofiltration membrane fouling, XAD-8 resin adsorption, activated carbon adsorption, competition with trichloroethylene for adsorption sites on activated carbon, and molecular weight distribution measured using size exclusion chromatography. PMID- 14769424 TI - The photocatalytic degradation of dicamba in TiO2 suspensions with the help of hydrogen peroxide by different near UV irradiations. AB - The direct photolysis and the photocatalytic degradations of dicamba in TiO2 suspensions with and without the use of hydrogen peroxide were studied using two different monochromatic UV irradiations (300 and 350 nm). Both the direct photolysis and photocatalytic degradations of dicamba follow pseudo-first-order decay kinetics. Photolysis reactions were slow but the corresponding photocatalysis rates were increased by about 3 and 5 times in the presence of TiO2 at 300 and 350 nm of UV, respectively. Photocatalytic rates were increased with the pH at acidic to neutral ranges because of the increase of hydroxide ions, but the reaction was gradually retarded at the alkaline medium due to the effect of charges repulsion. The different proton sources causing various degrees of rate retardation were due to the presence of the corresponding counter anions. The results of H2O2-assisted photocatalysis experiments showed that a low H2O2 dosage in photocatalysis using UV 300 nm would enhance the decay rate of dicamba by 2.4 times, but an overdose of H2O2 will retard the rate because of the expenditure of hydroxyl radicals. However, this process was found impracticable at UV 350 nm due to the absorption characteristic of H2O2. A neutral initial pH level was found to favour the H2O2-assisted photocatalysis at UV 300 nm. The reactions were highly retarded at the alkaline medium due to the unstable properties of H2O2. PMID- 14769425 TI - Biodegradability of organic by-products after natural organic matter oxidation with ClO2--case study. AB - Apart from well-known chlorites and chlorates, chlorine dioxide also generates easily biodegradable carbonyl compounds and short chain carboxylic acids during water disinfection. The main goal of the presented study was to examine the influence of natural organic matter (NOM) oxidation with chlorine dioxide, on the quantity as well as the quality of formed biodegradable by-products. In the experiments conducted at the pilot plant the sand filtered water (MWI) and ozonated/biofiltrated water (BAF) were oxidised with ClO2. The amount of BDOC formed as a result of the oxidation of both waters with ClO2 was compared. The results showed considerable differences in formation of ClO2 oxidation by products between non-ozonated and ozonated/biofiltered waters. The disinfection of ozonated/biofiltrated water with ClO2 generated comparable amounts of aldehydes and much higher amounts of carboxylic acids than ClO2 oxidation of sand filtered water. These findings are essential for waterworks with ozonation/biofiltration units and ClO2 disinfection implemented. PMID- 14769426 TI - Biosorption of binary heavy metal systems onto Sphaerotilus natans cells confined in an UF/MF membrane reactor: dynamic simulations by different Langmuir-type competitive models. AB - Continuous heavy metal biosorption in membrane reactor apparatus using binary metal solutions was here considered. A dynamic model was developed to simulate biosorption performances on the base of metal mass balances in the system considering biosorption as an equilibrium process. The effect of three Langmuir type competitive models on dynamic simulations of biosorption was then studied by using predictive equilibrium models (whose adjustable parameters were determined only by single metal system biosorption data) and not predictive equilibrium models (adjustable parameters directly by binary biosorption data). Predictive competitive models can give simulation profiles that are different from those obtained using non-predictive models. This detachment is due to the non-ideal competition among metals in solution which cannot be predicted only on the base of biosorption data in single metal systems. The dynamic model for multi component biosorption here proposed was compared with experimental results reported in the literature and obtained using a biomass in a similar membrane reactor apparatus with ternary metal systems. The simulated profiles (obtained by using predictive equilibrium models) can reproduce qualitatively the specific adsorbent selectivity and the overshoot regions in the permeate concentrations of the metals with the minor affinity. PMID- 14769427 TI - The use of nutshell carbons in drinking water filters for removal of trace metals. AB - Filtration of drinking water by point-of-use (POU) or point-of-entry (POE) systems is becoming increasingly popular in the United States. Drinking water is filtered to remove both organic and inorganic contaminants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of granular activated carbon from nutshells (almond, English walnut, pecan) in a POU water filtration system to determine its effectiveness in removing select, potentially toxic metal ions, namely, copper (Cu2+), lead (Pb2+) or zinc (Zn2+) found in drinking water. The nutshell-based carbon system was designated "Envirofilter" and was compared to four commercial POU systems with brand names of BRITA, Omni Filter, PUR and Teledyne Water Pik. Eight prototype "Envirofilters", consisting of individual or binary mixtures of carbons made from acid-activated almond or pecan shells and steam-activated pecan or walnut shells were constructed and evaluated for adsorption of the three metal ions. The results indicated that a binary mixture of carbons from acid-activated almond and either steam-activated pecan or walnut shells were the most effective in removing these metals from drinking water of all the POU systems evaluated. Binary mixtures of acid-activated almond shell-based carbon with either steam activated pecan shell- or walnut shell-based carbon removed nearly 100% of lead ion, 90-95% of copper ion and 80-90% of zinc ion. Overall the performance data on the "Envirofilters" suggest that these prototypes require less carbon than commercial filters to achieve the same metal adsorption efficiency and may also be a less expensive product. PMID- 14769428 TI - Linear correlation between inactivation of E. coli and OH radical concentration in TiO2 photocatalytic disinfection. AB - The biocidal action of the TiO2 photocatalyst has been now well recognized from massive experimental evidences, which demonstrates that the photocatalytic disinfection process could be technically feasible. However, the understanding on the photochemical mechanism of the biocidal action largely remains unclear. In particular, the identity of main acting photooxidants and their roles in the mechanism of killing microorganisms is under active investigation. It is generally accepted that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and OH radicals play the role. The aim of this study is to determine how the OH radical, acting either independently or in collaboration with other ROS, is quantitatively related to the inactivation of E. coli. The steady-state concentrations of OH radicals ([*OH]ss) in UV-illuminated TiO2 suspensions could be quantified from the measured photocatalytic degradation rates of p-chlorobenzoic acid (a probe compound) and its literature bimolecular rate constant with OH radicals. The results demonstrated an excellent linear correlation between [*OH]ss and the rates of E. coli inactivation, which indicates that the OH radical is the primary oxidant species responsible for inactivating E. coli in the UV/TiO2 process. The CT value of OH radical for achieving 2 log E. coli inactivation was initially found to be 0.8x10(-5) mg min/l, as predicted by the delayed Chick-Watson model. Although the primary role of OH radicals in photocatalytic disinfection processes has been frequently assumed, this is the first quantitative demonstration that the concentration of OH radicals and the biocidal activity is linearly correlated. PMID- 14769431 TI - Developmental gene control of brainstem function: views from the embryo. AB - The respiratory rhythm is generated within the hindbrain reticular formation, rostrally in the vicinity of the facial nucleus and caudally within the vagal/glossopharyngeal domain. This is probably one of the best models to understand how genes have been selected and conserved to control adaptive behaviour in vertebrates. The para-facial region is well understood with respect to the transcription factors that underlie antero-posterior specification of neural progenitors in the embryo. Hox paralogs and Hox-regulating genes kreisler and Krox-20 govern transient formation of developmental compartments, the rhombomeres, in which rhythmic neuronal networks develop. Hox are master genes selecting and coordinating the developmental fate of reticular and motor neurons thereby specifying patterns of motor activities operating throughout life. Neuronal function and development are also tightly linked in the vagal/glossopharyngeal domain. At this level, bdnf acts as a neurotrophin of peripheral chemoafferent neural populations and as a neuromodulator of the central rhythmogenic respiratory circuits. A general view is now emerging on the role of developmental transcription and trophic factors allowing the coordinated integration of different neuronal types to produce, and eventually refine, respiratory rhythmic pattern in a use-dependent manner. PMID- 14769432 TI - Functional genomics as an emerging strategy for the investigation of central mechanisms in experimental hypertension. AB - Centrally mediated increases in sympathetic nerve activity and attenuated arterial baroreflexes contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Despite the characterization of cellular and physiological mechanisms that regulate blood pressure and alterations that contribute to hypertension, the genetic and molecular basis of this pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Strategies to identify genes that contribute to central pathophysiologic mechanisms in hypertension include integrative biochemistry and physiology as well as functional genomics. This article summarizes recent progress in applying functional genomics to elucidate the genetic basis of altered central blood pressure regulatory mechanisms in hypertension. We describe approaches others and we have undertaken to investigate gene expression profiles in hypertensive models in order to identify genes that contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Finally, we provide the readers a roadmap for negotiating the route from experimental findings of gene expression profiling to translating their therapeutic potential. The combination of gene expression profiling and the phenotypic characterization of in vitro and in vivo loss or gain of function experiments for candidate genes have the potential to identify genes involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and may present novel targets for therapy. PMID- 14769433 TI - Redox signaling in central neural regulation of cardiovascular function. AB - One of the most prominent concepts to emerge in cardiovascular research over the past decade, especially in areas focused on angiotensin II (AngII), is that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical signaling molecules in a wide range of cellular processes. Many of the physiological effects of AngII are mediated by ROS, and alterations in AngII-mediated redox mechanisms are implicated in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Although most investigations to date have focused on the vasculature as a key player, the nervous system has recently begun to gain attention in this field. Accumulating evidence suggests that ROS have important effects on central neural mechanisms involved in blood pressure regulation, volume homeostasis, and autonomic function, particularly those that involve AngII signaling. Furthermore, oxidant stress in the central nervous system is implicated in the neuro-dysregulation associated with some forms of hypertension and heart failure. The main objective of this review is to discuss the recent progress and prospects for this new field of central redox signaling in cardiovascular regulation, while also addressing the molecular tools that have spurred it forward. PMID- 14769434 TI - Deciphering the mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity in the hypothalamo neurohypophyseal system--genomic and gene transfer strategies. AB - The hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS) is the specialised brain neurosecretory apparatus responsible for the production of a peptide hormone, vasopressin, that maintains water balance by promoting water conservation at the level of the kidney. Dehydration evokes a massive increase in the regulated release of hormone from the HNS, and this is accompanied by a plethora of changes in morphology, electrical properties and biosynthetic and secretory activity, all of which are thought to facilitate hormone production and delivery, and hence the survival of the organism. We have adopted a functional genomic strategy to understand the activity dependent plasticity of the HNS in terms of the co ordinated action of cellular and genetic networks. Firstly, using microarray gene profiling technologies, we are elucidating which genes are expressed in the HNS, and how the pattern of expression changes following physiological challenge. The next step is to use transgenic rats to probe the functions of these genes in the context of the physiological integrity of the whole organism. PMID- 14769435 TI - Cardiovascular regulation of supraoptic neurons in the rat: synaptic inputs and cellular signals. AB - The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus contains a population of neurons that project to the posterior pituitary where they release peptides into systemic circulation. The system has two main secretory products--vasopressin and oxytocin. The main systemic affects of vasopressin are related to body fluid homeostasis while circulating oxytocin is involved in parturition and lactation. The circulating levels of both hormones are, to a large part, determined by the electrical activity of the supraoptic neurons and other neurosecretory cells, which is in turn determined by synaptic inputs. More recent work suggests that there may be other dimensions to the cellular response of supraoptic neurons to these synaptic inputs. For example, it has been demonstrated that supraoptic neurons alter their synthesis of vasopressin and oxytocin in response to prolonged stimulation and that the morphology of cells in the supraoptic nucleus and its number of synaptic inputs change with the physiological conditions of the animal. These responses would appear to require some type of activity-dependent set of cellular signals. Candidates for such signals include members of the AP-1 transcription factor family whose expression in neurons has been linked to synaptic stimulation. This review will describe the effects of cardiovascular related stimuli on the expression of different members of the AP-1 family in the supraoptic nucleus. PMID- 14769436 TI - Nitric oxide and homeostatic control: an intercellular signalling molecule contributing to autonomic and neuroendocrine integration? AB - Accumulated evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO) plays a pivotal role in the central control of bodily homeostasis, including cardiovascular and fluid balance regulation. Two major neuronal substrates mediating NO actions in the control of homeostasis are the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, considered a key center for the integration of neuroendocrine and autonomic functions, and the supraoptic nucleus (SON). In this work, a comprehensive review of NO modulatory actions within the SON/PVN, including NO actions on neuroendocrine and autonomic outputs, as well as the cellular mechanisms underlying these effects is provided. Furthermore, this review comprises recent progress from our laboratory that adds to our current understanding of the cellular sources, targets and mechanisms underlying NO actions within neuroendocrine and autonomic hypothalamic neuronal circuits. By combining in vitro patch clamp recordings, tract-tracing neuroanatomy, immunohistochemistry and live imaging techniques, we started to shed light into the cellular sources and signals driving NO production within the SON and PVN, as well as NO actions and mechanisms targeting discrete neuronal populations within these circuits. Based on this new information, we have expanded one of the current working models in the field, highlighting a key role for NO as a signaling molecule that facilitates crosstalk among various cell types and systems. We propose that this dynamic NO signaling mechanisms may constitute a neuroanatomical and functional substrate underlying the ability of the SON and PVN to coordinate complex neuroendocrine and autonomic output patterns. PMID- 14769437 TI - The origin of sympathetic outflow in heart failure: the roles of angiotensin II and nitric oxide. AB - The regulation of sympathetic nerve activity in chronic heart failure (CHF) has been an area of renewed investigation. Understanding the central mechanisms that are responsible for sympatho-excitation in this disease state may help in reducing the deleterious effects of chronic sympatho-excitation. This review will summarize our understanding of abnormal reflex control of the circulation in CHF. The roles of the arterial baroreflex, the chemoreflex, the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex and the cardiopulmonary reflex are discussed. New experimental techniques that allow genetic manipulation of substances such as nitric oxide synthase in discrete areas of the brain aid in clarifying the role of NO in the modulation of sympathetic tone in the CHF state. Lastly, clinical implications of this work are discussed. PMID- 14769438 TI - Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into the brain stem to examine cardiovascular function: role of nitric oxide and Rho-kinase. AB - The central nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure via the sympathetic nervous system. Abnormal regulation of the sympathetic nerve activity is involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension. In particular, the brain stem, including the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), is a key site that controls and maintains blood pressure via the sympathetic nervous system. Nitric oxide (NO) is a unique molecule that influences sympathetic nerve activity. Rho-kinase is a downstream effector of the small GTPase, Rho, and is implicated in various cellular functions. We developed a technique to transfer adenovirus vectors encoding endothelial nitric oxide synthase and dominant-negative Rho-kinase into the NTS or the RVLM of rats in vivo. We applied this technique to hypertensive rats to explore the physiological significance of NO and Rho-kinase. PMID- 14769439 TI - Viral vectors as tools for studies of central cardiovascular control. AB - During the last few years physiological genomics has been the most rapidly developing area of physiology. Given the current ease of obtaining information about nucleotide sequences found in genomes and the vast amount of readily available clones, one of the most pertinent tasks is to find out about the roles of the individual genes and their families under normal and pathological conditions. Viral gene delivery into the brain is a powerful tool, which can be used to address a wide range of questions posed by physiological genomics including central nervous mechanisms regulating the cardio-vascular system. In this paper, we will give a short overview of current data obtained in this field using viral vectors and then look critically at the technology of viral gene transfer. PMID- 14769440 TI - Designing gene delivery vectors for cardiovascular gene therapy. AB - Genetic therapy in the cardiovascular system has been proposed for a variety of diseases ranging from prevention of vein graft failure to hypertension. Such diversity in pathogenesis requires the delivery of therapeutic genes to diverse cell types in vivo for varying lengths of time if efficient clinical therapies are to be developed. Data from extensive preclinical studies have been compiled and a certain areas have seen translation into large-scale clinical trials, with some encouraging reports. It is clear that progress within a number of disease areas is limited by a lack of suitable gene delivery vector systems through which to deliver therapeutic genes to the target site in an efficient, non-toxic manner. In general, currently available systems, including non-viral systems and viral vectors such as adenovirus (Ad) or adeno-associated virus (AAV), have a propensity to transduce non-vascular tissue with greater ease than vascular cells thereby limiting their application in cardiovascular disease. This problem has led to the development and testing of improved vector systems for cardiovascular gene delivery. Traditional viral and non-viral systems are being engineered to increase their efficiency of vascular cell transduction and diminish their affinity for other cell types through manipulation of vector:cell binding and the use of cell-selective promoters. It is envisaged that future use of such technology will substantially increase the efficacy of cardiovascular gene therapy. PMID- 14769441 TI - The role of the renin-angiotensin system in malignant vascular injury affecting the systemic and cerebral circulations. AB - Malignant hypertension is a rare but serious syndrome complicating 1% of essential hypertension and causing neurological, renal and cardiac complications. Despite improved anti-hypertensive medication, the incidence of this condition fails to decline. In the first part of this review, we discuss transgenic rat models of malignant hypertension, generated by over-expressing renin, to illustrate the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of systemic hypertensive vascular remodelling and hypertension. In the second part, we focus on the cerebrovascular response to hypertension and discuss new data using a conditional, transgenic model of malignant hypertension, the inducible hypertensive rat (IHR). Cerebral infarction associates strongly with hypertension in man and the mechanisms by which hypertension predisposes to different types of stroke remains poorly understood. Rats have similar cerebrovascular anatomy and structure to humans and as such provide a good experimental tool. To date, such models lack controllability and blood-pressure matched controls. Using the IHR, we have manipulated dietary salt and water intake to generate a novel, controllable stroke phenotype. Hypertensive small-vessel stroke develops over a predictable time period, permitting the study of developing cerebrovascular lesions. Systemic end-organ injury and hypertension are not affected. Dissociation of the systemic and central vascular responses in this way, will allow for comparative study of animals with equivalent hypertension, genetic background and systemic features of hypertension with or without stroke. PMID- 14769442 TI - Targeting neuronal nitric oxide synthase with gene transfer to modulate cardiac autonomic function. AB - Microdomains of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) are spatially localised within both autonomic neurons innervating the heart and post-junctional myocytes. This review examines the use of gene transfer to investigate the role of nNOS in cardiac autonomic control. Furthermore, it explores techniques that may be used to improve upon gene delivery to the cardiac autonomic nervous system, potentially allowing more specific delivery of genes to the target neurons/myocytes. This may involve modification of the tropism of the adenoviral vector, or the use of alternative viral and non-viral gene delivery mechanisms to minimise potential immune responses in the host. Here we show that adenoviral vectors provide an efficient method of gene delivery to cardiac-neural tissue. Functionally, adenovirus-nNOS can increase cardiac vagal responsiveness by facilitating cholinergic neurotransmission and decrease beta-adrenergic excitability. Whether gene transfer remains the preferred strategy for targeting cardiac autonomic impairment will depend on site-specific promoters eliciting sustained gene expression that results in restoration of physiological function. PMID- 14769448 TI - The Trojan horse of nurse education. PMID- 14769450 TI - The future of nurse education: characterised by paradoxes. AB - According to the World Health Organisation [Health 21: Health for All in the 21st century, 1998], the 21st century offers a bright vision of better health and social care for all. However, the report Healthcare futures 2010 [Welsh Institute for health and Social Care, Pontypridd, 1998] has suggested that the future is far from straightforward and will be characterised by a series of 'paradoxes'. These include: the increased emphasis on health promotion and yet the great demand for cure and treatment of illness; public reliance upon professionalism within nursing and yet greater lay assertiveness; and a greater demand for technical competence and the need for 'human' qualities linked to the debate around the issue of competency. It is imperative that we examine some of the possible implications of these paradoxes and explicate their effects on the future development of nursing education. PMID- 14769451 TI - The origins of current nurse education policy and its implications for nurse educators. AB - The publication of Fitness for Practice [UKCC Commission for Nursing and Midwifery Education, 1999. Fitness for Practice (Chair Sir Leonard Peach). UKCC, London] in the United Kingdom (UK) came at a time when anxiety was being expressed by UK government and the National Health Service (NHS) over the suitability of newly trained nurses to be 'fit for purpose'. There had been growing disquiet that the education reforms of the 1990s, which had seen nurse education move into higher education, had failed to deliver skilled nurses for the modern healthcare system. Fitness for Practice (loc. cit.) became the driving force behind government's attempts to bring about change nurse education policy. In the process of these reforms, nurse educators were marginalised and portrayed a negative light. The implementation time of the report was one to two years. This makes the policy ripe for discussion and analysis to explore the complexity of its recommendations, and its implications for UK nurse educators within a higher education context. PMID- 14769452 TI - Issues in the socialisation process of the male student nurse: implications for retention in undergraduate nursing courses. AB - Although the number of males who choose nursing as a career is increasing, there is evidence to suggest that attrition rates are significantly high. This paper presents a review of the literature that focuses on highlighting those factors thought to impinge on the educational experience of the male nursing student. The discussion begins by illuminating the problems experienced by males who choose a profession where the traditional gender role is female. From this, the implications for nurse educators and strategies for facilitating the retention of male students in nursing courses are discussed. In particular, focus is given to the fact that nurse educators have the tendency to isolate male nursing students both in the educational and clinical setting. From this, it is highlighted that continued efforts need to be applied in relation to dispelling traditional nurse role stereotypes if the goal of retaining male nursing students is to be realised. PMID- 14769453 TI - The approaches to learning of support workers employed in the care home sector: an evaluation study. AB - This study examined the approaches to learning of a cohort (n=76) of National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) Care Award candidates using the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students. The NVQ candidates were support workers (SWs) (sometimes called care assistants) employed in United Kingdom (UK) care homes for older people. The aim was to identify SWs' approaches to learning and to determine whether or not a preparatory six-week College-based course had any impact on these approaches. The findings were encouraging. The course had a positive impact with a statistically significant increase in orientation towards a deep learning approach, which is associated with desirable learning outcomes as well as self-directed and lifelong learning skills. The UK government recognises that lifelong learning enables people to continually develop their talents, thereby enhancing local communities and contributing to a civilised, cohesive society. In a health care environment, adopting a deep approach is likely to be beneficial. Those who use evidence to inform practice, who are able to relate elements of what they are taught to their working experiences and who are able to adapt to meet new challenges, are more likely to enhance their practice and become more effective carers. PMID- 14769454 TI - Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. AB - Qualitative content analysis as described in published literature shows conflicting opinions and unsolved issues regarding meaning and use of concepts, procedures and interpretation. This paper provides an overview of important concepts (manifest and latent content, unit of analysis, meaning unit, condensation, abstraction, content area, code, category and theme) related to qualitative content analysis; illustrates the use of concepts related to the research procedure; and proposes measures to achieve trustworthiness (credibility, dependability and transferability) throughout the steps of the research procedure. Interpretation in qualitative content analysis is discussed in light of Watzlawick et al.'s [Pragmatics of Human Communication. A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies and Paradoxes. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, London] theory of communication. PMID- 14769455 TI - Teaching sex education: are Scottish school nurses prepared for the challenge? AB - Teaching sex education to school pupils in Scotland continues to be a controversial issue. In reality there is lack of leadership, strategy and an uncoordinated approach to delivering this important topic. The school nurse is frequently identified as a suitable professional to lead the way because it is assumed that school nurses are well educated in the field of sexual and reproductive health. Nationally, little is known about the educational status of Scottish school nurses and there is no research evidence available from which generalisations can be made. This study aims to explore the educational preparation of school nurses that underpins teaching sex education to school pupils in Scotland. A cross-sectional descriptive study was completed in September 1998. The results confirmed that school nurses in Scotland are predominantly female and 70% of the respondents (n=117) were over the age of 40 years of age. No common basic nursing qualification was identified. The majority of school nurses in Scotland perceive sex education to be part of their role and 39% (n=65) testified that specific sexual health training had been undertaken. Many lack confidence in this area of practice and are aware of extensive educational needs in relation to teaching sexual health and reproductive health. Despite these findings 75% (n=126) were actively involved in teaching sex education to school pupils. PMID- 14769456 TI - Angel, handmaiden, battleaxe or whore? A study which examines changes in newly recruited student nurses' attitudes to gender and nursing stereotypes. AB - This article presents the findings of a comparative study, which investigated the attitudes of two groups of newly recruited student nurses to gender and nursing stereotypes. The 1992 sample (n=100) was a group of student nurses who were in their second day of studies of a Project 2000 type curriculum. The 2002 sample (n=96) were in their second month of studies of a "Fitness for Practice" curriculum [Fitness for Practice (the 'Peach Report'), UKCC, London, 1999]. Data were collected using a questionnaire, which utilised a Likert scale for measurement of attitudes to statements pertaining to gender and nursing stereotypes. The findings reveal significant differences between the characteristics of the two groups of students. For example, the 2002 group were generally older and had more healthcare experience. However, male representation in the sample groups was similar. The overall high scores and implied propensity towards beliefs in gender and nursing stereotypes in the 1992 study was found not to be the case for the 2002 sample. This is particularly true of most statements related to gender stereotypes, nursing as 'feminine', male nurse stereotyping and issues related to nurses' uniform. However, there is less evidence of changes in attitudes towards female nursing stereotypes with indecision being a general feature of both the 1992 and 2002 responses. PMID- 14769457 TI - Change in nursing students' perceptions of nursing during their education: the role of the Introduction to Nursing course in this change. AB - This study was performed to investigate the changes in students' perceptions of nursing during their education and to evaluate the role of an Introduction to Nursing course in this change. This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 39 nursing students at their first educational season. Within the first hour of the Introduction to Nursing course (which was conducted by the researcher), the students were asked to define nursing according to their own ideas and they were requested to give written answers. Then, the objectives, contents, education methods and mutual expectations related to the course were discussed. During this course interactive learning strategies were used. At the end of the term, the students were provided with their first nursing definitions. They were asked to examine these definitions and write a new one in line with their criticisms, along with their opinions about the education methods used and the instructor of the course. The definitions written by the students before and after the course were analysed one by one. The expressions within these definitions were extracted, classified and then compared. The opinions of the students about the education methods used and the instructor of the course were also classified and evaluated by the researcher. Percentages were used in the evaluation of data. According to the results of this study the Introduction to Nursing course had a positive effect on students' understanding of nursing as a profession. In addition, they expressed positive opinions about the education methods used and the instructor. PMID- 14769458 TI - Problem-based learning: ancient Chinese educational philosophy reflected in a modern educational methodology. AB - Problem-based learning (PBL) has been widely adopted as a strategy by nurse educators all over the world. Many studies have been carried out to examine its process and outcomes. There are few studies discussing the relevance of PBL to students with different cultural background. This study reports the experiences of Chinese students in Hong Kong using PBL and explores if their experiences were compatible with the educational philosophy documented in traditional Chinese literature. The phenomenological approach was used in the treatment of data. The informants were students enrolled in the post-registration nursing degree programme at a university in Hong Kong during 1997-1998. A total of 94 journals were included in the analysis. Seven main themes emerged from the phenomenological analysis. They were the integration of knowing and doing, critical reflection and debate, individuality of learning, self-motivated learning, critical inquiry and independent thinking, timeliness of instruction and cooperative learning. This study provides evidence to show that PBL is an approach that is compatible with the Chinese way of learning. The result of this study shows that aspects of the modern PBL process harken back to an ancient Chinese learning philosophy that underpins Chinese learning today. PMID- 14769459 TI - Nursing students' perceptions of smoking prevention. AB - Smoking behaviors of student nurses may have a profound effect on the implementation of smoking-prevention activities in the future, as they are the future nurses. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of smoking among student nurses in Israel and to identify factors associated with the students' attitude to their role in smoking prevention and to nurses as role models regarding smoking. Student nurses from three large academic schools (782 respondents) answered a self-administered questionnaire. About 22% reported being current smokers. The latter more frequently reported positive attitudes to nurses' smoking and saw no ethical problems in their smoking. Smokers also reported less frequently that nurses should be active in smoking prevention. In a logistic regression model, attitudes to nurses' role in smoking prevention, smoking status, and having friends who smoked were associated with the attitude to nurses as role models. Attitude to nurses as role models was the main variable explaining variance in attitudes to nurses' role in prevention. Smoking status and students' social environment exerted a marked influence on students' attitudes to smoking role modeling. A more holistic approach to student nurses' education about smoking prevention is called for. PMID- 14769460 TI - Characterization of a novel carbofuran degrading Pseudomonas sp. with collateral biocontrol and plant growth promoting potential. AB - The isolate NJ-101 obtained from agricultural soil was characterized and presumptively identified as Pseudomonas sp. The isolate exhibited efficient degradation of the insecticide carbofuran with a rate constant of 0.035 day(-1), following first-order rate kinetics. The ability of performing multifarious biological activities in tandem suggested the uniqueness of isolate NJ-101. The ability to produce hydrogen cyanide and siderophore stipulated its role in biological control. Furthermore, the growth inhibition of Fusarium sp. validated the antagonistic activity of NJ-101 against the common phytopathogens. Concurrent production of indole acetic acid, and solubilization of inorganic phosphate revealed its plant growth promoting potential. Thus, the innate capability of this novel isolate for parallel biodegradation, biocontrol and plant growth promotion has significance in management of the agro-environmental and phytopathological problems. PMID- 14769461 TI - Survey of molecular methods for the typing of wine yeast strains. AB - A survey of the genetic polymorphisms produced by distinct methods was performed in 23 commercial winery yeast strains. Microsatellite typing, using six different loci, an optimized interdelta sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA generated by the enzyme HinfI had the same discriminatory power: among the 23 commercial yeast strains, 21 distinct patterns were obtained. Karyotype analysis gave 22 patterns, thereby allowing the discrimination of one of the three strains that were not distinguished by the other methods. Due to the equivalence of the results obtained in this survey, any of the methods can be applied at the industrial scale. PMID- 14769462 TI - Effect of pH on the activity of bovicin HC5, a bacteriocin from Streptococcus bovis HC5. AB - The bacteriocin, bovicin HC5, catalyzed potassium efflux from Streptococcus bovis JB1, and this activity was highly pH dependent. When the pH was near neutral, glucose-energized cells were not affected by bovicin HC5, but the intracellular steady-state concentration of potassium decreased at acidic pH values. The idea that pH was affecting bovicin HC5 binding was supported by the observation that acidic pH also enhanced the efflux of potassium from non-energized cells that had been loaded with potassium. The relationship between bovicin HC5 concentration and potassium depletion was a saturation function, but cooperativity plots indicated that the binding of one bovicin molecule to the cell membrane facilitated the binding of another. PMID- 14769463 TI - The Mig protein of Streptococcus dysgalactiae inhibits bacterial internalization into bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. AB - The role of the Mig protein of Streptococcus dysgalactiae in bacterial adhesion and internalization of bovine mammary gland epithelial cells (MAC-T) was investigated with the wild-type and isogenic mig mutant strains. While there was no difference in adhesion between the strains, the wild-type strain exhibited a significantly lower level of invasion than the mutants. The lower level of internalization of the Mig(+) strain is likely due to Mig-mediated interference with uptake of the microorganisms rather than the host protein binding properties of Mig. Avoidance of intimate interactions with the host cells might be an alternative strategy for S. dysgalactiae to survive and persist in the bovine mammary glands. PMID- 14769464 TI - Oxalate metabolism by the acetogenic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica. AB - Whole-cell and cell-extract experiments were performed to study the mechanism of oxalate metabolism in the acetogenic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica. In short term, whole-cell assays, oxalate consumption was low unless cell suspensions were supplemented with CO(2), KNO(3), or Na(2)S(2)O(3). Cell extracts catalyzed the oxalate-dependent reduction of benzyl viologen. Oxalate consumption occurred concomitant to benzyl viologen reduction; when benzyl viologen was omitted, oxalate was not appreciably consumed. Based on benzyl viologen reduction, specific activities of extracts averaged 0.6 micromol oxalate oxidized min(-1) mg protein(-1). Extracts also catalyzed the formate-dependent reduction of NADP(+); however, oxalate-dependent reduction of NADP(+) was negligible. Oxalate- or formate-dependent reduction of NAD(+) was not observed. Addition of coenzyme A (CoA), acetyl-CoA, or succinyl-CoA to the assay had a minimal effect on the oxalate-dependent reduction of benzyl viologen. These results suggest that oxalate metabolism by M. thermoacetica requires a utilizable electron acceptor and that CoA-level intermediates are not involved. PMID- 14769465 TI - Conjugative transfer, stability and expression of a plasmid encoding a cry1Ac gene in Bacillus cereus group strains. AB - The plasmid pHT73 containing cry1Ac and tagged with an erythromycin resistance gene was transferred from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki KT0 to several Bacillus cereus group strains by conjugation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and phase contrast microscopy showed that the transconjugants containing plasmid pHT73 could express Cry1Ac toxin and produce bipyramidal crystalline inclusion bodies during sporulation. The study demonstrated that pHT73 could be transferred to B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, several B. cereus strains and Bacillus mycoides. Under non-selective conditions, the stability of the pHT73 plasmid in the transconjugants was found to be 58.2-100% after 100 generations and 4-96% after 200 generations. The variations are mainly caused by the choice of receptor strain. PMID- 14769466 TI - Characterisation of an extracellular serine protease gene (nasp gene) from Dermatophilus congolensis. AB - A partial amino acid sequence of a serine protease from Dermatophilus congolensis allowed the design of oligonucleotide primers that were complemented with additional ones from previously published partial sequences of the gene encoding the enzyme. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using combinations of specific and degenerate oligonucleotide primers, allowed the amplification of a 1738-bp internal fragment of the gene, which was finally characterised by inverse PCR as the first full-length sequenced serine protease gene (nasp) from Dermatophilus congolensis. The deduced amino acid sequence of this enzyme, probably involved in the pathogenesis of dermatophilosis, links it to the subtilisin family of proteases. PMID- 14769467 TI - The impact of feed composition on biodegradation of benzoate under cyclic (aerobic/anoxic) conditions. AB - The response of a mixed microbial culture to different feed compositions, that is, containing benzoate and pyruvate as sole carbon sources at different levels, was studied in a chemostat with a 48-h hydraulic residence time under cyclic aerobic and anoxic (denitrifying) conditions. The cyclic bacterial culture was well adapted to different feed compositions as evidenced by the lack of accumulation of benzoate or pyruvate in the chemostat. Both the benzoate degrading capabilities and the in vitro catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23DO) activities of the cyclic bacterial cultures were in direct proportion to the flux through the chemostat of the substrate degraded by the pathway containing C23DO, with some exceptions. The quantity of C23DO showed a transient decrease during the initial portion of the aerobic period before returning to the level present during the anoxic period. That decrease was most likely caused by the production of H(2)O(2) by the cells upon being returned to aerobic conditions. PMID- 14769468 TI - MprF-mediated biosynthesis of lysylphosphatidylglycerol, an important determinant in staphylococcal defensin resistance. AB - Frequently bacteria are exposed to membrane-damaging cationic antimicrobial molecules (CAMs) produced by the host's immune system (defensins, cathelicidins) or by competing microorganisms (bacteriocins). Staphylococcus aureus achieves CAM resistance by modifying anionic phosphatidylglycerol with positively charged L lysine, resulting in repulsion of the peptides. Inactivation of the novel S. aureus gene, mprF, which is found in many bacterial pathogens, has resulted in the loss of lysylphosphatidylglycerol (L-PG), increased inactivation by CAM containing neutrophils, and attenuated virulence. We demonstrate here that expression of mprF is sufficient to confer L-PG production in Escherichia coli, which indicates that MprF represents the L-PG synthase. L-PG biosynthesis was studied in vitro and found to be dependent on phosphatidylglycerol and lysyl tRNA, two putative substrate molecules. Further addition of cadaverin, a competitive inhibitor of the lysyl-tRNA synthetases, or of RNase A abolished L-PG biosynthesis, thereby confirming the involvement of lysyl-tRNA. This study forms the basis for further detailed analyses of L-PG biosynthesis and its role in bacterial infections. PMID- 14769469 TI - Analysis of gyrA and parC mutations in enterococci from environmental samples with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. AB - The quinolone resistance determining regions of gyrA and parC in four species of enterococci from environmental samples with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were sequenced. The nucleotide sequence variations of parC could be related to the different enterococcal species. Mutations in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium related to reduced susceptibility were identical to mutations detected in E. faecalis and E. faecium of clinical origin. A minimal inhibitory concentration of 8 microg ml(-1) to ciprofloxacin was not associated with any mutations in the gyrA and parC gene of Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum. These two species may be intrinsically less susceptible to ciprofloxacin. PMID- 14769470 TI - An extra large insertion in the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase from Delftia acidovorans DS-17: its deletion effects and relation to cellular proteolysis. AB - The polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase (PhaC(Da)) from Delftia acidovorans DS-17 (formerly Comamonas acidovorans) has a unique large insertion consisting of 40 amino acid residues in the alpha/beta hydrolase fold region. In order to examine whether this insertion is necessary for enzyme function, we generated a mutant gene where the nucleotides encoding the insertion sequence were deleted [phaC(Da)del(342-381)]. The ability of the mutant PhaC(Da) lacking the insertion sequence to produce PHA in recombinant Escherichia coli JM109 was compared with that of wild-type PhaC(Da). The results revealed that the mutant enzyme had approximately one fourth the activity of the wild-type enzyme. However, there was no significant difference in PHA content accumulated in cells harboring either the mutant PhaC(Da) or wild-type PhaC(Da) nor were there any differences in the molecular masses of the produced polymers. Therefore, we have concluded that the characteristic insertion is not indispensable for PHA synthesis. Also, slight cellular proteolysis in E. coli was found specifically for wild-type PhaC(Da) by Western blot analysis. This result prompted us to further examine the proteolytic stability of PhaC(Da) in D. acidovorans. Consequently, it has been suggested that the insertion region of PhaC(Da) is susceptible to cellular proteolysis during accumulation of PHA. PMID- 14769471 TI - Distribution of the NisI immunity protein and enhancement of nisin activity by the lipid-free NisI. AB - Lactococcus lactis cells producing the antibacterial peptide nisin protect their own cytoplasmic membrane by specific immunity proteins, NisI and NisF/E/G. We show here that approximately half of the produced NisI escaped the lipid modification (LF-NisI=lipid-free NisI) and was secreted to the medium, and that LF-NisI had no affinity to cells of L. lactis. The molar ratio of NisI and nisin was determined to be approximately 1:10 on the cell surface and 1:50 in the culture supernatant. Purified LF-NisI was shown to enhance the activity of nisin against several tested indicator strains. The enhancement of nisin activity by LF NisI was not observed with cells containing the NisFEG transport system. PMID- 14769472 TI - Genotypic diversity among Bacillus licheniformis strains from various sources. AB - Bacillus licheniformis is exploited industrially for the production of enzymes and has been shown to exhibit pathogenic properties. Because of these divergent characteristics, questions arise concerning intraspecies diversity. A comparative study by means of combined repetitive polymerase chain reaction, rpoB and gyrA sequencing, 16S rDNA targeted probe analysis, DNA-DNA hybridizations, gelatinase tests and antibiotic susceptibility tests was performed on a set of strains from diverse sources, including strains with pathogenic potential. B. licheniformis was found to consist of two lineages that are distinguished genotypically. PMID- 14769473 TI - Hpr (ScoC) and the phosphorelay couple cell cycle and sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. AB - Bacillus subtilis sporulation is a developmental process that culminates in the formation of a highly resistant and persistent endospore. Inhibiting DNA synthesis prior to the completion of the final round of DNA replication blocks sporulation at an early stage. Conditions that prevent compartmentalization of gene expression, i.e. inhibition of asymmetric septum formation or chromosome partitioning, also block sporulation at an early stage. Multiple mechanisms including a RecA-dependent, a RecA-independent, and the soj-spo0J operon have been implicated in signal transduction, connecting DNA replication and chromosome partitioning to the onset of sporulation in B. subtilis. We suggest that a single mechanism involving Hpr (ScoC) and Sda couple cell cycle signaling to sporulation initiation. We show that transcription of phosphorelay sensory chain genes is adversely affected by post-exponential perturbation of the cell cycle. DNA replication arrest by chemical treatments, such as hydroxyphenylazouracil, hydroxyurea, nalidixic acid, and through genetic means using dnaA1ts and dnaB19ts temperature-sensitive mutants caused substantial down-regulation of spo0F and kinA expression and elevated the expression of spo0A and spo0H (sigH). Despite the elevation in spo0A expression, Spo0A approximately P-dependent sinI expression was substantially down-regulated indicating that in vivo Spo0A approximately P levels may be diminished. Similar alterations in gene expression patterns were observed in an ftsA279ts mutant background, indicating that cytokinesis and sporulation may also be coupled by a similar mechanism. Loss of function mutation in hpr (scoC) restored sporulation in a dnaA1ts mutant, blocked the DNA replication arrest induction of spo0A expression and restored expression of spo0F, kinA and sinI. Moreover, hpr expression was up-regulated in response to DNA replication arrest. The increase in hpr expression required Sda. These results suggest a role for Hpr (ScoC) in mediating the coupling of cell cycle events to the onset of sporulation. PMID- 14769474 TI - Cleavage of double-stranded DNA by the intrinsic 3'-5' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase B1 from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus at high temperature. AB - The substrate requirement of the intrinsic 3'-5' exonuclease of DNA polymerase B1 from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 (Sso polB1) was investigated. Sso polB1 degraded both single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) DNA at similar rates in vitro at temperatures of physiological relevance. No difference was found in the cleavage of 3'-recessive, 3'-protruding and blunt ended DNA duplexes at these temperatures. However, a single-stranded nick in duplex DNA was less readily employed by the enzyme to initiate cleavage than a free 3' end. At lower temperatures, Sso polB1 cleaved ssDNA more efficiently than dsDNA. The strong 3'-5' exonuclease activity of polB1 was inhibited by 50% in the presence of 2 microM dNTPs, but remained measurable at up to 600 microM dNTPs. In view of the strong exonuclease activity of Sso polB1 on matched dsDNA, we suggest that S. solfataricus may have evolved mechanisms to regulate the exonuclease/polymerase ratio of the enzyme, thereby reducing the cost of proofreading at high temperature. PMID- 14769475 TI - Purification, characterization, and gene cloning of cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase from benzamide-assimilating Arthrobacter sp. BA-5-17. AB - cis,cis-Muconate cycloisomerase (MC) was purified to homogeneity from benzamide assimilating Arthrobacter sp. BA-5-17. The purified enzyme showed high activities for cis,cis-muconate and 3-methyl-cis,cis-muconate, and preferred the 3 substituted derivatives over the derivatives with the same substituent at the 2 position as a substrate. A gene encoding MC of strain BA-5-17 was cloned and named catB. The catB gene was clustered with catR encoding a putative LysR-type regulator, catC encoding a putative muconolactone isomerase, and catA-II encoding the catechol 1,2-dioxygenase isozymes CD-III-1 and III-2. These genes showed the same orientation in transcriptional direction and the organization of cloned genes was catRBCA-II. In the phylogenetic analysis of MCs and chloro-MCs, the BA 5-17 and Streptomyces setonii MCs formed a subfamily, clearly distinguished from those of other MCs. PMID- 14769476 TI - Monitoring the cell number and viability of Lactobacillus helveticus GCL1001 in human feces by PCR methods. AB - Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested reverse transcription (RT) PCR were applied to demonstrate the viability of lactobacilli in the feces of volunteers fed fermented milk containing lactobacilli. Two sets of specific primers and a TaqMan probe for real-time PCR were constructed using the S-layer gene as a target. After fermented milk ingestion, Lactobacillus helveticus GCL1001 was detected in the feces of 12 volunteers over a few days, with the maximum number being between 10(4.5) and 10(7.8) cells g(-1) of feces. Moreover, mRNA from this strain was detected in the feces of all volunteers by nested RT PCR. The results show that these methods are applicable to the demonstration of bacterial viability in feces, and that ingested L. helveticus GCL1001 can survive through the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 14769477 TI - The key Sinorhizobium meliloti succinoglycan biosynthesis gene exoY is expressed from two promoters. AB - Bacterial exopolysaccharide, succinoglycan, plays an important role in eliciting infection thread formation, which is a key step in the establishment of Sinorhizobium meliloti-alfalfa (Medicago sativa) nitrogen fixing symbiosis. To understand the regulatory mechanisms that control production of succinoglycan, the expression of the key succinoglycan biosynthesis gene, exoY, was analyzed by constructing a set of nested deletions of the exoY promoter region. Two exoY promoters were identified based on the promoter activities and confirmed by direct detection of the transcripts. The expression from both promoters was induced in the exoR95 and exoS96 mutant backgrounds suggesting that both promoters are regulated by the ExoR protein and the ExoS/ChvI two-component signal transduction system. The identification of the exoY promoters provides additional avenue for further analysis of the role of succinoglycan in S. meliloti-alfalfa symbiosis. PMID- 14769478 TI - Anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts from mycelia of Antrodia camphorata cultured with water-soluble fractions from five different Cinnamomum species. AB - We have previously reported that polysaccharides extracted from fruiting bodies or cultured mycelia of Antrodia camphorata exhibit an anti-hepatitis B virus effect. In this study, we intended to elucidate the anti-inflammatory potency of six mycelial extracts, namely PDB-ext, CK-ext, CM-ext, CO-ext, CC-ext, and CKO ext, isolated from mycelia of A. camphorata cultured with six different media including potato dextrose broth (PDB) and five water-soluble fractions from the wood of different Cinnamomum species, i.e. C. kanehirae (CK), C. micranthum (CM), C. osmophloeum (CO), C. camphora (CC), and C. kotoense (CKO), against reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine (fMLP) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in peripheral human neutrophils (PMN) or mononuclear cells (MNC). ROS produced by PMN or MNC act as inflammatory mediators and also signal immune responses. Pretreatment with these mycelial extracts (1-50 microg ml(-1)) concentration-dependently diminished fMLP- or PMA-induced ROS production in PMN or MNC, as measured by lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence, with 50% inhibition concentrations (IC(50)) ranging from 2 to 20 microg ml(-1). Among these extracts evaluated, CM-ext, CO-ext, or CKO-ext exhibited higher potency than the others. Using high performance liquid chromatography, we identified two lanostane-type compounds, i.e. dehydrosulfurenic acid and 15alpha-acetyl-dehydrosulfurenic acid, which could be involved in the anti-inflammatory actions of these extracts. The anti inflammatory actions of these extracts were not due to cytotoxic effects. In summary, these data suggest that extracts from cultured mycelia of A. camphorata display anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting ROS production in human leukocytes at a pharmacologically applicable concentration. The biological activities of these extracts were further promoted when the culture medium was replaced with water-soluble fractions isolated from the wood of CM, CO or CKO. PMID- 14769479 TI - In vitro growth characteristics of five candidate aquaculture probiotics and two fish pathogens grown in fish intestinal mucus. AB - The selection of probiotics for aquaculture is usually based on their antagonism towards pathogens. However, other criteria such as growth, attachment to intestinal mucus and production of beneficial compounds should also be considered. We suggest a protocol for the isolation and selection of potential probiotic bacteria based on their in vitro growth characteristics and propose a ranking index (RI) to screen potential aquaculture probionts. We suggest that the lag period and doubling time are the most important criteria for the comparison of growth curves, hence the RI is based on the doubling time (t(d)) and lag period (lambda) obtained from the growth profile of each bacterium. Bacteria were isolated from the gut of the common clownfish, Amphiprion percula, and screened for antagonistic activity towards seven aquatic pathogens. All five candidate probiotics showed antagonism to various aquatic pathogens. When grown in intestinal fish mucus no probiotic had a RI higher than the two tested pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio alginolyticus). However, candidate probiont AP1 had a faster specific growth rate (micro) (0.05) than the pathogens (0.049 and 0.047 respectively), while AP5 grown in marine broth had a shorter lag period than the pathogens. Strategies to increase probiotic concentration include the inoculation of high concentrations and the preconditioning of these bacteria to reduce the lag period. It should be tested whether or not such strategies will allow the probiotic bacteria to dominate initially and thereby gain a competitive advantage. This could become an important aspect under in vivo conditions where both attachment and nutrient supply differ from that found in in vitro studies. PMID- 14769481 TI - Metabolic and health implications of moderate ketosis and the ketogenic diet. PMID- 14769482 TI - Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and ketogenesis: an emerging connection. AB - This paper summarizes the emerging literature indicating that at least two polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; linoleate, alpha-linolenate) are moderately ketogenic and that via ketone bodies significant amounts of carbon are recycled from these fatty acids into de novo synthesis of lipids including cholesterol, palmitate, stearate and oleate. This pathway (PUFA carbon recycling) is particularly active in several tissues during the suckling period when, depending on the tissue, >200 fold more carbon from alpha-linolenate can be recycled into newly synthesized lipids than is used to make docosahexaenoate. At least in rats, PUFA carbon recycling also occurs in adults and even during extreme linoleate deficiency. Hence, this pathway should be considered an obligatory component of PUFA metabolism. It is still speculative but part of the clinical benefit of the very high fat ketogenic diet in intractable seizures may be achieved by raising plasma levels of PUFA that have anti-seizure effects, especially arachidonate and docosahexaenoate. Hence, in addition to some PUFA being ketogenic substrates, the state of ketosis involves potentially beneficial changes in PUFA homeostasis. Both the molecular controls on these pathways and their clinical significance still need elucidation. PMID- 14769483 TI - Pathways and control of ketone body metabolism: on the fringe of lipid biochemistry. AB - Ketone bodies become major body fuels during fasting and consumption of a high fat, low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diet. Hyperketonemia is associated with potential health benefits. Ketone body synthesis (ketogenesis) is the last recognizable step of lipid energy metabolism, a pathway that links dietary lipids and adipose triglycerides to the Krebs cycle and respiratory chain and has three highly regulated control points: (1) adipocyte lipolysis, (2) mitochondrial fatty acids entry, controlled by the inhibition of carnitine palmityl transferase I by malonyl coenzyme A (CoA) and (3) mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase, which catalyzes the irreversible first step of ketone body synthesis. Each step is suppressed by an elevated circulating insulin level or insulin/glucagon ratio. The utilization of ketone bodies (ketolysis) also determines circulating ketone body levels. Consideration of ketone body metabolism reveals the mechanisms underlying the extreme fragility of dietary ketosis to carbohydrate intake and highlights areas for further study. PMID- 14769484 TI - The ketogenic diet; fatty acids, fatty acid-activated receptors and neurological disorders. AB - This review outlines the molecular sensors that reprogram cellular metabolism in response to the ketogenic diet (KD). Special emphasis is placed on the fasting-, fatty acid- and drug-activated transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). The KD causes a switch to ketogenesis that is coordinated with an array of changes in cellular lipid, amino acid, carbohydrate and inflammatory pathways. The role of both liver and brain PPARalpha in mediating such changes will be examined, with special reference to the anti-epileptic effects not only of the KD but a range of synthetic anti epileptic drugs such as valproate. Finally, the implications of the KD and activated brain PPARalpha will be discussed in the context of their potential involvement in a range of disorders of neuro-degeneration and neuro-inflammation. PMID- 14769485 TI - Brain uptake and metabolism of ketone bodies in animal models. AB - As a consequence of the high fat content of maternal milk, the brain metabolism of the suckling rat represents a model of naturally occurring ketosis. During the period of lactation, the rate of uptake and metabolism of the two ketone bodies, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate is high. The ketone bodies enter the brain via monocarboxylate transporters whose expression and activity is much higher in the brain of the suckling than the mature rat. beta-Hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate taken up by the brain are efficiently used as substrates for energy metabolism, and for amino acid and lipid biosynthesis, two pathways that are important for this period of active brain growth. Ketone bodies can represent about 30-70% of the total energy metabolism balance of the immature rat brain. The active metabolism of ketone bodies in the immature brain is related to the high activity of the enzymes of ketone body metabolism. Thus, the use of ketone bodies by the immature rodent brain serves to spare glucose for metabolic pathways that cannot be fulfilled by ketones such as the pentose phosphate pathway mainly. The latter pathway leads to the biosynthesis of ribose mandatory for DNA synthesis and NADPH which is not formed during ketone body metabolism and is a key cofactor in lipid biosynthesis. Finally, ketone bodies by serving mainly biosynthetic purposes spare glucose for the emergence of various functions such as audition, vision as well as more integrated and adapted behaviors whose appearance during brain maturation seems to critically relate upon active glucose supply and specific regional increased use. PMID- 14769486 TI - Ketogenic diet, brain glutamate metabolism and seizure control. AB - We do not know the mode of action of the ketogenic diet in controlling epilepsy. One possibility is that the diet alters brain handling of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter and a probable factor in evoking and perpetuating a convulsion. We have found that brain metabolism of ketone bodies can furnish as much as 30% of glutamate and glutamine carbon. Ketone body metabolism also provides acetyl-CoA to the citrate synthetase reaction, in the process consuming oxaloacetate and thereby diminishing the transamination of glutamate to aspartate, a pathway in which oxaloacetate is a reactant. Relatively more glutamate then is available to the glutamate decarboxylase reaction, which increases brain [GABA]. Ketosis also increases brain [GABA] by increasing brain metabolism of acetate, which glia convert to glutamine. GABA-ergic neurons readily take up the latter amino acid and use it as a precursor to GABA. Ketosis also may be associated with altered amino acid transport at the blood-brain barrier. Specifically, ketosis may favor the release from brain of glutamine, which transporters at the blood-brain barrier exchange for blood leucine. Since brain glutamine is formed in astrocytes from glutamate, the overall effect will be to favor the release of glutamate from the nervous system. PMID- 14769487 TI - Ketone body synthesis in the brain: possible neuroprotective effects. AB - Ketone bodies make an important contribution to brain energy production and biosynthetic processes when glucose becomes scarce. Although it is generally assumed that the liver supplies the brain with ketone bodies, recent evidence shows that cultured astrocytes are also ketogenic cells. Moreover, astrocyte ketogenesis might participate in the control of the survival/death decision of neural cells in at least two manners: first, by scavenging non-esterified fatty acids the ketogenic pathway would prevent the detrimental actions of these compounds and their derivatives (e.g. ceramide) on brain structure and function. Second, ketone bodies may exert pro-survival actions per se by acting as cellular substrates, thereby preserving neuronal synaptic function and structural stability. These findings support the notion that ketone bodies produced by astrocytes may be used in situ as substrates for neuronal metabolism, and raise the possibility that astrocyte ketogenesis is a neuroprotective pathway. PMID- 14769488 TI - Implications of impaired ketogenesis in fatty acid oxidation disorders. AB - Long-chain fatty acids are important sources of respiratory fuel for many tissues and during fasting the rate of hepatic production of ketone bodies is markedly increased. Many extra hepatic tissues utilize ketone bodies in the fasted state with the advantage that glucose is "spared" for more vital tissues like the brain. This glucose sparing effect of ketones is especially important in infants where there is a high proportional glucose utilization in cerebral tissue. The first reported inherited defect affecting fatty acid oxidation was described in 1973 and to date about 15 separate disorders have been described. Although individually rare, cumulatively fatty acid oxidation defects are relatively common, have major consequences for affected individuals and their families, and carry significant health care implications. The major biochemical consequence of fatty acid oxidation defects is an inability of extra hepatic tissues to utilize fatty acids as an energy source with absent or limited hepatic capacity to generate ketones. Clinically patients usually present in infancy with acute life threatening hypoketotic hypoglycaemia, liver disease, hyperammonaemia and cerebral oedema, with or without cardiac involvement, usually following a period of catabolic stress. Chronically there may be muscle involvement with hypotonia or exercise intolerance with or without cardiomyopathy. Treatment is generally by the avoidance of fasting, frequent carbohydrate rich feeds and for long-chain defects, the replacement of long-chain dietary fats with medium-chain formulae. Novel approaches to treatment include the use of d,l-3-hydoxybutyrate or heptanoate as an alternative energy source. PMID- 14769489 TI - The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: the effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism. AB - The effects of ketone body metabolism suggests that mild ketosis may offer therapeutic potential in a variety of different common and rare disease states. These inferences follow directly from the metabolic effects of ketosis and the higher inherent energy present in d-beta-hydroxybutyrate relative to pyruvate, the normal mitochondrial fuel produced by glycolysis leading to an increase in the DeltaG' of ATP hydrolysis. The large categories of disease for which ketones may have therapeutic effects are:(1)diseases of substrate insufficiency or insulin resistance,(2)diseases resulting from free radical damage,(3)disease resulting from hypoxia. Current ketogenic diets are all characterized by elevations of free fatty acids, which may lead to metabolic inefficiency by activation of the PPAR system and its associated uncoupling mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. New diets comprised of ketone bodies themselves or their esters may obviate this present difficulty. PMID- 14769490 TI - Effects of the ketogenic diet in the glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome. AB - The ketogenic diet (KD), established to treat intractable childhood epilepsy, has emerged as the principal treatment of GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (OMIM 606777). This defect of glucose transport into the brain results in hypoglycorrhachia causing epilepsy, developmental delay, and a complex motor disorder in early childhood. Ketones provided by a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet serve as an alternative fuel to the brain. Glucose, lactate, lipids, and ketones in blood and cerebrospinal fluid were investigated in five GLUT1-deficient patients before and on the KD. Hypoglycorrhachia was detected in the non-ketotic and ketotic state. In ketosis, lactate concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid increased moderately. The CSF/blood ratio for acetoacetate was higher compared to beta hydroxybutyrate. Free fatty acids did not enter the brain in significant amounts. Blood concentrations of essential fatty acids determined in 18 GLUT1-deficient patients on the KD were sufficient in all age groups. The effects of the KD in GLUT1 deficiency syndrome, particularly the course of blood lipids, are discussed in an illustrative case. In this syndrome, the KD effectively restores brain energy metabolism. Ketosis does not influence impaired GLUT1-mediated glucose transport into brain: hypoglycorrhachia, the biochemical hallmark of the disease, can be identified in GLUT1-deficient patients on a KD. The effects of ketosis on the concentrations of glucose, lactate, ketones, and fatty acids in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in this entity are discussed in view of previous data on ketosis in man. PMID- 14769491 TI - Non-invasive detection of ketosis and its application in refractory epilepsy. AB - Ketosis is believed to be necessary to the anticonvulsant mechanism of the ketogenic diet; however, the relationship between ketosis and seizure control has not been established. The various analytical methods for the assessment of ketosis are reviewed, and their application in the area of epilepsy and the ketogenic diet is evaluated. The clinical challenges inherent in interpreting measures of ketosis are discussed, as are suggestions for future studies. PMID- 14769492 TI - Endocrinological activities of ghrelin: new insights. AB - Ghrelin is a potent endogenous growth hormone secretagogue in supraphysiological doses. It also exhibits several other endocrinological (e.g. lactotrophic and corticotrophic) activities when given intravenously. However, the significance of these effects in a normal physiological situation is still unknown, and subcutaneous administration of ghrelin seems to only increase growth hormone secretion. Interest in ghrelin research is currently focused on energy metabolism; the link between ghrelin and the regulation of both growth and energy metabolism is missing. In this paper we present an up-to-date review of the endocrinological activities of ghrelin. PMID- 14769493 TI - Fenofibrate treatment is associated with better glycemic control and lower serum leptin and insulin levels in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. AB - Background: Hertriglyceridemia is commonly encountered in type 2 diabetic patients. Fibrates are a group of drugs that efficiently decrease triglycerides, increase HDL, and improve the prognosis in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. However, the effects of fibrates on glycemic control, blood pressure, fasting serum insulin, and leptin concentrations are not clear. The present study addresses the question of whether fenofibrate treatment in hypertriglyceridemic type 2 diabetic patients leads to changes in metabolic control, body mass index, leptin, free fatty acids, plasma insulin, and blood pressure. Methods: Thirty-one type 2 diabetic patients who had serum triglyceride levels between 250 and 400 mg/dl were included in the study. They were given 250 mg/day fenofibrate once daily for 3 months. Antidiabetic and antihypertensive treatments were kept unchanged throughout the study. Results: Fenofibrate treatment resulted in better glycemic control, as evidenced by lower fasting and postprandial blood glucose and HbAlc, decreased fasting serum insulin and leptin levels, as well as a reduction in hypertrigyceridemia and serum free fatty acids, and an increase in HDL cholesterol. Blood pressure, body mass index, and LDL remained unchanged. Fenofibrate was well tolerated in all patients. Conclusion: Fenofibrate treatment in hypertriglyceridemic type 2 diabetic patients is beneficial not only in terms of lipid profile, but also for glycemic control and insulin resistance. PMID- 14769494 TI - Red wine and red wine polyphenolic compounds but not alcohol inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation. AB - Background: Moderate alcohol consumption reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary heart disease (CHD). Because of the presence of polyphenols in red wine, this type of beverage may be superior to other alcoholic drinks in the prevention of CHD. Inhibition of platelet aggregation is thought to be one of the mechanisms underlying this favorable effect. The present study analyzes the direct effect of alcohol and red wine polyphenols on platelet aggregation. Methods: Unfractionated red wine, a red wine polyphenolic extract, and alcohol were added in different concentrations to a standardized quantity of blood platelets 2 min before aggregation was induced by different concentrations of ADP. Aggregation was measured in an aggregometer and results were compared to a control 0.9% NaCl solution. Results: Alcohol in concentrations up to 0.24 percent did not inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro initiated with ADP The polyphenolic red wine extract inhibited aggregation dose-dependently and significantly from concentrations of 45 mg/l ( [Formula: see text] ) or more. Red wine only inhibited platelet aggregation at very high concentrations ( approximately 0.24 and 0.48 alcohol%). Conclusions: Consumption of red wine has an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, which is caused by the polyphenolic compounds in the wine. Alcohol itself does not have a direct inhibitory effect within a range up to 0.24 percent. Since this effect is only observed at very high concentrations, it is unlikely to be of clinical relevance in a moderate drinking pattern. The results do not exclude platelet inhibition by wine in vivo. However, this must be related to metabolic changes rather than to direct blockade. PMID- 14769495 TI - The usefulness of PCR amplification of the IS6110 insertion element of M. tuberculosis complex in ascitic fluid of patients with peritoneal tuberculosis. AB - Background: The diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis (TP) may be difficult and elusive. The present study was designed to demonstrate the diagnostic usefulness of a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, specific for the IS6110 insertion element of M. tuberculosis complex, in patients with ascites who were suspected of having TP in order to achieve a more timely diagnosis and treatment. Methods: Three HIV-negative patients suffering from fever and ascites were evaluated for suspected TP. Specimens were obtained from ascitic fluid, bone marrow, and peripheral blood and analyzed by both conventional methods and nested PCR for the presence of bacilli. Response to antituberculous treatment was considered as the final criterion for diagnosis of peritoneal tuberculosis. Results: All three patients had an excellent response to antituberculous therapy. Our PCR-based protocol detected M. tuberculosis complex DNA in the ascitic fluid of all patients, whereas conventional methods failed to establish the disease. Furthermore, in one patient, M. tuberculosis was also detected in both bone marrow and peripheral blood. Conclusions: PCR amplification of the IS6110 sequence of M. tuberculosis complex in ascitic fluid is a useful tool when peritoneal tuberculosis is suspected. However, its validity still needs to be established. PMID- 14769496 TI - Problematic drugs in elderly patients presenting to a European emergency room. AB - Background: Elderly patients are at an increased risk of developing complications from taking medication. Little is known about the inappropriate use of medication in elderly patients presenting to the emergency room, especially in very old patients. Methods: A random sample was drawn from patients aged 60 years or older who had been discharged from a medical emergency room. Charts were analyzed retrospectively. Potentially inappropriate medication was defined according to the 1997 Beers criteria. Results: At presentation, 24 (12.3%) of 195 patients aged 60 years and older were taking potentially inappropriate medications. Of 65 patients aged 80 years or older, 27.7% presented with potentially inappropriate medication, as compared to 4.6% in 130 patients aged 60-79 years. Patients older than 80 years were six times more likely than those aged 60-79 years to take problematic medication, despite similar average numbers of medications per patient. Emergency department physicians added potentially inappropriate drugs in three cases (1.5%). Conclusions: Among elderly patients presenting to the emergency department, one in 10 takes at least one problematic drug. Very old patients are at the greatest risk. Presentation of elderly patients to the emergency department offers an opportunity to review and optimize drug prescriptions. PMID- 14769497 TI - Metastases to the thyroid gland-a report of six cases. AB - The association of an asymptomatic mass, normal thyroid function, and a cold nodule can occur months to years after a primary cancer. Work-up should include ruling out other metastases and fine-needle aspiration cytology. We report six cases of secondary thyroid cancer. Two of the patients in our series presented with hyperthyroidism, which may be due to invasion and disruption of thyroid follicles. PMID- 14769498 TI - Inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and disseminated aspergillosis. AB - Inhaled corticosteroids are widely used in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), although their efficacy is still being debated. Due to local and systemic effects, such therapy can have an immunosuppressive action and opportunistic infections can occur. In the present case, a 74-year-old man treated with inhaled corticosteroids for 5 years developed disseminated aspergillosis. No other immunosuppressive factor was found. To our knowledge, only a few cases of lung aspergillosis in such patients have been described in the literature. However, the risk-to-benefit ratio of this treatment must be reassessed. PMID- 14769499 TI - Spinal cord infarction as a severe complication of meningococcal meningitis. AB - Spinal cord infarction is a rare complication of bacterial meningitis and is, therefore, generally unknown. We describe a patient who developed a flaccid paraparesis 2 weeks after being diagnosed with meningococcal meningitis. The etiology of spinal cord infarction is multifactorial, but vascular mechanisms and coagulation abnormalities play an important role. Epidural hemorrhage and spinal abscess should be considered in the differential diagnosis. PMID- 14769500 TI - Multiple cerebral abscesses as a complication of Mycobacterium fortuitum infection. AB - Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rapidly growing, nontuberculous mycobacteria that has rarely been associated with central nervous system impairment. We describe the case of a patient who developed multiple cerebral abscesses revealing Mycobacterium fortuitum infection. Brain biopsy specimens showed suppurative, noncaseating, granulomatous inflammation consisting of epithelioid histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells. All clinical signs and CT scan cerebral lesions disappeared after institution of appropriate antimycobacterial therapy. PMID- 14769501 TI - African trypanosomiasis acquired in an urban area. AB - A 28-year-old Zairian woman was presented with a diurnal somnolence, cervical polyadenopathy, splenomegaly, eosinophilia, and elevated IgM. A diagnosis of West African trypanosomiasis was confirmed and the patient improved after treatment with eflornithine. PMID- 14769502 TI - Acute respiratory failure secondary to dilatation of herniated stomach. AB - We report the case of a patient who presented acute respiratory failure (ARF) due to gastric distension secondary to hiatus hernia. This clinical condition may have been induced by an interaction between fluphenazine and ipratropium bromide. This exceptional diagnosis needs to be considered when discussing compressive pneumothorax. PMID- 14769503 TI - Allergy to quinine and tonic water. PMID- 14769504 TI - Dermatomyositis and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a rare paraneoplastic syndrome associated with tumor recurrence. PMID- 14769505 TI - Re: the impact of training in unselected patients on mortality and morbidity in carotid endarterectomy in a vascular training center and the recommendations of the European Board of Surgery Qualification in Vascular Surgery. A Rijbroek, W Wisselink, J A Rauwerda. PMID- 14769506 TI - Re: endotension is influenced by wall compliance in a latex aneurysm model. PMID- 14769511 TI - Potential benefits of intermittent bisphosphonate therapy in osteoporosis. PMID- 14769512 TI - Is the celiac disease model relevant to rheumatoid arthritis? PMID- 14769513 TI - Cannabis: the analgesic and antiinflammatory medication of the future? PMID- 14769514 TI - Role for osteoprotegerin in rheumatoid inflammation. AB - Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a member of the TNF-receptor family expressed by osteoblasts, has documented effects on the regulation of bone metabolism. OPG inhibits bone resorption and binds with strong affinity to its ligand RANKL, thereby preventing RANKL from binding to its receptor RANK. This system is regulated by calcium-modifying hormones. OPG may also be pivotal in modulating the immune system. RANKL-deficient mice exhibit both severe immunological abnormalities and osteopetrosis, and activated T cells express RANKL mRNA. RANKL secretion by activated T cells may induce osteoclastogenesis via a mechanism enhanced by several cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-17) that promote both inflammation and bone resorption. Conversely, this mechanism is inhibited by OPG, IL-4, and IL-10, which have antiinflammatory effects and inhibit osteoclast formation. Activated T cells in the rheumatoid synovium express RANKL. Synoviocytes can differentiate to osteoclast-like cells under specific conditions, particularly when they are cultured with M-CSF and RANKL. Thus, the bony erosions seen in RA may result from RANKL/RANK system activation by activated T cells. This raises the possibility that OPG therapy to block this mechanism might prove beneficial in patients with RA. PMID- 14769515 TI - Extraskeletal risk factors for fractures of the proximal femur. AB - Fractures of the proximal femur cause a heavy public health burden, as they are both common and costly. In addition to bone tissue characteristics, several extraskeletal factors influence the risk of proximal femoral fractures: height, femoral neck length, body fat, falls and their many causes, age, gender, ethnicity, geographic area of birth, and level of physical activity. Among these extraskeletal factors, some are amenable to corrective measures that can help to prevent these life-threatening fractures. PMID- 14769516 TI - Structure-modifying agents for osteoarthritis: an update. AB - The terms "chondroprotective" and "structure-modifying" were coined to identify a class of drugs capable of preventing, stabilizing, or repairing joint damage caused by osteoarthritis. The method of reference for evaluating structure modifying effects in knee or hip osteoarthritis is the measurement of joint space loss on serial plain radiographs. Joint space width can be measured manually or by a computer. Several radiological techniques have been described for measuring joint space width in the medial femorotibial compartment of the knee and the superolateral part of the hip. Most studies of potentially structure-modifying effects evaluated slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis, which are currently used for their delayed symptomatic effect in osteoarthritis. Although most of these agents have shown promising effects in vitro, none has been proven to produce clinically meaningful structure-modifying effects in humans with osteoarthritis. PMID- 14769517 TI - Shared-epitope HLA-DRB1 alleles and sex ratio in Italian patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the HLA-DRB1 alleles sharing the epitope (Q/R)(K/R)RAA and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a large sample of Italian patients (N = 264) recruited from a single centre over the last 5 years. METHODS: Patients' classification according to the ACR criteria. DNA typing of HLA-DRB1 alleles by conventional polymerase chain reaction sequence specific oligonucleotide probing techniques. RESULTS: Low-resolution DRB1 "generic" typing showed a significantly higher frequency of DR4+ RA patients as compared to normal controls. Both DR1 and DR10 specificities were over-represented in our patients, but neither reached the statistically significant P level of 0.05 after Bonferroni's correction. However, direct search of Q(K/R)RAA epitopes, which are present in most DR4+ and DRl+ samples, demonstrated that these motifs were found at increased frequencies in RA patients. Stratification according to gender did not show differences in the proportion of disease-associated HLA alleles. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the association of HLA-DR4, and -DR1 alleles, and more generally speaking of the shared epitopes Q(K/R)RAA, with disease susceptibility in Italian patients. PMID- 14769518 TI - Quantitative ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging of the parotid gland: can they replace the histopathologic studies in patients with Sjogren's syndrome? AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic value of parotid gland quantitative assessment using ultrasound (US) as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and to evaluate the possibility of using such modalities as a predictor of the histopathologic score of salivary gland biopsy in this group of patients. METHODS: Sonographic and MRI studies were performed on the parotid glands of 47 patients diagnosed to have primary SS, 20 healthy control subjects of matched sex and age, and 20 subjects with sicca symptoms but without any evidence of SS. The patients and the control subjects were scored according to the structural changes seen in both radiologic modalities. In addition, sialography and labial gland biopsy were done for all patients as well as the control subjects and scored according to the degree of affection. RESULTS: Parenchymal inhomogenity (PIH) was seen in 93.6% of the patients studied by US, while nodular pattern was seen in 97.8% in the MRI study. The US and MRI results correlated significantly with the histopathologic score of the minor salivary glands (r = 0.82, 0.84, respectively) as well as sialography score (r = 0.69, 0.60, respectively). There was good agreement between US and MRI findings (r = 0.87) in both SS cases and control subjects. CONCLUSION: US and MRI are equally sensitive tools for the diagnosis of salivary involvement in patients with SS. Quantitative assessment of US and MRI images seem to represent an advance in the diagnosis of SS as they offer a good prediction of the pathology score of the salivary gland. MRI seems unnecessary as a routine diagnostic tool and should be considered as the second option in case of normal US. PMID- 14769519 TI - Good outcomes of Lyme arthritis in 24 patients in an endemic area of Switzerland. AB - OBJECTIVE: To describe outcomes of treated Lyme arthritis in an endemic area of western Switzerland, where some of the first cases of Lyme disease outside the United States were reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 24 patients (15 males and nine females, mean age 38.7 years) managed by rheumatologists between 1994 and 1999 for Borrelia burgdorferi arthritis manifesting as monoarthritis (n = 20), oligoarthritis (n = 3), or polyarthritis (n = 1). The knee was affected in 20 (85%) patients. Nine patients reported a history of tick bite and four of erythema chronicum migrans. All the patients but one had a high titer of antibodies to B. burgdorferi by ELISA and all but two had a positive immunoblot test (22 positive for all three types of B. burgdorferi found in Switzerland and one positive only for B. burgdorferi sensu stricto). Joint fluid PCR for B. burgdorferi was done in nine patients and was positive in six. RESULTS: All 24 patients received antibiotic therapy, orally (n = 10) or parenterally (n = 14). A second course of antibiotic therapy was used in four patients with persistent arthritis. A rapid response was noted in 13 patients. Intraarticular glucocorticoid therapy or a synoviorthesis was required in nine patients. After a mean follow-up of 40 months (range, 6-84 months), none of the patients had chronic arthritis but two reported persistent muscle or joint pain. CONCLUSION: Recurrent or chronic arthritis, which has been reported in treated patients in the United States, did not occur in our series. This may be ascribable to differences in B. burgdorferi subtypes, as in the United States only B. burgdorferi sensu stricto is found. PMID- 14769520 TI - Agreement between rheumatologist visit and lay interviewer telephone survey for screening for rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathy. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate agreement between a rheumatologist visit and a telephone interview by a patient organization member, regarding the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or spondyloarthropathy (SpA) and the classification criteria for these two conditions. METHOD: Patients underwent a standardized interview and physical examination by hospital-based rheumatologists, who diagnosed RA in 230 cases, SpA in 175, and other conditions (controls) in 195. Members of patient organizations then used a standardized questionnaire to interview the patients by telephone about their diagnosis and about 1987 ACR classification criteria for RA and the ESSG criteria for SpA. RESULTS: Agreement between the two sources of data was poor for the classification criteria but satisfactory for the diagnosis (kappa, 0.84 (0.81-0.87) for RA and 0.78 (0.75-0.81) for SpA). CONCLUSION: Standardized telephone interviews conducted by patient organization members accurately identify the diagnosis made by rheumatologists based on a physical examination and medical record review, whereas agreement is poor regarding classification criteria for RA and SpA. PMID- 14769521 TI - Bone mineral density changes in hypercalciuretic osteoporotic men treated with thiazide diuretics. AB - A few studies suggest that thiazide diuretic agents may have modest beneficial effects on bone. Few data are available on the effects of these medications in patients with osteoporosis and hypercalciuria. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of thiazide diuretic therapy on bone mass and urinary calcium excretion in hypercalciuretic osteoporotic male patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Osteoporosis was defined as a greater than 2.5 standard deviation (S.D.) decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine or hip (T-score). We used an open-label prospective design to compare 14 patients with hypercalciuretic osteoporosis treated with a thiazide diuretic for 18 months and 13 patients with primary osteoporosis treated with calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Mean age was 53.5 +/- 9.6 years in the thiazide group and 48.7 +/- 8.4 years in the calcium vitamin D supplementation group. The following serum parameters were assayed at baseline: 25OH-D3, 1,25OH-D3, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and bone turnover markers. Urinary calcium excretion and BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the spine and hip were determined at baseline and after 18 months of treatment. RESULTS: Annual BMD increases were similar in the two groups during the 18-month treatment period: lumbar spine, 0.6 +/- 2.5% (P = 0.47) in the thiazide group and 0.004 +/- 3% (P = 0.78) in the supplementation group; femoral neck, 0.47 +/- 2.6% (P = 0.89) and 1.1 +/- 3.2% (P = 0.22); total hip, 0.65 +/- 2.5% (P = 0.37) and 0.12 +/- 2.1% (P = 0.51). Urinary calcium excretion fell by 45.9% in the thiazide group from baseline to study completion (P = 0.0015). CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that thiazide therapy increased bone mass in patients with hypercalciuria and osteoporosis as compared to calcium-vitamin D supplementation in patients with osteoporosis but no hypercalciuria. In contrast, our results establish the efficacy of thiazide diuretics in reducing urinary calcium excretion, an effect that may decrease the risk of urinary lithiasis. Studies in larger patient cohorts treated for longer periods are needed to confirm or refute our findings. PMID- 14769522 TI - Compliance among general practitioners in France with recommendations not to prescribe bed rest for acute low back pain. AB - Acute low back pain is a very common reason for general practitioner visits. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate practices among French general practitioners regarding the prescription of bed rest in patients with low back pain. METHODS: 2000 general practitioners were to include the first three patients presenting within the first 3 d of onset of acute low back pain without nerve root pain. The characteristics of the pain, social and demographic characteristics of the patients, and treatments prescribed by the physicians were recorded. RESULTS: 5355 patients were included, of whom more than half had a history of one or more episodes of low back pain. The mean pain severity score on a 100-mm visual analog scale was 57.2 +/- 22.7 mm. Bed rest was recommended to 27.6% of the patients, for a mean duration of 4.4 d. Patients to whom bed rest was recommended were significantly more likely than the other patients to have chronic low back pain (32.1% vs. 26.5%) and received a greater number of medications. Bed rest was associated with significantly poorer outcomes in the multivariable analysis adjusting for confounding factors. CONCLUSION: Recommendations to avoid bed rest in patients with acute low back pain are widely followed in France. Furthermore, our results confirm that bed rest is associated with poorer outcomes. PMID- 14769523 TI - Clostridium difficile-associated reactive arthritis in two children. AB - In adults, reactive arthritis (ReA) following Clostridium difficile-enterocolitis has been documented. In children, only one case of C. difficile-associated ReA has been reported. We now describe two other cases of ReA associated with C. difficile in children. The characteristics of ReA due to C. difficile appear to be similar in adults and children. Both children show polyarthritis after an episode of diarrhoea with positive stool cultures for C. difficile. Arthritis is asymmetrical with a self-limiting course. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy is sufficient. One case is remarkable because of its prolonged course of ReA despite NSAID therapy, and its association with the presence of HLA B27 antigen. PMID- 14769524 TI - Campylobacter fetus septic arthritis revealing a malignancy. AB - Campylobacter fetus is a rare cause of bone and joint infection. We report a new case in a patient who also had endocarditis due to the same organism. This type of infection usually occurs in immunocompromised hosts. Investigations in our patient found a cancer of the prostate. PMID- 14769525 TI - Specific cardiomyopathy in lupus patients: report of three cases. AB - Clinically important myocarditis is an unusual feature in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We report three consecutive lupus patients over a 1 year period who developed severe left ventricular dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease or hypertensive cardiomyopathy. Two of them had clinical and biological flare of the disease whereas the lupus was quiescent in the latter. Two of them had positive IgG anticardiolipin antibodies. High dose steroids were given in two patients; one of them also required cyclophosphamide on account of diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. Left ventricular function improved quickly and markedly in these two patients; one of them had recurrence of severe myocarditis at intervals of 6 years and was each time responsive to steroids. Lupus cardiomyopathy, a rare event in the course of SLE, can be related to the disease even in the absence of coronary artery disease or hypertensive cardiomyopathy. It may be improved by steroids and immunosuppressive therapy. Literature concerning this cardiac manifestation in lupus is reviewed. PMID- 14769526 TI - Melorheostosis with bilateral involvement in a black African patient. AB - Melorheostosis is a rare chronic bone disease of unknown etiology that often affects a single limb. Onset usually occurs in childhood or early adolescence. A flowing wax appearance along the surface of the bone and multiple areas of bone sclerosis produce a typical radiographic picture. We describe the first case reported in a black African, in whom an exceedingly rare feature was a bilateral distribution of the lesions. PMID- 14769527 TI - Lipoma arborescens of the knee: report of a case managed by arthroscopic synovectomy. AB - We report a case of lipoma arborescens treated with an arthroscopic procedure. Lipoma arborescens is an uncommon pseudo-tumoral synovial lesion usually located in the suprapatellar pouch of the knee. This diagnosis should be considered, particularly in patients with chronic joint effusion. Magnetic resonance imaging confirms the lipomatous nature of the synovial proliferation. When limited to the anterior compartment of the knee, lipoma arborescens can be treated by arthroscopic synovectomy. PMID- 14769528 TI - Role for botulinum toxin in back pain treatment in adults with cerebral palsy: report of a case. AB - OBJECTIVE: To report a case illustrating the usefulness of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of spinal dystonia responsible for low back pain and postural disorders. METHODS: Critical appraisal of a case report. CASE REPORT: A young woman with cerebral palsy had lumbar paraspinal muscle dystonia responsible for pain and hyperlordosis unresponsive to oral medications for muscle spasm. Botulinum toxin A (Botox(R), 200 U) was injected into the paraspinal muscles at six sites, to good effect. DISCUSSION: The few reported cases consistently show a favorable effect of local botulinum toxin A injections in patients with painful paraspinal muscle dystonia related to neurological disease or chronic low back pain. CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin A may be a useful treatment for incapacitating painful dystonia of the paraspinal muscles. This treatment improves posture in the sitting position and facilitates the fitting of orthotic devices. Furthermore, botulinum toxin A treatment may help to determine whether an intrathecal baclofen test is in order. PMID- 14769529 TI - Multiple myeloma presenting with widespread osteosclerotic lesions. AB - Sclerotic lesions are rare in malignant monoclonal gammopathies, although they are occasionally associated with POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy and skin changes). In most cases, osseous lesions in POEMS syndrome present as an isolated sclerotic deposit or a combination of both lytic and sclerotic lesions. Diffuse osteosclerosis is extremely rare and may lead to the diagnosis of multiple myeloma, classically known to present as lytic lesions in the skeleton, with or without diffuse osteoporosis. We report a 74-year-old woman with widespread and substantial osteosclerotic lesions, associated with IgA-lambda myeloma, and with no other criteria for POEMS syndrome, and who was rapidly diagnosed with compression of the spinal cord. Detailed knowledge of imaging features in myeloma emphasises the need to consider plasma cell neoplasm in the differential diagnosis of any pattern of bone sclerosis. Although exceptional, multiple myeloma must be borne in mind in the presence of diffuse bone sclerosis. PMID- 14769531 TI - An exemplary case of unilateral hamstring tightness in an adolescent. PMID- 14769530 TI - Pregnancy-associated osteoporosis with vertebral fractures and scoliosis. PMID- 14769532 TI - Soy consumption and colorectal cancer. AB - We explored the postulated association between soy foods and colorectal cancer incidence by analyzing 13 epidemiological studies: 3 ecological, 1 cohort, and 9 case control. Seven case-control studies evaluated the association between soy intake and colon or colorectal cancer (2,008 cases). Point estimates generally suggest an inverse association between higher soy consumption and colon cancer onset, although nearly all of the confidence intervals overlap 1.0. Two of the nine case-control studies focused on adenomas as the outcome (675 total cases), and results for these studies also showed inverse associations. Of the six case control studies that evaluated the association between soy consumption and rectal cancer (732 cases), the point estimates generally suggest an inverse association with unfermented soy consumption and rectal cancer onset but not fermented soy products. These studies have many limitations, particularly with regard to dietary measurement issues, such as incomplete assessment of soy intake, inadequate quantification, and inappropriate time period for cancer prevention as well as inadequate adjustment for confounders. Most of these issues would contribute to underestimations of any association. In spite of the methodological issues, the available evidence is compelling enough to warrant further study utilizing stronger methodology. PMID- 14769533 TI - Tea beverage in chemoprevention of prostate cancer: a mini-review. AB - Because prostate cancer has a long latency period and is typically diagnosed in elderly men, it represents an ideal candidate disease for chemoprevention. Therefore, even a modest delay achieved through intervention could have a significant impact on the outcome of this disease. Epidemiological and laboratory studies have provided convincing evidence that diet, genetic factors, and lifestyle are major causes of prostate cancer. Although surgery, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy are the most widely accepted curative options for a selected group of patients suffering from prostate cancer, the side effects of these treatments are many. In recent years, many dietary agents have been being described that show a wide range of chemopreventive effects in cell culture and selected animal model systems of prostate carcinogenesis. One such agent is the beverage tea, which, next to water, is the most popularly consumed beverage in the world. The epidemiological studies and recent data, amassed from various laboratories around the world, provide evidence that tea polyphenols such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, epigallocatechin, and epicatechin-3-gallate may have the potential to lower the risk of prostate cancer in the human population. Recently, it has been shown that green tea polyphenols, when given to TRAMP, a transgenic mouse model that mimics progressive forms of human prostate cancer, exert remarkable preventive effects against prostate cancer development. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer by tea polyphenols appears to occur through the modulation of various molecular targets. This article attempts to address the issue of the possible use of tea, especially green tea, for the chemoprevention of prostate cancer. PMID- 14769534 TI - Soyasaponins: the relationship between chemical structure and colon anticarcinogenic activity. AB - Soyasaponins are bioactive compounds found in many legumes. Although crude soyasaponins have been shown to have anti-colon carcinogenic activity, there have been no structure-activity studies. In this study, therefore, purified soyasaponins and soyasapogenins were tested for their ability to suppress the growth of HT-29 colon cancer cells, as determined by the WST-1 assay, over a concentration range of 0-50 ppm. Soyasaponin I and III, soyasapogenol B monoglucuronide, soyasapogenol B, soyasaponin A1, soyasaponin A2, and soyasapogenol A were evaluated. Also tested were mixtures comprising acetylated group A soyasaponins, deacetylated group A soyasaponins, and group B soyasaponins. The most potent compounds were the aglycones soyasapogenol A and B, which showed almost complete suppression of cell growth. The glycosidic soyasaponins by comparison were largely inactive. Soyasaponin A(1), A(2), and I, group B and deacetylated and acetylated group A fractions had no effect on cell growth. Soyasaponin III and soyasapogenol B monoglucuronide were marginally bioactive. These results suggested that the bioactivity of soyasaponins increased with increased lipophilicity. Results from in vitro fermentation suggested that colonic microflora readily hydrolyzed the soyasaponins to aglycones. These observations suggest that the soyasaponins may be an important dietary chemopreventive agent against colon cancer, after alteration by microflora. PMID- 14769535 TI - Height, leg length, and cancer: the Caerphilly Study. AB - The incidence of several cancers increases with height. Some studies report that leg length, a marker of prepubertal growth, is the component of height underlying these associations, but few prospective studies have investigated this issue. We examined height-cancer associations in a 21-yr follow-up of a cohort based on 2,512 men aged 45-59 living in the town of Caerphilly, South Wales, U.K., between 1979 and 1983. The men underwent a detailed examination, and 2,393 (95.3%) had measures of height and sitting height (from which leg length and trunk length were derived) recorded and were cancer-free at baseline. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate associations of height, leg length, and trunk length with overall and site-specific cancer incidence; 328 men developed cancer over the follow-up period. Associations with height were weak and did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance. In models controlling for age, socioeconomic position, smoking, and body mass index, cancer incidence was weakly positively associated with increases in height; hazard ratio (HR, 95% confidence interval) per standard deviation (6 cm) increase in height was 1.09 (0.97, 1.21; P = 0.14). Associations were somewhat stronger in relation to leg length (HR 1.09; (0.97-1.22) than trunk length (HR 1.05; 0.94-1.18). Height-cancer associations were strongest for lung cancer (HR 1.21; 0.96-1.51). This analysis provides limited support for the suggestion that leg length is the component of height underlying height-cancer associations PMID- 14769536 TI - Effects of tomato sauce consumption on apoptotic cell death in prostate benign hyperplasia and carcinoma. AB - Population studies have suggested that lycopene, which is mostly found in tomato and tomato products, may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. We previously found that tomato sauce consumption prior to prostatectomy for prostate cancer decreased serum prostate specific antigen, decreased oxidative DNA damage, and increased lycopene concentrations in prostate tissue (Chen et al., 2001). Here, we extended those investigations to determine whether apoptotic cell death and associated Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were modulated by tomato sauce intervention. Thirty-two patients diagnosed by biopsy with prostate carcinoma were given tomato sauce pasta entrees (30 mg lycopene/day) for 3 wk before prostatectomy. Thirty four patients with prostate cancer who did not consume tomato sauce and underwent prostatectomy served as controls. When tumor areas with the most apoptotic cells were compared in the biopsy (before) and resected prostate tissue (after), tomato sauce consumption increased apoptotic cells in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) from 0.66 +/- 0.10% to 1.38 +/- 0.31% (P = 0.013) and in carcinomas from 0.84 +/- 0.13% to 2.76 +/- 0.58% (P = 0.0003). When comparable morphological areas were counted, apoptotic cell death in carcinomas increased significantly with treatment, from 0.84 +/- 0.13% to 1.17 +/- 0.19% (P = 0.028), and apoptotic cell death in BPH showed a tendency toward an increase from 0.66 +/- 0.10% to 1.20 +/- 0.32% (P = 0.20). When the values of apoptotic cells in BPH and carcinomas of patients who consume tomato sauce were compared with corresponding control lesions of the patients who did not consume tomato sauce in resected prostate tissue, the differences of values were not significant [BPH 1.38 +/- 0.31% vs. 1.14 +/- 0.32% (P = 0.97); carcinomas 2.76 +/- 0.58% vs. 1.91 +/- 0.32% (P = 0.24)]. Tomato sauce consumption did not affect Bcl-2 expression but decreased Bax expression in carcinomas. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that tomato sauce consumption may suppress the progression of the disease in a subset of patients with prostate cancer by increasing apoptotic cell death. However, because of the relatively small number of control and tomato sauce-supplemented patients and the variability in the values of apoptotic cells in BPH and carcinomas, a much larger number of patients needs to be examined to support the data generated in this study. PMID- 14769537 TI - Changes in plasma and oral mucosal lycopene isomer concentrations in healthy adults consuming standard servings of processed tomato products. AB - The consumption of tomato products is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and several cancers. It is hypothesized that lycopene, the major carotenoid in tomato products, may mediate this relationship. We designed a study to examine changes in plasma and buccal mucosal cell (BMC) lycopene concentrations in healthy adults consuming standard daily servings of processed tomato products: spaghetti sauce, tomato soup, or vegetable juice. Thirty-six healthy subjects consumed a lycopene-free diet for 2 wk and were then assigned to one of three (n = 12) intervention groups consuming daily, single servings of sauce (21 mg lycopene per (1/2) cup), soup (12 mg lycopene per 1 cup), or juice (17 mg lycopene per 8 oz) for 4 wk. Fasting blood and BMC samples were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis for carotenoids and lycopene isomers. Total plasma lycopene concentrations (Mean +/- SEM) decreased from 1.05 +/- 0.07 to 0.54 +/- 0.05 micromol/l (49%, P < 0.0001) during the 2-wk washout period. Following intervention, plasma lycopene concentrations increased significantly for those consuming sauce, soup, and juice (compared with washout baseline) to 2.08 (192%, P < 0.0001), 0.91 (122%, P < 0.0001), and 0.99 (92%, P < 0.0001) micromol/l, respectively. Plasma isomer concentrations show a 61:39 ratio of cis:all-trans at the start of the study. During the 2-wk washout the decrease in plasma all-trans-lycopene was greater than that for pooled cis isomers (70:30 cis:trans ratio, P < 0.001). After 2 wk of dietary intervention isomer ratios returned to those observed at the start of the study. Total BMC lycopene concentrations did not significantly change during the brief washout. During the 4-wk intervention period, BMC total lycopene concentrations increased (P < 0.005) by 165, 42, and 48% nmol/mg protein for those consuming sauce, soup, and juice, respectively. This study demonstrates that plasma lycopene decreases by 50% after approximately 2 wk on a lycopene-free diet with a decrease in the ratio of all trans compared with cis isomers. Single, daily servings of processed tomato products significantly increase blood and BMC lycopene for 2 wk. Additional studies of lycopene bioavailability, isomerization, metabolism, and bioactivity will provide greater insight into the potential health benefits suggested by epidemiological studies and laboratory investigations. PMID- 14769538 TI - Effects of a diet high in fish oil (MaxEPA) on the formation of micronucleated erythrocytes in blood and on the number of atypical acinar cell foci Induced in rat pancreas by azaserine. AB - The present study was performed to investigate the influence of fish oil on the genotoxic effects of azaserine, using the formation of micronucleated erythrocytes as a measure for the degree of initiating potency and the number and size of putative preneoplastic pancreatic atypical acinar cell foci (AACF) as a measure for the actual number of initiated cells. Male Wistar rats were treated twice i.p. with 30 mg azaserine per kg body weight to induce AACF. During the initiation/early promotion phase the rats were maintained on diets containing 5 wt% vegetable oil (safflower and high-oleic sunflower oil), 25 wt% vegetable oil, 25 wt% fat (15% vegetable oil + 10 wt% fish oil), or 25 wt% fat (5% vegetable oil + 20 wt% fish oil), respectively. One day after carcinogen treatment, the numbers of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes were determined in blood smears obtained from 10 animals per group. Each high-fat diet resulted in higher percentages of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes than the low-fat diet. Dietary fish oil did not significantly influence the number of micronucleated cells. Two weeks after carcinogen treatment, the diets containing fish oil were replaced by the diet containing 25% vegetable oil, and the animals were further maintained for about 14 wk. Pancreatic tissue slides were microscopically evaluated for the number and size of AACF. Dietary fish oil caused an increase in the number and size of AACF, although a clear dose-effect relationship was absent. It was concluded that a high level of dietary fish oil, when given during the induction/early promotion phase, enhances azaserine-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis in rats. PMID- 14769539 TI - Inhibitory effects of lutein and lycopene on placental glutathione S-transferase positive preneoplastic lesions and DNA strand breakage induced in Wistar rats by the resistant hepatocyte model of hepatocarcinogenesis. AB - Inhibitory effects of lutein (LUT) and lycopene (LYC) on hepatic preneoplastic lesions (PNLs) and DNA strand breakage induced in Wistar rats by the resistant hepatocyte (RH) model of hepatocarcinogenesis were investigated. Animals received by gavage during 8 consecutive weeks on alternate days 70 mg/kg body weight of LUT or LYC. Rats treated with only corn oil and submitted to this model were used as controls. At the end of the experiment, treatment of the animals with LUT or LYC resulted in an increase in the respective liver carotenoid concentrations (P < 0.05). Moreover, it tended to reduce the incidence, total number, and multiplicity of hepatocyte nodules compared with the control group, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. Animals treated with LUT or LYC presented also a lower number of hepatic placental glutathione S-transferase positive (GST-P) PNLs (P < 0.05), which were smaller (P < 0.05) and occupied a smaller area of the liver section (P < 0.05). Finally, hepatic DNA strand breakage evaluated by the comet assay was lower (P < 0.05) in carotenoid-treated animals when compared with the control group. Therefore, the results indicate that LUT and LYC represent promising chemopreventive agents during hepatocarcinogenesis and whose anticarcinogenic actions could be related to a protection against DNA instability. PMID- 14769540 TI - S-adenosylhomocysteine enhances hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage by inhibition of DNA repair in two cell lines. AB - It has been proposed that hyperhomocysteinemia may exert its pathogenic effects largely through metabolic accumulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), a strong noncompetitive inhibitor of most methyltransferases. Here, we investigated the effects of SAH on H(2)O(2)-induced cellular DNA damage in comparison with the effects of homocysteine (Hcy) in a mouse endothelial cell line and a human intestinal cell line. Cells were preincubated for 2 h with H(2)O(2) (20 microM) followed by incubation with SAH or Hcy for 3 h. DNA strand breakage was determined using comet assay and DNA repair capacity determined using the same assay over time at 1, 2, and 3 h during SAH incubation. In both types of cells, SAH at 0.25-2 microM strongly and dose dependently enhanced H(2)O(2)-dependent DNA damage and inhibited DNA repair, whereas Hcy had a much weaker effect. SAH markedly increased uracil misincorporation, and this effect was also much stronger than that of Hcy. Taken together, our results show that SAH potentiates H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage in cell cultures through impaired DNA repair capability and suggest that such effects are related to uracil misincorporation. Although the in vivo relevance of our findings is unclear, the biological significance of SAH-mediated detrimental effect, secondary to elevated intracellular Hcy, is an interesting area awaiting further exploration. PMID- 14769541 TI - Mechanism of activation of caspase cascade during beta-carotene-induced apoptosis in human tumor cells. AB - In this study, we examined possible mechanisms of caspase activation during carotenoid-induced apoptosis in tumor cells. We found that beta-Carotene induces apoptosis by the activation of caspase-3 in human leukemia (HL-60), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) as well as melanoma (SK-MEL-2) cell lines. This activation is dose dependent and follows that of caspase-8 and caspase-9. Although caspase-8 cleavage is an early event, reaching its maximum activation at 3 h, caspase-9 reaches its maximum activation only at 6 h. The addition of IETD-CHO, a caspase-8 specific inhibitor, completely prevents beta-Carotene-induced apoptosis, whereas only a partial prevention was observed in the presence of LEHD-CHO, a caspase-9 specific inhibitor. beta-Carotene activates caspase-9 via cytochrome c release from mitochondria and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Dym). Concomitantly, a dose-dependent decrease in the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and a dose-dependent increase in the cleaved form of BID (t-BID) are observed. Moreover, NF-kB activation is involved in beta-Carotene-induced caspase cascade. These results support a pharmacological role for beta-Carotene as a candidate antitumor agent and show a possible sequence of molecular events by which this molecule may induce apoptosis in tumor cells. PMID- 14769542 TI - Lunasin suppresses E1A-mediated transformation of mammalian cells but does not inhibit growth of immortalized and established cancer cell lines. AB - Lunasin, a novel and promising chemopreventive compound isolated from soybean cotyledon, is a 43-amino acid peptide that contains a -RGD-cell adhesion motif followed by 8 aspartic acid residues at the carboxyl end and a structurally conserved helix region. We showed previously that lunasin peptide applied exogenously reduces foci formation in mouse fibroblast cells treated with chemical carcinogens and inhibits skin tumorigenesis induced by chemical carcinogens in mice when applied topically. In this study, lunasin peptide applied to cell culture suppresses foci formation in E1A-transfected mouse fibroblast NIH 3T3 cells. Within 18 h of exogenous application, lunasin internalizes into the cell and localizes in the nucleus. In an initial study of genes affected by lunasin, the peptide increases p21 protein levels fivefold in cells transfected with E1A but not in untransfected cells. In contrast to its inhibitory effects on cell transformation, lunasin has no effect on growth of imicroMortalized (nontumorigenc) and established cancer cells. This is the first report that lunasin suppresses transformation of mamicroMalian cells induced by an oncogene (E1A) in addition to chemical carcinogens. PMID- 14769543 TI - Reduction of genotoxic effects of the carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine by dietary lignin in mammalian cells cultured in vitro. AB - In the present study the protective effect of several lignin polymers against the genotoxic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was tested in hamster lung V79 cells and human colon Caco-2 cells. Preculturing of cells with sublethal, nongenotoxic concentrations of the lignins A, B, and C (50 microg/ml) was found to decrease significantly the level of DNA strand breaks in both hamster and human cells treated with MNNG. Lignin A also reduced MNNG-induced gene mutations in V79 cells. As in addition to alkyl lesions MNNG gives rise to hydroxyl free radicals (OH) and nitrogen-centered free radicals (NR), we tried to determine whether antimutagenicity of lignin A was connected only with the well known ability of lignin to bind MNNG molecules or also with its antioxidative effects. The use of the modified comet assay technique proved that preculturing of hamster V79 cells with lignin A resulted in a significant decrease of the level of DNA strand breaks originating from oxidized DNA bases. Therefore, we suggest that the antimutagenic effect of lignin A against MNNG is associated with both adsorptive and antioxidative action. This study also showed that the presence of lignin A neither helped to renew DNA replication nor influenced the kinetics of DNA rejoining in MNNG-treated V79 cells. PMID- 14769545 TI - A review of experimental studies on diesel exhaust particles and nasal epithelium alterations. AB - The aim of the present review is to summarize biological events in nasal epithelium after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP). Therefore human, animal, and in vitro studies carried out since 1987 are reviewed. Short term exposure results included qualitative alterations characterized by immediate nasal hyperresponsiveness, antioxidant responses, marked epithelial inflammation, and a specific humoral response. In addition, studies on combined DEP/allergen challenge reported that, besides their intrinsic deleterious properties, DEP produced adjuvant-like effects on the immediate and late-phase response to allergen challenge, since they are able to mimic effects occurring after allergen challenge. DEP act deeply in nasal epithelium by (1) directing cytokine gene expression toward a Th2 profile, (2) enhancing local antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) production, and (3) driving in vivo isotype switch to IgE. Furthermore, DEP can induce in allergic subjects sensitization to a neoallergen, sensitization that did not occur with exposure to the neoantigen alone. Particulate pollutants such as DEP, encountered in urban areas, are therefore thought to be contributing causal factors to the exaggerated sensitization to allergens in subjects with appropriate genetic predisposition, sensitization that they might not otherwise have experienced. These findings add weight to the hypothesis that DEP are involved in the increased prevalence of airway allergic diseases. PMID- 14769544 TI - Effect of green tea extract on the induction of ornithine decarboxylase and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in bladder carcinoma ECV304 cells. AB - According to several studies, green tea and individual catechins can inhibit the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It has been suggested that the inhibition of ODC induction may offer an explanation to the anticancer and chemopreventive activities of green tea. In the present study, however, treatment of bladder carcinoma ECV304 cells with green tea extract (GTE) was not able to reduce the induction of ODC by fetal calf serum. Actually, in the absence of serum, GTE provoked a dose-dependent and remarkable induction of ODC activity. The induction of ODC, which could be elicited also by (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, a major green tea component, required an early activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK), and both events appeared to be dependent on an alteration of the status of cellular thiol groups. Pretreatment with specific ERK or ODC inhibitors was able to prevent a late caspase activation but hardly affected the loss of cell viability provoked by GTE. In conclusion, to our knowledge, this is the first study showing that GTE can promote ODC induction in a tumor cell line. PMID- 14769546 TI - Avian immunotoxicology. AB - Methods for studying the avian immune system have matured during the past two decades, with laboratory studies predominating in earlier years and field studies being conducted only in the past decade. One application has been to determine the potential for environmental contaminants to produce immune suppression, while another research direction is looking at the evolutionary significance of a robust immune system, and the relationship between immune competence and fitness parameters. Laboratory studies of immunosuppression following exposure of birds to environmental contaminants have adapted conventional mammalian methods to the avian immune system, and both lines of research have developed field-deployable measures of immune function. This review describes the avian immune system with emphasis on how it differs from the better known mammalian system, reviews the literature on contaminant-induced immunosuppression, and discusses the work on evolutionary biology of avian immunocompetence. Evidence indicates that the field of avian immunology is technically robust, even for nontraditional species such as passerines, seabirds, raptors, and other free-ranging species. It is now possible to screen chemicals for immunotoxicological properties following the same tiered approach that has been established for mammals. Despite the increased capacity and interest in avian field studies, there has not yet been a reported study of measured immune suppression associated with an avian epizootic. It is more likely that the immune suppression in adult birds resulting from low-level chronic stress (e.g., crowding onto poor quality habitat, food reductions, or climate stress) and (or) environmental contaminants causes slow but consistent morbidity and mortality associated with multiple pathogens, rather than an acute epizootic with a single pathogen. Increased fitness costs associated with such stress may significantly alter genetic diversity and species survival over time. PMID- 14769547 TI - Desensitization of muscarinic receptors. AB - When Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the gene for M(3)-muscarinic receptors were stimulated with carbachol continuously for 30 min, the response at the end of the stimulation period was about 20% of the early response (2-3 min after the start of the stimulation). Long-term treatment of the cells with phorbol ester abolished the response completely while desensitization was significantly reduced upon pre-treatment of the cells with GF109203X, antisense oligonucleotide against the alpha-isoform of protein kinase C and wortmannin. We conclude that in the Chinese hamster ovary expression system, desensitization of M(3)-muscarinic receptors is dependent on a fast feedback loop including the alpha-isoform of protein kinase C. PMID- 14769548 TI - Comparison of the pharmacological properties of rat Na(V)1.8 with rat Na(V)1.2a and human Na(V)1.5 voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes using a membrane potential sensitive dye and FLIPR. AB - A novel, membrane potential sensitive dye and a fluorescence imaging plate reader (FLIPR) have been used to characterize the pharmacological properties of rat Na(v)1.8 voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) in parallel with rat Na(v)1.2a and human Na(v)1.5 VGSC subtypes, respectively. The sensitivity of recombinant Na(v)1.2a-CHO, Na(v)1.5-293-EBNA, and Na(v)1.8-F-11 cells to VGSC activators was subtype dependent. Veratridine evoked depolarization of Na(v)1.2a-CHO and Na(v)1.5-293-EBNA cells with pEC(50) values of 4.78 +/- 0.13 and 4.84 +/- 0.12, respectively (n = 3), but had negligible effect on Na(v)1.8-F-11 cells (pEC(50) < 4.5). Type I pyrethroids were without significant effect at all subtypes. In contrast, the type II pyrethroids deltamethrin and fenvalerate evoked direct depolarization of Na(v)1.8-F-11 and Na(v)1.5-293-EBNA cells. Deltamethrin potentiated the veratridine-evoked response in Na(v)1.8-F-11 cells by > or =20 fold, in contrast to a .99) and maximal sterile barrier precautions (50% to 80%; P =.29). Appropriate practice was observed before and after the behavioral intervention in catheter site placement, dressing type, absence of antibiotic ointment, and proper securing of central venous catheters. Thirty-two CRBSIs occurred in 9353 catheter-days 24 months before the behavioral intervention compared with 17 CRBSIs in 6152 catheter-days during the 15 months after the intervention (3.4/1000 to 2.8/1000 catheter-days; P =.40). CONCLUSIONS: Although a previous educational program decreased the CRBSI rate, this was associated with only modest compliance with best practice principles when bedside audits were performed 18 months later. A behavioral intervention improved all identified deficiencies, leading to a nonsignificant decrease in CRBSIs. PMID- 14769569 TI - Hospital teaching status and outcomes of complex surgical procedures in the United States. AB - HYPOTHESIS: Complex operations performed in teaching hospitals have similar outcomes as those performed in nonteaching hospitals. DESIGN: Observational cohort study with clinical patient data obtained from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample data were linked to the American Hospital Association hospital survey data for 1997 to determine hospital characteristics. Hospitals were considered high volume if they performed more than the median (50th percentile) number of procedures per year. SETTING: Nationally representative sample of hospitals during 1996 and 1997. PATIENTS: Individuals undergoing esophageal resection (n = 1247), hepatic resection (n = 2073), or pancreatic resection (n = 3337) in Nationwide Inpatient Sample hospitals during 1996 and 1997 were included. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Unadjusted and adjusted in hospital mortality and prolonged length of stay (>75th percentile). RESULTS: None of the procedures had higher operative mortality rates at teaching hospitals. In unadjusted analyses, pancreatic resection (4.0% vs 8.8%; P<.001), hepatic resection (5.3% vs 8.0%; P =.03), and esophageal resection (7.7% vs 10.2%; P =.10) had lower operative mortality rates at teaching compared with nonteaching hospitals. However, after adjusting for hospital volume in the multivariate analysis, hospital teaching status was no longer a predictor of operative mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Teaching hospitals have lower operative mortality rates for complex surgical procedures. However, the lower mortality rates at teaching hospitals can be explained by higher procedural volume. PMID- 14769570 TI - Platelet-derived growth factor B, but not fibroblast growth factor 2, plasmid DNA improves survival of ischemic myocutaneous flaps. AB - HYPOTHESIS: Tissue flaps are commonly used for surgical reconstruction, especially to cover difficult wounds and in breast reconstruction following mastectomy. Complications due to inadequate flap perfusion are a source of morbidity and, in the lower extremity, can result in amputation. SETTING: Laboratory. INTERVENTIONS: We evaluated the ability of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B and fibroblast growth factor 2 plasmid DNA, formulated in a type I collagen matrix, to promote tissue survival in a rat transverse rectus abdominis muscle flap model based on the inferior deep epigastric vascular supply. In the absence of any therapeutic agent, only about 24% of flap tissue survives in this model. The DNA/matrix formulations were delivered subcutaneously into the skin paddles 7 days before flap elevation, and tissues were harvested 7 days later. RESULTS: Our studies reveal dramatic increases in overall vascularity after treatment with PDGF-B and fibroblast growth factor 2 plasmid DNA; however, only PDGF-B increased flap survival (130% increase at 228 micro g/cm(2) of plasmid DNA vs controls; P<.01). Transdermal spectral imaging demonstrated an increase in patent vessels supporting blood flow in flaps treated with PDGF-B plasmid DNA vs the fibroblast growth factor 2 transgene. CONCLUSION: Matrix enabled gene therapy may provide an effective nonsurgical approach for promoting flap survival and is well suited for surgical applications in which transient therapeutic transgene expression is desired. PMID- 14769571 TI - Nipple-sparing mastectomy: technique and results of 54 procedures. AB - HYPOTHESIS: The rationale for removal of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) during total mastectomy centers on long-standing concerns about possible neoplastic involvement of the NAC and its postoperative viability. Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) combines a skin-sparing mastectomy with preservation of the NAC, intraoperative pathological assessment of the nipple tissue core, and immediate reconstruction, thereby permitting better cosmesis for patients undergoing total mastectomy. Neoplastic involvement of the NAC can be predicted before surgery and assessed during the operation, and sustained postoperative viability of the NAC is likely with appropriate surgical technique. RESULTS: Fifty-four NSMs with immediate reconstruction were attempted among 44 patients. Six NAC core specimens revealed neoplastic involvement on frozen section analysis, resulting in conversion to total mastectomies. Forty-five of the 48 completed NSMs maintained postoperative viability of the NAC; 3 NACs had partial loss. CONCLUSION: Nipple sparing mastectomy is a reasonable option for carefully screened patients. PMID- 14769572 TI - Racial disparities in rectal cancer treatment: a population-based analysis. AB - HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that there are significant racial disparities in delivery of care to rectal cancer patients. We examined differential surgical and radiation treatment for these patients and determined whether blacks were less likely than whites to undergo sphincter-sparing procedures, which are associated with a higher quality of life than sphincter-ablating procedures. DESIGN: Cross sectional cohort study. PATIENTS AND SETTING: The Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database provided population-based data for rectal cancer patients who were diagnosed between 1988 and 1999, were older than 35 years, and had no prior colorectal or other pelvic cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Using logistic regression, we compared receipt and type of surgical therapy and radiation therapy, controlling for age, sex, year, geography, stage, and anatomic location. RESULTS: Among 52 864 patients, 3851 were black and 44 010 were white. Blacks were younger than whites and had more advanced disease (P<.001). Among patients who underwent operation, rates of sphincter-ablating procedure were 37% for whites and 43% for blacks (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.65). Moreover, 53% of whites and 56% of blacks received no radiation therapy for stage II to III disease (AOR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.15-1.47). CONCLUSIONS: Blacks with rectal cancer were diagnosed at a younger age and more advanced disease stage than whites, implying a need for more aggressive screening. After adjusting for stage and other covariates, surgical and radiation treatment also differed along racial lines. Our data suggest that treatment disparities may contribute to differences in outcome among racial/ethnic groups with rectal cancer, and they highlight the need for improving access to state-of the-art surgical care for minority patients with rectal cancer. PMID- 14769573 TI - Physiological levels of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone depress wound immune function and impair wound healing following trauma-hemorrhage. AB - HYPOTHESIS: Studies indicate that a depressed wound immune function contributes to an increased rate of wound complications and impaired wound healing following trauma-hemorrhage (T-H). Androgen, ie, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, is responsible for producing the depressed systemic cell-mediated immune responses following T-H in males. The aim of the present study was to determine whether depletion of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in males before T-H has any salutary effects on wound immune cell function and wound healing in male mice following T H. DESIGN: Mice were castrated or sham castrated 14 days before midline laparotomy (ie, tissue trauma) and subcutaneous polyvinyl sponge implantation, followed by hemorrhage (mean +/- SEM blood pressure, 35 +/- 5 mm Hg for 90 minutes and resuscitation) or sham operation. At 24 hours thereafter, wound immune cells from the sponges were harvested and cultured with lipopolysaccharide A. Release of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) and IL-6 (in picograms per milliliter) was determined in the supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, IL-6 was assessed at the wound site by immunohistochemistry. Ten days after T-H, wound-breaking strength was measured. RESULTS: Precastration prevented the significantly suppressed capacity of wound immune cells to release IL-1 beta and IL-6. In addition, precastration normalized the elevated IL-6 expression at the wound site in the T-H mice. Moreover, wound-breaking strength was improved in castrated mice 10 days after T-H. CONCLUSIONS: Male sex steroids appear to be responsible for wound immune cell dysfunction following trauma and severe blood loss. Because decreasing androgen levels resulted in improved wound healing, our results suggest that the use of androgen receptor-blocking agents, eg, flutamide, following T-H might represent a novel adjunct for decreasing the rate of wound complications under those conditions. PMID- 14769574 TI - An alternative analysis of intraoperative parathyroid hormone data may improve the ability to detect multiglandular disease. AB - HYPOTHESIS: A nomogram based on regression analysis of intraoperative parathyroid hormone level decay discriminates single gland disease from multiglandular (MG) disease more accurately than the currently used 50% rule. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: Academic health center. PATIENTS: Two hundred thirty-five patients (222 patients with single gland disease and 13 patients with MG disease) who underwent parathyroidectomy. INTERVENTIONS: Intraoperative parathyroid hormone level analysis at baseline, time 1 (about 5 minutes), and time 2 (about 10 minutes) after excision of the first gland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mean slope was calculated at time 1 and time 2 and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the Fisher least significance difference post hoc tests using data normalized to baseline intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels to compare patients with single gland disease with patients with MG disease. A regression based nomogram was created to analyze individual kinetic decay data. RESULTS: The mean (SEM) single gland disease slope was significantly steeper than the MG disease slope at both time 1 (-0.91 [0.02] vs -0.66 [0.05]; P<.01) and time 2 ( 0.77 [0.01] vs -0.56 [0.05]; P<.01). When the standard threshold rule of a 50% decrease from baseline was used, only 23% of the patients with MG disease were correctly predicted by intraoperative parathyroid hormone values (77% false positive result rate) at time 1. However, the nomogram correctly predicted 54% of the patients with MG disease at time 1 (46% false-positive result rate). At time 2, the standard threshold 50%-rule method correctly predicted 38% of the patients with MG disease (62% false-positive result rate), while the nomogram still correctly classified 54% of the patients with MG disease (46% false-positive result rate). CONCLUSIONS: A regression-based nomogram incrementally improves prediction of MG disease compared with the standard 50%-rule method and accounts for variability in the exact timing of samples. Slope analysis suggests that the earliest time point best isolates the kinetics of the excised gland. The nomogram will need to be validated prospectively. PMID- 14769575 TI - Augmented reality in surgery. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the history and current knowledge of computer-augmented reality in the field of surgery and its potential goals in education, surgeon training, and patient treatment. DATA SOURCES: National Library of Medicine's database and additional library searches. STUDY SELECTION: Only articles suited to surgical sciences with a well-defined aim of study, methodology, and precise description of outcome were included. DATA SYNTHESIS: Augmented reality is an effective tool in executing surgical procedures requiring low-performance surgical dexterity; it remains a science determined mainly by stereotactic registration and ergonomics. Strong evidence was found that it is an effective teaching tool for training residents. Weaker evidence was found to suggest a significant influence on surgical outcome, both morbidity and mortality. No evidence of cost-effectiveness was found. CONCLUSIONS: Augmented reality is a new approach in executing detailed surgical operations. Although its application is in a preliminary stage, further research is needed to evaluate its long-term clinical impact on patients, surgeons, and hospital administrators. Its widespread use and the universal transfer of such technology remains limited until there is a better understanding of registration and ergonomics. PMID- 14769576 TI - Interpectoral nodes as the initial site of recurrence in breast cancer. AB - HYPOTHESIS: Interpectoral nodes can be the initial site of recurrent breast cancer. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Comprehensive breast center, located in a university-based tertiary care center. PATIENTS: All patients undergoing operations for breast cancer at our breast center from 1995 to 2002 were reviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients with interpectoral node recurrence as the initial site of recurrent breast cancer were identified. RESULTS: During the 8-year period, 4097 patients underwent surgical management for breast cancer. During this time, 4 patients (0.1%) had recurrence at the interpectoral nodes. Three of the 4 patients were node-negative at the original operation. All lesions were mammographically occult. Preoperative needle biopsy was effective in the confirmation of malignancy. All 4 underwent excision without complications. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence at the interpectoral nodes can be the initial site of surgical failure. These nodes may represent the site of primary drainage in a percentage of patients. The sentinel node identification technique, therefore, should diminish the number of patients affected by recurrence at this site. In patients with a palpable mass in the infraclavicular location, however, a high index of suspicion should be maintained. Workup should include additional breast imaging and needle biopsy prior to operation. PMID- 14769577 TI - The advantage of total thyroidectomy to avoid reoperation for incidental thyroid cancer in multinodular goiter. AB - HYPOTHESIS: To investigate the impact of total thyroidectomy on the rate of completion thyroidectomy for incidentally found thyroid cancer in euthyroid multinodular goiter. DESIGN: A randomized, prospective clinical trial. SETTING: A tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Patients with euthyroid multinodular goiter without any preoperative suspicion of malignancy, history of familial thyroid cancer, or previous exposure to radiation were randomized (according to a random table) to total or near-total thyroidectomy leaving no remnant tissue or less than 1 g (group 1; n = 109) or bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy leaving 5 g or more of remnant tissue (group 2; n = 109). Patients with preoperative or perioperative suspicion of malignancy were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We compared the complication rates and the incidence of thyroid cancer requiring radioactive iodine ablation and completion thyroidectomy between groups. RESULTS: There were no permanent complications. The rates of temporary unilateral vocal cord dysfunction and hypoparathyroidism showed no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 (0.9% vs 0.9% and 1.8% vs 0.9%, respectively; P>.05). Papillary cancer was found in 10 group 1 patients (9.2%) and 8 group 2 patients (7.3%) (P =.80). Of the 9 patients requiring radioactive iodine ablation, reoperation was avoided in 5 group 1 patients; the remaining 4 group 2 patients underwent completion thyroidectomy (P =.007). CONCLUSION: We recommend total or near-total thyroidectomy in multinodular goiter to eliminate the necessity for early completion thyroidectomy in case of a final diagnosis of thyroid cancer. PMID- 14769578 TI - Comparison of spinal vs general anesthesia via laryngeal mask airway in inguinal hernia repair. AB - HYPOTHESIS: The use of laryngeal mask airway and propofol in inguinal hernia repair results in shorter operative and recovery room times. DESIGN: Randomized control trial. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: From May 2000 to March 2002, a convenience sample of 79 patients was invited to participate; 34 entered the study. Fifteen patients were randomized to subarachnoid block, and 18 patients were randomized to laryngeal mask airway. No patients withdrew from the study because of adverse effects. All study subjects were followed up for 6 months. INTERVENTION: General anesthesia via laryngeal mask airway or lidocaine subarachnoid block anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Operative and recovery room times; surgeon evaluation of the adequacy of the anesthetic technique; 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey scores before and after operation. RESULTS: Total time from entry into the operating room to discharge home was slightly longer in the subarachnoid block group (285 vs 262 minutes; 95% confidence interval, 251-317 minutes) but this difference was not statistically or clinically significant. Patient satisfaction was high with both techniques; patient-reported outcomes were the same. Surgeons rated muscle relaxation and exposure better with the subarachnoid block. CONCLUSIONS: We found no differences between short-acting spinal anesthesia and general anesthesia via laryngeal mask airway with intravenous propofol in efficiency or in early or late outcomes after elective inguinal hernia repair. Surgeon and patient preferences appear to be the most important reasons for selecting an anesthetic technique for individual patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. PMID- 14769579 TI - Clinicopathological features of malignant intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of the pancreas: the differential diagnosis from benign entities. AB - BACKGROUND: The accurate differential diagnosis of malignant intraductal papillary mucinous tumors (IPMTs) of the pancreas from benign IPMTs remains unclear. HYPOTHESIS: Predictive factors for differentiating malignant IPMTs from benign IPMTs can be documented. DESIGN: Retrospective study (1999-2003). SETTING: Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan. PATIENTS: Twenty-seven consecutive patients with IPMTs (11 with adenoma, 3 with dysplasia, 5 with adenocarcinoma, and 8 with invasive adenocarcinoma) who underwent surgery were retrospectively analyzed in terms of clinicopathological features. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Clinical data, preoperative imaging findings, cytology, and tumor marker level, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA19 9), in serum and pure pancreatic juice. RESULTS: In preoperative imaging findings, the mean tumor size for the malignant IPMT group (81 +/- 18 mm) was significantly larger than that for the benign IPMT group (31 +/- 4 mm) (P =.002). The mean mural nodule size for the malignant IPMT group (9.8 +/- 4.4 mm) was significantly larger than that for the benign IPMT group (3.3 +/- 5.7 mm) (P =.002). The CEA levels in pure pancreatic juice in the malignant IPMT group (3051 +/- 7556 ng/mL) were significantly higher than in the benign IPMT group (41 +/- 80 ng/mL) (P =.003), although no significant differences in cytologic analyses and CA19-9 levels in pure pancreatic juice were found between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that tumor size larger than 30 mm, mural nodule size larger than 5 mm, and CEA levels higher than 110 ng/mL in pure pancreatic juice were predictive factors for diagnosis of malignant IPMTs. PMID- 14769580 TI - Impact of preoperative fine-needle aspiration cytologic examination on clinical outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a tertiary referral center. AB - HYPOTHESIS: Preoperative fine-needle aspiration cytologic examination (FNAC) exerts a statistically significant adverse effect on long-term clinical outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: A total of 828 patients with clinical suggestion of HCC received surgical treatment. Ninety-one patients underwent preoperative FNAC, suggesting HCC, and 737 patients did not. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The resectability and histologic diagnoses of liver masses were evaluated in patients with and without preoperative FNAC. Clinicopathologic data and operative and survival outcomes of patients who underwent curative hepatic resection for HCC were compared between the FNAC and non-FNAC groups. RESULTS: The resectability rates of the FNAC (81.3%) and non-FNAC (81.8%) groups did not differ (P =.91). Histologic examination of tumor confirmed HCC in 766 patients. The positive predictive value of preoperative FNAC was 96%, whereas that of preoperative imaging studies was 92% (P =.23). Among patients with nondiagnostic serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations (< or =400 ng/mL), 3% in the FNAC group (n = 66) had benign liver diseases vs 9.5% in the non-FNAC group (n = 432) (P =.09). Among patients with curative hepatic resection (70 in the FNAC group and 545 in the non-FNAC group), hospital mortality was 4% and 6% in the FNAC and non-FNAC groups, respectively. In the FNAC group, needle tract tumor seeding was not encountered. Excluding patients with preexisting and iatrogenic tumor rupture, intraperitoneal extrahepatic metastasis occurred in 1 patient (2%) in the FNAC group and in 30 (6%) in the non-FNAC group (P =.34). The cumulative 1-, 3-, and 5 year overall survival rates were 79%, 61%, and 48%, respectively, for the FNAC group and 75%, 55%, and 43% for the non-FNAC group (P =.77). The disease-free survival results of the groups were similar (P =.51). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative FNAC has no statistically significant adverse effect on the operability, the possibility of extrahepatic tumor spread, or the long-term survival of patients with HCC. Preoperative FNAC may play a diagnostic role in selected patients with liver nodules on imaging studies when the serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration is not diagnostic. PMID- 14769581 TI - Outcomes of upper arm arteriovenous fistulas for maintenance hemodialysis access. AB - HYPOTHESIS: Radiocephalic fistulas for maintenance hemodialysis access are not feasible in all patients with end-stage renal disease. Our aim was to review our experience with 3 types of upper arm arteriovenous fistula (AVF) to ascertain whether they are reasonable alternatives to radiocephalic fistulas and which, if any, have superior performance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patient medical records were retrospectively reviewed. The main outcomes were maturation rate, time to maturation, assisted maturation rate, complication rates, reintervention rates, primary and assisted primary patency rates, and effects of comorbidities. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients with end-stage renal disease underwent creation of a brachiocephalic, brachiobasilic, or brachial artery-to-median antecubital vein AVF. Overall, 80% matured, with 23% requiring an intervention to achieve maturity. The mean time to maturation was 3.8 months; 47% had a complication (inability to access, thrombosis, and so on), and 43% required additional interventions. The overall primary patency and assisted primary patency rates at 12 months were 50% and 74%, respectively. Brachiobasilic AVFs not superficialized immediately often needed a second operation. There were no significant differences in patency rates among the 3 AVF types. The AVFs in patients with diabetes took 2 months longer to mature than did those in patients without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: An upper arm AVF is a reasonable alternative for maintenance hemodialysis access when a radiocephalic AVF is not possible. There are 3 valid options from which to choose to best accommodate each patient's antecubital anatomy. Diabetes may adversely affect outcomes. Our data suggest that brachiobasilic AVFs should be superficialized at the initial procedure, if feasible. PMID- 14769583 TI - Addition of "near-miss" cases enhances a quality improvement conference. AB - Medical error is a prominent public issue today. Surgeons, for many decades, have conducted regular and meaningful reviews of most untoward events, which deserve improvement. "Near-miss" is a useful focus for such a conference, in that it avoids a focus on ultimate personal guilt and minimizes exposure to litigation (ie, a nonevent). PMID- 14769582 TI - Has evolution in awareness of guidelines for institution of damage control improved outcome in the management of the posttraumatic open abdomen? AB - HYPOTHESIS: Awareness of guidelines for damage control can improve patient outcomes after postraumatic open abdomen. DESIGN: Retrospective (November 1992 to December 1998), prospective (January 1999 to July 2001), 104-month study. SETTING: Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles. PATIENTS: All patients undergoing damage control resulting in posttraumatic open abdomen. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measure was survival. Data were also collected on surgical findings and indications for damage control, including organs injured, intraoperative estimated blood loss, and intraoperative fluids, blood, and blood products administered. Postoperative complications, length of time patients had an open abdomen, and surgical intensive care unit and hospital length of stay were also recorded. RESULTS: No difference in mortality existed between patients admitted before awareness of guidelines (group 1; 21 [24%] of 86 patients died) and patients who underwent damage control following these suggested guidelines (group 2; 13 [24%] of 53 patients died) (P =.85). Of the 139 patients, 100 had penetrating injuries and 39 had blunt injuries. Estimated blood loss was 4764 +/- 5349 mL. Mean intraoperative fluid replacement was 22 034 mL. One hundred one patients (73%) experienced 228 complications, for a mean of 2.26 complications per patient. Group 1 patients spent a longer time in the operating room (mean, 4.09 +/- 1.99 hours; range, 0.4-9.5 hours) vs group 2 patients (mean, 2.34 +/- 1.50 hours; range, 0.3-6.2 hours; P<.001). The surgical intensive care unit length of stay was 23.5 +/- 18.3 days vs 8.7 +/- 14.9 days (P<.001), and the hospital length of stay was 37.4 +/- 27.5 days vs 12.4 +/- 21.0 days (P<.001) in survivors and nonsurvivors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend close monitoring of intraoperative outcome predictors as validated within our guidelines and recommend following our model for early institution of damage control. PMID- 14769585 TI - Image of the month. Desmoid tumor. PMID- 14769584 TI - Parathyroidectomy for tertiary hyperparathyroidism associated with X-linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets. AB - BACKGROUND: X-linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR) is a hereditary metabolic bone syndrome that is only beginning to be understood and is rarely associated with progression to irreversible tertiary hyperparathyroidism. We report our surgical experience with 6 patients with XLHR who underwent parathyroidectomy for associated autonomous parathyroid hyperfunction. HYPOTHESIS: Parathyroidectomy can successfully treat tertiary hyperparathyroidism in the setting of XLHR, although an understanding of expected operative findings and postoperative complications is essential. DESIGN: The study group comprised 6 patients with XLHR identified from our endocrine surgery database. Presentation, surgical procedure, parathyroid pathologic findings, and subsequent outcome are outlined. RESULTS: There were 4 women and 2 men. All were exposed to long-term vitamin D and phosphate supplementation therapy. All had persistently elevated preoperative levels of parathyroid hormone and serum calcium. The patients were treated as follows: 3 had total parathyroidectomy, 2 had 3 parathyroid glands identified and resected, and 1 had 2 abnormal parathyroid glands resected with 2 normal-appearing parathyroid glands left in situ. One patient subsequently required completion parathyroidectomy for recurrent disease. Pathologic examination results revealed hyperplasia of all resected parathyroid glands in 4 of 6 patients. One patient had a single adenoma with 3-gland hyperplasia, and 1 patient had a double adenoma. The principal complication of this procedure was profound symptomatic hypocalcemia requiring intravenous calcium infusion. Hungry bone syndrome was also observed in most subjects. Long-term, all patients achieved normocalcemia. CONCLUSION: Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a rare but recognized complication of XLHR. Parathyroidectomy effectively treats this complication caused by autonomous parathyroid hyperfunction, but profound postoperative hypocalcemia necessitates careful management. PMID- 14769586 TI - Supranormal trauma resuscitation and abdominal compartment syndrome. PMID- 14769587 TI - Pelvic neuroanatomy and technique of abdominoperineal resection of the rectum for cancer. PMID- 14769588 TI - A moment in time. PMID- 14769589 TI - Dry eye signs and symptoms in women with premature ovarian failure. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine whether women with premature ovarian failure (POF) have abnormal findings in ocular surface or tear parameters and whether they report symptoms of ocular discomfort compared with age-matched controls. METHODS: Sixty five patients with POF and 36 age-matched healthy controls were examined for signs and symptoms of dry eye. The Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire and the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ 25) were administered to the participants. Assessments of ocular surface damage (Oxford and van Bijsterveld scores of vital dye staining) and tear status (Schirmer tests 1 [without anesthesia] and 2 [with anesthesia] and tear breakup time) were performed. RESULTS: Women with POF scored significantly worse than controls on all ocular surface damage parameters: Oxford score (3.2 vs 1.7; P =.001), conjunctival lissamine green (2.1 vs 1.3; P =.02), corneal fluorescein staining (1.2 vs 0.4; P =.005), and van Bijsterveld score (2.1 vs 1.3; P =.02). Further, the proportion of patients with POF meeting the dry eye diagnostic criterion of a van Bijsterveld score greater than or equal to 4 was significantly greater among women with POF than among controls (20% vs 3%; P =.02). The POF group also tended to have worse scores than controls on self-reported symptoms, as measured by the overall Ocular Surface Disease Index (12.5 vs 2.1; P<.001) and the overall NEI-VFQ (94 vs 98; P =.001) after adjustment for age and race. Schirmer test scores and tear breakup time did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: Women with POF were more likely to exhibit ocular surface damage and symptoms of dry eye than age-matched controls. They were not, however, more likely to have reduced tear production. To our knowledge, this association between ocular surface disease and POF has not been previously reported. These data provide further evidence of the multifaceted role of sex hormones in the health and disease of the ocular surface. PMID- 14769590 TI - A direct method to measure the power of the central cornea after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis. AB - OBJECTIVE: To measure the corneal power after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS: Six central areas in 6 corneal power maps were studied using the Orbscan II statistical analysis device in 26 eyes that underwent myopic LASIK. Refractive and corneal power changes were compared. Factors related to wrong corneal power measurement were evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cycloplegic refraction, refractive change at the corneal plane, and Orbscan II corneal power maps. RESULTS: Preoperatively, only posterior-mean power (P<<.001) and anterior-posterior power ratio (P<<.001) varied according to the size of the analyzed area. Postoperatively, total-optical (P =.03), keratometric-mean (P =.04), total-mean (P<.001), anterior-mean (P =.03), and posterior-mean (P<<.001) powers; and anterior-posterior power ratio (P<<.001) varied according to the area. Postoperatively, the difference between keratometric-mean and total-mean powers became larger (P<.001), and the anterior-posterior power ratio was reduced (P<<.001). A posterior-mean power change occurred (P =.04). Refractive change after myopic LASIK was best estimated by 2-mm total-mean power (mean +/- SD difference, 0.07 +/- 0.62 diopters [D]; P =.55) and 4-mm total-optical power (mean +/- SD difference, -0.08 +/- 0.53 D; P =.37). CONCLUSIONS: Total corneal power is more positive and refractive change is underestimated when deduced from the anterior surface radius and keratometric refractive index. The anterior posterior power ratio is not a fixed value. The best area to estimate the refractive change depends on the method used to obtain the power in diopters. Refractive change tended to be underestimated in larger areas and higher preoperative myopia. Orbscan II total-mean and total-optical power maps accurately assess the corneal power after myopic LASIK independent of preoperative data or correcting factors, and should improve intraocular lens calculation. PMID- 14769591 TI - Conjunctival nevi: clinical features and natural course in 410 consecutive patients. AB - OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical features of a conjunctival nevus and to evaluate the lesion for changes in color and size over time. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational, noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred ten consecutive patients with conjunctival nevi. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The 2 main outcome measures were changes in tumor color and size. RESULTS: Of the 410 patients, 365 (about 89%) were white, 23 (about 6%) were African American, 8 (2%) were Asian, 8 (2%) were Indian, and 6 (1%) were Hispanic. The iris color was brown in 55% (229/418), blue in 20% (85/418), green in 20% (83/418), and not indicated in 5% (21/418). The nevus was brown in 65%, tan in 19%, and completely nonpigmented in 16%. The anatomical location of the nevus was the bulbar conjunctiva (302 eyes, 72%), caruncle (61 eyes, 15%), plica semilunaris (44 eyes, 11%), fornix (6 eyes, 1%), tarsus (3 eyes, 1%), and cornea (2 eyes, <1%). The bulbar conjunctival lesions most commonly abutted the corneoscleral limbus. The nevus quadrant was temporal (190 eyes, 46%), nasal (184 eyes, 44%), superior (23 eyes, 6%), and inferior (21 eyes, 5%). Additional features included intralesional cysts (65%), feeder vessels (33%), and visible intrinsic vessels (38%). Cysts were clinically detected in 70% of histopathologically confirmed compound nevi, 58% of the subepithelial nevi, 40% of the junctional nevi, and 0% of the blue nevi. Of the 149 patients who returned for periodic observation for a mean of 11 years, the lesion color gradually became darker in 5% (7 patients), lighter in 8% (12 patients), and was stable in 87% (130 patients). The lesion size was larger in 7% (10 patients), appeared smaller in 1% (1 patient), and was stable in 92% (137 patients). There were 3 patients who developed malignant melanoma from a preexisting compound nevus (2 cases) or blue nevus (1 case) over a mean interval of 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Conjunctival nevus is a benign tumor most often located at the nasal or temporal limbus and rarely in the fornix, tarsus, or cornea. Over time, a change in tumor color was detected in 13% (20/149) and a change in tumor size was detected in 8% (12/149). PMID- 14769592 TI - A new method for measuring progression in patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. AB - OBJECTIVES: To describe a method to measure the progression of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and to compare its facility with traditional methods used to measure the progression of the disease. METHODS: The proposed method consists of measuring (in millimeters) the total relative inferior conjunctival surface available in 3 gaze positions. This method was used to monitor 7 eyes of 4 patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid over 2 years. The changes in the conjunctival measurements from baseline were compared with the changes documented by traditional methods. RESULTS: During the study, 2 eyes remained stable (changes, <3 mm), 2 had a decrease of 10 mm or more, and 3 had a change in measurements between 4 and 9 mm. With the proposed method, we demonstrated the detection of more subtle changes in the conjunctiva of all patients. Patients who had changes between 4 and 9 mm easily underwent staging by the traditional systems when the new technique was used as a reference. CONCLUSION: The proposed method offers an objective variable that can be used in consecutive visits to detect subtle progression or disease control in patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. PMID- 14769594 TI - Crossover comparison of timolol and latanoprost in chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma. AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare latanoprost and timolol maleate as primary therapy in 60 eyes with chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma after a laser iridotomy. METHODS: We performed a prospective, randomized, crossover study of 60 eyes of 30 patients with chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma after laser iridotomy. Patients were randomized to 2 groups: those taking latanoprost once daily or those taking timolol twice daily. Three months after treatment with the first drug, the second drug was substituted. The circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure (IOP) was recorded before the start of therapy, at 3 months, and at 7 months. The fourth month was the washout period for the first drug. RESULTS: The mean baseline IOP was 23.5 +/- 2.1 mm Hg, which decreased by 8.2 +/- 2.0 mm Hg with latanoprost (P<.001) and by 6.1 +/- 1.7 mm Hg with timolol (P =.01). The decrease in IOP was greater for patients taking latanoprost (P<.001). Latanoprost was significantly more effective in eyes having morning and afternoon peaks of IOP. A total of 43 eyes (72%) of patients taking latanoprost and 26 (43%) on timolol achieved a reduction of more than 30% from baseline IOP. CONCLUSION: There were greater mean and peak IOP reductions achieved with 0.005% latanoprost once daily compared with 0.5% timolol twice daily. PMID- 14769595 TI - Aqueous humor flow in normal human eyes treated with brimonidine and dorzolamide, alone and in combination. AB - OBJECTIVES: To measure the effectiveness of topical 0.2% brimonidine tartrate as a suppressor of aqueous humor flow in the human eye compared with the effectiveness of 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride, and to measure the additivity of the effects of the 2 drugs. DESIGN: A randomized, double-masked, placebo controlled study was performed in 20 healthy human subjects. The topical drugs were instilled twice daily the day before and again in the morning on the day of the measurements. The rate of aqueous humor flow was measured from 8 AM to 4 PM by clearance of topically applied fluorescein using a fluorophotometer, after administration of doses of each drug singly and both drugs together. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured with applanation tonometry. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, brimonidine reduced the aqueous humor flow by a mean +/- SD of 28.2% +/- 18.0% (P<.001), dorzolamide by 19.3% +/- 22.0% (P =.007), and the combination of brimonidine and dorzolamide by 37.2% +/- 20.6% (P<.001). The combination of both drugs statistically significantly suppressed aqueous humor flow compared with dorzolamide alone (P<.001) and brimonidine alone (P =.04). The IOP was reduced by a mean +/- SD of 11.6% +/- 10.1% (P<.001) by brimonidine, 8.5% +/- 14.1% (P =.02) by dorzolamide, and 17.9% +/- 16.5% (P<.001) by the combination. The combination of drugs reduced IOP better than dorzolamide (P<.001), but not more than brimonidine (P =.06). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of brimonidine and dorzolamide caused a further reduction of aqueous humor flow compared with each drug applied alone. The IOP was further reduced by the combination compared with dorzolamide alone, but not compared with brimonidine alone. PMID- 14769596 TI - Fluorescein filling defects and quantitative morphologic analysis of the optic nerve head in glaucoma. AB - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate absolute filling defects of the optic nerve head in normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and to compare the filling defects with topographic analysis of the optic disc. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with NTG, 25 patients with POAG, and 25 age-matched controls were included. Fluorescein angiograms were performed by means of a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. The extent of absolute filling defects of the optic nerve head was assessed using digital image analysis of early-phase angiograms. Topographic measurements of the optic disc were acquired using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II. RESULTS: Absolute filling defects were significantly larger (P =.001) and were seen more often (P<.001) in patients with NTG (n = 18) and POAG (n = 19) compared with controls (n = 3). Rim area (P =.006), rim volume (P =.007), cup-disc area ratio (P =.008), linear cup-disc ratio (P =.005), maximum cup depth (P =.002), cup shape measure (P =.03), and nerve fiber layer thickness (P =.008) and cross-sectional area (P =.006) were significantly different between patients with glaucoma and controls. Absolute filling defects were significantly correlated with cup area (r = 0.31; P =.007), rim area (r = -0.38; P<.001), rim volume (r = -0.35; P =.002), cup-disc area ratio (r = 0.49; P<.001), linear cup disc ratio (r = 0.48; P<.001), cup shape measure (r = 0.27; P =.02), and nerve fiber layer thickness (r = -0.33; P =.004) and cross-sectional area (r = -0.30; P =.009). CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescein filling defects of the optic disc are present in NTG and POAG. The extent of these filling defects is correlated with the morphologic disc damage. PMID- 14769597 TI - Latent nystagmus: vestibular nystagmus with a twist. AB - BACKGROUND: Latent nystagmus is a horizontal binocular oscillation that is evoked by unequal visual input to the 2 eyes. It develops primarily in humans with congenital esotropia. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interrelationship between latent and peripheral vestibular nystagmus and their corollary neuroanatomical pathways. METHODS: Examination of subcortical neuroanatomical pathways producing latent nystagmus and review of the neurophysiological mechanisms by which they become activated in congenital esotropia. RESULTS: The vestibular nucleus presides over motion input from the eyes and labyrinths. Latent nystagmus corresponds to the optokinetic component of ocular rotation that is driven monocularly by nasal optic flow during a turning movement of the body in lateral eyed animals. Congenital esotropia alters visual pathway development from the visual cortex to subcortical centers that project to the vestibular nucleus, allowing this primitive subcortical motion detection system to generate latent nystagmus under conditions of monocular fixation. CONCLUSIONS: Latent nystagmus is the ocular counterpart of peripheral vestibular nystagmus. Its clinical expression in humans proclaims the evolutionary function of the eyes as sensory balance organs. PMID- 14769598 TI - Three-year follow-up study of blood-retinal barrier and retinal thickness alterations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine the 3-year alterations of the blood-retinal barrier and changes in retinal thickness occurring in the macular region in 14 eyes of 14 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: We classified 14 eyes of 14 patients with type 2 DM and mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, as having disease levels 20 (microaneurysms only) or 35 (microaneurysm plus retinal hemorrhage[s] and/or hard exudates) of Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test grading, by using 7-field stereoscopic fundus photographs. We examined them 7 times at 6-month intervals, using fundus photography, fluorescein sodium angiography, the retinal leakage analyzer (RLA) modified confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, and the retinal thickness analyzer. The retinal leakage and retinal thickness maps were aligned and integrated into 1 image. Data from the group of individuals with type 2 DM were compared with those of a healthy control population (n = 14; mean age, 48 years; age range, 42-55 years) to establish reference maps for the RLA and retinal thickness analyzers. RESULTS: Areas of abnormally increased fluorescein leakage were detected in all eyes examined at baseline. The sites of increased fluorescein leakage reached values as high as 483% above normal levels, but in 20 of the total 95 examinations performed, fluorescein leakage returned to normal levels. Every eye that showed reversal to normal levels of fluorescein leakage showed stabilization or a decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin A(1c) values at the same visit. When comparing the RLA-leaking sites among the 7 examinations, they remained, in general, in the same locations, but there was a clear fluctuation in the percentage of increases. No clear correlation was observed among the location of areas of increased retinal thickness and RLA-leaking sites, the number of microaneurysms, or the glycosylated hemoglobin A(1c) values. Microaneurysms on fundus photographs showed different cumulative incidences throughout the follow up period in the different eyes. Associations between these different abnormalities suggest specific patterns of evolution of type 2 DM-related retinal disease. CONCLUSIONS: The dominant alteration in the retina of patients with type 2 DM and mild nonproliferative retinopathy is the presence of RLA-leaking sites. This damage seems to be reversible and directly associated with variations in glycemic metabolic control. Together with the intensity and persistence of RLA leaking sites, the rates of microaneurysm accumulation and alterations of the foveal avascular zone may characterize different genetically based phenotypes of diabetic retinopathy. PMID- 14769600 TI - Surgery for idiopathic full-thickness macular hole: two-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing natural history, vitrectomy, and vitrectomy plus autologous serum: Morfields Macular Hole Study Group RAeport no. 1. AB - OBJECTIVES: To determine the benefits of idiopathic full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) surgery compared with observation and to evaluate the use of autologous serum as an intraoperative adjunct. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was performed to evaluate the anatomic and visual benefits of FTMH surgery for lesions of 9 months or less symptom duration and visual acuity of 20/60 or less. We compared surgery with natural history and determined whether use of intraoperative adjunctive autologous serum improves the surgical outcome. Eyes were randomized to (1). observation, (2). vitrectomy, or (3). vitrectomy plus serum and were followed for 24 months to assess anatomic status and visual function. RESULTS: In total, 185 eyes of 174 patients were enrolled. In the observation group, spontaneous closure of the FTMH occurred in 7 (11.5%) of 61 patients, with little or no change in overall acuity levels in 24 months. In contrast, the surgical groups had an overall closure rate of 80.6% (100/124) at 24 months, with 45% of eyes achieving Snellen acuity of 20/40 or greater. Surgical eyes had better median near acuity than observation eyes by 6 lines (N5 vs N14). Use of autologous serum did not seem to affect anatomic or visual results. At 24 months, 72 (58.1%) of 124 surgical eyes had undergone cataract extraction. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for FTMH is safe and effective and is associated with significant visual improvement compared with the natural history. Autologous serum application does not enhance the results of surgery. PMID- 14769599 TI - Intravitreal reinjection of triamcinolone for exudative age-related macular degeneration. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of repeated intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: This prospective, comparative nonrandomized clinical interventional study included 13 patients with progressive exudative age-related macular degeneration with occult, or predominantly occult, subfoveal neovascularization. All patients had shown an increase or stabilization of visual acuity after a first intravitreal injection of 25 mg of triamcinolone acetonide. They received a second intravitreal injection of 25 mg of triamcinolone acetonide 3.1 to 18 months after the first injection. Mean +/- SD follow-up time after the second injection was 5.2 +/- 3.6 months (median, 5.3 months). A control group included 24 patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration who did not receive treatment for their maculopathy. The main outcome measures were visual acuity and intraocular pressure. RESULTS: In the study group, mean +/- SD visual acuity increased significantly (P =.005 and P =.003, respectively) from 0.17 +/- 0.11 to 0.32 +/- 0.26 and from 0.15 +/- 0.14 to 0.23 +/- 0.19, respectively, after the first and second injections. An increase in visual acuity was found for 10 patients (77%) after the first and second injections. In the control group, visual acuity did not vary significantly during follow-up (P =.81). The difference in change in visual acuity between the study group and control group was significant (P =.01 [Snellen lines] and P =.05 [logMAR units]). The peak in visual acuity and, in a chronologically parallel manner, the peak in intraocular pressure elevation occurred 2 to 5 months after each injection. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated intravitreal injection of 25 mg of triamcinolone acetonide may lead to an increase in visual acuity in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration, with the peak in visual acuity and intraocular pressure elevation occurring about 2 to 5 months after each injection. PMID- 14769601 TI - Rapid identification of germline mutations in retinoblastoma by protein truncation testing. AB - OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the utility of protein truncation testing (PTT) for rapid detection and sequencing of germline mutations in the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (RB1). METHODS: We performed PTT, a technique based on the in vitro synthesis of protein from amplified RNA, on 27 probands from 27 kindreds with hereditary retinoblastoma. In 4 kindreds, PTT was also performed on 1 additional affected relative. Ten unrelated patients without retinoblastoma were included as negative control subjects. All PTT-detected mutations were further analyzed by focused sequencing of genomic DNA. When no mutation was detected by PTT, we performed exon-by-exon sequencing, as well as cytogenetic analysis by Giemsa-trypsin-Giemsa banding and by fluorescent in situ hybridization for RB1. The results of proband testing were used for direct genetic testing by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in 11 relatives from 7 of the 27 kindreds. RESULTS: Of the probands tested, 19 (70%) of 27 tested positive for germline mutations by PTT. In 1 kindred, the proband had negative PTT results but an additional affected relative had positive PTT results. Focused DNA sequencing of 1 patient with positive PTT results from each of the 20 kindreds with positive PTT results revealed truncating mutations in 19 kindreds. Four demonstrated frameshift deletions, 6 had splice site mutations, and 9 showed nonsense mutations. Further analysis by genomic exon-by-exon sequencing and karyotype analysis of the 8 probands who tested negative for germline mutations by PTT revealed 1 splice site mutation, 2 missense mutations, and 1 chromosomal deletion. Focused sequencing based on positive PTT results was successfully used to confirm shared truncating mutations in additional affected family members in 2 kindreds. Using a multitiered approach to genetic testing, 23 (85%) of 27 kindreds had mutations identified and those detected by PTT received a positive result in as few as 7 days. In control subjects, PTT produced no false-positive results. CONCLUSIONS: Protein truncation testing is an effective, rapid single-modality screen for germline mutations in patients with retinoblastoma. When used as an initial screen, PTT can increase the yield of additional testing modalities, such as sequencing and chromosomal analysis, providing a timely and cost-effective approach for the diagnosis of heritable germline mutations in patients with retinoblastoma.Clinical Relevance The clinical application of PTT in retinoblastoma will improve detection of germline retinoblastoma mutations, which will supply critical information for prognosis, treatment planning, follow-up care, and genetic counseling. PMID- 14769602 TI - External beam radiation "salvage" therapy in transgenic murine retinoblastoma. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of low-dose "salvage" external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) following failed subconjunctival carboplatin chemotherapy in a murine model of heritable retinoblastoma. METHODS: Eighty-four eyes from 8-week-old, simian virus 40, T-antigen-positive mice were treated with 6 serial subconjunctival carboplatin injections (100 microg/25 microL). At 12 weeks of age, 64 eyes received EBRT for a total dose of 480 (4.8 Gy), 1200 (12.0 Gy), 1560 (15.6 Gy), or 3000 (30.0 Gy) rad. Twenty eyes received no additional therapy following subconjunctival carboplatin injections. Ten eyes received a total dose EBRT of only 3000 rad. Eight eyes received subconjuctival injections of only an isotonic sodium chloride solution. Ten eyes served as untreated controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Eyes were enucleated at 20 weeks to assess the presence of tumor on histopathological examination. RESULTS: Salvage therapy using low-dose EBRT was able to reestablish tumor control in a dose-dependent manner. Increasing the EBRT dose to 3000 rad resulted in 100% tumor control. The dose-dependent curves were significantly different between the treatment groups EBRT alone vs salvage EBRT after receiving subconjunctival carboplatin injections (P<.001). CONCLUSION: Low-dose hyperfractionated salvage EBRT following failed primary subconjunctival carboplatin chemotherapy is efficacious in the treatment of retinoblastoma in this animal model. Clinical Relevance Salvage EBRT using a reduced total radiation dose could be associated with a radiation-related treatment enhancement in pediatric retinoblastoma. PMID- 14769603 TI - The role of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms in primary open-angle glaucoma. AB - OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that genetic polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), based on the association between neurodegenerative diseases and the APOE genotype. METHODS: Genomic DNA was examined from an unrelated cohort of 137 POAG patients and 75 control subjects from the ophthalmology department of the Royal Victoria Infirmary. The APOE allele frequency (epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 alleles) was studied by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the related locus (19q13.2), enzymatic digestion of the products, gel electrophoresis, and imaging under UV illumination. For statistical analysis, we used a logistic regression model that included intraocular pressure as a continuous variable to study the possible correlation between POAG and APOE allele frequency. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis showed no statistically significant association between the frequency of the APOE allele and POAG for the population studied, irrespective of the IOP (epsilon2 odds ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.12 5.79 [P =.84]; epsilon3 odds ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.10-1.49 [P =.17]; and epsilon4 odds ratio, 3.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-18.49 [P =.09]). CONCLUSION: In our cohort, the APOE genotype does not constitute a risk factor for developing POAG, even in patients with normal-tension glaucoma.Clinical Relevance Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms do not appear to be contributory to POAG. PMID- 14769604 TI - Hospitalization for nontraumatic disorders of the eye and ocular adnexa: analysis of the Florida agency for health care administration data set. AB - OBJECTIVE: To study the demographic features and patterns of hospital admission in Florida for nontraumatic disorders of the eye and ocular adnexa. METHODS: The public data set from the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration for 2001 was used to identify persons hospitalized for 24 hours or longer for nontraumatic disorders of the eye and ocular adnexa by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. RESULTS: In 2001, there were 2137 hospital admissions for nontraumatic disorders of the eye and ocular adnexa, most of which were for infections or neuro-ophthalmologic disorders. The median length of stay was 3.0 days (mean +/- SD, 3.4 +/- 3.8 days). On average, 1 patient was admitted per month to 180 Florida hospitals. Eighty-three patients (3.9% of eye admissions) were hospitalized for 10 days or longer and accounted for 18.1% of total hospital-patient days. Prolonged hospital stay was positively associated with hospital transfer (P <.001) and facial cellulitis (P =.04). A trend for positive association with Medicaid coverage was also observed (P =.07). CONCLUSIONS: Nontraumatic eye care composes a small proportion of all inpatient care (< 0.1%) in Florida. Few of these patients require prolonged hospitalization but use a large proportion of inpatient care on the basis of the percentage of gross charges. An opportunity exists to improve hospital efficiency and improve eye care by targeting the patients at highest risk for prolonged hospital stay. PMID- 14769605 TI - Ophthalmological observations made during the mid-19th-century European encounter with Africa. AB - European travelers in Africa in the mid-19th century encountered environments quite unlike those of their native lands. These provided many new and unanticipated health challenges. The ophthalmological consequences of exposure to such climates, as recorded incidentally in travelogues, are of potential interest. In this article, the almost contemporaneous narratives of 3 travelers with considerable medical training, David Livingstone and his sometime companion John Kirk, who journeyed in southern Africa, and Gustav Nachtigal, who traveled in northern Africa, are examined for information on ophthalmological problems, both observed and personally experienced. This affords an opportunity to compare observations made in Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa. PMID- 14769606 TI - Hormonal deficiencies and dry eye. PMID- 14769607 TI - Successful corneal flap replacement following complete traumatic flap amputation after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis. PMID- 14769608 TI - The use of apraclonidine in the diagnosis of horner syndrome in pediatric patients. PMID- 14769609 TI - The use of N-butyl cyanoacrylate (indermil) in lateral tarsorrhaphy. PMID- 14769610 TI - Corticosteroids, central serous chorioretinopathy, and neurocysticercosis. PMID- 14769611 TI - Diagnosis of microsporidia keratitis by polymerase chain reaction. PMID- 14769612 TI - Long-term survival in a patient with uveal melanoma and liver metastasis. PMID- 14769613 TI - Primary orbital melanoma associated with an occult episcleral nevus. PMID- 14769614 TI - Undifferentiated sinonasal carcinoma with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. PMID- 14769615 TI - Neurofibroma involving the caruncle. PMID- 14769616 TI - Orbital foreign body. PMID- 14769617 TI - Should routine screening Papanicolaou smears be done for women older than 65 years? PMID- 14769618 TI - The balance of harms, benefits, and costs of screening for cervical cancer in older women: the case for continued screening. PMID- 14769621 TI - The escalating pandemics of obesity and sedentary lifestyle. A call to action for clinicians. AB - Obesity and sedentary lifestyle are escalating national and global epidemics that warrant increased attention by physicians and other health care professionals. These intricately linked conditions are responsible for an enormous burden of chronic disease, impaired physical function and quality of life, at least 300,000 premature deaths, and at least $90 billion in direct health care costs annually in the United States alone. Clinicians are on the front line of combat, yet these conditions receive minimal attention during a typical office visit. Clinicians often feel overwhelmed by these challenges and point to an absence of clear guidelines and practice tools, minimal training in behavior modification strategies, and lack of time as reasons for failing to confront them. This report provides a "call to action" with step-by-step guidelines specifically directed at the pivotal role of physicians and other health care professionals in curbing these dangerous epidemics. This blueprint for action, which requires only a few minutes of a clinician's time to implement, will facilitate more effective intervention related to obesity and inactivity and should favorably impact public health. PMID- 14769622 TI - Epoetin alfa. Clinical evolution of a pleiotropic cytokine. AB - Recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) has been used in clinical settings for more than a decade. Its indications have expanded considerably from its original use as hormone therapy in the treatment of anemia in adults with chronic kidney disease. Since the introduction of epoetin alfa, a greater understanding of anemia pathophysiology and the interactions of erythropoietin, iron, and erythropoiesis has been elucidated. Anemia is now independently associated with increased mortality and disease progression. Potential survival benefits associated with correction of anemia in various patient populations are leading to consideration of earlier, more aggressive treatment of mild to moderate anemia with epoetin alfa. Moreover, this agent's therapeutic use may extend beyond currently accepted roles. Epoetin alfa is undergoing evaluation with promising results in a variety of new clinical settings, including anemia associated with congestive heart failure, ribavirin-interferon alfa treatment of hepatitis C virus infection, and critical illness. Preclinical studies also have established erythropoietin and its recombinant equivalent to be a pleiotropic cytokine with antiapoptotic activity and neuroprotective actions in the central nervous system. The therapeutic potential of epoetin alfa appears yet to be fully realized. PMID- 14769623 TI - Treating opioid dependence. Growing implications for primary care. AB - Almost 3 million Americans have abused heroin. The most effective treatment for this concerning epidemic is opioid replacement therapy. Although, from a historical perspective, acceptance of this therapy has been slow, growing evidence supports its efficacy. There are 3 approved medications for opioid maintenance therapy: methadone hydrochloride, levomethadyl acetate, and buprenorphine hydrochloride. Each has unique characteristics that determine its suitability for an individual patient. Cardiac arrhythmias have been reported with methadone and levomethadyl, but not with buprenorphine. Due to concerns about cardiac risk, levomethadyl use has declined and the product may ultimately be discontinued. These recent safety concerns, specifics about opioid detoxification and maintenance, and new federal initiatives were studied. Opioid detoxification has a role in both preventing acute withdrawal and maintaining long-term abstinence. Although only a minority of eligible patients are engaged in treatment, opioid maintenance therapy appears to offer the greatest public health benefits. There is growing interest in expanding treatment into primary care, allowing opioid addiction to be managed like other chronic illnesses. This model has gained wide acceptance in Europe and is now being implemented in the United States. The recent Drug Addiction Treatment Act enables qualified physicians to treat opioid-dependent patients with buprenorphine in an office based setting. Mainstreaming opioid addiction treatment has many advantages; its success will depend on resolution of ethical and delivery system issues as well as improved and expanded training of physicians in addiction medicine. PMID- 14769624 TI - Depression and cardiovascular sequelae in postmenopausal women. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI). AB - BACKGROUND: Subclinical depression, often clinically unrecognized, may pose increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Few studies have prospectively investigated cardiovascular events related to depression in older women. We describe prevalence, cardiovascular correlates, and relationship to subsequent cardiovascular events of depressive symptoms among generally healthy postmenopausal women. METHODS: The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study followed up 93 676 women for an average of 4.1 years. Depression was measured at baseline with a short form of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events were estimated from Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for multiple demographic, clinical, and risk factor covariates. RESULTS: Current depressive symptoms above the screening cutoff point were reported by 15.8% of women. Depression was significantly related to CVD risk and comorbidity (odds ratios ranging from 1.12 for hypertension to 1.60 for history of stroke or angina). Among women with no history of CVD, depression was an independent predictor of CVD death (relative risk, 1.50) and all-cause mortality (relative risk, 1.32) after adjustment for age, race, education, income, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol level requiring medication, body mass index, and physical activity. Taking antidepressant medications did not alter the depression-associated risks associated. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of older women report levels of depressive symptoms that are significantly related to increased risk of CVD death and all-cause mortality, even after controlling for established CVD risk factors. Whether early recognition and treatment of subclinical depression will lower CVD risk remains to be determined in clinical trials. PMID- 14769625 TI - Single-payer national health insurance. Physicians' views. AB - BACKGROUND: Forty-one million Americans have no health insurance and, despite the growth of managed care, medical costs are again increasing rapidly. One proposed solution is a single-payer health care financing system with universal coverage. Yet, physicians' views of such a system have not been well studied. METHODS: We surveyed a random sample of physicians (from the American Medical Association Masterfile) in Massachusetts, regarding their views on a single-payer health care financing system and other financing and physician work-life issues that such a system might affect. RESULTS: Of 1787 physicians, 904 (50.6%) responded to our survey. When asked which structure would provide the best care for the most people for a fixed amount of money, 63.5% of physicians chose a single-payer system; 10.7%, managed care; and 25.8%, a fee-for-service system. Only 51.9% believed that most physician colleagues would support a single-payer system. Most respondents would give up income to reduce paperwork, agree that it is government's responsibility to ensure the provision of medical care, believe that insurance firms should not play a major role in health care delivery, and would prefer to work under a salary system. CONCLUSIONS: Most physicians in Massachusetts, a state with a high managed care penetration, believe that single payer financing of health care with universal coverage would provide the best care for the most people, compared with a managed care or fee-for-service system. Physicians' advocacy of single-payer national health insurance could catalyze a renewed push for its adoption. PMID- 14769626 TI - Inappropriate medication prescribing for elderly ambulatory care patients. AB - BACKGROUND: Inappropriate medication use in elderly patients has been linked to a large share of adverse drug reactions and to excess health care utilization. METHODS: Trends in the prevalence of potentially inappropriate drug prescribing at ambulatory care visits by elderly persons from 1995 to 2000 were examined with data from office-based physicians in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and from hospital outpatient departments in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Explicit criteria were used to identify potentially inappropriate prescribing. Multivariate regression was used to identify related factors. RESULTS: In 1995 and 2000, at least 1 drug considered inappropriate by the Beers expert panel was prescribed at 7.8% of ambulatory care visits by elderly patients. At least 1 drug classified as never or rarely appropriate by the Zhan expert panel was prescribed at 3.7% and 3.8% of these visits in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Pain relievers and central nervous system drugs were a large share of the problem. The odds of potentially inappropriate prescribing were higher for visits with multiple drugs and double for female visits. The latter was due to more prescribing of potentially inappropriate pain relievers and central nervous system drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Potentially inappropriate prescribing at ambulatory care visits by elderly patients, particularly women, remains a substantial problem. Interventions could target more appropriate drug selection by physicians when prescribing pain relievers, antianxiety agents, sedatives, and antidepressants to elderly patients. Such behavior could eliminate a large portion of inappropriate prescribing for elderly patients and reduce its higher risk for women. PMID- 14769627 TI - Underutilization of digital rectal examination when screening for prostate cancer. AB - BACKGROUND: Screening for prostate cancer is controversial. American Cancer Society and American Urology Association recommend screening with both digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Often, PSA testing is not combined with DRE when screening for prostate cancer. METHODS: We collected a list of veteran outpatients who had PSA testing performed between June 1, 1998, and September 30, 1998, from our computerized database. We reviewed their records for documentation of age, race, urinary symptoms, family history of prostate cancer, DRE, and professional training and sex of the health care provider. RESULTS: Of the 588 records reviewed, DRE was not performed in 311 patients (52.9%). Digital rectal examination was not performed in 276 (53.2%) of 519 patients who had a PSA level less than 4.0 ng/mL; in 202 (58.7%) of 344 patients by male providers and in 109 (44.9%) of 243 patients by female providers (P<.001); and in 231 (61.1%) of 378 patients by doctors of medicine (MDs), 24 (40%) of 60 patients by physician assistants (PAs), and in 56 (37.3%) of 150 patients by nurse practitioners (NPs) (MDs vs PAs, P<.001; MDs vs NPs, P<.001; and NPs vs PAs, P =.42). CONCLUSIONS: Digital rectal examination is underutilized when screening for prostate cancer. This leads to nondetection of some prostate cancers. Although the DRE rate was poor among all health care providers, female providers and physician extenders outperformed male providers and physicians, respectively. PMID- 14769628 TI - A population-based study of the incidence, cause, and severity of anaphylaxis in the United Kingdom. AB - BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis is an acute and potentially fatal systemic reaction usually caused by mast cell-mediated release of histamine. Symptoms can vary in onset, appearance, and severity. Some common symptoms include weakness, dizziness, flushing, angioedema, urticaria, nasal congestion, and sneezing. Severe symptoms include upper respiratory tract obstruction, hypotension, vascular collapse associated with angioedema and urticaria, gastrointestinal distress, cardiovascular arrhythmias, and/or arrest. METHODS: We conducted an observational follow-up study encompassing approximately 8 million person-years based on the UK General Practice Research Database for the period January 1, 1994, to December 31, 1999, which quantified the frequency, type, and severity of a clinical diagnosis of anaphylaxis. RESULTS: Based on 675 cases of anaphylaxis, we estimate the incidence to be 8.4 per 100 000 person-years. Approximately 10% of cases had hypotension and shock that required urgent treatment. The most common causes were insect stings and oral medicines. CONCLUSION: Anaphylaxis is an uncommon illness that has multiple causes and can be life-threatening. PMID- 14769629 TI - Dying with advanced dementia in the nursing home. AB - BACKGROUND: Nursing homes are important providers of end-of-life care to persons with advanced dementia. METHODS: We used data from the Minimum Data Set (June 1, 1994, to December 31, 1997) to identify persons 65 years and older who died with advanced dementia (n = 1609) and terminal cancer (n = 883) within 1 year of admission to any New York State nursing home. Variables from the Minimum Data Set assessment completed within 120 days of death were used to describe and compare the end-of-life experiences of these 2 groups. RESULTS: At nursing home admission, only 1.1% of residents with advanced dementia were perceived to have a life expectancy of less than 6 months; however, 71.0% died within that period. Before death, 55.1% of demented residents had a do-not-resuscitate order, and 1.4% had a do-not-hospitalize order. Nonpalliative interventions were common among residents dying with advanced dementia: tube feeding, 25.0%; laboratory tests, 49.2%; restraints, 11.2%; and intravenous therapy, 10.1%. Residents with dementia were less likely than those with cancer to have directives limiting care but were more likely to experience burdensome interventions: do-not-resuscitate order (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09-0.16), do-not-hospitalize order (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.16-0.66), tube feeding (adjusted OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.51-3.23), laboratory tests (adjusted OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 2.01-3.18), and restraints (adjusted OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.23-2.61). Distressing conditions common in advanced dementia included pressure ulcers (14.7%), constipation (13.7%), pain (11.5%), and shortness of breath (8.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Nursing home residents dying with advanced dementia are not perceived as having a terminal condition, and most do not receive optimal palliative care. Management and educational strategies are needed to improve end of-life care in advanced dementia. PMID- 14769631 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy: a primary care perspective. AB - The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy represents a significant advance in medical care for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. However, not everyone has derived the expected benefits of antiretroviral therapy and HIV-associated diseases such as nephropathy still occur in at-risk populations. Currently, there are no recommendations for screening HIV-positive patients for HIV-associated nephropathy. We propose semiannual screening for proteinuria in HIV-positive African Americans and patients with a family history of renal disease, and provide an algorithm for evaluation. PMID- 14769630 TI - Paroxetine-induced hyponatremia in older adults: a 12-week prospective study. AB - BACKGROUND: Older depressed patients are at high risk for development of hyponatremia after initiation of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine, despite clinical monitoring and preventive management. The purposes of this study were to determine the incidence and etiology of paroxetine-induced hyponatremia in older patients and to identify patient characteristics that may account for variability in susceptibility to this adverse event. METHODS: This prospective, longitudinal study was conducted in a university-based ambulatory psychiatric research clinic from August 1999 through September 2001. Patients included 75 men and women aged 63 through 90 years (mean +/- SD age, 75.3 +/- 6.0 years) who received a diagnosis of a current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, major depressive episode and were prescribed paroxetine. We monitored plasma sodium levels before initiating paroxetine therapy and after 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks of treatment. In a subset of individuals, we measured levels of antidiuretic hormone, glucose, serum urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Hyponatremia was defined as a plasma sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L after initiation of paroxetine therapy. RESULTS: Hyponatremia developed in 9 (12%) of the 75 patients after initiation of paroxetine treatment. Mean +/- SD time to development of hyponatremia was 9.3 +/- 4.7 days (median, 9 days; range, 1-14 days; n = 8). In the multivariate regression, lower body mass index and lower baseline plasma sodium level (<138 mEq/L) were significant risk factors for the development of hyponatremia in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Hyponatremia is an under recognized and potentially serious complication of paroxetine treatment in older patients. Our results provide a foundation for understanding the etiology and risk factors associated with paroxetine-induced hyponatremia. PMID- 14769632 TI - Structural and symptomatic efficacy of glucosamine and chondroitin: relevant financial interest? PMID- 14769634 TI - The safety of computer-based medication systems. PMID- 14769633 TI - Opioid osteoporosis. PMID- 14769635 TI - Ovarian cancer and polymorphisms in the androgen and progesterone receptor genes: a HuGE review. AB - Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecologic cancer among women and the second leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy worldwide. Androgens, acting through androgen receptors (ARs), have been implicated in the disease, while progestins, acting through progesterone receptors (PGRs), may provide protection against the disease. The PGR gene contains several polymorphisms in the hormone-binding domain, three of which are in linkage disequilibrium (a complex referred to as PROGINS). PROGINS has been associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer. This association has not been found consistently, and it may be limited to women who do not use oral contraceptives. The AR gene contains a trinucleotide CAG repeat, the length of which has been inversely associated with the ability of the AR-ligand complex to transactivate androgen-responsive genes. Data on the association between the AR repeat length and ovarian cancer, both in general and among carriers of mutations in the breast cancer 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) genes, are inconclusive. There is insufficient evidence that polymorphisms in either the PGR gene or the AR gene may be a risk factor for ovarian cancer, alone or in combination with other factors. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and clinical validity of the PROGINS and AR CAG repeat assays are unknown. No recommendations for population-based screening can be made. PMID- 14769636 TI - Pregnancy complications and subsequent maternal cerebrovascular events: a retrospective cohort study of 119,668 births. AB - Low birth weight infants are at increased risk of cerebrovascular disease in adulthood. This has been attributed to physiologic programming following inadequate intrauterine nutrition. The authors sought to determine whether mothers who deliver low birth weight infants or who suffer related pregnancy complications are also at increased risk. They used routine data to identify all first singleton livebirths in Scotland (1981-1985) and found that 342 of the 119,668 mothers suffered cerebrovascular events over 14-19 years' follow-up. Compared with women who delivered babies of > or = 3,500 g, women who delivered low birth weight (<2,500 g) infants were at increased risk of cerebrovascular disease (adjusted hazards ratio (HR) = 2.51, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.71, 3.70) with a consistent trend across birth weight categories. The lowest birth weight quintile (adjusted HR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.65), preterm delivery (adjusted HR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.35, 2.70), and previous spontaneous abortion (adjusted HR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.03) were all predictive of subsequent maternal cerebrovascular events. The effects were additive. Women who experienced all three complications had a sevenfold risk (adjusted HR = 7.03, 95% CI: 2.24, 22.06). The association with low birth weight in mothers, as well as offspring, is unlikely to be explained by intrauterine programming and suggests that cerebrovascular disease and low birth weight may share common genetic or lifestyle risk factors. PMID- 14769637 TI - Associations of birth weight and length, childhood size, and smoking with bone fractures during growth: evidence from a birth cohort study. AB - Little information exists on risk factors associated with bone fractures during childhood and adolescence. This 1972/1973-1990/1991 New Zealand study examined the influence of birth size, height and weight throughout growth, smoking, breastfeeding, and sports participation on the risk of fracture in participants of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Information on height, weight, fracture status, and lifestyle was collected at birth and at ages 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 18 years from parents and/or participants. Study members sustained 229 (girls) and 393 (boys) fractures between birth and age 18 years. Fracture risk was elevated (per standard deviation unit increase) in relation to birth length (prepubertal fractures only) (risk ratio (RR) = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.58), weight at age 3 years (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.27), weight from ages 5 to 18 years (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.28), height at age 3 years (RR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.26), and height from ages 5 to 18 years (RR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.24). Birth weight, maternal smoking, breastfeeding, and sports participation had no significant effect on fracture risk. However, for teenagers, personal daily smoking increased the risk of fracture (RR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.95). The authors concluded that tall and heavy children had an increased risk of fracture, as did adolescents who smoked regularly. PMID- 14769638 TI - Serum vitamin levels and the risk of asthma in children. AB - Dietary intake, especially of antioxidant vitamins A, C, E, and the carotenoids, has been linked with the presence and severity of asthma. From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted in the United States between 1988 and 1994, the authors selected 4,093 children (aged 6-17 years) for whom relevant medical, socioeconomic, and anthropometric data were complete. The children were 50.6% female, and 9.7% reported a diagnosis of asthma. Bivariate analyses showed that asthma diagnosis was associated with lower levels of serum vitamin C, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin. However, antioxidant levels may be surrogate markers for socioeconomic variables such as race, poverty, tobacco exposure, or general nutritional status. In logistic models that included age, body mass index, socioeconomic variables, antioxidant levels, parental asthma, and household smoking, the only antioxidants significantly associated with asthma were vitamin C (odds ratio = 0.72 per mg/dl, 95% confidence interval = 0.55, 0.95) and alpha-carotene (odds ratio = 0.95 per micro g/dl, 95% confidence interval = 0.90, 0.99). The odds ratio for asthma in the highest quintile of serum vitamin C relative to the lowest was 0.65 (p < 0.05), whereas it was 0.74 for alpha-carotene (p = 0.066). The authors concluded that low vitamin C and alpha-carotene intakes are associated with asthma risk in children. PMID- 14769639 TI - Increasing risk of gastroschisis in Norway: an age-period-cohort analysis. AB - The prevalence of gastroschisis in Norway, as reported to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, increased regularly and sixfold from 0.5 to 2.9 per 10,000 births during 1967-1998. The prevalence was also consistently higher among children of younger mothers. The authors used age-period-cohort analysis to assess effects of both parents' age and year of birth (parental cohorts). Mother's and father's age were included in three different regression models. Apart from a significantly higher risk at a young maternal age, the authors also found higher risk at a young paternal age (1.6-fold per 10 years' reduction in father's age, 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 2.4). The time trend was highly significant regardless of whether it was ascribed to period, mother's year of birth, or father's year of birth. However, when father's year of birth was used to describe the time trend, no apparent additional effect of father's age was found, only for mother's age. The time trend is likely caused by environmental factors. Persistently increasing risks among children of young mothers may hypothetically be related to lifestyle factors. A contribution to risk also from fathers born in more recent years or from young fathers increases the likelihood that a factor related to modern lifestyles of young couples may be related to risk. PMID- 14769640 TI - Self-rated health among young people with type 1 diabetes in relation to risk factors in a longitudinal study. AB - Care for type 1 diabetes mellitus should both alleviate the physical complications of the disease and improve overall quality of life. The Wisconsin Diabetes Registry, comprising a population-based cohort that is followed longitudinally from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, provided the authors with a unique opportunity to examine quality of life in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes and its relation to both sociodemographic and clinical risk factors. The authors analyzed data from 1987-2002 with a mean of 10.2 years' duration of diabetes (n = 569). They used ordinal-scaled self-rated global health as a measure of quality of life. In this paper, they propose a random-effects model for drawing inferences on individuals regarding the relation of longitudinally measured quality of life to multiple risk factors. Results showed that male gender, higher parental socioeconomic level, younger age at diabetes diagnosis, shorter diabetes duration, no hospitalization in the preceding 6 months, lower glycosylated hemoglobin level, and questionnaire responses by a person other than the subject were independently associated with better reported health. The authors found that individuals varied in their reported health even after adjustment for all identified risk factors. This could imply either that there is variability in perception even with the same health status or that there are independent unmeasured risk factors for poor health in persons with type 1 diabetes. PMID- 14769641 TI - Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to alachlor in the Agricultural Health Study. AB - The authors evaluated the incidence of cancer among pesticide applicators with exposure to alachlor in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina. A total of 49,980 pesticide applicators are included in this analysis; 26,510 applicators (53%) reported use of alachlor on the enrollment questionnaire. Detailed pesticide exposure and other information were obtained from a self-administered questionnaire completed at the time of enrollment (1993-1997). Poisson regression analysis was used to evaluate the exposure-response relations between alachlor and cancer incidence controlled for the effects of potential confounding factors. A total of 1,466 incident malignant neoplasms were diagnosed during the study period, 1993-2000. Among alachlor-exposed applicators, the authors found a significant increasing trend for incidence of all lymphohematopoietic cancers associated with lifetime exposure-days (p for trend = 0.02) and intensity weighted exposure-days (p for trend = 0.03) to alachlor. The risks of leukemia (rate ratio = 2.83, 95% confidence interval: 0.74, 10.9) and multiple myeloma (rate ratio = 5.66, 95% confidence interval: 0.70, 45.7) were increased among applicators in the highest alachlor exposure category. Our findings suggest a possible association between alachlor application and incidence of lymphohematopoietic cancers among applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. PMID- 14769642 TI - Case-control study of bladder cancer and exposure to arsenic in Argentina. AB - Studies have found increased bladder cancer risks associated with high levels of arsenic in drinking water, but little information exists about risks at lower concentrations. Ecologic studies in Argentina have found increased bladder cancer mortality in Cordoba Province, where some wells are contaminated with moderate arsenic concentrations. This population-based bladder cancer case-control study in two Cordoba counties recruited 114 case-control pairs, matched on age, sex, and county, during 1996-2000. Water samples, particularly from wells, were obtained from subjects' current residences and residences in the last 40 years. Statistical analyses showed no evidence of associations with exposure estimates based on arsenic concentrations in drinking water. However, when well-water consumption per se was used as the exposure measure, time-window analyses suggested that use of well water more than 50 years before interview was associated with increased bladder cancer risk. This association was limited to ever smokers (odds ratio = 2.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 5.5 for 51-70 years before interview), and the possibility that this association is due to chance cannot be excluded. This study suggests lower bladder cancer risks for arsenic than predicted from other studies but adds to evidence that the latency for arsenic-induced bladder cancers may be longer than previously thought. PMID- 14769643 TI - Associations of obesity with lower urinary tract symptoms and noncancer prostate surgery in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. AB - The authors examined the association between obesity and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. This 1988-1994 US cross-sectional study included 2,797 men aged > or = 60 years whose current weight, weight at age 25 years, highest weight ever, height, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) were assessed. LUTS cases had at least three of these symptoms: nocturia, incomplete emptying, weak stream, and hesitancy. Controls were men without symptoms or noncancer prostate surgery. Odds ratios adjusted for age and race and weighted for selection probability were estimated by logistic regression. The odds of LUTS were lower for men who were obese at age 25 years compared with men whose BMI was normal (odds ratio = 0.49, 95% confidence interval: 0.27, 0.91). An increase in BMI between age 25 years and the highest BMI ever was positively associated with LUTS (odds ratio = 1.90, 95% confidence interval: 0.89, 4.05). Men with a larger waist circumference (> or = 102 cm) were more likely to have LUTS compared with men with a smaller waist circumference (odds ratio = 1.48, 95% confidence interval: 0.87, 2.54). Results suggest that being overweight in young adulthood may be associated with a lower prevalence of LUTS later in life, whereas weight gain and central adiposity in adulthood are possibly associated with a higher prevalence of LUTS. PMID- 14769644 TI - Did a severe flood in the Midwest cause an increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms? AB - Severe flooding occurred in the midwestern United States in 2001. Since November 2000, coincidentally, data on gastrointestinal symptoms had been collected for a drinking water intervention study in a community along the Mississippi River that was affected by the flood. After the flood had subsided, the authors asked these subjects (n = 1,110) about their contact with floodwater. The objectives of this investigation were to determine whether rates of gastrointestinal illness were elevated during the flood and whether contact with floodwater was associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal illness. An increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms during the flood was observed (incidence rate ratio = 1.29, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.58), and this effect was pronounced among persons with potential sensitivity to infectious gastrointestinal illness. Tap water consumption was not related to gastrointestinal symptoms before, during, or after the flood. An association between gastrointestinal symptoms and contact with floodwater was also observed, and this effect was pronounced in children. This appears to be the first report of an increase in endemic gastrointestinal symptoms in a longitudinal cohort prospectively observed during a flood. These findings suggest that severe climatic events can result in an increase in the endemic incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the United States. PMID- 14769645 TI - Household outbreaks among culture-confirmed cases of bacterial gastrointestinal disease. AB - To examine the general frequency of household outbreaks, the authors performed a retrospective search among cases of the five most frequent gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens in Denmark, a country of 5.3 million inhabitants. This was done for 57,667 cases registered from 1991 to 2001 by finding all cases that shared addresses and became infected within 3 weeks of one another. The percentage of cases that were part of household outbreaks was found to be 3.2% for Campylobacter, 13.3% for Salmonella serotype Enteritidis, 5.6% for Salmonella serotype Typhimurium, 2.0% for Yersinia enterocolitica, and 10.4% for Shigella sonnei. The vast majority of the outbreaks had not previously been registered. The wide variation in the ability to cause household outbreaks among the different types of bacteria reflects differences in their epidemiology and most likely also mirrors their overall outbreak potential. Differences in the time occurring between infections of household members may also indicate differences in the importance of person-to-person transmission for the different types of bacteria. The fact that household outbreaks occur with a relatively high frequency may be utilized in future analyses of sources of infection, in particular of Campylobacter, for which more household outbreaks than expected were identified. PMID- 14769646 TI - Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine skeletal muscle cutpoints for identifying elevated physical disability risk in older adults. Subjects included 4,449 older (> or = 60 years) participants from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 1988-1994. Physical disability was assessed by questionnaire, and bioimpedance was used to estimate skeletal muscle, which was normalized for height. Receiver operating characteristics were used to develop the skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with a high likelihood of physical disability. Odds for physical disability were compared in subjects whose measures fell above and below these cutpoints. Skeletal muscle cutpoints of 5.76 6.75 and < or =5.75 kg/m2 were selected to denote moderate and high physical disability risk in women. The corresponding values in men were 8.51-10.75 and < or =8.50 kg/m2. Compared with women with low-risk skeletal muscle values, women with moderate- and high-risk skeletal muscle values had odds for physical disability of 1.41 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97, 2.04) and 3.31 (95% CI: 1.91, 5.73), respectively. The corresponding odds in men were 3.65 (95% CI: 1.92, 6.94) and 4.71 (95% CI: 2.28, 9.74). This study presents skeletal muscle cutpoints for physical disability risk in older adults. Future applications of these cutpoints include the comparison of morbidity risk in older persons with normal muscle mass and those with sarcopenia, the determination and comparison of sarcopenia prevalences, and the estimation of health-care costs attributable to sarcopenia. PMID- 14769647 TI - Re: On John Snow's unquestioned long division. PMID- 14769648 TI - Schizophrenia. PMID- 14769649 TI - 58% of people recovering from a major depressive episode are unlikely to relapse after 5 years. PMID- 14769651 TI - The minimum data set depression rating scale (MDSDRS) lacks reliability for identifying depression among older adults living in nursing homes. PMID- 14769650 TI - Modern treatments for severe depression still have poor long term outcome. PMID- 14769652 TI - Inclusion of informant ratings of cognitive difficulties improves the accuracy of the MMSE in predicting Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 14769653 TI - The self rating inventory for post-traumatic stress disorder may aid diagnosis among older people in the community. PMID- 14769654 TI - Sertraline improves symptoms in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. PMID- 14769655 TI - Review: individual psychotherapy may be an effective treatment for people with bulimia nervosa. PMID- 14769657 TI - Aripiprazole is effective against the symptoms of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. PMID- 14769656 TI - Flexible oral olanzapine dosing in acutely agitated people is immediately effective in reducing symptoms. PMID- 14769658 TI - Review: new generation antipsychotic drugs may reduce relapse rates more effectively than conventional antipsychotic drugs in people with schizophrenia. PMID- 14769659 TI - Manual assisted cognitive behaviour therapy is as effective as treatment as usual for deliberate self harm, but is more cost effective. PMID- 14769660 TI - Review: psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy are effective in the treatment of personality disorders. PMID- 14769661 TI - High dose pregabalin is effective for the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. PMID- 14769662 TI - Combined imaginal exposure and cognitive restructuring therapy is more effective than supportive counselling for treating post-traumatic stress disorder. PMID- 14769663 TI - Cognitive stimulation therapy improves cognition and quality of life in older people with dementia. PMID- 14769664 TI - Donepezil slows decline in daily life activities in people with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease and alleviates caregiver burden. PMID- 14769665 TI - Outreach supported antidepressant treatment and cognitive behavioural therapy are effective for depression in low income minority women. PMID- 14769666 TI - Treating low perceived social support and depression after myocardial infarction does not increase event-free survival. PMID- 14769667 TI - Supervised co-prescription of heroin to treatment-resistant heroin addicts is more effective than treatment with methadone alone. PMID- 14769668 TI - Adolescent major depressive disorder may predict poor psychosocial functioning in young adulthood. PMID- 14769669 TI - Borderline personality disorder, drug use disorder, and worsening depression or substance abuse are significant predictors of suicide attempts in people with Axis I and II disorders. PMID- 14769670 TI - Mini-clusters of potentially prodromal symptoms may identify psychiatrically well Amish children at higher risk of developing bipolar I disorder. PMID- 14769671 TI - Review: at least one third of people report persistent memory loss after electroconvulsive therapy. PMID- 14769672 TI - Review: exploration of psychological and physical health differences between caregivers and non-caregivers. PMID- 14769673 TI - You've come a long way, baby: cardiovascular health and disease in women: problems and prospects. PMID- 14769674 TI - Cardiovascular disease in women: are there solutions? PMID- 14769675 TI - The electrocardiogram 102 years after Einthoven. PMID- 14769676 TI - Acute coronary syndrome: the risk of being female. PMID- 14769677 TI - Pathophysiology and management of patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms (cardiac syndrome X). PMID- 14769678 TI - Differential expression of cardiac biomarkers by gender in patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a TACTICS-TIMI 18 (Treat Angina with Aggrastat and determine Cost of Therapy with an Invasive or Conservative Strategy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 18) substudy. AB - BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of coronary artery disease in women is more difficult because of lower specificity of symptoms and diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive testing. We sought to examine the relationship between gender and cardiac biomarkers in patients with unstable angina (UA)/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). METHODS AND RESULTS: In the TACTICS-TIMI 18, OPUS TIMI 16, and TIMI 11 studies, baseline samples were analyzed in the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) biomarker core laboratory. We examined the relationship between gender and elevated biomarkers. Of 1865 patients from TACTICS-TIMI 18, 34% were women. Fewer women had elevated creatine kinase-MB or troponins, whereas more had elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or brain natriuretic peptide. Presence of ST-segment deviation and TIMI risk scores were not significantly different. This pattern was confirmed in TIMI 11 and OPUS-TIMI 16. The prognostic value of the markers in TACTICS-TIMI 18 was similar in women and men. When a multimarker approach was examined, a greater proportion of high risk women were identified. Marker-positive patients of both genders had improved outcome with an invasive strategy; however, marker-negative women appeared to have improved outcomes with a conservative strategy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with UA/NSTEMI, there was a different pattern of presenting biomarkers. Men were more likely to have elevated creatine kinase-MB and troponins, whereas women were more likely to have elevated C-reactive protein and brain natriuretic peptide. This suggests that a multimarker approach may aid the initial risk assessment of UA/NSTEMI, especially in women. Further research is necessary to elucidate whether gender-related pathophysiological differences exist in presentation with acute coronary syndromes. PMID- 14769679 TI - High rates of sustained smoking cessation in women hospitalized with cardiovascular disease: the Women's Initiative for Nonsmoking (WINS). AB - BACKGROUND: Although men hospitalized with cardiovascular disease (CVD) show high smoking-cessation rates, similar data for women are lacking. We tested the efficacy of smoking-cessation intervention in women hospitalized for CVD. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this randomized controlled trial conducted from 1996 to 2001, 277 women diagnosed with CVD (mean age 61+/-10 years) were randomly assigned within 1 of 12 San Francisco Bay Area hospitals to a usual-care group (UG; n=135) or intervention group (IG; n=142). Baseline histories were obtained, and interviews to ascertain self-reported smoking status occurred at 6, 12, 24, and 30 months after hospitalization. The UG received strong physician's advice, a self-help pamphlet, and a list of community resources. The IG received strong physician's advice and a nurse-managed cognitive behavioral relapse-prevention intervention at bedside, with telephone contact at intervals after discharge. The groups were similar demographically and had smoked cigarettes for a median of 38 (IG) or 40 (UG) years. Time to resumption of continuous smoking was assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis, and risk differences between groups were determined. Time smoke-free was significantly greater for the IG than the UG (P=0.038). Point prevalence for nonsmoking at the interviews was somewhat greater for the IG than the UG (P>0.15 at all times). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive behavioral intervention resulted in longer average times to resumption of smoking, but in these 2 groups of older women with limited social and financial resources, long-term success rates were similar. Systematic identification of smokers and even the brief intervention afforded the UG yielded a high smoking-cessation rate over time. PMID- 14769680 TI - Impact of obesity on plasma natriuretic peptide levels. AB - BACKGROUND: The mechanisms linking obesity to hypertension have not been established, but sodium retention and excessive sympathetic tone are key contributors. The natriuretic peptides are important regulators of sodium homeostasis and neurohormonal activation, raising the possibility that obese individuals have an impaired natriuretic peptide response. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined the relations of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide (N-ANP) to body mass index in 3389 Framingham Study participants (1803 women) without heart failure. Multivariable regression analyses were performed, adjusting for clinical and echocardiographic covariates. BNP levels below the assay detection limit and N-ANP levels in the lowest sex-specific quartile were categorized as low. Multivariable-adjusted mean plasma BNP levels in lean (<25 kg/m2), overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m2), and obese (> or =30 kg/m2) men were 21.4, 15.5, and 12.7 pg/mL, respectively (trend P<0.0001). Corresponding values in women were 21.1, 16.3, and 13.1 pg/mL (trend P<0.001). A similar pattern was noted for plasma N-ANP. Obese individuals had higher odds of having low plasma BNP (multivariable-adjusted odds ratios: men, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.71 to 3.68; women, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.32 to 2.58) and low plasma N ANP (odds ratios: men, 4.81; 95% CI, 2.98 to 7.76; women, 2.85; 95% CI, 2.01 to 4.04) compared with lean individuals. Diabetes also was associated with low plasma natriuretic peptide levels, and the negative effects of obesity and diabetes on natriuretic peptide levels were additive. CONCLUSIONS: Obese individuals have low circulating natriuretic peptide levels, which may contribute to their susceptibility to hypertension and hypertension-related disorders. PMID- 14769681 TI - Serum homocysteine in relation to mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease: a 24-year follow-up of the population study of women in Gothenburg. AB - BACKGROUND: Elevated serum total homocysteine (tHcy) is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially in men. However, there are few prospective population studies on female cohorts, and none of these has been longer than 13 years. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Population Study of Women in Gothenburg began in 1968/1969, at which time a representative population-based cohort of women aged 38, 46, 50, 54, and 60 years was recruited. The present cohort is a prospective follow-up of 1368 women in the original cohort for whom blood samples were stored and who were free of previous acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at the 1968/1969 baseline. Homocysteine was analyzed in 2001 with frozen serum from the baseline study and related to AMI incidence and mortality during 24 years of follow-up. Cox regression analyses were used with adjustment for age, traditional risk factors, and tHcy modifiers. For the fifth tHcy quintile, relative risk was 1.86 (95% CI 1.06 to 3.26) for AMI and 5.14 (95% CI 2.22 to 11.92) for death due to AMI. Age-standardized Kaplan-Meier plots for the fifth tHcy quintile versus others showed significant differences both for AMI and for death due to AMI that were apparent after 15 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Homocysteine in middle-aged women is an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction and in particular mortality due to myocardial infarction. The study illustrates that long-term prospective studies might be necessary to show effects of homocysteine levels on AMI morbidity and mortality in women. PMID- 14769682 TI - Relationship of alcohol intake with inflammatory markers and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in well-functioning older adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. AB - BACKGROUND: Increased levels of acute-phase reactants predict the onset of poor health outcomes. A U-shaped association has been reported between alcohol intake and health outcomes, which suggests that alcohol intake may modify levels of acute-phase reactants. We investigated the relationship between weekly alcohol intake and interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). METHODS AND RESULTS: Data are from year 1 of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study, a biracial cohort of 3075 well-functioning men and women aged 70 to 79 years, living in Memphis, Tenn, and Pittsburgh, Pa. The analysis included 2574 persons (51.2% women; 40.1% black) with complete data. After adjustment for age, race, smoking status, history of diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease, physical activity, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, antiinflammatory medications, statins, and total fat mass, alcohol intake showed a J-shaped relationship with mean IL-6 (P for quadratic term <0.001) and CRP (P=0.014) levels. The association was consistent in both men and women. Compared with subjects who consumed 1 to 7 drinks per week, those who never drank had an increased likelihood of having high levels of both IL-6 and CRP, as did those who drank 8 or more drinks per week. We found no relationship between alcohol intake and levels of TNF-alpha and PAI-1 (P=0.137 and 0.08, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In well-functioning older persons, light alcohol consumption is associated with lower levels of IL-6 and CRP. These results might suggest an additional biological explanation to the epidemiological link between moderate alcohol consumption and cardiovascular events. PMID- 14769683 TI - Clinical correlates and heritability of flow-mediated dilation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. AB - BACKGROUND: Studies in selected samples have linked impaired endothelial function with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. The clinical correlates and heritability of endothelial function in the community have not been described. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined a measure of endothelial function, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), expressed as both percent (FMD%) and actual dilation by ultrasound with the occlusion cuff below the elbow in 2883 Framingham Study participants (52.9% women; mean age, 61 years). A subset of 1096 participants performed a 6-minute walk test before FMD determination. Mean FMD% was 3.3+/-3.0% in women and 2.4+/-2.4% in men. In stepwise multivariable linear regression models, FMD% was inversely related to age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), lipid-lowering medication, and smoking, whereas it was positively related to female gender, heart rate, and prior walk test. The estimated heritability of FMD% was 0.14. FMD actual dilation findings were similar, except that female sex and BMI were not significantly associated. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing age, systolic blood pressure, BMI, and smoking were associated with lower FMD% in our community-based sample, whereas prior exercise and increasing heart rate were associated with higher FMD%. The estimated heritability of FMD was modest. Future research will permit more complete characterization of the genetic and environmental determinants of endothelial function and its prognostic value in the community. PMID- 14769684 TI - Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of peripheral arterial disease: the Women's Health Initiative. AB - BACKGROUND: Observational studies have reported less frequent carotid atherosclerosis in healthy women taking postmenopausal hormone therapy. Estrogen with progestin did not reduce peripheral arterial events among women with preexisting coronary heart disease. This analysis evaluates clinical peripheral arterial disease among generally healthy women in the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Estrogen Plus Progestin trial assigned 16 608 postmenopausal women, mean age 63.3+/-7.1 years, to daily conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg) with medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg) or placebo and documented health outcomes over an average of 5.6 years of follow-up. Hospitalization for peripheral arterial disease was infrequent, with annualized rates of 0.08%, 0.06%, and 0.02% for carotid disease, lower extremity arterial disease, and abdominal aortic aneurysm, respectively. The incidence of peripheral arterial events did not differ between treatment groups (hazard ratio [HR] 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.63, 1.25). The risk was slightly greater among women assigned to active estrogen with progestin in years 1 (HR 1.33) and 2 (HR 1.27), and was slightly lower in later years (HR 0.85 and 0.87 in years 5 and > or =6). Among adherent participants, the hazard ratio for peripheral arterial events was 1.23 (95% confidence interval 0.79, 1.91) over the 5.6 years of follow up. Subgroup analysis identified no significant interactions between estrogen with progestin and baseline characteristics with regard to peripheral arterial disease risk. CONCLUSIONS: Among generally healthy postmenopausal women, conjugated estrogens with progestin did not confer protection against peripheral arterial disease. PMID- 14769685 TI - Vascular responses at proximal and distal edges of paclitaxel-eluting stents: serial intravascular ultrasound analysis from the TAXUS II trial. AB - BACKGROUND: On the basis of brachytherapy experience, edge stenosis has been raised as a potential limitation for drug-eluting stents. We used serial intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to prospectively analyze vessel responses in adjacent reference segments after implantation of polymer-controlled paclitaxel eluting stents. METHODS AND RESULTS: TAXUS II was a randomized, double-blind trial with 2 consecutive patient cohorts that compared slow-release (SR) and moderate-release (MR) paclitaxel-eluting stents with control bare metal stents (BMS). By protocol, all patients had postprocedure and 6-month follow-up IVUS. Quantitative IVUS analysis was performed by an independent core laboratory, blinded to treatment allocation, in 5-mm vessel segments immediately proximal and distal to the stent. Serial IVUS was available for 106 SR, 107 MR, and 214 BMS patients. For all 3 groups, a significant decrease in proximal-edge lumen area was observed at 6 months. The decrease was comparable (by ANOVA, P=0.194) for patients in the SR (-0.54+/-2.1 mm2) and MR (-0.88+/-1.9 mm2) groups compared with the BMS (-1.02+/-1.9 mm2) group. For the distal edge, a significant decrease in lumen area was only observed with BMS (-0.91+/-2.0 mm2, P<0.0001); this decrease was significantly attenuated with SR (0.08+/-2.0 mm2) and MR (-0.19+/ 1.7 mm2) stents (P<0.0001 by ANOVA). Negative vessel remodeling was observed at the proximal (-0.48+/-2.2 mm2, P=0.011) but not the distal edges of BMS and at neither edge of SR or MR stents. CONCLUSIONS: The marked reduction in in-stent restenosis with SR or MR stents is not associated with increased edge stenosis at 6-month follow-up IVUS. In fact, compared with BMS, there is instead a significant reduction in late lumen loss at the distal edge with TAXUS stents. PMID- 14769686 TI - Analysis of 1-year clinical outcomes in the SIRIUS trial: a randomized trial of a sirolimus-eluting stent versus a standard stent in patients at high risk for coronary restenosis. AB - BACKGROUND: This study evaluated a large group of patients enrolled in a double blind randomized trial of the sirolimus-eluting stent to document whether the initial clinical improvement seen in previous smaller series is maintained out to 12 months and to study the potential treatment effect in patient subsets known to be at increased risk of restenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 1058 patients with de novo native coronary stenosis undergoing clinically indicated percutaneous coronary intervention were randomly assigned to sirolimus-eluting stent (533) or control bare stent (525). Procedural success and in-hospital outcomes were excellent and did not differ between the 2 groups. At 9 months, clinical restenosis, defined as target-lesion revascularization, was 4.1% in the sirolimus limb versus 16.6% in the control limb (P<0.001). At 12 months, the absolute difference in target-lesion revascularization continued to increase and was 4.9% versus 20% (P<0.001). There were no differences in death or myocardial infarction rates. In high-risk patient subsets, defined by vessel size, lesion length, and presence of diabetes mellitus, there was a 70% to 80% reduction in clinical restenosis at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Placement of the sirolimus-eluting stent results in continued clinical improvement at 1 year after initial implantation, with significant reduction in clinical restenosis as defined by target-lesion revascularization. Between 9 and 12 months, the absolute reduction of clinical restenosis continues to increase. Even in high-risk subsets of patients, there is a 70% to 80% relative reduction in clinical restenosis at 12 months with this drug-eluting stent. PMID- 14769687 TI - Differential treatment benefit of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with percutaneous coronary intervention versus medical therapy for acute coronary syndromes: exploration of methods. AB - BACKGROUND: Although many believe that platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors should be used only in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, supporting data from randomized clinical trials are tenuous. The assumption that these agents are useful only in conjunction with percutaneous coronary intervention is based primarily on inappropriate subgroup analyses performed across the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor trials. METHODS AND RESULTS: We describe the problems with these analytical techniques and demonstrate that different approaches to the question can result in opposing answers. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical-practice decisions and practice guidelines should be based on overall trial results and not analyses of post-randomization subgroups. PMID- 14769689 TI - Images in cardiovascular medicine. Bicuspid aortic valve aneurysm. PMID- 14769688 TI - Exercise training enhances vasodilation responses to vascular endothelial growth factor in porcine coronary arterioles exposed to chronic coronary occlusion. AB - BACKGROUND: Chronic coronary occlusion (CCO) impairs endothelial function of distal collateral-dependent microvasculature; however, long-term exercise training (EX) seems to improve endothelial dysfunction. We hypothesized that EX enhances vasodilation responses to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165), mediated via nitric oxide (NO), in arterioles exposed to CCO. METHODS AND RESULTS: The proximal left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) of female Yucatan miniswine was surgically instrumented with an ameroid occluder to induce CCO; 8 weeks after surgery, animals were randomized into 14-week sedentary (SED) or EX (treadmill; 5 d/wk) protocols. Coronary arterioles ( approximately 100 microm in diameter) were isolated from collateral-dependent (LCx) and nonoccluded (left anterior descending; LAD) perfused myocardium of SED and EX animals. Vasodilation was assessed by videomicroscopy and MacLab data acquisition. Responses to VEGF165 were unaffected by EX in nonoccluded LAD arterioles; in contrast, EX markedly enhanced VEGF165-induced vasodilation of collateral-dependent LCx arterioles (P<0.05; EX versus SED). Furthermore, VEGF165-induced vasodilation of EX LCx arterioles exceeded that of EX or SED LAD arterioles (P<0.05). Enhanced vasodilation of EX LCx arterioles was abolished by inhibition of NO synthase and tyrosine kinase activity. Combined inhibition of NO synthase and cyclooxygenase decreased VEGF165-induced vasodilation of all vessels. CONCLUSIONS: EX enhances VEGF165-induced vasodilation in arterioles distal to CCO; EX effects seem to be mediated through increases in NO. PMID- 14769690 TI - Images in cardiovascular medicine. Avoiding papillary muscle infarction with myocardial contrast echocardiographic guidance of nonsurgical septal reduction therapy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. PMID- 14769691 TI - Does inflammation influence cardiovascular risk factor modification? PMID- 14769692 TI - Low birth weight and increased sympathetic activity. PMID- 14769693 TI - Heart-kidney interactions in ischemic syndromes. PMID- 14769694 TI - Operative risk stratification and predictors for long-term outcome in low gradient aortic stenosis. PMID- 14769695 TI - Short-term statin therapy and cardiac function and symptoms in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. PMID- 14769696 TI - Asymmetric dimethylarginine and circulatory disorders in postmenopausal women. PMID- 14769697 TI - C-reactive protein and lesion morphology in patients with acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 14769698 TI - Noninvasive assessment of coronary endothelium-dependent vasomotion. PMID- 14769700 TI - Renal insufficiency and heart failure: prognostic and therapeutic implications from a prospective cohort study. AB - BACKGROUND: The prevalence, prognostic import, and impact of renal insufficiency on the benefits of ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers in community-dwelling patients with heart failure are uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed data from a prospective cohort of 754 patients with heart failure who had ejection fraction, serum creatinine, and weight measured at baseline. Median age was 69 years, and 43% had an ejection fraction > or =35%. By the Cockcroft-Gault equation, 118 patients (16%) had creatinine clearances < or =30 mL/min and 301 (40%) had creatinine clearances between 30 and 59 mL/min. During follow-up (median 926 days), 385 patients (37%) died. Even after adjustment for all other prognostic factors, survival was significantly associated with renal function (P=0.002) in patients with either systolic or diastolic dysfunction; patients exhibited a 1% increase in mortality for each 1-mL/min decrease in creatinine clearance. The associations with 1-year mortality reductions were similar for ACE inhibitors (OR 0.46 [95% CI 0.26 to 0.82] versus OR 0.28 [95% CI 0.11 to 0.70]) and beta-blockers (OR 0.40 [95% CI 0.23 to 0.70] versus OR 0.41 [95% CI 0.19 to 0.85]) in patients with creatinine clearances <60 mL/min versus > or =60 mL/min, although these drugs were used less frequently in patients with renal insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Renal insufficiency is more prevalent in patients with heart failure than previously reported and is an independent prognostic factor in diastolic and systolic dysfunction. ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers were associated with similar reductions in mortality in patients with and without renal insufficiency. PMID- 14769701 TI - Improvement of left ventricular function after cardiac resynchronization therapy is predicted by tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography. AB - BACKGROUND: Cardiac resynchronization therapy was shown to reverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). However, the prediction of benefit is controversial. We aimed to investigate predictive factors of LV functional recovery and reversed remodeling after biventricular pacing. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-nine consecutive patients with CHF and a wide QRS complex (182+/-32 ms) were studied by echocardiography before resynchronization. Intraventricular and interventricular asynchrony and their combination were assessed by pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging from measurements of regional electromechanical coupling times in basal segments of the right and left ventricle. At 6-month follow-up, responders were defined by a relative increase in LV ejection fraction > or =25% compared with baseline (n=27). Receiver operating curve analysis revealed the degree of intraventricular asynchrony (area under the curve=0.77), interventricular asynchrony (area under the curve=0.69), and their combination (area under the curve=0.84) as the best predictors of functional recovery after resynchronization. In addition, the degree of intraventricular and interventricular asynchrony correlated significantly with the improvement of LV ejection fraction (r=0.73, P<0.0001), end-diastolic diameter (r=-0.59, P<0.0001), and end-systolic diameter (r=-0.48, P<0.001) at follow-up. QRS duration and conventional echo-Doppler indices were not predictive of reversed LV remodeling. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CHF, the degree of intraventricular and interventricular asynchrony and their combination are the best predictive factors of LV functional recovery and reversed remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. PMID- 14769702 TI - Ezetimibe effectively reduces plasma plant sterols in patients with sitosterolemia. AB - BACKGROUND: Sitosterolemia is a recessively inherited disorder that results from mutations in either ABCG5 or G8 proteins, with hyperabsorption of dietary sterols and decreased hepatic excretion of plant sterols and cholesterol. As a consequence of markedly elevated plasma and tissue sitosterol and campesterol levels, premature atherosclerosis develops. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, we examined whether treatment with ezetimibe, an inhibitor of cholesterol absorption, reduces plant sterol levels in patients with sitosterolemia. After a 3-week placebo run in, 37 patients were randomized to receive placebo (n=7) or ezetimibe 10 mg/d (n=30) for 8 weeks. Sitosterol concentrations decreased by 21% (P<0.001) in patients treated with ezetimibe compared with a nonsignificant 4% rise in those on placebo (between-group P<0.001). The reduction in sitosterol from baseline was progressive, with further decline observed at each subsequent biweekly visit. Campesterol also progressively declined, with a mean decrease after 8 weeks of 24% with ezetimibe and a mean increase of 3% with placebo treatment (between group P<0.001). Reductions in plant sterol concentrations were similar irrespective of whether patients were undergoing concomitant treatment with resin or statin. Reductions in total sterols and apolipoprotein B were also observed. Ezetimibe was well tolerated, with no serious treatment-related adverse events or discontinuations due to adverse events being reported. CONCLUSIONS: Ezetimibe produced significant and progressive reductions in plasma plant sterol concentrations in patients with sitosterolemia, consistent with the hypothesis that ezetimibe inhibits the intestinal absorption of plant sterols as well as cholesterol, leading to reductions in plasma concentrations. PMID- 14769703 TI - Endogenous adrenomedullin protects against vascular response to injury in mice. AB - BACKGROUND: In our previous study, adrenomedullin (AM) overexpression could limit the arterial intimal hyperplasia induced by cuff injury in rats. However, it remains to be elucidated whether endogenous AM plays a role against vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used the AM knockout mice to investigate the effect of endogenous AM. Compared with wild-type (AM+/+) mice, heterozygous AM knockout (AM+/-) mice had the increased intimal thickening of the cuff-injured femoral artery, concomitantly with lesser AM staining. In AM+/- mice, cuff placement increased both the production of superoxide anions (O2-) measured by coelentarazine chemiluminescence and the immunostaining of p67phox and gp91phox, subunits of NAD(P)H oxidase in the adventitia, associated with the increment of CD45-positive leukocytes, suggesting that the stimulated formation of radical oxygen species accompanied chronic adventitial inflammation. Not only the AM gene transfection but also the treatment of NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin and membrane-permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol could limit cuff-induced intimal hyperplasia in AM+/- mice, associated with the inhibition of O2- formation in cuff-injured artery. CONCLUSIONS: The overproduction of oxidative stress induced by the increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity might be involved in cuff-injured arterial intimal hyperplasia in AM+/- mice. Thus, it is suggested that endogenous AM possesses a protective action against the vascular response to injury, possibly through the inhibition of oxidative stress production. PMID- 14769704 TI - Progression of early carotid atherosclerosis is only temporarily reduced after antibiotic treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity. AB - BACKGROUND: Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) infection has been associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. There are controversial results regarding the beneficial effects of antibiotic therapy on future cardiovascular end points. METHODS AND RESULTS: We determined the long-term effect of a 30-day roxithromycin therapy on intima-to-media thickness (IMT) progression of the common carotid artery in 272 consecutive Cp-positive and Cp-negative patients with ischemic stroke in a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial with a follow-up of 4 years. Cp IgG (> or =1:64) or IgA (> or =1:16) antibodies were initially found in 125 (46%) patients. During the 3 years before antibiotic therapy, Cp-positive patients showed an enhanced IMT progression even after adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors (0.12 [0.11 to 0.14] versus 0.07 [0.05 to 0.09] mm/year; P<0.005). The 62 Cp-positive patients given roxithromycin showed a reduced IMT progression during the first 2 years compared with the Cp positive patients without therapy (0.07 [0.045 to 0.095] versus 0.11 [0.088 to 0.132] mm/year; P<0.01). However, IMT progression increased again during the third and fourth year to similar values as before treatment. No significant difference in the occurrence of future cardiovascular events was found between both groups during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The only limited positive impact of antibiotic therapy on early atherosclerosis progression in Cp-positive patients observed in our study may explain the negative results of most antibiotic trials on clinical end points. PMID- 14769705 TI - Three-dimensional reconstruction of the rabbit atrioventricular conduction axis by combining histological, desmin, and connexin mapping data. AB - BACKGROUND: The 3D structure of the atrioventricular conduction axis incorporating detailed cellular and molecular composition, especially that relating to gap-junctional proteins, is still unclear, impeding mechanistic understanding of cardiac rhythmic disorders. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 3D model of the rabbit atrioventricular conduction axis was reconstructed by combining histological and immunofluorescence staining on serial sections. The exact cellular boundaries, especially those between transitional cells and atrial myocardium, were demarcated by a dense and irregular desmin-labeling pattern in conductive myocardium. The model demonstrates that the atrioventricular conduction axis is segregated into 2 connecting compartments, 1 predominantly expressing connexin45 (compact node and transitional cells) and the other predominantly coexpressing connexin43 and connexin45 (His bundle, lower nodal cells, and posterior nodal extension). The transitional zone shows unique features of spatial complexity, including a bridging bilayer structure (a deep transitional zone connecting with a superficial atrial-transitional overlay) and asymmetrical continuity (wider atrial-transitional interfaces and shorter atrial axial distances in the hisian portion than in the ostial portion). In the latter compartment, the His bundle, lower nodal cells, and posterior nodal extension form a continual axis and longitudinal transitional-axial interface. CONCLUSIONS: Key findings of the present study are the demonstration of a distinct anatomical border between transitional and atrial cells, connection between transitional cells and both lower nodal cells and posterior nodal extension, and distinctive connexin expression patterns in different compartments of the rabbit atrioventricular conduction axis. These features, synthesized in a novel 3D model, provide a structural framework for the interpretation of nodal function. PMID- 14769706 TI - Oral imatinib mesylate (STI571/gleevec) improves the efficacy of local intravascular vascular endothelial growth factor-C gene transfer in reducing neointimal growth in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. AB - BACKGROUND: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) antagonists have demonstrated beneficial effects on neointima formation, but in studies using PDGF inhibitors and extended follow-up, the lesions reoccur. These findings implicate a need to combine targeting of PDGF with other strategies. Stimulation of reendothelialization by treatment with endothelial cell mitogens of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family counteracts restenosis, but there are also concerns regarding the durability of the effect with this approach. METHODS AND RESULTS: To explore whether a combined use of PDGF antagonist and stimulation of reendothelialization confers better results than each therapy alone, we combined systemic administration of imatinib mesylate (STI571/Gleevec, 10 mg/kg( 1) per d(-1)), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity against PDGF receptors, with local intravascular adenovirus-mediated VEGF-C gene transfer (1.15x10(10) pfu) in cholesterol-fed, balloon-injured rabbits. Throughout the course of the STI571 therapy, the circulating concentrations were able to suppress PDGF receptor phosphorylation. At 3 weeks, the treatment with STI571 led to a transient decrease in intralesion macrophages and to an increase in intimal smooth muscle cell apoptosis. VEGF-C application reduced neointima formation and accelerated reendothelialization. However, none of the therapies alone reduced intimal thickening at a 6-week time point, whereas the combined treatment led to a persistent reduction (55% versus control) in lesion size at this time point. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides one of the first successful examples of gene therapy combined with a pharmacological treatment to modulate 2 distinct ligand receptor signaling systems and suggests combination of local VEGF-C gene therapy with systemic inhibition of PDGF signaling as a novel principle to prevent intimal hyperplasia after vascular manipulations. PMID- 14769707 TI - Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and the concept of the trump card. PMID- 14769708 TI - Lasers, staples, bovine pericardium, talc, glue and...suction cylinders? Tools of the trade to avoid air leaks in lung volume reduction surgery. PMID- 14769709 TI - Nebulized morphine: a convenient and safe alternative to dyspnea relief? PMID- 14769710 TI - Integrated system for chronic disease management: can we apply lessons learned from France? PMID- 14769711 TI - Assessment of symptoms and exercise capacity in cyanotic patients with congenital heart disease. AB - OBJECTIVES: Patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease are generally thought to be limited by hypoxemia. To correlate exercise tolerance to the severity of the cardiac abnormality and to further characterize dyspnea in affected patients, we examined 25 adults with uncorrected cyanotic congenital heart disease. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study at a university hospital. METHODS: Symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) was performed on a treadmill. Expiratory gas was analyzed breath by breath for evaluation of maximal exercise performance, ventilation, and ventilatory efficiency in combination with blood gas analysis during rest and exercise. Symptoms were assessed by the ability index and New York Heart Association class, and the results were compared to 101 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: PaO(2) decreased by 26 +/- 8% (mean +/- SD) with exercise (from 49 +/- 12 to 36 +/- 10 mm Hg), while PaCO(2) was only slightly decreased compared to control subjects. Peak oxygen uptake (O(2)) was significantly reduced when compared to control subjects: 16.7 +/- 6.6 mL/kg/min vs 36.1 +/- 7.7 mL/kg/min. Ventilatory efficiency was markedly impaired at rest (minute ventilation [E]/carbon dioxide output [CO(2)] ratio of 70 +/- 18; control subjects, 53 +/- 11; p < 0.005) and during exercise (E vs CO(2) slope, 58 +/- 31; control subjects, 26 +/- 4; p < 0.005). At rest, ventilatory efficiency was correlated to resting pH and PaO(2), while during exercise it was linked to PaO(2). Ventilatory efficiency during exercise had the strongest correlation with observed symptoms, while hypoxemia and peak O(2) were not significantly associated with symptomatic state. CONCLUSION: CPX in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease provides helpful parameters that better define the symptomatic state of these patients. The summation of disease-related factors is best reflected by ventilatory efficiency. This parameter offers additional and independent information when compared to peak O(2) and the extent of cyanosis alone. PMID- 14769712 TI - Long-term maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with current symptomatic atrial fibrillation: amiodarone vs propafenone, both in low doses. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of amiodarone and propafenone when used for the prevention of atrial fibrillation (AF) and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with refractory AF. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, single-blind trial. SETTING: Tertiary cardiac referral center. PATIENTS: One hundred forty-six consecutive patients (72 men; mean age, 63 +/- 10 years [+/- SD]) with recurrent symptomatic AF. INTERVENTIONS: We studied 146 patients after restoration of sinus rhythm; patients were randomized to amiodarone, 200 mg/d, or propafenone, 450 mg/d. Follow-up clinical evaluations were conducted at the first, second, fourth, and sixth months, and at 3-month intervals thereafter. The proportion of patients relapsing to AF and/or experiencing side effects was calculated for each group using the Kaplan-Meier method. End point of the study was recurrence of AF or occurrence of side effects necessitating discontinuation of medication. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Of 146 patients, 72 received amiodarone and 74 received propafenone. The two groups were clinically similar. Of the 72 patients receiving amiodarone, AF developed in 25 patients, after an average of 9.8 months, compared to 33 of the 74 patients receiving propafenone after an average of 3.8 months. Twelve patients receiving amiodarone and 2 patients receiving propafenone had side effects necessitating withdrawal of medication while still in sinus rhythm. CONCLUSIONS: Amiodarone tends to be more effective than propafenone in maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with AF, but this advantage is offset by a higher incidence of side effects. PMID- 14769713 TI - Association between serum C-reactive protein elevation and left ventricular thrombus formation after first anterior myocardial infarction. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: Most left ventricular (LV) thrombi that occur after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are formed within 2 weeks, when inflammatory cells have infiltrated into the necrotic myocardium. Inflammatory changes on the endocardial surface may induce platelet deposition and fibrin net formation through interaction with proinflammatory cytokines. We sought to determine the significance of the inflammatory response reflected by serum C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation in LV thrombus formation after AMI. DESIGN: We examined 160 patients with first anterior AMI. Peak serum creatine kinase (CK) and CRP levels were determined by serial measurements. Echocardiography was performed 10 to 14 days after the onset. We assessed the association between the elevation of serum CRP levels and LV thrombus formation after AMI. RESULTS: LV thrombus was observed in 13 patients (8%). There was no difference in age, sex, coronary risk factors, preinfarction angina, use of revascularization therapy and anticoagulant therapy, platelet count, and fibrinogen level on hospital admission between the two groups. The mean (+/- SD) peak serum CRP level was markedly increased in patients with LV thrombus compared to those without (18.0 +/- 12.6 vs 9.4 +/- 8.1 mg/dL; p = 0.001), despite their having similar peak CK levels. Multivariate analysis showed that a peak CRP level of > or =20 mg/dL was an independent predictor of thrombus formation (relative risk, 4.82; p = 0.037) among variables including older age (> or =60 years old), peak CK level (> or =3,000 IU/L), and peak WBC count (> or =12,000 cells/ microL). CONCLUSION: A greater elevation of serum CRP level was associated with a higher incidence of LV thrombus after AMI, suggesting an important role of the inflammatory response in mural thrombus formation. PMID- 14769714 TI - Increased circulating endothelin-1 in rheumatic mitral stenosis: irrelevance to left atrial and pulmonary artery pressures. AB - BACKGROUND: Increased plasma endothelin (ET)-1 concentrations have been observed in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS). However, the mechanisms of increased circulating ET-1 in patients with MS remain unclear. METHODS: We measured plasma concentrations of ET-1 in blood samples from the femoral vein and artery, and right and left atria obtained from 20 patients with moderate-to severe rheumatic MS before and after percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty (PTMV) [group 1; 16 patients in chronic atrial fibrillation and 4 patients in sinus rhythm]. In addition, we measured plasma concentrations of ET-1 in the peripheral venous blood samples obtained from 22 control patients (including 14 healthy volunteers in sinus rhythm [group 2] and 8 patients in chronic lone atrial fibrillation [group 3]). Plasma ET-1 concentrations were measured by solid-phase, sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The peripheral venous plasma concentrations of ET-1 were significantly higher in group 1 patients (2.46 +/- 0.90 pg/mL) than in group 2 and group 3 patients (0.74 +/- 0.42 pg/mL and 0.99 +/- 0.41 pg/mL, respectively [mean +/- SD]; p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in the peripheral venous concentrations of ET-1 between group 2 and group 3 patients. In group 1 patients, the plasma ET-1 concentration in the femoral vein (2.46 +/- 0.90 pg/mL) was significantly higher than that in the right atrium (2.02 +/- 0.69 pg/mL), left atrium (2.11 +/- 0.99 pg/mL), and femoral artery (2.05 +/- 0.75 pg/mL) [p = 0.0001]. The plasma ET-1 concentration in the femoral vein was not correlated with the mean left atrial pressure (r = 0.05; p = 0.838) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.07; p = 0.757). The plasma ET-1 concentration in the left atrium was also not correlated with the mean left atrial pressure (r = 0.11; p = 0.656), mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.06; p = 0.788), or mitral valve area (r = 0.02; p = 0.936). Although the area of mitral valve increased significantly (1.06 +/- 0.17 cm(2) vs 1.48 +/- 0.32 cm(2); p < 0.0001), and the mean left atrial pressure (23.0 +/- 5.1 mm Hg vs 17.6 +/- 5.9 mm Hg; p < 0.0001) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (31.0 +/- 7.9 mm Hg vs 25.5 +/- 7.0 mm Hg; p < 0.001) fell significantly and immediately after PTMV, there were no significant changes in the plasma ET-1 concentrations in the femoral vein, right atrium, left atrium, and femoral artery immediately after PTMV. CONCLUSION: Increased production of ET-1 in the pulmonary circulation in response to increased pulmonary artery pressure was not the mechanism of increased circulating ET-1 concentration in patients with MS. We proposed that one of the mechanisms of increased ET-1 concentration in the femoral vein was increased peripheral ET-1 release due to increased systemic venous pressure and mechanical damage of the endothelium. PMID- 14769715 TI - Measurement of ejection fraction after myocardial infarction in the population. AB - OBJECTIVES: To assess the secular trends in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) assessment after myocardial infarction (MI) and to identify the determinants of testing. DESIGN: A population-based MI incidence cohort. METHODS: The use of tests measuring LVEF (echocardiography, radionuclide, and left ventricular [LV] angiography) was examined among all consecutive residents of Olmsted County, MN, hospitalized for a validated incident MI between 1979 and 1998. Baseline characteristics and outcome were ascertained from community medical records. RESULTS: Among 2,317 patients with incident MI, LVEF assessment increased from 1979 to 1986 (22 to 85%; p value for trend = 0.0001) to stabilize thereafter until 1998. During the most recent decade, LVEF was measured during the hospital stay in 81% of the patients. Characteristics associated with lesser use of tests included older age and measurement of ejection fraction within 1 year prior to the index MI. Larger MI size, prolonged hospital stay, and involvement of a cardiologist as a care provider were positively associated with determination of LVEF. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of LVEF after MI increased in the last 2 decades, but there continues to be a group of patients in whom it is not done. Given the potential benefits of LVEF measurement, including knowledge for risk stratification and therapeutic choices as underscored in recent practice guidelines, there may be additional opportunities for improving outcomes by ensuring its more consistent use. However, as testing for LVEF differs according to patient characteristics, reliance on selected clinically performed LVEF measurements will result in biased estimates of the prevalence of LV dysfunction after MI. PMID- 14769716 TI - Potassium supplementation, diet vs pills: a randomized trial in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. AB - BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery patients are commonly treated with diuretics, which can result in hypokalemia requiring potassium supplementation. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine whether cardiac surgery patients receiving therapy with potassium-wasting diuretics can safely and beneficially maintain serum potassium levels by eating potassium-rich foods. DESIGN: A prospectively randomized trial of diet vs medication supplementation of potassium was undertaken. Patients who were to undergo cardiac surgery and who would be receiving therapy with oral furosemide postoperatively were eligible for the study. Forty-eight patients were enrolled in the trial, and 38 patients completed the study. Patients received either potassium-rich foods (diet) or potassium chloride pills (medication). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in mean (+/- SD) serum potassium concentrations between groups preoperatively (4.25 +/- 0.30 vs 4.29 +/- 0.33 mEq/L, respectively), on postoperative day 3 (4.23 +/- 0.40 vs 4.27 +/- 0.40 mEq/L, respectively), or postoperative day 4 (4.23 +/- 0.48 vs 4.24 +/- 0.33 mEq/L, respectively) for the diet and medication groups. Length of stay was significantly lower in the diet group (5.0 +/- 0.9 vs 6.3 +/- 2.2 days, respectively). When asked their preferences for method of supplementation, 79% of patients preferred the diet method. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac surgery patients receiving therapy with diuretics can maintain serum potassium levels at clinically adequate concentrations by eating potassium-rich foods. Length of stay was significantly reduced. This method of potassium supplementation demonstrates the potential for reduced costs and increased patient satisfaction. PMID- 14769717 TI - Epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia in infants after cardiac surgery. AB - BACKGROUND: The pattern of nosocomial pneumonia (NP) in infants in a pediatric surgical ICU after cardiac surgery may differ from that seen in adult ICUs. STUDY OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of NP in infants after cardiac surgery and, secondarily, to describe the changes of the distribution and antibiotic resistance of the pathogen during the last 3 years. METHODS: Data were collected between June 1999 and June 2002 from 311 consecutive infants who underwent open-heart surgery in our hospital. We retrospectively analyzed the distribution and antibiotic resistance pattern of all the pathogenic microbial isolates cultured from lower respiratory tract aspirations. RESULTS: Of 311 infants, 67 patients (21.5%) acquired NP after cardiac surgery. The incidence of NP was more frequently associated with complex congenital heart defect (CHD) compared to simple CHD (43% vs 15.9%, chi(2) = 22.47, p < 0.0001). The proportion of late-onset NP was higher in patients with complex CHD (chi(2) = 6.02, p = 0.014). A total of 79 pathogenic microbial strains were isolated. Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) were the most frequent isolates (68 isolates, 86.1%), followed by fungi (6 isolates, 7.6%) and Gram-positive cocci (5 isolates, 6.3%). The main GNB were Acinetobacter baumanii (11 isolates, 13.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 isolates, 12.7%); other commonly seen GNB were Flavobacterium meningosepticum (7 isolates, 8.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7 isolates, 8.9%), Escherichia coli (6 isolates, 7.6%), and Xanthomonas maltophilia (5 isolates, 6.2%). The most commonly seen Gram-positive cocci were Staphylococcus aureus (2 isolates, 2.5%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (2 isolates, 2.5%). The frequent fungi were Candida albicans (5 isolates, 6.3%). Most GNB were sensitive to cefoperazone sulbactum, piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, amikacin. The bacteria producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases were mainly from K pneumoniae and E coli; the susceptibility of ESBL-producing strains to imipenem was 100%. There were one case of methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) and 1 case of methicillin-resistant S epidermidis; their susceptibility to vancomycin, gentamycin, and ciprofloxacin were 100%. From 1999 to 2002 in infants with NP after open-heart surgery, there was a trend of increasing frequency of multiresistant GNB such as A baumanii, P aeruginosa, and K pneumoniae. However, no remarkable changes of distribution were found in Gram-positive cocci and fungi in the 3-year period. Early onset episodes of NP were frequently caused by Haemophilus influenzae, methicillin-sensitive S aureus, and other susceptible Enterobacteriaceae. Conversely, in patients who acquired late-onset NP, P aeruginosa, A baumannii, other multiresistant GNB, MRSA, and fungi were the predominant organisms. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of pathogens and their antibiotic resistance patterns in NP in infants after cardiac surgery had not shown an increasing prevalence of Gram-positive pathogens as reported by several adult ICUs. GNB still remained the most common pathogens during the last 3 years in our hospital. There was a trend of increasing antibiotic resistance in these isolates. PMID- 14769718 TI - Novadaq SPY: intraoperative quality assessment in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. AB - OBJECTIVES: Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting may decrease operative morbidity when compared to on-pump bypass grafting; however, it is technically demanding and thus quality control is essential. This study assesses the clinical feasibility of a new, indocyanine green (ICG)-based imaging system (SPY; Novadaq Technologies; Toronto, ON, Canada) to monitor the quality of anastomoses and grafts in off-pump revascularization. SETTING: Thirty-eight consecutive patients undergoing nonemergent coronary artery bypass grafting without the use of extracorporeal circulation at two Swiss cardiac surgery clinics were included. On completion of bypass grafts, the quality of the grafts was assessed using the ICG based imaging system. The imaging device comprises an 806-nm laser light source that is used to cause ICG to fluoresce and a near infrared-sensitive charged couple device videocamera that is used to capture the fluorescence images. ICG was administered through the central venous line, and images were acquired during the first pass of the ICG through the field of view. Graft flow (qualitative) and the quality of the grafts and anastomoses were assessed intraoperatively. RESULTS: Between March 2002 and September 2002, a total of 38 patients (26 men and 12 women; mean +/- SD age, 64.6 +/- 10.5 years; body mass index, 27.1 +/- 2.9) underwent surgery and imaging at two institutions. One hundred seven of 124 grafts (45 arteries and 62 veins) were analyzed. Seventeen grafts could not be assessed due to difficulties in positioning. The imaging system was easy to handle, and no adverse reactions to ICG were observed. Four of the 107 grafts imaged required revision (three anastomotic constrictions and one graft dissection). Each imaging sequence required approximately 1.25 to 2.5 mg of ICG. The images were equivalent to angiography without the need for radiographs and catheter insertion. In addition, the course of coronaries that would otherwise be difficult to locate in obese patients could be detected using the imaging system. Biochemical and ECG data demonstrated an absence of intraoperative or postoperative myocardial damage, and no liver enzyme elevation or renal dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the clinical utility of a ICG-based imaging system for the assessment of the quality of bypass grafts, which appears to be safe and simple to use. PMID- 14769719 TI - Impaired quality of life of healthy young smokers. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the health-related quality of life (HRQL) profile of healthy young subjects with a short smoking history. DESIGN: Observational data at a single point in time. SETTING: Survey in two public universities. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-seven smoker students without any comorbidities (39 men; mean +/- SD age, 20.5 +/- 2.0 years). A control group for HRQL measurements was composed of 97 healthy, never-smoker students from the same universities (55 men; mean +/- SD age, 20.6 +/- 2.0 years). INTERVENTIONS: All subjects were blinded to the study proposal, and answered autoapplicable forms dealing with healthy habits, smoking, and the 36-item short form questionnaire. RESULTS: Never-smokers showed higher mean quality-of-life scores than smokers in all domains. Statistically significant differences were observed for the domains physical functioning (86.5 +/- 12.9 vs 93.4 +/- 9.6), general health perceptions (64.3 +/- 19.8 vs 79.2 +/- 13.4), vitality (58.4 +/- 20.0 vs 64.6 +/- 16.5), social functioning (59.3 +/- 19.7 vs 76.3 +/- 19.6), and mental health index (66.4 +/- 21.1 vs 71.9 +/- 15.5). CONCLUSIONS: Healthy, light-to-moderate smokers with a short smoking history show significant impairment in physical and mental domains of HRQL in comparison to never-smokers. A better elucidation of these aspects may provide useful information for planning smoking-cessation interventions. PMID- 14769720 TI - Concordance between parental and children's reports of parental smoking prompts. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of parental prompting to smoke (eg, parent requests that their child light the parent's cigarette in his/her own mouth) in a sample of families, and to assess the agreement between child and parent reports of the prompting behaviors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3,624 adolescents from 10 middle/junior high schools completed baseline surveys. Parents identified as smokers in these surveys were contacted to complete a telephone survey. These analyses included 270 parent/child pairs. Fifty-one percent of parents were Latino American, 51% had the equivalent of a high-school diploma, 83% were employed when surveyed, and the median household monthly income was between $2,200 and $2,599. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Students completed a paper-and-pencil survey assessing demographic characteristics, seven parental prompts to smoke, past month smoking, parental smoking, acculturation, and familism. A similar questionnaire was developed to collect information by telephone from smoking parents. Concordance between child- and parent-reported prompting was > 85% for five of seven prompts. However, the reported prevalence of six of the seven prompts was lower among parents than children. Thirty-two percent of mothers and 17% of fathers reported prompting their children to bring cigarettes to parents (the most common prompt). Students reported that 62% of their mothers and 54% of their fathers prompted them to bring their cigarettes, a substantial discrepancy in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: Child-reported prompting prevalence was consistently higher than parents' reports, with the biggest discrepancies between requests to clean ashtrays and bring cigarettes, the two most common prompts. In subsequent studies of parental prompting, it is advisable to collect data from both children and parents and to validate the accuracy of the sources. PMID- 14769721 TI - Comparison of conservative and aggressive smoking cessation treatment strategies following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. AB - PURPOSE: Patients who continue to smoke following coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) have substantially poorer outcomes than patients able to stop smoking after CABG. This study evaluated the effectiveness of two smoking cessation treatment strategies in patients undergoing CABG. METHODS: Two smoking cessation treatment strategies were compared in smokers who underwent CABG. In the conservative treatment strategy, smokers undergoing CABG were followed up prospectively at monthly intervals. Patients who started smoking again at any time in the year following CABG were asked to enroll in an 8-week smoking cessation program. In the aggressive treatment strategy, smokers undergoing CABG were asked to enroll in an 8-week smoking cessation program starting immediately after hospital discharge. The structure and makeup of the smoking cessation program used in the conservative and aggressive treatment strategies were identical. The primary study outcome was smoking status assessed by self-report and confirmed by expired carbon monoxide at 1.5 months, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were enrolled in the conservative treatment strategy, with 2 patients unavailable for follow-up prior to the first follow-up visit. Of the remaining 17 patients, 14 patients (82%) resumed smoking at an average of 10.3 weeks after CABG. Eleven of these 14 patients (79%) agreed to participate in the smoking cessation program. Based on evaluable patients, 10 of the 17 patients (59%) in the conservative strategy group were not smoking at the 12-month follow-up. Twenty patients were enrolled in the aggressive treatment strategy. All patients agreed to participate in the smoking cessation program. All patients were available for follow-up. At the 12 month follow-up, 17 of 29 patients (85%) in this treatment strategy were not smoking. Point prevalence and continuous abstinence cessation rates were significantly greater in the aggressive treatment strategy compared to the conservative treatment strategy at all follow-up intervals after CABG. CONCLUSION: Based on our findings in a small number of patients, an aggressive smoking cessation intervention is associated with a superior smoking cessation rate compared to a conservative treatment strategy in smokers undergoing CABG. A larger study will be needed to confirm that an early aggressive smoking cessation intervention should be provided to all smokers undergoing CABG. PMID- 14769722 TI - Impact of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function on quality of life of long term survivors of non-small cell lung cancer. AB - PURPOSE: To describe respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function among long-term survivors of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and their relationship to quality of life (QOL). METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of disease-free, 5-year minimum survivors of NSCLC (n = 142; 54% women; average age, 71 years); the majority (74%) had received a lobectomy. Analysis included frequency of self reported respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm, wheezing, breathlessness) as measured by the American Thoracic Society questionnaire, pulmonary function findings from hand-held spirometry, and QOL (Short Form-36). RESULTS: Two thirds of survivors reported at least one respiratory symptom (mean, 1.3; SD, 1.2): 25% cough, 28% phlegm, 31% wheezing, and 39% dyspnea. Twenty-one percent reported that they spent most of the day in bed in the past 12 months because of respiratory symptoms. Average FEV(1) percentage predicted was 68% (SD, 23); 21% had < 50% predicted FEV(1). Based on spirometry results, 36% had a moderate/severe obstructive and/or restrictive ventilatory disorder. Survivors exposed to second-hand smoke (28%) were more than three times as likely to report respiratory symptoms. Respiratory symptom burden contributed to diminished QOL in several domains. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of these survivors experienced respiratory symptoms, and more than one third reported dyspnea, including one of five patients with seriously diminished pulmonary function. Symptom burden, rather than ventilatory impairment, contributed to diminished QOL. Further study is needed to determine the patterns and effective management of posttreatment respiratory symptoms on survivors of lung cancer. PMID- 14769723 TI - Clinical significance of elevated diffusing capacity. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVE: Single-breath diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is used as a pulmonary function test (PFT) to assess gas transfer in the lungs. The implications of a low DLCO are well-recognized, but the clinical significance of a high DLCO is not clear. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical correlates of a high DLCO. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified 245 patients with a high DLCO (ie, > 140% predicted) and a matched group of 245 patients with normal DLCO (ie, 85 to 115% predicted), who were selected from a laboratory database of 45,000 patients tested between January 1997 and December 1999. We compared the demographic features, clinical diagnoses, and PFT data between the two groups. SETTINGS: Large multispecialty group practice. RESULTS: The patients in the high DLCO group were heavier (mean [+/- SD] weight, 96.0 +/- 22.9 vs 85.0 +/- 21.3 kg, respectively; p < 0.001), had a higher mean body mass index (32.9 +/- 7.4 vs 29.4 +/- 6.4 kg/m(2), respectively; p < 0.001), larger body surface area (p < 0.001), and larger mean total lung capacity (p = 0.007) and alveolar volume (p < 0.001). The clinical diagnoses of obesity (p < 0.001) and asthma (p < 0.001) were more common among patients with high DLCO values. The majority of patients (62%) with a high DLCO had a diagnosis of obesity, asthma, or both. Polycythemia, hemoptysis, and left-to-right shunt were uncommon. CONCLUSION: A high DLCO on a PFT is most frequently associated with large lung volumes, obesity, and asthma. Other conditions are much less common. A clinical condition, which typically reduces DLCO, may deceptively normalize DLCO in such patients. PMID- 14769724 TI - Methacholine challenge testing: comparison of the two American Thoracic Society recommended methods. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: Recent American Thoracic Society guidelines recommend two different methods of methacholine challenge testing: the 2-min tidal breathing method with twofold increases in concentration, and the five-breath dosimeter method with fourfold increases. Since the tidal breathing method delivers more methacholine to the mouthpiece, we hypothesized that the provocative concentration of methacholine required to decrease FEV(1) by 20% (PC(20)) would be lower than with the dosimeter method. DESIGN: Twelve subjects 18 to 45 years old with stable asthma were selected on the basis of a screening PC(20) (by tidal breathing) of < 1 mg/mL, 1 to 4 mg/mL, or 4 to 16 mg/mL (4 subjects in each concentration range). On subsequent visits within a 7-day period, methacholine challenge testing with tidal breathing or dosimeter were performed on separate days, in a randomized crossover manner. RESULTS: The geometric mean PC(20) was 1.8 mg/mL (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7 to 4.3) after tidal breathing and 1.6 mg/mL (95% CI, 0.7 to 3.7) after dosimeter (p = 0.2). There was no significant difference between the screening PC(20) and the PC(20) obtained by either method on randomized study days. The maximum decrease in FEV(1) from diluent baseline after the last concentration was 27.8% (range, 20 to 50%) during tidal breathing and 27.9% (range, 16 to 47%) during the dosimeter method (p = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: Both methods give similar results. Fourfold increases in methacholine concentration with the dosimeter method are as safe as twofold increases with the tidal breathing method. PMID- 14769725 TI - Chest wall kinematics and breathlessness during pursed-lip breathing in patients with COPD. AB - BACKGROUND: Pursed-lip breathing (PLB) is a strategy often spontaneously employed by patients with COPD during distress situations. Whether and to what extent PLB affects operational lung volume is not known. Also, conflicting reports deal with PLB capability of decreasing breathlessness. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Twenty-two patients with mild-to-severe COPD were studied. Volumes of chest wall (CW) compartments (rib cage [RC] and abdomen) were assessed using an optoelectronic plethysmograph. Dyspnea was assessed by a modified Borg scale. RESULTS: Compared to spontaneous breathing, patients with PLB exhibited a significant reduction (mean +/- SD) in end-expiratory volume of the CW (VCW) [VCWee; - 0.33 +/- 0.24 L, p < 0.000004], and a significant increase in end inspiratory VCW (VCWei; + 0.32 +/- 0.43 L, p < 0.003). The decrease in VCWee, mostly due to the decrease in end-expiratory volume of the abdomen (VAbee) [- 0.25 +/- 0.21 L, p < 0.00002], related to baseline FEV(1) (p < 0.02) and to the increase in expiratory time (TE) [r(2) = 0.49, p < 0.0003] and total time of the respiratory cycle (TTOT) [r(2) = 0.35, p < 0.004], but not to baseline functional residual capacity (FRC). Increase in tidal volume (VT) of the chest wall (+ 0.65 +/- 0.48 L, p < 0.000004) was shared between VT of the abdomen (0.31 +/- 0.23 L, p < 0.000004) and VT of the rib cage (+ 0.33 +/- 0.29 L, p < 0.00003). Borg score decreased with PLB (p < 0.04). In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, decrease in VCWee accounted for 27% of the variability in Borg score at 99% confidence level (p < 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in VCWee related to baseline airway obstruction but not to hyperinflation (FRC). By lengthening of TE and TTOT, PLB decreases VCWee and reduces breathlessness. PMID- 14769726 TI - Matrix metalloproteinases activity in COPD associated with wood smoke. AB - BACKGROUND: Wood smoke (WS) exposure causes COPD with respiratory alterations that are similar to those described for COPD associated with tobacco smoke (TS). The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of WS on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and expression. DESIGN: BAL fluid and macrophages were obtained from patients exposed to WS and TS, and from control subjects. Macrophage elastolytic activity was assayed by radiolabeled elastin degradation. Gelatinolytic activity was measured by zymography in BAL fluid samples. MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-12 expression were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in macrophages from each group. RESULTS: Macrophage elastolytic activity was increased significantly in WS and TS cells in comparison to control subjects with no differences between WS and TS samples. MMP 2 was identified in all groups as a 72-Kd band (proMMP-2), with the highest activity in the WS samples. MMP-9 was present in its latent and active forms with the highest gelatinolytic activity in the WS group. MMP-2 expression was increased in both groups as well as MMP-12 compared with the control. Two of three subjects studied in each COPD group had a significant increase in MMP-9 expression. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that WS increases MMP activity and expression that might produce lung damage similar to that observed in COPD associated with TS. PMID- 14769727 TI - Prospective multicenter study of relapse following emergency department treatment of COPD exacerbation. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and risk factors of relapse after an emergency department (ED) visit for COPD exacerbation. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study as part of the Multicenter Airway Research Collaboration. SETTING: Twenty nine North American EDs. PATIENTS: ED patients with COPD exacerbations, age > or =55 years. For the present analysis of post-ED relapse, the cohort was restricted to COPD patients who had been discharged from the ED directly to home. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Eligible patients underwent a structured interview to assess their demographic characteristics, COPD history, and details of the current COPD exacerbation. Data on ED medical management and disposition were obtained by chart review. Patients were contacted by telephone 2 weeks later regarding incident relapse events (ie, urgent clinic or ED visit for worsening COPD). The cohort consisted of 140 COPD patients. Over the next 2 weeks, patients demonstrated a consistent daily relapse rate that summed to 21% (95% confidence interval, 15 to 28%) at day 14. In a multivariate model, the significant risk factors for relapse were the number of urgent clinic or ED visits for COPD exacerbation in the past year (odds ratio [OR], 1.49 [per five visits]), self reported activity limitation during the past 24 h (OR, 2.93 [per unit on scale of 1 [none] to 4 [severe]), and respiratory rate at ED presentation (OR, 1.76 [per 5 breaths/min]). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients discharged to home after ED treatment of a COPD exacerbation, one in five patients will experience an urgent/emergent relapse event during the next 2 weeks. Both chronic factors (ie, a history of urgent clinic or ED visits) and acute factors (ie, activity limitations and initial respiratory rate) are associated with increased risk. Further research should focus on ways to decrease the relapse rate among these high-risk patients. The clinicians may wish to consider these historical factors when making ED decisions. PMID- 14769728 TI - Gender differences in health-related quality of life in patients complaining of chronic cough. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: To confirm that more women than men who complain of chronic cough seek medical attention, to determine whether the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of these women is more adversely affected than men, and to determine whether there are gender differences in the ways that chronic cough adversely affects HRQOL. DESIGN: Analysis of previously, prospectively collected data, but not previously analyzed or reported data, plus additional prospectively collected data to enrich the database to make meaningful gender comparisons. SETTING: Cough clinic in an academic, tertiary care medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects seeking medical attention complaining of cough of at least 8 weeks duration and a control group of smokers not complaining of cough. MEASUREMENTS: Assessment of chronic cough on HRQOL utilizing a valid and reliable cough-specific HRQOL instrument, the cough-specific quality-of-life questionnaire (CQLQ). INTERVENTIONS: All subjects completed the CQLQ prior to any contact with the cough specialist and medical intervention. RESULTS: In the original cohort of subjects, women (116 subjects) outnumbered the men (38 subject) by 3:1 (p < 0.0001). In the current study, total CQLQ scores for women were higher than for men (67.1 vs 59.7, respectively; p = 0.002). Women had higher scores than men in three of six subscales, as follows: physical complaints (21.6 vs 19.0, respectively; p = 0.004); psychosocial issues (14.7 vs 12.9, respectively; p = 0.002); and extreme physical complaints (8.9 vs 6.6, respectively; p < 0.001). Men and women had similar scores on the remaining subscales. Women scored significantly higher on 10 of the 28 items that make up the six subscales. The item that showed the greatest disparity and the most significant difference between women and men was wetting the pants (p < 0.001) as a result of chronic coughing. CONCLUSIONS: Women with chronic cough were probably more inclined to seek medical attention than men because their HRQOL was more adversely affected and because they were more apt to suffer from physical complaints such as stress incontinence, which provoked psychosocial issues such as becoming embarrassed. PMID- 14769729 TI - Evaluation of pleural disease with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: To study the ability of positron emission tomography (PET) using 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to distinguish between benign and malignant disease in exudative pleural effusions and pleural thickening. DESIGN: Prospective study of 98 consecutive patients presenting with either pleural thickening or an exudative pleural effusion. SETTING: Department of pulmonary medicine of a university hospital. METHODS: FDG-PET was performed on each subject before invasive procedures were used to determine the etiologic diagnosis. FDG PET data were analyzed by visual interpretation. RESULTS: Sixty-three of 98 patients were found to have malignant pleural disease after histologic analysis. Sixty-one of 63 patients with histologically confirmed malignant disease showed FDG uptake within the area of pleural thickening. Uptake was graded as intense in 51 cases and moderate in 10 cases. Only two patients with malignant pleural disease did not show increased FDG uptake. FDG-PET imaging showed an absence of FDG uptake, and correctly classified 31 of 35 benign lesions. For the remaining four lesions, intense FDG uptake was seen in one case of parapneumonic effusion, while moderate and localized uptake was observed in one parapneumonic, one tuberculous, and one uremic pleurisy. The sensitivity of the method to identify malignancy was 96.8% with a negative predictive value of 93.9%, while its specificity was 88.5% and its positive predictive value was 93.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that FDG-PET is an effective tool for differentiating between benign and malignant pleural diseases. PMID- 14769730 TI - The utility of 99mTc depreotide compared with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and surgical staging in patients with suspected non-small cell lung cancer. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: The findings from conventional imaging modalities, such as chest CT, are frequently unreliable in patients with lung cancer. This study was designed to compare the relative diagnostic accuracies and utility of the two most widely used functional imaging examinations, F-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and (99m)Tc depreotide scintigraphy, for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. DESIGN: Prospective, experimental investigation. SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENTS: One hundred sixty-six subjects with suspected lung cancer were enrolled in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Whole-body and single-photon emission CT imaging of the chest was performed after IV administration of (99m)Tc depreotide. Attenuation-corrected FDG PET imaging was performed after IV administration of FDG. Image findings were compared with the biopsy results or clinical follow-up. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: In 157 subjects with evaluable lung lesions, the sensitivities and specificities for detecting malignant disease (95% confidence intervals) of FDG PET are 96% (90 to 98%) and 71% (54 to 85%), and of (99m)Tc depreotide are 94% (88 to 98%) and 51% (34 to 68%). In the 139 subjects with available complete staging data, FDG PET correctly staged 76 of 139 patients (55%), and (99m)Tc depreotide correctly staged 63 of 139 patients (45%). CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity for detection of lung cancer in the primary lesion is equally high for FDG PET and (99m)Tc depreotide. The specificity is superior for FDG PET. The staging accuracy of FDG PET and (99m)Tc depreotide is similar, but when read with the chest CT neither scintigraphic examination is sufficiently accurate to stage patients with non small cell lung cancer. PMID- 14769731 TI - Comparison of lung deposition in two types of nebulization: intrapulmonary percussive ventilation vs jet nebulization. AB - BACKGROUND: So-called intrapulmonary percussive ventilation (IPV), frequently coupled with a nebulizer, is increasingly used as a physiotherapy technique; however, its physiologic and clinical values have not been rigorously assessed. STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the nebulizer of the IPV device (Percussionaire; Percussionaire Corporation; Sandpoint, ID) with those of standard jet nebulization (SST) [SideStream; Medic-Aid; West Sussex, UK]. DESIGN: Aerodynamic particle size was studied by an cascade impactor. The deposition of (99m)Tc-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid was measured in 10 healthy subjects by tomoscintigraphy during spontaneous breathing with both nebulizers. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The mass median aerodynamic diameter (0.2 micro m vs 1.89 micro m for IPV and SST, respectively) and the fine particle fraction (16.2% vs 67.5%, respectively) were significantly smaller with IPV. In vivo, respiratory frequency (RF) was lower with the IPV device (10.1 +/- 3.4 breaths/min vs 14.6 +/- 3.4 breaths/min, p = 0.002). Whole-body deposition was significantly higher with IPV (15.63% vs 9.31%), but it was due to a higher extrapulmonary deposition. Although intrapulmonary deposition (IPD) was not different with both devices (4.20% for SST vs 2.49% for IPV), it was much more variable with IPV, compared to SST. The penetration index into the lung was higher with IPV than SST when normalized for RF (0.045 +/- 0.018 breaths/min vs 0.026 +/- 0.013 breaths/min, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: The two techniques showed comparable lung deposition despite a large difference in particle size. However, IPV IPD was too variable and thus too unpredictable to recommend its use for drug delivery to the lung. PMID- 14769732 TI - Repeated adeno-associated virus serotype 2 aerosol-mediated cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene transfer to the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to determine the safety and tolerability of repeated doses of aerosolized adeno-associated serotype 2 vector containing cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) complementary DNA (cDNA) [tgAAVCF], an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding the complete human CFTR cDNA. Secondary objectives included evaluation of pulmonary function assessed by spirometry, lung abnormalities by high resolution CT (HRCT), airway cytokines, vector shedding, serum neutralizing antibody to AAV serotype 2 (AAV2), and gene transfer and expression in a subset of subjects undergoing bronchoscopy with bronchial brushings. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial. SETTING: Eight cystic fibrosis (CF) centers in the United States. SUBJECTS: CF patients with mild lung disease, defined as FEV(1) > or =60% predicted. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects were randomized to inhale three aerosolized doses of 1 x 10(13) deoxyribonuclease-resistant particles of tgAAVCF or matching placebo at 30-day intervals using the Pari LC Plus nebulizer (PARI; Richmond, VA). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Of 42 subjects randomized, 20 subjects received at least one dose of tgAAVCF and 17 subjects received placebo. No difference in the pattern of adverse events or laboratory abnormalities was noted between the two treatment groups. Improvements in induced sputum interleukin-8 (p = 0.03) and FEV(1) (p = 0.04) were observed at day 14 and day 30, respectively, in the group receiving tgAAVCF when compared to those receiving placebo. No significant differences in HRCT scans were noted. Vector shedding in sputum was observed at low levels up to 90 days after the third dose of vector. All subjects receiving tgAAVCF exhibited an increase (by at least fourfold) in serum AAV2-neutralizing antibodies and detectable levels in BAL fluid from five of six treated subjects undergoing BAL. Gene transfer but not gene expression was detected in a subset of six tgAAVCF subjects who underwent bronchoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat doses of aerosolized tgAAVCF were safe and well tolerated, and resulted in encouraging trends in improvement in pulmonary function in patients with CF and mild lung disease. PMID- 14769733 TI - Prognostic implications of histologic patterns in multiple surgical lung biopsies from patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and prognostic significance of histologic discordance in multiple lung biopsy specimens obtained from patients investigated for suspected cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA)/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS: and results: Between 1984 and 2001, 64 patients undergoing investigation for CFA/IPF were identified in whom multiple biopsies were performed that showed either a pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) or nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). These cases were classified into three groups: concordant UIP-UIP (n = 25, 39.1%), discordant UIP NSIP (n = 8,12.5%), and concordant NSIP-NSIP (n = 31, 48.4%). The discordant UIP group had survival, clinical, and physiologic features similar to those of the concordant UIP group, and prognosis in both concordant and discordant UIP groups was significantly worse than that of the concordant NSIP group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively). The age of the concordant UIP group was higher than that of the concordant NSIP group, with the mean age of the discordant group being intermediate. There were no significant differences among the three groups in smoking history, duration of dyspnea, presence or absence of crackles, FVC, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, or PaO(2). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with discordant UIP-NSIP results on multiple biopsies show clinical behavior similar to those with concordant UIP-UIP and should be regarded as having CFA/IPF in the correct clinical context, rather than "idiopathic NSIP" for the purposes of management. Multiple biopsies should be considered in all patients in order to improve the prognostic information provided by lung biopsy. PMID- 14769734 TI - Diagnostic value of transbronchial needle aspiration by Wang 22-gauge cytology needle in intrathoracic lymphadenopathy. AB - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) performed with a Wang 22-gauge cytology needle in patients with mediastinal and/or hilar adenopathy. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: Tertiary care training hospital. PATIENTS: TBNA procedures were performed using a flexible bronchoscope and a 22-gauge Wang needle in 60 consecutive patients (36 women and 24 men; mean age, 39 +/- 16 years [+/- SD]) who had mediastinal or hilar adenopathy identified on CT of the chest. RESULTS: Adequate lymph node sampling was obtained from 59 of 60 patients (98%). We were able to make a diagnosis in 45 of 60 patients (75%). TBNA was the only tool of diagnosis in 30 of the 60 patients (50%). Diagnoses included tuberculosis (n = 21), sarcoidosis (n = 21), carcinoma (n = 15), and lymphoma (n = 3). Adequate material was obtained from 20 of 21 patients with tuberculosis. The diagnosis made by TBNA was tuberculosis in 13 of 20 cases (65%). In 12 patients, diagnosis of tuberculosis was made cytologically; for the remaining 1 patient, mycobacterial culture was used. TBNA was the only diagnostic tool utilized in 8 of 20 patients with tuberculosis (40%). Diagnostic material was obtained from 16 of 21 patients with sarcoidosis (76%). In sarcoidosis, TBNA provided the only diagnostic specimen in 13 of 21 patients (62%). In all 15 patients with carcinoma (100%), diagnostic materials were obtained. Adequate but nondiagnostic samples were obtained from two patients with lymphoma, and one patient had lymphoma successfully diagnosed with TBNA. No complications were seen except minimal bleeding. CONCLUSION: TBNA performed with a Wang 22-gauge cytology needle is an effective and safe way of obtaining cytologic specimens from intrathoracic lymph nodes and can rapidly provide diagnosis, both in malignant and benign mediastinal diseases. Hopefully, this technique will reduce further need for more invasive surgical procedures. PMID- 14769735 TI - Education and experience improve the performance of transbronchial needle aspiration: a learning curve at a cancer center. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is an indispensable part of the pulmonologist's armamentarium, although it continues to be woefully underutilized despite its demonstrated safety and usefulness. We herein review our experience with the procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All TBNAs were conducted according to standard techniques using 21-gauge cytology needles or 19 gauge histology needles connected to a flexible bronchovideoscope. All procedures were conducted at a 180-bed cancer center, and results were analyzed retrospectively. The mediastinum and hilar lymph node mapping system proposed by Wang was followed exclusively. RESULTS: From September 1999 to March 2003, inclusively, 90 of 549 patients undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy were selected for TBNA: 66 patients for hilar-mediastinal lymphoadenopathies, and 24 patients for submucosal and/or peribronchial lesions. A total of 87 hilar-mediastinal lymph node stations were sampled, with a mean of 2.2 needle passes for each. Seventy-eight patients revealed a malignant diagnosis. TBNA provided positive results for malignancy for 59 patients. Sarcoidosis, mediastinal bronchogenic cyst, and mediastinal tuberculous adenitis were identified for another three patients, respectively. The diagnostic yield was 68.2% (45 of 66 patients) for hilar-mediastinal lesions, and 70.8% (17 of 24 patients) for submucosal and peribronchial lesions. The sensitivity was 75% (45 of 60 patients) for hilar mediastinal lesions, and 80.9% (17 of 21 patients) for submucosal and peribronchial lesions. The overall accuracy of the procedure for returning a correct diagnosis was 75.9% (66 of 87 patients). Higher yields for patients featuring small-cell lung cancer were noted. Fifteen patients presenting mediastinal lesions attained to a specific pathologic diagnosis using TBNA despite normal-appearing airways. TBNA was the exclusive means of diagnostic sampling for 27 patients. Twenty-two patients had previously undergone a nondiagnostic bronchoscopy at other hospitals. Diagnosis and mediastinal staging was accomplished in one procedure for 19 patients exhibiting non-small cell lung cancer. The number of TBNA procedures performed per unit time rose steadily during the test period. The TBNA yield and sensitivity for the detection of hilar mediastinal lymphoadenopathies increased significantly (p = 0.03) during the study period. The presence of the cytotechnologist during the TBNA procedure provided direct, immediate feedback pertaining to the quality of specimens acquired. With such rapid on-site examination of TBNA-derived specimens, there was a trend with borderline significance (p = 0.06) toward a decreasing frequency of inadequately acquired tissue specimens when using this technique. CONCLUSIONS: TBNA performance was able to be improved over time. Increased specimen yield and sampling sensitivity over a 43-month period suggested the impact of enhanced training interventions and experience. Rapid on-site examination was also indispensable for the promotion of diagnostic accuracy. The progressive acquisition of skills as regards the use of cytology needles for TBNA purposes should precede the use of a histology needle for such biopsy purposes. For selected cases, the use of the 19-gauge histology needle increased the diagnostic yield of TBNA. It is to be hoped that increased experience with the TBNA technique and focused education regarding its performance will enhance its utilization by bronchoscopists and the spread of its acceptance. PMID- 14769736 TI - The diagnosis of pneumonia in renal transplant recipients using invasive and noninvasive procedures. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: We used invasive and noninvasive procedures to determine the causes of pneumonia in renal transplant recipients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively surveyed 565 renal transplant recipients (transplants received March 1984 to August 2001) to find those with pneumonia. Noninvasive diagnostic methods included serologic testing, and blood and sputum cultures with stains. Invasive procedures included fiberoptic bronchoscopy and percutaneous transthoracic procedures. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients were enrolled. Of these, 71 patients had a definite etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia. The major infectious pathogens were bacterial (n = 21) and mixed bacterial infection (n = 10), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) [n = 18], and fungi (n = 8). Noninvasive and invasive procedures led to the diagnosis of pneumonia in 31.5% (n = 29) and 45.6% (n = 42) of patients, respectively. Bronchoscopy was used in 64 patients, with a diagnostic yield of 38 cases (59.3%). Patients were 3.62 times more likely to contract pneumonia within 12 months of renal transplantation than they were > or =12 months thereafter (95% confidence interval, 1.33 to 9.84). Twenty-seven of the 92 patients (29.3%) died. The pneumonia mortality rate has dropped significantly since 1996 (41.8% vs 10.8%, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Both invasive and noninvasive procedures are useful in the diagnosis of pneumonia, with declining mortality, in renal transplant recipients. Bacterial and mixed bacterial infection, TB, and fungal infection are the most common pathogens; cases are most likely to occur within 1 year after renal transplantation. PMID- 14769737 TI - US hospital care for patients with HIV infection and pneumonia: the role of public, private, and Veterans Affairs hospitals in the early highly active antiretroviral therapy era. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: We evaluated differences in processes and outcomes of HIV related pneumonia care among patients in Veterans Affairs (VA), public, and for profit and not-for-profit private hospitals in the United States. We compared the results of our current study (1995 to 1997) with those of our previous study that included a sample of patients receiving care during the years 1987 to 1990 to determine how HIV-related pneumonia care had evolved over the last decade. SETTING/PATIENTS: The sample consisted of 1,231 patients with HIV infection who received care for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and 750 patients with HIV infection who received care for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) during the years 1995 to 1997. MEASUREMENT: We conducted a retrospective medical record review and evaluated patient and hospital characteristics, HIV-related processes of care (timely use of anti-PCP medications, adjunctive corticosteroids), non-HIV related processes of care (timely use of CAP treatment medications, diagnostic testing, ICU utilization, rates of endotracheal ventilation, placement on respiratory isolation), length of inpatient hospital stay, and inpatient mortality. RESULTS: Rates of timely use of antibiotics and adjunctive corticosteroids for treating PCP were high and improved dramatically from the prior decade. However, compliance with consensus guidelines that recommend < 8 h as the optimal time window for initiation of antibiotics to treat CAP was lower. For both PCP and CAP, variations in processes of care and lengths of in-hospital stays, but not mortality rates, were noted at VA, public, private not-for-profit hospitals, and for-profit hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first overview of HIV-related pneumonia care in the early highly active antiretroviral therapy era, and contrasts current findings with those of a similarly conducted study from a decade earlier. Quality of care for patients with PCP improved, but further efforts are needed to facilitate the appropriate management of CAP. In the third decade of the epidemic, it will be important to monitor whether variations in processes of care for various HIV-related clinical diagnoses among different types of hospitals persist. PMID- 14769738 TI - Vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation and hospital-treated pneumonia incidence in male smokers. AB - BACKGROUND: Vitamin E and beta-carotene affect various measures of immune function and accordingly might influence the predisposition of humans to infections. However, only few controlled trials have tested this hypothesis. STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine whether vitamin E or beta-carotene supplementation affects the risk of pneumonia in a controlled trial. DESIGN AND SETTING: The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that examined the effects of vitamin E, 50 mg/d, and beta-carotene, 20 mg/d, on lung cancer using a 2 x 2 factorial design. The trial was conducted in the general community in southwestern Finland in 1985 to 1993; the intervention lasted for 6.1 years (median). The hypothesis being tested in the present study was formulated after the trial was closed. PARTICIPANTS: ATBC study cohort of 29,133 men aged 50 to 69 years, who smoked at least five cigarettes per day, at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The first occurrence of hospital-treated pneumonia was retrieved from the national hospital discharge register (898 cases). RESULTS: Vitamin E supplementation had no overall effect on the incidence of pneumonia (relative risk [RR], 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88 to 1.14) nor had beta-carotene supplementation (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.11). Nevertheless, the age of smoking initiation was a highly significant modifying factor. Among subjects who had initiated smoking at a later age (> or =21 years; n = 7,469 with 196 pneumonia cases), vitamin E supplementation decreased the risk of pneumonia (RR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.86), whereas beta-carotene supplementation increased the risk (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.89). CONCLUSIONS: Data from this large controlled trial suggest that vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation have no overall effect on the risk of hospital-treated pneumonia in older male smokers, but our subgroup finding that vitamin E seemed to benefit subjects who initiated smoking at a later age warrants further investigation. PMID- 14769739 TI - Treatment of complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion with intrapleural streptokinase in children. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of intrapleural streptokinase in the management of complicated parapneumonic effusions in children. DESIGN: Prospective comparative study. SETTING: Cheng Kung University Hospital, a tertiary medical center in Tainan, Taiwan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled as our prospective study group 20 consecutive children with complicated parapneumonic effusions who received intrapleural streptokinase treatment between August 2000 and July 2002. We also retrospectively analyzed a comparison group of 22 consecutive children with complicated parapneumonic effusions who received chest tube drainage without streptokinase treatment from January 1992 to July 2000. We then compared the clinical manifestations and outcome of these two patient groups. The patient population (21 boys and 21 girls) ranged in age from 9 to 130 months (mean age, 41.5 +/- 26.3 months [mean +/- SD]). The characters of pleural effusion showed no difference between the two groups. Nineteen patients had positive findings for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2 patients had positive findings for Staphylococcus aureus, 2 patients had positive findings for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 19 patients had undetermined pathogens. All patients were treated with appropriate antibiotics. RESULTS: More pleural fluid was drained from the streptokinase group than from the comparison group during streptokinase treatment (816 +/- 481 mL vs 279 +/- 238 mL, p < 0.01). The duration of fever after chest tube insertion was also significantly lower in the study group (5.3 +/- 3.1 days vs 7.9 +/- 4.6 days, p < 0.05). Only two patients in the streptokinase group required surgical intervention compared with nine patients in the comparison group (p < 0.05). No major side effects were noticed after streptokinase instillation. CONCLUSION: Intrapleural fibrinolytic treatment with streptokinase is safe and effective, and it can obviate the need for surgery in most cases. The combination treatment should be attempted early on, when complicated parapneumonic effusion is first diagnosed. PMID- 14769740 TI - Effects of epoprostenol on right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation in pulmonary hypertension. AB - OBJECTIVES: To gain more knowledge of changes in main pulmonary artery flow and right ventricular mass and volumes in patients with pulmonary hypertension during epoprostenol therapy. METHODS: Eleven patients (9 women) were evaluated before the start of therapy and every 4 months thereafter. Right and left ventricular volumes and masses were measured by cine MRI. Flow was measured with MRI velocity quantification. At the same times, 6-min walking tests were performed. Right heart catheterizations were performed at baseline and after 1 year. RESULTS: Right ventricular mass in the patient group was significantly higher from that in a control group of healthy volunteers (95 +/- 26 g vs 42 +/- 10 g, p < 0.05 [mean +/- SD]), whereas the stroke volume was lower (34 +/- 11 mL vs 81 +/- 11 mL, p < 0.05). The greatest improvement in right ventricular stroke volume (to 41 +/- 11 mL, p < 0.05) took place in the first 4 months. During the 1-year follow-up, right ventricular end-diastolic volume and mass did not change, and mean pulmonary artery pressure remained nearly stable at 55 mm Hg at baseline and 53 mm Hg after 1 year. Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased by 12.5% (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: From these data we conclude that epoprostenol lowers pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to an increase in pulmonary artery flow. This increase in pulmonary artery flow corresponds well with the increase in 6-min walking distance and can be noninvasively monitored by MRI (flow quantification). Right ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy are not reversed by epoprostenol therapy, but do not progress either. PMID- 14769741 TI - Hemodynamic response to sildenafil, nitric oxide, and iloprost in primary pulmonary hypertension. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: Different vasodilators and different routes of application are used for the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). Recently, sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-V inhibitor, has been shown to have beneficial hemodynamic effects in PPH. However, the hemodynamic effects of sildenafil have not been characterized and compared to other vasodilators such as inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) or iloprost in PPH in the same group of patients. STUDY DESIGN: We investigated prospectively 10 consecutive patients with PPH using iNO, iloprost aerosol, and oral sildenafil to test acute hemodynamic response during right heart catheterization. RESULTS: iNO, iloprost aerosol, and sildenafil caused a significant fall of mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) [p < 0.05]. Correspondingly, cardiac output and mixed venous saturation increased slightly in all groups. Systemic arterial pressure and vascular resistance were mainly unaltered. Using a PVR reduction of > or =20% to define a significant response, 7 of 10 patients were responders to iloprost aerosol, whereas 4 of 10 patients responded to iNO and oral sildenafil. Improvement of oxygenation as indicated by an increase of arterial oxygen tension was observed with iloprost aerosol (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: All of the three substances, iNO, iloprost aerosol, and oral sildenafil, significantly improved pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with PPH. The most prominent hemodynamic effects and improvement of oxygenation were observed with iloprost aerosol. PMID- 14769742 TI - Transpyloric feeding tube placement in critically ill patients using electromyogram and erythromycin infusion. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: Transpyloric feeding is desirable in critically ill patients who often have gastroparesis; however, correct placement is difficult, requiring fluoroscopy, endoscopy, or time-consuming blind attempts. This study evaluated the success rate and time required to place transpyloric tubes using erythromycin infusion and GI electromyogram (EMG) signal. DESIGN: Observational trial. SETTING: University hospital medical ICU. PATIENTS: Thirty-nine patients receiving mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure (n = 13), pancreatitis (n = 9), ARDS (n = 8), neurologic disease (n = 4), major surgery (n = 3), and GI disease (n = 2) were enrolled (25 men and 14 women; mean age, 48.4 years; range, 21 to 82 years). INTERVENTIONS: Unweighted Flexiflo 10F feeding tubes were modified by the placement of an electrode 4 to 8 cm from the tip to record electromyogram (EMG) signals (Ross Products Division; Columbus, OH). Gastric signals are high amplitude with a frequency of 3 cycles per minute, while the duodenum and jejunum are low amplitude and 11 to 13 cycles per minute. Erythromycin was infused at a dose of 3 mg/kg to enhance gastric motor activity and emptying. The transpyloric tube was placed in the stomach, and its position was confirmed by EMG, then slowly advanced until duodenal EMG was detected. Tube position was determined by abdominal radiography. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Thirty-one of 39 placements were immediately successful (initial success rate, 80%), 23 jejunal and 8 duodenal, requiring an average 7.8 min (range, 3 to 31 min). Six attempts in five patients were initial failures but were repeated, reaching the duodenum in one patient and the jejunum in four patients. CONCLUSION: Erythromycin infusion and EMG guidance can facilitate rapid transpyloric feeding tube placement in critically ill patients at the bedside. PMID- 14769743 TI - A new oxygenation index for reflecting intrapulmonary shunting in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess the reliability of new and traditional oxygenation measurements in reflecting intrapulmonary shunt. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Cardiac surgery unit at a university hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-five patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Simultaneous blood samples were collected from an indwelling arterial line and a catheter for determination of blood gases. Standard accepted formulas were utilized to measure a new oxygenation index: PaO(2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO(2)) x mean airway pressure (Paw). The standard formulas used were the oxygenation ratio (PaO(2)/FIO(2)), PaO(2)/alveolar partial oxygen pressure (PAO(2)), alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient (P[A-a]O(2)), and intrapulmonary shunt (venous admixture [Qsp/Qt]). There were significant negative (p < 0.05) correlations between the PaO(2)/(FIO(2) x Paw) and Qsp/Qt (r = - 0.85), between the PaO(2)/FIO(2) and Qsp/Qt (r = - 0.74), and between the PaO(2)/PAO(2) and Qsp/Qt (r = - 0.71). There was a significant positive (p < 0.05) correlation between the P(A-a)O(2) gradient and Qsp/Qt (r = 0.66). However, the correlation was strongest between the PaO(2)/(FIO(2) x Paw) and Qsp/Qt. CONCLUSION: In this group of patients, PaO(2)/(FIO(2) x Paw) might be more reliable than other oxygenation measurements in reflecting intrapulmonary shunt. PMID- 14769744 TI - Prevalence and outcomes of caregiving after prolonged (> or =48 hours) mechanical ventilation in the ICU. AB - OBJECTIVES: (1) To estimate caregiver support required by patients 2 months after prolonged (at least 48 h) mechanical ventilation (MV) in an ICU; (2) to describe caregiver burden, caregiver depressive symptomatology, and caregiver limitations in activities; and (3) to investigate factors related to depressive symptoms at 2 months in caregivers. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Caregivers of 115 patients who received prolonged MV in an ICU. MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographics, employment status, hours spent providing care, help from paid caregiving sources, caregiver burden, and caregiver depressive symptoms. RESULTS: The proportion of patients who survived at least 2 months and required caregiver support was 74.8%. The average age of caregivers was 52.9 years (SD, 14.2), 76.5% were women, and more than half were spouses (52.2%). Only 33 of the caregivers (28.7%) were working, and 30.3% had to reduce their time spent at work to provide care to the patient. The prevalence of risk of clinical depression (defined as Center for Epidemiological Studies depression scale [CES-D] score > or =16) among caregivers was 33.9%. The mean caregiver CES-D score was 13.2 (SD, 11; median, 10). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that higher CES-D score was associated with more hours per day helping with patients' activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Two months after being placed on MV for at least 48 h, a high proportion of patients need caregiver support. Approximately 34% of caregivers are at risk of clinical depression. Many caregivers report lifestyle changes and burden when providing care for the patients. PMID- 14769745 TI - Hospital mortality for patients with bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between hospital mortality and bloodstream infections due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: A 1,400-bed, university-affiliated urban teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Between December 2001 and September 2002, 314 patients with bacteremia due to S aureus or P aeruginosa were prospectively evaluated. INTERVENTION: Prospective patient surveillance and data collection. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (4.1%) received inadequate initial antibiotic treatment. Fifty-four patients (17.2%) died during hospitalization. Hospital mortality was statistically greater for patients with bloodstream infections due to P aeruginosa (n = 49) compared to methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA) [n = 117; 30.6% vs 16.2%, p = 0.036] and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) [n = 148; 30.6% vs 13.5%, p = 0.007]. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified the lack of response to initial medical treatment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83 to 3.94; p = 0.010) and endocarditis (AOR, 4.62; 95% CI, 2.45 to 8.73; p = 0.016) as independent determinants of hospital mortality. Patients with bloodstream infections due to P aeruginosa were statistically more likely to be nonresponders to early medical treatment compared to patients with MSSA (73.5% vs 11.1%, p < 0.001) and MRSA (73.5% vs 16.9%, p < 0.001) bloodstream infections. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that bloodstream infections due to P aeruginosa have a greater risk of hospital mortality compared to bloodstream infections due to S aureus despite adequate antibiotic treatment. PMID- 14769746 TI - Increased surfactant protein-A levels in patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: To measure surfactant protein-A (SP-A) in the BAL of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). DESIGN: We examined SP-A in BAL and lung tissue of patients with IPF who met the stricter recommended criteria for IPF at the time of diagnosis and prior to the beginning of treatment. PATIENTS: Twenty-six patients with IPF confirmed at biopsy and 22 patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) were compared with 9 normal volunteers. INTERVENTIONS: All patients were subjected to pulmonary function testing, BAL, and lung biopsy prior to the beginning of treatment. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: We measured SP-A in BAL fluids and performed SP-A immunohistochemistry on lung specimens. Lung tissues of patients with IPF showed extensive type II cell hyperplasia, usually containing greatly increased levels of immunoreactive SP-A. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we found a twofold increase over normal values in BAL SP-A without changes in total phospholipids. These data were in agreement with semiquantitative assessments of SP-A by protein immunoblotting and by Western blotting of sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Patients with HP exhibited a threefold increase of BAL SP-A. CONCLUSIONS: The reasons for the difference between our results and previously published reports describing decreased SP-A levels in IPF is not clear. It may relate to the stricter criteria for diagnosis, the absence of treatment prior to BAL, differences in the patient population, or to other methodologic differences. PMID- 14769747 TI - Increased levels of cell death and proliferation in alveolar wall cells in patients with pulmonary emphysema. AB - BACKGROUND: Pulmonary emphysema, a major component of COPD, is pathologically characterized by destructive alterations in pulmonary architectures as a result of persistent inflammation. However, alterations in the turnover of pulmonary cells are less well understood. This study was designed to examine whether the turnover of alveolar wall cells is altered in patients with emphysema. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: We obtained lung tissue specimens from patients with emphysema who had undergone lung volume reduction surgery (13 patients) as well as asymptomatic smokers (7 patients) and nonsmokers (9 patients) undergoing lung resections for solitary lung cancers. Paraffin-embedded lung tissue sections were evaluated for apoptosis and proliferation using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) or immunohistochemistry for Bax, proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and topoisomerase IIalpha. Tissue sections were also immunostained for epithelial membrane antigen, surfactant protein A, and CD31. RESULTS: The percentages of alveolar wall cells undergoing apoptosis and proliferation of the total number of alveolar wall cells were significantly higher in patients with emphysema than in asymptomatic smokers and nonsmokers (p < 0.05). The percentage of TUNEL-positive alveolar wall cells was positively correlated with the percentage of PCNA positive alveolar wall cells. Most of the TUNEL-positive and PCNA-positive cells were alveolar epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the turnover of alveolar wall cells is enhanced in emphysematous lungs, compared to healthy lungs. Emphysema may be a dynamic disease process in which alveolar wall cell death and proliferation are repeated. PMID- 14769748 TI - Lung volume reduction surgery in canine model of predominantly upper lobe emphysema: advantages of new surgical system. AB - OBJECTIVE: Lung volume reduction surgery has been shown to be an effective treatment for selected patients with advanced emphysema. Nevertheless, prolonged air leaks are a significant complication that limits the utility of this procedure. This study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of a novel surgical system designed to minimize this complication. METHODS: In 14 dogs, severe upper lobe emphysema was produced by repeated bronchial instillations of papain administered over an approximate 6-month interval. Pulmonary function testing that included lung volumes and flows was performed at baseline, after emphysema, and at 1 month and 6 months after resection in the surgical group, while at comparable intervals in the nonsurgical group. Seven animals were randomly assigned to a surgical group to test a vacuum-assisted surgical system (VALR Surgical System; Spiration; Redmond, WA) that deploys a compression silicone sleeve over portions of the diseased tissue. The other seven dogs comprised the nonsurgical group. RESULTS: In both groups, emphysema increased total lung capacity (TLC) approximately 125% as compared to baseline. In the surgical group, no air leaks were observed after resection, and TLC significantly decreased at the 1-month and 6-month periods as compared with postemphysema measurements. At necropsy, histologic examination revealed fibrosis of the compressed lung contained within the sleeve and fibrotic encapsulation of the device. Two animals had evidence of localized infection. CONCLUSION: We successfully created a model of predominantly upper lobe emphysema. The vacuum-assisted surgical system provided safe and effective lung reduction without air leak complications and with sustained improvement in pulmonary function over 6 months. PMID- 14769749 TI - Pulmonary responses to selective phosphodiesterase-5 and phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors. AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare the direct pulmonary vasodilating activity and specificity of phosphodiesterase-5 (zaprinast) and phosphodiesterase-3 (milrinone) inhibitors on the pulmonary vascular (PV) bed of the spontaneously breathing cat with an intact chest. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized animal study. SETTING: Laboratory of university hospital. SUBJECTS: Experiments were performed in vivo in intact chest, spontaneously breathing cats with controlled pulmonary blood flow and constant left atrial pressure. INTERVENTIONS: The responses to intralobar injections of zaprinast and milrinone were investigated at low PV tone. PV tone was then increased by intralobar arterial infusion of a thromboxane A(2) mimic, U46619. Animals received intralobar bolus injections of zaprinast or milrinone, followed by continuous IV infusion of the drug, which was administered in incremental doses titrated to produce a 20% reduction in mean systemic arterial pressure. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At low PV tone, zaprinast, but not milrinone, decreased lobar arterial pressure (LoAP). At elevated PV tone, both drugs caused dose-dependent decreases in LoAP; however, milrinone caused significantly less pulmonary vasodilation. Dose-related decreases in mean systemic arterial pressure were observed with milrinone, but not with zaprinast. When the continuous IV infusion was titrated to produce a 20% reduction in mean systemic arterial pressure, the decreases in lobar arterial pressure with zaprinast infusion were significantly greater than those produced by milrinone. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that zaprinast and milrinone exert a direct in vivo vasodilator effect on the PV bed at low (zaprinast) and elevated (zaprinast and milrinone) PV tone; however, at elevated PV tone, the pulmonary vasodilator effect was greater with zaprinast then with milrinone. This suggests that phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors may potentially offer a therapeutic alternative in the management of acute pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 14769750 TI - Brain natriuretic peptide in the management of heart failure: the versatile neurohormone. AB - Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), also called B-type natriuretic peptide, is a member of a family of structurally related hormones, the natriuretic peptides. Current data suggest that measurement of BNP plasma concentrations is a useful tool in the diagnosis of acute heart failure in patients presenting to an emergency department with acute dyspnea. Furthermore, BNP constitutes a promising new marker of prognosis after an acute coronary syndrome episode and in patients with chronic heart failure. Nesiritide, the human recombinant form of BNP, is a new vasodilator used in the treatment of acute heart failure that has several potential advantages over current drug therapy. PMID- 14769751 TI - The pulmonary manifestations of left heart failure. AB - Determining whether a patient's symptoms are the result of heart or lung disease requires an understanding of the influence of pulmonary venous hypertension on lung function. Herein, we describe the effects of acute and chronic elevations of pulmonary venous pressure on the mechanical and gas-exchanging properties of the lung. The mechanisms responsible for various symptoms of congestive heart failure are described, and the significance of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with heart disease is considered. While the initial clinical evaluation of patients with dyspnea is imprecise, measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide levels may prove useful in this setting. PMID- 14769752 TI - Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? AB - Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is heart rate variability in synchrony with respiration, by which the R-R interval on an ECG is shortened during inspiration and prolonged during expiration. Although RSA has been used as an index of cardiac vagal function, it is also a physiologic phenomenon reflecting respiratory-circulatory interactions universally observed among vertebrates. Previous studies have shown that the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange is improved by RSA, suggesting that RSA may play an active physiologic role. The matched timing of alveolar ventilation and its perfusion with RSA within each respiratory cycle could save energy expenditure by suppressing unnecessary heartbeats during expiration and ineffective ventilation during the ebb of perfusion. Furthermore, evidence has accumulated of a possible dissociation between RSA and vagal control of that heart rate, suggesting differential controls between the respiratory modulation of cardiac vagal outflow and cardiac vagal tone. RSA or heart rate variability in synchrony with respiration is a biological phenomenon, which may have a positive influence on gas exchange at the level of the lung via efficient ventilation/perfusion matching. PMID- 14769753 TI - Nebulized opioids use in COPD. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of nebulized opioids in COPD. METHODS: A MEDLINE search was completed to obtain pertinent clinical literature. Key search terms included the following: nebulizer, opioids, COPD, dyspnea, morphine, and hydromorphone. RESULTS: Currently, the evidence in the literature is lacking regarding placebo-controlled studies to support nebulized morphine for the relief of dyspnea in patients with COPD. The studies reviewed varied considerably in the dose, opioid used, administration schedule, and methodology. One study found improved exercise capacity in 11 patients not reproducible in a larger sample, and another study found benefit in 54 terminal patients. All other studies found no benefit. CONCLUSIONS: The recently published Global Initiative for Lung Disease guidelines have specifically stated that opioids are contraindicated in COPD management due to the potential respiratory depression and worsening hypercapnia. Nebulized opioids should be discouraged, as current data do not support their use. PMID- 14769754 TI - Integrated health system for chronic disease management: lessons learned from France. AB - Rated number one in overall health system performance by the World Health Organization, the French spend less than half the amount on annual health care per capita that the United States spends. One contributing factor may be the attention given to chronic care. Since the mid-1900s, the French have developed regional community-based specialty systems for patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency or failure. COPD is the major cause of respiratory failure, the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, and its prevalence is increasing. Despite the clinical success of home mechanical ventilation and the potential for cost savings, providing such services in the United States remains a challenge. Lessons from France can inform the development of cost-effective chronic care models in the United States In this article, we review the French experience in the context of the United States Supreme Court's Olmstead decision, mandating that people in "more restrictive settings" such as nursing homes be offered community-based supports. We suggest that regional demonstration projects for patients with chronic respiratory failure or insufficiency can provide an important step in the development of effective chronic care systems in the United States PMID- 14769755 TI - Grading airway stenosis down to the segmental level using virtual bronchoscopy. AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess the sensitivity of noninvasive virtual bronchoscopy based on multirow detector CT scanning in detecting and grading central and segmental airway stenosis using flexible bronchoscopic findings as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a blinded controlled trial, multirow detector CT virtual bronchoscopy and flexible bronchoscopy were used to search for and grade airway stenosis in 20 patients. CT scan data were obtained with a multirow detector CT scanner using 4 x 1 mm collimation. Flexible bronchoscopy findings were graded by a pulmonologist and served as the reference standard for 176 central airway regions (ie, trachea, main bronchi, and lobar bronchi) and 302 segmental airway regions. The extent of airway narrowing was categorized as grade 0 (no narrowing), grade 1 (< 50%), or grade 2 (> or =50%). RESULTS: Flexible bronchoscopy revealed 30 stenoses in the central airways and 10 in the segmental airways. Virtual bronchoscopy detected 32 stenoses in the central airways (sensitivity, 90.0%; specificity, 96.6%; accuracy, 95.5%) and 22 in the segmental airways (sensitivity, 90.0%; specificity, 95.6%; accuracy, 95.5%). The number of false-positive findings was higher in the segmental airways (13 false-positive findings) than in the central airways (5 false-positive findings), which caused a lower positive predictive value for the segmental airways (40.9%) than for the central airways (84.4%). Flexible and virtual bronchoscopic gradings correlated better for central airway stenosis (r = 0.87) than for segmental airway stenosis (r = 0.61). CONCLUSION: Although a high sensitivity was found for the detection of both central and segmental airway stenosis, the number of false-positive findings was higher for segmental airways. However, noninvasive multirow detector CT virtual bronchoscopy enables high-resolution endoluminal imaging of the airways down to the segmental bronchi. PMID- 14769756 TI - Role of flexible bronchoscopy in immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To study the diagnostic role of flexible bronchoscopy (FB) in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 104 consecutive non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates in whom FB was performed. METHODS: The primary outcome measure was the diagnostic yield of FB, which was derived as the number of the diagnoses made using FB results divided by all final diagnoses. Final diagnoses were established using data from FB, surgical lung biopsy (SLB), and microbiology and serology testing, and by the clinical response to empiric therapy. We also studied the diagnostic yields of individual sampling procedures such as BAL, transbronchial biopsy (TBB), and protected-specimen brush (PSB) sampling. RESULTS: Overall, 128 diagnoses were made in 104 patients. The overall diagnostic yield of FB was 56.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47 to 64%). FB provided at least one diagnosis in 53 of 104 patients (51%; 95% CI, 40 to 62%). FB was more likely to establish the diagnosis when the lung infiltrate was due to an infectious agent (81%; 95% CI, 67 to 90%) than to a noninfectious process (56%; 95% CI, 43 to 67%; p = 0.011). The diagnostic yields of BAL (38%; 95% CI, 30 to 47%) and TBB (38%; 95% CI, 27 to 51%) were similar (p = 0.94). The diagnostic yield of PSB sampling was lower (13%; 95% CI 6 to 24%; p = 0.001) than that of BAL. The combined diagnostic yield of BAL and TBB (70%; 95% CI, 57 to 80%) was higher than that of BAL alone (p < 0.001). Finally, the diagnostic yield of FB with PSB sampling, BAL, and TBB was similar to that of FB with BAL and TBB. The complication rate from FB was 21% (95% CI, 15 to 31%). Minor bleeding (13%) and pneumothorax (4%) were the most common complications. CONCLUSIONS: FB has a high diagnostic yield in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Based on our results, we recommend performing TBB in these patients, whenever possible. PMID- 14769757 TI - Interventional bronchoscopy for treatment of tracheal obstruction secondary to benign or malignant thyroid disease. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: Surgery is the treatment of choice for symptomatic tracheal obstruction due to benign or malignant thyroid disease. In case of inoperability, or when surgery is refused, few therapeutic alternatives are available. Interventional bronchoscopic procedures have only been reported anecdotally. The objective of this study is to evaluate the results of interventional bronchoscopic procedures in the treatment of severe tracheal obstruction due to thyroid disease. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort analysis. SETTING: University hospital, tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Thirty consecutive patients referred for bronchoscopic treatment of benign (n = 17) or malignant (n = 13) thyroid-related upper airway obstruction due to tracheomalacia, extrinsic compression, and/or tracheal ingrowth. Indications for bronchoscopic treatment were medical or surgical inoperability, prevention or treatment of tracheomalacia, and refusal of surgery. There were no procedure-related complications. INTERVENTIONS: Rigid bronchoscopy with dilatation, stenting and/or Nd-YAG laser treatment, and clinical follow-up. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Subjective improvement, pulmonary function tests, early and late complications, and survival. In the benign group, immediate (100% relief of dyspnea) and long term (88% relief of dyspnea) results were excellent after airway stenting (21 stents used in 17 patients). There was one unrelated death 1 week after stenting in a 98-year-old patient. There were 6% and 30% short-term and long-term complications, respectively, that could be managed endoscopically. In the malignant group, Nd-YAG laser treatment (n = 3) and stenting (n = 13) yielded immediate and long-term success in 92% of patients. There were 15% short-term and 8% long-term complications. Median survival time was 540 days. CONCLUSIONS: Interventional bronchoscopic procedures including Nd-YAG laser treatment and stenting are valuable alternatives to surgery in inoperable thyroid-induced tracheal obstruction, or when surgery is refused. PMID- 14769758 TI - Lung function among workers in the soft tissue paper-producing industry. AB - OBJECTIVES: To describe lung function in correlation with information on exposure to dust and fibers in soft tissue paper-producing factories in Germany. METHODS: Ambient monitoring was performed for inhalable, respirable dust and fibers in nine soft tissue paper-producing factories. In a study group of 1,047 workers (189 control subjects, 240 workers with moderate exposure, and 618 workers with high exposure), spirometry (FVC, FEV(1)) was performed. Information on occupational history, duration of exposure, workshop within the company, former occupational exposures, and smoking habits were collected. By employing multiple linear regression modeling, the potentially confounding effects of age, sex, body mass index, smoking habits, and factory were incorporated into the analysis of FVC, FEV(1), and FEV(1) in percent of FVC (FEV(1)%FVC). By employing a logistic regression model, odds ratios were calculated for FVC < 80% predicted in different exposure subgroups. RESULTS: The mean concentrations for inhalable, respirable, and fibrous dusts were 12.4 mg/m(3), 0.28 mg/m(3), and 420,000 fibers per cubic meter. With relation to cumulative dust and fiber exposure, a decrease of FVC from 105.4% predicted to 96.9% predicted (dust) and 97.1% predicted (fibers) in the subgroup with highest cumulative exposure was observed. For FEV(1), a decrease from 107.3% predicted to 103.0% predicted (dust) and 102.8% predicted (fibers) was found. The parameter estimates show dose-response relationships that are more pronounced for FVC compared to FEV(1). FEV(1)%FVC did not change significantly with increasing cumulative exposure, indicating a restrictive pattern of the findings. CONCLUSIONS: Due to high ambient dust concentrations and the observed adverse effects on lung function, a reduction of dust exposure and secondary preventive measures is advised. PMID- 14769759 TI - Pneumoconiosis in rush mat workers exposed to clay dye "sendo" dust: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features in seven patients. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical, chest radiographic, high-resolution CT, and histopathologic features of clay dye "sendo" dust pneumoconiosis in seven rush mat ("tatami") workers. PATIENTS: Seven patients with a history of occupational exposure to sendo dust and radiographic changes suggestive of pneumoconiosis were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The duration of exposure ranged from 15 to 45 years (median, 30 years). Three patients had cough, and four patients had abnormal pulmonary function test results. Chest radiographs showed nodular opacities < 3 mm in diameter (types p and q) in all patients. The standard International Labor Office profusion score ranged from 0/1 to 1/1 (median, 1/0). High-resolution CT demonstrated small nodular opacities (types p and q) in all seven patients. In four patients, high resolution CT demonstrated branching centrilobular structures, airway ectasia, airway wall thickening, and emphysematous changes. None of the patients had conglomerate nodules, large opacities, honeycombing, pleural effusion, or lymphadenopathy. Microscopic examination of the specimens obtained by open lung biopsy or transbronchial lung biopsy revealed nodular fibrosis with accumulation of dust-laden macrophages, but no silicotic nodules. Needle-like particles of 1 to 20 microm in length were evident among the dust deposits, and birefringent crystals were identified under polarizing microscopy. Four of seven patients showed intra-alveolar fibroblastic foci similar to Masson bodies, accompanied by dust deposition. CONCLUSION: Rush mat workers' sendo dust pneumoconiosis is caused by dust containing free silica. The radiographic and high-resolution CT findings consist of small nodular opacities < 3 mm in diameter and bronchial and bronchiolar abnormalities. PMID- 14769760 TI - Changing patterns in asbestos-induced lung disease. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine patterns in asbestos-induced lung diseases found in older, less exposed workers. DESIGN: Review of a database evaluating lung function, smoking status, form of asbestos-induced lung disease, and radiograph abnormalities. SETTING: Outpatient clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3383 asbestos exposed workers referred for independent medical evaluation, including control subjects who lacked asbestos-specific radiograph abnormalities (n = 243), subjects with low International Labor Organization (ILO) scores (n = 2,685), high ILO scores (n = 312), bronchogenic cancer (n = 63), and mesothelioma (n = 80). Of these, 3,327 workers have specific smoking status information and 3,312 workers have lung volume measures. INTERVENTIONS: Chest radiographs were interpreted by a certified B-reader, and abnormalities were quantified according to the ILO scoring system. Spirometry and lung volume measurement were performed. Subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire that was reviewed at the time of examination. Control subjects were screened on two separate occasions at least 10 years apart to exclude subclinical or slowly progressive asbestos-induced lung disease. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The mean age of the population was 65.1 +/- 9.9 years, and the latency was 41.4 +/- 10.1 years (+/- SD). Most subjects (41.8%) had normal pulmonary function. Obstruction was the most common pulmonary function abnormality (25.4%), followed by restriction (19.3%) and a mixed pattern (6.0%). Most subjects (79.4%) had low ILO scores. Benign pleural abnormalities were the only findings in 54% of subjects with low ILO score. Subjects with high ILO scores were older, smoked more, and had a longer latency than subjects with low ILO scores and control subjects. Smokers were younger, had a shorter latency, and had paradoxically greater ILO scores than nonsmokers. Subjects with bronchogenic cancer and mesothelioma had longer latencies than control subjects and subjects with benign asbestos-induced lung disease. CONCLUSIONS: Asbestos induced lung disease today is characterized by low ILO scores, long latencies, greater disease magnitude in smokers, and a normal or obstructive pattern of pulmonary function abnormality. Spirometric evaluation in the absence of lung volume measurements caused misclassification that resulted in overestimation of the presence of a restrictive pattern of pulmonary function. PMID- 14769761 TI - The role of transforming growth factor beta in lung development and disease. AB - Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta plays an important role in normal pulmonary morphogenesis and function and in the pathogenesis of lung disease. The effect of TGFbeta is regulated via a selective pathway of TGFbeta synthesis and signaling that involves activation of latent TGFbeta, specific TGFbeta receptors, and intracellular signaling via Smad molecules. All three isoforms of TGFbeta are expressed at high levels during normal lung development, being particularly important for branching morphogenesis and epithelial cell differentiation with maturation of surfactant synthesis. Small amounts of TGFbeta are still present in the adult lung, and TGFbeta is involved in normal tissue repair following lung injury. However, in a variety of forms of pulmonary pathology, the expression of TGFbeta is increased. These include chronic lung disease of prematurity as well as several forms of acute and chronic adult lung disease. While TGFbeta1 appears to be the predominant isoform involved, elevated levels of all three isoforms have been demonstrated. The increase in TGFbeta precedes abnormalities in lung function and detectable lung pathology, but correlates with the severity of the disease. TGFbeta plays a key role in mediating fibrotic tissue remodeling by increasing the production and decreasing the degradation of connective tissue via several mechanisms. PMID- 14769762 TI - Bronchial stricture and hemoptysis in a woman with sickle cell anemia. PMID- 14769763 TI - An unusual cause of dyspnea in a 77-year-old man. PMID- 14769764 TI - Abnormal ECG in man admitted to ICU with chest pain and irregular pulse. PMID- 14769765 TI - New and emerging minimally invasive techniques for lung volume reduction. AB - Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has been shown to improve pulmonary function, exercise capacity, quality of life, and survival in selected patients with heterogeneous emphysema. However, LVRS is a major surgical procedure with potential morbidity and mortality. Minimally invasive techniques are emerging to achieve lung volume reduction without open thoracotomy. Devices and techniques under study include one-way bronchial valves inserted via fiberoptic bronchoscopy to promote atelectasis in emphysematous lung, promotion of focal atelectasis and fibrosis by bronchoscopic injection of polymers into emphysematous regions of lung, bronchopulmonary fenestrations to enhance expiratory flow, and thoracoscopic plication or compression of emphysematous lung. The goal of all of these procedures is to replicate the benefit of LVRS without the trauma, risks, and extended recovery of open LVRS. Refinement and application of these techniques will allow patients with emphysema and their physicians and surgeons to choose from a number of viable options for lung volume reduction. PMID- 14769766 TI - Tracheobronchial amyloidosis: a case report of successful treatment with external beam radiation therapy. AB - Tracheobronchial amyloidosis (TBA) refers to the deposition of localized amyloid deposits within the upper airways. Treatments have historically focused on bronchoscopic techniques including debridement, laser ablation, balloon dilation, and stent placement. Local excisions often prove temporarily effective, with multiple local recurrences and progressive compromise pulmonary function occurring frequently. We present a case of TBA managed with definitive external beam radiation therapy. Eighteen months after moderate-dose radiation, the patient demonstrated improvements in functional status, pulmonary function, bronchoscopic visualization, and CT-based luminal diameters. The literature involving the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of TBA is reviewed. PMID- 14769767 TI - Pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: an unusual case and a review of the literature. AB - We describe a case of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, previously known as intravascular bronchoalveolar tumor, in a 35-year-old woman with an initial diagnosis made by transbronchial biopsy. This is a rare disease, with approximately 50 cases described in the literature. All previous cases have been diagnosed by surgical lung biopsy. Although our patient underwent thoracoscopic lung biopsy, the diagnosis was initially made on transbronchial biopsy; to our knowledge, this has not been previously described in the English-language literature. We also described findings on high-resolution CT, both typical and atypical relative to previously published reports. This tumor can affect multiple organs. The prognosis is very unpredictable, with life expectancy ranging from 1 to 15 years. There is no single effective treatment, though spontaneous regression and response to chemotherapy and interferon are reported. PMID- 14769768 TI - Toxicity of Food Drug and Cosmetic Blue No. 1 dye in critically ill patients. AB - Food Drug and Cosmetic Blue No. 1 dye (FD&C Blue No. 1) is commonly added to enteral nutrition formulations in order to facilitate the detection of gastric aspirate in tracheal secretions of critically ill patients. However, reports of systemic blue dye absorption and associated adverse outcomes are emerging. We report two cases of abnormal systemic absorption of FD&C Blue No. 1 in critically ill patients who subsequently died of refractory shock and metabolic acidosis. Risk factors and mechanisms of FD&C Blue No. 1 toxicity are discussed, and alternate approaches to gastric aspiration detection in critically ill patients are considered. PMID- 14769769 TI - Localization of pulmonary nodules. PMID- 14769770 TI - Term ambiguity. PMID- 14769771 TI - Locating and selecting appraisal studies for reviews. PMID- 14769772 TI - Infant blood transfusions. PMID- 14769773 TI - Competencies in pulmonary procedures. PMID- 14769774 TI - A novel diagnostic test for the risk of aspiration pneumonia in the elderly. PMID- 14769775 TI - Respiratory findings in tobacco industry workers. PMID- 14769778 TI - Pharmacokinetic study on the utilisation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and folic acid in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - 1. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a regulating enzyme in folate dependant homocysteine remethylation, because it catalyses the reduction of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF). 2. Subjects homozygous for the 677C --> T mutation in the MTHFR enzyme suffer from an increased cardiovascular risk. It can be speculated that the direct administration of 5-MTHF instead of folic acid can facilitate the remethylation of homocysteine in methionine. 3. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic properties of orally administered 6[R,S] 5-MTHF versus folic acid in cardiovascular patients with homozygosity for 677C --> T MTHFR. 4. This is an open-controlled, two-way, two-period randomised crossover study. Patients received a single oral dose of either 5 mg folic acid or 5 mg 5-MTHF in each period. The concentrations of the 6[S] 5-MTHF and 6[R] 5-MTHF diastereoisomers were determined in venous blood samples. 5. All pharmacokinetic parameters demonstrate that the bioavailability of 5-MTHF is higher compared to folic acid. The peak concentration of both isomers following the administration of 6[R,S] 5 MTHF is almost seven times higher compared to folic acid, irrespective of the patient's genotype. However, at 1 week after the administration of a single dosage 6[R,S] 5-MTHF, we detected 6[R] 5-MTHF following the administration of folic acid, indicating storage of this isomer in the body. 6. Our results demonstrate that oral 5-MTHF has a different pharmacokinetic profile with a higher bioavailability compared to folic acid, irrespective of the patient's genotype. Detrimental effects of the storage of high levels of the non-natural isomer 6[R] 5-MTHF cannot be excluded. PMID- 14769779 TI - ATP-induced vasodilation in human skeletal muscle. AB - 1. The purine nucleotide adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) exerts pronounced effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanism of action of the vasodilator response to ATP in humans has not been elucidated yet. The proposed endothelium derived relaxing factors (EDRFs) were studied in a series of experiments, using the perfused forearm technique. 2. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (0.2, 0.6, 6 and 20 nmol dl(-1) forearm volume min(-1)) evoked a dose-dependent forearm vasodilator response, which could not be inhibited by separate infusion of the nonselective COX inhibitor indomethacin (5 microg dl(-1) min(-1), n=10), the blocker of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase ouabain (0.2 microg dl(-1) min(-1), n=8), the blocker of K(Ca) channels tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA, 0.1 microg dl(-1) min(-1), n=10), nor by the K(ATP)-channel blocker glibenclamide (2 microg dl(-1) min(-1), n=10). All blockers, except glibenclamide, caused a significant increase in baseline vascular tone. The obtained results might be due to compensatory actions of unblocked EDRFs. Combined infusion of TEA, indomethacin and l-NMMA (n=6) significantly increased the baseline forearm vascular resistance. The ATP-induced relative decreases in forearm vascular resistance were 48+/-5, 67+/-3, 88+/-2, and 92+/-2% in the absence and 23+/-7, 62+/-4, 89+/-2, and 93+/-1% in the presence of the combination of TEA, indomethacin and l-NMMA (P<0.05, repeated measures ANOVA, n=6). A similar inhibition was obtained for sodium nitroprusside (SNP, P<0.05 repeated-measures ANOVA, n=6), indicating a nonspecific interaction due to the blocker-induced vasoconstriction. 3. ATP-induced vasodilation in the human forearm cannot be inhibited by separate infusion of indomethacin, ouabain, glibenclamide or TEA, or by a combined infusion of TEA, indomethacin, and l-NMMA. Endothelium-independent mechanisms and involvement of unblocked EDRFs, such as CO, might play a role, and call for further studies. PMID- 14769780 TI - Protection by antioxidants against toxicity and apoptosis induced by the sulphur mustard analog 2-chloroethylethyl sulphide (CEES) in Jurkat T cells and normal human lymphocytes. AB - 1. The mechanism of toxicity of sulphur mustard was investigated by examining the biochemical effects of the analog 2-chloroethylethyl sulphide (CEES) in both human Jurkat cells as well as normal human lymphocytes. 2. Exposure of both types of cells to CEES resulted in a marked decrease in the intracellular concentration of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH), and CEES-induced cell death was potentiated by l-buthionine sulphoximine, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis. 3. CEES increased the endogenous production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Jurkat cells, and CEES-induced cell death was potentiated by hydrogen peroxide. 4. CEES induced various hallmarks of apoptosis, including collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, proteolytic processing and activation of procaspase-3, and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. 5. The effects of CEES on the accumulation of ROS, the intracellular concentration of GSH, the mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase-3 activity were all inhibited by pretreatment of cells with the GSH precursor N-acetyl cysteine or with GSH-ethyl ester. Furthermore, CEES-induced cell death was also prevented by these antioxidants. 6. CEES toxicity appears to be mediated, at least in part, by the generation of ROS and consequent depletion of GSH. Given that sulphur mustard is still a potential biohazard, the protective effects of antioxidants against CEES toxicity demonstrated in Jurkat cells and normal human lymphocytes may provide the basis for the development of a therapeutic strategy to counteract exposure to this chemical weapon. PMID- 14769781 TI - The human near-term myometrial beta 3-adrenoceptor but not the beta 2 adrenoceptor is resistant to desensitisation after sustained agonist stimulation. AB - 1. In order to compare the beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenoceptor (beta-AR) desensitisation process in human near-term myometrium, we examined the influence of a pretreatment of myometrial strips with either a beta(2)- or a beta(3)-AR agonist (salbutamol or SR 59119A, respectively, both at 10 microm, for 5 and 15 h) on the relaxation and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production induced by these agonists. 2. To assess some of the mechanisms potentially implicated in the beta-AR desensitisation process, we studied the influence of such treatment on the number of beta(2)- and beta(3)-AR binding sites, the beta(2)- and beta(3)-AR transcripts expression and the phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) activity. 3. Salbutamol, but not SR 59119A, concentration-response curve (CRC) was shifted by a 15 h salbutamol preincubation, with a significant difference in log EC(20) values (6.31+/-0.13 vs 5.58+/-0.24, for control and 15 h salbutamol pretreatment, respectively, P<0.05). Neither salbutamol nor SR 59119A CRCs were modified after a 15 h preincubation with SR 59119A. 4. A 15 h exposure of myometrial strips to salbutamol significantly reduced the salbutamol-induced (0.60+/-0.26 vs 1.54+/-0.24 pmol mg(-1) protein, P<0.05), but not the SR 59119A induced, cAMP production. No decrease in cAMP production was observed after a 15 h SR 59119A exposure. 5. A 15 h salbutamol exposure of myometrial strips significantly reduced the beta(2)- but not the beta(3)-AR binding site density, whereas no decrease in the number of beta(2)- and beta(3)-AR binding sites was observed after a 15 h SR 59119A treatment. 6. Neither PDE4 activity nor the beta(2)- and beta(3)-AR mRNA expression levels were affected by salbutamol or SR 59119A treatments. 7. Our results indicate that beta(3)-AR, but not beta(2)-AR, are resistant to the agonist-induced desensitisation. In our model, beta(2)-AR desensitisation is mediated by a decreased number of beta(2)-AR that was not explained by transcriptional regulation of the receptor. PMID- 14769782 TI - Modulation of the baroreceptor reflex by alpha 2A-adrenoceptors: a study in alpha 2A knockout mice. AB - 1. Our objective was to determine whether alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors modulate the baroreceptor reflex. The efficacy of the reflex was evaluated by measuring the spontaneous blood pressure and heart rate variability at rest and the heart rate responses to evoked changes in blood pressure. Experiments were carried out in conscious, unrestrained, and anaesthetized alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor-deficient (alpha(2A)-KO) mice and WT mice. 2. In conscious alpha(2A)-KO mice, the spontaneous blood pressure variability was greater, and the spontaneous heart rate variability was lower than in conscious WT mice. This was also observed in anaesthetized animals. 3. The reflex bradycardia after intravenous injection of phenylephrine was greatly attenuated in conscious alpha(2A)-KO compared to conscious WT mice; the baroreceptor reflex gain (ratio maximal change in heart rate/maximal change in mean arterial pressure) was decreased by 40%. 4. Similar results were obtained when reflex bradycardia was elicited by intra-arterial volume loading of conscious WT and alpha(2A)-KO mice. The baroreceptor reflex gain upon volume loading was also low in anaesthetized alpha(2A)-KO mice. 5. The reflex tachycardia evoked by intravenous sodium nitroprusside injection was also significantly less in alpha(2A)-KO mice as compared to WT, conscious as well as anaesthetized; the baroreceptor reflex gains were decreased by 50 and 65%, respectively. 6. Direct stimulation of cardiac beta-adrenoceptors by the agonist isoprenaline produced similar cardioacceleration in alpha(2A)-KO and WT animals. 7. Our results show that the baroreceptor reflex function is impaired in mice lacking alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors. We conclude that central alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors facilitate the reflex response to both loading and unloading of the arterial baroreceptors. PMID- 14769783 TI - Characterisation of the vasorelaxant properties of the novel endocannabinoid N arachidonoyl-dopamine (NADA). AB - 1. We have investigated the vascular effects of N-arachidonoyl-dopamine (NADA), a novel endocannabinoid/vanilloid. NADA caused vasorelaxant effects comparable to those of anandamide in small mesenteric vessels (G3), the superior mesenteric artery (G0) and in the aorta. 2. In G3, addition of N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (300 microm) or the dopamine (D(1)) receptor antagonist (SCH23390, 1 microm) did not affect responses to NADA. In the presence of 60 mm KCl, after de endothelialisation, or after K(+) channel inhibition with charybdotoxin (100 nm) and apamin (500 nm), relaxant responses to NADA were inhibited. 3. In G3, pretreatment with the vanilloid receptor (VR) agonist capsaicin (10 microm) or the VR antagonist capsazepine (10 microm) reduced vasorelaxation to NADA. 4. In G3, application of the CB(1) antagonist SR141716A at 1 microm but not 100 nm reduced the potency of NADA. Another CB(1) antagonist, AM251 (100 nm and 1 microm), did not affect vasorelaxation to NADA. After endothelial denudation, SR141716A (1 microm) did not reduce the responses further. A combination of capsaicin and SR141716A (1 microm) reduced vasorelaxation to NADA further than with capsaicin pretreatment alone. The novel endothelial cannabinoid (CB) receptor antagonist O-1918 opposed vasorelaxation to NADA in G3. 5. In the superior mesenteric artery (G0), vasorelaxation to NADA was not dependent on an intact endothelium and was not sensitive to O-1918, but was sensitive to capsaicin and SR141716A or AM251 (both 100 nm). 6. The results of the present study demonstrate for the first time that NADA is a potent vasorelaxant. In G3, the effects of NADA are mediated by stimulation of the VR and the novel endothelial CB receptor, while in G0, vasorelaxation is mediated through VR(1) and CB(1) receptors. PMID- 14769785 TI - Adenoidectomy versus chemoprophylaxis and placebo for recurrent acute otitis media in children aged under 2 years: randomised controlled trial. AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of adenoidectomy compared with long term chemoprophylaxis and placebo in the prevention of recurrent acute otitis media in children aged between 10 months and 2 years. DESIGN: Randomised, double blind, controlled trial. SETTING: Oulu University Hospital, a tertiary centre in Finland. PARTICIPANTS: 180 children aged 10 months to 2 years with recurrent acute otitis media. INTERVENTION: Adenoidectomy, sulfafurazole (sulphisoxazole) 50 mg/kg body weight, given once a day for six months or placebo. Follow up lasted for two years, during which time all symptoms and episodes of acute otitis media were recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intervention failure (two episodes in two months or three in six months or persistent effusion) during follow up, number of episodes of acute otitis media, number of visits to a doctor because of any infection, and antibiotic prescriptions Number of prescriptions, and days with symptoms of respiratory infection. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, interventions failed during both the first six months and the rest of the follow up period of 24 months similarly in the adenoidectomy and chemoprophylaxis groups (at six months the differences in risk were 10% (95% confidence interval -9% to 29%) and 18% (-2% to 38%), respectively). No significant differences were observed between the groups in the numbers of episodes of acute otitis media, visits to a doctor, antibiotic prescriptions, and days with symptoms of respiratory infection. CONCLUSIONS: Adenoidectomy, as the first surgical treatment of children aged 10 to 24 months with recurrent acute otitis media, is not effective in preventing further episodes. It cannot be recommended as the primary method of prophylaxis. PMID- 14769784 TI - Effects of GW274150, a novel and selective inhibitor of iNOS activity, in acute lung inflammation. AB - 1. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of GW274150, a novel, potent and selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in a model of lung injury induced by carrageenan administration in the rats. 2. Injection of carrageenan into the pleural cavity of rats elicited an acute inflammatory response characterized by: fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity which contained a large number of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) as well as an infiltration of PMNs in lung tissues and subsequent lipid peroxidation, and increased production of nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). 3. All parameters of inflammation were attenuated in a dose-dependent manner by GW274150 (2.5, 5 and 10 mg x kg(-1) injected i.p. 5 min before carrageenan). 4. Carrageenan induced an upregulation of the intracellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-1), as well as nitrotyrosine and poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) as determined by immunohistochemical analysis of lung tissues. 5. The degree of staining for the ICAM-1, nitrotyrosine and PAR was reduced by GW274150. These results clearly confirm that NO from iNOS plays a role in the development of the inflammatory response by altering key components of the inflammatory cascade. 6. GW274150 may offer a novel therapeutic approach for the management of various inflammatory diseases where NO and related radicals have been postulated to play a role. PMID- 14769786 TI - Ca2+ and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor differentially regulate disassembly of SNARE complexes on early endosomes. AB - The endosome-associated protein Hrs inhibits the homotypic fusion of early endosomes. A helical region of Hrs containing a Q-SNARE motif mediates this effect as well as its endosomal membrane association via SNAP-25, an endosomal receptor for Hrs. Hrs inhibits formation of an early endosomal SNARE complex by displacing VAMP-2 from the complex, suggesting a mechanism by which Hrs inhibits early endosome fusion. We examined the regulation of endosomal SNARE complexes to probe how Hrs may function as a negative regulator. We show that although NSF dissociates the VAMP-2.SNAP-25.syntaxin 13 complex, it has no effect on the Hrs containing complex. Whereas Ca(2+) dissociates the Hrs-containing complex but not the VAMP-2-containing SNARE complex. This is the first demonstration of differential regulation of R/Q-SNARE and all Q-SNARE-containing SNARE complexes. Ca(2+) also reverses the Hrs-induced inhibition of early endosome fusion in a tetanus toxin-sensitive manner and removes Hrs from early endosomal membranes. Moreover, Hrs inhibition of endosome fusion and its endosomal localization are sensitive to bafilomycin, implying a role for luminal Ca(2+). Thus, Hrs may bind a SNARE protein on early endosomal membranes negatively regulating trans-SNARE pairing and endosomal fusion. The release of Ca(2+) from the endosome lumen dissociates Hrs, allowing a VAMP-2-containing complex to form enabling fusion. PMID- 14769787 TI - Proexosite-1-dependent recognition and activation of prothrombin by taipan venom. AB - An activator complex from the venom of Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus (taipan venom) is known to rapidly activate prothrombin to thrombin. To determine whether, similar to prothrombinase, taipan venom utilizes proexosite-1 on prothrombin for a productive complex assembly, the activation of proexosite-1 mutants of prethrombin-1 by the partially purified venom was studied. It was discovered that basic residues of this site (Arg(35), Lys(36), Arg(67), Lys(70), Arg(73), Arg(75), and Arg(77)) are also crucial for recognition and rapid activation of the substrate by taipan venom. This was evidenced by the observation that the K(m) and k(cat) values for the activation of the charge reversal mutants of prethrombin-1 (in particular K36E, R67E, and K70E) were markedly impaired. Competitive kinetic studies with the Tyr(63)-sulfated hirudin(54-65) peptide revealed that although the peptide inhibits the activation of the wild type zymogen by taipan venom with a K(D) of approximately 2 microm, it is ineffective in inhibiting the activation of mutant zymogens (K(D) > 4-30 microm). Interestingly, an approximately 50-kDa activator, isolated from the taipan venom complex, catalyzed the activation of prothrombin in a factor Va dependent manner and exhibited identical activation kinetics toward the substrate in the presence of the hirudin peptide. These results suggest that, similar to prothrombinase, proexosite-1 is a cofactor-dependent recognition site for taipan venom. PMID- 14769788 TI - In vitro effects of dentin matrix protein-1 on hydroxyapatite formation provide insights into in vivo functions. AB - Dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1) is a mineralized tissue matrix protein synthesized by osteoblasts, hypertrophic chondrocytes, and ameloblasts as well as odontoblasts. DMP1 is believed to have multiple in vivo functions, acting both as a signaling molecule and a regulator of biomineralization. Using a cell-free system in vitro, we evaluated the action of DMP1 in the regulation of hydroxylapatite (HA) formation and crystal growth. The non-phosphorylated recombinant protein acted as an HA nucleator, increasing the amount of mineral formed in a gelatin gel HA growth system relative to protein-free controls. The recombinant protein phosphorylated in vitro had no detectable effect on HA formation and growth. In contrast, phosphorylated bovine DMP1 expressed in marrow stromal cells with an adenovirus vector containing 29.7 phosphates/mol was an effective inhibitor of HA formation and growth. The native full-length protein appeared to be absent or present in only small amounts in the extracellular matrix of bones and teeth. However, two highly phosphorylated fragments representing the N- and C-terminal portions of DMP1 have been identified, apparently arising from proteolytic cleavage of four X-Asp bonds. The highly phosphorylated C-terminal 57-kDa fragment (containing 42 phosphates/mol), like the non-phosphorylated DMP1, was an HA nucleator. These data suggest that, in its native form, DMP1 inhibits mineralization, but when cleaved or dephosphorylated, it initiates mineralization. These in vitro data are consistent with the findings in the DMP1 knockout mouse. PMID- 14769789 TI - Identification of TINO: a new evolutionarily conserved BCL-2 AU-rich element RNA binding protein. AB - Modulation of mRNA stability by regulatory cis-acting AU-rich elements (AREs) and ARE-binding proteins is an important posttranscriptional mechanism of gene expression control. We previously demonstrated that the 3'-untranslated region of BCL-2 mRNA contains an ARE that accounts for rapid BCL-2 down-regulation in response to apoptotic stimuli. We also demonstrated that the BCL-2 ARE core interacts with a number of ARE-binding proteins, one of which is AU-rich factor 1/heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D, known for its interaction with mRNA elements of others genes. In an attempt to search for other BCL-2 mRNA-binding proteins, we used the yeast RNA three-hybrid system assay and identified a novel human protein that interacts with BCL-2 ARE. We refer to it as TINO. The predicted protein sequence of TINO reveals two amino-terminal heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K homology motifs for nucleic acid binding and a carboxyl-terminal RING domain, endowed with a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. In addition the novel protein is evolutionarily conserved; the two following orthologous proteins have been identified with protein-protein BLAST: posterior end mark-3 (PEM-3) of Ciona savignyi and muscle excess protein-3 (MEX-3) of Caenorhabditis elegans. Upon binding, TINO destabilizes a chimeric reporter construct containing the BCL-2 ARE sequence, revealing a negative regulatory action on BCL-2 gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. PMID- 14769790 TI - Characterization of ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase modified by site-directed mutagenesis. AB - Ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase (FTR) is a key regulatory enzyme of oxygenic photosynthetic cells involved in the reductive regulation of important target enzymes. It catalyzes the two-electron reduction of the disulfide of thioredoxins with electrons from ferredoxin involving a 4Fe-4S cluster and an adjacent active site disulfide. We replaced Cys-57, Cys-87, and His-86 in the active site of Synechocystis FTR by site-directed mutagenesis and studied the properties of the mutated proteins. Mutation of either of the active-site cysteines yields inactive enzymes, which have different spectral properties, indicating a reduced Fe-S cluster when the inaccessible Cys-87 is replaced and an oxidized cluster when the accessible Cys-57 is replaced. The oxidized cluster in the latter mutant can be reversibly reduced with dithionite showing that it is functional. The C57S mutant is a very stable protein, whereas the C87A mutant is more labile because of the missing interaction with the cluster. The replacement of His-86 greatly reduces its catalytic activity supporting the proposal that His-86 increases the nucleophilicity of the neighboring cysteine. Ferredoxin forms non-covalent complexes with wild type (WT) and mutant FTRs, which are stable except with the C87A mutant. WT and mutant FTRs form stable covalent heteroduplexes with active site modified thioredoxins. In particular, heteroduplexes formed with WT FTR represent interesting one-electron-reduced reaction intermediates, which can be split by reduction of the Fe-S cluster. Heteroduplexes form non-covalent complexes with ferredoxin demonstrating the ability of FTR to simultaneously dock thioredoxin and ferredoxin, which is in accord with the proposed reaction mechanism and the structural analyses. PMID- 14769791 TI - Thiamine triphosphate, a new signal required for optimal growth of Escherichia coli during amino acid starvation. AB - Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) is present in low amounts in most organisms from bacteria to humans, but its biological role remains unknown. Escherichia coli grown aerobically in LB medium contain no detectable amounts of ThTP, but when they are transferred to M9 minimal medium with a substrate such as glucose or pyruvate, there is a rapid but transient accumulation of relatively high amounts of ThTP (about 20% of total thiamine). If a mixture of amino acids is present in addition to glucose, ThTP accumulation is impaired, suggesting that the latter may occur in response to amino acid starvation. To test the importance of ThTP for bacterial growth, we used an E. coli strain overexpressing a specific human recombinant thiamine triphosphatase as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein (GST-ThTPase). Those bacteria were unable to accumulate measurable amounts of ThTP. On minimal medium supplemented with glucose, pyruvate, or acetate, they exhibited an intermediate plateau in cell growth compared with control bacteria expressing GST alone or a GST fusion protein unrelated to thiamine metabolism. These results suggest that the early accumulation of ThTP initiates a reaction cascade involved in the adaptation of bacteria to stringent conditions such as amino acid starvation. This is the first demonstration of a physiological role of this ubiquitous compound in any organism. PMID- 14769792 TI - Ceramide kinase is a mediator of calcium-dependent degranulation in mast cells. AB - Ceramide kinase (CERK) catalyzes the conversion of ceramide to ceramide 1 phosphate (C1P) and is known to be activated by calcium. Although several groups have examined the functions of CERK and its product C1P, the functions of C1P and CERK are not understood. We studied the RBL-2H3 cell line, a widely used model for mast cells, and found that CERK and C1P are required for activation of the degranulation process in mast cells. We found that C1P formation was enhanced during activation induced by IgE/antigen or by Ca(2+) ionophore A23187. The formation of C1P required the intracellular elevation of Ca(2+). We generated RBL 2H3 cells that stably express CERK, and when these cells were treated with A23187, a concomitant C1P formation was observed and degranulation increased 4 fold, compared with mock transfectants. The cell-permeable N-acetylsphingosine (C(2)-ceramide), a poor substrate of CERK, inhibited both the formation of C1P and degranulation, indicating that C1P formation was necessary for degranulation. Exogenous introduction of CERK into permeabilized RBL-2H3 cells caused degranulation. We identified a cytosolic localization of CERK that provides exposure to cytosolic Ca(2+). Taken together, these results indicate that C1P formation is a necessary step in the degranulation pathway in RBL-2H3 cells. PMID- 14769793 TI - Binding of the AVR4 elicitor of Cladosporium fulvum to chitotriose units is facilitated by positive allosteric protein-protein interactions: the chitin binding site of AVR4 represents a novel binding site on the folding scaffold shared between the invertebrate and the plant chitin-binding domain. AB - The attack of fungal cell walls by plant chitinases is an important plant defense response to fungal infection. Anti-fungal activity of plant chitinases is largely restricted to chitinases that contain a noncatalytic, plant-specific chitin binding domain (ChBD) (also called Hevein domain). Current data confirm that the race-specific elicitor AVR4 of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum can protect fungi against plant chitinases, which is based on the presence of a novel type of ChBD in AVR4 that was first identified in invertebrates. Although these two classes of ChBDs (Hevein and invertebrate) are sequentially unrelated, they share structural homology. Here, we show that the chitin-binding sites of these two classes of ChBDs have different topologies and characteristics. The K(D), DeltaH, and DeltaS values obtained for the interaction between AVR4 and chito oligomers are comparable with those obtained for Hevein. However, the binding site of AVR4 is larger than that of Hevein, i.e. AVR4 interacts strictly with chitotriose, whereas Hevein can also interact with the monomer N acetylglucosamine. Moreover, binding of additional AVR4 molecules to chitin occurs through positive cooperative protein-protein interactions. By this mechanism AVR4 is likely to effectively shield chitin on the fungal cell wall, preventing the cell wall from being degraded by plant chitinases. PMID- 14769794 TI - Alternative, nonapoptotic programmed cell death: mediation by arrestin 2, ERK2, and Nur77. AB - Programmed cell death (pcd) may take the form of apoptosis or of nonapoptotic pcd. Whereas cysteine aspartyl-specific proteases (caspases) mediate apoptosis, the mediators of nonapoptotic cell death programs are much less well characterized. Here we report that alternative, nonapoptotic pcd induced by the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK(1)R) activated by its ligand Substance P, is mediated by a MAPK phosphorylation cascade recruited by the scaffold protein arrestin 2. The activation of the protein kinases Raf-1, MEK2, and ERK2 is essential for this form of nonapoptotic pcd, leading to the phosphorylation of the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77. NK(1)R-mediated cell death was inhibited by a dominant negative form of arrestin 2, Raf-1, or Nur77, by MEK1/2-specific inhibitors, and by RNA interference directed against ERK2 or MEK2 but not ERK1 or MEK1 and against Nur77. The MAPK pathway is also activated in neurons in primary culture undergoing NK(1)R-mediated death, since the MEK inhibitor PD98059 inhibited Substance P-induced death in primary striatal neurons. These results suggest that Nur77, which is regulated by a MAPK pathway activated via arrestin 2, modulates NK(1)R-mediated nonapoptotic pcd. PMID- 14769795 TI - Retinoids assist the cellular folding of the autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa opsin mutant P23H. AB - The clinically common mutant opsin P23H, associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, yields low levels of rhodopsin when retinal is added following induction of the protein in stably transfected HEK-293 cells. We previously showed that P23H rhodopsin levels could be increased by providing a 7 membered ring, locked analog of 11-cis-retinal during expression of P23H opsin in vivo. Here we demonstrate that the mutant opsin is effectively rescued by 9- or 11-cis-retinal, the native chromophore. When retinal was added during expression, P23H rhodopsin levels were 5-fold (9-cis) and 6-fold (11-cis) higher than when retinal was added after opsin was expressed and cells were harvested. Levels of P23H opsin were increased approximately 3.5-fold with both compounds, but wild type protein levels were only slightly increased. Addition of retinal during induction promoted the Golgi-specific glycosylation of P23H opsin and transport of the protein to the cell surface. P23H rhodopsins containing 9- or 11-cis retinal had blue-shifted absorption maxima and altered photo-bleaching properties compared with the corresponding wild-type proteins. Significantly, P23H rhodopsins were more thermally unstable than the wild-type proteins and more rapidly bleached by hydroxylamine in the dark. We suggest that P23H opsin is similarly unstable and that retinal binds and stabilizes the protein early in its biogenesis to promote its cellular folding and trafficking. The implications of this study for treating retinitis pigmentosa and other protein conformational disorders are discussed. PMID- 14769796 TI - RNA helicase A in the MEF1 transcription factor complex up-regulates the MDR1 gene in multidrug-resistant cancer cells. AB - RNA helicase A (RHA) is a member of the DEAD/H family of RNA helicases and unwinds duplex RNA and DNA. Recent studies have shown that RHA regulates the activity of gene promoters. However, little information is available about the in vivo relevance of RHA in the regulation of natural genes. We previously characterized a nuclear protein (MEF1) that binds to the proximal promoter of the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) and up-regulates the promoter activity. In the present study, we isolated and identified RHA as a component of the MEF1 complex by using DNA-affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. The antibody against RHA specifically disrupted the complex formation in electrophoretic mobility shift assay, confirming the identity of RHA. Western blotting showed that RHA in drug-resistant cells had a higher molecular weight than that in drug-sensitive cells. Similar results were obtained when FLAG-tagged RHA was overexpressed in these cells. This size difference probably reflects posttranslational modification(s) of RHA in drug-resistant cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that RHA occupies the MDR1 promoter in vivo. Overexpression of RHA enhanced expression of the MDR1 promoter/reporter construct and endogenous P glycoprotein (P-gp), the MDR1 gene product, and increased drug resistance of drug resistant cells but not the drug-sensitive counterpart. Introduction of short interfering RNA targeting the RHA gene sequence selectively knocked-down RHA expression and concomitantly reduced P-gp level. Thus, our study demonstrates, for the first time, the involvement of RHA in up-regulation of the MDR1 gene. Interactions of RHA with other protein factors in the MEF1 complex bound to the promoter element may contribute to P-gp overexpression and multidrug resistance phenotype in drug-resistant cancer cells. PMID- 14769797 TI - Identification of a ZU5 and death domain-containing inhibitor of NF-kappaB. AB - The transcription factor NF-kappaB plays important roles in inflammation and cell survival. NF-kappaB is composed of homodimeric and heterodimeric complexes of Rel/NF-kappaB family members, including p65 (RelA), c-Rel (Rel), RelB, NF kappaB1/p50, and NF-kappaB2/p52. Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel ZU5 and death domain-containing protein designated ZUD. In reporter gene assays, overexpression of ZUD inhibited NF-kappaB-dependent transcription induced by both tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 and their downstream signaling proteins. Gel shift assays indicated that the overexpression of ZUD inhibited binding of NF-kappaB to its target sequence. ZUD is a cytoplasmic protein, and coimmunoprecipitation assays indicated that ZUD interacted with the NF-kappaB subunit p105 and transactivator p65. Consistent with its role in inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription, ZUD sensitized cells to apoptosis induced by TNF and the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Our findings suggest that ZUD is an inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation and that this protein may provide an alternative regulatory mechanism for NF kappaB-mediated transcription. PMID- 14769798 TI - B-Myb-dependent regulation of c-Myc expression by cytosolic phospholipase A2. AB - Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) cleaves membrane phospholipids to release arachidonic acid, initiating lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways. Mice lacking a gene for cPLA(2) suggested important roles of the protein in allergic responses, fertility, and neural cell death. Here we show that cPLA(2) negatively regulates c-Myc expression in a B-Myb-dependent manner. Overexpression of cPLA(2) protein but not a mutant cPLA(2) protein that lacks in vitro binding ability with B-Myb inhibits B-Myb-dependent c-myc gene expression. The inhibition was associated with physical interaction of B-Myb protein with cPLA(2) both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Binding site analysis demonstrated that both the N and C termini of cPLA(2) interact with B-Myb. Macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF) stimulated cPLA(2) redistribution into the nucleus and also association with B-Myb in human monocytes. Importantly, macrophages from mice with a disrupted cPLA(2) gene demonstrated significantly increased levels of c-Myc protein in the nucleus compared with cells from the wild-type mice, whereas B-Myb levels were similar in the cells from the cPLA(2)(+/+) and cPLA(2)(-/-) mice. Moreover, an introduction of cPLA(2) into cPLA(2)(-/-) mouse macrophages resulted in decreased c-Myc protein levels, and an inhibition of cPLA(2) expression by small interfering RNAs or antisense RNA increased the c-myc transcription in macrophage colony stimulating factor-activated human monocytes. These findings provide new insights into the function of cPLA(2) in B-Myb-dependent gene expression. PMID- 14769799 TI - Integrin alphaMbeta2 orchestrates and accelerates plasminogen activation and fibrinolysis by neutrophils. AB - Plasmin, the pivotal thrombolytic enzyme, is generated on the surface of many cell types, where urokinase receptor (uPAR)-bound urokinase (uPA) activates cell bound plasminogen (Plg). It has been reported that neutrophils mediate endogenous thrombolysis involving a uPA-dependent mechanism, and we previously demonstrated that both uPAR and integrin alpha(M)beta(2) recognize uPA to control cell migration and adhesion. In the present study, we report that the alpha(M)beta(2) regulates neutrophil-dependent fibrinolysis. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated but not resting neutrophils dissolved fibrin clots, and this activity was not only uPA- and Plg-dependent but also alpha(M)beta(2)-dependent. Purified alpha(M)beta(2) directly bound uPA (K(d) = 40 nm) and Plg (K(d) = 1 microm) in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. In Plg activation assays, addition of purified alpha(M)beta(2), but not a control protein, to a single chain uPA (sc-uPA)/Plg mixture, decreased the K(m) from 2 to 0.1 microm, thereby augmenting the overall reaction efficiency by 50-fold. The binding of sc-uPA to alpha(M)beta(2) was critical for the alpha(M)beta(2)-mediated enhancement of plasmin (Plm) generation, because this effect was lost when WT-sc-uPA was replaced with a kringle-less mutant (DeltaK-sc-uPA), which does not bind to alpha(M)beta(2). Plm inactivation by alpha(2)-antiplasmin was significantly delayed when Plm was preincubated with purified, soluble alpha(M)beta(2). When Plg was added to PMA-stimulated neutrophils, both uPA and Plg were co immunoprecipitated with alpha(M)beta(2.) Thus, assembly of Plg and uPA on integrin alpha(M)beta(2) regulates Plm activity and, thereby, plays a crucial role in neutrophil-mediated thrombolysis. PMID- 14769800 TI - MDM2 mediates p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor ubiquitination and degradation. AB - We recently reported that MDM2, a negative feedback regulator of the tumor suppressor p53, inhibits p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor (PCAF) mediated p53 acetylation. Our further study showed that MDM2 also regulates the stability of PCAF. MDM2 ubiquitinated PCAF in vitro and in cells. PCAF ubiquitination occurred at the N terminus and in the nucleus, as the nuclear localization signal sequence-deletion mutant of MDM2, which localized in the cytoplasm and degraded p53, was unable to degrade nuclear PCAF. Restriction of PCAF in the nucleus by leptomycin B did not affect MDM2-mediated PCAF degradation. Consistently, overexpression of MDM2 in p53 null cells caused the reduction of the protein level of PCAF, but not the mRNA level. Conversely, PCAF levels were higher in MDM2-deficient mouse p53(-/-)/mdm2(-/-) embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells than that in MDM2-containing MEF cells. Furthermore, MDM2 reduced the half-life of PCAF by 50%. These results demonstrate that MDM2 regulates the stability of PCAF by ubiquitinating and degrading this protein. PMID- 14769801 TI - Identification of transcription factor binding sites upstream of human genes regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. AB - We have taken an integrated approach in which expression profiling has been combined with the use of small molecule inhibitors and computational analysis of transcription factor binding sites to characterize regulatory sequences of genes that are targets of specific signaling pathways in growth factor-stimulated human cells. T98G cells were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and analyzed by DNA microarrays, which identified 74 immediate-early gene transcripts. Cells were then treated with inhibitors to identify subsets of genes that are targets of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Four groups of PDGF-induced genes were defined: independent of PI3K and MEK/ERK signaling, dependent on PI3K signaling, dependent on MEK/ERK signaling, and dependent on both pathways. The upstream regions of all genes in the four groups were scanned using TRANSFAC for putative cis-elements as compared with a background set of non-induced genes. Binding sites for 18 computationally predicted transcription factors were over-represented in the four groups of co expressed genes compared with the background sequences (p < 0.01). Many of the cis-elements identified were conserved in orthologous mouse genes, and many of the predicted elements and their cognate transcription factors were consistent with previous experimental data. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays experimentally verified nine predicted SRF binding sites in T98G cells, including a previously unknown SRF site upstream of DUSP5. These results indicate that groups of human genes regulated by discrete intracellular signaling pathways share common cis-regulatory elements. PMID- 14769802 TI - Structural characterization of the nickel-binding properties of Bacillus pasteurii urease accessory protein (Ure)E in solution. AB - Urease activation is critical to the virulence of many human and animal pathogens. Urease possesses multiple, nickel-containing active sites, and UreE, the only nickel-binding protein among the urease accessory proteins, activates urease by transporting nickel ions. We performed NMR experiments to investigate the solution structure and the nickel-binding properties of Bacillus pasteurii (Bp) UreE. The secondary structures and global folds of BpUreE were determined for its metal-free and nickel-bound forms. The results indicated that no major structural change of BpUreE arises from the nickel binding. In addition to the previously identified nickel-binding site (Gly(97)-Cys(103)), the C-terminal tail region (Lys(141)-His(147)) was confirmed for the first time to be involved in the nickel binding. The C-terminally conserved sequence ((144)GHQH(147)) was confirmed to have an inherent nickel-binding ability. Nickel addition to 1.6 mm subunit, a concentration where BpUreE predominantly forms a tetramer upon the nickel binding, induced a biphasic spectral change consistent with binding of up to at least three nickel ions per tetrameric unit. In contrast, nickel addition to 0.1 mm subunit, a concentration at which the protein is primarily a dimer, caused a monophasic spectral change consistent with more than 1 equivalent per dimeric unit. Combined with the equilibrium dialysis results, which indicated 2.5 nickel equivalents binding per dimer at a micromolar protein concentration, the nickel-binding stoichiometry of BpUreE at a physiological concentration could be three nickel ions per dimer. Altogether, the present results provide the first detailed structural data concerning the nickel-binding properties of intact, wild type BpUreE in solution. PMID- 14769803 TI - The non-transmembrane form of Delta1, but not of Jagged1, induces normal migratory behavior accompanied by fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-dependent transformation. AB - The interactions between Notch (N) receptors and their transmembrane ligands, Jagged1 (JI) and Delta1 (Dl1), mediate signaling events between neighboring cells that are crucial during embryonal development and in adults. Since the non transmembrane extracellular form of J1 acts as an antagonist of N activation in NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells and induces fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) dependent transformation (Small, D., Kovalenko, D., Soldi, R., Mandinova, A., Kolev, V., Trifonova, R., Bagala, C., Kacer, D., Battelli, C., Liaw, L., Prudovsky, I., and Maciag, T. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 16405-16413), we examined the potential redundant functions of the two subfamilies of Notch ligands and report that while the soluble (s) forms of both Dl1 and J1 act as N signaling antagonists in NIH 3T3 cells, they do display disparate functions. While sJ1 induced an attenuation of cell motility which is accompanied by a decrease in actin stress fibers and an increase in adherence junctions, sDl1 does not. However, sJ1, like sDl1, induces a NIH 3T3 cell tranformed phenotype mediated by FGF signaling. Because the inhibition of N signaling by sJ1 and sDl1 is rescued by dominant-negative Src expression, we suggest that there may be cooperation between the Notch and Src signaling pathways. PMID- 14769804 TI - Familial and genomic analyses of postural changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. AB - The physiological adaptation to the erect posture involves integrated neural and cardiovascular responses that might be determined by genetic factors. We examined the familial- and individual-specific components of variance for postural changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 767 volunteer nuclear adult families from the Victorian Family Heart Study. In 274 adult sibling pairs, we made a genome-wide scan using 400 markers for quantitative trait loci linked with the postural changes in systolic and diastolic pressures. Overall, systolic pressure did not change on standing, but there was considerable variation in this phenotype (SD=8.1 mm Hg). Familial analyses revealed that 25% of the variance of change in systolic pressure was attributable to genetic factors. In contrast, diastolic pressure increased by 6.3 mm Hg (SD=7.0 mm Hg) on standing and there was no evidence of contributory genetic factors. Multipoint quantitative genome linkage mapping suggested evidence (Z=3.2) of linkage of the postural change in systolic pressure to chromosome 12 but found no genome-wide evidence of linkage for the change in diastolic pressure. These findings suggest that genetic factors determine whether systolic pressure decreases or increases when one stands, possibly as the result of unidentified alleles on chromosome 12. The genetics of postural changes in systolic blood pressure might reflect the general buffering function of the baroreflex; thereby, the predisposition to sudden decreases or increases in systolic pressure might cause postural hypotension or vessel wall disruption, respectively. PMID- 14769805 TI - Role of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in ACE inhibitor-induced renal vasodilation in vivo. AB - Although the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor-induced bradykinin enhances nitric oxide (NO) release, bradykinin may also stimulate the production of an additional vasodilator, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). This study examined the role of EDHF in mediating the NO-independent action of ACE inhibitors in canine renal microcirculation in vivo. We used intravital CCD camera videomicroscopy that allowed direct visualization of renal microcirculation in superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons in an in vivo, in situ, and relatively intact setting. In the presence of E4177 (an angiotensin receptor blocker), cilazaprilat (30 microg/kg) had no effect on diameter of superficial afferent arterioles (Aff), but it increased renal contents of bradykinin and nitrate plus nitrite, and it elicited dilation of juxtamedullary Aff (from 24.0+/-0.2 to 28.2+/-0.8 microm), juxtamedullary efferent arterioles (Eff) (from 24.2+/-0.2 to 28.0+/-0.8 microm), and superficial Eff (from 18.2+/ 0.2 to 19.7+/-0.2 microm). These changes in diameters were prevented by N(alpha) adamantaneacetyl-d-Arg-[Hyp(3),Thi(5,8),D-Phe(7)]bradykinin, a bradykinin receptor antagonist. The pretreatment with nitro-l-arginine methylester (l-NAME) plus E4177 eliminated the dilator response of juxtamedullary/superficial Eff and the increase in renal nitrate plus nitrite levels induced by cilazaprilat. In contrast, in the presence of E4177+l-NAME, cilazaprilat still caused 8%+/-3% dilation of juxtamedullary Aff, which was completely eliminated by proadifen, a cytochrome-P450 and K(Ca) channel blocker. Collectively, the ACE inhibitor exerts multiple vasodilator mechanisms, including the inhibition of angiotensin II formation; blockade of angiotensin II activity appears to be a dominant mechanism in superficial Aff, whereas the bradykinin-induced NO acts on superficial Eff and juxtamedullary Aff/Eff. Furthermore, a putative EDHF is an additional mechanism for the ACE inhibitor-induced vasodilation of juxtamedullary Aff in vivo. PMID- 14769807 TI - Insulin, leptin, and membrane microviscosity in blood pressure regulation. PMID- 14769808 TI - Possible contributions of reactive oxygen species and mitogen-activated protein kinase to renal injury in aldosterone/salt-induced hypertensive rats. AB - Studies were performed to test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) contribute to the pathogenesis of aldosterone/salt-induced renal injury. Rats were given 1% NaCl to drink and were treated with one of the following combinations for 6 weeks: vehicle (0.5% ethanol, SC, n=6); aldosterone (0.75 microg/H, SC, n=8); aldosterone plus a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; eplerenone (0.125% in chow, n=8); aldosterone plus an antioxidant; and tempol (3 mmol/L in drinking solution, n=8). The activities of MAPKs, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), p38MAPK, and big-MAPK-1 (BMK1) in renal cortical tissues were measured by Western blot analysis. Aldosterone infused rats showed higher systolic blood pressure (165+/-5 mm Hg) and urinary excretion of protein (106+/-24 mg/d) than vehicle-infused rats (118+/-3 mm Hg and 10+/-3 mg/d). Renal cortical mRNA expression of p22phox, Nox-4, and gp91phox, measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, was increased in aldosterone infused rats by 2.3, 4.3, and 3.0-fold, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content in renal cortex was also higher in aldosterone (0.23+/-0.02) than vehicle-infused rats (0.09+/-0.01 nmol/mg protein). ERK1/2, JNK, and BMK1 activities were significantly elevated in aldosterone-infused rats by 3.3, 2.3, and 3.0-fold, respectively, whereas p38MAPK activity was not changed. Concurrent administration of eplerenone or tempol to aldosterone-infused rats prevented the development of hypertension (127+/-2 and 125+/-5 mm Hg), and the elevations of urinary excretion of protein (10+/-2 and 9+/-2 mg/day) or TBARS contents (0.08+/-0.01 and 0.11+/-0.01 nmol/mg protein). Furthermore, eplerenone and tempol treatments normalized the activities of ERK1/2, JNK, and BMK1. These data suggest that ROS and MAPK play a role in the progression of renal injury induced by chronic elevations in aldosterone. PMID- 14769809 TI - Combined echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and electrocardiographic ST depression improve prediction of mortality in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. AB - Echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (Echo-LVH) and ST segment depression (STD) on the ECG have each been demonstrated to predict cardiovascular (CV) and all-cause (AC) mortality. However, the prognostic value of combining Echo-LVH and ECG-STD has not been examined. ECGs and echocardiograms were examined in 2193 American Indian participants in the second Strong Heart Study examination. STD was measured by computer and was considered abnormal if > or =50 microV. Echo-LVH was defined by indexed LV mass >116 g/m2 in men and >104 g/m2 in women. After a mean follow-up of 3.1+/-0.7 years, there were 57 CV and 169 AC deaths. In univariate Cox analyses, Echo-LVH (chi2=54.2 and chi2=68.5) and ECG STD (chi2=35.9 and chi2=46.3, all P<0.001) predicted CV and AC mortality, respectively. The combination of Echo-LVH and ECG-STD improved risk stratification compared with either alone for both CV death (chi2=74.4, P<0.001) and AC death (chi2=102.0, P<0.001), with presence of both ECG-STD and Echo-LVH associated with the greatest risks. After adjustment for age, sex, and relevant risk factors, combined Echo-LVH and ECG-STD remained predictive of CV mortality (chi2=19.7, P<0.001) and AC mortality (chi2=24.9, P<0.001), with the presence of both Echo-LVH and ECG-STD associated with a 6.3-fold increased risk of CV death (95% CI: 2.8 to 14.2) and a 4.6-fold increased risk of AC mortality (95% CI: 2.5 to 8.5). ECG-STD and Echo-LVH additively increase the risk of both CV mortality and AC mortality. These findings support the value of combining Echo-LVH and ECG STD to improve risk stratification. These findings require verification in other populations. PMID- 14769810 TI - Dopamine D1 receptor augmentation of D3 receptor action in rat aortic or mesenteric vascular smooth muscles. AB - Dopamine is an important modulator of blood pressure, in part, by regulating vascular resistance. To test the hypothesis that D(1) and D(3) receptors interact in vascular smooth muscle cells, we studied A10 cells, a rat aortic smooth muscle cell line, and rat mesenteric arteries that express both dopamine receptor subtypes. Fenoldopam, a D(1)-like receptor agonist, increased both D(1) and D(3) receptor protein in a time-dependent and a concentration-dependent manner in A10 cells. The effect of fenoldopam was specific because a D(1)-like receptor antagonist, SCH23390 (10(-7) M/24 h), completely blocked the stimulatory effect of fenoldopam (10(-7) M/24 h) (D(3) receptor: control=21+/-1 density units [DU]); SCH23390=23+/-2 DU; fenoldopam=33+/-2 DU; fenoldopam+SCH23390=23+/-2 DU; n=10). D(1) and D(3) receptors physically interacted with each other because fenoldopam (10(-7) M/24 h) increased D(1)/D(3) receptor coimmunoprecipitation (35+/-5 versus 65+/-5 DU; n=8). A D(3) receptor agonist, PD128907, relaxed mesenteric arterial rings independent of the endothelium, effects that were blocked by a D(3) receptor antagonist, U99194A. Costimulation of D(1) and D(3) receptors led to additive vasorelaxation. We conclude that the D(1) receptor regulates the D(3) receptor by physical interaction and receptor expression. D(1) receptor stimulation augments D(3) receptor vasorelaxant effects. An interaction of D(1) and D(3) receptors may be involved in the regulation of blood pressure. PMID- 14769811 TI - Effect of reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme gene expression and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on angiotensin and bradykinin peptide levels in mice. AB - There is uncertainty about the contribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to angiotensin II formation, with recent studies suggesting that non-ACE enzymes may be the predominant pathway of angiotensin II formation in kidney, heart, and lung. To investigate the role of ACE in angiotensin II formation, we measured angiotensin I and II levels in blood, kidney, and heart of 2 mouse genetic models (ACE.1 and ACE.4) of reduced somatic ACE gene expression and in blood, kidney, heart, lung, adrenal, and brain of mice administered the ACE inhibitor lisinopril. We also measured the levels of bradykinin (1-9) and its ACE metabolite bradykinin (1-7). Reduced ACE gene expression and ACE inhibition had similar effects on angiotensin and bradykinin peptide levels. Angiotensin II levels were reduced by 70% to 97% in blood, 92% to 99% in kidney, 93% to 99% in heart, 97% in lung, and 85% in adrenal and brain. The marked reductions in angiotensin II/angiotensin I ratio indicated that ACE was responsible for at least 90% of angiotensin I conversion to angiotensin II in blood, kidney, heart, lung, and brain, and at least 77% in adrenal. Blood bradykinin (1-9) levels were increased 6.4-fold to 8.4-fold. Heart bradykinin (1-9) levels were increased in ACE.4 mice and the bradykinin (1-7)/bradykinin (1-9) ratio was reduced in kidney and heart of ACE.4 mice and heart of lisinopril-treated mice. These studies demonstrate that ACE is the predominant pathway of angiotensin II formation in blood and tissues of mice and plays a major role in bradykinin (1-9) metabolism in blood and, to a lesser extent, in kidney and heart. PMID- 14769812 TI - L-arginine attenuates hypertension in pregnant rats with reduced uterine perfusion pressure. AB - A chronic reduction in uterine perfusion pressure in the pregnant rat is associated with significant elevations in mean arterial pressure, proteinuria, and reductions in kidney function as is chronic nitric oxide blockade, suggesting that nitric oxide deficiency may contribute to the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether supplementation with L-arginine, the precursor for nitric oxide, attenuates the hypertension produced in response to a chronic reduction in uterine perfusion pressure in the pregnant rat. Reduced uterine perfusion was initiated at day 14 of gestation with arterial pressure determined at day 19 of gestation in conscious, chronically instrumented rats. Arterial pressure was significantly elevated in pregnant rats with chronic reductions in uterine perfusion as compared with pregnant control rats (132+/-2 versus 109+/-2 mm Hg, P<0.01, respectively). Treatment with L arginine (2%) in the drinking water was initiated at day 10 of gestation. l arginine supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in arterial pressure in both pregnant rats with reduced uterine perfusion pressure (113+/-2 mm Hg treated, P<0.01 versus untreated pregnant with reduced uterine perfusion pressure) and pregnant control (97+/-3 mm Hg treated, P<0.01 versus untreated pregnant) rats. However, supplementation with L-arginine decreased blood pressure by 19 mm Hg in pregnant with reduced uterine perfusion pressure (untreated versus treated) as compared with 12 mm Hg in pregnant (untreated versus treated) rats. Thus, these results suggest that l-arginine supplementation may be beneficial in attenuating the hypertension in preeclampsia. PMID- 14769815 TI - The discovery of captopril: reply. PMID- 14769816 TI - The discovery of captopril: reply. PMID- 14769817 TI - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits myogenic differentiation through MyoD protein destabilization. AB - Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) has been implicated as a mediator of muscle wasting through nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) -dependent inhibition of myogenic differentiation. The aim of the present study was to identify the regulatory molecule(s) of myogenesis targeted by TNFalpha/NF-kappaB signaling. TNFalpha interfered with cell cycle exit and repressed the accumulation of transcripts encoding muscle-specific genes in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts. Overexpression of a p65 (RelA) mutant lacking the transcriptional activation domain attenuated the TNFalpha-mediated inhibition of muscle-specific gene transcription. The ability of muscle regulatory factor MyoD to induce muscle specific transcription in 10T1/2 fibroblasts was also disrupted by wild-type p65, demonstrating that NF-kappaB transcriptional activity interferes with the function of MyoD. Inhibition of muscle-specific gene expression by TNFalpha was restored by overexpression of MyoD, whereas endogenous MyoD protein abundance and stability were reduced by TNFalpha through increased proteolysis of MyoD by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Last, the inhibitory effects of TNFalpha on myogenic differentiation were demonstrated in a mouse model of skeletal muscle regeneration, in which TNFalpha caused a delay in myoblast cell cycle exit. These results implicate that TNFalpha inhibits myogenic differentiation through destabilizing MyoD protein in a NF-kappaB-dependent manner, which interferes with skeletal muscle regeneration and may contribute to muscle wasting. PMID- 14769818 TI - Methamphetamine induces neuronal apoptosis via cross-talks between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-dependent death cascades. AB - Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit drug that causes neurodegenerative effects in humans. In rodents, METH induces apoptosis of striatal glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) -containing neurons. This paper provides evidence that METH induced cell death occurs consequent to interactions of ER stress and mitochondrial death pathways. Specifically, injections of METH are followed by an almost immediate activation of proteases calpain and caspase-12, events consistent with drug-induced ER stress. Involvement of ER stress was further supported by observations of increases in the expression of GRP78/BiP and CHOP. Participation of the mitochondrial pathway was demonstrated by the transition of AIF, smac/DIABLO, and cytochrome c from mitochondrial into cytoplasmic fractions. These changes occur before the apoptosome-associated pro-caspase-9 cleavage. Effector caspases-3 and -6, but not -7, were cleaved with the initial time of caspase-3 activation occurring before caspase 9 cleavage; this suggests possible earlier cleavage of caspase-3 by caspase-12. These events preceded proteolysis of the caspase substrates DFF-45, lamin A, and PARP in nuclear fractions. These findings indicate that METH causes neuronal apoptosis in part via cross-talks between ER- and mitochondria-generated processes, which cause activation of both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. PMID- 14769819 TI - Transgenic expression of mammalian heparanase uncovers physiological functions of heparan sulfate in tissue morphogenesis, vascularization, and feeding behavior. AB - We have generated homozygous transgenic mice (hpa-tg) overexpressing human heparanase (endo-beta-D-glucuronidase) in all tissues and characterized the involvement of the enzyme in tissue morphogenesis, vascularization, and energy metabolism. Biochemical analysis of heparan sulfate (HS) isolated from newborn mice and adult tissues revealed a profound decrease in the size of HS chains derived from hpa-tg vs. control mice. Despite this, the mice appeared normal, were fertile, and exhibited a normal life span. A significant increase in the number of implanted embryos was noted in the hpa-tg vs. control mice. Overexpression of heparanase resulted in increased levels of urinary protein and creatinine, suggesting an effect on kidney function, reflected also by electron microscopy examination of the kidney tissue. The hpa-tg mice exhibited a reduced food consumption and body weight compared with control mice. The effect of heparanase on tissue remodeling and morphogenesis was best demonstrated by the phenotype of the hpa-tg mammary glands, showing excess branching and widening of ducts associated with enhanced neovascularization and disruption of the epithelial basement membrane. The hpa-tg mice exhibited an accelerated rate of hair growth, correlated with high expression of heparanase in hair follicle keratinocytes and increased vascularization. Altogether, characterization of the hpa-tg mice emphasizes the involvement of heparanase and HS in processes such as embryonic implantation, food consumption, tissue remodeling, and vascularization. PMID- 14769820 TI - A genetic reporter of thermal stress defines physiologic zones over a defined temperature range. AB - We define five unique cellular responses to thermal stress using a reporter construct generated using the stress-inducible promoter from the gene encoding a murine 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70A.1) to express luciferase (luc). Thermal stress was delivered over a range of temperatures (42-68 degrees C) for 5 s to 20 min and luciferase activity was measured in live cells using a cooled CCD camera as a measure of reporter gene transcription. Reporter gene expression was assessed every 2 h for 10 h, and at 24 h post-stress. Expression patterns were validated for selected temperatures. A transition zone where cells lose the ability to produce light and beyond which >50% of cells die was observed to occur within a narrow (2.5 degrees C) temperature window. Although luc and hsp70 mRNA levels in this transition zone were high, there were reduced levels of Luc and Hsp70 protein and ATP levels. Cells treated at these temperatures recovered the ability to produce light in response to a secondary stress at 30 h. This Hsp70 luc reporter gene construct may be useful for defining zones of physiologic responses and assessing collateral thermal damage generated during treatment of biological tissue with lasers and other sources of heat. PMID- 14769821 TI - Long-term up-regulation of eNOS and improvement of endothelial function by inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. AB - The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major pathway for intracellular protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is the key enzyme of vascular homeostasis involved in the pathophysiology of several cardiovascular diseases. The aim of our study was to investigate whether eNOS expression and activity are regulated by the proteasome. Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (CPAE cells) were treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. MG132 (50-250 nmol/L) dose-dependently increased mRNA and protein levels of eNOS. Comparable results were obtained with other specific proteasome inhibitors, whereas the nonproteasomal calpain and cathepsin inhibitor ALLM had no effect. Efficacy of proteasome inhibition was evidenced by accumulation of poly ubiquitinylated proteins and by measuring proteasomal activity in cell extracts. Cycloheximide prevented up-regulation of eNOS protein, indicating that post translational stabilization of eNOS is not involved. eNOS activity was increased up to 2.8-fold (MG132 100 nmol/L, 48 h). Incubation of rat aortic rings with MG132 significantly enhanced endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation. Single MG132 treatment (100 nmol/L) induced long-term effects in CPAE cells, with increases of eNOS protein and activity for up to 10 days. Our results indicate that low-dose proteasome inhibition enhances eNOS expression and activity, and improves endothelial function. PMID- 14769822 TI - Histamine inhibits conducted vasodilation through endothelium-derived NO production in arterioles of mouse skeletal muscle. AB - Conducted vasodilation along arterioles manifests the spread of hyperpolarization through gap junction channels along endothelium. Whereas histamine increases the permeability of capillary and venular endothelium, its effect on the integrity of arteriolar endothelium is unknown. We tested whether histamine could inhibit conducted vasodilation. In second-order arterioles (2A) supplying the cremaster muscle of C57BL6, PECAM-1-/-, and eNOS-/- mice (8-12 wk), neither resting (16+/-2 microm) nor maximal (38+/-2 microm) diameters were different. Acetylcholine (ACh) microiontophoresis (1 microA, 500 ms pulse) triggered vasodilation that was conducted >1400 microm along arterioles. Neither local (14+/-2 microm) nor conducted vasodilation (10+/-2 microm) was different among mice. Histamine (5 microM) had no effect on resting diameter or local vasodilation to ACh yet inhibited conduction by >50% in C57BL6 and PECAM-1-/- mice (P<0.05); this effect was abolished after blockade of NO synthase or of soluble guanylate cyclase. Washout of histamine restored conduction, though recovery was longer (P<0.05) in PECAM-1-/- mice vs. C57BL6 mice. Remarkably, conducted vasodilation in eNOS-/- mice was insensitive to histamine. These findings indicate that histamine inhibits cell-to-cell coupling through an NO-dependent mechanism and suggests a dynamic interaction among intercellular adhesion molecules and gap junction channels along arteriolar endothelium. PMID- 14769823 TI - Proteomic and immunochemical characterization of a role for stathmin in adult neurogenesis. AB - Stathmin is a developmentally regulated cytosolic protein expressed at high levels in the brain. Two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy of proteins expressed in immature and mature cultures from embryonic rat cerebral cortex identified stathmin among several differentially expressed proteins, consistent with a possible role in neurogenesis. Stathmin immunohistochemistry in adult rodent brain revealed prominent expression in neuroproliferative zones and neuronal migration pathways, a pattern that resembles the expression of doublecortin, which is implicated in neuronal migration. Stathmin immunoreactivity was also associated with neurons undergoing ectopic chain migration into the ischemic striatum and cerebral cortex following focal cerebral ischemia. Reducing the expression of stathmin or doublecortin with an antisense oligonucleotide inhibited the migration of new neurons from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb via the rostral migratory stream. These results suggest a role for stathmin in the migration of newborn neurons in the adult brain. PMID- 14769824 TI - Cyclooxygenase 2 is a key enzyme for inflammatory cytokine-induced angiogenesis. AB - Cyclooxygenase1 (COX1) and COX2 mediate the rate-limiting step in arachidonic acid metabolism. Expression of COX2 mRNA and protein is often enhanced in various human cell types by inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). IL-1beta enhanced expression of various prostanoids and this expression was blocked by COX2 selective inhibitors. IL-1beta markedly induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, which was significantly inhibited by COX2 selective inhibitors but not by a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In contrast, COX2 selective inhibitors only partially blocked VEGF-induced angiogenesis. EP2, EP4 (prostaglandin E2 receptors) agonists and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor agonists induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo; IL-1beta-induced angiogenesis was blocked by an EP4 antagonist and a TXA2 receptor antagonist. IL-1beta induced much less angiogenesis in cornea of COX2 knockout mice than that of wild-type mice. This is the first report that COX2 and some prostanoids play a key role in IL-1beta-induced angiogenesis. PMID- 14769825 TI - Role of phospholipase D1 in the regulation of mTOR activity by lysophosphatidic acid. AB - Mitogens activate protein translation through phosphorylation of p7S6 kinase (p70(S6K)) and eIF4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). A recent report (Science 294, 1942, 2001) has implicated phospholipase D (PLD) in mTOR signaling. We studied the role of PLD in the phosphorylation of p70(S6K) and 4E-BP1 induced by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) using fibroblasts deficient in PLD activity and also 1-butanol, which inhibits phosphatidic acid production by PLD. The reduction in PLD activity in both situations impaired the effect of LPA on mTOR signaling but did not inhibit the effect of PDGF. PDGF induced marked phosphorylation of Akt (a PI3K target) but this was not affected by PLD deficiency. LPA caused much less phosphorylation of Akt and this was dependent on PLD activity. Toxin B, which inactivates Rho GTPases, markedly impaired PLD1 activation and phosphorylation of Akt, p70(S6K), and 4E-BP1 induced by LPA but had a minimal or no effect on the actions of PDGF. These results support the hypothesis that LPA activates protein translation through the action of PLD1-generated PA on mTOR and the PI3K/Akt pathway whereas PDGF acts through P13K/Akt independent of PLD1. PMID- 14769826 TI - Endocrine aspects of cancer gene therapy. AB - The field of cancer gene therapy is in continuous expansion, and technology is quickly moving ahead as far as gene targeting and regulation of gene expression are concerned. This review focuses on the endocrine aspects of gene therapy, including the possibility to exploit hormone and hormone receptor functions for regulating therapeutic gene expression, the use of endocrine-specific genes as new therapeutic tools, the effects of viral vector delivery and transgene expression on the endocrine system, and the endocrine response to viral vector delivery. Present ethical concerns of gene therapy and the risk of germ cell transduction are also discussed, along with potential lines of innovation to improve cell and gene targeting. PMID- 14769827 TI - Coregulator function: a key to understanding tissue specificity of selective receptor modulators. AB - Ligands for the nuclear receptor superfamily control many aspects of biology, including development, reproduction, and homeostasis, through regulation of the transcriptional activity of their cognate receptors. Selective receptor modulators (SRMs) are receptor ligands that exhibit agonistic or antagonistic biocharacter in a cell- and tissue context-dependent manner. The prototypical SRM is tamoxifen, which as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, can activate or inhibit estrogen receptor action. SRM-induced alterations in the conformation of the ligand-binding domains of nuclear receptors influence their abilities to interact with other proteins, such as coactivators and corepressors. It has been postulated, therefore, that the relative balance of coactivator and corepressor expression within a given target cell determines the relative agonist vs. antagonist activity of SRMs. However, recent evidence reveals that the cellular environment also plays a critical role in determining SRM biocharacter. Cellular signaling influences the activity and subcellular localization of coactivators and corepressors as well as nuclear receptors, and this contributes to gene-, cell-, and tissue-specific responses to SRM ligands. Increased understanding of the effect of cellular environment on nuclear receptors and their coregulators has the potential to open the field of SRM discovery and research to many members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. PMID- 14769828 TI - The bone morphogenetic protein system in mammalian reproduction. AB - Using molecular, cellular, and genetic approaches, recent studies examining the role of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of growth factors in the reproductive system have led to significant breakthroughs in our understanding of mammalian reproduction and fertility. Gene expression studies have revealed that key components of the BMP system (ligands, receptors, signaling molecules, and binding proteins) exhibit coordinated spatial and temporal expression patterns in fundamental cell types throughout the reproductive system. Availability of recombinant BMPs has enabled functional studies that have demonstrated important biological activities of BMPs in controlling cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in reproductive tissues. The physiological importance of the BMP system for mammalian reproduction has been further highlighted by the elucidation of the aberrant reproductive phenotypes of animals with naturally occurring mutations or targeted deletions of certain BMP family genes. Collectively, these studies have established the concept that the BMP system plays a crucial role in fertility in female and male mammals. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence underpinning the importance of the BMP system in mammalian reproduction. PMID- 14769829 TI - Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. AB - This review focuses on the systemic complications of acromegaly. Mortality in this disease is increased mostly because of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, although currently neoplastic complications have been questioned as a relevant cause of increased risk of death. Biventricular hypertrophy, occurring independently of hypertension and metabolic complications, is the most frequent cardiac complication. Diastolic and systolic dysfunction develops along with disease duration; and other cardiac disorders, such as arrhythmias, valve disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction, are also common in acromegaly. Control of acromegaly by surgery or pharmacotherapy, especially somatostatin analogs, improves cardiovascular morbidity. Respiratory disorders, sleep apnea, and ventilatory dysfunction are also important contributors in increasing mortality and are advantageously benefitted by controlling GH and IGF-I hypersecretion. An increased risk of colonic polyps, which more frequently recur in patients not controlled after treatment, has been reported by several independent investigations, although malignancies in other organs have also been described, but less convincingly than at the gastrointestinal level. Finally, the most important cause of morbidity and functional disability of the disease is arthropathy, which can be reversed at an initial stage, but not if the disease is left untreated for several years. PMID- 14769830 TI - Nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetes. AB - People with type 2 diabetes are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD), compared with those without diabetes. Traditional risk factors do not fully explain this excess risk, and other "nontraditional" risk factors may be important. This review will highlight the importance of nontraditional risk factors for CVD in the setting of type 2 diabetes and discuss their role in the pathogenesis of the excess CVD morbidity and mortality in these patients. We will also discuss the impact of various therapies used in patients with diabetes on nontraditional risk factors. PMID- 14769831 TI - Effects of galantamine, a nicotinic allosteric potentiating ligand, on nicotine induced catecholamine release in hippocampus and nucleus accumbens of rats. AB - Galantamine, a drug for treatment of Alzheimer's disease, is a novel cholinergic agent with a dual mode of action that inhibits acetylcholinesterase and allosterically modulates nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs). Nicotine stimulates catecholamine secretion, inducing hippocampal norepinephrine (NE) release, and improves memory consolidation. Thus, the effect of galantamine on nicotine-induced hippocampal NE secretion was investigated. This was compared with the effect of galantamine on nicotine-induced dopamine (DA) release within the nucleus accumbens of the same rat. Nicotine (0.025-0.09 mg/kg i.v.) dose dependently increased NE and DA levels in microdialysates from the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, respectively, of freely moving rats. Pretreatment with galantamine (3.0 mg/kg s.c.) 3 h before nicotine either potentiated NE responses to doses of nicotine that were ineffective alone (0.025-0.045 mg/kg) or significantly enhanced (0.065 mg/kg) NE responses, whereas galantamine was ineffective when administered 2 or 4 h before nicotine. In contrast to its effects on NE, galantamine did not alter accumbal DA responses to any dose of nicotine. These selective effects of galantamine on nicotine-stimulated NE secretion may reflect differences in local neural circuits that use nAChRs to modulate hippocampal NE versus accumbal DA release. PMID- 14769832 TI - Signal transduction underlying carbachol-induced contraction of human urinary bladder. AB - The present study was designed to reexamine the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype mediating carbachol-induced contraction of human urinary bladder and to investigate the underlying signal transduction. Based upon the nonselective tolterodine, the highly M(2)-selective (R)-4-[2-[3-(4-methoxy-benzoylamino) benzyl]-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]piperidine-1-carboxylic acid amide (Ro-320-6206), and the highly M(3)-selective darifenacin and 3-(1-carbamoyl-1,1-diphenylmethyl) 1-(4-methoxyphenylethyl)pyrrolidine (APP), contraction occurs via M(3) receptors. The phospholipase C inhibitor 1-(6-[([17beta]-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5[10]-trien-17 yl)amino]hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U 73,122) (1-10 microM) did not significantly affect carbachol-stimulated bladder contraction. The phospholipase D inhibitor butan-1-ol relative to its negative control butan-2-ol (0.3% each) caused small but detectable inhibition of carbachol-induced bladder contraction. The Ca(2+) entry blocker nifedipine (10-100 nM) strongly inhibited carbachol induced bladder contraction. In contrast, 1-[beta-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]-4 methoxyphenethyl]-1H-imidazole HCl (SK&F 96,365) (1-10 microM), an inhibitor of store-operated Ca(2+) channels, caused little inhibition. The protein kinase C inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I (1-10 microM) did not significantly affected carbachol-induced bladder contraction. In contrast, trans-4-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]-N 4-pyridinylcyclohexanecarboxamide (Y 27,632) (1-10 microM), an inhibitor of rho associated kinases, concentration dependently and effectively attenuated the carbachol responses. We conclude that carbachol-induced contraction of human urinary bladder via M(3) receptors largely depends on Ca(2+) entry through nifedipine-sensitive channels and activation of a rho kinase, whereas phospholipase D and store-operated Ca(2+) channels contribute only in a minor way. Surprisingly, phospholipase C or protein kinase C do not seem to be involved to a relevant extent. PMID- 14769833 TI - Naproxen reduces excitotoxic neurodegeneration in vivo with an extended therapeutic window. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the optimal dose and therapeutic window of opportunity of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen in an animal model of excitotoxic neuronal injury. Injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 18 20 nmol) into the CA1 region of the left hippocampus resulted in significant brain edema as measured by the percentage of total forebrain water content that occurred 24 h after intrahippocampal microinjection of NMDA with approximately 50% loss of CA1 neurons assessed 72 h later. Naproxen pretreatment (20 mg/kg) resulted in significantly less brain edema. Ten, 15, or 20 mg/kg naproxen, administered systemically 1 day (b.i.d.) before and for 3 days after (b.i.d.) NMDA injection, attenuated the neuronal damage by 27.2 +/- 7.8, 39.6 +/- 11.1, and 57.0 +/- 5.2%, respectively. By comparison, a single dose of MK-801 (2 mg/kg i.p.) given 20 min before NMDA injection inhibited subsequent hippocampal injury by 65.6 +/- 8.8%. Most importantly, neuroprotection was still evident when naproxen treatment (20 mg/kg i.p.) was initiated 6 h after NMDA microinjection. Protection was lost if administration of naproxen was delayed for 20 h. These findings demonstrate that naproxen can prevent excitotoxic neuronal injury in vivo, that it is nearly as effective as direct NMDA receptor antagonism, and that it has an extended therapeutic time window. As such, naproxen may be a particularly promising pharmaceutical for the treatment of neurological diseases associated with overactivation of NMDA receptors. PMID- 14769834 TI - The effect of acute angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 inhibition on plasma extravasation in the rat. AB - The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibition on microvascular plasma leakage (extravasation) was evaluated in a rat model. Progressive inhibition of ACE using captopril caused increased extravasation when lung ACE was inhibited by >55%. In contrast, the selective inhibition of renal NEP by >90% using ecadotril did not increase extravasation. In NEP-inhibited rats, extravasation produced by the ACE inhibitors captopril and lisinopril was markedly enhanced. The dual ACE and NEP inhibitor omapatrilat, at oral doses of 0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg, selectively inhibited lung ACE by 19, 61, and 76%, respectively, and did not cause significant extravasation. Doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg omapatrilat, which produced >90% inhibition of ACE and also inhibited renal NEP by 54 and 78%, respectively, significantly increased extravasation. In this model, bradykinin and substance P produced extravasation that could be abolished by the bradykinin 2 (B2) receptor antagonist Hoe 140 (icatibant) or the neurokinin1 (NK1) antagonist CP99994 [(+)-(2S,3S)-3-(2 methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine], respectively. Bradykinin induced extravasation was also partially ( approximately 40%) inhibited by CP99994, indicating that a portion of the response involves B2 receptor-mediated release of substance P. In conclusion, this study is the first to relate the degree of ACE and/or NEP inhibition to extravasation liability in the rat model. Our data clearly demonstrate that ACE inhibitor-induced plasma extravasation is enhanced by concomitant inhibition of NEP. In addition, this study provides further evidence for the role for B2 and NK1 receptors in mediating plasma extravasation in the rat. PMID- 14769835 TI - Buspirone raises blood pressure through activation of sympathetic nervous system and by direct activation of alpha1-adrenergic receptors after severe hemorrhage. AB - 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonists reverse the hypotensive and sympathoinhibitory responses to severe hemorrhage in rats. To determine whether 5 HT1A receptor-mediated pressor responses in hypovolemic animals are due to sympathoexcitation and/or direct vasoconstriction, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) responses to the partial 5 HT1A receptor agonist buspirone or the more selective, full 5-HT1A receptor agonist (+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) were compared in intact and ganglionic blocked, hemorrhaged Sprague-Dawley rats. Buspirone produced dose-dependent increases in BP (110 +/- 4(**), 86 +/- 4(**), 65 +/- 7 mm Hg), HR [369 +/- 10(**), 337 +/- 14, 277 +/- 16 beats per minute (bpm)], and RSNA (114 +/- 36(**), 34 +/- 21, -23 +/- 25% baseline for 0.2, 0.1, and 0 mg/kg; (**)p < 0.01 versus 0 mg/kg, 3 min after injection). Ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium chloride blocked the pressor effect of 9.9 microg/kg 8-OH-DPAT and attenuated, but did not block, the pressor response to 0.2 mg/kg buspirone (85 +/ 7 versus 46 +/- 6 mm Hg for buspirone + ganglionic blockade versus saline + ganglionic blockade; p < 0.01). In subsequent tests, rats treated with the selective alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin (25 microg/kg) continued to show extensive tachycardic (+73 +/- 26 bpm) and sympathoexcitatory (128 +/- 55% baseline) responses to 0.2 mg/kg buspirone. Ganglionic blockade combined with prazosin completely blocked all responses to buspirone. Buspirone (0.2 mg/kg) produced significant bradycardic (-89 +/- 12 bpm; p < 0.01) and sympathoinhibitory (-72 +/- 7% baseline; p < 0.01) responses in euvolemic rats 3 min after injection. It is concluded that the pressor effect of buspirone is unique to hypovolemic animals and is mediated by sympathetic activation as well as direct activation of vascular alpha1-adrenergic receptors. PMID- 14769836 TI - Eye-preservation treatment of retinoblastoma with vitreous seeding. AB - Retinoblastoma with vitreous seeding has been one of the most challenging conditions for eye-preservation therapy. Several modalities for treating vitreous seeding were reviewed in order to analyze the problems associated with them. External beam radiotherapy has been the most reliable method to treat vitreous seeding. However, recurrence after external beam radiotherapy needs other types of treatments to preserve the eyeballs. Due to the progress of investigations concerning retinoblastoma, chemotherapy has become the most promising method to cure not only recurrence but also primary tumors. Systemic chemotherapy can rarely cure vitreous seeding, but local chemotherapy using vitreous injections of melphalan can preserve about 50% of the eyeballs with vitreous seeding. Currently, animal experiments are being conducted to study the efficacy and safety of vitreous surgery combined with infusion of anticancer drugs for eradication of vitreous seeds and maintenance of visual function. PMID- 14769837 TI - Comparison of intrathecal chemotherapy for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis of a solid tumor: methotrexate alone versus methotrexate in combination with cytosine arabinoside and hydrocortisone. AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of intrathecal methotrexate single therapy with three-drug combination therapy in patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. METHODS: Fifty-five patients who had pathologically proven leptomeningeal carcinomatosis of a solid tumor were evaluated in terms of pathological response. Group M (n = 29) received methotrexate 15 mg and group MHA (n = 26) received methotrexate 15 mg, hydrocortisone 15 mg/m(2) and ara-C 30 mg/m(2) twice a week intrathecally until a cytological response was obtained. RESULTS: Primary sites of the tumor were the lung (n = 33), breast (n = 13) and stomach (n = 5). The pathology of 45 patients was adenocarcinoma. The cytological response rate to intrathecal chemotherapy was significantly higher in the MHA group than in the M group (38.5 vs 13.8%, P = 0.036). The median survival was 18.6 weeks in the MHA arm and 10.4 weeks in the M arm (P = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Combination intrathecal chemotherapy with methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside and hydrocortisone showed more favorable effects than methotrexate single therapy for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in solid tumors. PMID- 14769838 TI - Intratumor microvessel density in biopsy specimens predicts local response of hypopharyngeal cancer to radiotherapy. AB - BACKGROUND: The aim of this retrospective study was to identify reliable predictive factors for local control of hypopharyngeal cancer (HPC) treated by radiotherapy. METHODS: A cohort of 38 patients with HPC treated by radical radiotherapy at the National Cancer Center Hospital East between 1992 and 1999 were selected as subjects for the present study. Paraffin-embedded pre-therapy biopsy specimens from these patients were used for immunostaining to evaluate the relationships between local tumor control and expression of the following previously reported predictive factors for local recurrence of head and neck cancer treated by radiotherapy: Ki-67, Cyclin D1, CDC25B, VEGF, p53, Bax and Bcl 2. The predictive power of microvessel density (MVD) in biopsy specimens and of clinicopathologic factors (age, gender and clinical tumor-node-metastasis stage) was also statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients developed tumor recurrence at the primary site. Univariate analysis indicated better local control of tumors with high microvessel density [MVD >or= median (39 vessels/field)] than with low MVD (< median, P = 0.042). There were no significant associations between local control and expression of Ki-67 (P = 0.467), Bcl-2 (P = 0.127), Bax (P = 0.242 ), p53 (P = 0.262), Cyclin D1 (P = 0.245), CDC25B (P = 0.511) or VEGF (P = 0.496). Clinicopathologic factors were also demonstrated to have no significant influence on local control (age, P = 0.974; gender, P = 0.372; T factor, P = 0.602; N factor, P = 0.530; Stage, P = 0.499). CONCLUSION: Microvessel density in biopsy specimens was closely correlated with local control of HPC treated by radiotherapy. PMID- 14769839 TI - Early concurrent chemoradiotherapy with prolonged oral etoposide and cisplatin for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. AB - BACKGROUND: Combined chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the standard treatment modality for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (LSCLC), but the optimal timing of radiation is controversial. Prolonged oral etoposide has the advantage of prolonged exposure, which possibly leads to improved clinical outcome. We conducted a phase II trial of early concurrent CRT, starting from the very beginning of the first cycle of chemotherapy for previously untreated LSCLC. METHODS: Chemotherapy was given for six cycles, each consisting of oral etoposide (50 mg/m(2) daily from day 1 to 14) and intravenous cisplatin (75 mg/m(2) on day 1), every 3 weeks. Thoracic radiation therapy was given from day 1 of the first cycle of chemotherapy, administered at 2.0 Gy in 22 daily fractions to a total dose of 44 Gy. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were enrolled. The median age was 60 years (range, 42-77 years), including 15 patients (34%) over 65 years-of-age. We observed a complete response rate of 52% (95% CI, 37-67%), and an overall response rate of 88% in an intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis. Median overall survival was 14.9 months (95% CI, 11.4-18.3 months) and the median time to progression was 10.8 months (95% CI, 9.3-12.4 months) for the ITT population. In 220 cycles, grade 3-4 neutropenia was observed in 48% of cycles and grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia in 30% of cycles. Neutropenic fever was observed in 18 patients (41%). CONCLUSIONS: Early concurrent CRT, starting from the very beginning of the first cycle of chemotherapy with prolonged oral etoposide and cisplatin failed to show any improvement in survival compared with other CRT regimens. PMID- 14769840 TI - Study of paclitaxel and dose escalation of cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. AB - BACKGROUND: We conducted a dose-finding and feasibility study in which we administered a fixed dose 3-h infusion of paclitaxel and an escalating dose of cisplatin in Japanese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: Chemotherapy consisted of fixed dose (210 mg/m(2)) paclitaxel given over 3 h on day 1 and an escalating dose of cisplatin on day 2, every 3-4 weeks. The dose of cisplatin was 40 mg/m(2) at level 1, 60 mg/m(2) at level 2 and 80 mg/m(2) at level 3. RESULTS: Between October 1999 and February 2001, 24 patients were enrolled and 58 cycles were administered. The major hematological toxicities were leukopenia and neutropenia. Grade 4 neutropenia developed in 83.3%, 66.7% and 83.3% of patients at the dose levels of 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The major non hematological toxicities consisted of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation and peripheral neuropathy. Grade 3 ALT elevation was observed in two of the 12 patients at level 3, but both recovered within 3 days. The peripheral neuropathy was sensory-dominant and frequent, and it was almost tolerable. The maximum tolerated dose was not identified even at the highest dose of paclitaxel (210 mg/m(2)) and cisplatin (80 mg/m(2)) administered in the study. The recommended dose was determined to be paclitaxel 210 mg/m(2) on day 1 and cisplatin 80 mg/m(2) on day 2, every 3-4 weeks. Seven partial responses were observed in the 24 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of paclitaxel 210 mg/m(2) and cisplatin 80 mg/m(2) was found to be a well-tolerated active regimen in Japanese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. PMID- 14769841 TI - Cyclooxygenase-2 expression and its relationship with proliferation of colorectal adenomas. AB - BACKGROUND: Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 may be linked to carcinogenesis. In the previous study, we examined COX-2 expression immunohistochemically in 95 adenomas and reported a significant correlation between its expression and the grade of dysplasia. To clarify the correlation between COX-2 expression and cell proliferation, we investigated Ki-67 labeling index using immunohistochemistry and its correlation with COX-2 expression. METHODS: Immunohistological staining for Ki-67 antigen was performed on 95 colorectal adenomas previously reported. RESULTS: The Ki-67 labeling index was significantly higher in the high-COX-2 group than in the low-COX-2 and negative groups in adenomas with moderate (44.5 +/- 6.4% vs 33.0 +/- 2.6%, 39.0 +/- 6.2%; P = 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively) or severe dysplasia (47.2 +/- 7.6% vs 40.3 +/- 7.2%, 35.0 +/- 5.4%; P = 0.02, P = 0.005, respectively). There was no correlation between Ki-67 labeling index and COX-2 expression in mild dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that COX-2 may play a causal role in cell proliferation in carcinogenesis. PMID- 14769842 TI - Cytological features of cervical smears in serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. AB - OBJECTIVE: Serous adenocarcinoma (SAC) of the endometrium has a poor prognosis compared with that of typical endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC). The objective of this study was to determine whether SAC can be distinguished from EAC preoperatively by cervical or endometrial cytology. STUDY DESIGN: Cervical smears and endometrial smears obtained from 128 patients with endometrial carcinoma were reviewed. Histological types included 117 cases of EAC and 11 cases of SAC. The positive rates of cervical smears and those of endometrial smears in SAC and EAC cases were compared. Papillary clusters and bare nuclei of malignant cells in positive cervical smears were also investigated for their diagnostic significance in discriminating between EAC and SAC. RESULTS: The positive rate of cervical smears in SAC was significantly higher than that in EAC (72.7 vs 27.4%, P < 0.05). Among cases with positive cervical smears, there were significantly more cases with papillary clusters and/or bare nuclei in cases of SAC than in cases of EAC. CONCLUSION: When endometrial carcinoma is clinically suspected and a cervical smear is positive, the predominance of either papillary clusters or features of bare nuclei of malignant cells in the smear may indicate the presence of SAC. PMID- 14769843 TI - The myeloprotective effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate in an irradiated animal model. AB - BACKGROUND: In this study we evaluated the effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and its major ingredients on protection of the hematopoietic organs against radiation damage. METHOD: One group of mice was given saline as placebo and the other groups were given MPA. Mice were injected with MPA (10 mg/kg) or saline 10 days before or after a single 8 Gy whole body cobalt irradiation. On day 14 the mice were sacrificed and their bone marrow transplanted to recipient mice. Ten days after the transplantation, spleen colony formation was investigated in mice. RESULTS: Administration of MPA with irradiation increased the formation of the spleen colony. Statistically significant enhancement of the spleen colony formation was found in mice treated with MPA repeatedly, as compared with those treated with placebo (P < 0.001). No significant difference in Spleen Colony Forming Unit (CFU-S) numbers was observed between pre-and post-radiotherapy administration of MPA (P = 0.216). CONCLUSION: It is an important observation that no significant difference was observed in CFU-S numbers between pre- and post-irradiation administration of MPA. PMID- 14769844 TI - Trends in uterine cancer incidence in Japan 1975-98. PMID- 14769845 TI - Regulated exocytosis of GABA-containing synaptic-like microvesicles in pancreatic beta-cells. AB - We have explored whether gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is released by regulated exocytosis of GABA-containing synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs) in insulin releasing rat pancreatic beta-cells. To this end, beta-cells were engineered to express GABA(A)-receptor Cl(-)-channels at high density using adenoviral infection. Electron microscopy indicated that the average diameter of the SLMVs is 90 nm, that every beta-cell contains approximately 3,500 such vesicles, and that insulin-containing large dense core vesicles exclude GABA. Quantal release of GABA, seen as rapidly activating and deactivating Cl(-)-currents, was observed during membrane depolarizations from -70 mV to voltages beyond -40 mV or when Ca(2+) was dialysed into the cell interior. Depolarization-evoked GABA release was suppressed when Ca(2+) entry was inhibited using Cd(2+). Analysis of the kinetics of GABA release revealed that GABA-containing vesicles can be divided into a readily releasable pool and a reserve pool. Simultaneous measurements of GABA release and cell capacitance indicated that exocytosis of SLMVs contributes approximately 1% of the capacitance signal. Mathematical analysis of the release events suggests that every SLMV contains 0.36 amol of GABA. We conclude that there are two parallel pathways of exocytosis in pancreatic beta-cells and that release of GABA may accordingly be temporally and spatially separated from insulin secretion. This provides a basis for paracrine GABAergic signaling within the islet. PMID- 14769846 TI - Mechanism of ivermectin facilitation of human P2X4 receptor channels. AB - Ivermectin (IVM), a widely used antiparasitic agent in human and veterinary medicine, was recently shown to augment macroscopic currents through rat P2X(4) receptor channels. In the present study, the effects of IVM on the human P2X(4) (hP2X(4)) receptor channel stably transfected in HEK293 cells were investigated by recording membrane currents using the patch clamp technique. In whole-cell recordings, IVM (< or =10 microM) applied from outside the cell (but not from inside) increased the maximum current activated by ATP, and slowed the rate of current deactivation. These two phenomena likely result from the binding of IVM to separate sites. A higher affinity site (EC(50) 0.25 microM) increased the maximal current activated by saturating concentrations of ATP without significantly changing the rate of current deactivation or the EC(50) and Hill slope of the ATP concentration-response relationship. A lower affinity site (EC(50) 2 microM) slowed the rate of current deactivation, and increased the apparent affinity for ATP. In cell-attached patch recordings, P2X(4) receptor channels exhibited complex kinetics, with multiple components in both the open and shut distributions. IVM (0.3 microM) increased the number of openings per burst, without significantly changing the mean open or mean shut time within a burst. At higher concentrations (1.5 microM) of IVM, two additional open time components of long duration were observed that gave rise to long-lasting bursts of channel activity. Together, the results suggest that the binding of IVM to the higher affinity site increases current amplitude by reducing channel desensitization, whereas the binding of IVM to the lower affinity site slows the deactivation of the current predominantly by stabilizing the open conformation of the channel. PMID- 14769847 TI - Specificity of charge-carrying residues in the voltage sensor of potassium channels. AB - Positively charged voltage sensors of sodium and potassium channels are driven outward through the membrane's electric field upon depolarization. This movement is coupled to channel opening. A recent model based on studies of the KvAP channel proposes that the positively charged voltage sensor, christened the "voltage-sensor paddle", is a peripheral domain that shuttles its charged cargo through membrane lipid like a hydrophobic cation. We tested this idea by attaching charged adducts to cysteines introduced into the putative voltage sensor paddle of Shaker potassium channels and measuring fractional changes in the total gating charge from gating currents. The only residues capable of translocating attached charges through the membrane-electric field are those that serve this function in the native channel. This remarkable specificity indicates that charge movement involves highly specialized interactions between the voltage sensor and other regions of the protein, a mechanism inconsistent with the paddle model. PMID- 14769848 TI - GABA in the endocrine pancreas: its putative role as an islet cell paracrine signalling molecule. PMID- 14769849 TI - Activation of virus-specific memory B cells in the absence of T cell help. AB - Humoral immunity is maintained by long-lived plasma cells, constitutively secreting antibodies, and nonsecreting resting memory B cells that are rapidly reactivated upon antigen encounter. The activation requirements for resting memory B cells, particularly the role of T helper cells, are unclear. To analyze the activation of memory B cells, mice were immunized with human cytomegalovirus, a complex human herpesvirus, and tick-born encephalitis virus, and a simple flavivirus. B cell populations devoid of Ig-secreting plasma cells were adoptively transferred into T and B cell-deficient RAG-1-/- mice. Antigenic stimulation 4-6 d after transfer of B cells resulted in rapid IgG production. The response was long lasting and strictly antigen specific, excluding polyclonal B cell activation. CD4+ T cells were not involved since (a) further depletion of CD4+ T cells in the recipient mice did not alter the antibody response and (b) recipient mice contained no detectable CD4+ T cells 90 d posttransfer. Memory B cells could not be activated by a soluble viral protein without T cell help. Transfer of memory B cells into immunocompetent animals indicated that presence of helper T cells did not enhance the memory B cell response. Therefore, our results indicate that activation of virus-specific memory B cells to secrete IgG is independent of cognate or bystander T cell help. PMID- 14769850 TI - Evidence for the presentation of major histocompatibility complex class I restricted Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 peptides to CD8+ T lymphocytes. AB - The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is expressed in all EBV-associated tumors, making it an important target for immunotherapy. However, evidence for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted EBNA1 peptides endogenously presented by EBV-transformed B and tumor cells remains elusive. Here we describe for the first time the identification of an endogenously processed human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B8 restricted EBNA1 peptide that is recognized by CD8+ T cells. T cell recognition could be inhibited by the treatment of target cells with proteasome inhibitors that block the MHC class I antigen processing pathway, but not by an inhibitor (chloroquine) of MHC class II antigen processing. We also demonstrate that new protein synthesis is required for the generation of the HLA-B8 epitope for T cell recognition, suggesting that defective ribosomal products (DRiPs) are the major source of T cell epitopes. Experiments with protease inhibitors indicate that some serine proteases may participate in the degradation of EBNA1 DRiPs before they are further processed by proteasomes. These findings not only provide the first evidence of the presentation of an MHC class I-restricted EBNA1 epitope to CD8+ T cells, but also offer new insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the processing and presentation of EBNA1. PMID- 14769851 TI - Induction of tumor-specific T cell immunity by anti-DR5 antibody therapy. AB - Because tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) preferentially induces apoptosis in tumor cells and plays a critical role in tumor surveillance, its receptor is an attractive target for antibody-mediated tumor therapy. Here we report that a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the mouse TRAIL receptor, DR5, exhibited potent antitumor effects against TRAIL-sensitive tumor cells in vivo by recruiting Fc receptor-expressing innate immune cells, with no apparent systemic toxicity. Administration of the agonistic anti-DR5 mAb also significantly inhibited experimental and spontaneous tumor metastases. Notably, the anti-DR5 mAb-mediated tumor rejection by innate immune cells efficiently evoked tumor-specific T cell immunity that could also eradicate TRAIL resistant variants. These results suggested that the antibody-based therapy targeting DR5 is an efficient strategy not only to eliminate TRAIL-sensitive tumor cells, but also to induce tumor-specific T cell memory that affords a long term protection from tumor recurrence. PMID- 14769853 TI - Developmental separation of V(D)J recombinase expression and initiation of IgH recombination in B lineage progenitors in vivo. AB - In B lineage progenitors, V(D)J recombination occurs only during distinct stages of development and is restricted to immunoglobulin loci. This process is thought to be controlled by both regulated expression of the V(D)J recombinase and by limited accessibility of target loci to the recombinase complex. However, it is unknown whether these two processes occur concomitantly in developing B lineage progenitors or whether these events are temporally distinct and, therefore, potentially independently regulated. To distinguish between these possibilities, we developed a transgenic V(D)J recombination substrate that is not governed by the same chromatin remodeling constraints as endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) loci and examined the requirements for V(D)J recombination to initiate in early B lineage progenitors. We find that single B lineage precursors express an active V(D)J recombinase in vivo before the stage when IgH rearrangements are frequently detectable. Our results indicate that the onset of recombinase activity and the initiation of IgH recombination are developmentally distinct events in the B lineage. PMID- 14769852 TI - B lineage-specific regulation of V(D)J recombinase activity is established in common lymphoid progenitors. AB - Expression of V(D)J recombinase activity in developing lymphocytes is absolutely required for initiation of V(D)J recombination at antigen receptor loci. However, little is known about when during hematopoietic development the V(D)J recombinase is first active, nor is it known what elements activate the recombinase in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. Using mice that express a fluorescent transgenic V(D)J recombination reporter, we show that the V(D)J recombinase is active as early as common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) but not in the upstream progenitors that retain myeloid lineage potential. Evidence of this recombinase activity is detectable in all four progeny lineages (B, T, and NK, and DC), and rag2 levels are the highest in progenitor subsets immediately downstream of the CLP. By single cell PCR, we demonstrate that V(D)J rearrangements are detectable at IgH loci in approximately 5% of splenic natural killer cells. Finally, we show that recombinase activity in CLPs is largely controlled by the Erag enhancer. As activity of the Erag enhancer is restricted to the B cell lineage, this provides the first molecular evidence for establishment of a lineage-specific transcription program in multipotent progenitors. PMID- 14769854 TI - The CD8 population in CD4-deficient mice is heavily contaminated with MHC class II-restricted T cells. AB - In experiments to study the impact of deficiency in CD4+ T cell help on the magnitude of CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response to pathogens, it was noted that in CD4 gene knockout mice, the CD8 population made significant responses to several nominally major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted epitopes in addition to the expected responses to MHC class I-restricted epitopes. A similar response by CD8+ T cells to class II-restricted epitopes was not observed in wild type mice, or in mice that had been acutely depleted of CD4+ T cells just before the immunization. Coincident with this unexpected response to class II-restricted epitopes, it was also observed that the CD8+ response to the class I-restricted epitopes was consistently lower in CD4-/- mice than in wild-type mice. Further experiments suggested that these two observations are linked and that the CD8 population in CD4-/- mice may contain a majority of T cells that were actually selected by recognition of MHC class II molecules in the thymus. These results have implications for understanding CD4 versus CD8 lineage commitment in the thymus, and for the practical use of CD4-/- mice as models of helper deficiency. PMID- 14769855 TI - New tumor-node-metastasis staging strategy for node-positive (stage III) rectal cancer: an analysis. AB - PURPOSE: The tumor-node-metastasis system for staging rectal cancer is based on invasion, number of involved nodes, and metastasis. Nodes are classified as N1 or N2 according to the number involved with metastases. Nodal positivity defines stage III regardless of depth of invasion or number of positive nodes. Our purpose was to analyze overall survival when node-positive patients were stratified into three new subsets. METHODS: We analyzed data entered into the National Cancer Data Base for 5,987 stage III patients with rectal cancer between 1991 and 1993. Survival was calculated using three new subgroups (IIIA: T1/2, N1; IIIB: T3/4, N1; IIIC: any T, N2). Survival following surgery and adjuvant therapy was assessed. The observed survival rates were calculated and compared using the log-rank method. The Cox regression model assessed subgroup differences. RESULTS: Five-year observed survival rates for stage III subcategories were 55.1% in IIIA; 35.3% in IIIB; and 24.5% in IIIC. Stratifying for treatment outcome, stage IIIA patients having surgery alone (n = 278) had poorer observed 5-year survival (39%) than patients treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy (chemo/XRT; n = 765; 60%). Similar outcomes occurred in IIIB (surgery-alone [n = 726; 21.7%] and chemo/XRT [n = 2,130; 40.9%] groups) and in IIIC (surgery-alone [n = 467; 12.2%] and chemo/XRT [n = 1,621; 28.9%] groups). Differences were significant (P <.0001) in all stages. CONCLUSION: The traditional stage III designation of rectal cancer fails to account for invasion (T1-4) and number of involved nodes (N1, N2). The stratification of stage III patients into three subsets should be used in future analyses of rectal cancer. The effect of postoperative adjuvant therapy was beneficial in all subsets. PMID- 14769856 TI - Polarity and proliferation are controlled by distinct signaling pathways downstream of PI3-kinase in breast epithelial tumor cells. AB - Loss of tissue polarity and increased proliferation are the characteristic alterations of the breast tumor phenotype. To investigate these processes, we used a three-dimensional (3D) culture system in which malignant human breast cells can be reverted to a normal phenotype by exposure to inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Using this assay, we find that Akt and Rac1 act as downstream effectors of PI3K and function as control points of cellular proliferation and tissue polarity, respectively. Our results also demonstrate that the PI3K signaling pathway is an integral component of the overall signaling network induced by growth in 3D, as reversion affected by inhibition of PI3K signaling also down-modulates the endogenous levels of beta1 integrin and epidermal growth factor receptor, the upstream modulators of PI3K, and up regulates PTEN, the antagonist of PI3K. These findings reveal key events of the PI3K pathway that play distinct roles to maintain tissue polarity and that when disrupted are instrumental in the malignant phenotype. PMID- 14769857 TI - In Candida albicans, the Nim1 kinases Gin4 and Hsl1 negatively regulate pseudohypha formation and Gin4 also controls septin organization. AB - In the development of hyphal germ tubes of Candida albicans, a band of septin forms at the base of the germ tube (basal septin band). Later, a septin ring forms, which organizes the first septum within the germ tube (septin ring). We have investigated the role of the Nim1 kinases, Gin4 and Hsl1, in the formation of these septin structures. We show that during germ tube formation, Gin4 is required for the organization of the septin ring but not the basal septin band. Hsl1 is not required for the formation of either septin rings or basal bands. Unexpectedly, we found that both gin4Delta and hsl1Delta mutants form pseudohyphae constitutively, in a fashion that in the case of gin4Delta, is partly independent of Swe1. Gin4-depleted pseudohyphae are unable to form hyphae when challenged with serum, but this can be overcome by ectopic expression of Gin4 from the MET3 promoter. Thus, Gin4 may regulate the developmental switch from pseudohyphae to hyphae. PMID- 14769858 TI - Capping protein binding to actin in yeast: biochemical mechanism and physiological relevance. AB - The mechanism by which capping protein (CP) binds barbed ends of actin filaments is not understood, and the physiological significance of CP binding to actin is not defined. The CP crystal structure suggests that the COOH-terminal regions of the CP alpha and beta subunits bind to the barbed end. Using purified recombinant mutant yeast CP, we tested this model. CP lacking both COOH-terminal regions did not bind actin. The alpha COOH-terminal region was more important than that of beta. The significance of CP's actin-binding activity in vivo was tested by determining how well CP actin-binding mutants rescued null mutant phenotypes. Rescue correlated well with capping activity, as did localization of CP to actin patches, indicating that capping is a physiological function for CP. Actin filaments of patches appear to be nucleated first, then capped with CP. The binding constants of yeast CP for actin suggest that actin capping in yeast is more dynamic than in vertebrates. PMID- 14769859 TI - Spindle checkpoint proteins and chromosome-microtubule attachment in budding yeast. AB - Accurate chromosome segregation depends on precise regulation of mitosis by the spindle checkpoint. This checkpoint monitors the status of kinetochore microtubule attachment and delays the metaphase to anaphase transition until all kinetochores have formed stable bipolar connections to the mitotic spindle. Components of the spindle checkpoint include the mitotic arrest defective (MAD) genes MAD1-3, and the budding uninhibited by benzimidazole (BUB) genes BUB1 and BUB3. In animal cells, all known spindle checkpoint proteins are recruited to kinetochores during normal mitoses. In contrast, we show that whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bub1p and Bub3p are bound to kinetochores early in mitosis as part of the normal cell cycle, Mad1p and Mad2p are kinetochore bound only in the presence of spindle damage or kinetochore lesions that interfere with chromosome-microtubule attachment. Moreover, although Mad1p and Mad2p perform essential mitotic functions during every division cycle in mammalian cells, they are required in budding yeast only when mitosis goes awry. We propose that differences in the behavior of spindle checkpoint proteins in animal cells and budding yeast result primarily from evolutionary divergence in spindle assembly pathways. PMID- 14769860 TI - Mice lacking JunB are osteopenic due to cell-autonomous osteoblast and osteoclast defects. AB - Because JunB is an essential gene for placentation, it was conditionally deleted in the embryo proper. JunBDelta/Delta mice are born viable, but develop severe low turnover osteopenia caused by apparent cell-autonomous osteoblast and osteoclast defects before a chronic myeloid leukemia-like disease. Although JunB was reported to be a negative regulator of cell proliferation, junBDelta/Delta osteoclast precursors and osteoblasts show reduced proliferation along with a differentiation defect in vivo and in vitro. Mutant osteoblasts express elevated p16(INK4a) levels, but exhibit decreased cyclin D1 and cyclin A expression. Runx2 is transiently increased during osteoblast differentiation in vitro, whereas mature osteoblast markers such as osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein are strongly reduced. To support a cell-autonomous function of JunB in osteoclasts, junB was inactivated specifically in the macrophage-osteoclast lineage. Mutant mice develop an osteopetrosis-like phenotype with increased bone mass and reduced numbers of osteoclasts. Thus, these data reveal a novel function of JunB as a positive regulator controlling primarily osteoblast as well as osteoclast activity. PMID- 14769861 TI - Quantitation of mitochondrial dynamics by photolabeling of individual organelles shows that mitochondrial fusion is blocked during the Bax activation phase of apoptosis. AB - A dynamic balance of organelle fusion and fission regulates mitochondrial morphology. During apoptosis this balance is altered, leading to an extensive fragmentation of the mitochondria. Here, we describe a novel assay of mitochondrial dynamics based on confocal imaging of cells expressing a mitochondrial matrix-targeted photoactivable green fluorescent protein that enables detection and quantification of organelle fusion in living cells. Using this assay, we visualize and quantitate mitochondrial fusion rates in healthy and apoptotic cells. During apoptosis, mitochondrial fusion is blocked independently of caspase activation. The block in mitochondrial fusion occurs within the same time range as Bax coalescence on the mitochondria and outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, and it may be a consequence of Bax/Bak activation during apoptosis. PMID- 14769863 TI - Molecular oscillation behind the clockface. AB - The earth rotates on its own axis while orbiting around the sun. This regular movement of the solar system results in cyclic changes of the light condition of the earth with a period of 24 h, although the lengths of daytime and nighttime depend on the latitude. The organisms living on the earth have evolved an internal time-measuring system called the "circadian clock," which ticks with a period of approximately 24 h in order to adapt to the environment and to anticipate the next cycle. The fact that most of existing organisms retain the circadian clock suggests that the clock-ownership must have been advantageous over non-ownership during their evolution. Here I will introduce the background of the research field of circadian rhythm and present an outline of this Special Review series, which is composed of three articles that review recent research into the molecular mechanisms of the three types of circadian clock systems in vertebrates. PMID- 14769862 TI - Bicarbonate-responsive "soluble" adenylyl cyclase defines a nuclear cAMP microdomain. AB - Bicarbonate-responsive "soluble" adenylyl cyclase resides, in part, inside the mammalian cell nucleus where it stimulates the activity of nuclear protein kinase A to phosphorylate the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). The existence of this complete and functional, nuclear-localized cAMP pathway establishes that cAMP signals in intracellular microdomains and identifies an alternate pathway leading to CREB activation. PMID- 14769864 TI - Molecular mechanism of mammalian circadian clock. AB - Circadian rhythms in behaviors and physiological phenomena of plants and animals have long been well known, but the frameworks of the molecular mechanism of circadian clocks have become clearer only within the last decade. A transcription translation feedback loop has been shown to be an essential component of the clock, and this mechanism seems to be conserved over a wide range of species. The transcriptional activation by a Clock:Bmal1 heterodimer and the inhibition by Cryptochrome and Period are believed to provide the framework of the feedback loop in mammals. Posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, nuclear entry and degradation have also been demonstrated to be necessary for the oscillation. Complex auxiliary loops have also been found, and these are thought to contribute to the stabilization of the feedback loop. The molecular mechanisms by which the circadian clock is adjusted to external conditions such as daily light-dark cycles, and by which the oscillation of the feedback loop is transferred to the peripheral organs are also discussed. PMID- 14769865 TI - Mammalian cultured cells as a model system of peripheral circadian clocks. AB - The mammalian circadian system consists of multiple oscillators with basically hierarchical relationship, in which the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the master pacemaker and the other oscillators in the periphery are subordinate. Although peripheral oscillators have been preceded by the SCN in circadian studies, accumulating data have revealed the importance and characteristics of peripheral oscillators. Cultured cell lines have also provided valuable information about intracellular mechanisms of circadian rhythms. This review outlines the properties of peripheral clocks in several perspectives such as the mechanisms of autonomous oscillations, the clock resetting, and the clock outputs, and describes the usefulness of immortalized cultured cells as a model system of mammalian circadian clocks by introducing some fruits of related works. PMID- 14769866 TI - Chicktacking pineal clock. AB - Many tissues in non-mammalian vertebrates contain both photoreceptors and circadian clock systems. Among these photosensitive clock structures, the chick pineal gland has been characterized in detail from cellular and molecular aspects of the clock oscillation and entrainment. Analyses of the pineal photic-input pathway revealed a phase-shifting mechanism mediated by activation of G11, one of the Gq-type G-proteins. A major photoreceptive molecule, pinopsin, likely triggers this pathway by transmitting the light signal to the circadian oscillator. In the chick pineal oscillator, the transcription/translation-based autoregulatory feedback loop is composed of positive and negative elements (clock gene products) that are homologous to those identified in mammals. In the molecular cycling, a CACGTG E-box located in the promoter region of the negative element genes plays a central role in the transcriptional regulation. The phase of the molecular cycling is modulated by many regulatory components, among which E4BP4 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) are closely associated with the photic entrainment. A light-responsive element was found in the promoter region of the Pinopsin gene, and the element included a CACGTG E-box, suggesting a novel role of the E-box as a point of convergence of light and circadian signals. These observations together point to general and unique features of the chick pineal circadian system among animal clocks. PMID- 14769867 TI - Isolation, toxicity and amino terminal sequences of three major neurotoxins in the venom of Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) from Thailand. AB - We isolated the most lethal toxins in the venom of the Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus), one of the medically most important snake species in southeast Asia. Three beta-BTx like basic neurotoxins, T1-1, T1-2, and T2, with PLA2 activity were isolated from pooled venom of eight B. candidus from southern Thailand by cation-exchange chromatography, followed by adsorption chromatography on hydroxylapatite and RP-HPLC, with 14-, 16-, and 4-fold increases in toxicity compared to crude venom. The LDs50 determined in mice weighing 18-20 g were 0.26, 0.22, and 0.84 micro g per mouse with i.v. injection. T1-1 and T1-2 possessed comparable lethal toxicities to those of beta1-BTx, the most toxic neurotoxin in B. multicinctus venom, and the major neurotoxin in B. flaviceps venom. The apparent molecular weights of the native toxins were approximately 25-25.5 kDa. They consist of two polypeptide chains with apparent molecular weights of 15.5 16.5 and 8-8.5 kDa, respectively. The amino terminal sequences of the two chains of each of the toxins determined by Edman degradation exhibited considerable similarity with those of the A-chains and B-chains of beta-BTxs in the venom of Bungarus multicinctus. PMID- 14769868 TI - Recombinant expression, biochemical characterization and stabilization through proteolysis of an L-glutamate oxidase from Streptomyces sp. X-119-6. AB - L-glutamate oxidase (LGOX) from Streptomyces sp. X-119-6 is a protein of 150 kDa that has hexamer structure alpha2beta2gamma2. The gene encoding LGOX was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. LGOX isolated from the E. coli transformant had the structure of a one chain polypeptide. Although the recombinant LGOX exhibited catalytic activity, it was inferior to the LGOX isolated from Streptomyces sp. X-119-6 in catalytic efficiency. The recombinant LGOX exhibited low thermostability compared to the LGOX isolated from Streptomyces sp. X-119-6 and was an aggregated form. Proteolysis of the recombinant LGOX with the metalloendopeptidase from Streptomyces griseus (Sgmp) improved its catalytic efficiency at various pH. Furthermore, the Sgmp-treated recombinant LGOX had a subunit structure of alpha2beta2gamma2 and nearly the same enzymological character as the LGOX isolated from Streptomyces sp. X-119-6. A higher molecular species observed for the recombinant LGOX was not detected for the Sgmp-treated recombinant LGOX. These results prove that proteolysis by Sgmp is involved in the stabilization of the recombinant LGOX. PMID- 14769869 TI - Expression, purification, and characterization of humanized anti-HBs Fab fragment. AB - Anti-HBs Fab fragment has considerable potential for use in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases by HBV. Here we established a high-level expression system to directly produce anti-HBs Fab fragment in Pichia pastoris. This was achieved by co-integration of the genes encoding the heavy and light chains both under the genome of the yeast cells. The Fab fragment was efficiently secreted into medium at a concentration of 50 mg/liter. The authenticity of the Fab fragment was confirmed by immunoblot analysis, which yielded one band of approximately 50 kDa under nonreducing conditions and two bands of approximately 28 kDa under reducing conditions. The anti-HBs Fab fragment was prepared with a purity of 95% by affinity chromatography. The affinity activity of the recombinant Fab was detected by ELISA, which indicated that 1 mg of recombinant Fab was equivalent to 40 IU HBIG (20 IU/mg). The results demonstrated that the recombinant Fab fragment could sufficiently neutralize the HBsAg. PMID- 14769870 TI - Significance of highly conserved aromatic residues in Micrococcus luteus B-P 26 undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase. AB - Undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the sequential condensation of eight molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) in the cis-configuration into farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to produce undecaprenyl diphosphate (UPP), which is indispensable for the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall. This cis-type prenyltransferase exhibits a quite different mode of binding of homoallylic substrate IPP from that of trans-type prenyltransferase [Kharel Y. et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 28459-28464]. In order to know the IPP binding mode in more detail, we selected six highly conserved residues in Regions III, IV, and V among nine conserved aromatic residues in Micrococcus luteus B-P 26 UPP synthase for substitution by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutant enzymes were expressed and purified to homogeneity, and then their effects on substrate binding and the catalytic function were examined. All of the mutant enzymes showed moderately similar far-UV CD spectra to that of the wild-type, indicating that none of the replacement of conserved aromatic residues affected the secondary structure of the enzyme. Kinetic analysis showed that the replacement of Tyr-71 with Ser in Region III, Tyr-148 with Phe in Region IV, and Trp-210 with Ala in Region V brought about 10-1,600-fold decreases in the kcat/Km values compared to that of the wild-type but the Km values for both substrates IPP and FPP resulted in only moderate changes. Substitution of Phe-207 with Ser in Region V resulted in a 13 fold increase in the Km value for IPP and a 1,000-2,000-fold lower kcat/Km value than those of the wild-type, although the Km values for FPP showed about no significant changes. In addition, the W224A mutant as to Region V showed 6-fold and 14-fold increased Km values for IPP and FPP, respectively, and 100-250-fold decreased kcat/Km values as compared to those of the wild-type. These results suggested that these conserved aromatic residues play important roles in the binding with both substrates, IPP and FPP, as well as the catalytic function of undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase. PMID- 14769871 TI - Possible involvement of optimally phosphorylated L-plastin in activation of superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase. AB - The involvement of protein phosphatases in the activation of superoxide (O2-)- generating enzyme in human neutrophils was examined using calyculin A, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase type 1 and 2A. Calyculin A inhibited the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)- and opsonized zymosan (OZ)-activated O2- generation by human neutrophils. This inhibitory effect of calyculin A on PMA-activated O2- generation was reversed by the addition of KT5926, a specific inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. These results suggest that the addition of calyculin A may cause hyperphosphorylation of some protein(s) that plays a crucial role in the PMA-dependent activation of O2- generating enzyme, and that this protein hyperphosphorylation may be evoked by a KT5926-sensitive kinase or its downstream kinase. Whereas two-dimensional analysis involving 32P revealed that calyculin A caused the hyperphosphorylation of many proteins, KT5926 mainly reduced the calyculin A-induced hyperphosphorylation of a 67 kDa protein in activated neutrophils, suggesting that the hyperphosphorylation of the 67 kDa protein might inhibit the PMA dependent activation of NADPH oxidase. The 67 kDa cytosolic protein was moderately phosphorylated on the addition of PMA. On the other hand, in the absence of calyculin A, KT5926 inhibited both PMA-induced O2- generation and phosphorylation of the 67 kDa protein. Amino acid sequence analysis of peptides derived from the 67 kDa protein revealed that the 67 kDa protein was identical to L-plastin, an actin-bundling protein. We conclude that optimally phosphorylated L plastin may play some crucial role in the activation of NADPH oxidase. PMID- 14769872 TI - Molecular mechanism of the drop in the pKa of a substrate analog bound to medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase: implications for substrate activation. AB - The pKa value of a substrate analogue 3-thiaoctanoyl-CoA at alphaC-H is known to drop from ca. 16 in the free state to 5-6 upon binding to medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD). The molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon was investigated by taking advantage of artificial FADs, i.e., 8-CN-, 7,8-Cl2-, 8-Cl , 8-OCH3-, 8-NH2-, ribityl-2'-deoxy-8-CN-, and ribityl-2'-deoxy-8-Cl-FADs, reconstituted into MCAD. The stronger the electron-withdrawing ability of the substituent, the smaller the pKa value became [e.g., 7.4 (8-NH2-FAD) and 4.0 (8 CN-FAD)], suggesting that the flavin ring itself affects the pKa value of the ligand via a charge-transfer interaction with the ligand. The destruction of the hydrogen bond between the thioester C(1)=O and the ribityl-2'-OH of FAD raised the pKa by ca. 2.5 units. These results indicate that the interaction between the ligand and the flavin ring also serves to lower the pKa of the ligand, in addition to the hydrogen bonds at C(1)=O of the ligand. PMID- 14769873 TI - Glutamine:phenylpyruvate aminotransferase from an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus HB8. AB - A subfamily I aminotransferase gene homologue containing an open reading frame encoding 381 amino acid residues (Mr=42,271) has been identified in the process of the genome project of an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus HB8. Alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence using FASTA shows that this protein is a member of aminotransferase subfamily Igamma. The protein shows around 40% identity with both T. thermophilus aspartate aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.1] and mammalian glutamine:phenylpyruvate aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.64]. The recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli is a homodimer with a subunit molecular weight of 42,000, has one pyridoxal 5'-phosphate per subunit, and is highly active toward glutamine, methionine, aromatic amino acids, and corresponding keto acids, but has no preference for alanine and dicarboxylic amino acids. These substrate specificities are similar to those described for mammalian glutamine: phenylpyruvate aminotransferase. This is the first enzyme reported so far that has the glutamine aminotransferase activity in non-eukaryotic cells. As the presence of aromatic amino acid:2 oxoglutarate aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.57] has not been reported in T. thermophilus, this enzyme is expected to catalyze the last transamination step of phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis. It may also be involved in the methionine regeneration pathway associated with polyamine biosynthesis. The enzyme shows a strikingly high pKa value (9.3) of the coenzyme Schiff base in comparison with other subfamily I aminotransferases. The origin of this unique pKa value and the substrate specificity is discussed based on the previous crystallographic data of T. thermophilus and E. coli aspartate aminotransferases. PMID- 14769874 TI - Characterization of nitrous oxide reductase from a methylotrophic denitrifying bacterium, Hyphomicrobium denitrificans A3151. AB - A Cu-containing nitrous oxide reductase (HdN2OR) from a methylotrophic denitrifying bacterium, Hyphomicrobium denitrificans A3151, has been aerobically prepared and spectroscopically characterized. Purple and blue forms of HdN2OR have been isolated. Each form is a homodimer comprising monomers with a molecular mass of 65 kDa. The visible absorption spectrum of the purple form (designated as form A) exhibits three absorption bands at 480 nm, 540 nm, and 650 nm, with a shoulder near 780 nm, and that of the blue form (designated as form B) shows only one absorption band at 650 nm. Reversible spectral changes, between those of forms A and B, are observed on treatment of these forms with redox reagents. Forms A and B are oxidized and reduced forms, respectively. The 77-K EPR spectrum of form A indicates a seven-line copper hyperfine structure centered at gparallel (gparallel=2.18, Aparallel=4.5 mT), which is characteristic of a mixed-valence binuclear CuA site (Amv), and that of form B exhibits a broad featureless signal (g=2.06). The various spectral data of HdN2OR suggest that form A contains Amv and a mixed-valence tetranuclear CuZ site (Zmv*), while form B includes reduced CuA (Ared) and Zmv*. The pH profiles of N2OR activity of the two forms are similar to each other, and the specific activity at optimum pH 8.8 was estimated to be 45 +/- 5 and 29 +/- 3 micromol.min(-1).mg(-1) for forms A and B, respectively. PMID- 14769875 TI - Reversely-oriented cytochrome b561 in reconstituted vesicles catalyzes transmembrane electron transfer and supports extravesicular dopamine beta hydroxylase activity. AB - Cytochrome b561 from bovine adrenal chromaffin vesicles contains two heme B prosthetic groups. We verified that purified cytochrome b561 can donate electron equivalents directly to cytochrome c. The purified cytochrome b561 was successfully reconstituted into cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine phosphatidylglycerol vesicles by a detergent-dialysis and extrusion method. When ascorbate-loaded vesicles with cytochrome b561 were mixed with ferricytochrome c, the intravesicular ascorbate was able to reduce external thiazole blue or cytochrome c. The reduction of thiazole blue or cytochrome c was dependent on the presence of cytochrome b561 in the vesicle membranes. Pre-treatment of cytochrome b561 with diethylpyrocarbonate suppressed the reduction of extravesicular cytochrome c significantly, confirming that the reduction was not due to leakage of ascorbate from the vesicles. The topology of the reconstituted cytochrome b561 in the vesicle membranes was examined by treatment with trypsin followed by SDS PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses. Only one major cleavage site at Lys191 was identified, indicating that cytochrome b561 was reconstituted into the membranes in an inside-out orientation irrespective of the modification with diethylpyrocarbonate. The addition of a soluble form of dopamine beta-hydroxylase to the external medium resulted in the successful reconstitution of the hydroxylation activity towards tyramine, an analogue of dopamine, suggesting that a direct electron transfer via complex formation occurred. This activity was enhanced significantly upon the addition of ferricyanide as a mediator between cytochrome b561 and dopamine beta-hydroxylase. PMID- 14769876 TI - Galectin-1 induces cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and apoptosis of non adherent human colon cancer Colo201 cells. AB - To isolate cDNAs for molecules involved in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, expression cloning with non-adherent colon cancer Colo201 cells was carried out. Four positive clones were isolated and, when sequenced, one was found to be galectin-1, a beta-galactoside-binding protein. When cultured on fibronectin-, laminin-, and collagen-coated and non-coated dishes, the adherent galectin-1 cDNA-transfected Colo201 cells increased and spread somewhat. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that galectin-1 was expressed inside and outside of Colo201 cells. The adhesion was dependent on the carbohydrate recognition domain of galectin-1 since lactose inhibited the adhesion and exogenously-added galectin-1 caused the adhesion. PD58059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase, or LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase inhibitor, decreased the adhesion. Furthermore, the expression of galectin-1 in Colo201 cells induced apoptotic cell death, while exogenously-added galectin-1 did not cause apoptosis. These results indicate that galectin-1 plays a role in both cell-matrix interactions and the inhibition of Colo201 cell proliferation, and suggest that galectin-1 expressed in cells could be associated with apoptosis. PMID- 14769877 TI - Increased hyaluronidase activity in the kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. AB - We investigated changes in renal hyaluronidase activity in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats during the progression of diabetes. Prior to the study, we characterized rat renal hyaluronidase activity to find that its optimum pH is 3.5 and that it consists of two isomers of 73 and 63 kDa, as detected by zymography. Hyaluronidase activity was traced in one whole kidney and in the cortex and medulla of the other kidney up to the 18th week after STZ injection. Whole kidney hyaluronidase activity started to increase on day 3 and reached a maximum level 2.4 times that of the controls in the 3rd week. Cortical hyaluronidase showed a similar tendency to that of whole kidney hyaluronidase, while medullary hyaluronidase activity continued to increase until the 8th week, suggesting their different involvements in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. In zymography, the intensities of the two isomer bands increased with the progression of diabetes, but the intensity ratio did not change significantly and no new isomer band appeared. Renal HAase activity increased only in STZ-induced diabetic rats, but not in spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats still without remarkable renal disorder. Based on these findings, increased renal HAase activity may serve as a useful marker for diabetic nephropathy. PMID- 14769878 TI - Effects of essential carbohydrate/aromatic stacking interaction with Tyr100 and Phe259 on substrate binding of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. 1011. AB - The stacking interaction between a tyrosine residue and the sugar ring at the catalytic subsite -1 is strictly conserved in the glycoside hydrolase family 13 enzymes. Replacing Tyr100 with leucine in cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) from Bacillus sp. 1011 to prevent stacking significantly decreased all CGTase activities. The adjacent stacking interaction with both Phe183 and Phe259 onto the sugar ring at subsite +2 is essentially conserved among CGTases. F183L/F259L mutant CGTase affects donor substrate binding and/or acceptor binding during transglycosylation [Nakamura et al. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 9929-9936]. To elucidate the precise role of carbohydrate/aromatic stacking interaction at subsites -1 and +2 on the substrate binding of CGTases, we analyzed the X-ray structures of wild-type (2.0 A resolution), and Y100L (2.2 A resolution) and F183L/F259L mutant (1.9 A resolution) CGTases complexed with the inhibitor, acarbose. The refined structures revealed that acarbose molecules bound to the Y100L mutant moved from the active center toward the side chain of Tyr195, and the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction between acarbose and subsites significantly diminished. The position of pseudo-tetrasaccharide binding in the F183L/F259L mutant was closer to the non-reducing end, and the torsion angles of glycosidic linkages at subsites -1 to +1 on molecule 1 and subsites -2 to -1 on molecule 2 significantly changed compared with that of each molecule of wild-type acarbose complex to adopt the structural change of subsite +2. These structural and biochemical data suggest that substrate binding in the active site of CGTase is critically affected by the carbohydrate/aromatic stacking interaction with Tyr100 at the catalytic subsite -1 and that this effect is likely a result of cooperation between Tyr100 and Phe259 through stacking interaction with substrate at subsite +2. PMID- 14769879 TI - Association of cathepsin E deficiency with development of atopic dermatitis. AB - Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic inflammatory skin diseases associated with a family history of atropy. Here we show that mice lacking the endolysosomal aspartic proteinase cathepsin E spontaneously develop skin lesions similar to those of humans with AD when reared under conventional conditions but not under specific pathogen-free conditions. These mice showed the increase in the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells, the strong polarization of naive T cells to T helper 2 cells, and the systemic accumulation of IL-18 and IL-1beta accompanied by a marked increase in IL-4, IL-5, and IgE. The relative rates of degradation of IL-18 and IL-1beta were significantly lower in cathepsin E-deficient mice than wild-type mice. These results strongly suggest that the development of AD in cathepsin E deficient mice is initiated by systemic accumulation of IL-18 and IL-1beta, mainly due to their reduced turnover rates. In addition, the reduced expression of cathepsin E was also observed in erythrocytes of both humans with AD and the AD mouse model NC/Nga. Cathepsin E deficiency might thus be responsible for the induction of AD in humans and mice. PMID- 14769880 TI - Formation of superoxide anion during ferrous ion-induced decomposition of linoleic acid hydroperoxide under aerobic conditions. AB - We studied the mechanism of formation of oxygen radicals during ferrous ion induced decomposition of linoleic acid hydroperoxide using the spin trapping and chemiluminescence methods. The formation of the superoxide anion (O2*-) was verified in the present study. The hydroxyl radical is also generated through Fenton type decomposition of hydrogen peroxide produced on disproportionation of O2*-. A carbon-centered radical was detected using 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5 methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO) as a spin trap. Alkoxyl radical formation is essential for the conversion of linoleic acid hydroperoxide into the peroxyl radical by ferrous ion. It is likely that the alkoxyl radical [R1CH(O*)R2] is converted into the hydroxylcarbon radical [R1C*(OH)R2] in water, and that this carbon radical reacts with oxygen to give the alpha-hydroxyperoxyl radical [R1R2C(OH)OO*], which decomposes into the carbocation [R1C+(OH)R2] and O2*-. PMID- 14769881 TI - pPIC9-Fc: a vector system for the production of single-chain Fv-Fc fusions in Pichia pastoris as detection reagents in vitro. AB - Recombinant antibodies, especially ScFv fragments, can be applied as detection reagents and even substitute for some reagents used in immunoassays such as antibody-enzyme conjugates. For ScFv fragments, there is no such universal system available up to now. A vector system was constructed based on pPIC9- Fc, in which the hinge, CH2 and CH3 domains (Fc fragment) of mouse IgG1 and His-tag were cloned into the Pichia expression vector pPIC9. A model ScFv was introduced into pPIC9-Fc, which can bind Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) from Schistosoma japonicum, to yield the expression cassette pPIC9-ScFv-Fc. Following fermentation in a 5-liter reactor, the fusion was expressed at high levels in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia Pastoris, secreted as a dimeric form in the culture, and purified by Ni2+-NTA column chromatography. The expression yield can reach 10 30 mg/liter of culture medium. The ScFv-Fc fusion retains the biological binding ability of the parent ScFv, and can be applied as anti-GST antibodies for the detection of GST and GST-fusion proteins. Furthermore, the successful expression and maintenance of the binding activity verify the efficacy of the vector system for use as detection reagents in vitro, by reacting with the specific antigens and being readily detected using general anti-mouse antibodies. PMID- 14769882 TI - Two nuclear export signals specify the cytoplasmic localization of calcineurin B homologous protein 1. AB - We previously showed that calcineurin B homologous protein 1 (CHP1) interacts with nuclear apoptosis-inducing protein kinase DRAK2, and that overexpression of DRAK2 induces the nuclear accumulation of CHP1, although CHP1 usually resides in the cytoplasm [Matsumoto et al. (2001) J. Biochem. 130, 217-225]. Here we show that CHP1 has two functional nuclear export signal (NES) sequences in its carboxyl-terminal region. Treatment of several cell lines with leptomycin B, a specific inhibitor of CRM1-dependent nuclear export, induces the nuclear accumulation of CHP1. Moreover, CHP1-GFP fusion proteins with deletions or point mutations affecting the two putative NES sequences accumulate in the nucleus to a greater extent than wild-type CHP1-GFP. Tagging glutathione S-transferase-GFP fusion protein with each NES sequence caused a shift in their intracellular localization from all over the cells to the cytoplasm. These results suggest that after CHP1 has entered the nucleus, it is exported to the cytoplasm in an NES dependent manner. PMID- 14769883 TI - Cross-talk between the pathways leading to the induction of apoptosis and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in ricin-treated RAW 264.7 cells. AB - Ricin induced apoptotic nuclear morphological changes in mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells at concentrations sufficient to cause severe protein synthesis inhibition. Ricin also induced the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) from this cell line in a dose-dependent manner but the profile was bell-shaped. However, the isolated galactose-specific ricin B-chain had no such effects. These results suggest that the receptor-binding of ricin through the B-chain is not enough, and subsequent attack on the intracellular target, i.e., the 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), by the A-chain of internalized ricin is required for the effects of ricin. Z-D-CH2-DCB, a caspase family inhibitor, showed potent inhibition of the release of TNF-alpha from RAW264.7 cells as well as blockage of the induction of apoptosis by ricin. Furthermore, SB202190, a specific P38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor that strongly inhibits the release of TNF-alpha, also showed significant inhibition of ricin induced apoptosis. These results suggest that there may be cross-talk between the pathways leading to the release of TNF-alpha and apoptosis. Time course analysis revealed that the activation of p38 MAP kinase started prior to the induction of TNF-alpha release and apoptosis. Since the activation of p38 MAP kinase in ricin treated RAW264.7 cells was not prevented by Z-D-CH2-DCB, the activation of p38 MAP kinase may occur upstream of the caspase cascade. Among the other protein synthesis inhibitors examined, modeccin and anisomycin, which can trigger a ribotoxic stress response similar to ricin, induced the release of TNF-alpha, but emetine and cycloheximide did not. These results suggest that the specific attack on the 28S ribosomal RNA and the resulting ribotoxic stress response may trigger the multiple signal transduction pathways through the activation of p38 MAP kinase, which in turn leads to TNF-alpha release and apoptosis. PMID- 14769884 TI - Organization and expression of the Bacillus subtilis sigY operon. AB - We investigated the organization and expression of the Bacillus subtilis sigY operon, the first gene of which codes for sigmaY, a member of the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) family of sigma factors. The sigY operon, comprising six genes (sigY, yxlC, D, E, F, and G), was induced upon nitrogen starvation; it was continuously transcribed from the 31st base upstream of sigY to a neighboring convergent gene, yxlH, resulting in a 4.2-kb mRNA. The expression of the sigY operon was also positively autoregulated through sigmaY, suggesting that its transcription is likely to be directed by sigmaY. Deletion analysis of the sigY promoter, which was localized by primer extension, revealed the promoter region of sigY with the "-10" and "-35" sequences of CGTC and TGAACG, respectively. The latter sequence was distinct from those recognized by sigmaW, sigmaX, and sigmaM. The sigmaY-directed transcription of sigY was under negative regulation involving YxlD. sigY disruption affected sporulation induced by nitrogen starvation, but sigY induction upon nitrogen starvation was not associated with the sporulation process. The organization and function of the sigY operon are significantly conserved in several microorganisms living in adverse living environments. PMID- 14769885 TI - Hepatitis B virus X antigen promotes transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) activity by up-regulation of TGF-beta1 and down-regulation of alpha2 macroglobulin. AB - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X antigen (HBxAg) may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by activation of signalling pathways such as NF kappaB. To identify NF-kappaB target genes differentially expressed in HBxAg positive compared to -negative cells, HepG2 cells consistently expressing HBxAg (HepG2X cells) were stably transfected with pZeoSV2 or pZeoSV2-IkappaBalpha. mRNA from each culture was isolated and compared by PCR select cDNA subtraction. The results showed lower levels of alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)-M) in HepG2X pZeoSV2 compared to HepG2X-pZeoSV2-IkappaBalpha cells. This was confirmed by Northern and Western blotting, and by measurement of extracellular alpha(2)-M levels. Elevated transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) levels were also seen in HepG2X compared to control cells. Serum-free conditioned medium (SFCM) from HepG2X cells suppressed DNA synthesis in a TGF-beta-sensitive cell line, Mv1Lu. The latter was reversed when the SFCM was pretreated with exogenous, activated alpha(2)-M or with anti-TGF-beta. Since elevated TGF-beta1 promotes the development of many tumour types, these observations suggest that the HBxAg mediated alteration in TGF-beta1 and alpha(2)-M production may contribute importantly to the pathogenesis of HCC. PMID- 14769886 TI - Genotype C of hepatitis B virus can be classified into at least two subgroups. AB - A genomic characterization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was done for 56 pre-S1/pre S2 genes and 10 full-length HBV genotype C isolates from five Asian countries. Phylogenetic analysis of the pre-S1/pre-S2 genes revealed two major groups within genotype C: one for isolates from southeast Asia including Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand (named HBV/C1) and the other for isolates from Far East Asia including Japan, Korea and China (named HBV/C2). This finding was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length sequence of 32 HBV genotype C isolates, including 22 from database entries. Two isolates from Okinawa, the island off the southern end of Japan, formed a different branch. Specific amino acid sequence changes were identified in the large S protein (amino acids 51, 54, 60, 62 and 73) and P protein (amino acids 231, 233, 236, 248, 252 and 304). Our results indicate that genotype C of HBV can be classified into at least two subgroups. PMID- 14769887 TI - Molecular characterization of Porcine circovirus type 2 isolates from post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-affected and non-affected pigs. AB - Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is recognized as a primary cause in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). In this study, both PCV1 and PCV2 types were studied in pigs originating from PMWS-affected (+) and non-affected (-) herds from Brittany. PCV2 was identified by PCR in 100 % of animals from PMWS(+) herds and in 76 % from PMWS(-) herds, while PCV1 was not detected. The complete sequences of 38 PCV2 isolates were determined and 23 new variants were identified, displaying between 94.6 and 99.9 % nucleotide identity with one another. Although highly related to all the PCV2 sequences available in databases, the isolates from France gathered in a distinct subcluster. Compared with the 13 PCV2 from PMWS(+) farms, the 10 PMWS(-) sequences exhibited a slightly higher variability. No viral molecular marker specific to a pathogenic state could be identified, even by including other PCV2 variants isolated from PMWS-suffering animals from other countries. We concluded that the PMWS outbreaks in Brittany are most likely not due to the emergence of a new genotype of circovirus. PMID- 14769888 TI - Comparison of the genome sequence of FP9, an attenuated, tissue culture-adapted European strain of Fowlpox virus, with those of virulent American and European viruses. AB - The 266 kbp genome sequence of plaque-purified, tissue culture-adapted, attenuated European Fowlpox virus FP9 has been determined and compared with the 288 kbp sequence of a pathogenic US strain (FPVUS). FP9 carries 244 of the 260 reported FPVUS ORFs (both viruses also have an unreported orthologue of conserved poxvirus gene A14.5L). Relative to FPVUS, FP9 differed by 118 mutations (26 deletions, 15 insertions and 77 base substitutions), affecting FP9 equivalents of 71 FPVUS ORFs. To help to identify mutations involved in adaptation and attenuation, the virulent parent of FP9, HP1, was sequenced at positions where FP9 differed from FPVUS. At 68 positions, FP9 and HP1 sequences were identical, reflecting differences between American and European lineages. Mutations at the remaining 50 positions in FP9 relative to FPVUS and HP1, involving 46 ORFs, therefore accounted for adaptation and attenuation. ORFs deleted during passage included those encoding members of multigene families: 12 ankyrin repeat proteins, three C-type lectin-like proteins, two C4L/C10L-like proteins, one G protein coupled receptor protein, one V-type Ig domain protein, two N1R/p28 proteins and one EFc family protein. Tandem ORFs encoding Variola virus B22R orthologues were fused by a 5.8 kbp deletion. Single-copy genes disrupted or deleted during passage included those encoding a homologue of murine T10, a conserved DNA/pantothenate metabolism flavoprotein, photolyase, the A-type inclusion protein and an orthologue of vaccinia A47L. Gene assignments have been updated for DNase II/DLAD, binding proteins for IL-18 and interferon-gamma, phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX/GPX-4) and for a highly conserved homologue of ELOVL4. PMID- 14769889 TI - Dual targeting of the human cytomegalovirus UL37 exon 1 protein during permissive infection. AB - The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL37 immediate-early (IE) gene minimally encodes three protein isoforms that share NH(2)-terminal sequences. The predominant UL37 isoform detected during HCMV infection was the UL37 exon 1 protein (pUL37x1), which was produced from IE and, more abundantly, through late times of infection. pUL37x1 was localized in both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria in infected cells. To determine which UL37x1 NH(2)-terminal residues serve as ER and mitochondrial targeting signals, we examined the subcellular localization of two deletion mutants. pUL37x1Delta2-23, which lacks the hydrophobic leader, is neither translocated into the ER nor imported mitochondrially; conversely, pUL37x1Delta23-34, lacking the juxtaposed basic residues, was translocated into the ER but only imported weakly into mitochondria. These studies show for the first time the temporal production and localization of pUL37x1 during HCMV infection. The trafficking patterns of mutants suggest that the pUL37x1 targeting signal to ER and mitochondria is bipartite. PMID- 14769890 TI - Transcription and promoter analysis of pif, an essential but low-expressed baculovirus gene. AB - The pif gene (per os infectivity factor) of Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV) encodes a structural protein essential for oral infection. This protein is expressed in very low quantities. In this study, transcription and promoter analysis of SpliNPV pif were carried out to understand more fully the regulation of pif gene expression. Transcription in the pif gene region was examined using RT-PCR, Northern blot, primer extension, ribonuclease protection and 3' RACE. The pif gene was encoded by a late bicistronic messenger, which was characterized. This 1.9 kb messenger was present in very small amounts. In addition, this messenger was part of a set of six late mRNAs overlapping the pif sequence. A functional complementation assay was used to analyse the pif promoter. This assay allowed the detection of amounts of PIF which were sufficient for the production of orally infectious virions. The 13 bp region upstream from the initial ATG of pif was required and sufficient for the production of orally infectious virions. This promoter region was much shorter than the studied baculovirus promoters. A late promoter motif (TTAAG) is situated at the 5' end of this region. This motif was shown to be the promoter core by using single mutations of the motif in the complementation assay. These results suggest that the low expression of the pif gene is regulated chiefly at the transcriptional level. PMID- 14769891 TI - Absence of tumour necrosis factor facilitates primary and recurrent herpes simplex virus-1 infections. AB - Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is an important cytokine in the innate immune response against various infections, including herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. It has recently become a molecular target of anti-cytokine treatment in certain inflammatory diseases. TNF depletion resulted in a more rapid emergence of infectious HSV-1 in the explant cultures of latently infected trigeminal ganglia (TG), compared with controls. To further evaluate the importance of TNF in the host's defence responses against HSV-1, TNF-knockout mice were challenged via scarified cornea. These mice were more susceptible to primary acute corneal HSV-1 infection than controls, as manifested by an increased mortality rate and higher infectious virus titres in the eyes and TG, indicating that TNF is critical for defence during acute HSV infection. These results imply that the administration of anti-inflammatory TNF antagonists might facilitate the propagation of infectious HSV, resulting in an exacerbation of primary and recurrent acute lesions. PMID- 14769892 TI - Peptide transport activity of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is inhibited by an early protein of equine herpesvirus-1. AB - Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) downregulates surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on infected cells. The objective of this study was to investigate whether EHV-1 interferes with peptide translocation by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and to identify the proteins responsible. Using an in vitro transport assay, we showed that EHV-1 inhibited transport of peptides by TAP as early as 2 h post-infection (p.i). Complete shutdown of peptide transport was observed by 8 h p.i. Furthermore, pulse-chase experiments revealed that maturation of class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was delayed in EHV-1-infected cells, which may be due to reduced availability of peptides in the ER as a result of TAP inhibition. Metabolic inhibition studies indicated that an early protein(s) of EHV-1 is responsible for this effect. PMID- 14769893 TI - The core 2 beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-M encoded by bovine herpesvirus 4 is not essential for virus replication despite contributing to post translational modifications of structural proteins. AB - The Bo17 gene of bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is the only virus gene known to date that encodes a homologue of the cellular core 2 beta-1,6-N acetylglucosaminyltransferase-mucine type (C2GnT-M). Recently, our phylogenetic study revealed that the Bo17 gene has been acquired from an ancestor of the African buffalo around 1.5 million years ago. Despite this recent origin, the Bo17 sequence has spread to fixation in the virus population possibly by natural selection. Supporting the latter hypothesis, it has been shown by our group for the V. test strain that Bo17 is expressed during BoHV-4 replication in vitro, and that Bo17 expression product (pBo17) has all three enzymic activities exhibited by cellular C2GnT-M, i.e. core 2, core 4 and I branching activities. In the present study, firstly it was investigated whether encoding a functional C2GnT-M is a general property of BoHV-4 strains. Analysis of nine representative strains of the BoHV-4 species revealed that all of them express the Bo17 gene and the associated core 2 branching activity during virus replication in vitro. Secondly, in order to investigate the roles of Bo17, its kinetic class of expression was analysed and a deleted recombinant strain was produced. These experiments revealed that Bo17 is expressed as an early gene which is not essential for virus replication in vitro. However, comparison of the structural proteins, produced by the wild-type, the revertant and the deleted viruses, by 2D gels demonstrated that pBo17 contributes to the post-translational modifications of structural proteins. Possible roles of Bo17 in vivo are discussed. PMID- 14769894 TI - Evolution of wild-type 1 poliovirus in two healthy siblings excreting the virus over a period of 6 months. AB - Wild-type 1 poliovirus (wtPV1) strains were isolated from two young healthy brothers shortly after arrival in Finland from Somalia in 1993. Twelve (sibling A) and 18 (sibling B) specimens collected over a period of more than 6 months yielded wtPV1. Partial sequences obtained from the one and two earliest isolates from sibling A and B, respectively, were nearly identical, differing from each other by only one or two nucleotides. Subsequently, the virus evolved separately in both siblings so that maximal differences between strains derived from a given subject peaked at 2.2 % for sibling A, at 1.5 % for sibling B and at 2.5 % between the two siblings in the VP1-coding part of the genome. All substitutions in the 150 nt VP1-2A junction region were synonymous, whereas as many as eight of the 31 variable positions in the remaining VP1-coding region encoded amino acid replacements in at least one strain. Probable structural locations of the variable amino acid positions were mapped to the published PV1/Mahoney structural model. Most of the substitutions occurred around the fivefold axis in motifs that are known to be or suspected to be targets of neutralizing antibodies. We suggest that the striking genetic divergence observed between the strains was based on a combination of bottleneck transmission events and antigenic drift during the prolonged period of poliovirus replication. PMID- 14769895 TI - Genetic characterization of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection of stallions. AB - Equine arteritis virus (EAV) causes a persistent infection of the reproductive tract of carrier stallions. The authors determined the complete genome sequences of viruses (CW96 and CW01) that were present 5 years apart in the semen of a carrier stallion (CW). The CW96 and CW01 viruses respectively had only 85.6 % and 85.7 % nucleotide identity to the published sequence of EAV (EAV030). The CW96 and CW01 viruses had two 1 nt insertions and a single 1 nt deletion in the leader sequence, and a 3 nt coding insertion in ORF1a; thus their genomes included 12 708 nt as compared to the 12 704 nt in EAV030. Variation between viruses present in the semen of stallion CW and EAV030 was especially marked in the replicase gene (ORF1a and 1b), and the greatest variation occurred in the portion of ORF1a encoding the nsp2 protein. The ORFs 3 and 5, which respectively encode the GP3 and GP5 envelope proteins, showed greatest variation amongst ORFs encoding structural EAV proteins. Comparative sequence analyses of CW96 and CW01 indicated that ORFs 1a, 1b and 7 were highly conserved during persistent infection, whereas there was substantial variation in ORFs 3 and 5. Although the variation that occurs in ORF5 results in the emergence of novel phenotypic viral variants as determined by neutralization assay, all variants were neutralized by high-titre polyclonal equine antisera, suggesting that immune evasion is unlikely to be responsible for the establishment of persistent EAV infection of carrier stallions. Northern blot analyses of RNA extracted from cell culture propagated viruses isolated from 10 different persistently infected stallions failed to demonstrate any large genomic deletions, suggesting that defective interfering particles are also unlikely to be important in either the maintenance or clearance of persistent EAV infection of the reproductive tract of carrier stallions. PMID- 14769896 TI - Isolation and identification of a novel human parechovirus. AB - A cytopathic agent (A308/99) was isolated using Vero cells from a stool specimen of a 1-year-old patient with transient paralysis. The agent was approximately 28 nm in diameter with a distinct ultrastructure resembling the virus particle of an enterovirus. It could not be neutralized by antisera against human picornaviruses such as human enterovirus, Aichi virus or human parechovirus. The virion contained three capsid proteins with molecular masses of 38, 30.3 and 30 kDa. Determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of A308/99 revealed that the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were closely related to those of human parechoviruses. When 11 regions encoding the structural and non-structural proteins were compared, A308/99 had between 75 and 97 % and 73 and 97 % nucleotide identity with human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV-1) and type 2 (HPeV-2), respectively. The most distinctive divergence was seen in VP1, which had 74.5 % and 73.1 % nucleotide identity with HPeV-1 and HPeV-2, respectively. Viruses related to A308/99 were also isolated from three patients with gastroenteritis, exanthema or respiratory illnesses. A308/99 and these other three isolates had no arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif, which is located near the C terminus of VP1 in HPeV-1 and HPeV-2. A seroepidemiological study revealed that the prevalence of A308/99 antibodies was low (15 %) among infants but became higher with age, reaching more than 80 % by 30 years of age. These observations indicate that A308/99 is genetically close to, but serologically and genetically distinct from, HPeV-1 and HPeV-2 and accordingly can be classified as third serotype of human parechovirus. PMID- 14769897 TI - Co-existence of recent and ancestral nucleotide sequences in viral quasispecies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 patients. AB - In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, the presence of divergent nucleotide sequences within a quasispecies has been associated with double infections or samples from different times or from different tissue compartments. The authors analysed HIV-1 proviral quasispecies from PBMC of three untreated Spanish patients displaying highly divergent nucleotide sequences without evidence of double infection. The origin of these nucleotide sequences was determined by phylogenetic analysis and by dating of the different groups using a genetic divergence versus sampling year plot from a set of Spanish samples. By their short genetic distance to the node of the patient's HIV-1 phylogenetic tree and by their early date of origin, close to the seroconversion time, some groups of sequences were considered ancestral. The presence within HIV 1 quasispecies of ancestral sequences, dated up to 10 years earlier than present ones, has important consequences for in vivo viral evolution, in the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV-1 infection. PMID- 14769898 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C Gag virus-like particle boost substantially improves the immune response to a subtype C gag DNA vaccine in mice. AB - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C is the predominant HIV in southern Africa, and is the target of a number of recent vaccine candidates. It has been proposed that a heterologous prime/boost vaccination strategy may result in stronger, broader and more prolonged immune responses. Since HIV-1 Gag Pr55 polyprotein can assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) which have been shown to induce a strong cellular immune response in animals, we showed that a typical southern African subtype C Pr55 protein expressed in insect cells via recombinant baculovirus could form VLPs. We then used the baculovirus-produced VLPs as a boost to a subtype C HIV-1 gag DNA prime vaccination in mice. This study shows that a low dose of HIV-1 subtype C Gag VLPs can significantly boost the immune response to a single subtype C gag DNA inoculation in mice. These results suggest a possible vaccination regimen for humans. PMID- 14769899 TI - Extent of reduction of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA load in oesophageal pharyngeal fluid after peak levels may be a critical determinant of virus persistence in infected cattle. AB - To investigate whether foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) RNA loads in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid (OP-fluid) in the early course of infection is related to the outcome of virus persistence, viral RNA in OP-fluid samples from cattle experimentally infected with FMDV type O was quantitatively analysed by using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Viral RNA was detected within 24 h post infection (p.i.) in all infected animals. Rapid virus replication led to peak levels of viral RNA load by 30-53 h p.i., and then the load declined at various rates. In some animals (n=12, so-called non-carriers) viral RNA became undetectable between 7 and 18 days p.i. In contrast, in persistently infected animals (n=12, so-called carriers) viral RNA persisted in OP-fluid samples at detectable levels beyond 28 days p.i. Analysis of early viral decay/clearance and virus clearance half-life in OP-fluid samples showed that the extent of reduction of viral RNA in OP-fluid samples immediately following peak levels is a critical determinant of the outcome of FMDV persistence. PMID- 14769900 TI - Interleukin-18 improves the early defence system against influenza virus infection by augmenting natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. AB - The role of interleukin (IL)-18 in the development of the host defence system against influenza virus infection was investigated. IL-18-deficient (IL-18(-/-)) C57BL/6 mice that were inoculated intranasally with the mouse-adapted strain of human influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus showed an increased mortality with the occurrence of pathogenic changes in the lung for the first 3 days of infection, which included pronounced virus growth with massive infiltration of inflammatory cells and elevated nitric oxide production. The interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) level induced in the respiratory tract of IL-18(-/-) mice in the first few days after virus infection was significantly lower but, in contrast, the IL-12 level was slightly higher than the corresponding levels in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the lung of IL-18(-/-) mice was poorly activated. Local immune responses in the lung such as specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte and antibody production were induced upon influenza virus infection equally well in both strains of mice. These results indicate that IL-18 is involved in controlling influenza virus replication in the lung, especially at an early stage of infection, through activation of the innate immune mechanisms such as IFN and NK cells. PMID- 14769901 TI - Introduction of replication-competent hepatitis C virus transcripts using a tetracycline-regulable baculovirus delivery system. AB - We have developed a baculovirus delivery system that enables tetracycline regulated expression of polII-derived hepatitis C virus (HCV) transcripts in hepatocyte-derived cell lines (McCormick et al., 2002). As part of a study to determine whether such transcripts are replication competent, the transcription start site of the tetracycline-regulable promoter was mapped and three baculovirus transfer vectors containing a neo(R)-expressing culture adapted replicon cDNA were generated. These vectors either had the first nucleotide of the 5'UTR positioned -2 (mkI) and +1 (mkII) with respect to the transcription start site, or included a hammerhead ribozyme at the 5' end of the transcript (5'HH) that cleaves between the ribozyme-5'UTR boundary. Transfection of all of the culture-adapted replicon constructs into Huh7 cells resulted in the formation of more neomycin-resistant colonies than seen with a polymerase knock-out replicon construct, although this was less pronounced in the mkI group. Furthermore, both the positive- and negative-strands of the replicon could be detected in all neomycin-resistant polyclonal cell lines except for those derived from transfection of the polymerase knock-out construct. Transduction of Huh7 cells with recombinant baculoviruses carrying the same expression cassettes improved replicon delivery, but the relative efficiency of the constructs remained the same. The baculovirus vectors were also used to introduce the replicon transcript into HepG2 cells. Expression of the culture-adapted but not the polymerase knock-out construct induced transcription of the beta-interferon gene, a response that may contribute to this cell line being unable to maintain the replicon over long-term culture. PMID- 14769903 TI - A conserved basic loop in hepatitis C virus p7 protein is required for amantadine sensitive ion channel activity in mammalian cells but is dispensable for localization to mitochondria. AB - We previously identified the function of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) p7 protein as an ion channel in artificial lipid bilayers and demonstrated that this in vitro activity is inhibited by amantadine. Here we show that the ion channel activity of HCV p7 expressed in mammalian cells can substitute for that of influenza virus M2 in a cell-based assay. This was also the case for the p7 from the related virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Moreover, amantadine was shown to abrogate HCV p7 function in this assay at a concentration that specifically inhibits M2. Mutation of a conserved basic loop located between the two predicted trans-membrane alpha helices rendered HCV p7 non-functional as an ion channel. The intracellular localization of p7 was unaffected by this mutation and was found to overlap significantly with membranes associated with mitochondria. Demonstration of p7 ion channel activity in cellular membranes and its inhibition by amantadine affirm the protein as a target for future anti-viral chemotherapy. PMID- 14769902 TI - Evolution of hepatitis C virus variants following blood transfusion from one infected donor to several recipients: a long-term follow-up. AB - Variants of hepatitis C virus (HCV) from a single infected blood donor and 13 viraemic recipients who were traced were examined by sequencing and cloning to determine the extent of virus diversity in hypervariable region 1. Serum-derived viral isolates were studied from the donor when his HCV infection was discovered in 1993, in his recipients that year (0.3-5 years post-transfusion) and 5 years later in the donor and six viraemic recipients who were still alive. Viral variants of broad diversity were readily demonstrated in the baseline samples of the donor (nucleotide p-distance 0.130), but significantly less (P<0.00003) diversity was observed in the recipients' first samples (p-distances within recipients 0.003-0.062). In the first blood samples of the recipients, many of the viral variants identified were closely related to a strain variant from the donor. In follow-up samples drawn 5 years later from the donor and six recipients, the p-distance among donor clones had increased (0.172, P<0.0005) compared with the recipients, who displayed significantly narrower quasispecies (0.011-0.086). A common finding was that recipients of blood components processed from the same donation differed substantially in persisting HCV infectious sequence. Markedly few changes leading to changes of amino acids had occurred during follow-up in four of six recipients. These results question the significance of the development of viral variants as a necessary phenomenon in the evolution of HCV and pathogenesis of the disease. PMID- 14769904 TI - Recombination in uveitis-causing enterovirus strains. AB - The complete nucleotide sequences of three human echovirus (EV) 11 strains and one EV19 strain, all of which caused outbreaks of enterovirus uveitis (EU), a new infant disease first identified in 1980 in Siberia, were determined. One EV11 strain which caused an outbreak of sepsis-like disease in Hungary was also sequenced. All four EV11 strains were mosaic recombinants of the prototype EV11 strain Gregory, with their non-structural coding regions and 5' NTRs being more similar to other prototype enteroviruses (EV1, EV9). However, this finding is probably a feature of all circulating enterovirus strains and may not be related to their altered virulence. A full genome sequence comparison of the three subtypes of EU-causing strains excludes the role of recent recombination in their emergence, and points to their independent emergence. PMID- 14769905 TI - Cell-mediated immune responses in healthy children with a history of subclinical infection with Japanese encephalitis virus: analysis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell target specificities by intracellular delivery of viral proteins using the human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein transduction domain. AB - Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, is the major cause of paediatric encephalitis in Asia. The high incidence of subclinical infections in Japanese encephalitis-endemic areas and subsequent evasion of encephalitis points to the development of immune responses against JEV. Humoral responses play a central role in protection against JEV; however, cell-mediated immune responses contributing to this end are not fully understood. The structural envelope (E) protein, the major inducer of neutralizing antibodies, is a poor target for T cells in natural JEV infections. The extent to which JEV non-structural proteins are targeted by T cells in subclinically infected healthy children would help to elucidate the role of cell mediated immunity in protection against JEV as well as other flaviviral infections. The property of the Tat peptide of Human immunodeficiency virus to transduce proteins across cell membranes, facilitating intracellular protein delivery following exogenous addition to cultured cells, prompted us to express the four largest proteins of JEV, comprising 71 % of the JEV genome coding sequence, as Tat fusions for enumerating the frequencies of virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in JEV-immune donors. At least two epitopes recognized by distinct HLA alleles were found on each of the non-structural proteins, with dominant antiviral Th1 T cell responses to the NS3 protein in nearly 96 % of the cohort. The data presented here show that non-structural proteins are frequently targeted by T cells in natural JEV infections and may be efficacious supplements for the predominantly antibody-eliciting E-based JEV vaccines. PMID- 14769907 TI - Isolation and characterization of a rhabdovirus from starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) collected from the northern portion of Puget Sound, Washington, USA. AB - The initial characterization of a rhabdovirus isolated from a single, asymptomatic starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) collected during a viral survey of marine fishes from the northern portion of Puget Sound, Washington, USA, is reported. Virions were bullet-shaped and approximately 100 nm long and 50 nm wide, contained a lipid envelope, remained stable for at least 14 days at temperatures ranging from -80 to 5 degrees C and grew optimally at 15 degrees C in cultures of epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. The cytopathic effect on EPC cell monolayers was characterized by raised foci containing rounded masses of cells. Pyknotic and dark-staining nuclei that also showed signs of karyorrhexis were observed following haematoxylin and eosin, May-Grunwald Giemsa and acridine orange staining. PAGE of the structural proteins and PCR assays using primers specific for other known fish rhabdoviruses, including Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, Spring viremia of carp virus, and Hirame rhabdovirus, indicated that the new virus, tentatively termed starry flounder rhabdovirus (SFRV), was previously undescribed in marine fishes from this region. In addition, sequence analysis of 2678 nt of the amino portion of the viral polymerase gene indicated that SFRV was genetically distinct from other members of the family Rhabdoviridae for which sequence data are available. Detection of this virus during a limited viral survey of wild fishes emphasizes the void of knowledge regarding the diversity of viruses that naturally infect marine fish species in the North Pacific Ocean. PMID- 14769906 TI - Block of vesicular stomatitis virus endocytic and exocytic pathways by 1 cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin, a tetranortriterpenoid of natural origin. AB - Previously, it has been shown that 1-cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin (CDM), a natural compound isolated from leaf extracts of Melia azedarach L., inhibits the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) multiplication cycle when added before or after infection. Here, we have established that the lack of VSV protein synthesis in CDM pre-treated Vero cells is ascribed to the inhibition of an initial step during virus multiplication, although indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) studies confirmed that the binding and uptake of [(35)S]methionine-labelled VSV was not affected by CDM pre-treatment. Instead, our findings revealed that this compound impedes the uncoating of VSV nucleocapsids in pre-treated Vero cells, since the antiviral action of CDM was partially reversed by inducing VSV direct fusion at the plasma membrane, and VSV M protein fluorescence was confined to the endosomes, even 2 h post-internalization. Furthermore, CDM induced cytoplasmic alkalinization, as shown by acridine orange staining, consistent with the inhibition of virus uncoating. Although VSV proteins are synthesized when CDM is added after infection, IFI studies revealed that G protein was absent from the surface of infected cells and co-localized with a Golgi marker. Therefore, CDM inhibits the transport of G protein to the plasma membrane. Taken together, these findings indicate that CDM exerts its antiviral action on the endocytic and exocytic pathways of VSV by pre- or post-treatment, respectively. PMID- 14769908 TI - Identification in gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) of a distinct simian T cell lymphotropic virus type 3 with a broad range of Western blot reactivity. AB - Antibodies to simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) were found in serum or plasma from 12 of 23 (52.2 %) gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) captive in US zoos. A variety of Western blot (WB) profiles was seen in the 12 seroreactive samples, including human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1-like (n=5, 41.7 %), HTLV-2-like (n=1, 8.3 %), HTLV-untypable (n=4, 33.3 %) and indeterminate (n=2, 16.6 %) profiles. Phylogenetic analysis of tax or env sequences that had been PCR amplified from peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA available from nine seropositive geladas showed that four were infected with identical STLV-1s; these sequences clustered with STLV-1 from Celebes macaques and probably represent recent cross species infections. The tax sequences from the five remaining geladas were also identical and clustered with STLV-3. Analysis of the complete STLV-3 genome (8917 bp) from one gelada, TGE-2117, revealed that it is unique, sharing only 62 % similarity with HTLV-1/ATK and HTLV-2/Mo. STLV-3/TGE-2117 was closest genetically to STLV-3 from an Eritrean baboon (STLV-3/PH969, 95.6 %) but more distant from STLV-3s from red-capped mangabeys from Cameroon and Nigeria (STLV-3/CTO-604, 87.7 %, and STLV-3/CTO-NG409, 87.2 %, respectively) and Senegalese baboons (STLV-3/PPA F3, 88.4 %). The genetic relatedness of STLV-3/TGE-2117 to STLV-3 was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of a concatenated gag-pol-env-tax sequence (6795 bp). An ancient origin of 73 628-109 809 years ago for STLV-3 was estimated by molecular clock analysis of third-codon positions of gag-pol-env-tax sequences. LTR sequences from five STLV-3-positive geladas were >99 % identical and clustered with that from a Papio anubisxP. hamadryas hybrid Ethiopian baboon, suggesting a common source of STLV-3 in these sympatric animals. LTR sequences obtained 20 years apart from a mother-infant pair were identical, providing evidence of both mother-to-offspring transmission and a high genetic stability of STLV-3. Since STLV-3-infected primates show a range of HTLV-like WB profiles and have an ancient origin, further studies using STLV-3-specific testing are required to determine whether STLV-3 infects humans, especially in regions of Africa where STLV-3 is endemic. PMID- 14769909 TI - Replication-incompetent virions of Japanese encephalitis virus trigger neuronal cell death by oxidative stress in a culture system. AB - It has been shown that replication of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) can trigger infected cells to undergo apoptosis. In the present study, it is further demonstrated that replication-incompetent virions of JEV, obtained by short wavelength ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, could also induce host-cell death. It was found that UV-inactivated JEV (UV-JEV) caused cell death in neuronal cells such as mouse neuroblastoma N18 and human neuronal NT-2 cells, but not in non neuronal baby hamster kidney BHK-21 fibroblast or human cervical HeLa cells. Only actively growing, but not growth-arrested, cells were susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of UV-JEV. Killing of UV-JEV-infected N18 cells could be antagonized by co-infection with live, infectious JEV, suggesting that virions of UV-JEV might engage an as-yet-unidentified receptor-mediated death-signalling pathway. Characteristically, mitochondrial alterations were evident in UV-JEV infected N18 cells, as revealed by electron microscopy and a loss of membrane potential. N18 cells infected by UV-JEV induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), and the addition of anti-oxidants or specific NF-kappaB inhibitors to the media greatly reduced the cytotoxicity of UV-JEV. Together, the results presented here suggest that replication-incompetent UV-JEV damages actively growing neuronal cells through a ROS-mediated pathway. PMID- 14769910 TI - Topogenesis in membranes of the NTB-VPg protein of Tomato ringspot nepovirus: definition of the C-terminal transmembrane domain. AB - The putative NTP-binding protein (NTB) of Tomato ringspot nepovirus (ToRSV) contains a hydrophobic region at its C terminus consisting of two adjacent stretches of hydrophobic amino acids separated by a few amino acids. In infected plants, the NTB-VPg polyprotein (containing the domain for the genome-linked protein) is associated with endoplasmic reticulum-derived membranes that are active in ToRSV replication. Recent results from proteinase K protection assays suggested a luminal location for the VPg domain in infected plants, providing support for the presence of a transmembrane domain at the C terminus of NTB. In this study, we have shown that NTB-VPg associates with canine microsomal membranes in the absence of other viral proteins in vitro and adopts a topology similar to that observed in vivo in that the VPg is present in the lumen. Truncated proteins containing 60 amino acids at the C terminus of NTB and the entire VPg exhibited a similar topology, confirming that this region of the protein contains a functional transmembrane domain. Deletion of portions of the C terminal hydrophobic region of NTB by mutagenesis and introduction of glycosylation sites to map the luminal regions of the protein revealed that only the first stretch of hydrophobic amino acids traverses the membrane, while the second stretch of hydrophobic amino acids is located in the lumen. Our results provide additional evidence supporting the hypothesis that the NTB-VPg polyprotein acts as a membrane-anchor for the replication complex. PMID- 14769911 TI - Prion protein gene polymorphisms in healthy and scrapie-affected sheep in Greece. AB - A total of 216 local crossbred sheep from 16 scrapie-affected Greek flocks and 210 purebred sheep of the milk breeds Chios and Karagouniko from healthy flocks were analysed for scrapie-linked polymorphisms in the prion protein (PrP) gene. Of the 216 sheep in this case-control study, 96 sheep were clinical cases, 25 subclinical cases (asymptomatic at the moment of euthanasia but positive by histopathology and/or ELISA detecting proteinase-resistant PrP) and 95 healthy controls (negative by all evaluations). Polymorphisms at codons 136, 154 and 171 were determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, followed by RFLP and sequencing. Scrapie, both clinical and subclinical, was associated with the genotypes ARQ/ARQ (88 of 110 sheep of that genotype), ARQ/TRQ (9 of 13), ARQ/AHQ (15 of 38) and VRQ/VRQ (9 of 17). Histopathological lesions were more severe in the clinical cases. Genotypes ARQ/ARR (26 sheep), ARQ/ARK (seven sheep), AHQ/ARR (one sheep), ARH/ARH (one sheep) and ARR/ARH (three sheep) were detected exclusively in healthy control sheep. In the purebred survey, four genotypes were present in the Chios sheep (ARQ/ARQ, ARQ/TRQ, ARQ/AHQ and ARQ/ARR) and four in the Karagouniko sheep (ARQ/ARQ, ARQ/AHQ, ARQ/ARR and ARQ/ARH). PMID- 14769912 TI - Crystal structure of HLA-DQ0602 that protects against type 1 diabetes and confers strong susceptibility to narcolepsy. AB - The MHC class II molecule DQ0602 confers strong susceptibility to narcolepsy but dominant protection against type 1 diabetes. The crystal structure of DQ0602 reveals the molecular features underlying these contrasting genetic properties. Structural comparisons to homologous DQ molecules with differential disease associations highlight a previously unrecognized interplay between the volume of the P6 pocket and the specificity of the P9 pocket, which implies that presentation of an expanded peptide repertoire is critical for dominant protection against type 1 diabetes. In narcolepsy, the volume of the P4 pocket appears central to the susceptibility, suggesting that the presentation of a specific peptide population plays a major role. PMID- 14769913 TI - Incipient Alzheimer's disease: microarray correlation analyses reveal major transcriptional and tumor suppressor responses. AB - The pathogenesis of incipient Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been resistant to analysis because of the complexity of AD and the overlap of its early-stage markers with normal aging. Gene microarrays provide new tools for addressing complexity because they allow overviews of the simultaneous activity of multiple cellular pathways. However, microarray data interpretation is often hindered by low statistical power, high false positives or false negatives, and by uncertain relevance to functional endpoints. Here, we analyzed hippocampal gene expression of nine control and 22 AD subjects of varying severity on 31 separate microarrays. We then tested the correlation of each gene's expression with MiniMental Status Examination (MMSE) and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) scores across all 31 subjects regardless of diagnosis. These well powered tests revealed a major transcriptional response comprising thousands of genes significantly correlated with AD markers. Several hundred of these genes were also correlated with AD markers across only control and incipient AD subjects (MMSE > 20). Biological process categories associated with incipient AD-correlated genes were identified statistically (ease program) and revealed up-regulation of many transcription factor/signaling genes regulating proliferation and differentiation, including tumor suppressors, oligodendrocyte growth factors, and protein kinase A modulators. In addition, up-regulation of adhesion, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and initial inflammation processes occurred, and down regulation of protein folding/metabolism/transport and some energy metabolism and signaling pathways took place. These findings suggest a new model of AD pathogenesis in which a genomically orchestrated up-regulation of tumor suppressor-mediated differentiation and involution processes induces the spread of pathology along myelinated axons. PMID- 14769914 TI - Rho activity critically and selectively regulates endothelial cell organization during angiogenesis. AB - The mechanisms that control organization of endothelial cells (ECs) into new blood vessels are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the GTPase Rho, which regulates cytoskeletal architecture, is important for EC organization during neovascularization. To test this hypothesis, we designed a highly versatile mouse skin model that used vascular endothelial growth factor-expressing cells together with packaging cells producing retroviruses encoding RhoA GTPase mutants. In this animal model, dominant negative N19RhoA selectively impaired assembly of ECs into new blood vessels; and, in contrast, active V14RhoA stimulated ECs to form blood vessels with functional lumens. In vitro, dominant negative N19RhoA reduced EC actin stress fibers and prevented ECs from contracting and reorganizing into precapillary cords within collagen gels. In contrast, active V14RhoA promoted EC stress fiber formation, contractility, and organization into cords. Neither N19RhoA nor V14RhoA significantly affected EC proliferation or migration in vitro; and, similarly, neither mutant significantly affected EC density during angiogenesis in vivo. Thus, these studies identify a critical and selective role for Rho activity in regulating EC assembly into new blood vessels, and they identify both negative and positive manipulation of Rho activity, respectively, as strategies for suppressing or promoting the organizational stages of neovascularization. PMID- 14769915 TI - Structure of the receptor-binding domain of human thrombopoietin determined by complexation with a neutralizing antibody fragment. AB - The cytokine thrombopoietin (TPO), the ligand for the hematopoietic receptor c Mpl, acts as a primary regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production. We have determined the crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain of human TPO (hTPO(163)) to a 2.5-A resolution by complexation with a neutralizing Fab fragment. The backbone structure of hTPO(163) has an antiparallel four-helix bundle fold. The neutralizing Fab mainly recognizes the C-D crossover loop containing the species invariant residue Q111. Titration calorimetric experiments show that hTPO(163) interacts with soluble c-Mpl containing the extracellular cytokine receptor homology domains with 1:2 stoichiometry with the binding constants of 3.3 x 10(9) M(-1) and 1.1 x 10(6) M(-1). The presence of the neutralizing Fab did not inhibit binding of hTPO(163) to soluble c-Mpl fragments, but the lower-affinity binding disappeared. Together with prior genetic data, these define the structure-function relationships in TPO and the activation scheme of c-Mpl. PMID- 14769916 TI - Negative regulation of eosinophil recruitment to the lung by the chemokine monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig, CXCL9). AB - Experimental analysis of allergic airway inflammation (AAI) in animals and humans is associated with coordinate gene induction. Using DNA microarray analysis, we have identified a large panel of AAI signature genes. Unexpectedly, the allergen challenged lung (a T helper 2 microenvironment) was found to be associated with the expression of T helper 1-associated CXCR3 ligands, monokine induced by IFN gamma (Mig), and IFN-gamma-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10). Here we report that Mig functions as a negative regulator of murine eosinophils. Whereas Mig was not able to induce chemotaxis of eosinophils, pretreatment with Mig induced a dose-dependent inhibition of chemoattractant-induced eosinophil transmigration in vitro. Moreover, i.v. administration of low doses of Mig ( approximately 10-30 microg/kg) induced strong and specific dose-dependent inhibition of chemokine-, IL-13-, and allergen-induced eosinophil recruitment and, conversely, neutralization of Mig before allergen challenge increased airway eosinophilia. Importantly, Mig also inhibited a CCR3-mediated functional response in eosinophils. These results indicate that the ultimate distribution and function of inflammatory cells within the allergic lung is dictated by a balance between positively and negatively regulatory chemokines. The identification of a naturally occurring eosinophil inhibitory chemokine pathway in vivo provides a strategic basis for future therapeutic consideration. PMID- 14769917 TI - Propagation of infectious human papillomavirus type 16 by using an adenovirus and Cre/LoxP mechanism. AB - Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) infection is a major risk factor for the development of squamous cell cancers of the cervix and of the head and neck. A major barrier to understanding the progression from initial infection to cancer has been the lack of in vitro models that allow infection, replication, and persistence of the viral genome as an episome in differentiated epithelial cells. To overcome this barrier, we designed an adenoviral delivery vector that contained a full HPV16 genome flanked by LoxP homologous recombination sites and a fluorescent reporter that was expressed only after the HPV genome was excised by Cre recombinase. This system delivered circular HPV16 genomes to cervical epithelial cells and well differentiated human airway epithelia. After delivery, the HPV16 genome replicated and persisted as an episome in cervical keratinocytes. These cells developed an immortalized phenotype and a dysplastic epithelial appearance. Moreover, induction of differentiation led to the expression of late genes and production of infectious HPV16 virions. This work provides a means of introducing biologically active HPV genomes into epithelial cells, which are normally difficult to transfect. These methods allow the study of HPV genome replication and gene expression in the earliest stages of HPV genome establishment, and they may provide a means to study nononcogenic HPV viral types. PMID- 14769918 TI - Liver-specific deletion of negative regulator Pten results in fatty liver and insulin hypersensitivity [corrected]. AB - In the liver, insulin controls both lipid and glucose metabolism through its cell surface receptor and intracellular mediators such as phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and serine-threonine kinase AKT. The insulin signaling pathway is further modulated by protein tyrosine phosphatase or lipid phosphatase. Here, we investigated the function of phosphatase and tension homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/AKT pathway, by targeted deletion of Pten in murine liver. Deletion of Pten in the liver resulted in increased fatty acid synthesis, accompanied by hepatomegaly and fatty liver phenotype. Interestingly, Pten liver-specific deletion causes enhanced liver insulin action with improved systemic glucose tolerance. Thus, deletion of Pten in the liver may provide a valuable model that permits the study of the metabolic actions of insulin signaling in the liver, and PTEN may be a promising target for therapeutic intervention for type 2 diabetes. PMID- 14769919 TI - Crosslinking snapshots of bacterial chemoreceptor squads. AB - The team signaling model for bacterial chemoreceptors proposes that receptor dimers of different detection specificities form mixed trimers of dimers. These receptor "squads" then recruit the cytoplasmic signaling proteins CheA and CheW to form ternary signaling teams, which typically cluster at the poles of the cell. We devised cysteine-directed in vivo crosslinking approaches to ask whether mixed receptor squads could form in the absence of CheA and CheW and, if so, whether the underlying structural interactions conformed to trimer-of-dimers geometry. One approach used cysteine reporters at positions in the serine (Tsr) and aspartate (Tar) receptors that should form disulfide-linked Tsr approximately Tar products when juxtaposed at the interface of a mixed trimer. Another approach used a cysteine reporter with trigonal geometry near the trimer contact region and a trifunctional maleimide reagent with a spacer length appropriate for capturing the three axial subunits in a trimer of dimers. Both approaches detected mixed receptor-crosslinking products in cells lacking CheA and CheW. Under these conditions, receptor methylation and ligand-binding state had no discernable effect on crosslinking efficiencies. Crosslinking with the trigonal reporter was rapid and did not increase with longer treatment times or higher reagent concentrations, suggesting that this method produces a short-exposure snapshot of the receptor population. The extent of crosslinking indicated that most of the cell's receptor molecules were organized in higher-order groups. Crosslinking in receptor trimer contact mutants correlated with their signaling behaviors, suggesting that trimers of dimers are both structural and functional precursors of chemoreceptor signaling teams in bacteria. PMID- 14769920 TI - Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulates dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission in the striatum. AB - Dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions in the striatum play an essential role in motor- and reward-related behaviors. Dysfunction of these neurotransmitter systems has been found in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) negatively regulates postsynaptic signaling of dopamine in the striatum. This kinase also reduces the behavioral effects of cocaine. Here we demonstrate that, in addition to a postsynaptic role, CDK5 negatively regulates dopamine release in the striatum. Inhibitors of CDK5 increase evoked dopamine release in a way that is additive to that of cocaine. This presynaptic action of CDK5 also regulates glutamatergic transmission. Indeed, inhibition of CDK5 increases the activity and phosphorylation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, and these effects are reduced by a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist. Using mice with a point mutation of the CDK5 site of the postsynaptic protein DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, molecular mass of 32 kDa), in the absence or in the presence of a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, we provide evidence that CDK5 inhibitors potentiate dopaminergic transmission at both presynaptic and postsynaptic locations. These findings, together with the known ability of CDK5 inhibitors to prevent degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, suggest that this class of compounds could potentially be used as a novel treatment for disorders associated with dopamine deficiency, such as Parkinson's disease. PMID- 14769921 TI - Cotranscriptional recruitment of the serine-arginine-rich (SR)-like proteins Gbp2 and Hrb1 to nascent mRNA via the TREX complex. AB - The TREX (transcription/export) complex couples transcription elongation to the nuclear export of mRNAs. In this article, we show that the poly(A)(+) RNA-binding proteins Gbp2 and Hrb1, which resemble the serine-arginine-rich (SR) family of splicing factors found in higher eukaryotes, are specifically associated with the yeast TREX complex. We also show that Gbp2 and Hrb1 interact with Ctk1, a kinase that phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II during transcription elongation. Consistent with these findings, Gbp2 and Hrb1 associate with actively transcribed genes throughout their entire lengths. By using an RNA immunoprecipitation assay, we show that Gbp2 and Hrb1 also are bound to transcripts that are derived from these genes. We conclude that recruitment of the SR-like proteins Gbp2 and Hrb1 to mRNA occurs cotranscriptionally by means of association with the TREX complex and/or Ctk1. PMID- 14769922 TI - Ceramidase expression facilitates membrane turnover and endocytosis of rhodopsin in photoreceptors. AB - Transgenic expression of ceramidase suppresses retinal degeneration in Drosophila arrestin and phospholipase C mutants. Here, we show that expression of ceramidase facilitates the dissolution of incompletely formed and inappropriately located elements of rhabdomeric membranes in ninaE(I17) mutants lacking the G protein receptor Rh1 in R1-R6 photoreceptor cells. Ceramidase expression facilitates the endocytic turnover of Rh1. Although ceramidase expression aids the removal of internalized rhodopsin, it does not affect the turnover of Rh1 in photoreceptors maintained in dark, where Rh1 is not activated and thus has a slower turnover and a long half-life. Therefore, the phenotypic consequence of ceramidase expression in photoreceptors is caused by facilitation of endocytosis. This study provides mechanistic insight into the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway-mediated modulation of endocytosis and suppression of retinal degeneration. PMID- 14769923 TI - GATA-3 deficiency abrogates the development and maintenance of T helper type 2 cells. AB - T helper type 2 (Th2) cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 and mediate allergic and asthmatic disease. GATA-3 is a Th2-specific transcription factor that appears in overexpression studies and transgenic systems to function as a Th2 lineage determinant. Because GATA-3 is also crucial for development of the T lineage and throughout thymic development, direct demonstration that GATA-3 is required for Th2 development by targeted deletion has been lacking. Using a conditional knockout approach, we found that GATA-3 is required for optimal Th2 cytokine production in vitro and in vivo. Our data also show that GATA-3 expression must be sustained to maintain the Th2 phenotype. PMID- 14769924 TI - Short interfering RNAs can induce unexpected and divergent changes in the levels of untargeted proteins in mammalian cells. AB - RNA interference (RNAi) mediated by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is a widely used method to analyze gene function. To use RNAi knockdown accurately to infer gene function, it is essential to determine the specificity of siRNA-mediated RNAi. We have assessed the specificity of 10 different siRNAs corresponding to the MEN1 gene by examining the expression of two additional genes, TP53 (p53) and CDKN1A (p21), which are considered functionally unrelated to menin but are sensitive markers of cell state. MEN1 RNA and corresponding protein levels were all reduced after siRNA transfection of HeLa cells, although the degree of inhibition mediated by individual siRNAs varied. Unexpectedly, we observed dramatic and significant changes in protein levels of p53 and p21 that were unrelated to silencing of the target gene. The modulations in p53 and p21 levels were not abolished on titration of the siRNAs, and similar results were obtained in three other cell lines; in none of the cell lines tested did we see an effect on the protein levels of actin. These data suggest that siRNAs can induce nonspecific effects on protein levels that are siRNA sequence dependent but that these effects may be difficult to detect until genes central to a pivotal cellular response, such as p53 and p21, are studied. We find no evidence that activation of the double-stranded RNA-triggered IFN-associated antiviral pathways accounts for these effects, but we speculate that partial complementary sequence matches to off-target genes may result in a micro-RNA-like inhibition of translation. PMID- 14769925 TI - Arthritis suppressor genes TIA-1 and TTP dampen the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, cyclooxygenase 2, and inflammatory arthritis. AB - TIA-1 and TTP are AU-rich element-binding proteins that prevent the pathological overexpression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). TIA-1 inhibits the translation of TNF-alpha transcripts, whereas TTP promotes the degradation of TNF alpha transcripts. Here we show that TIA-1 and TTP function as arthritis suppressor genes: TIA-1(-/-) mice develop mild arthritis, TTP(-/-) mice develop severe arthritis, and TIA-1(-/-)TTP(-/-) mice develop very severe arthritis. Peritoneal macrophages derived from all three genotypes overexpress cyclooxygenase 2 and TNF-alpha. Surprisingly, lipopolysaccharide-activated TIA-1( /-)TTP(-/-) macrophages secrete less TNF-alpha protein than either TIA-1(-/-) or TTP(-/-) macrophages. In these mice, arthritogenic cytokine may be produced by neutrophils that accumulate in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Our results suggest that TIA-1 and TTP are genetic modifiers of inflammatory arthritis that can alter the spectrum of cells that produce arthritogenic cytokines. PMID- 14769927 TI - Biography of Karl Hess. PMID- 14769926 TI - Slow-wave sleep, acetylcholine, and memory consolidation. PMID- 14769928 TI - WNK4 regulates apical and basolateral Cl- flux in extrarenal epithelia. AB - Mutations in the serine-threonine kinase WNK4 [with no lysine (K) 4] cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, a Mendelian disease featuring hypertension with hyperkalemia. In the kidney, WNK4 regulates the balance between NaCl reabsorption and K(+) secretion via variable inhibition of the thiazide-sensistive NaCl cotransporter and the K(+) channel ROMK. We now demonstrate expression of WNK4 mRNA and protein outside the kidney. In extrarenal tissues, WNK4 is found almost exclusively in polarized epithelia, variably associating with tight junctions, lateral membranes, and cytoplasm. Epithelia expressing WNK4 include sweat ducts, colonic crypts, pancreatic ducts, bile ducts, and epididymis. WNK4 is also expressed in the specialized endothelium of the blood-brain barrier. These epithelia and endothelium all play important roles in Cl(-) transport. Because WNK4 is known to regulate renal Cl(-) handling, we tested WNK4's effect on the activity of mediators of epithelial Cl(-) flux whose extrarenal expression overlaps with WNK4. WNK4 proved to be a potent inhibitor of the activity of both the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC1) and the Cl(-)/base exchanger SLC26A6 (CFEX) (>95% inhibition of NKCC1-mediated (86)Rb influx, P < 0.001; >80% inhibition of CFEX-mediated [(14)C] formate uptake, P < 0.001), mediators of Cl( ) flux across basolateral and apical membranes, respectively. In contrast, WNK4 showed no inhibition of pendrin, a related Cl(-)/base exchanger. These findings indicate a general role for WNK4 in the regulation of electrolyte flux in diverse epithelia. Moreover, they reveal that WNK4 regulates the activities of a diverse group of structurally unrelated ion channels, cotransporters, and exchangers. PMID- 14769929 TI - The outer plastid envelope protein Oep16: role as precursor translocase in import of protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A. AB - A 16-kDa plastid envelope protein was identified by chemical crosslinking that interacts with the precursor of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxdidoreductase A (pPORA) during its posttranslational import into isolated barley chloroplasts. Protein purification and subsequent protein sequencing showed that the 16-kDa protein is an ortholog of a previously identified outer plastid envelope protein, Oep16. A protein of identical size was present in barley etioplasts and interacted with pPORA. Similar 16-kDa protein-dependent crosslink products of pPORA were detected in wheat, pea, and Arabidopsis chloroplasts. Database analyses revealed that the 16-kDa protein belongs to a family of preprotein and amino acid transporters found in free-living bacteria and endosymbiotic mitochondria and chloroplasts. Antibodies raised against the 16-kDa protein inhibited import of pPORA, highlighting its role in protein import. PMID- 14769930 TI - Linear-after-the-exponential (LATE)-PCR: an advanced method of asymmetric PCR and its uses in quantitative real-time analysis. AB - Conventional asymmetric PCR is inefficient and difficult to optimize because limiting the concentration of one primer lowers its melting temperature below the reaction annealing temperature. Linear-After-The-Exponential (LATE)-PCR describes a new paradigm for primer design that renders assays as efficient as symmetric PCR assays, regardless of primer ratio. LATE-PCR generates single-stranded products with predictable kinetics for many cycles beyond the exponential phase. LATE-PCR also introduces new probe design criteria that uncouple hybridization probe detection from primer annealing and extension, increase probe reliability, improve allele discrimination, and increase signal strength by 80-250% relative to symmetric PCR. These improvements in PCR are particularly useful for real-time quantitative analysis of target numbers in small samples. LATE-PCR is adaptable to high throughput applications in fields such as clinical diagnostics, biodefense, forensics, and DNA sequencing. We showcase LATE-PCR via amplification of the cystic fibrosis CFDelta508 allele and the Tay-Sachs disease TSD 1278 allele from single heterozygous cells. PMID- 14769931 TI - DDB2 gene disruption leads to skin tumors and resistance to apoptosis after exposure to ultraviolet light but not a chemical carcinogen. AB - Mutations in the human DDB2 gene give rise to xeroderma pigmentosum group E, a disease characterized by increased skin tumorigenesis in response to UV irradiation. Cell strains derived from xeroderma pigmentosum group E individuals also have enhanced resistance to UV-irradiation due to decreased p53-mediated apoptosis. To further address the precise function(s) of DDB2 and the consequence of non-naturally occurring DDB2 mutations, we generated mice with a disruption of the gene. The mice exhibited significantly enhanced skin carcinogenesis in response to UV-irradiation, and cells from the DDB2(-/-) mice were abnormally resistant to killing by the radiation and had diminished UV-induced, p53-mediated apoptosis. Notably, the cancer-prone phenotype and the resistance to cellular killing were not observed after exposure to the chemical carcinogen, 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), to which mice carrying defective nucleotide excision repair genes respond with enhanced tumors and cell killing. Although cells from heterozygous DDB2(+/-) mice appeared normal, these mice had enhanced skin carcinogenesis after UV-irradiation, so that XP-E heterozygotes might be at risk for carcinogenesis. In sum, these results demonstrate that DDB2 is well conserved between humans and mice and functions as a tumor suppressor, at least in part, by controlling p53-mediated apoptosis after UV-irradiation. PMID- 14769932 TI - Replication of plant RNA virus genomes in a cell-free extract of evacuolated plant protoplasts. AB - The replication of eukaryotic positive-strand RNA virus genomes occurs through a complex process involving multiple viral and host proteins and intracellular membranes. Here we report a cell-free system that reproduces this process in vitro. This system uses a membrane-containing extract of uninfected plant protoplasts from which the vacuoles had been removed by Percoll gradient centrifugation. We demonstrate that the system supported translation, negative strand RNA synthesis, genomic RNA replication, and subgenomic RNA transcription of tomato mosaic virus and two other plant positive-strand RNA viruses. The RNA synthesis, which depended on translation of the genomic RNA, produced virus related RNA species similar to those that are generated in vivo. This system will aid in the elucidation of the mechanisms of genome replication in these viruses. PMID- 14769933 TI - Mimicking live flavivirus immunization with a noninfectious RNA vaccine. AB - Flaviviruses are human pathogens of world-wide medical importance. They have recently received much additional attention because of their spread to new regions (such as West Nile virus to North America), highlighting their potential as newly emerging disease agents. Using tick-borne encephalitis virus, we have developed and evaluated in mice a new genetic vaccine based on self-replicating but noninfectious RNA. This RNA contains all of the necessary genetic information for establishing its replication machinery in the host cell, thus mimicking a natural infection. However, genetic modifications in the region encoding the capsid protein simultaneously prevent the assembly of infectious virus particles and promote the secretion of noninfectious subviral particles that elicit neutralizing antibodies. These characteristics demonstrate that a new generation of flavivirus vaccines can be designed that stimulate the same spectrum of innate and specific immune responses as a live vaccine but have the safety features of an inactivated vaccine. PMID- 14769934 TI - Identification of plastid envelope proteins required for import of protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A into the chloroplast of barley. AB - Chloroplasts synthesize an abundance of different tetrapyrrole compounds. Among them are chlorophyll and its precursor protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), which accumulate in light- and dark-grown plants, respectively. Pchlide is converted to chlorophyllide by virtue of the NADPH:Pchlide oxidoreductase (POR), which, in angiosperms, is the only known light-dependent enzyme of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. In etiolated barley plants, two closely related POR proteins exist termed PORA and PORB, which are nuclear gene products. Here we identified plastid envelope proteins that interact with the cytosolic PORA precursor (pPORA) during its posttranslational chloroplast import. We demonstrate that pPORA interacts with several previously unreported components. Among them is a Pchlide a oxygenase, which provides Pchlide b as import substrate for pPORA, and a tyrosine aminotransferase thought to be involved in the synthesis of photoprotective vitamin E. Two other constituents were found to be orthologs of the GTP-binding proteins Toc33/34 and of the outer plastid envelope protein Oep16. PMID- 14769935 TI - The 4-coumarate:CoA ligase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana comprises one rare, sinapate-activating and three commonly occurring isoenzymes. AB - 4-Coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL; EC 6.2.1.12) has a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of plant secondary compounds at the divergence point from general phenylpropanoid metabolism to several major branch pathways. In Arabidopsis thaliana, we have identified a previously undetected, fourth and final member of the At4CL gene family. The encoded enzyme, At4CL4, exhibits the rare property of efficiently activating sinapate, besides the usual 4CL substrates (4-coumarate, caffeate, and ferulate), indicating a distinct metabolic function. Phylogenetic analysis suggests an early evolutionary and functional divergence of three of the four gene family members, At4CL2-4, whereas At4CL1 appears to have originated much later by duplication of its structurally and functionally closest relative, At4CL2. Various characteristics shared by all known plant 4CL genes, as well as by the encoded proteins, define and delimit the At4CL gene family and distinguish it from the closely related family of "At4CL-like" genes. PMID- 14769936 TI - Molecular cloning and characterization of two Helicobacter pylori genes coding for plasminogen-binding proteins. AB - Helicobacter pylori binds a number of host cell proteins, including the plasma protein plasminogen, which is the proenzyme of the serine protease plasmin. Two H. pylori plasminogen-binding proteins have been described; however, no genes were identified. Here we report the use of a phage display library to clone two genes from the H. pylori CCUG 17874 genome that mediate binding to plasminogen. DNA sequence analysis of one of these genes revealed 96.6% homology with H. pylori 26695 HP0508. A subsequent database search revealed that the amino acid sequence of a lysine-rich C-terminal segment of HP0508 is identical to the C terminus of HP0863. Recombinant proteins expressed from HP0508 and HP0863 bound plasminogen specifically and in a lysine-dependent manner. We designate these genes pgbA and pgbB, respectively. These proteins are expressed by a variety of H. pylori strains, have surface-exposed domains, and do not inhibit plasminogen activation. These results indicate that pgbA and pgbB may allow H. pylori to coat its exterior with plasminogen, which subsequently can be activated to plasmin. The surface acquisition of protease activity may enhance the virulence of H. pylori. PMID- 14769937 TI - Activation-induced cytidine deaminase shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm like apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide 1. AB - Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a molecule central to initiating class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation, and gene conversion of Ig genes. However, its mechanism to initiate these genetic alterations is still unclear. AID can convert cytosine to uracil on either mRNA or DNA and is involved in DNA cleavage. Although these events are expected to take place in the nucleus, overexpressed AID was found predominantly in the cytoplasm. Here, we demonstrated that AID is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein with a bipartite nuclear localization signal and a nuclear export signal in its N and C termini, respectively. In addition to previously identified genetic, structural, and biochemical similarities of AID with apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide 1, an RNA editing enzyme of ApoB100 mRNA, the present finding provides another aspect to their resemblance, suggesting that both may have homologous reaction mechanisms. PMID- 14769938 TI - Whole-genome shotgun assembly and comparison of human genome assemblies. AB - We report a whole-genome shotgun assembly (called WGSA) of the human genome generated at Celera in 2001. The Celera-generated shotgun data set consisted of 27 million sequencing reads organized in pairs by virtue of end-sequencing 2-kbp, 10-kbp, and 50-kbp inserts from shotgun clone libraries. The quality-trimmed reads covered the genome 5.3 times, and the inserts from which pairs of reads were obtained covered the genome 39 times. With the nearly complete human DNA sequence [National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Build 34] now available, it is possible to directly assess the quality, accuracy, and completeness of WGSA and of the first reconstructions of the human genome reported in two landmark papers in February 2001 [Venter, J. C., Adams, M. D., Myers, E. W., Li, P. W., Mural, R. J., Sutton, G. G., Smith, H. O., Yandell, M., Evans, C. A., Holt, R. A., et al. (2001) Science 291, 1304-1351; International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001) Nature 409, 860-921]. The analysis of WGSA shows 97% order and orientation agreement with NCBI Build 34, where most of the 3% of sequence out of order is due to scaffold placement problems as opposed to assembly errors within the scaffolds themselves. In addition, WGSA fills some of the remaining gaps in NCBI Build 34. The early genome sequences all covered about the same amount of the genome, but they did so in different ways. The Celera results provide more order and orientation, and the consortium sequence provides better coverage of exact and nearly exact repeats. PMID- 14769939 TI - The mouse olfactory receptor gene family. AB - In mammals, odor detection in the nose is mediated by a diverse family of olfactory receptors (ORs), which are used combinatorially to detect different odorants and encode their identities. The OR family can be divided into subfamilies whose members are highly related and are likely to recognize structurally related odorants. To gain further insight into the mechanisms underlying odor detection, we analyzed the mouse OR gene family. Exhaustive searches of a mouse genome database identified 913 intact OR genes and 296 OR pseudogenes. These genes were localized to 51 different loci on 17 chromosomes. Sequence comparisons showed that the mouse OR family contains 241 subfamilies. Subfamily sizes vary extensively, suggesting that some classes of odorants may be more easily detected or discriminated than others. Determination of subfamilies that contain ORs with identified ligands allowed tentative functional predictions for 19 subfamilies. Analysis of the chromosomal locations of members of each subfamily showed that many OR gene loci encode only one or a few subfamilies. Furthermore, most subfamilies are encoded by a single locus, suggesting that different loci may encode receptors for different types of odorant structural features. Comparison of human and mouse OR subfamilies showed that the two species have many, but not all, subfamilies in common. However, mouse subfamilies are usually larger than their human counterparts. This finding suggests that humans and mice recognize many of the same odorant structural motifs, but mice may be superior in odor sensitivity and discrimination. PMID- 14769940 TI - A germ-line insertion in the Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) gene gives rise to the Nihon rat model of inherited renal cancer. AB - A rat model of hereditary renal carcinoma (RC) was found in a rat colony of the Sprague-Dawley strain in Japan and named the "Nihon" rat. In heterozygotes, RCs, predominantly the clear cell type, develop from early preneoplastic lesions, which began to appear as early as 3 weeks of age, to adenocarcinomas by the age of 6 months. The Nihon rat is an example of a Mendelian dominantly inherited predisposition for development of RCs like the Eker (Tsc2 gene mutant) rat. We have previously shown that the Nihon mutation was tightly linked to genes that are located on the distal part of rat chromosome 10. The order of the genes is the Eker (Tsc2 gene (human 16p13.3)-Il3 gene-Nihon gene-Llgl1 locus- Myhse gene. We now describe a germ-line mutation in the Birt-Hogg-Dube gene (Bhd) (human 17p11.2) caused by the insertion of a single nucleotide in the Nihon rat, resulting in a frameshift and producing a stop codon 26 aa downstream. We found that the homozygous mutant condition was lethal at an early stage of fetal life in the rat. We detected a high frequency of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in primary RCs (10/11) at the Bhd locus and found a point mutation (nonsense) in one LOH-negative case, fitting Knudson's "two-hit" model. The Nihon rat may therefore provide insights into a tumor-suppressor gene that is related to renal carcinogenesis and an animal model of human BHD syndrome. PMID- 14769941 TI - Stepwise helix formation and chain compaction during protein folding. PMID- 14769942 TI - Rapid transformation of white adipocytes into fat-oxidizing machines. AB - Adenovirus-induced hyperleptinemia rapidly depletes body fat in normal rats without increasing free fatty acids and ketogenesis, implying that fat-storing adipocytes are oxidizing the fat. To analyze the ultrastructural changes of adipocytes accompanying this functional transformation, we examined the fat tissue by electron microscopy. After 14 days of hyperleptinemia, adipocytes had become shrunken, fatless, and encased in a thick basement-membrane-like matrix. They were crowded with mitochondria that were much smaller than those of brown adipocytes. Their gene expression profile revealed striking up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha (an up regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis not normally expressed in white fat), increased uncoupling proteins-1 and -2, and down-regulation of lipogenic enzymes. Phosphorylation of both acetyl CoA carboxylase and AMP-activated protein kinase was increased, thus explaining the increase in fatty acid oxidation. The ability to transform adipocytes into unique fat-burning cells may suggest novel therapeutic strategies for obesity. PMID- 14769944 TI - The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein down-regulates apoptosis and expression of the proapoptotic BID protein in lymphocytes. AB - The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) gene, involved in rare cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia, encodes a Kruppel-type zinc finger transcription factor. It has been reported that PLZF affects myeloid cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, the function of PLZF in the lymphoid compartment, where PLZF is also expressed, remains largely unknown. To investigate a potential relationship between PLZF expression in lymphocytes and programmed cell death, an inducible model of stable clones of the lymphoid Jurkat cell line was created by using the tet-off system. Although induction of PLZF expression by itself did not produce changes in the basal levels of apoptosis, PLZF had a significant anti-apoptotic effect in Jurkat cells cultured in conditions of serum starvation, as measured by annexin V staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. In addition, retarded loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential was observed in the PLZF expressing clones, suggesting that PLZF protects from cell death through a mitochondrial-dependent mechanism. To identify apoptosis-related targets of PLZF, a screen for differential expression identified BID, a proapoptotic member of the Bcl2 family, as significantly down-regulated by PLZF. Furthermore, a high affinity PLZF-binding site element was identified upstream of the BID transcriptional start site, as assessed by electrophoretic mobility-shift assays. These results suggest that BID is a target of PLZF repression and a candidate gene to mediate the PLZF-induced resistance to apoptosis. PMID- 14769943 TI - Identification of a prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 7q11-21 in Jewish families. AB - Results from over a dozen prostate cancer susceptibility genome-wide scans, encompassing some 1,500 hereditary prostate cancer families, indicate that prostate cancer is an extremely heterogeneous disease with multiple loci contributing to overall susceptibility. In an attempt to reduce locus heterogeneity, we performed a genomewide linkage scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes with 36 Jewish families, which represent a stratification of hereditary prostate cancer families with potentially increased locus homogeneity. The 36 Jewish families represent a combined dataset of 17 Jewish families from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center-based Prostate Cancer Genetic Research Study dataset and 19 Ashkenazi Jewish families collected at Johns Hopkins University. All available family members, including 94 affected men, were genotyped at markers distributed across the genome with an average interval of <10 centimorgans. Nonparametric multipoint linkage analyses were the primary approach, although parametric analyses were performed as well. Our strongest signal was a significant linkage peak at 7q11-21, with a nonparametric linkage (NPL) score of 3.01 (P = 0.0013). Simulations indicated that this corresponds to a genomewide empirical P = 0.006. All other regions had NPL P values >/=0.02. After genotyping additional markers within the 7q11-21 peak, the NPL score increased to 3.35 (P = 0.0004) at D7S634 with an allele-sharing logarithm of odds of 3.12 (P = 0.00007). These studies highlight the utility of analyzing defined sets of families with a common origin for reducing locus heterogeneity problems associated with studying complex traits. PMID- 14769945 TI - Site-resolved stabilization of a DNA triple helix by magnesium ions. AB - Proton exchange and NMR spectroscopy have been used to define the effects of Mg2+ ions upon the stability of individual base pairs in the intramolecular parallel triple helix formed by the DNA oligonucleotide d(GAAGAGGTTTTTCCTCTTCTTTTTCTTCTCC). The rates of exchange of individual Watson Crick and Hoogsteen imino protons in the DNA triple helix were measured in the absence and in the presence of Mg2+ ions. The results reveal that Mg2+ lowers the exchange rates of most imino protons in the structure by stabilizing the corresponding base pairs in their native closed conformation. Comparison of the DNA triple helix containing Na+ counterions to the same helix containing Mg2+ counterions shows that these stabilizing effects result, in large part, from Mg2+ ions closely associated with the DNA. Moreover, the effects are site-specific and depend on the number and location of protonated cytosines relative to the observed base. These findings provide new insights into the molecular roles of C+*GC triads in determining the stability of DNA triple-helical structures. PMID- 14769946 TI - Identification of a direct Dlx homeodomain target in the developing mouse forebrain and retina by optimization of chromatin immunoprecipitation. AB - Understanding homeobox gene specificity and function has been hampered by the lack of proven direct transcriptional targets during development. Dlx genes are expressed in the developing forebrain, retina, craniofacial structures and limbs. Dlx1/Dlx2 double knockout mice die at birth with multiple defects including abnormal forebrain development and decreased Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression. We have successfully applied chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to identify a direct transcriptional target of DLX homeoproteins from embryonic tissues in vivo. We optimized cross-linking conditions to enrich for protein-DNA complexes, then using specific high affinity DLX antibodies captured immunoenriched DLX genomic DNA transcriptional targets. DLX homeobox proteins bind differentially to the Dlx5/Dlx6 intergenic enhancer in newborn retina (DLX2) and embryonic striatum (DLX1, DLX2) in situ. Reporter gene assays demonstrated the functional significance of the binding of DLX proteins to this regulatory element, confirmed in vitro by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, using tissue extracts or recombinant DLX proteins. ChIP provides the best approach to identify direct Dlx homeoprotein targets from developing tissues in situ. The use of this technology will advance our understanding of Dlx gene function in the vertebrate in vivo and can be applied to examine targets of other homeobox genes and other classes of transcription factors. PMID- 14769947 TI - A library of siRNA duplexes targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway: determinants of gene silencing for use in cell-based screens. AB - Gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi) has been established as a means of conducting reverse genetic studies. In order to better understand the determinants of short interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown for use in high throughput cell-based screens, 148 siRNA duplexes targeting 30 genes within the PI3K pathway were selected and synthesized. The extent of RNA knockdown was measured for 22 genes by quantitative real-time PCR. Analysis of the parameters correlating with effective knockdown showed that (i) duplexes targeting the middle of the coding sequence silenced significantly poorer, (ii) silencing by duplexes targeting the 3'UTR was comparable with duplexes targeting the coding sequence, (iii) pooling of four or five duplexes per gene was remarkably efficient in knocking down gene expression and (iv) among duplexes that achieved a >70% knockdown of the mRNA there were strong nucleotide preferences at specific positions, most notably positions 11 (G or C) and 19 (T) of the siRNA duplex. Finally, in a proof-of-principle pathway-wide cell-based genetic screen, conducted to detect negative genetic regulators of Akt S473 phosphorylation, both known negative regulators of this phosphorylation, PTEN and PDK1, were found. These data help to lay the foundation for genome-wide siRNA screens in mammalian cells. PMID- 14769948 TI - Inhibitors of protein synthesis identified by a high throughput multiplexed translation screen. AB - The use of small molecule inhibitors of cellular processes is a powerful approach to understanding gene function that complements the genetic approach. We have designed a high throughput screen to identify new inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis. We used a bicistronic mRNA reporter to multiplex our assay and simultaneously screen for inhibitors of cap-dependent initiation, internal initiation and translation elongation/termination. Functional screening of >90 000 compounds in an in vitro translation reaction identified 36 inhibitors, 14 of which are known inhibitors of translation and 18 of which are nucleic acid binding ligands. Our results indicate that intercalators constitute a large class of protein synthesis inhibitors. Four non-intercalating compounds were identified, three of which block elongation and one of which inhibits initiation. The novel inhibitor of initiation affects 5' end-mediated initiation, as well as translation initiated from picornaviral IRESs, but does not significantly affect internal initiation from the hepatitis C virus 5'-untranslated region. This compound should be useful for delineating differences in mechanism of initiation among IRESs. PMID- 14769949 TI - Pre-steady-state kinetics shows differences in processing of various DNA lesions by Escherichia coli formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase. AB - Formamidopyrimidine-DNA-glycosylase (Fpg protein, MutM) catalyses excision of 8 oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and other oxidatively damaged purines from DNA in a glycosylase/apurinic/apyrimidinic-lyase reaction. We report pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of Fpg action on oligonucleotide duplexes containing 8-oxo-2' deoxyguanosine, natural abasic site or tetrahydrofuran (an uncleavable abasic site analogue). Monitoring Fpg intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence in stopped-flow experiments reveals multiple conformational transitions in the protein molecule during the catalytic cycle. At least four and five conformational transitions occur in Fpg during the interaction with abasic and 8-oxoG-containing substrates, respectively, within 2 ms to 10 s time range. These transitions reflect the stages of enzyme binding to DNA and lesion recognition with the mutual adjustment of DNA and enzyme structures to achieve catalytically competent conformation. Unlike these well-defined binding steps, catalytic stages are not associated with discernible fluorescence events. Only a single conformational change is detected for the cleavable substrates at times exceeding 10 s. The data obtained provide evidence that several fast sequential conformational changes occur in Fpg after binding to its substrate, converting the protein into a catalytically active conformation. PMID- 14769950 TI - Guidelines for the selection of highly effective siRNA sequences for mammalian and chick RNA interference. AB - In the present study, the relationship between short interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence and RNA interference (RNAi) effect was extensively analyzed using 62 targets of four exogenous and two endogenous genes and three mammalian and Drosophila cells. We present the rules that may govern siRNA sequence preference and in accordance with which highly effective siRNAs essential for systematic mammalian functional genomics can be readily designed. These rules indicate that siRNAs which simultaneously satisfy all four of the following sequence conditions are capable of inducing highly effective gene silencing in mammalian cells: (i) A/U at the 5' end of the antisense strand; (ii) G/C at the 5' end of the sense strand; (iii) at least five A/U residues in the 5' terminal one-third of the antisense strand; and (iv) the absence of any GC stretch of more than 9 nt in length. siRNAs opposite in features with respect to the first three conditions give rise to little or no gene silencing in mammalian cells. Essentially the same rules for siRNA sequence preference were found applicable to DNA-based RNAi in mammalian cells and in ovo RNAi using chick embryos. In contrast to mammalian and chick cells, little siRNA sequence preference could be detected in Drosophila in vivo RNAi. PMID- 14769952 TI - Determination of mitotic recombination rates by fluctuation analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AB - The study of recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae benefits from the availability of assay systems that select for recombinants, allowing the study of spontaneous events that represent natural assaults on the genome. However, the rarity of such spontaneous recombination requires selection of events that occur over many generations in a cell culture, and the number of recombinants increases exponentially following a recombination event. To avoid inflation of the average number of recombinants by jackpots arising from an event early in a culture, the distribution of the number of recombinants in independent cultures (fluctuation analysis) must be used to estimate the mean number of recombination events. Here we describe two statistical analyses (method of the median and the method of p0) to estimate the true mean of the number of events to be used to calculate the recombination rate. The use of confidence intervals to depict the error in such experiments is also discussed. The application of these methods is illustrated using the intron-based inverted repeat recombination reporter system developed in our lab to study the regulation of homeologous recombination. PMID- 14769951 TI - Proteome-wide identification of cellular targets affected by bisindolylmaleimide type protein kinase C inhibitors. AB - Bisindolylmaleimide compounds such as GF109203X are potent inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Although bisindolylmaleimides are not entirely selective for PKC and are known to inhibit a few other protein kinases, these reagents have been extensively used to study the functional roles of PKC family enzymes in cellular signal transduction for more than a decade. Here, we establish a proteomics approach to gain further insights into the cellular effects of this compound class. Functional immobilization of suitable bisindolylmaleimide analogues in combination with the specific purification of cellular binding proteins by affinity chromatography led to the identification of several known and previously unknown enzyme targets. Subsequent in vitro binding and activity assays confirmed the protein kinases Ste20-related kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and the non-protein kinases adenosine kinase and quinone reductase type 2 as novel targets of bisindolylmaleimide inhibitors. As observed specifically for CDK2, minor chemical variation of the ligand by immobilizing the closely related bisindolylmaleimides III, VIII, and X dramatically affected target binding. These observed changes in affinity correlated with both the measured IC(50) values for in vitro CDK2 inhibition and results from molecular docking into the CDK2 crystal structure. Moreover, the conditions for affinity purification could be adapted in a way that immobilized bisindolylmaleimide III selectively interacted with either PKC alpha or ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1 only after activation of these kinases. Thus, we have established an efficient technique for the rapid identification of cellular bisindolylmaleimide targets and further demonstrate the comparative selectivity profiling of closely related kinase inhibitors within a cellular proteome. PMID- 14769953 TI - Determination of intrachromosomal recombination rates in cultured mammalian cells. AB - Recombination is involved in many important biological processes including DNA repair, gene expression, and generation of genetic diversity. Recombination must be carefully regulated so as to prevent the deleterious consequences that may result from rearrangements between dissimilar sequences in a genome. It is of considerable interest to study the mechanisms by which genetic rearrangements in mammalian chromosomes are regulated in order to understand better how genomic integrity is normally maintained and to gain insight into the types of genetic mutations that may destabilize the genome. To explore such issues in mammalian chromosomes, a suitable experimental system must be developed. In this chapter, we describe a model system for studying intrachromosomal recombination in cultured mammalian cells. We discuss two model recombination substrates, a method for stably introducing the substrates into cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, and a method for determining rates of intrachromosomal recombination between sequences contained within the integrated substrates. The general approach described here should be applicable to the study of a variety of aspects of recombination in virtually any cultured mammalian cell line. PMID- 14769954 TI - Intrachromosomal homologous recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana. AB - Because of the availability of the complete sequence of the genome of the model plant Arabidopsis and of insertion mutants for most genes in public mutant collections, the elucidation of the particular role of different factors involved in DNA recombination and repair processes, an important task for plant biology, is becoming feasible. An assay system based on transgenes harboring homologous overlaps of the beta-glucuronidase (uidA) gene is available to determine recombination behavior in various mutant backgrounds. Restoration of the marker gene by homologous recombination can be detected by histochemical staining in planta. Inclusion of a site of the rare cutting restriction enzyme I-SceI in the transgene construct enables the determination of recombination frequencies after induction of double-strand breaks. In this chapter we describe how the respective transgene is transferred by transformation or crossing into the mutant background, how recombination frequencies are determined, and, if necessary, how cells carrying a restored uidA gene can be isolated and propagated for molecular analysis of the particular recombination event. PMID- 14769955 TI - Analysis of recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells with I-SceI nuclease. AB - Eukaryotes repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR) or by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). DSBs are a natural consequence of DNA metabolism, occurring, for example, during DNA replication and meiosis. DSBs are also induced by chemicals and radiation. I-SceI endonuclease recognizes an 18 bp sequence with little degeneracy; therefore I-SceI is highly specific, and its recognition sequence is predicted to occur by chance less than once in even the largest known genomes. As such, I-SceI can be used to introduce a DSB into a defined (engineered) site in a mammalian chromosome, and this facilitates detailed studies of DSB repair. DSBs induced in repeated regions can be repaired by several different HR processes, including gene conversion with or without associated crossovers, or single-strand annealing. The specific types of HR events that can be scored depend on the configuration of the repeated regions and whether selection for recombinants is imposed. Nonselective assays detect both HR and NHEJ events. This chapter focuses on the systems for delivering I-SceI nuclease to mammalian cells and the strategies for detecting various outcomes of DSB repair. PMID- 14769956 TI - Transformation of monomorphic and pleomorphic Trypanosoma brucei. AB - African trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei, are protozoan parasites of mammals that were first described over 100 hundred years ago. They have long been the subjects of biological investigation, which has yielded insights into a number of fundamental, as well as novel, cellular processes in all organisms. In the last decade or so, genetic manipulation of trypanosomes has become possible through DNA transformation, allowing yet more detailed analysis of the biology of the parasite. One facet of this is that DNA transformation has itself been used as an assay for recombination and will undoubtedly lead to further genetic approaches to examine this process. Here we describe protocols for DNA transformation of Trypanosoma brucei, including two different life cycle stages and two different strain types that are distinguished by morphological and developmental criteria. We consider the application of transformation to recombination, as well as the uses of transforming the different life cycle stages and strain types. PMID- 14769957 TI - Forward genetic screens for meiotic and mitotic recombination-defective mutants in mice. AB - The goal of understanding the function of all mammalian genes is best accomplished through mutational analyses. Although the sequence of the mouse genome is now available and many genes have been identified, it is not possible to ascribe functions accurately to these genes in silico. Gene targeting using embryonic stem cells is ideal for analysis of individual genes selected on the basis of sequence features, but it is impractical for identifying novel genes involved in particular biological processes. Phenotype-based random mutagenesis of the genome is well suited for this goal. In the mouse, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) induces point mutations at a high frequency in the mouse germline. In this chapter, we describe methods for detecting and characterizing recombination mutations in mice produced by ENU mutagenesis. Potential meiotic recombination mutants are identified in a hierarchical fashion, by performing a screen for infertility, then gonad histology to determine whether meiotic arrest occurs, and finally by immunohistochemical analysis of meiotic chromosome with a battery of antibody markers. Screening for mutations potentially required for recombinational repair of DNA damage in somatic cells is performed using a flow cytometry-based micronucleus assay. Both strategies have proved effective in identifying desired classes of mutations. PMID- 14769958 TI - Detecting carcinogens with the yeast DEL assay. AB - The yeast DEL assay is a simple, rapid method for measuring the frequency of reversion of a disrupted his3 gene by homologous intrachromosomal recombination. Reversion to histidine prototrophy results in deletion (DEL) of the disrupting sequence. The DEL assay has been used to study the effects of various DNA damaging treatments on the frequency of deletion-recombination and has been shown to have a high level of sensitivity and specificity toward carcinogens, many of which are poorly detected by bacterial mutagenicity and other short-term genotoxicity assays. The DEL assay therefore is a useful addition to the arsenal of predictive tests for genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. This chapter provides an in-depth description of materials and methods for the yeast DEL assay from a user's prospective and should allow the assay to be successfully deployed in any laboratory with basic microbiological capability and minimal user training. PMID- 14769959 TI - In vivo DNA deletion assay to detect environmental and genetic predisposition to cancer. AB - Large-scale genomic rearrangements such as DNA deletions play a role in the etiology of cancer. The frequency of DNA deletions can be elevated by exposure to carcinogens or by mutations in genes involved in the maintenance of genomic integrity. The in vivo DNA deletion assay allows a visual detection of deletion events within the pink-eyed unstable (pun) locus in developing mouse embryos. A deletion of one copy of a duplicated 70-kb DNA fragment within the pun locus restores the pink-eyed dilute (p) gene, which encodes a protein responsible for the assembly of a black color melanin complex. Deletion events occurring in premelanocytes cause visible black patches (fur-spots) on the light gray fur of offspring and black pigmented cells (eye-spots) on the unpigmented retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In the fur-spot assay, 10-d-old pups are observed for black spots on the fur. In the eye-spot assay, mice are sacrificed at d 20, eyes are removed, and the wholemount RPE slides are prepared for eye-spot analysis. The frequency, size, and position relative to the optic nerve of the eye-spots are determined. This assay can be used to study the effect of environmental chemicals and physical agents as well as the genetic control of DNA deletions in vivo. PMID- 14769960 TI - Gene targeting at the chromosomal immunoglobulin locus: a model system for the study of mammalian homologous recombination mechanisms. AB - Plasmid DNA transfected into mammalian cells can integrate into mammalian chromosomes by homologous recombination. This phenomenon, known as gene targeting, can be used as a tool to investigate mammalian homologous recombination mechanisms. The chromosomal immunoglobulin (Ig) genes as they are presented in mouse hybridoma cells have several advantages that render them particularly amenable to gene targeting. Here, we present the basic methods currently in use in our laboratory that exploit this system to investigate mammalian gene targeting mechanisms. PMID- 14769961 TI - DNA fragment transplacement in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: some genetic considerations. AB - The ability to make specific genomic alterations is an invaluable tool to researchers who use genetics and biochemistry to study problems in biology. We have investigated some of the parameters governing DNA fragment transplacement in two commonly used strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S288C and W303-1A. These strains exhibited a marked difference in their capacity to take up plasmid DNA and utilize linear DNA fragments as substrates for transplacement. The contributions of transformation efficiency, length of homology, and alternative target site configuration were assessed. This analysis indicates that several genetic parameters are important for optimizing the efficiency of gene transplacement. PMID- 14769962 TI - Targeted gene modification using triplex-forming oligonucleotides. AB - In recent years, triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) have emerged as powerful tools for site-specific gene modification. Their sequence specificity, binding affinity, and ability to provoke repair and recombination make them promising reagents for altering gene expression. This chapter highlights the binding requirements for triplex formation, identifies a number of chemical modifications that have been used with some success, and discusses studies using TFOs for inhibiting transcription. It also reviews work done using TFOs and related molecules to direct site-specific DNA damage, inducing mutagenesis or sensitizing a site to recombination. TFOs were initially used as positioning devices for nonspecific mutagens but were later discovered to have mutagenic properties of their own in cells with functional nucleotide excision repair (NER) and transcription-coupled repair (TCR) pathways. In subsequent studies triplex formation was able to induce both intramolecular and intermolecular homologous recombination, revealing its potential application for gene therapy. Recent reports demonstrate the ability of these molecules to locate and modify their cognate sites in chromosomal DNA in both cell culture and live animals, laying the foundation for triplex technology in vivo. PMID- 14769964 TI - Enhancement of in vivo targeted nucleotide exchange by nonspecific carrier DNA. AB - Targeted nucleotide exchange (TNE) is a process in which an oligonucleotide bearing sequence complementarity aligns with the sequence of a target gene and directs the alteration of a single base. This technique can be used to repair a point mutation or mediate site-specific mutagenesis. A critical factor in the development of this approach centers around the elevation and stabilization of the frequencies with which these events occur. Here we describe a protocol for increasing the frequency of TNE in the true yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, through the use of nonspecific, carrier oligonucleotides. These molecules, when added to the reaction, increase the TNE frequency up to 25-fold in some cases, perhaps by providing a molecular trap to bind factors, which may inactivate the specific targeting oligos. PMID- 14769963 TI - Using nucleases to stimulate homologous recombination. AB - In essentially all organisms, double-strand breaks in chromosomal DNA stimulate repair by multiple mechanisms, including homologous recombination. It is possible to use site-specific reagents to produce a break or other recombinagenic damage at a unique site, which makes possible detailed analysis of the repair products. In addition, targeted mutagenesis and gene replacement are stimulated in the immediate vicinity of the break site. To utilize meganucleases with long recognition sequences, it is necessary to introduce the corresponding sequence prior to directed cleavage. The same is typically true of triplex-forming oligonucleotides that target polypurine-polypyrimidine tracts. Zinc-finger nucleases have the potential of being targetable to arbitrarily selected sites, owing to the flexibility of zinc finger recognition of DNA. PMID- 14769965 TI - Chromatin immunoprecipitation to investigate protein-DNA interactions during genetic recombination. AB - Chromatin immunoprecipitation is a technique that allows one to examine the in vivo localization of proteins to DNA. This technique is well suited for studying genetic recombination since it can provide both a temporal and spatial assessment of the dynamic association of proteins with DNA in both wild-type and mutant backgrounds. To perform this procedure, cells undergoing a synchronous recombination event are treated with a crosslinking agent. Following cell lysis and shearing of the DNA, immunoprecipitation is used to isolate the protein of interest, along with any DNA that is crosslinked to the protein. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is then used to determine the relative amounts of DNA associated with the protein of interest throughout the recombination event. This in vivo chemical crosslinking technique can be used to localize proteins to both double strand breaks and recombination intermediates. PMID- 14769966 TI - Holliday junction branch migration and resolution assays. AB - Holliday junctions are central intermediates in the process of genetic recombination; they form as a consequence of a reciprocal exchange of strands between paired DNA molecules. Enzymes that specifically recognize and process these junctions are necessary for the formation of recombinant products. In the methods described here, we detail the in vitro construction of two types of Holliday junction: (1) a small synthetic junction formed by the annealing of partially complementary oligonucleotides; and (2) a true recombination intermediate structure formed by RecA protein-mediated strand exchange. The use of these substrates in assays designed to detect Holliday junction branch migration and resolution activities is described. PMID- 14769992 TI - Using chromatin immunoprecipitation to map cotranscriptional mRNA processing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AB - The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technique has been used to determine where and under what conditions DNA binding proteins associate with specific DNA sequences. Proteins are crosslinked in vivo with formaldehyde, and chromatin is then isolated and sheared. The protein of interest is then immunoprecipitated and the associated DNA sequences identified via PCR. Although this technique was originally designed to assay DNA binding proteins, it can also be used to monitor mRNA processing factors associated with transcription complexes. PMID- 14769993 TI - Identifying phosphoCTD-associating proteins. AB - The C-terminal repeat domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II is hyperphosphorylated during transcription elongation. The phosphoCTD is known to bind to a subset of RNA processing factors and to several other nuclear proteins, thereby positioning them to efficiently carry out their elongation-linked functions. The authors propose that additional phosphoCTD-associating proteins (PCAPs) exist and describe a systematic biochemical approach for identifying such proteins. A binding probe is generated by using yeast CTD kinase I to exhaustively phosphorylate a CTD fusion protein. This phosphoCTD is used to probe fractionated yeast or mammalian extracts in a Far Western protein interaction assay. Putative PCAPs are further purified and identified by mass spectrometry. PMID- 14769994 TI - Imaging alternative splicing in living cells. AB - We have developed an in vivo reporter of alternative splicing decisions that allows for the determination of FGF-R2 splicing patterns without the destruction of cells. This method has broad applications, including the study of other alternatively spliced genes in tissue culture and in whole animals, and may be useful in creating imaging markers for the study of tumor progression and metastasis. In this chapter, the authors present one example of this method using fluorescence reporters. As with any new assay, a series of experiments were performed to validate the method. This chapter documents some of these experiments. PMID- 14769995 TI - Tobramycin affinity tag purification of spliceosomes. AB - The ability to isolate native ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles is of fundamental importance in the study of processes such as pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) processing and translation. We have developed an RNA affinity tag that allows the large scale preparation of native spliceosomes in a solid-phase assembly scheme. A tobramycin-binding aptamer cotranscriptionally added to the 3' end of the pre mRNA is used to bind the pre-mRNA to tobramycin immobilized on a matrix. Incubation of the pre-mRNA thus immobilized allows the assembly of spliceosomes, which can be released from the matrix under native conditions by competition with tobramycin. Further density-gradient centrifugation affords highly purified spliceosomes suitable for the characterization of associated proteins by mass spectrometry as well as for studies using biochemical and biophysical methods. Although the method was developed for the preparation of spliceosomes, it is likewise applicable to the preparation of other RNP particles. PMID- 14769996 TI - Using single-strand conformational polymorphism gel electrophoresis to analyze mutually exclusive alternative splicing. AB - Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis has been used successfully to identify single nucleotide changes within sequences based on the fact that multidetection enhancement gels will separate molecules based on their conformation rather than their size. We have expanded the utility of this technique to analyze easily the alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs containing multiple mutually exclusive exons of the same size. We have used this technique to study the Caenorhabditis elegans let-2 gene containing two alternative exons and the Drosophilia melanogaster Dscam gene, which contains 12 mutually exclusive exons. The ease and the quantitative nature of this technique should be very useful. PMID- 14769997 TI - Methods for the analysis of adenosine-to-inosine editing in RNA. AB - In this work we describe methods for the analysis of RNAs that have been edited by the double-strand RNA-specific adenosine deaminase, ADAR. These RNAs contain inosine residues that can be detected and quantified by a variety of approaches, including base hydrolysis and thin-layer chromatography, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, primer extension, and inosine-specific base cleavage. The most common method for the analysis of editing will be described here. This method involves complete hydrolysis of edited RNAs to nucleoside monophosphates, followed by separation of the products using thin-layer chromatography. PMID- 14769998 TI - Assaying nuclear messenger RNA export in human cells. AB - This chapter describes a simple method for the analysis of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) export in human cells in culture. The assay described relies on the observation that mRNA molecules containing an intron are generally retained in the nucleus until splicing is completed. Upon sequestration of the cat indicator gene in a single intron located 5' to an mRNA cap site, CAT protein expression becomes dependent on the specific recruitment of a nuclear RNA export factor to the unspliced cat RNA via an inserted RNA binding site. This site can be a natural, high affinity RNA target for the nuclear export factor or alternately the export factor can be tethered to the unspliced cat mRNA by fusion to a heterologous RNA binding domain. PMID- 14769999 TI - RNA unwinding assay for DExD/H-box RNA helicases. AB - The evolutionarily conserved DExD/H-box proteins are essential for all RNA related biological processes. They are thought to modulate the structure and function of specific RNAs and/or ribonucleoprotein particles by using their intrinsic RNA-dependent ATPase activities to achieve the desired conformational changes. A number of DExD/H-box proteins have been shown to unwind short RNA duplexes in vitro, a hallmark of the so-called RNA helicases or unwindases. However, some are unable to do so, perhaps because of requirements for cofactors. Here, we present a "solid-state" method that may allow investigators to overcome such problems. PMID- 14770000 TI - Approaches for monitoring nuclear translation. AB - The nuclear membrane is the defining feature of eukaryotes. It divides the cell into two functionally specialized compartments, and it is widely assumed that translation is restricted to only one: the cytoplasm. However, recent results suggest that some translation takes place in nuclei closely coupled to transcription. Various labeling techniques are described that enable nascent peptides to be labeled and then localized wherever they might be in the cell. PMID- 14770001 TI - Immunopurification and analysis of protein and RNA components of mRNP in mammalian cells. AB - We describe a basic, fast, and reliable technique to isolate and characterize ribonucleoprotein (RNP) using antibody to a constituent protein. The antibody serves to immunopurify RNP from total cells or nuclear and cytoplasmic cell fractions under conditions that promote RNP integrity. The presence of other RNP proteins as well as transcripts can then be analyzed by Western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RNase treatment before immunopurification can be used to assess the dependence of protein-protein interactions on RNA. We also describe a modification using beta-mercaptoethanol that facilitates analyzing proteins that comigrate with antibody light or heavy chains. PMID- 14770002 TI - Gene expression analysis of messenger RNP complexes. AB - RNA-binding proteins can organize messenger RNAs (mRNAs) into structurally and functionally related subsets, thus facilitating the coordinate production of gene classes necessary for complex cellular processes. Historically, in vitro methods primarily have been used to identify individual targets of mRNA-binding proteins. However, more direct methods are required for the identification of endogenously associated RNAs and their cognate proteins. To better understand posttranscriptional mRNA organization within the cell, we developed a systems biology approach to identify multiple-endogenous mRNA transcripts associated with RNA-binding proteins. This approach, termed ribonomics, takes advantage of high throughput genomic array technologies that have greatly advanced the study of global gene expression changes. This chapter describes techniques for purifying mRNA-protein complexes (mRNPs) and identifying the associated mRNAs PMID- 14770003 TI - Using the lambdaN peptide to tether proteins to RNAs. AB - Proteins interacting with messenger RNAs (mRNAs) affect their nuclear processing, export, translation efficiency, stability, or cytoplasmic localization. Such RNA binding proteins are often modular, containing RNA-binding domain(s) and other functional modules. To analyze the function of such proteins independent of their normal RNA-binding domains or to introduce effector modules to defined RNA binding regions, a number of tethering approaches have been developed, often based on the use of large proteins and their specifically interacting RNA sequences. Here we report the use of a versatile system to tether proteins to mRNAs. The 22 amino acid RNA-binding domain of the lambda bacteriophage antiterminator protein N (lambdaN-(1-22) or lambdaN peptide) is used to tag the protein of interest, and its specific 19 nt binding site (boxB) is inserted into the target RNA recruiting the properties of the fusion protein to the RNA. The major advantage of this system derives from the small size of the peptide and its target sequence, which facilitates cloning and its use for biochemical experiments and diminishes possible interferences with the fused protein. The chapter illustrates the use of this system to create dedicated mRNA-specific factors involved in processes, such as mRNA translation and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. PMID- 14770004 TI - An efficient system for cap- and poly(A)-dependent translation in vitro. AB - The 3' poly(A) tail of eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) acts synergistically with the 5' cap structure to enhance translation. This phenomenon has been explained by the simultaneous binding of poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) and a cap binding protein (eIF4E) to eIF4G that results in the circularization of the mRNA (closed-loop model). We developed a robust cell-free protein synthesis system to study poly(A)-dependent translation. In nuclease-treated extracts of Krebs-2 ascites cells, the mRNA poly(A) tail and the cap structure synergistically stimulate translation. We also describe an efficient procedure for depleting PABP from translation extracts. Greater than 98% of PABP can be depleted from extracts by preincubation with either of the PABP-interacting proteins (Paip2 or Paip1) coupled to beads, and these depleted extracts fail to support efficient translation of poly(A)+ mRNAs. Translation activity is restored to depleted extracts by the addition of recombinant PABP. PMID- 14770005 TI - A poly(A) tail-responsive in vitro system for cap- or IRES-driven translation from HeLa cells. AB - In cells, the poly(A) tail stimulates translation from messenger RNAs bearing a cap structure or viral IRES elements. This 3' end-mediated stimulation of translation is not reflected in commonly used commercial cell-free translation systems prepared from rabbit reticulocytes or wheat germ. We describe a simple procedure to generate poly(A) tail-responsive translation extracts from HeLa cells. We suggest that this procedure should be adaptable to many animal cell lines. PMID- 14770006 TI - Assessing messenger RNA decapping in cellular extracts. AB - Removal of the 5' cap from a messenger RNA (mRNA) is an integral part of all mRNA decay pathways and can be a highly regulated event. Assays designed to assess decapping in vitro need to effectively resolve four products of mRNA decay: 7meGpppG produced by 3'-5' shortening of the transcript by the exosome, 7meGMP produced by the scavenger decapping enzyme DcpS acting on the product of exosomal decay, 7meGDP produced by the Dcp1/2 decapping enzyme, and free phosphate, which can be generated by phosphatases in the extract acting upon either of the two products of decapping noted above. We have outlined both thin-layer chromatography and acrylamide-gel based approaches that can be used to assess decapping activities. PMID- 14770007 TI - Analysis of RNA exonucleolytic activities in cellular extracts. AB - Three types of exonucleases contribute to the turnover of messenger RNAs in eukaryotic cells: (1) general 3'-to-5' exonucleases, (2) poly(A)-specific 3'-to 5' exonucleases, and (3) 5'-to-3' exonucleases. All three of these activities can be detected in cytoplasmic extracts from a variety of eukaryotic cells. In this chapter, we describe the preparation and use of HeLa cytoplasmic S100 extracts to study these three distinct exonuclease activities. Also included is an immunodepletion protocol that can be used to identify the enzyme responsible for a given activity. These protocols can be easily expanded to the study of trans acting factors, cis-acting RNA sequence elements, and the interplay of components involved in RNA turnover in various mammalian cell types. PMID- 14770008 TI - Application of ligation-mediated reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to the identification of in vivo endonuclease-generated messenger RNA decay intermediates. AB - Most approaches to studying messenger RNA (mRNA) decay in vivo lack sufficient sensitivity to identify decay intermediates. The identification of such intermediates using in vitro decay systems can provide suggestive evidence for endonuclease-mediated degradation in vivo; to validate conclusions drawn from in vitro experiments one must demonstrate cleavage of the mRNA in vivo. Primer extension or S1 nuclease protection assays work best on relatively abundant mRNAs and even then require long exposure times. We describe a facile approach using ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction to identify in vivo mRNA decay intermediates. In this procedure, total cellular RNA is ligated to a primer bearing a 5' phosphate and 3' amino group. Reverse transcription is primed using a complementary primer, and mRNA-specific decay intermediates are identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification using a 5'- [32P]-labeled gene-specific primer. Products generated in this manner are gel purified, reamplified, and the 3' end of each decay intermediate is identified by the sequence junction of the specific mRNA and the initial ligation primer. We show an example of the time course of appearance of several specific decay intermediates of c-myc mRNA in differentiating murine erythroleukemia cells. PMID- 14770009 TI - Biochemical dissection of RNA silencing in plants. AB - Although RNA silencing was first discovered in plants, thus far it has been studied biochemically only in animals, where it is known as RNA interference (RNAi). In animals, two components of the RNAi pathway have been identified: Dicer, a multidomain RNase III that converts long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), as siRNA-containing protein-RNA complex that targets complementary mRNA for destruction. We have developed methods for the biochemical dissection of plant RNA silencing. In this chapter, we describe in detail how to use wheat germ extract to study two distinct Dicer-like activities, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), and endogenous microRNA-programmed RISC activities. These comprehensive protocols should prove useful in the further dissection of the plant RNA silencing pathway, as well as for the validation of the predicted targets of endogenous plant microRNAs. PMID- 14770010 TI - RNA interference of mRNA processing factors in Drosophila S2 cells. AB - RNA interference (RNAi) is a useful tool for degrading targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and thus "knocking down" the abundance of the encoded protein. We have been using RNAi in cultured Drosophila cells to evaluate the effect of "knocking down" numerous mRNA processing factors on the alternative splicing of specific pre-mRNAs. This relatively simple technique has allowed us to identify a number of splicing factors that impact the alternative splicing of particular alternatively spliced exons. This approach can be extended to examine the splicing of nearly any gene. PMID- 14770011 TI - RNA interference by short hairpin RNAs expressed in vertebrate cells. AB - RNA interference (RNAi) is now established as a general method to silence gene expression in a variety of organisms. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), when introduced to cells, interferes with the expression of homologous genes, disrupting their normal function. In mammals, transient delivery of synthetic short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which resemble the processed form of standard double stranded RNAi triggers, is effective in silencing mammalian genes. Issues related to transfer efficiency and duration of the silencing effect, however, restrict the spectrum of the applications of siRNAs in mammals. These shortcomings of siRNAs have been solved by the cellular expression of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) from DNA vectors. shRNAs are indistinguishable from siRNAs in terms of efficacy and mechanism but can be produced within cells from standard mammalian expression vectors. In this way, shRNA expression makes possible the creation of continuous cell lines and transgenic animals in which suppression of a target gene is stably maintained by RNAi. As a result, the types of RNAi-based gene function analysis that can be carried out in mammals have been greatly expanded. We describe methods for the construction and transfer of stable shRNA expressing vectors suitable for generating loss of function alleles in mammalian cells in vitro or in vivo. PMID- 14770012 TI - Effects of intranasal estradiol treatment on serum lipoprotein(a) and lipids in hysterectomized women. AB - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of intranasal estradiol on lipid metabolism and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels. A prospective comparative study was designed: 49 hysterectomized, healthy postmenopausal women received intranasal 17beta-estradiol (E2; 300 microg/day). Blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of the 3 and 6 months of therapy. After 6 months, the serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides did not show any significant change with intranasal 17beta-E2 therapy. HDL-cholesterol levels at 3 and 6 months of treatment were significantly increased compared with baseline levels (p = 0.031, p = 0.000, respectively). There was a significant change in serum Lp(a) levels at the 6th month (p = 0.003) but not at the 3rd month (p = 0.183) compared with the baseline levels. Further studies are needed to detect whether these changes are significant and permanent or not. PMID- 14770013 TI - Outcomes of children with mild-profound congenital hearing loss at 7 to 8 years: a population study. AB - OBJECTIVES: Improved long-term outcomes of hearing loss at a population level is the underlying reason for interventions such as newborn hearing screening programs. Therefore, high-quality population surveys are needed for older children across the spectrum of hearing losses that might be detected by such programs, against which to assess future secular improvements. Measured outcomes should cover a broad range of parameters, including health-related quality of life. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study (CHIVOS, the Children with Hearing Impairment in Victoria Outcome Study). SETTING: State of Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-six 7- to 8-yr-old children born in Victoria, who were (a) fitted with hearing aids for congenital hearing loss by 4.5 yr and (b) had no intellectual or major physical disability. MEASURES: Standardized measures of language (CELF and PPVT), articulation (Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation), cognition (WISC), reading, adaptive functioning, health-related quality of life, parent developmental concerns, parent- and teacher-reported intelligibility and behavior, and teacher-reported school functioning. RESULTS: Response rate was 67% (N = 89). Of the 86 able to be included in analyses, 53 were boys; 22% had mild, 31% moderate, 17% severe, and 29% profound hearing loss; the mean nonverbal IQ was 104.6 (SD 16.7). The sample scored far below (1.3 to 1.7 SDs) the normative populations on the PPVT and on the Receptive, Expressive and Total CELF scores. On average, children's reading age was delayed nearly 10 mo. For every outcome measure except physical health, these children scored significantly worse than the relevant normative population. Language and vocabulary scores worsened with increasing severity of hearing loss, but adaptive functioning, health-related quality of life, academic skills and behavior did not. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive data such as these highlight the continuing plight experienced by hearing impaired children, and will help evaluate over time whether outcomes for children with hearing loss are improving at a population level. PMID- 14770014 TI - Binaural benefits for adults who use hearing aids and cochlear implants in opposite ears. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate 1) how a hearing aid needs to be adjusted for an adult who uses a cochlear implant in the contralateral ear; 2) whether the use of a hearing aid with a cochlear implant leads to interference; and 3) whether adults derive binaural benefits from using a hearing aid with a cochlear implant for speech perception, localization, and functional performance in everyday life. DESIGN: Twenty-one adults (11 female and 10 male) who used either a Nucleus CI-22 (N = 3) or a Nucleus CI-24 (N = 18) cochlear implant system in one ear participated in this study. Twelve of the adults were experienced hearing aid and implant users, whereas nine did not use a hearing aid after implantation. The hearing aids were fitted using the NAL-NL1 prescription, and fine-tuned for each individual by using a paired-comparisons test to identify the frequency response that was best for understanding speech, and a loudness balancing test to find the hearing aid gain that gave the same overall loudness as that perceived in the ear with a cochlear implant. Effects from using a hearing aid with a cochlear implant (bimodal hearing) were assessed by three measures. These included speech perception in noise in diotic and dichotic listening conditions, horizontal localization, and functional performance in everyday life. Performance with cochlear implant and hearing aid (CIHA) was compared with that with cochlear implant alone (CI) and hearing aid alone (HA). RESULTS: The NAL-NL1 prescribed appropriate frequency response slope on average, and the mean gain needed for binaural loudness balance was 4 dB lower than the prescribed gain. Individual variations in preferences suggest that it is desirable to fine-tune the hearing aid response slope and gain according to individual needs. The speech test results indicated that the CIHA scores were significantly better than the CI or the HA scores. Localization test results showed that the adults made significantly less error when locating a sound source using CIHA compared with CI or HA. Functional performance questionnaire scores for CIHA were significantly higher than CI scores or HA scores. All adults showed binaural benefits in at least one performance measure. On average, those who derived greater speech benefits also made less localization error and functioned more effectively in real life. CONCLUSIONS: The results clearly indicate that binaural advantages can be obtained from using a hearing aid with a cochlear implant in opposite ears. It is recommended that bimodal stimulation be standard practice for rehabilitation of adults who wear unilateral cochlear implants. A hearing aid should be fitted to the nonimplanted ear using the NAL-NL1 prescription as a starting point, and the frequency response slope and gain could be fine-tuned to suit individual needs. PMID- 14770015 TI - Hearing aid accessories for adults: the remote FM microphone. AB - OBJECTIVE: The primary goal was to determine the benefits and limitations of a remote FM microphone as a hearing aid accessory. A secondary goal was to determine the predictors of aided and FM-assisted speech perception by adults with hearing loss, in quiet and in noise, using methods derived from Articulation Index theory. DESIGN: Twelve adults with mild to severe hearing loss, aged 52 to 85, were fit with behind-the-ear FM hearing aids and used them for a minimum of 2 wk. Phoneme recognition was measured before and after the trial period at several speech levels under three conditions: aided in quiet, aided in spectrally matched noise, and FM-assisted in noise. A single session of counseling, instruction and demonstration was provided before the trial period. Perceived benefit was assessed by questionnaire at the end of the trial period. Measured and perceived benefit were examined in relation to age and pure-tone thresholds. RESULTS: FM assisted phoneme recognition in noise equaled aided phoneme recognition in quiet. Both were very well predicted by the average pure-tone threshold at 2 and 4 kHz, under a model that assumes Articulation Index (AI) falls with increasing high frequency threshold at the rate of about 1 percentage point per dB. Aided phoneme recognition in noise was quite well predicted by the same average threshold, under a model that assumes a signal-to-noise ratio of 0 dB reduces Articulation Index to one third of that in quiet. Average perceived benefit was highest for one talker, at a distance, in quiet or in noise. It was lowest for multiple talkers (where the system would be expected to be ineffective) and one close talker in quiet (where the system should be unnecessary). Older subjects and subjects with poorer aided recognition in noise tended to express lower perceived benefit. Many subjects reported that the system was ineffective in reducing background noise. This finding was attributed to use of an "equal gain" criterion in adjusting relative gains via the hearing aid and FM microphones. The single pretrial session of counseling, instruction and demonstration was clearly inadequate for many of the subjects. None expressed an intention to acquire an FM system. CONCLUSIONS: The expected benefits of a remote FM microphone in reducing the negative effects of distance and noise, for a single talker, can be demonstrated under both laboratory and field conditions. The effects of hearing loss, noise and FM assistance, on aided phoneme recognition, are well predicted by methods derived from Articulation Index theory. Considerable counseling, instruction and coaching will be needed, however, to ensure optimal use of this technology. In addition, the relative gains via FM and hearing aid microphones must be adjusted with care. PMID- 14770017 TI - Novel-word learning in children with normal hearing and hearing loss. AB - OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess performance on a novel-word learning task by normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children for words varying in form (noun versus verb), stimulus level (50 versus 60 dB SPL), and number of repetitions (4 versus 6). It was hypothesized that novel-word learning would be significantly poorer in the subjects with hearing loss, would increase with both level and repetition, and would be better for nouns than verbs. DESIGN: Twenty normal-hearing and 11 hearing-impaired children (6 to 9 yr old) participated in this study. Each child viewed a 4-minute animated slide show containing 8 novel words. The effects of hearing status, word form, repetition, and stimulus level were examined systematically. The influence of audibility, word recognition, chronological age, and lexical development also were evaluated. After hearing the story twice, children were asked to identify each word from a set of four pictures. RESULTS: Overall performance was 60% for the normal-hearing children and 41% for the children with hearing loss. Significant predictors of performance were PPVT raw scores, hearing status, stimulus level, and repetitions. The variables age, audibility, word recognition scores, and word form were not significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that a child's ability to learn new words can be predicted from vocabulary size, stimulus level, number of exposures, and hearing status. Further, the sensitivity to presentation level observed in this novel-word learning task suggests that this type of paradigm may be an effective tool for studying various forms of hearing aid signal processing algorithms. PMID- 14770016 TI - Perceptual characterization of children with auditory neuropathy. AB - OBJECTIVE: To characterize the perceptual abilities of a group of children with auditory neuropathy (AN)-type hearing loss, correlating results on a range of psychophysical tasks with open-set speech perception performance. DESIGN: Frequency resolution, temporal resolution and frequency discrimination ability was assessed in a group of 14 children with AN. Data also were obtained from a cohort of matched subjects with sensorineural hearing loss, and from a group of normally hearing children. RESULTS: Frequency resolution (notched noise masking) results for the AN subjects were equivalent to those of the normal-hearing subjects reflecting the "normal" outer hair cell function that characterizes the AN condition. Temporal resolution (TMTF) findings were, however, abnormal in many AN subjects and the degree of temporal disruption was correlated with speech discrimination (CNC) score. Frequency discrimination ability (for both fixed and frequency modulated stimuli) was also affected in those children with poor temporal resolution. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that the perceptual profiles of children with AN are quite different from those with sensorineural hearing loss. Where subjects in the latter group presented with impaired frequency resolution and normal temporal processing, the AN subjects typically showed normal frequency resolution and varying degrees of temporal disruption. The severity of this temporal abnormality, which appeared to affect both temporal resolution/amplitude modulation detection and the temporal aspects of frequency discrimination (such as phase locking), was strongly correlated to speech perception performance. PMID- 14770018 TI - Brain stem and cortical mechanisms underlying the binaural masking level difference in humans: an auditory steady-state response study. AB - OBJECTIVE: The behavioral binaural masking level difference (BMLD) is believed to reflect brain stem processing. However, this conflicts with transient auditory evoked potential research that indicates the auditory brain stem and middle latency responses do not demonstrate the BMLD. The objective of the present study is to investigate the brain stem and cortical mechanisms underlying the BMLD in humans using the brain stem and cortical auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs). DESIGN: A 500-Hz pure tone, amplitude-modulated (AM) at 80 Hz and 7 (or 13) Hz, was used to elicit brain stem and cortical ASSRs, respectively. The masker was a 200-Hz-wide noise centered on 500 Hz. Eleven adult subjects with normal hearing were tested. Both ASSR (brain stem and cortical) and behavioral thresholds for diotic AM stimuli (when the signal and noise are in phase binaurally: SoNo) and dichotic AM stimuli (when either the signal or noise is 180 degrees out-of-phase between the two ears: SpiNo, SoNpi) were investigated. ASSR and behavioral BMLDs were obtained by subtracting the threshold for the dichotic stimuli from that for the diotic stimuli, respectively. Effects for modulation rate, signal versus noise phase changes, and behavioral versus ASSR measure on the BMLD were investigated. RESULTS: Behavioral BMLDs (mean = 8.5 to 10.5 dB) obtained are consistent with results from past research. The ASSR results are similar to the pattern of results previously found for the transient auditory brain stem responses and the N1-P2 cortical auditory evoked potential, in that only the cortical ASSRs (7 or 13 Hz) demonstrate BMLDs (mean = 5.8 dB); the brain stem ASSRs (80 Hz) (mean = 1.5 dB) do not. The ASSR results differ from the previous transient N1-P2 studies, however, in that the cortical ASSRs show a BMLD only when there is a change in the signal interaural phase, but not for changes of noise interaural phase. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that brain processes underlying the BMLD occur either in a different pathway or beyond the brain stem auditory processing underlying the 80-Hz ASSR. Results also suggest that the cortical ASSRs have somewhat different neural sources than the transient N1-P2 responses, and that they may reflect the output of neural populations that previous research has shown to be insensitive to binaural differences in noise. PMID- 14770019 TI - Auditory steady-state responses and word recognition scores in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired adults. AB - OBJECTIVE: The number of steady-state responses evoked by the independent amplitude and frequency modulation (IAFM) of tones has been related to the ability to discriminate speech sounds as measured by word recognition scores (WRS). In the present study IAFM stimulus parameters were adjusted to resemble the acoustic properties of everyday speech to see how well responses to these speech-modeled stimuli were related to WRS. DESIGN: We separately measured WRS and IAFM responses at a stimulus intensity of 70 dB SPL in three groups of subjects: young normal-hearing, elderly normal-hearing, and elderly hearing impaired. We used two series of IAFM stimuli, one with modulation frequencies near 40 Hz and the other with modulation frequencies near 80 Hz. The IAFM stimuli, consisting of four carrier frequencies each independently modulated in frequency and amplitude, could evoke up to eight separate responses in one ear. We recorded IAFM responses and WRS measurements in quiet and in the presence of speech-masking noise at 67 dB SPL or 70 dB SPL. We then evaluated the hearing impaired subjects with and without their hearing aids to see whether an improvement in WRS would be reflected in an increased number of responses to the IAFM stimulus. RESULTS: The correlations between WRS and the number of IAFM responses recognized as significantly different from the background were between 0.70 and 0.81 for the 40 Hz stimuli, between 0.73 and 0.82 for the 80 Hz stimuli, and between 0.76 and 0.85 for the combined assessment of 40 and 80 Hz responses. Response amplitudes at 80 Hz were smaller in the hearing-impaired than in the normal-hearing subjects. Response amplitudes for the 40 Hz stimuli varied with the state of arousal and this effect made it impossible to compare amplitudes across the different groups. Hearing aids increased both the WRS and the number of significant IAFM responses at 40 Hz and 80 Hz. Masking decreased the WRS and the number of significant responses. CONCLUSIONS: IAFM responses are significantly correlated with WRS and may provide an objective tool for examining the brain's ability to process the auditory information needed to perceive speech. PMID- 14770020 TI - Cigarette smoking exacerbates and its cessation ameliorates renal injury in type 2 diabetes. AB - BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes and macroalbuminuria generally experience progressive glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline despite angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) and blood pressure (BP) control but this therapy generally stabilizes GFR in those without macroalbuminuria. Cigarette smoking exacerbates GFR decline in patients with type 2 diabetes and macroalbuminuria despite ACEI and BP control; whether this therapy prevents nephropathy progression in nonmacroalbuminuric type 2 diabetic smokers is unknown. METHODS: We determined the course of urine excretion of indices of renal injury that distinguished patients with type 2 diabetes with and without macroalbuminuria but with normal plasma creatinine who were prospectively followed 6 months while receiving ACEI and BP control. We compared this course in nonsmokers and smokers with normo-, micro-, and macroalbuminuria (n = 157) and in response to smoking cessation in a separate cohort (n = 80) with microalbuminuria. RESULTS: Urine excretion of transforming growth factor beta-1 (UTGFbetaV) increased in macroalbuminuric but not in nonmacroalbuminuric nonsmokers and UTGFbetaV rate was higher in smokers than nonsmokers within each albuminuria group. In the separate microalbuminuric cohort, the rate of UTGFbetaV change for quitting smokers was not different from nonsmokers (0.093 versus 0.123 ng/g of creatine/week, P = not significant) but that for nonquitting smokers (0.970) was higher than nonsmokers (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with type 2 diabetes who are at high risk compared with low risk for nephropathy progression have progressive renal injury as measured by increasing UTGFbetaV. Cigarette smoking exacerbates renal injury in type 2 diabetes despite BP control and ACEI, but its cessation in those with microalbuminuria ameliorates the progressive renal injury caused by continued smoking. PMID- 14770021 TI - Correlation of neutrophil phagocytosis and lymphocyte adhesion molecules in exertional heat stroke. AB - BACKGROUND: Increased susceptibility to infections has been shown in patients with classic heat stroke. Although immunologic and inflammatory responses may be important factors, the direct role of circulating neutrophil phagocytosis and lymphocyte adhesion molecule expression has yet to be investigated in exertional heat stroke (ExHS). DESIGN: Circulating neutrophil phagocytosis and lymphocyte adhesion molecule CD11a and CD11b expression were examined in 17 patients with ExHS and 17 exertional control subjects (ExC). RESULTS: Patients with ExHS showed significantly increased total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, attenuated neutrophil phagocytosis ability, and higher expression of CD11a and CD11b in the acute phase of ExHS, compared with the recovery phase of ExHS and ExC. Although there were no correlations between body temperature and phagocyte function or adhesion molecules, a negative correlation between phagocytosis and CD11a/CD11b was present. CONCLUSION: Increased leukocyte count with decreased circulating neutrophil phagocytic capacity and increased expression of lymphocyte adhesion molecules may in part explain the susceptibility to infections in ExHS. PMID- 14770022 TI - Zinc, iron, copper, selenium, lactoferrin, and ferritin in human pus. AB - BACKGROUND: Restriction of zinc and iron available for microbial growth in tissues are well-recognized host defense mechanisms. The present studies were performed to characterize some constituents of human pus that may affect these important host defenses. METHODS: Zinc, iron, copper, calcium, and magnesium in pus were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer; selenium was measured fluorometrically. Ferritin was measured with a fluorometric enzyme immunoassay, and lactoferrin was measured with a radial diffusion assay. The growth of Escherichia coli at 37 degrees C was measured in pus supernate adjusted to pH 5.5 or 7.4, in boiled supernate, or in supernate adjusted with 1.3 mM iron or 0.9 mM zinc singly or together. RESULTS: Zinc and iron concentrations in pus exceeded normal serum. Calcium and magnesium levels were 2- to 3-fold lower and higher, respectively, than normal serum values. Lactoferrin concentrations of were 880 +/- 48 microg/mL and ferritin levels were 20,726 +/- 2,667 ng/mL. Growth of an E coli strain was inhibited in pus at pH 5.5 but not at pH 7.4, and growth was enhanced by addition of iron or zinc to E coli suspended in pus at pH 6.7. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of the zinc, iron, copper, selenium, lactoferrin, and ferritin levels of human pus. These studies provide additional insight into host defense mechanisms mediated by the restriction of the bioavailability of zinc and iron in suppurative infection. PMID- 14770023 TI - Frequency of culture-proven dermatophyte infection in patients with suspected tinea pedis. AB - BACKGROUND: This study examined the incidence of culture-proven tinea pedis in patients who presented with a foot rash clinically suspected to be tinea pedis. METHODS: Cultures were taken from 874 patients in 4 dermatology clinics across the country. The incidence of patients with positively cultured tinea pedis was compared with the total number of patients in the study. RESULTS: The surprisingly low percentage of patients correctly diagnosed with tinea pedis was determined to be 32%. The remaining 68% of patients either had a nonfungal foot dermatitis or tinea pedis with false-negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the need for fungal cultures when patients present with scaling feet as well as the importance of a broad differential diagnosis to ensure timely and appropriate therapy. PMID- 14770024 TI - Pearls and pitfalls in patient care: need to revive traditional clinical values. AB - Medicine has achieved phenomenal progress in recent years, yet there is ample evidence of dysfunction, reflected in persistently high rates of misdiagnosis, frequent iatrogenic illness, the popularity of 'alternative' medicine, and rising healthcare costs. An urgent need for a change is indicated. True adherence to basic clinical and personal values may avoid significant pitfalls in patient care. These include the immense value of a really careful history and physical examination; the wealth of information that can be obtained through patient's families, physicians, past records, and a search of electronic databases for the best evidence; restraint in management decisions; making the most of simple preventive measures and effective nonpharmacological interventions; appropriate "bed-to-door" intervals; a more personal care of the patient as a unique person, paying more attention to emotional factors that affect medical illness; constructive management of medical errors; and humility. The great potential of the many recent advances in medicine may be more fully realized if we accept that new capabilities should complement, not replace, old values and skills, which still make the essential foundation for medical decision making and patient care. PMID- 14770025 TI - Rehabilitation and the older cancer patient. AB - Older persons with cancer can often benefit from rehabilitative care. Rehabilitation may be of benefit to the patient whether or not their malignancy is curable. Rehabilitative programs must be tailored to the patient's abilities, endurance, prognosis, and individual goals. PMID- 14770026 TI - Coinfection with Giardia lamblia and Clostridium difficile after use of ranitidine. AB - A 49-year-old man presented with a 3-week history of vomiting and diarrhea. He reported foamy stools but no blood or melena and had crampy epigastric pain. He denied usage of antibiotics. He had been taking ranitidine for intermittent epigastric pain for the last few months and noted an 11-pound weight loss during the 3 weeks before admission. Stool was positive for Clostridium difficile toxin and Giardia lamblia antigen. Cultures and occult blood tests were negative. Oral metronidazole, 500 mg 3 times a day, was administered, and the patient was hydrated. The diarrhea resolved, and patient was discharged on the fourth hospital day. Prior antibiotic therapy is the most common risk factor for C difficile colitis. This patient developed concomitant infection with C difficile and G lamblia while he used ranitidine. He had no other risk factors for these infections. Hence, we propose that ranitidine-induced hypochlorhydria predisposed this patient to the enteric infections. PMID- 14770027 TI - Coronary stenting in an elderly patient with an acute myocardial infarction at left main trunk. AB - Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) caused by an occlusion of the left main trunk (LMT) is a rare angiographic finding. The prognosis is usually extremely poor, particularly in an elderly patient, unless complete reperfusion is rapidly established. We experienced a survival case of an elderly man with AMI at the LMT. A 91-year-old man with cardiogenic shock was referred to our hospital for the treatment of AMI. Left ventriculograms showed that akinesis in the anterolateral and apical wall segments had resulted in an ejection fraction of 30.8%. Coronary angiograms revealed a 90% narrowing at the ostium of the LMT. Intravascular ultrasound images showed a circumferential calcification at the site of the minimum lumen diameter of the LMT. We successfully dilated this calcified narrowing using a coronary stent, and the patient was discharged without complications 1 month later. The patient was asymptomatic 6 months later. PMID- 14770028 TI - Acquired von Willebrand disease in a patient with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. AB - We describe a patient with acquired von Willebrand disease (vWD), who had typical presentation and clinical manifestations of acquired vWD, but correct diagnosis was delayed because of lack of awareness and early recognition. The patient was initially seen at a community hospital with persistent nasal mucosal bleeding and was transfused with an excessive amount of cryoprecipitates before appropriate hemostatic evaluation. Hemostasis work-up revealed that he had classic features of acquired vWD. Further extensive evaluation revealed the patient to have monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). He was refractory to a high dose of corticosteroids and had a very transient response to desmopressin acetate (less than 4 hours) but responded well to a high dose of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), which lasted at least 3 weeks with each treatment. He remained very responsive to IVIG 2 years later. His underlying MGUS has not progressed during the past 4 years. PMID- 14770029 TI - Systemic inflammatory diseases and silicone breast prostheses: report of a case of adult still disease and review of the literature. AB - There has been a debate about the possibility of a link between silicone breast implants and the onset of systemic connective tissue diseases (eg, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis) and other inflammatory pathologies, such as silicone implant associated syndrome and adult Still disease. We report a case of adult Still disease in a patient with a silicone gel breast implant. The disease regressed with steroidal treatment, and the patient is now no longer steroid-dependent, although the implant is still in place. PMID- 14770030 TI - Longitudinal myelitis as an initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Transverse myelitis is a rare and serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A longitudinal involvement of the spinal cord with lupus related transverse myelitis is more unusual. Only 7 cases have been reported. We describe a 53-year-old woman presenting with short-term paraplegia as an initial manifestation of SLE with longitudinal myelitis. She had a partial response to treatment with pulse cyclophosphamide and high-dose corticosteroids after follow up more than 2 years. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of "longitudinal" myelitis as an initial presentation of SLE. Magnetic resonance imaging typically shows increased signal intensity in T2-weighted images, cord swelling, and contrast enhancement over several spinal segments. The possibility of SLE should be kept in mind in women presenting with paraplegia with no apparent cause. PMID- 14770031 TI - Severe hyponatremia associated with the combined use of thiazide diuretics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. AB - Thiazide diuretics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among the most commonly prescribed medications. Each medication has been associated with the development of severe hyponatremia. The mechanisms involved in the development of hyponatremia differ for each medication. Thiazide diuretics induce hyponatremia by impairment of urinary dilution, renal loss of sodium and potassium, stimulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and perhaps from a dipsogenic effect. SSRIs cause hyponatremia through the syndrome of inappropriate ADH release. Two cases of severe hyponatremia in patients taking both a thiazide diuretic and an SSRI highlight the possibility of a synergistic effect in impairment of renal free water clearance when both medications are given. These two cases serve as a cautionary example and should prompt careful monitoring of patients prescribed both an SSRI and a thiazide diuretic (especially in elderly women, who seem to be at increased risk for this complication). PMID- 14770032 TI - Preconditioning: evolution of basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic strategies. AB - Preconditioning describes the phenomenon by which a traumatic or stressful stimulus confers protection against subsequent injury. Originally recognized in dog heart subjected to ischemic challenges, preconditioning has been demonstrated in multiple species, can be induced by various stimuli, and is applicable in different organ systems. Tremendous progress has been made elucidating the signal transduction cascade of preconditioning. Preconditioning represents a potent tissue-protective condition, and mechanistic understanding may allow safe clinical application. This review recalls the history of preconditioning and how it relates to the history of the investigation of endogenous adaptation; summarizes the current mechanistic understanding of acute preconditioning; outlines the signal transduction cascade leading to the development of delayed preconditioning; discusses preconditioning in noncardiac tissue; and explores the potential of using preconditioning clinically. PMID- 14770033 TI - High-density lipoproteins in sepsis and septic shock: metabolism, actions, and therapeutic applications. AB - Sepsis and septic shock are important causes of morbidity and lethality in noncoronary intensive care units. Circulating levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are reduced in sepsis/septic shock, and the magnitude of this reduction is positively correlated with the severity of the illness. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are incompletely understood, although increased levels of several acute-phase proteins, including serum amyloid A (SAA) and secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), may contribute to the decrease in plasma HDLs. It has been suggested that HDLs possess anti-inflammatory properties and, hence, may play a crucial role in innate immunity by regulating the inflammatory response as well as being capable of reducing the severity of organ injury in animals and patients with septic shock. These protective effects of HDLs are mediated mainly via (a) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding and neutralization, (b) the HDL-associated enzymes, plasma paraoxonase (PON1) and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), which protect low-density lipoproteins against peroxidative damage, (c) inhibition of the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules and release of proinflammatory cytokines, which prevents inflammatory cell infiltration and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction, and (d) stimulation of the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Thus, HDL exerts potent anti inflammatory effects, some of which are independent of endotoxin binding and might be useful in the treatment of patients with not only sepsis/septic shock but also other conditions associated with an uncontrolled inflammatory response, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury and hemorrhagic shock. PMID- 14770034 TI - Effects of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in human endotoxemia. AB - In a phase III clinical trial, drotrecogin alfa (activated) was shown to improve survival and promote faster improvement of cardiovascular and respiratory dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis. To further examine mechanisms involved in the action of this drug, a healthy human endotoxin model was used. Healthy volunteers (eight per group) received drotrecogin alfa (activated) or placebo intravenously for 8 h in a randomized, double-blind, controlled manner. After 2 h of study drug infusion, endotoxin (2 ng/kg) was infused and measurement of physiologic responses and biomarkers continued for 24 h. Consistent with results from severe sepsis clinical trials, drotrecogin alfa (activated) improved mean arterial pressure during the period of infusion after endotoxin exposure. In contrast to severe sepsis clinical trials using drotrecogin alfa (activated) but similar to another human endotoxin study, no significant antithrombotic, profibrinolytic, or anti-inflammatory effects were observed. These results suggest a novel role for drotrecogin alfa (activated) in the human endotoxin model. PMID- 14770035 TI - Activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in circulating leukocytes during myocardial infarction. AB - Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion can lead to increased oxidative stress both locally and in circulating leukocytes. Oxidant-mediated DNA single strand breaks are known to activate the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in various forms of shock, inflammation, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether a local insult such as myocardial ischemia-reperfusion is sufficient to lead to activation of PARP in circulating leukocytes. In anesthetized rats myocardial ischemia-reperfusion was induced by transient ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. There was a marked increase in poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins in homogenates of leukocytes isolated from rats at the end of the reperfusion period. Poly(ADP ribosyl)ation was inhibited by administration of the pharmacologic PARP inhibitor INO-1001 (30 mg/kg) to the rats. We conclude that local insults, such as myocardial reperfusion injury, are sufficient to activate PARP in circulating leukocytes. PARP activation in circulating cells may mediate certain systemic effects of local ischemia-reperfusion injury such as inflammatory mediator production and remote organ injury. PMID- 14770036 TI - Improving microcirculation is more effective than substitution of red blood cells to correct metabolic disorder in experimental hemorrhagic shock. AB - Microcirculatory perfusion deficits and impaired tissue oxygenation in nonvital organs frequently occur after hemorrhage and they contribute to potentially lethal complications. The aim of this study was to test the influence of colloid osmotic pressure, viscosity, and red blood cell (RBC) content of the resuscitative fluid on metabolic disorder, perfusion, and oxygenation in peripheral tissues. Awake hamsters were subjected to hemorrhage of 50% and were resuscitated with 25% of blood volume with solutions containing 6% pegylated bovine albumin only (PEG-BSA 0) and 6% PEG-BSA mixed with autologous RBCs to reach 4 g/dL (PEG-BSA 4) and 8 g/dL (PEG-BSA 8) of hemoglobin. PEG-BSA had a viscosity of 4.2 cP and a COP of 116 mmHg. Microhemodynamics and tissue pO2 were assessed in the hamster chamber window preparation with intravital microscopy. Arterial base excess tended to be lower than baseline for PEG-BSA 0 and PEG-BSA 4 (ns), whereas base deficit remained significantly decreased for PEG-BSA 8 (P<0.05 vs. baseline). Oxygen extraction was 91% +/- 2% of the oxygen delivery for PEG BSA 0 compared with 85% +/- 2% for PEG-BSA 8 (P<0.05). Functional capillary density was 61%, 47%, and 45% for PEG-BSA 0 (P<0.05 vs. other groups), PEG-BSA 4 and PEG-BSA 8, respectively. We conclude that arterial base excess and oxygen extraction ratio in the tissue was better restored if a higher fraction of PEG BSA and less RBCs were infused. This was attributed to a more homogeneous distribution of oxygen, as reflected by functional capillary density. Our results suggest that the transfusion trigger in hemorrhagic shock may be shifted toward lower hemoglobin concentrations if highly viscous and oncotic solutions are used. PMID- 14770037 TI - Local metabolic effects of dopexamine on the intestine during mesenteric hypoperfusion. AB - This self-controlled experimental study was designed to test the hypothesis that dopexamine, a synthetic catecholamine that activates dopaminergic (DA-1) and beta2-adrenergic receptors, improves oxygenation in the jejunal mucosa during intestinal hypotension. In six normoventilated barbiturate-anesthetized pigs, controlled reductions in superior mesenteric arterial pressure (PSMA) was obtained by an adjustable clamp around the artery. Dopexamine infusions (0.5 and 1.0 microg.kg(-1).min(-1)) were administered at a freely variable PSMA (i.e., with the perivascular clamp fully open) and at a PSMA of 50 mmHg and 30 mmHg. We continuously measured superior mesenteric venous blood flow (QMES; transit-time ultrasonic flowmetry), jejunal mucosal perfusion (laser Doppler flowmetry), and tissue oxygen tension (PO2TISSUE; microoximetry). Jejunal luminal microdialysate of lactate, pyruvate, and glucose were measured every 5 min. Measurements of mucosal PCO2 (air tonometry), together with blood sampling and end-tidal PCO2 measurements, enabled calculations of pHi and PCO2 gap. Dopexamine reduced mesenteric vascular resistance and increased QMES at a PSMA of 50 mmHg and 30 mmHg. At a PSMA of 30 mmHg, dopexamine increased mesenteric oxygen delivery but did not influence mesenteric oxygen uptake or extraction. In this situation, dopexamine had no beneficial effect on jejunal mucosal blood flow. On the contrary, dopexamine increased mesenteric net lactate production and PCO2 gap, whereas PO2TISSUE and pHi decreased. Jejunal luminal microdialysate data demonstrated an increased lactate concentration and a pattern of decreased glucose concentration and increased luminal lactate-pyruvate ratio. These negative metabolic effects of dopexamine should be taken into account in situations of low perfusion pressures. PMID- 14770038 TI - Role of neutrophils on shock/resuscitation-mediated intestinal arteriolar derangements. AB - Adequate resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock that preserves hemodynamics is associated with a generalized and progressive intestinal arteriolar vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion coupled with impairment of the endothelium dependent dilation response. This study was performed to investigate the role of neutrophils on the postresuscitation intestinal arteriolar derangements. Experiments were performed in anesthetized rats 24 h after neutrophil depletion. Neutropenia was induced with antineutrophil serum by tail vein injection. Rats injected with rabbit serum lacking anti-rat neutrophil antibody served as controls. Hemorrhagic shock was 50% of mean arterial pressure for 60 min. Resuscitation was with the shed blood returned plus 2 volumes of saline. A nonhemorrhage group served as control. Intravital videomicroscopy of the terminal ileum was used to measure microvascular diameter and centerline red cell velocity. Endothelial function was assessed from the response to the endothelium dependent dilator acetylcholine (10(-9) to 10(-4) M). Regardless of neutrophil count, hemorrhagic shock caused selective vasoconstriction of inflow A1 arterioles (-21.49 +/- 0.67%) from baseline, which was not seen in the premucosal A3 vessels (pA3, dA3). At 2 h postresuscitation, there was a generalized vasoconstriction from baseline diameter in A1 (-21.26 +/- 2.29%), pA3 (-22.66 +/- 5.02%), and dA3 (-17.62 +/- 4.84%). Neutrophil depletion caused a significant reset of baseline A1 blood flow from 701 +/- 90 nL/s to 978 +/- 90 nL/s and attenuated the postresuscitation hypoperfusion. This occurred independently of the A1 diameter change. Hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation caused impairment of the endothelium-dependent dilation response irrespective of neutrophil count. This study demonstrates that neutrophils do not contribute to the hemorrhagic/resuscitation-mediated intestinal arteriolar derangements, but appear to possess a role in the intestinal arteriolar blood flow regulation under normal and low flow states possibly via a rheologic effect. PMID- 14770039 TI - Staphylococcus aureus and lipopolysaccharide induce homologous tolerance but heterologous priming: role of interferon-gamma. AB - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the gram-negative bacterial cell wall component, induces tolerance to a secondary challenge of LPS in macrophages (Mphi) as evidenced by reduced inflammatory mediator production. However, it is uncertain if heat-killed (HK) gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) can induce a similar tolerance and alter responses to LPS. We hypothesized that HKSa induces homologous tolerance and cross tolerance to LPS stimulation in human promonocytic THP-1 cells. We measured TNF-alpha, TxB2, and IFN-gamma production and the phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and ERK-1/2 in human promonocytic THP-1 cells. HKSa (10 microg/mL) significantly stimulated naive (nonpretreated) cell TNF-alpha (P<0.05) and TxB2 production (P<0.05). However, HKSa-pretreated cells challenged secondarily with HKSa (10 microg/mL) exhibited a decrease in the production of TNF-alpha (89 +/- 5%, P<0.05) and TxB2 (85 +/- 3%, P<0.05) compared with HKSa stimulated naive cells. By contrast, secondary LPS challenge of HKSa-pretreated cells augmented TNF-alpha (41 +/- 3%, P<0.05) and TxB2 (42 +/- 6%, P<0.05) compared with LPS-stimulated naive cells. In naive cells, HKSa and LPS stimulation also significantly phosphorylated the mitogen-activated kinases (MAPKs) p38, JNK, and ERK-1/2 (P<0.005) compared with basal levels. HKSa and LPS induced homologous tolerance as evidenced by the down-regulation of the three MAPK (P<0.05), thus paralleling data on mediator production. HKSa-pretreated cells' priming responses to LPS correlated with augmented phosphorylation of JNK and p38 (P<0.05), whereas ERK-1/2 phosphorylation remained down-regulated. In contrast to TNF-alpha and TxB2 production, HKSa-induced IFN-gamma was up regulated (26 +/- 5%) in HKSa-pretreated cells compared with HKSa-stimulated naive cells. IFN-gamma antibody exhibited reversed priming in HKSa-pretreated cells as evidenced by a reduction in TNF-alpha. Exogenous human IFN-gamma- (1 microg/mL) and HKSa-pretreated cells secondarily stimulated with HKSa did not prevent the induction of tolerance. In contrast, exogenous IFN-gamma pretreatment prevented the induction of LPS homologous tolerance resulting in an increase in TNF-alpha production. The data demonstrate that HKSa induces homologous tolerance but causes priming to LPS. PMID- 14770040 TI - Increased iNOS activity is essential for intestinal epithelial tight junction dysfunction in endotoxemic mice. AB - We tested the hypothesis that increased production of nitric oxide (NO.) associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation leads to functionally significant alterations in the expression and/or targeting of key tight junction (TJ) proteins in ileal and colonic epithelium. Wild-type or inducible NO. synthase (iNOS) knockout male C57B1/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with 2 mg/kg Escherichia coli O111:B4 LPS. iNOS was inhibited using intraperitoneal L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (L-NIL; 5 mg/kg). Immunoblotting of total protein and NP-40 insoluble proteins revealed decreased expression and decreased TJ localization, respectively, of the TJ proteins, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, and/or occludin in ileal mucosa and colonic mucosa (total protein only) after injection of C57B1/6J mice with LPS. Immunohistochemistry showed deranged distribution of ZO-1 and occludin in both tissues from endotoxemic mice. Endotoxemia was associated with evidence of gut epithelial barrier dysfunction evidenced by increased ileal mucosal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (Mr=4 kDa) and increased bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes. Pharmacologic inhibition of iNOS activity using L-NIL or genetic ablation of the iNOS gene ameliorated LPS-induced changes in TJ protein expression and gut mucosal barrier function. These results support the view that at least one mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal epithelial dysfunction secondary to systemic inflammation is increased iNOS-dependent NO. production leading to altered expression and localization of key TJ proteins. PMID- 14770041 TI - Simvastatin decreases nitric oxide overproduction and reverts the impaired vascular responsiveness induced by endotoxic shock in rats. AB - Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can be used to induce experimental endotoxic shock, which is characterized by a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and a decreased vasoconstrictor response that have been attributed to excessive nitric oxide production. Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), in addition to lowering serum cholesterol levels, exert many pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory action. In the present study, we investigated the effect of simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on the production of nitric oxide and the cardiovascular response to LPS. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with different doses of simvastatin (10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline 20 min before i.v. injection of LPS (1.5 mg/kg) or saline (control). MAP was continuously recorded and nitrate plasma concentration was determined during the 6-h experimental session at 1-h intervals. The pressor response to phenylephrine (1 microg/kg) was evaluated before and 6 h after LPS administration. In the LPS-treated group, there was a time-dependent increase in nitrate plasma concentration (P<0.001), and this response was decreased in simvastatin pretreated rats (P<0.001). We also observed that LPS decreased the pressor response to phenylephrine (P<0.001), an effect that was reverted by simvastatin pretreatment (P<0.05). However, simvastatin did not modify the decrease of MAP induced by LPS. We concluded that simvastatin decreases nitrate plasma concentration in response to LPS and recovers vascular responsiveness during an experimental endotoxic shock. These data suggest the potential use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as a coadjuvant in the treatment of septic shock. PMID- 14770042 TI - Effect of initial fluid resuscitation on subsequent treatment in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats. AB - SUMMARY: Using a modified uncontrolled hemorrhage shock model with massive splenic and vascular injury, we evaluated outcome and tissue oxidation injury with different resuscitation interventions during prehospital and hospital phases. The aim of our study was to explore the effect of initial fluid resuscitation on subsequent treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats. Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock was produced in 114 Wistar rat by sharp transection both of the splenic parenchyma at one location between the major branches of the splenic artery into the spleen and of one of the major branches of the splenic artery. Experimental design consisted of three phases: a "prehospital phase" (resuscitation with balanced saline to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 mmHg, respectively, when MAP reached 30 mmHg), followed by a "hospital phase" (120 min, including control of hemorrhage and resuscitation with balanced saline and whole blood (2:1) or balanced saline alone to a MAP >80 mmHg), and a 240-min observation phase. Blood loss, infused volume, hematocrit, and survival rate were recorded. At the end of the experiment, survivors were sacrificed, and the lung, kidney, and distal ileum were harvested for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC). All rats that were resuscitated to a MAP >80 mmHg in the prehospital phase and received balanced saline alone in the hospital phase died, whereas those that had been resuscitated to a MAP of 40 or 50 mmHg during the prehospital phase and then resuscitated with balanced saline and whole blood in the hospital phase survived throughout the experiment. The animals whose MAP was kept higher than 80 mmHg had significantly higher MDA content and lower T-AOC than those whose MAP was maintained 40, 50, or 60 mmHg during the prehospital phase. In the hospital phase, resuscitation with balanced saline and whole blood not only relieved tissue damage but also improved the survival, as indicated by 44.4% survival rate in the rats that resuscitated to a MAP of 80 or 100 mmHg in the prehospital phase. These results suggested that in our uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock model, limited resuscitation in the prehospital phase had benefit for subsequent treatment in the hospital phase in terms of alleviated tissue damage and improved survivorship. PMID- 14770043 TI - Lung, spleen, and kidney are the major places for inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in endotoxic shock: role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in signal transduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. AB - Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to induce endotoxic shock with inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) expression and NO production. However, the major place for NO production in shock remains unclear. Although there is some literature about p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in regulating LPS-induced iNOS expression, the results are contradictory. To interpret the precise cell mechanism and the role of p38 MAPK in the expression of iNOS during endotoxic shock, we carried out the following investigations. A severe endotoxic shock model was reproduced in mice 6 h after LPS injection. The plasma NO level was increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner after LPS stimulation and was suppressed by administration of SB203580 [4-(4-fluorophenyl) 2-4-methylsulfonylphenyl-5-(4-pyridyl) imidazole], a highly specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK. The iNOS expression was increased in many organs, including heart, liver, spleen, lung, gut, and kidney in endotoxic shock. Among them, the highest expression of iNOS mRNA and protein was in the lung, moderate expression was in the spleen and kidney, and the lowest expression was in the heart, gut, and liver. The level of expression in lung was 5.5 times that of iNOS mRNA and was 3.1 times that of iNOS protein than in heart, and 1.6 and 1.8 times that of iNOS mRNA and 1.7 and 1.4 times that of iNOS protein than in spleen and kidney, respectively. The p38 MAPK activity increased after LPS injection, and SB203580 markedly reduced LPS-induced expressions of iNOS protein and mRNA in the lung. The results indicates that lung, spleen, and kidney are the major places for iNOS expression in endotoxic shock and are important therapeutic target organs for attenuating NO production in shock treatment. PMID- 14770044 TI - Pain-related fear, lumbar flexion, and dynamic EMG among persons with chronic musculoskeletal low back pain. AB - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between pain-related fear, lumbar flexion, and dynamic EMG activity among persons with chronic musculoskeletal low back pain. It was hypothesized that pain-related fear would be significantly related to decreased lumbar flexion and specific patterns of EMG activity during flexion and extension. STUDY DESIGN: Data was obtained from subjects who, on a single day, completed self-report measures of pain and pain-related fear, and were interviewed to determine demographic and pain information. Subjects then underwent a dynamic EMG evaluation for which they were asked to stand, then bend forward as far as possible, stay fully flexed, and return to standing. Lumbar EMG and angle of flexion were recorded during this time. A flexion-relaxation ratio (FRR) was computed by comparing maximal EMG while flexing to the average EMG in full flexion. SUBJECTS: Seventy-six persons with chronic musculoskeletal low back pain. RESULTS: Zero-order correlations indicated that pain-related fear was significantly related to reduced lumber flexion (r = -0.55), maximum EMG during flexion (r = -0.38) and extension (r = 0.51), and the FRR (r = -0.40). When controlling for pain and demographic factors, pain-related fear continued to be related to reduced lumbar flexion. Using a path-analytic model to examine whether angle of flexion mediated the relationship between fear and EMG activity, the models examining maximal EMG during flexion and extension supported the notion that pain-related fear influences these measures indirectly through its association with decreased range of motion. Conversely, pain-related fear was independently related to higher average EMG in full flexion, while angle of flexion was not significantly related. Pain-related fear was directly related to a smaller FRR, as well as indirectly through angle of flexion. CONCLUSIONS: Pain-related fear is significantly associated with reduced lumbar flexion, greater EMG in full flexion, and a smaller FRR. The relationship between pain-related fear and EMG during flexion and extension appears to be mediated by reduced lumbar flexion. These results suggest that pain-related fear is directly associated with musculoskeletal abnormalities observed among persons with chronic low back pain, as well as indirectly through limited lumbar flexion. These musculoskeletal abnormalities as well as limited movement may be involved in the development and maintenance of chronic low back pain. In addition, changes in musculoskeletal functioning and flexion associated with pain-related fear may warrant greater attention as part of treatment. PMID- 14770045 TI - Quantitative assessment of chronic postsurgical pain using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. AB - OBJECTIVES: The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) provides a quantitative profile of 3 major psychologic dimensions of pain: sensory-discriminative, motivational affective, and cognitive-evaluative. Although the MPQ is frequently used as a pain measurement tool, no studies to date have compared the characteristics of chronic post-surgical pain after different surgical procedures using a quantitative scoring method. METHODS: Three separate questionnaire surveys were administered to patients who had undergone surgery at different time points between 1990 and 2000. Surgical procedures selected were mastectomy (n = 511 patients), inguinal hernia repair (n = 351 patients), and cardiac surgery via a central chest wound with or without saphenous vein harvesting (n = 1348 patients). A standard questionnaire format with the MPQ was used for each survey. The IASP definition of chronic pain, continuously or intermittently for longer than 3 months, was used with other criteria for pain location. The type of chronic pain was compared between the surgical populations using 3 different analytical methods: the Pain Rating Intensity score using scale values, (PRI-S); the Pain Rating Intensity using weighted rank values multiplied by scale value (PRI-R); and number of words chosen (NWC). RESULTS: The prevalence of chronic pain after mastectomy, inguinal herniorrhaphy, and median sternotomy with or without saphenectomy was 43%, 30%, and 39% respectively. Chronic pain most frequently reported was sensory-discriminative in quality with similar proportions across different surgical sites. Average PRI-S values after mastectomy, hernia repair, sternotomy (without postoperative anginal symptoms), and saphenectomy were 14.06, 13.00, 12.03, and 8.06 respectively. Analysis was conducted on cardiac patients who reported anginal symptoms with chronic post surgical pain (PRI-S value 14.28). Patients with moderate and severe pain were more likely to choose more than 10 pain descriptors, regardless of the operative site (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION: The prevalence and characteristics of chronic pain was remarkably similar across different operative groups. This study is the first to quantitatively compare chronic post-surgical pain using similar methodologies in heterogeneous post-surgical populations. PMID- 14770046 TI - Does prone or supine position influence pain responses in preterm infants at 32 weeks gestational age? AB - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of prone and supine position in preterm infants during acute pain of blood collection. SETTING: Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). STUDY DESIGN: Thirty eight preterm infants (birthweight 1339 [590-2525] g, GA 29 [25- 32] wks) were in 2 groups depending on their position in the isolette prior to and during heel lance at 32 weeks post-conceptional age. The study design was a comparison between groups (Prone, Supine) during 2 events (Baseline, Heel lance). OUTCOME MEASURE: Pain measures were multidimensional, including behavioral (sleep-wake state and facial activity) and physiological (heart rate) responses measured continuously prior to (Baseline) and during blood collection (Lance). RESULTS: Both groups of infants displayed statistically significant shifts in sleep-wake state to greater arousal, and increased facial activity and heart rate, from Baseline to Lance. Prone position was associated with significantly more deep sleep during Baseline, compared with Supine position, but there were no differences in sleep-wake state during Lance. Minor increased facial activity was shown in some time segments of Baseline for infants in Supine compared with Prone, but did not differ overall between positions. Prone and Supine position did not affect heart rate significantly during Baseline or Lance events. CONCLUSIONS: Prone position promotes deep sleep in preterm neonates at 32 weeks post-conceptional age when they are undisturbed. However, placement in prone position is not a sufficient environmental comfort intervention for painful invasive procedures such as heel lance for blood sampling in the NICU. Neonates require other environmental supports to promote coping with this stressful event. PMID- 14770047 TI - Pain flashbacks in posttraumatic stress disorder. AB - OBJECTIVES: Surgical patients who regain consciousness while under general anesthesia may develop symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). One common PTSD symptom is the experiencing of abnormal perceptions during which the patient feels as if the trauma is recurring. The objective of this report is to document the re-occurrence of pain as part of the PTSD sequelae. RESULTS: We present two patients who developed PTSD following an episode of awareness under anesthesia. In both cases, posttraumatic sequelae persisted for years and included pain symptoms that resembled, in quality and location, pain experienced during surgery. In addition to their similarity to the original pain, these pain symptoms were triggered by stimuli associated with the traumatic situation, suggesting that they were flashbacks to the episode of awareness under anesthesia. DISCUSSION: The similarity between the patients' pain symptoms and pain experienced during trauma, the triggering by traumatic cues, and the associated emotional arousal and avoidance suggest the involvement of a somatosensory memory mechanism. PMID- 14770048 TI - Expression of pain in children with autism. AB - OBJECTIVES: Reduced pain sensitivity is widely reported to be a common feature of children with autism, yet this conclusion frequently has been based on anecdotal observations and questionable measures of pain. The aims of the study were to (1) characterize the behavioral response of children with autism experiencing a venepuncture using objective observational measures of pain and distress, (2) examine parents' assessments of pain behavior in children with and without autism, including comparison of the relationship of parental reports with behavioral measures, and (3) compare the behavioral reactions and parental assessments of children with autism with children without autism undergoing venepuncture. METHODS: Pain reactions to the invasive procedure of venepuncture were videotaped, systematically described and compared in 21 children with autism (3-7 years old) and 22 nonimpaired children, the latter providing a chronological age and gender equivalent comparison group. Parents provided observer reports of pain, and facial activity was used as an objective behavioral measure of pain. RESULTS: The children with autism displayed a significant facial pain reaction in response to the venepuncture procedure. There was a lack of concordance between parental reports of pain and observed pain responses for the children with autism. Behavioral responses of the children with autism were generally similar to the comparison group, except the substantial facial pain reactivity instigated by the venepuncture in the children with autism exceeded that displayed by the nonimpaired comparison children. Parent reports of pain severity did not differ between the autism and comparison groups. The degree of concordance between parental report and observed pain responses was consistently better for the comparison group. DISCUSSION: The findings demonstrate that children with autism display a significant behavioral reaction in response to a painful stimulus, and these findings are in sharp contrast to the prevailing beliefs of pain insensitivity described in the literature to date. The findings also raise questions about the appropriateness of parental global report as an assessment tool for pain in children with autism. PMID- 14770049 TI - Hypervigilance to pain in fibromyalgia: the mediating role of pain intensity and catastrophic thinking about pain. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mediating role of pain intensity, catastrophic thinking about pain, and negative affectivity in explaining enhanced attention for pain in patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS: Sixty-four patients with fibromyalgia and 46 patients with chronic low back pain completed self-report instruments of vigilance to pain, negative affectivity, and catastrophic thinking about pain. These measures, along with diagnostic group and pain intensity, were entered into a partial correlational analysis to investigate which variables mediate the relationship between diagnostic group (fibromyalgia vs. chronic low back pain) and vigilance to pain. RESULTS: Fibromyalgia patients reported significantly greater vigilance to pain than patients with chronic low back pain. They also reported higher pain intensity, more negative affectivity, and more catastrophic thinking about pain than patients with chronic low back pain. Vigilance to pain was correlated significantly with pain intensity, negative affectivity, and catastrophic thinking about pain. Further analyses revealed that pain intensity and catastrophic thinking about pain, but not negative affectivity, mediated the relationship between diagnostic group and vigilance to pain. CONCLUSION: Fibromyalgia patients report a heightened vigilance to pain. This vigilance is not a unique characteristic of fibromyalgia but is related to the intensity of pain and catastrophic thinking about pain. PMID- 14770050 TI - Confirmatory factor analysis of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia: invariant two factor model across low back pain patients and fibromyalgia patients. AB - OBJECTIVES: (1) To investigate the factor structure of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) in a Dutch-speaking sample of chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients using confirmatory factor analysis, (2) to examine whether the internal structure of the TSK extends to another group of fibromyalgia (FM) patients, and (3) to investigate the stability of the factor structure in both patient groups using multi-sample analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: TSK-data from 8 studies collected in Dutch and Flemish chronic pain patients were pooled. For 188 CLBP patients and 89 FM patients, complete data were available. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to assess 4 models of kinesiophobia, and to examine which factor model provided the best fit. Furthermore, a multi-sample analysis was performed to investigate the stability of the factor structure in both patient groups. RESULTS: For both CLBP and FM patients, the 2-factor model containing the factors "activity avoidance" and "pathologic somatic focus" was superior as compared with the 4-factor model containing the factors "harm," "fear of (re)injury." "importance of exercise," and "avoidance of activity". Moreover, the 2-factor model was found to be invariant across CLBP and FM patients, indicating that this model is robust in both pain samples. DISCUSSION: As the 2-factor structure provided the best fit of the data in both patient samples, we recommend to use this version of the TSK and its 2 subscales in both clinical practice and research. Based on the content of the items, the subscales were labeled "Harm" and "Fear-avoidance." PMID- 14770052 TI - Exclusion criteria used in antidepressant efficacy trials: consistency across studies and representativeness of samples included. AB - The inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select subjects for participation in antidepressant efficacy trials (AETs) vary from study to study. It is unknown how much impact different sets of exclusion criteria have on the representativeness of subjects treated in AETs. In the present study, we applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria used in 39 recently published AETs to patients evaluated in routine clinical practice to evaluate the range and extent of the representativeness of samples treated in AETs. Nearly 600 patients with DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar depression underwent a thorough diagnostic evaluation. Inclusion and exclusion criteria used in AETs were applied to determine how many patients from our sample would have qualified for each AET had they applied. Approximately one sixth of the 596 depressed patients would have been excluded from an efficacy trial because they had a bipolar or psychotic subtype of depression. In the remaining 503 outpatients with nonpsychotic, unipolar MDD, the rates of exclusion ranged from 0% to 95.0% (mean=65.8%). Thus, the findings suggest that there is much variability in the generalizability of AETs, although, in general, subjects treated in AETs represent only a minority of patients treated for MDD in a community-based psychiatry outpatient practice. PMID- 14770051 TI - Suicidal ideation in outpatients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: an exploratory study of the role of sleep onset insomnia and pain intensity. AB - OBJECTIVES: Sleep disturbance, depression, and heightened risk of suicide are among the most clinically significant sequelae of chronic pain. While sleep disturbance is associated with suicidality in patients with major depression and is a significant independent predictor of completed suicide in psychiatric patients, it is not known whether sleep disturbance is associated with suicidal behavior in chronic pain. This exploratory study evaluates the importance of insomnia in discriminating suicidal ideation in chronic pain relative to depression severity and other pain-related factors. METHODS: Fifty-one outpatients with non-cancer chronic pain were recruited. Subjects completed a pain and sleep survey, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Multidimensional Pain Inventory. Subjects were classified as "suicidal ideators" or "non-ideators" based on their responses to BDI-Item 9 (Suicide). Bivariate analyses and multivariate discriminant function analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Twenty-four percent reported suicidal ideation (without intent). Suicidal ideators endorsed higher levels of: sleep onset insomnia, pain intensity, medication usage, pain-related interference, affective distress, and depressive symptoms (P < 0.03). These 6 variables were entered into stepwise discriminant function analyses. Two variables predicted group membership: Sleep Onset Insomnia Severity and Pain Intensity, respectively. The discriminant function correctly classified 84.3% of the cases (P < 0.0001). DISCUSSION: Chronic pain patients who self-reported severe and frequent initial insomnia with concomitant daytime dysfunction and high pain intensity were more likely to report passive suicidal ideation, independent from the effects of depression severity. Future research aimed at determining whether sleep disturbance is a modifiable risk factor for suicidal ideation in chronic pain is warranted. PMID- 14770053 TI - Assessing past treatment history: test-retest reliability of the Treatment Response to Antidepressant Questionnaire. AB - A reliable and valid instrument has yet to be developed that elicits antidepressant treatment history via patient interview. The goal of the present study was to establish the test-retest reliability of the Treatment Response to Antidepressant Questionnaire (TRAQ). The TRAQ is a semistructured interview that was designed to collect systematically information regarding previous antidepressant treatment, adequacy of trials, and nature of response. Fifty subjects who sought outpatient treatment as part of the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project participated in the study. Patients were interviewed initially by a psychologist, who administered the TRAQ. An average of 5 to 6 days later, a psychiatrist who was blind to the results of the initial evaluation readministered the TRAQ to each of these patients. Reliability of recall of antidepressant trials, trial adequacy, and nature of response were evaluated using the kappa statistic. The mean duration of the TRAQ interviews was 3.30 minutes (SD=2.03 minutes). The reliability of recall of antidepressant trials ranged from 0.81 to 0.95, with an overall kappa of 0.91. The kappa for trial adequacy, depending on the definition used, ranged from 0.72 to 0.84. The kappa for determining positive versus negative response was 0.72. Thus, the test-retest reliability of the TRAQ was found to be in the good to excellent range for each of the principal outcome measures. The TRAQ can be administered by non-MDs as a reliable measure for collecting standardized information regarding antidepressant treatment history via patient interview. PMID- 14770054 TI - Depression in France and Brazil: factorial structure of the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale in inpatients. AB - Among various research strategies for depression, the cross-cultural approach is a useful tool to investigate depressive disorders. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was applied to 130 depressed inpatients in France and Brazil. Items were factorized by principal component analysis with Varimax rotation using the Kaiser or simulation method for factor sorting. Three factors were obtained in France, and four in Brazil. The first factor includes the core symptoms of depression in both samples. Qualitative and quantitative differences appeared in the anxiety factor between Brazilian and French samples. Insomnia items appeared as another factor for both groups. A limitation of this study is that it was conducted with small inpatient samples. Principal component analysis of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression for depressive inpatients in these two countries showed a similar structure. Differences observed were in the way anxiety items were distributed. PMID- 14770055 TI - Stability of anxiety and depression in a national sample of adults with human immunodeficiency virus. AB - We examined the stability of anxiety and depression in a national sample of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using data from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. We also investigated risk factors for developing new cases of anxiety and depression. Analyses were conducted using multiple logistic regressions to control for key demographic and clinical factors. Our results showed a general stability of these psychiatric conditions across 6 months, with no dramatic increase in new cases. Overall prevalence declined over time, but a subgroup of patients, particularly those with major depression, evidenced persistent psychopathology. Having a high baseline HIV symptom count and a growing number of HIV symptoms significantly increased the likelihood of anxiety and depression persisting to follow-up and of developing new such cases. Our findings indicate that living with HIV does not necessarily lead to increased psychiatric distress but that palliation of HIV symptoms is paramount to patients' mental health. PMID- 14770056 TI - Estimation of antipsychotic effects on hospitalization risk in a naturalistic study with selection on unobservables. AB - Estimates of effects of antipsychotic medication on hospitalization risk based on nonexperimental data may be affected by selection bias from either observable or unobservable factors. This study applies a statistical method, using instrumental variables, that controls for both types of possible selection bias. We use data from a large observational study of people under treatment for schizophrenia to estimate models of drug choice and hospitalization, including atypical (versus typical) medication effects on 12-month hospitalization risk. Results for younger patients (50 h), which enables short course 1- or 3-day dose regimens to be clinically effective. Azithromycin is concentrated within phagocytic cells and tissues and it achieves targeted delivery by these cells to sites of infection. In vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated that azithromycin is taken up, transported and released at the sites of infection by phagocytic cells such as polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages. Uptake is not saturable; therefore delivery of the total dose of azithromycin as a 1- or 3 day regimen should lead to increased uptake and delivery of the drug to sites of infection. PMID- 14770073 TI - Single dose azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated otitis media. AB - Three clinical trials have examined the efficacy and safety of single dose azithromycin (30 mg/kg) in children with uncomplicated acute otitis media (AOM). In the first trial, a small pilot study, the clinical and microbiologic efficacy of single dose azithromycin was comparable with that of 3-day azithromycin or single dose ceftriaxone. A second, non-comparative trial confirmed the clinical and microbiologic efficacy of the single dose regimen. The third study, a large double blind, double dummy trial, demonstrated comparable clinical success rates between single dose azithromycin and 10-day standard amoxicillin/clavulanate. The incidence of drug-related adverse events in patients treated with single dose azithromycin was low in all three trials and similar to rates that have been reported for other antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of patients with AOM. In the amoxicillin/clavulanate trial, compliance with single dose azithromycin was significantly better than with the amoxicillin/clavulanate regimen (P < 0.001). We conclude that a single dose of azithromycin (30 mg/kg) is safe and effective for the treatment of uncomplicated AOM in children. PMID- 14770074 TI - Management of recurrent and persistent acute otitis media: new options with familiar antibiotics. AB - Recurrent and persistent acute otitis media (AOM) is a common problem, affecting close to 20% of children in their first years of life. It presents a therapeutic challenge to physicians, particularly as beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae, as well as penicillin- and, more recently, macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae are often responsible for AOM in these patients. Intramuscular ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg, once daily for 3 days) has been shown to be effective in treating nonresponsive AOM, but there have been relatively few clinical trials exploring oral antibiotic regimens. Higher doses of commonly used antibiotics (amoxicillin-clavulanate ratio, 14:1 ratio and azithromycin 60 mg/kg divided into three equal once daily doses) have demonstrated high rates of clinical success. These studies will be discussed together with a review of the clinical and microbiologic characteristics of this disease. We will also address the impact that the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine may have on the microbiology of recurrent and persistent AOM. PMID- 14770075 TI - Pneumococcal resistance in perspective: how well are we combating it? AB - Because Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most commonly isolated community-acquired respiratory tract pathogen, the reports of high rates of antibiotic resistance throughout the world highlight the need for intervention to stem any further increases in resistance. Efforts to reduce the incidence of pneumococcal resistance have been mainly 2-fold, involving attempts to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing, as well as to assure early childhood immunization with the pneumococcal heptavalent conjugate vaccine. To reduce unnecessary prescribing for infections that are typically viral in etiology, such as acute bronchitis, education efforts have been focused not only on clinicians but also on parents and patients. These education efforts significantly reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing, and initial evidence suggests that they may stabilize, if not reduce, the incidence of penicillin and macrolide-resistant pneumococcal isolates. Utilization of the relatively new pneumococcal heptavalent conjugate vaccine not only reduces the incidence of acute otitis media caused by pneumococcal serotypes included in the vaccine as well as disease caused by related serotypes but also has a highly significant effect on reducing the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in children and potential adult contacts. In addition more recent data have established that vaccination is also decreasing the carriage and transmission of antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal isolates. Education and vaccine programs that attempt to stabilize and/or reduce the rate of pneumococcal resistance are at least as important as having effective antibiotic treatments for pneumococcal disease. These efforts to address pneumococcal resistance have been highly successful to date. PMID- 14770076 TI - Defining the optimum treatment regimen for azithromycin in acute tonsillopharyngitis. AB - Pharyngitis is one of the most common infectious diseases affecting children. Group A streptococci are the leading bacterial cause of pharyngitis in children and adults. Because inappropriate antibiotic treatment for pharyngitis is becoming a major issue, only true group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) infections, proven by rapid antigen test or culture, should be treated with antibiotics. GABHS pharyngitis is often a mild and self-limiting infection in the absence of antimicrobial therapy. However, antimicrobial treatment must be administered to eradicate the pathogen from the throat, limit the spread of the infection and prevent possible progression to rheumatic fever, suppurative disease or toxin-mediated complications. Penicillin V for 10 days is the standard therapy and is effective in the management of GABHS pharyngitis. However, there are drawbacks to penicillin V therapy, including the length of the dosing regimen, which are leading to decreasing penicillin prescription rates in many countries. In addition bacteriologic treatment failures have been documented in up to 35% of GABHS patients treated with penicillin V, particularly in children <6 years old. A number of mechanisms may be responsible for these failures, but poor compliance with the standard 10-day penicillin treatment is likely to be a major factor. There is growing evidence to suggest that children with GABHS pharyngitis can be effectively treated with non-penicillin V antibiotics, which have the advantage of simpler and shorter dosing regimens compared with penicillin V. Among the antibiotics that have been tested clinically, azithromycin is the most widely studied. A total dose of 60 mg/kg azithromycin, given either as 12 mg/kg once daily for 5 days or 20 mg/kg once daily for 3 days, provides the best rate of GABHS eradication. Thus a total dose of 60 mg/kg azithromycin given during 3 or 5 days constitutes an alternative treatment to standard penicillin therapy in cases of penicillin hypersensitivity, when patient nonadherence to a 10-day penicillin regimen is suspected or for patients who fail therapy with a beta-lactam. PMID- 14770077 TI - Safety and tolerability of azithromycin in pediatric infectious diseases: 2003 update. AB - Oral azithromycin suspension has been prescribed to >80 million patients. Children find the color and taste of the oral suspension of azithromycin agreeable, and the drug is well-tolerated. On average 9% of patients have treatment-related adverse events, which are most frequently gastrointestinal complaints. The side effects are mild to moderate and very seldom necessitate withdrawal of the treatment. In addition to the conventional 3-day 10-mg/kg/day regimen and the 10 mg/kg on Day 1 followed by 5 mg/kg on Days 2 to 5 regimens, single dose 30 mg/kg and 3-day 20-mg/kg/day regimens are well-tolerated, although these new dosages are associated with more adverse effects. PMID- 14770078 TI - [Use of azithromycin in the treatment of acute otitis media and tonsillopharyngitis: summary and conclusions. PMID- 14770080 TI - Augmentation of antitumor immune responses by multiple intratumoral inoculations of replication-conditional HSV and interleukin-12. AB - Intratumoral inoculation with a herpes simplex virus (HSV) mutant, G207, as an in situ cancer vaccine has been shown to inhibit tumor growth by inducing tumor specific immune responses. Here, as a step toward the clinical application of this therapeutic approach, we evaluated different protocols for enhancing the antitumor effect. First, in a bilaterally established tumor model with CT26 colon carcinoma, we demonstrated that multiple intratumoral inoculations with G207 induced a greater antitumor effect on both the inoculated and distant tumors than did 1 or 2 inoculations. Second, to boost this antitumor effect, we developed 2 strategies: multiple in situ cancer vaccines with G207 in combination with systemic administration of recombinant interleukin-12 (rIL-12) (G207/systemic rIL 12) or local administration of rIL-12 (G207/local rIL-12). The antitumor effects in both the inoculated and distant tumors by the combined treatments were significantly greater than by either G207 or rIL-12 treatment alone. G207/systemic rIL-12 and G207/local rIL-12 mediated the complete regression of both the inoculated and distant tumors in 67% and 79% of the animals, respectively. These results indicate that multiple intratumoral inoculations of G207 and systemic or local rIL-12 administration work synergistically to facilitate tumor regression and that this combination of treatments may have potential for treating cancer metastasis. PMID- 14770081 TI - Bispecific single-chain diabody-mediated killing of endoglin-positive endothelial cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. AB - We present a novel vascular tumor therapy approach based on lysing endothelial cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Retargeting of CTLs is achieved by a recombinant bispecific antibody molecule (bispecific single-chain diabody) directed against human endoglin (CD105, EDG) and the T-cell coreceptor CD3 (scDb EDGCD3). Bacterially expressed scDb EDGCD3 was able to bind to endoglin expressing endothelial cells as well as CD3-expressing T lymphocytes. The single chain diabody mediated killing of endothelial cells (HUVEC, HMEC) by activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes at picomolar concentrations, and cells not expressing endoglin were not affected. Because endoglin is up-regulated in the vasculature of many solid tumors, this antibody molecule should be capable of lysing tumor endothelial cells and thus destroying the vascular bed of the tumor. PMID- 14770079 TI - Induction of CD4+ Th1 lymphocytes that recognize known and novel class II MHC restricted epitopes from the melanoma antigen gp100 by stimulation with recombinant protein. AB - CD4+ T helper cells may play a critical role in the induction and maintenance of a therapeutic immune response to cancer. To evaluate the efficacy with which a recombinant tumor-associated protein can induce antigen-reactive CD4+ T cells, we stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with melanoma in vitro with the purified melanoma antigen gp100 produced in Escherichia coli. In preliminary experiments, we observed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells could process and present known HLA-DRbeta1*0401 and HLA-DRbeta1*0701 restricted epitopes to gp100-reactive CD4+ T cell lines after being loaded exogenously with protein. Therefore, we used autologous protein-loaded peripheral blood mononuclear cells as antigen presenting cells. From four of nine patients who expressed both HLA DRbeta1*0401 and HLA-DRbeta1*0701, we raised five gp100-reactive CD4+ T cell populations that secreted TH1 type cytokines in response to exogenously loaded protein as well as target cells that endogenously expressed gp100 and MHC class II molecules, including transfectants and melanoma cells. Four of the five cultures specifically recognized the known HLA-DRbeta1*0401 and HLA-DRbeta1*0701 restricted epitopes gp100:44-59 and gp100:170-190, respectively. The fifth culture, and 30 T cell clones derived from it, specifically recognized a new peptide, gp100:420-435, in the context of HLA-DRbeta1*0701. These results suggest that recombinant tumor-associated proteins may be clinically applicable for the generation of CD4+ T helper cells in active vaccination strategies or adoptive cellular immunotherapies. PMID- 14770082 TI - Presence of cytotoxic B220+CD3+CD4-CD8- cells correlates with the therapeutic efficacy of lymphoma treatment with IL-2 and/or IL-12. AB - Cancer treatment with IL-2 and IL-12 is thought to work via enhancement of proliferation and activity of T cells and NK cells. Incubation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cells with IL-2 and/or IL-12 results in propagation of a distinct cell type called lymphokine-activated killers (LAK) characterized by increased lytic activity against many tumor types. Here we address the question whether cytokine therapy may be efficient in treatment of a LAK-insensitive tumor and, if so, which cell type, other than classic LAK cells, is responsible for tumor cell killing. We used DBA/2 mice bearing metastasized SL2 lymphoma and treated them with locally applied IL-2 and /or IL-12 injections. We showed that IL-12 treatment is efficient, though there is a rather narrow range of effective doses because of toxicity. This toxicity may be alleviated by a single injection of IL-12 before treatment. Next, we showed that IL-12 synergistically enhances the efficacy of local IL-2 treatment. Moreover, our results indicate that the IL 2/IL-12-mediated therapeutic effect is greatest when it is given after establishment of an immune response to a tumor. Finally, we showed the existence of a unique population of lymphoid cells, namely B220+CD3+CD4-CD8-, at the site of tumor growth. These cells become highly cytotoxic to SL2 cells in mice treated with cytokines late (day 10-14) in the course of the immune response, but not in mice treated early (day 3-7), and cytotoxicity of this unique cell population correlates with the success of therapy. PMID- 14770083 TI - Immunotherapy of experimental bladder cancer with recombinant BCG expressing interferon-gamma. AB - One of the most potent immunotherapies presently used is the application of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) to prevent recurrences of superficial bladder cancer. Despite its successful use, nonresponders and certain side effects remain a major obstacle. Therefore, current studies aim at developing recombinant BCG (rBCG) strains to further improve the effectiveness of the therapy. In BCG treated patients a strong local induction of Th1-like cytokines was observed. For this reason rBCG-strains secreting Th1-like cytokines might be potentially useful agents to improve this type of immunotherapy. Because we previously demonstrated the essential role of IFNgamma in BCG-induced antitumor responses, in this study a rBCG strain secreting murine IFNgamma (rBCG-IFNgamma) was generated and tested for its immunostimulatory capacity in several in vitro and in vivo test systems. In vitro rBCG-IFNgamma specifically up-regulated expression of MHC class I molecules on a murine bladder cancer cell line (MB49), compared to the rBCG control strain (transfected with an empty vector). In a murine model of experimental bladder cancer, intravesical instillation of rBCG-IFNgamma resulted in an enhanced recruitment of CD4+ T-cells into the bladder and further induced the local expression of IL-2 and IL-4 cytokines (mRNA) compared to control rBCG. With a low-dose treatment regimen for murine orthotopic bladder cancer, rBCG IFNgamma significantly prolonged survival, whereas the therapeutic effect of wild type control BCG did not reach statistical significance. We conclude that this recombinant BCG strain has enhanced immunostimulatory potential and might offer new opportunities in the treatment of bladder cancer. PMID- 14770084 TI - Immunologic analysis of a phase I/II study of vaccination with MAGE-3 protein combined with the AS02B adjuvant in patients with MAGE-3-positive tumors. AB - In a phase I/II study, patients with solid metastatic MAGE-3-positive tumors, mainly melanoma, were vaccinated with recombinant MAGE-3 protein combined with the immunologic adjuvant AS02B comprised of MPL and QS21 in an oil-in-water emulsion. The recombinant MAGE-3 protein was made up of a partial sequence of the protein D (ProtD) antigen of Haemophilus influenzae fused to the MAGE-3 sequence. The vaccine was given intramuscularly at 3-week intervals. Patients whose tumors stabilized or regressed after 4 vaccinations received 2 additional vaccinations at 6-week intervals. MAGE-3 and ProtD antibody and cellular immune responses were monitored after vaccination. Ninety-six percent (23/24) of the patients vaccinated with MAGE-3 protein in AS02B adjuvant elicited a significant anti-MAGE 3 IgG antibody response after 4 vaccinations, and all developed anti-ProtD IgG antibodies. For the detection of T-cell activity, total peripheral blood mononuclear cells were restimulated in vitro with MAGE-3- or ProtD-loaded autologous mature dendritic cells. In 30% of the evaluable patients vaccinated with the adjuvanted recombinant protein, IFNgamma production was increased in response to MAGE-3, and 2 patients (14% of evaluable patients) had a concomitant increase in IL-5 production. In 37% and 43% of the patients, respectively, IFNgamma or IL-5 production was increased in response to ProtD. It is concluded that vaccination of advanced cancer patients with MAGE-3 self-antigen in AS02B adjuvant is able to elicit MAGE-3-specific antibody and a T-cell response. PMID- 14770086 TI - Hybrid cell vaccination in metastatic melanoma: clinical and immunologic results of a phase I/II study. AB - Hybrid cell vaccination with cell fusion products (CFPs) of autologous tumor cells and mature allogenic MHC II bearing dendritic cells has been described to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune responses. The aim of this study was to assess safety, antitumor activity, and immune responses of a CFP vaccine in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. In a phase I/II study, we treated 11 patients by monthly intracutaneous or subcutaneous application of a CFP vaccine generated by electrofusion of autologous melanoma cells with mature allogenic dendritic cells. In addition, patients received subcutaneous low-dose interleukin-2 injections for 6 days after each vaccination. No serious adverse effects were observed. Ten patients showed progressive disease and one patient had a short-lasting stable disease. None of the patients developed a positive delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction against irradiated autologous melanoma cells. In 2 patients, who were monitored in more detail, we found no evidence of induction of a specific antimelanoma T-cell response by analyzing the proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cytotoxicity of their T cells toward autologous melanoma cells. No unequivocal beneficial effects of the used CFP vaccine could be demonstrated. PMID- 14770085 TI - CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte recognition of prostate specific antigen in granulomatous prostatitis. AB - In order to develop immunotherapies for prostate cancer, many groups are exploring vaccination strategies to induce an immune response against prostate specific antigen (PSA). To determine if T-cell recognition of PSA might be a feature of a naturally occurring human disease, we have studied patients with prostatitis, a poorly understood clinical syndrome of men in which there is evidence that an immune response directed against the prostate may be occurring. We wished to determine if a T-cell response to PSA might be occurring in these patients. We generated long-term T-cell lines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of one patient with granulomatous prostatitis using purified PSA as an antigen. Several CD4+ and CD8+ TcR alpha/beta+ T-cell lines were selected for PSA reactivity as measured by at least a threefold increase in IFN-gamma secretion in response to PSA presented by irradiated autologous PBMC. CD4 and CD8 T-cell lines recognized PSA in the context of HLA-DRbeta1*1501 and HLA-B*0702, respectively. The specificity and HLA restriction of the lines was confirmed using EBV-B cell lines infected with a recombinant PSA-expressing vaccinia virus and also engineered to express PSA by retroviral transfection. HLA-matched targets infected by control vector as well as HLA-mismatched PSA-expressing targets did not induce the response. The data demonstrate that PSA-specific T cells are present in the PBMC of this patient with granulomatous prostatitis, who may be manifesting naturally the type of immune response directed at the prostate that is the goal of prostate cancer immunotherapy. However, the Class I restricted epitope has not yet been demonstrated to be expressed on the surface of prostate cancer cells. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of HLA-DRB1*1501- or HLA-B*0702-restricted responses to PSA and extends the number of HLA molecules accommodating the use of PSA antigen as a candidate vaccine for prostate cancer immunotherapy. PMID- 14770087 TI - Hematopoietic lineage-restricted minor histocompatibility antigen HA-1 in graft versus-leukemia activity after donor lymphocyte infusion. AB - Immunocompetent alloreactive donor lymphocytes directed against minor histocompatibility antigens are supposed to be responsible for graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) activity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The authors describe the detection of HA-1-specific T cells by peptide-loaded dimers and flow cytometry in the peripheral blood of a patient in complete remission but without GvHD after donor lymphocyte infusion for chemotherapy-resistant Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The HA-1-specific T cells were sorted and an alloreactive, polyclonal T cell line with specific lytic activity against HA-1-positive target cells, including leukemic cells, was established. Although P190 bcr/abl peptide-specific CD8positive T cells were detected in the peripheral blood at the same time, these T cells could not be expanded. Furthermore, no P190 bcr/abl peptide-specific T cell response could be induced in vitro, even when peptide-loaded dendritic cells were used as stimulator cells. The authors conclude that in the absence of GvHD, HA-1-specific rather than P190 bcr/abl-specific T cells are responsible for ongoing GvL activity. PMID- 14770088 TI - Report from the society for biological therapy and vascular biology faculty of the NCI workshop on angiogenesis monitoring. AB - The field of tumor angiogenesis has seen explosive growth over the last 5 years. Preclinical as well as early clinical evaluation of novel compounds is progressing at a rapid pace. To gain a perspective on the field and to take stock of advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the process of tumor angiogenesis as well as ways of monitoring the activity of agents, the Society for Biologic Therapy and the National Cancer Institute's Vascular Biology Faculty convened a Workshop on Angiogenesis Monitoring in November 2002. The Workshop was composed of invited speakers and participants from academia, industry, and government. It was divided into 3 sessions, each chaired by leaders in the field. The first focused on advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis in tumors. The second examined preclinical assay systems that are useful in vascular biology. The third addressed the translation to the clinic and monitoring of antiangiogenic activity of agents in patients and novel trial designs. What follows is a summary of the discussions and findings of each session. PMID- 14770090 TI - Patient-centered care and health outcomes. PMID- 14770091 TI - Patient-physician communication. AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Patient-physician communication is a vital element of the process of care. In numerous studies, communication behaviors during the medical interaction have been significantly associated with a variety of patient satisfaction and health outcomes. The purpose of this review is to synthesize recent findings in the area of patient-physician communication, particularly as they relate to patients with rheumatic disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Although there is scant research on the medical interaction with patients with rheumatic disease specifically, there is a large body of literature examining patient-doctor communication in other chronic diseases. Because many of the findings of studies conducted in patients with other diseases can be extended to patients with rheumatic disease, this review also covers the most salient literature published in the past year on patient-doctor communication in chronic diseases in general, in addition to covering publications in the field of rheumatology. SUMMARY: The literature reviewed shows that patients' expectations of medical encounters are not always fulfilled and that patients desire increased participation and information sharing. Establishing patient-centered care is a challenging goal, but fortunately, recent studies show that physicians can be trained, irrespective of the years in practice, to provide patient-centered care and increase patient participation and satisfaction with care. PMID- 14770092 TI - Outcome measurement: health status and quality of life. AB - Measures of health-related quality of life, which assess patients' symptoms, their functioning, and their satisfaction with their health status, have received increased attention. Quality-of-life measures specifically developed for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis have been reported, and generic quality-of-life measures have been validated in patients with diverse rheumatic diseases. Although many studies have assessed the psychometric properties of health status measures, few studies have focused on the interpretation and meaning of questionnaire results. New measures should identify the unique role they occupy in patient assessment. PMID- 14770093 TI - Health outcomes in pediatric rheumatic diseases. AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Health outcomes in the pediatric rheumatic diseases have been a very active area of research in the past several years, with a significant number of published studies from the United States, Canada, and Europe. Although most studies have been in the area of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, there are increasing numbers of studies in juvenile dermatomyositis and juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. RECENT FINDINGS: These studies suggest that although there has been an improvement in overall outcomes, active disease persists in significant proportions of individuals into adulthood, causing damage and disability. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis, this is particularly so for patients with systemic arthritis and polyarthritis with rheumatoid factor positivity who overall appear to have a poor prognosis. SUMMARY: With the current approach to treatment of all these diseases being more aggressive, one anticipates an improvement in these outcomes in the future. Better longitudinal outcome studies with larger inception cohorts of new-onset disease are required to ascertain whether this prediction can be upheld. Such studies are now ongoing. PMID- 14770094 TI - Comorbid conditions in patients with rheumatic diseases: an update. AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes recent literature (September 2002 to September 2003) on three comorbid conditions (infection, cardiovascular disease, and malignancy) in patients with rheumatic disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Infection risk in rheumatoid arthritis is increased as a result of treatment and the disease itself. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events are increased in rheumatoid arthritis. Although cardiovascular events also are increased in lupus, screening for cardiovascular risk factors in these patients is suboptimal. The incidence of malignancy overall and specifically the incidence of lymphoma are not increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis on antitumor necrosis factor therapy compared with patients with rheumatoid arthritis in general. SUMMARY: Rheumatologists must be aware of the risk of infection, atherosclerotic events, and cancers in their patients. As prognosis for rheumatic disease patients continues to improve, the impact of comorbid conditions on morbidity and mortality is more apparent. Further research is needed to elucidate the relative contributions of the underlying autoimmune diseases and their treatments on these conditions that affect long-term patient survival. PMID- 14770096 TI - Prevention research and rheumatic disease. AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Prevention may occur in clinical, community, or population settings and is often classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary types. To provide a context for this review, we define the three types and provide general and arthritis-specific examples of prevention strategies. Next, we highlight recently published longitudinal cohort and intervention studies that focus on arthritis prevention in the following topic areas: cognitive and behavioral strategies, obesity, exercise, and occupational injury prevention. RECENT FINDINGS: Few studies examined primary prevention strategies. In one study, an educational intervention significantly changed tick-related knowledge and behaviors among a population at risk of Lyme disease. Another population-based study used a mailed, stage-based educational program to successfully increase physical activity levels; this intervention may have practical application as a primary or tertiary prevention strategy for arthritis. Tertiary prevention research received much attention: Recent studies extend the benefits of exercise and cognitive-behavioral interventions to persons with different rheumatic conditions (eg, neck pain, low back pain, systemic lupus erythematosus, fibromyalgia). Longitudinal cohort studies improve our understanding of the relationships between computer use and carpal tunnel syndrome among office workers, birth weight and hand osteoarthritis, and baseline balance and functional declines among older adults with knee pain. SUMMARY: Prevention of arthritis and its complications is an active focus of investigation. Primary prevention research remains a challenge because of the prolonged time frame for disease expression. Scientific evidence continues to provide support for tertiary prevention strategies among people with documented rheumatic disease. PMID- 14770095 TI - Musculoskeletal aging. AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic conditions associated with musculoskeletal aging contribute to a heavy functional and economic burden for our rapidly aging population. The purpose of this article is to review recent investigations in musculoskeletal epidemiology related to aging. RECENT FINDINGS: Well over half the older adults in the United States report chronic joint symptoms. With the projected growth of the older population in the next 25 years, the number of elders with arthritis is expected to double to 41 million. Accumulating evidence points to large ethnic and racial differences in the prevalence of arthritis. Primary care interventions to improve self-management of arthritis have been developed and tested, although further work in this area is warranted. Progress is being made in other major chronic conditions associated with aging. Research shows that optimal screening for osteoporotic fracture risk will require risk factor information in addition to bone densitometry. Recent findings shed new light on treatments for osteoporosis and musculoskeletal pain. A new field of study is investigating sarcopenia, or skeletal muscle loss, in very old populations. Research to date has uncovered evidence that this disabling condition may be the result of immunologic and hormonal changes related to aging. SUMMARY: Investigations in many areas are contributing to a better understanding of the major chronic conditions that affect the lives of many older adults. However, the surge in the elderly population will require far greater research and intervention efforts to postpone or prevent a huge population burden of disability related to common musculoskeletal problems of old age. PMID- 14770097 TI - New modes of practice. AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The practice of rheumatology needs to adapt to the changing pressures of modern medicine. This review looks at reports of how rheumatologists work and seeks new evidence of how rheumatologists might work in the future. RECENT FINDINGS: Surveys of rheumatologist opinion and of outpatient practice show that demand outstrips supply when it comes to care provision. However, differences in case mix will determine which strategies are best to improve care at particular rheumatologic centers. Educating general practitioners by collaborative consultations may help to improve referral patterns when they are inappropriate, but will not allow a reduction in long-term follow-up. Changing the underlying systems of care, and including nonphysicians in care pathways and processes, is a likely route to improvement, and a new way of running "direct access" clinics may prove to be an important step forward. Involving patients in decisions about their treatment is a fashionable objective but is more difficult to achieve than might be imagined. SUMMARY: Service developments to improve rheumatologic care will be specific to local circumstances, but will rest on the introduction of patterns of work that are structured and address the issue of long-term follow-up. Patients' educational needs and decision support systems need a lot more research. PMID- 14770098 TI - Editorial overview: meeting the challenges of evidence-based rheumatology rehabilitation. PMID- 14770099 TI - Effectiveness and safety of strength training in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: As muscle weakness is common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), strength training is considered to be an important cornerstone of the nonpharmacological treatment. The training methods have varied widely between the studies. Thus, the purpose of this review is to discuss effectiveness and safety but also basic principles and specificity of strength training. RECENT FINDINGS: Moderate or high-intensity strength training has been effective and well-tolerated method to increase or maintain muscle strength in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. No deleterious effects on disease activity and pain were observed. More information is needed regarding long-term effects of strength training on functional capacity, bone mineral density, and radiologic progression. SUMMARY: Moderate or high-intensity strength training programs have better training effects on muscle strength in RA than low-intensity programs. The type of exercises, intensity, and frequency of training are key factors in the effectiveness of training. It is, however, essential to maintain the training routine to obtain long-term benefits from it. PMID- 14770100 TI - Effectiveness of exercise in management of fibromyalgia. AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Exercise was established as an integral part of the nonpharmacological treatment of fibromyalgia approximately 20 years ago. Since then many studies have investigated the effects of exercise-either alone or in combination with other interventions. This review will discuss the benefits of exercise alone and provide practical suggestions on how patients can exercise without causing a long-term exacerbation of their pain. RECENT FINDINGS: Short term exercise programs for individuals with fibromyalgia have consistently improved physical function, especially physical fitness, and reduced tenderpoint pain. Exercise has also produced improvements in self-efficacy. These effects can persist for periods of up to 2 years but may require participants to continue to exercise. Most exercise studies have examined the effects of moderately intense aerobic exercise. Only in the past 2 years have muscle-strengthening programs, in isolation, been evaluated. To be well tolerated, exercise programs must start at a level just below the capacity of the participants and then progress slowly. Even with these precautions, exercise may still produce tolerable, short-term increases in pain and fatigue that should abate within the first few weeks of exercising. SUMMARY: Future studies should investigate the possible benefits of low-intensity exercise and test strategies that may enhance long-term compliance with exercise. Individuals with fibromyalgia also need to be able to access community exercise programs that are appropriate for them. This may require community instructors to receive instruction on exercise prescription and progression for individuals with fibromyalgia. PMID- 14770101 TI - Role of physical therapy in management of knee osteoarthritis. AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purposes of this review are to: (1) describe treatments that physical therapists may use to supplement exercise programs to enhance the benefit of rehabilitation, (2) discuss current research related to the mode of delivery of physical therapy treatment, and (3) identify characteristics from recent research that may influence the responsiveness of individuals with knee osteoarthritis to physical therapy. RECENT FINDINGS: Physical therapists provide a variety of interventions, such as manual therapy techniques, balance, coordination, and functional retraining techniques, knee taping techniques, electrical stimulation, and foot orthotics to assist in overcoming some of the barriers that make participation in exercise and physical activity difficult. Recent research implies that a number of factors may influence the responsiveness to physical therapy treatment for individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Factors such as the mode of treatment delivery, treatment compliance issues, mechanical characteristics such as joint laxity and malalignment, and radiographic severity are discussed. SUMMARY: Future studies are needed to improve our understanding of factors that can influence the responsiveness of patients with knee osteoarthritis to exercise and physical activity programs. The question may not be which mode of therapy works best, but rather, which patient and/or disease characteristics will tell us who will and who will not respond to a given mode of therapy. PMID- 14770102 TI - Employment and work disability in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The cost of work disability due to rheumatoid arthritis is substantial to both individuals and society. Approximately one third of people with rheumatoid arthritis will leave employment prematurely. Several studies over the past two decades have identified risk factors for work disability, and recent literature suggests increasing interest in ways to assess work limitations and offer interventions to prevent work loss. RECENT FINDINGS: Work disability results from a complex interaction of characteristics of individuals, the nature of their work, and their environment, including the physical workplace, policies related to work accommodation, and interpersonal relationships. Practitioners need tools to help identify patients experiencing limitations in the workplace and at risk for permanent work disability. Two new tools show promise in this area. Although there is general agreement that vocational assessment and intervention should occur early in the course of rheumatoid arthritis, evidence for vocational rehabilitation is sadly lacking. A recent systematic review identified only six studies, all uncontrolled, but suggestive of beneficial effects. SUMMARY: Assessment of possible work limitations and potential for vocational rehabilitation should be considered in the evaluation of employed patients and those wishing to work. Further development and evaluation of work retention and return-to-work programs for people with rheumatoid arthritis is required. PMID- 14770103 TI - Multidisciplinary team care and outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Comprehensive rehabilitation, involving a team of health professionals from various disciplines, is widely used as an adjunct to pharmacological and surgical treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Studies on the effectiveness and costs of such programs, as well as on developments regarding outcome measures and quality improvement in this particular field are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies confirm that defined day patient multidisciplinary programs are equally effective as inpatient team care programs. It appears that similar effects, at lower costs, may be achieved by clinical nurse specialists coordinating multidisciplinary care in an outpatient setting. With respect to outcome measures on effectiveness of multidisciplinary team care, the use of function-specific and patient-oriented outcome measures is advocated. Moreover, the use of tools and procedures to enhance the role of the patient in the team care process and communication among health professionals may yield important leads for the improvement of the effectiveness and quality of multidisciplinary team care. SUMMARY: Comprehensive inpatient and day patient programs prove to be equally effective in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, while the employment of alternative forms of comprehensive care, such as care coordinated by a clinical nurse specialist, is promising. With respect to future research, challenges are related to the development and selection of adequate outcome measures, the enhancement of mutual communication, and a further definition and extension of the role of the patient in the team care process. PMID- 14770105 TI - [What does chronic hepatitis C steatosis mean?]. PMID- 14770104 TI - Fibromyalgia pain: do we know the source? AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a chronic pain condition of unknown origin. Multiple abnormalities have been described, including peripheral tissue and central nervous system changes. The relation of these mechanisms, however, is likely bidirectional. FMS pain clearly depends on peripheral nociceptive input as well as abnormal central pain processing. This review will focus on the role of peripheral nociceptive input for pain in FMS. RECENT FINDINGS: There is strong evidence for abnormal central pain processing in FMS. Sensitized spinal cord neurons in the dorsal horn are responsible for augmented pain processing of nociceptive signals from the periphery. In addition, glial activation, possibly by cytokines and excitatory amino acids may play a role in the initiation and perpetuation of this sensitized state. SUMMARY: Nociceptive input clearly plays an important role in FMS. Acute or repetitive tissue injury has been associated with FMS pain. Cytokines related to such injuries may be responsible for long-term activation of spinal cord glia and dorsal horn neurons, thus resulting in central sensitization. A better understanding of these important neuro-immune interactions may provide relevant insights into future effective therapies. PMID- 14770106 TI - [Biological collection of primary liver tumors: a treasure of genes]. PMID- 14770108 TI - [Assessment of quality of life in chronic hepatitis C: effect of treatment]. AB - OBJECTIVES: To study Quality of Life during chronic hepatitis C infection in patients recruited by hospital-based- or private hepatologists and to assess the effect of antiviral therapy. METHODS: A self-administered quality of life questionnaire (SF36) was proposed before, during, and 6 months after the end of treatment. The quality of life scales were assessed according to treatment response. RESULTS: 599 patients filled in the questionnaire before treatment and 168 patients 6 months after the end of treatment. After 6 months of therapy, patients with treatment response (n=54) showed increased scores in all SF-36 scales, this increase reaching more than 25% for "Role Physical", "General Health Perception" and "Vitality" scores. Non-responders (n=70) had an impairment of physical scores but a general improvement of Mental Health. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that sustained virological response is associated with an improved quality of life in hepatitis C patients. However, non-responders still have a positive "General Health Perception". Together with the development of new therapies, these observations could help to convince reluctant patients to be treated. PMID- 14770107 TI - [Correction of insulin resistance syndrome does not cause normalisation of hyperferritinaemia]. AB - The consequences of iron overload from dysmetabolic hyper-ferritinaemia are a strong motivation for an active medical care program. Venesection therapy is known to be effective in controlling iron overload parameters although no study has evaluated the impact of the normalization of metabolic dysfunction on iron overload. AIMS: To evaluate the impact of normalization of metabolic dysfunction on iron overload. METHODS: Sixty consecutive patients with dysmetabolic hepatosiderosis were included in a prospective study. Patients with hyper ferritinaemia above 1000 microg/l were excluded. Multidisciplinary care was offered to all patients to normalize metabolic disorders (body mass index, arterial hypertension, fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia) every three months. All patients were followed for one year. At clinical examinations, ferritinaemia concentrations were measured and all dysmetabolic parameters evaluated. MRI was performed at the beginning of the study and at the one year follow-up, to measure hepatic iron load. RESULTS: Despite efficient medical care of insulin resistance syndrome, ferritinaemia remained stable. In two thirds of the study population, hyper-ferritinaemia reached at least one and a half times the baseline value, although the dysmetabolic disorders of 40% of the patients were strictly normalized. In this group of 44 patients with strict normalization of metabolic functions, 24 (54%) had hyper-ferritinaemia at one year follow-up whereas 16 other (36%) normalized this parameter. Only 4 patients who had a ferritinaemia below 450 microg/l at baseline, normalized this value at one year. Intra-hepatic iron overload, evaluated by MRI imaging remained stable except for 2 patients who normalized ferritinaemia. CONCLUSION: Although efficient handling of dysmetabolic disorders is essential, it is not sufficient to normalize dysmetabolic hyper ferritinaemia. Only patients with a ferritinaemia value below a baseline of 450 microg/l had normalization of iron overload. Therefore venesection must be offered to all patients with a hyper-ferritinaemia above this value. PMID- 14770109 TI - [Steasis and hepatitis C]. PMID- 14770110 TI - [Study of complications when evaluating healthcare: a difficult but necessary task]. PMID- 14770111 TI - [Two years of mortality and morbidity conferences in a hospital gastrointestinal endoscopy unit]. AB - Mortality and morbidity conferences (M & MC) are designed to establish a collegial analysis of all complications in order to define their cause, assess avoidability and propose corrective measures aimed at preventing recurrence of the same kind of complications. AIM: The aim of this study was to report the results of a quality improvement program focused on the complications of gastrointestinal endoscopy in a hospital endoscopy unit. METHODS: From 1/7/1999 to 30/6/2001, the complications of gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures were systematically and prospectively recorded and then retrospectively analysed during monthly M & MC. RESULTS: Eleven thousand seven hundred forty-four procedures were performed and 79 complications (0.7%) were recorded and analyzed. Seventy percent of the complications occurred during therapeutic procedures. Thirty-four percent of complications were due to an error: 22 attributed to the endoscopists, 4 to the nurses and 1 to the material. Thirteen percent of the complications were considered avoidable and 24% probably avoidable. The rate of avoidable complications was 0.07% for diagnostic procedures and 1.4% for therapeutic procedures (P<0.001). Avoidable complications affected mainly endoscopic gastrostomy procedures (48%) and ERCP (24%). The analysis of 15 complications enabled seven corrective measures which concerned 52% of avoidable complications. CONCLUSION: Systematic prospective recording of complications and careful exhaustive retrospective analysis during M & MC are efficient and complementary tools for continuous quality improvement programs in gastrointestinal endoscopy. PMID- 14770112 TI - [Efficacy of hydrostatic balloon dilatation of anastomotic Crohn's disease strictures]. AB - OBJECTIVES: To estimate the efficacy of hydrostatic balloon dilatation (HD) of anastomotic strictures of Crohn's disease and the impact of medical treatment on the duration of HD effects. METHODS: Sixteen patients with anastomotic stricture (average length: 4.7 cm) were treated by HD and followed-up for a median duration of 24 months. Immunosuppressive treatment was given when a second HD was necessary. RESULTS: HD failed in 3 patients (19%). Thirty-two HD are performed in the other 13 (1 HD: 6; 2 HD: 2; > 2 HD: 5). No severe complication was observed. Eight patients received immunosuppressive treatment started before the first HD in 4 cases or following the second HD in 4 cases. Based on actuarial analysis, clinical and surgical recurrence rates were 39% and 0% at 1 year and 73% and 12% at 2 years, respectively. Time between the first and the second HD were not statistically different (P=0.24) for HD performed with (11.5 +/- 8.8 months; range: 5-30) or without (8.0 +/- 6.9 months; range: 2-17) immunosuppressive treatment. CONCLUSION: HD delays the surgical timing for anastomotic Crohn's disease strictures. Medical treatment associated with HD does not seem to modify the duration of the clinical remission. PMID- 14770113 TI - [Cystic dystrophy in heterotopic pancreas of the duodenal wall]. PMID- 14770117 TI - [Lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage in a patient with colonic angiodysplasia]. PMID- 14770118 TI - [Interview: Questions to professor Denis Sautereau]. PMID- 14770116 TI - [Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]. PMID- 14770114 TI - [Rectal and colonic tumors induced by parasites]. PMID- 14770120 TI - [Hepatitis C virus infection and primary hepatic large B-cell lymphoma: a non fortuitous association. Case report and review of literature]. AB - We report a case of hepatitis C virus infection in association with primary hepatic large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Primary hepatic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a rare disease. Association of hepatitis C virus infection with primary hepatic B-cell non-hodgkin's lymphoma is probably not fortuitous. Indeed, in case of primary hepatic non-hodgkin's lymphoma' patients are often hepatitis C virus positive. Moreover, several studies have reported a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma whatever the localization of the lymphoma. A recent study found a high rate of remission of a splenic form of lymphoma after treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Our case report confirms the hypothesis of a key role of hepatitis C virus in the pathogenesis of various forms of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and in particular in primary hepatic lymphoma. PMID- 14770121 TI - [Idiopathic gastric perforation in the newborn. Report of 2 cases]. AB - We report two cases of spontaneous neonatal gastric perforation in neonates born at term. The first neonate experienced on the second day of life a shock related to gastric perforation and he died 24 hours postoperatively from multisystemic failure. In the second case, gastric perforation occurred in a twin on the third day of life. Total gastrectomy was performed and the baby was well at the age of 13 months. Among the different causes of neonatal gastric perforation reported in the literature, none was found in our two cases. To our knowledge, our second case is the fourth case of survival after total gastrectomy for spontaneous neonatal gastric perforation described in the literature. PMID- 14770122 TI - [Recurrent glucagonoma 20 years after surgical resection]. AB - Glucagonoma is a rare islet alpha-cell pancreatic tumor. Patients usually present with necrolytic migratory erythema, diabetes mellitus, thromboembolism, and weight loss. Diagnosis is based on the presence of a pancreatic tumor in association with hyperglucagonemia. Tumor characterization is made by computed tomography and/or pancreatic endoscopic ultrasonic and indium-labeled octreo scan. Surgery is the main component of the treatment, in some cases in association with chemotherapy. We report the case of a 72-year-old patient who developed a recurrent glucagonoma, 20 years after surgical resection. PMID- 14770123 TI - [Acute hepatitis due to Exolise, a Camellia sinensis-derived drug]. PMID- 14770124 TI - [Paraneoplastic hypereosinophilia associated with hepatocellular carcinoma]. PMID- 14770125 TI - [Gabapentine-induced acute hepatitis]. PMID- 14770126 TI - [Fatal fulminating hepatitis induced by nilutamide]. PMID- 14770127 TI - [Efficacy of argon plasma electrocoagulation to control bleeding from radiation induced duodenitis]. PMID- 14770128 TI - [A rare cause of rhabdomyolysis: acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 14770129 TI - [Segmentary infarct of the greater omentum: a rare cause of acute abdomen]. PMID- 14770132 TI - The usefulness of qualitative knowledge development in hand therapy. PMID- 14770130 TI - [Myopericarditis complicating severe Shigella sonnei infection]. PMID- 14770133 TI - Motivation in hand-injured patients with and without work-related injury. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine similarities and/or differences in the motivational constructs of hope and optimism for the future, attitude toward disability, goal setting, and perceived social support at work between hand injured participants with and without work-related injury. A purposive sample of eight participants was interviewed to gather a qualitative "insider's perspective." Interviews were conducted at three time points to identify any evolution of participants' motivational constructs over time. Motivational constructs between the two groups were found to be similar. Being optimistic, having a positive attitude toward the disability, setting goals in therapy, having supportive employers and colleagues at work, and having the desire to overcome dependency on others were found to promote participants' motivation for recovery. Findings contributed to the existing knowledge of patients' motivation in rehabilitation. Therapists could use these findings as facilitation strategies to promote patients' motivation for recovery in hand rehabilitation. PMID- 14770134 TI - Responsiveness of the disability of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) and patient-rated wrist/hand evaluation (PRWHE) in evaluating change after hand therapy. AB - A hand therapy clinic used a systematic process to select an outcome tool for routine use. After a literature review of available instruments, the choice had been narrowed to two instruments: the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) and the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PWRE). The PRWE was modified to attribute to the hand/wrist. A cohort of 60 patients (36 hand problems, 24 wrist problems) completed a DASH and PRWHE at their initial clinic visit and three months later. Standardized response means (SRMs) and effect sizes indicated a large treatment effect. The PRWHE had slightly higher responsiveness than the DASH (SRM=1.51 vs. 1.37). Because this level of responsiveness was obtained with fewer items, it was considered more efficient. A supplementary esthetics question was less responsive than either scale, but was thought to be an important option for selected patients. On completion of the trial period, the therapists unanimously selected the PRWHE with a supplemental esthetics question to be routinely used in measurement of outcomes. PMID- 14770135 TI - Quantitative vibration threshold testing in carpal tunnel syndrome: analysis strategies for optimizing reliability. AB - Tuning forks and electronic vibrometers have been used to quantify vibration sensation thresholds, which are thought to be affected early in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The purpose of this study was to identify a reliable testing procedure for a newly designed, computer-controlled vibrometer (PCV50; Ztech, Salt Lake City, UT). Fifty-two patients (mean age 48+/-8 years) with electromyographically confirmed CTS were tested on one occasion. The computer controlled vibrometer, with a fixed frequency of 50 Hz, used stepwise changes in amplitude to determine vibration sensation threshold. Each patient had three vibrometer measures (trials) taken on the pulp of the third digit of their right and left hands during the first test session and were retested by a single repetition 40 to 60 minutes later (retest). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to examine several data analysis strategies. The strategy that generated the highest ICCs for both the right and left hands assumed that the first trial was a learning or practice attempt, and compared the average of the second and third trials with the score from the second session (ICC=0.86 and 0.89, respectively). The computer-controlled vibrometer offered an easily administered, quantitative, and comfortable means to assess median nerve function. Using this reliable testing procedure will allow for additional investigations to determine its usefulness in the early detection and accurate quantification of CTS-related impairment. PMID- 14770137 TI - Early active rehabilitation for operatively stabilized distal radius fractures. AB - From the young to the elderly, distal radius fractures are very common. Extensive literature has been written regarding surgical management of distal radius fractures, but the same degree of attention has not been given to the critical rehabilitation that follows. Successful functional outcomes for distal radius fractures are a result of appropriate surgical treatment as well as timely and specific rehabilitation. Surgical treatment strategies available for unstable distal radius fractures include percutaneous pinning, external fixation, dorsal plating, and volar fixed-angle plating. Arthroscopically assisted as well as other minimally invasive techniques are now gaining acceptance. The ideal surgical treatment would provide stable fixed-angle fragment-specific support with minimal soft tissue disturbance and allow safe, early active wrist rehabilitation. This article reviews the normal anatomy of the region, the pathoanatomy created by the different stabilization strategies, and specific therapy techniques, including static and static progressive splints, that correlate with each of the surgical procedures. PMID- 14770136 TI - Pyramid of progressive force exercises to the injured flexor tendon. AB - Postoperative rehabilitation for patients who have sustained a laceration to their flexor tendon apparatus is an important factor in maximizing functional outcome. Quality rehabilitation is characterized by the development of a tailored exercise regimen. There is currently no model available to tailor an exercise regimen for a person with an atypical physiologic response pattern. If rehabilitation protocols were classified according to the criteria of forces applied across a tendon juncture and/or excursion, and a clinical method were available to assist in the identification of optimal tendon loading and/or excursion application, then those individuals with atypical response patterns could be treated more efficiently and effectively. The author conducted a literature review and case study. A model for systematic application of progressive loading exercises to the intrasynovial flexor tendon injury and repair is conceptually developed. The model consists of a pyramidal series of eight specific rehabilitation exercises in the following sequence: passive protected extension, place and hold, active composite fist, hook and straight fist, isolated joint motion, resistive composite fist, resistive hook and straight fist, and resistive isolated joint motion. Concepts are developed to implement a three-point clinical adhesion-grading system. Clinical application of the system is highlighted. An excellent outcome was considered 112% total active motion. A model for systematic application of progressive loading exercises has been conceptually developed in concert with a method for determination of optimal tendon loading. Further substantiation is necessary to validate the proposed theory. PMID- 14770138 TI - Exploratory analysis to identify factors impacting return-to-work outcomes in cases of cumulative trauma disorder. AB - Current findings suggest that cumulative trauma disorders are multifaceted and have less predictable outcomes than trauma cases. The purpose of this study was to attempt to identify emerging patterns and predictive relationships in this diagnostic group that might be worthy of eventual prospective research. The data source was a comprehensive electronic database containing clinical information collected at point of care over a four-year period. A retrospective analysis was performed on 459 workers' compensation cases with upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders and a subset of 312 with carpal tunnel syndrome. The outcome criterion was return to work as a dichotomous variable. Only two significant correlations with return to work were found: the therapist's estimate of rehabilitation potential and the patient's outcome expectation of the ability to work. Further investigation of the role of beliefs and expectations in the therapeutic process would be a productive area for prospective study. PMID- 14770140 TI - Reliability of thumb web measurements. AB - Two new methods of thumb web space measurement, the intermetacarpal distance (IMD) and the derived intermetacarpal angle (DIMA), were proposed and compared with a conventional method for interrater reliability. Forty subjects (22 normal hands, 18 impaired hands) were measured. Reliability of the measurement was estimated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland and Altman method of 95% limits of agreement. Overall, the IMD method showed an ICC of 0.88 with 95% limits of agreement of -6.9 to 5.6 mm (approximately +/-6.2 mm). Similarly, for the DIMA method, the ICC was 0.47 with 95% limits of agreement of 11.9 to 5.1 degrees (approximately +/-8.5 degrees ). The IMD method appears more reliable than the conventional method, which had an ICC of 0.26 and 95% limits of agreement of -17.5 to 9.2 degrees (approximately +/-13.3 degrees ). The IMD method is recommended as a reliable method of measuring the thumb web space. PMID- 14770142 TI - Ulnar collateral ligament thumb sling. PMID- 14770170 TI - 2003 ASHT presidential address. A torch for passion. PMID- 14770141 TI - A hybrid thermoplastic and neoprene thumb metacarpophalangeal joint orthosis. PMID- 14770172 TI - Hand commandments. PMID- 14770173 TI - Hand commandments. PMID- 14770174 TI - CAR/PXR provide directives for Cyp3a41 gene regulation differently from Cyp3a11. AB - This study reports that Cyp3a41 gene contains 13 exons and is localized on the chromosome 5. CYP3A41 is a female-specific isoform that is predominantly expressed in the liver. Estrogen signaling is not responsible for its female specificity. CYP3A41 expression in kidney and brain is observed only in 50% of mice examined. PXR mediates dexamethasone-dependent suppression of CYP3A41. In contrast to CYP3A11, CYP3A41 expression is not induced by pregnenolone-16alpha carbonitrile (PCN) in wild-type mice, but is significantly suppressed by PCN in PXR(-/-) mice. Phenobarbital and TCPOBOP induce CYP3A11 expression only in the presence of CAR, but have no effect on CYP3A41 expression. Immunoblot and erythromycin demethylase activity analysis reveal robust CYP3A induction after PCN treatment, which is poorly correlated to CYP3A41. These findings suggest a differential role for CAR/PXR in regulating individual CYP3A isoforms by previously characterized CYP3A inducers. PMID- 14770171 TI - Nathalie Barr lecture. Gray matters--the really big picture. PMID- 14770176 TI - A new cell-permeable peptide allows successful allogeneic islet transplantation in mice. AB - Calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporine A and FK506 have been used for transplant therapy and treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, the inhibition of calcineurin outside the immune system has a number of side effects, including hyperglycemia. In the search for safer drugs, we developed a cell-permeable inhibitor of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) using the polyarginine peptide delivery system. This peptide provided immunosuppression for fully mismatched islet allografts in mice. In addition, it did not affect insulin secretion, whereas FK506 caused a dose-dependent decrease in insulin secretion. Cell-permeable peptides can thus provide a new strategy for drug development and may eventually be useful clinically. PMID- 14770175 TI - HIV evolution: CTL escape mutation and reversion after transmission. AB - Within-patient HIV evolution reflects the strong selection pressure driving viral escape from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) recognition. Whether this intrapatient accumulation of escape mutations translates into HIV evolution at the population level has not been evaluated. We studied over 300 patients drawn from the B- and C-clade epidemics, focusing on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles HLA-B57 and HLA-B5801, which are associated with long-term HIV control and are therefore likely to exert strong selection pressure on the virus. The CTL response dominating acute infection in HLA-B57/5801-positive subjects drove positive selection of an escape mutation that reverted to wild-type after transmission to HLA-B57/5801-negative individuals. A second escape mutation within the epitope, by contrast, was maintained after transmission. These data show that the process of accumulation of escape mutations within HIV is not inevitable. Complex epitope and residue-specific selection forces, including CTL-mediated positive selection pressure and virus-mediated purifying selection, operate in tandem to shape HIV evolution at the population level. PMID- 14770180 TI - Duration of TCR signaling controls CD4-CD8 lineage differentiation in vivo. AB - The duration of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is thought to be important for thymocyte differentiation into the CD4 or CD8 lineage. However, the in vivo relevance of this hypothesis is unclear. Here we divided T cell positive selection into genetically separable developmental steps by confining TCR signal transduction to discrete thymocyte developmental windows. TCR signals confined to the double-positive thymocyte stage promoted CD8, but not CD4, lineage differentiation. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted thymocytes were, instead, redirected into the CD8 lineage. These findings support the hypothesis that distinct kinetics of MHC class I- and MHC class II-induced TCR signals direct intrathymic developmental decisions. PMID- 14770179 TI - Ternary complex factor SAP-1 is required for Erk-mediated thymocyte positive selection. AB - Thymocyte selection and differentiation requires extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) signaling, but transcription factor substrates of Erk in thymocytes are unknown. We have characterized the function of SAP-1 (Elk4), an Erk-regulated transcription factor, in thymocyte development. Early thymocyte development was normal, but single-positive thymocyte and peripheral T cell numbers were reduced, reflecting a T cell-autonomous defect. T cell receptor-induced activation of SAP 1 target genes such as Egr1 was substantially impaired in double-positive thymocytes, although Erk activation was normal. Analysis of T cell receptor transgenes showed that positive selection was reduced by 80-90% in SAP-1 deficient mice; heterozygous mice showed a moderate defect. Negative selection was unimpaired. SAP-1 thus directly links Erk signaling to the transcriptional events required for thymocyte positive selection. PMID- 14770177 TI - Hepatic expression of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase reverses muscle, liver and whole animal insulin resistance. AB - Lipid infusion or ingestion of a high-fat diet results in insulin resistance, but the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. Here we show that, in rats fed a high-fat diet, whole-animal, muscle and liver insulin resistance is ameliorated following hepatic overexpression of malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) decarboxylase (MCD), an enzyme that affects lipid partitioning. MCD overexpression decreased circulating free fatty acid (FFA) and liver triglyceride content. In skeletal muscle, levels of triglyceride and long-chain acyl-CoA (LC CoA)-two candidate mediators of insulin resistance-were either increased or unchanged. Metabolic profiling of 36 acylcarnitine species by tandem mass spectrometry revealed a unique decrease in the concentration of one lipid-derived metabolite, beta-OH-butyrate, in muscle of MCD-overexpressing animals. The best explanation for our findings is that hepatic expression of MCD lowered circulating FFA levels, which led to lowering of muscle beta-OH-butyrate levels and improvement of insulin sensitivity. PMID- 14770178 TI - Transducible TAT-HA fusogenic peptide enhances escape of TAT-fusion proteins after lipid raft macropinocytosis. AB - The TAT protein transduction domain (PTD) has been used to deliver a wide variety of biologically active cargo for the treatment of multiple preclinical disease models, including cancer and stroke. However, the mechanism of transduction remains unknown. Because of the TAT PTD's strong cell-surface binding, early assumptions regarding cellular uptake suggested a direct penetration mechanism across the lipid bilayer by a temperature- and energy-independent process. Here we show, using a transducible TAT-Cre recombinase reporter assay on live cells, that after an initial ionic cell-surface interaction, TAT-fusion proteins are rapidly internalized by lipid raft-dependent macropinocytosis. Transduction was independent of interleukin-2 receptor/raft-, caveolar- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis. Using this information, we developed a transducible, pH-sensitive, fusogenic dTAT-HA2 peptide that markedly enhanced TAT Cre escape from macropinosomes. Taken together, these observations provide a scientific basis for the development of new, biologically active, transducible therapeutic molecules. PMID- 14770183 TI - Gene expression-based high-throughput screening(GE-HTS) and application to leukemia differentiation. AB - Chemical genomics involves generating large collections of small molecules and using them to modulate cellular states. Despite recent progress in the systematic synthesis of structurally diverse compounds, their use in screens of cellular circuitry is still an ad hoc process. Here, we outline a general, efficient approach called gene expression-based high-throughput screening (GE-HTS) in which a gene expression signature is used as a surrogate for cellular states, and we describe its application in a particular setting: the identification of compounds that induce the differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells. In screening 1,739 compounds, we identified 8 that reliably induced the differentiation signature and, furthermore, yielded functional evidence of bona fide differentiation. The results indicate that GE-HTS may be a powerful, general approach for chemical screening. PMID- 14770182 TI - Indian Hedgehog is an antagonist of Wnt signaling in colonic epithelial cell differentiation. AB - Wnt signaling defines the colonic epithelial progenitor cell phenotype, and mutations in the gene adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) that activate the Wnt pathway cause the familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP) syndrome and most sporadic colon cancers. The mechanisms that regulate the transition of epithelial precursor cells into their differentiated derivatives are poorly characterized. We report that Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is expressed by mature colonocytes and regulates their differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling restricts the expression of Wnt targets to the base of the colonic crypt in vivo, and transfection of Ihh into colon cancer cells leads to a downregulation of both components of the nuclear TCF4-beta-catenin complex and abrogates endogenous Wnt signaling in vitro. In turn, expression of Ihh is downregulated in polyps of individuals with FAP and expression of doxycycline-inducible dominant negative TCF4 (dnTCF4) restores Ihh expression in APC mutant DLD-1 colon cancer cells. These data identify a new Wnt-Hh axis in colonic epithelial renewal. PMID- 14770181 TI - Senataxin, the ortholog of a yeast RNA helicase, is mutant in ataxia-ocular apraxia 2. AB - Ataxia-ocular apraxia 2 (AOA2) was recently identified as a new autosomal recessive ataxia. We have now identified causative mutations in 15 families, which allows us to clinically define this entity by onset between 10 and 22 years, cerebellar atrophy, axonal sensorimotor neuropathy, oculomotor apraxia and elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Ten of the fifteen mutations cause premature termination of a large DEAxQ-box helicase, the human ortholog of yeast Sen1p, involved in RNA maturation and termination. PMID- 14770184 TI - The gene encoding 5-lipoxygenase activating protein confers risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. AB - We mapped a gene predisposing to myocardial infarction to a locus on chromosome 13q12-13. A four-marker single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotype in this locus spanning the gene ALOX5AP encoding 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) is associated with a two times greater risk of myocardial infarction in Iceland. This haplotype also confers almost two times greater risk of stroke. Another ALOX5AP haplotype is associated with myocardial infarction in individuals from the UK. Stimulated neutrophils from individuals with myocardial infarction produce more leukotriene B4, a key product in the 5-lipoxygenase pathway, than do neutrophils from controls, and this difference is largely attributed to cells from males who carry the at-risk haplotype. We conclude that variants of ALOX5AP are involved in the pathogenesis of both myocardial infarction and stroke by increasing leukotriene production and inflammation in the arterial wall. PMID- 14770185 TI - Activity-dependent regulation of dendritic synthesis and trafficking of AMPA receptors. AB - Regulation of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) trafficking is important for neural plasticity. Here we examined the trafficking and synthesis of the GluR1 and GluR2 subunits using ReAsH-EDT(2) and FlAsH-EDT(2) staining. Activity blockade of rat cultured neurons increased dendritic GluR1, but not GluR2, levels. Examination of transected dendrites revealed that both AMPAR subunits were synthesized in dendrites and that activity blockade enhanced dendritic synthesis of GluR1 but not GluR2. In contrast, acute pharmacological manipulations increased dendritic synthesis of both subunits. AMPARs synthesized in dendrites were inserted into synaptic plasma membranes and, after activity blockade, the electrophysiological properties of native synaptic AMPARs changed in the manner predicted by the imaging experiments. In addition to providing a novel mechanism for synaptic modifications, these results point out the advantages of using FlAsH-EDT(2) and ReAsH-EDT(2) for studying the trafficking of newly synthesized proteins in local cellular compartments such as dendrites. PMID- 14770187 TI - PKC mediates inhibitory effects of myelin and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans on axonal regeneration. AB - Successful axon regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is at least partially compromised due to the inhibitors associated with myelin and glial scar. However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying these inhibitory activities are largely unknown. Here we provide biochemical and functional evidence that conventional isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) are key components in the signaling pathways that mediate the inhibitory activities of myelin components and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), the major class of inhibitors in the glial scar. Both the myelin inhibitors and CSPGs induce PKC activation. Blocking PKC activity pharmacologically and genetically attenuates the ability of CNS myelin and CSPGs to activate Rho and inhibit neurite outgrowth. Intrathecal infusion of a PKC inhibitor, Go6976, into the site of dorsal hemisection promotes regeneration of dorsal column axons across and beyond the lesion site in adult rats. Thus, perturbing PKC activity could represent a therapeutic approach to stimulating axon regeneration after brain and spinal cord injuries. PMID- 14770186 TI - FGF2-induced chromatin remodeling regulates CNTF-mediated gene expression and astrocyte differentiation. AB - The generation of distinct cell types during development depends on the competence of progenitor populations to differentiate along specific lineages. Here we investigate the mechanisms that regulate competence of rodent cortical progenitors to differentiate into astrocytes in response to ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). We found that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), which by itself does not induce astrocyte-specific gene expression, regulates the ability of CNTF to induce expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). FGF2 facilitates access of the STAT/CBP (signal transducer and activator of transcription/CRE binding protein) complex to the GFAP promoter by inducing Lys4 methylation and suppressing Lys9 methylation of histone H3 at the STAT binding site. Histone methylation at this site is specific to the cell's state of differentiation. In progenitors, the promoter is bound by Lys9-methylated histones, and in astrocytes, it is bound by Lys4-methylated histones, indicating that astrocyte differentiation in vivo involves this switch in chromatin state. Our observations indicate that extracellular signals can regulate access of transcription factors to genomic promoters by local chromatin modification, and thereby regulate developmental competence. PMID- 14770188 TI - Excess gains in weight and waist circumference associated with childbearing: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA). AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of childbearing with weight and waist circumference (WC) changes, we compared women with and without pregnancies or births during follow-up. STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter, longitudinal observational study over 10 years. Comparison groups defined by the number of pregnancies and births during follow-up: P0 (0 pregnancies; nongravid), P1 (1+ miscarriages or abortions; 'short' pregnancies), B1 (1 birth), and B2 (2+ births). Mean changes in weight and WC for P1, B1 and B2 groups vs P0 were examined separately by race (black and white), baseline parity (nulliparous and parous) and baseline weight status (normal weight; BMI <25 kg/m(2) and overweight; BMI >/=25 kg/m(2)). SUBJECTS: A population-based sample of 2070 women aged 18-30 y at baseline (1053 black subjects and 1017 white subjects) from Birmingham, Alabama, Chicago, Illinois, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Oakland, California were examined five times between 1985-1986 and 1995-1996. MEASUREMENTS: Weight and WC measurements were obtained using standardized protocol at baseline and examinations at years 2, 5, 7 and 10. Sociodemographic, reproductive, and behavioral attributes were assessed at baseline and follow-up examinations. RESULTS: Gains in weight and WC associated with pregnancy and childbearing varied by race (P<0.001), baseline parity (P<0.05) and overweight status (P<0.001). Among overweight nulliparas, excess gains in weight (black subjects: 3-5 kg, white subjects: 5-6 kg) and WC (black subjects: 3-4 cm, white subjects: 5-6 cm) were associated with 'short' pregnancies and one or more birth(s) during follow-up compared to no pregnancies (P<0.01 and 0.001). Among normal weight nulliparas, excess gains in weight (about 1 kg) and WC (2-3 cm) were associated with follow-up birth(s) (P<0.05). Among women parous at baseline, no excess weight gains were found, but excess WC gains (2-4 cm) were associated with follow-up births. CONCLUSION: Substantial excess weight gain is associated with both short pregnancies and a first birth in women overweight prior to initiation of childbearing. Excess weight gain was not associated with higher order births. Increases in waist girth were cumulative with both first and higher order births among overweight as well as normal weight women. Interventions to prevent obesity should be targeted at women who are overweight prior to initiation of childbearing. The impact of excess WC gains associated with childbearing on women's future health risk should be evaluated further. PMID- 14770190 TI - CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout in mice leads to leanness, resistance to diet induced obesity and enhanced leptin sensitivity. AB - OBJECTIVE: There is growing evidence for an implication of the CB1 receptor subtype of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of eating and fat deposition. To further define the physiological role of these receptors in the control of energy balance, we characterized the phenotype of CB1 receptor knockout (CB1(-/-)) mice maintained on an obesity-prone regimen or on a standard chow. DESIGN: CB1(-/-) male mice were compared to wild-type animals (CB1(+/+) male mice) in two feeding paradigms: (1) with a standard laboratory regimen (3.5 kcal/g, 14.5% of energy as fat) and (2) on a free-choice paradigm consisting of offering both the standard laboratory chow and a high-fat diet (HFD) (4.9 kcal/g, 49% of energy as fat). RESULTS: When maintained on the standard diet, CB1(-/-) mice are lean. At the age of 20 weeks, their body weight and adiposity are, respectively, 24 and 60% lower than that of CB1(+/+) mice. They are slightly hypophagic, but when expressed as percent of body weight, their relative energy intake is similar to that of the wild-type animals. Furthermore, inactivation of CB1 receptors reduces plasma insulin and leptin levels, and enhances the response to intracerebroventricular leptin injection. The free-choice paradigm shows that the preference for a high-fat highly palatable chow is slightly delayed in onset but maintained in CB1(-/-) mice. However, loading CB1(-/-) mice with this obesity prone diet does not result in development of obesity. Knockout mice do not display hyperphagia or reduction of their relative energy intake in contrast to CB1(+/+) mice, and their feeding efficiency remains low. These data suggest an improved energetic metabolism with the high-fat regimen. Furthermore, the insulin resistance normally occurring in HFD-fed mice is not present in CB1(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence that the stimulation of CB1 receptors is a key component in the development of diet-induced obesity, and that these receptors and their endogenous ligands are implicated not only in feeding control but also in peripheral metabolic regulations. The lack of effect of SR141716, a selective CB1 receptor antagonist, in CB1(-/-) mice further supports this hypothesis, as this compound was previously shown to display potent anti-obesity properties in diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. PMID- 14770193 TI - Chart analysis of body composition change among pre- and postadolescent Japanese subjects assessed by underwater weighing method. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of age on the relationship between fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) by applying body composition chart analysis on pre- and postadolescent Japanese subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A sample of 516 children (244 boys and 272 girls) ranging in age from 11 to 17 y and 840 adults (288 male and 552 female subjects) ranging in age from 18 to 59 y were studied to determine a body composition by an underwater weighing method. FMI and FM were put on an x- and y-axis in body composition chart 1, and FFMI (FFM/ height(2)) and FMI (FM/height(2)) were taken on an x- and y-axis in body composition chart 2. RESULTS: In body composition chart 1, the plots for male subjects stayed flat from 11 to 14 y and after that a steady growth of FFM concurring with the FM growth was observed. During the adult stage, steady increments of FM and gradual decreases of FFM were observed. In body composition chart 2, steady increases of FFMI and gradual decreases of FMI were indicated in the male preadolescent period. In the adult stage, FFMI decreased year by year, although the FMI continued to increase. In female subjects, a conspicuous increase of FMI was observed throughout all periods of the present subjects. After middle age, the decline of FFMI was characteristically demonstrated in the chart. CONCLUSION: The relationships between FFM and FM are characteristically delineated on the body composition charts demonstrating clear gender differences. The change of body mass index was not reflecting the change of adiposity level in male subjects, although it was occurring along with the changes of the adiposity level in female subjects. PMID- 14770189 TI - Cardiovascular risk factors in males with hypertriglycemic waist (Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study). AB - BACKGROUND: Many studies performed on nontraditional risk factors have proposed a metabolic triad including increased serum level of apolipoprotein B, hyperinsulinemia and high small, dense LDL-C as a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Hypertriglycemic waist (increased waist circumference as well as high fasting triglyceride level) can be used as a simple criterion to predict the metabolic triad. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hypertriglycemic waist and the frequency of cardiovascular risk factors in the affected population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed on 4169, 18 70 y-old male subjects of the population of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). The subjects fell into four groups with respect to serum level of fasting triglycerides (Tg) and waist circumference (WC). Subjects of group 1 had serum Tg > or =1.8 mmol/l as well as WC > or =95 cm, while those of group 2 had Tg > or =1.8 mmol/l and WC <95 cm. The triglycerides level was less than 1.8 mmol/l in groups 3 and 4, whereas WC was > or =95 cm and lower than 95 cm, respectively. Cardiovascular risk factors, anthropometric and laboratory variables were compared between the groups. RESULTS: In total, 784 subjects had high serum levels of Tg as well as increased WC. The mean age of subjects was significantly higher in groups 1 and 3 compared to others (37+/-15, 48+/-14, 41+13 and 46+/-13 y of age in groups 4, 3, 2 and 1, respectively, P<0.001). The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was significantly higher in group 1 as compared with others. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index and WC were significantly higher in group 1 than in the others. Serum total cholesterol, Tg and LDL-C were significantly higher in group 1 compared to others, whereas HDL-C was significantly lower in this group. The prevalence of subjects who had at least four risk factors was 75 and 8% in groups 1 and 4, respectively. CONCLUSION: Hypertriglycemic waist can be used as a simple criterion to predict cardiovascular risk factors. PMID- 14770191 TI - Higher income is more strongly associated with obesity than with obesity-related metabolic disorders in Jamaican adults. AB - OBJECTIVE: This study compares how income is related to obesity vs two obesity related cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors-diabetes and hypertension-in adults from Jamaica. DESIGN: A cross-sectional population-based survey was used. In total, 847 men and 1249 women aged 25-74 y were randomly recruited from a periurban area in 1993-1998. MEASUREMENTS: Trained interviewers measured anthropometry and blood pressure, obtained fasting blood and collected self reported data on income and disease history. RESULTS: Income was strongly and positively associated with obesity in men. In women, obesity levels were high even among the very poor, and the income gradient was more moderate. Although obesity-and particularly central fatness-was strongly associated with diabetes and hypertension prevalence, income was not significantly related to these disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Future research in developing countries should independently explore associations between income and obesity vs obesity-related disorders, and identify factors that explain any disparities. PMID- 14770194 TI - TNFalpha release by the nonfat cells of human adipose tissue. AB - OBJECTIVE: The primary aim was to investigate the relative importance of the adipocytes vs the nonfat cells present in human adipose tissue with respect to release of immunoreactive tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). The second aim was to examine the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and the subsequent release of adiponectin and TNFalpha by explants of human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue incubated in primary culture for 48 h. RESULTS: We found that the maximal release of TNFalpha was seen during the first 4 h of a 48-h incubation by explants of human adipose tissue in primary culture. Over 95% of the TNFalpha released to the medium by human adipose tissue explants over a 4-h incubation came from the nonfat cells present in the adipose tissue. The release of TNFalpha by the nonfat cells released during collagenase digestion was slightly higher than that by the cells present in the adipose tissue matrix after collagenase digestion. TNFalpha release by the combined matrix and isolated nonfat cells was greater than that by explants of tissue indicating some upregulation induced by collagenase digestion. Immunoreactive TNFalpha disappeared from the medium with a half-time of approximately 10 h. There was a positive correlation coefficient of 0.79 between TNFalpha release by tissue explants and the BMI of the fat donors as well as a correlation of 0.52 between BMI and release by adipocytes. TNFalpha release negatively correlated [-0.60] with adiponectin release by adipose tissue. The release of TNFalpha was far less than that of adiponectin or IL-6, and less than that of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, hepatocyte growth factor, or leptin over a 4-h incubation of human adipose tissue explants. TNFalpha release over 4 h was enhanced by lipopolysaccharide and inhibited by a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. CONCLUSION: The release of TNFalpha by adipose tissue of obese humans is primarily due to the nonfat cells present in adipose tissue. TNFalpha is a short-lived adipokine whose release by human adipose tissue in primary culture correlates with the BMI of the fat donors. PMID- 14770192 TI - Health-related quality of life in a randomised placebo-controlled trial of sibutramine in obese patients with type II diabetes. AB - OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effects of 12-month treatment with sibutramine 15 mg daily compared with placebo on health-related quality of life (HRQL) in obese type II diabetes patients. We examined the associations between the changes in HRQL and in weight, glycaemic control, and haemodynamic variables. We also explored the predictive value of HRQL and its changes early during treatment. DESIGN: A randomised clinical trial. The subjects were enrolled in a 2-week single-blind run-in period with a modestly hypocaloric diet (700 kcal daily deficit) and then randomised to receive either sibutramine 15 mg (n=114, 60% female) or placebo (n=122, 58% female) once daily with the hypocaloric diet for 12 months. SUBJECTS: Obese (mean BMI 36 kg/m(2) and age 54 y) type II diabetes patients untreated with antidiabetic medications. MEASUREMENTS: The main outcome measures included body weight and HRQL (the RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0). RESULTS: The mean weight loss was greater in the sibutramine group (-7.1 kg) than in the placebo group (-2.6 kg, P<0.001). The baseline HRQL was relatively high. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups in glycaemic control or in any of the RAND-36 scales during the study. The scores on physical functioning (PF) and health change (HC) since last year improved in both groups and this improvement was related to weight loss. When HRQL changes were examined in categories of weight loss, the scores on PF and HC increased with >/=5% weight loss, but the scores on vitality (V) and general health (GH) increased only after >/=15% weight loss. Decrease in HbA1c was associated with increases in the scores of PF, GH, V, mental health, and HC. In the sibutramine group, the increase in diastolic blood pressure was associated with the decrease in the scores of PF, physical role functioning, emotional role functioning (ERF), social functioning (SF), and bodily pain. High baseline scores on ERF and SF, and low scores on V predicted weight loss at 12 months. Also, increasing scores on PF and V during the first 3 months predicted weight loss at 12 months. The sum of four dichotomised HRQL variables (baseline ERF >/=75=1 and <75=0; baseline SF>/=80=1 and <80=0; 3-month change in PF>0=1 and 0=1 and /=5% weight loss, but >/=15% weight loss was needed to achieve a cluster of HRQL improvements. The decrease in HbA1c was associated with many HRQL benefits. Poor baseline HRQL and the improvement observed in the first months of treatment may prove to be useful in predicting success in long-term weight loss. PMID- 14770195 TI - The association between thinness and socio-economic disadvantage, health indicators, and adverse health behaviour: a study of 28 000 Finnish men and women. AB - OBJECTIVE: To examine how thinness is associated with indicators of socio economic disadvantage, health-related behaviours, and health indicators including mortality. DESIGN: Independent risk factor surveys carried out in four geographic areas in Finland in 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1997, with mortality follow-up to the end of the year 2001. SUBJECTS: A total of 13 389 men and 14 770 women aged 25-64 y at baseline, and 2077 deaths during the follow-up when subjects who have died during the first 5 y were excluded. METHODS: A self-administrative questionnaire data on socio-economic status, health behaviour, and perceived health, together with measured height, weight, and metabolic indicators using standardised protocol. Mortality data by Statistics Finland were linked to the baseline surveys. RESULTS: Thin men (BMI/=26.57) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) (>/=0.855) had a 2.57-fold (95% CI 1.75 3.77) and a 6.05-fold (95% CI 4.05-9.04) increased risk of diabetes, respectively. The risk of diabetes was elevated with increasing WHR at all levels of BMI, while the positive association between BMI and diabetes was observed primarily among women with a low WHR. However, test for multiplicative interaction was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated that central obesity is a stronger risk factor for diabetes than overall obesity, suggesting that WHR may be a better indicator of risk of diabetes than BMI among Chinese women. PMID- 14770197 TI - A longitudinal study of food intake patterns and obesity in adult Danish men and women. AB - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that specific food intake patterns or changes in food intake patterns were related to future changes in body mass index (BMI). DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study, with clinical and questionnaire examinations at baseline and two follow-up surveys, after 5 and 11 years. SUBJECTS: In all, 3785 men and women attended at baseline, of which 2436 aged 30-60 y attended all three examinations. MEASUREMENTS: A 26-item food frequency questionnaire, standardised measurements of height and weight and a lifestyle questionnaire. Food intake patterns were identified by factor analysis. Regression models including: scores on each factor, BMI, smoking, leisure time physical activity, education, parity, age; and as outcomes: baseline BMI, BMI change between baseline, 5- and 11-y follow-up and obesity at 11-y follow-up, respectively. RESULTS: For men, three factors labelled 'Green', 'Sweet' and 'Traditional', and for women, two factors labelled 'Green' and 'Sweet Traditional' were identified. Scores on the 'Sweet' and 'Sweet-Traditional' factors were inversely associated with baseline BMI. For men, baseline 'Traditional' factor score and, for women, baseline 'Sweet-Traditional' factor score was inversely associated with subsequent 11- and 5-y BMI change, respectively. Using the three examinations, a more advanced longitudinal model, which included preceding changes in BMI and factor scores, was tested but no significant associations between factor scores, changes in factor scores and subsequent BMI changes or obesity were found. CONCLUSION: In this longitudinal study of a Danish population, food intake factors could not consistently predict changes in BMI or obesity development. PMID- 14770199 TI - Factors associated with women's and children's body mass indices by income status. AB - OBJECTIVE: To describe associations between eating behaviors, dietary intake, physical activity, attitudes toward diet and health, sociodemographic variables and body mass index (BMI) among women and children, and differences by household income. DESIGN: Data from the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) and the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey (DHKS) were examined using multivariate regression to estimate the associations between BMI and behavioral and environmental variables among women and children. SUBJECTS: CSFII 1994-1996 is representative of the US population. DHKS surveyed CSFII respondents 20 y of age and over. Our samples consisted of 2419 adult women and 1651 school age children. MEASUREMENTS: CSFII respondents reported 24 h recalls of all food intakes on 2 nonconsecutive days and their personal and household characteristics, including self-reported height and weight. DHKS collected data on knowledge and attitudes toward dietary guidance and health from CSFII adult respondents. RESULTS: Significant correlations between women's BMI and age, race, dietary patterns, TV watching, and smoking was observed among women from both low and high-income households. Beverage consumption, eating out, the importance of maintaining healthy weight, and exercise were correlated with BMI only among women from high-income households. Among children, age, race, income, and mother's BMI were significantly correlated with child BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Among women, the associations between some behavioral and environmental factors and BMI differ by household income. Intervention programs need to target specific eating and physical activity behaviors to promote a healthy body weight. PMID- 14770198 TI - Obesity, body fat distribution and incidence of sick leave in the Belgian workforce: the Belstress study. AB - OBJECTIVES: In many studies, obesity has been associated with morbidity or mortality, but only a few have studied the relation between obesity and sick leave. Our aim is to analyse the independent effects of both adiposity and body fat distribution in relation to the 1-y incidence of sick leave in a large cohort of male and female workers covering a variety of occupations, taking into account a wide range of socio-demographic, behavioural and bioclinical variables. DESIGN AND SETTING: The baseline survey of the Belstress study was conducted in 25 companies across Belgium between 1994 and 1998. A cohort of 20 463 workers (15 557 males and 4906 females) aged 35-59 y was followed for absenteeism during 1 y. The 75th percentile of the distribution of the total annual sickness days was used as a cutoff to classify the workers with a high 1-y incidence rate of sick leave. The relation between sick leave and both obesity and body fat distribution assessed by the body mass index (BMI) and the waist circumference, respectively, was analysed by multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Using a backward procedure based on the likelihood ratio, we found central abdominal fatness to be an independent predictor of sick leave in both genders (high sick leave incidence and long spells), but not BMI. In men, the odds ratios was 1.31 (99% CI 1.12-1.52, P<0.0001) and in women it ranged from 1.32 (99% CI 1.03-1.70, P=0.005) to 1.47 (99% CI 1.14-1.90, P<0.0001). Two baseline covariables, respiratory problems and perceived health, are confounders or mediators. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, body fat distribution was associated with a high annual sick-leave incidence and long spells of sickness absence. If this link is reversible, employers may benefit from programs aiming at the prevention and treatment of central obesity. PMID- 14770220 TI - Phosphine oxides as efficient neutral coordinate-organocatalysts for stereoselective allylation of N-acylhydrazones. AB - Phosphine oxides were found to be efficient neutral coordinate-organocatalysts (NCOs) for the allylation of N-acylhydrazones. Among the phosphine oxides tested, a three carbon-tethered bisphosphine oxide (dppp dioxide) was found to be the most effective, and in the presence of dppp dioxide, less reactive aromatic and [small alpha],[small beta]-unsaturated N-acylhydrazones underwent allylation as well as diastereoselective crotylation. Furthermore, a polymer-supported phosphine oxide was also developed as an effective immobilized NCO. PMID- 14770200 TI - BMI and waist circumference as predictors of lifetime colon cancer risk in Framingham Study adults. AB - BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether the increased risk of colon cancer associated with obesity differs for men and women, by distribution of body fat, or by location of the tumor. The primary goal of this study was to address these questions. METHODS: Eligible subjects from the Framingham Study cohort were classified according to body mass index (BMI) and waist size during two age periods: 30-54 y (n=3764) and 55-79 y (n=3802). All eligible men and women were cancer-free at baseline and had complete information on the following potential confounders: age, sex, education, height, activity, smoking, and alcohol. There were 157 incident lifetime cases of colon cancer among those followed beginning at 30-54 y of age and 149 lifetime cases among those whose follow up began at 55 79 y. Subjects were stratified further by gender, activity, and tumor location. The Cox Proportional Hazards Models were used to adjust for possible confounding by the above-described factors. RESULTS: A BMI >/=30 led to a 50% increased risk (95% CI: 0.92-2.5) of colon cancer among middle-aged (30-54 y) and a 2.4-fold increased risk (95% CI: 1.5-3.9) among older (55-79 y) adults. The BMI effect was stronger for men than for women and for cases occurring in the proximal colon. These adverse effects generally diminished when waist was added to the multivariable models. A larger waist size (>/=99.1 cm (39 in) and 101.6 cm (40 in) for women and men, respectively) was associated with a two-fold increased risk of colon cancer; this risk increased linearly with increasing waist size and was evident for both proximal and distal colon cancer. There was no attenuation of these effects when BMI was added to the multivariable models. A larger waist had a particularly adverse effect among sedentary subjects (relative risk (RR)=4.4 for middle-aged adults; RR=3.0 for older adults). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that waist circumference is a stronger predictor of colon cancer risk than is BMI, and that central obesity is responsible for an increased risk of cancer of both the proximal and distal colon. PMID- 14770219 TI - Microwave-assisted synthesis of allylic amines: considerable rate acceleration in the hydrozirconation-transmetalation-aldimine addition sequence. AB - The hydrozirconation of alkynes with zirconocene hydrochloride and the dimethylzinc-mediated addition of alkenylzirconocenes to diphenylphosphinoyl imines can be greatly accelerated with microwave irradiation, resulting in a convenient and rapid one-pot process for the preparation of synthetically useful allylic amines. PMID- 14770223 TI - Highly-functionalised difluorinated (hydroxymethyl)conduritol analogues via the Diels-Alder reactions of a difluorinated dienophile. AB - A difluorodienophile, synthesised using a Stille coupling reaction underwent tin(iv)-catalysed cycloaddition with three furans to afford oxa[2.2.1]bicycloheptenes in good yield. Reduction of ester and carbamate carbonyl groups and diol protection as the acetonide set the stage for palladium catalysed hydrostannylation in two cases. Treatment of the stannanes with methyllithium triggered ring-opening to afford highly-functionalised difluorinated cyclohexenols which could be deprotected to afford (hydroxymethyl)conduritol analogues. PMID- 14770222 TI - Easy synthesis of phenyl oligomers using a Ni complex. AB - In this work are described the syntheses of p-sexiphenyl and p-octiphenyl starting from 4-bromo-p-terphenyl and 4-bromo-p-quaterphenyl, respectively, by using a nickel complex in the presence of bipyridine with DMF as solvent. This type of synthesis was shown to give an improved yield as well as easy preparation and purification of these phenylene oligomers. PMID- 14770225 TI - Synthesis of (2S,4S)- and (2S,4R)-5-fluoroleucine and (2S,4S)-[5,5-2H2]-5 fluoroleucine. AB - Syntheses of (2S,4S)- and (2S,4R)-5-fluoroleucine, and, and of (2S,4S)-[5,5 (2)H(2)]-5-fluoroleucine, have been completed. The methodology allows these compounds to be prepared in sufficient quantities for incorporation by solid state protein synthesis into strategic sites in proteins for folding studies. X ray structures of the epimers and have been obtained and show the presence of conformational isomerism. The torsion angles between the F-C bond and the main chain are compared with values found in a mutant of the protein ubiquitin in which (2S,4S)-5-fluoroleucine replaces leucine residues 50 and 67 in the native protein. PMID- 14770228 TI - Photochromism of polymorphic 4,4'-methylenebis(N-salicylidene-2,6 diisopropylaniline) crystals. AB - 4,4[prime or minute]-Methylenebis(N-salicylidene-2,6-dialkylaniline) derivatives were prepared and their structures were determined by (1)H NMR, IR, DSC and X-ray crystallographic analyses. The 2,6-diisopropylaniline derivative yielded definite polymorphic crystals: the space groups of the crystals were C2/c and P2(1)/n, respectively. It was found that both polymorphs were similarly photochromic but the thermal stability of the photochrome was different due to the variance of the shape of molecule and cavity in each crystal. PMID- 14770221 TI - Efficient resolution of 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl by inclusion complexation with chiral N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride. AB - The complete resolution of 2,2[prime or minute]-dihydroxy-1,1[prime or minute] binaphthyl into its enantiomers by inclusion complexation with a commercially available derivative of choline, is reported. The two enantiomers are recovered in >99% ee from the inclusion complexes by simple dissolution in a diethyl ether water medium and the resolving agent can be recycled. PMID- 14770226 TI - Design and synthesis of a template-assembled oligomannose cluster as an epitope mimic for human HIV-neutralizing antibody 2G12. AB - The synthesis and antibody-binding affinity of a novel template-assembled oligomannose cluster as an epitope mimic for human anti-HIV antibody 2G12 are described. Cholic acid was chosen as the scaffold and three high-mannose type oligosaccharide (Man(9)GlcNAc(2)Asn) moieties were selectively attached at the 3alpha, 7alpha, and 12alpha-positions of the scaffold through a series of regioselective transformations. Binding studies revealed that the synthetic oligosaccharide cluster is 46-fold more effective than the subunit Man(9)GlcNAc(2)Asn in inhibiting 2G12-binding to immobilized gp120. The scaffold approach described in this paper provides an avenue to designing more effective epitope mimics for antibody 2G12 in the hope of developing a carbohydrate-based vaccine against HIV-1. PMID- 14770224 TI - Total synthesis of (+/-)-phomactin G, a platelet activating factor antagonist from the marine fungus Phoma sp. AB - A total synthesis of phomactin G (), which is a central intermediate in the biosynthesis of phomactin A () in Phoma sp. is described. The synthesis is based on a Cr(ii)/Ni(ii) macrocyclisation from the aldehyde vinyl iodide, leading to, followed by sequential conversion of into the [small beta]-epoxide and the ketone which, on deprotection, led to (+/-)-phomactin G. Phomactin G () shares an interesting structural homology with phomactin D (), the most potent PAF antagonist metabolite in Phoma sp. It is most likely converted into phomactin A (), by initial allylic oxidation to the transient [small alpha]-alcohol 'phomactin' structure, known as Sch 49028, followed by spontaneous pyran ring formation. PMID- 14770229 TI - Mode of binding of camptothecins to double helix oligonucleotides. AB - We report an NMR study on the interaction of topotecan (Tpt) and other camptothecins (Cpts) with several double helix and single strand oligonucleotides. The results obtained by (31)P NMR spectroscopy, nuclear Overhauser experiments (NOE) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that Cpt drugs do not intercalate into the double helix, as suggested by many authors. Phosphorus NMR spectra indicated that no deformation occurs at any level of the phosphodiester backbone, while 2D NOESY experiments allowed the detection of several contacts between the aromatic protons of Cpts and those of the double helix. Models of the drug/oligonucleotide complexes, built on the basis of NOE data, show that the drug is located at the end of the double helix, by stacking the A and B rings with the guanine or cytidine of the terminal CG base pairs, with a preference for the 3[prime or minute]-terminal end sites. Cpts interact with double strand, as well as with single strand oligomers, as can be seen from the NMR shift variation observed on the drug protons; but this shielding effect cannot be an evidence of intercalation, as it is largely due to external non specific interactions of the positively charged drug with the negatively charged ionic surface of the oligonucleotide. The molecular weight of one of the complexes was obtained from the correlation time value. The conformational behaviour of the DNA fragment d(CGTACG)(2) was studied by MD simulations on a ns time scale in the presence of water molecules and Na(+) ions. Different models were examined and the deformations induced on the phosphodiester backbone by molecules that are known to intercalate, were monitored by MD simulations. PMID- 14770227 TI - Protonated canthaxanthins as models for blue carotenoproteins. AB - It has been suggested that astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4' dione) in the carotenoprotein alpha-crustacyanin occurs in the diprotonated form. As a model system for protonated astaxanthin in [small alpha]-crustacyanin the reactions of canthaxanthin ([small beta],[small beta]-carotene-4,4[prime or minute]-dione) with Bronsted acids (CF(3)COOH and CF(3)SO(3)H) and the Lewis acid BF(3)-etherate have been investigated. Structures of C-5 protonated, C-7 protonated, enolised O-4 protonated and O-4,4[prime or minute], C-7 triprotonated canthaxanthin have been established by VIS-NIR and NMR spectroscopy. The charge distribution in the cations has been considered by comparison of the (13)C chemical shift difference relative to neutral relevant carotenoid models. The experimental evidence for protonated canthaxanthins differs significantly from previous AM1 calculations. Experimental data for O-4,4[prime or minute], C-7 triprotonated canthaxanthin relative to C-7 protonated canthaxanthin is considered a relevant model for O-4,4[prime or minute] diprotonated canthaxanthin, in comparison with neutral canthaxanthin. The positive charge was mainly located at C-6/6[prime or minute][dbl greater-than] C-8/8[prime or minute] > C-10/10[prime or minute] > C-12/12[prime or minute] > C-14/14[prime or minute][similar] C-15/15[prime or minute] in the polyene chain. Moreover, it was inferred that only 14% of the positive charge is delocalised to the polyene chain, the remaining charge must therefore be located at the protonated carbonyl moiety. The results are discussed in relation to previous solid state NMR studies of (13)C labelled astaxanthin in [small alpha]-crustacyanin and recent X-ray analysis of [small beta]-crustacyanin. PMID- 14770230 TI - Microwave accelerated facile synthesis of fused polynuclear hydrocarbons in dry media by intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation. AB - Fused polynuclear tetrahydro arenes are synthesised in a fast, simple, high yielding and regiospecific procedure by an intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation in dry media under microwave irradiation of the corresponding 1-bromo 4-arylbutanes immobilised on silica. The observed reactivity is rationalised by molecular modelling studies which suggest the occurrence of a concerted mechanism. PMID- 14770232 TI - Synthesis of 4,4-difluoroglycosides using ring-closing metathesis. AB - 4-Deoxy-4,4-difluoro-glycosides have been synthesised for the first time via a direct sequence involving ring-closing metathesis and indium-mediated difluoroallylation with 1-bromo-1,1-difluoropropene in water. Two protecting group strategies were explored, one to allow protection of the primary C-6 hydroxyl group throughout the sequence, while the second was intended to allow deprotection after RCM and before dihydroxylation. The benzyl ether could be used in the first role, and pivaloyl is effective in the second. Dihydroxylations were highly stereoselective and controlled by the orientation of the glycosidic C-O bond. PMID- 14770235 TI - Kinetics and mechanism of base-catalysed degradations of substituted aryl-N hydroxycarbamates, their N-methyl and N-phenyl analogues. AB - The kinetics and mechanism of the degradation reactions of substituted phenyl N hydroxycarbamates and their N-methyl and N-phenyl analogues have been studied at pseudo-first-order reaction conditions in aqueous buffers and sodium hydroxide solutions at 20 [degree]C and 60 [degree]C and at I= 1 mol[middle dot]l(-1). The dependence of log k(obs) on pH for phenyl N-hydroxycarbamates at pH < 9 and pH > 13 is linear with the unit slope; at pH 10-12 log k(obs) is pH independent. The Bronsted coefficient [small beta](lg) is about -1 (pH 7-13) and -1.53 (pH > 13) indicating that the degradation reaction of phenyl N-hydroxycarbamates follows an E1cB mechanism giving the corresponding phenol/phenolate and HO-N[double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]O. The latter species undergoes further decomposition to give carbonate, nitrogen and ammonia as final products. In contrast to the phenyl N-hydroxycarbamates the N-methyl derivatives at pH 7-9 undergo degradation to the corresponding phenol/phenolate, carbonate and methylamine via a concerted mechanism ([small beta](lg) is about -0.75). The only exception is 4-nitrophenyl N-hydroxy-N-methylcarbamate in which the predominant break down pathway proceeds via the Smiles rearrangement to give sodium N-methyl (4-nitrophenoxy)carbamate. At pH > 9 the reaction of N-hydroxy-N-methylcarbamates is kinetically complex: the dependence of absorbance on time is not exponential and it proceeds as a consecutive two-step reaction. N-Hydroxy-N-phenylcarbamate under the same conditions undergoes degradation to phenol, carbonate, aniline and azoxybenzene. PMID- 14770233 TI - Efficient synthesis of protected cyclopropyl beta-aspartylphosphates. AB - The in situ reaction of protected dehydroamino acids with derivatives of vinyldiazomethane leads to good to excellent yields of vinyl cyclopropanes via 3 + 2 dipolar cycloaddition followed by N(2) extrusion. Chromatographic separation of the cyclopropane diastereomeric products, followed by characterisation by (1)H NMR and X-ray crystallography allowed the cis and trans diastereomers to be easily identified. Oxidative cleavage of the vinyl moiety then led directly to protected cyclopropane aspartic acid derivatives in three steps from commercially available materials. These compounds were converted to protected methylenephosphonate, difluoromethylenephosphonate and phosphoramidate analogues of [small beta]-aspartyl phosphate. PMID- 14770231 TI - Poly(ethylene glycol)-lipase complexes catalytically active in fluorous solvents. AB - Lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis between vinyl cinnamate and benzyl alcohol in fluorous solvents was investigated. This is the first report of a lipase catalyzed reaction in a fluorous solvent. Forming the poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) lipase PL complex enhanced lipase activity over 16-fold over that of native lipase powder. The PEG-lipase PL complex exhibited markedly higher alcoholysis activities in fluorous solvents than in conventional organic solvents such as isooctane and n-hexane. The optimum reaction temperature for FC-77 (perfluorooctane) was 55 [degree]C and the optimum pH for the preparation of the PEG-lipase complex was 9.0; similar to the conditions for lipase PL-catalyzed reaction in aqueous solution. The alcoholysis reaction in fluorous solvent requires the addition of a FC77-miscible organic solvent (isooctane) in order to dissolve non-fluorinated substrates. Lipase activity in the fluorous solvent was significantly influenced by the volume ratio of isooctane in the reaction medium. Vinyl cinnamate inhibition of the lipase-catalyzed reaction occurred at a much lower concentration in the fluorous solvent than in isooctane. These results can be explained by the localization of substrates around lipase molecules, induced by adsorption of the substrates to the PEG layer of the PEG-lipase complex. PMID- 14770234 TI - Stereoselective reductase-catalysed deoxygenation of sulfoxides in aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. AB - Direct and indirect evidence, of unexpected stereoselective reductase-catalysed deoxygenations of sulfoxides, was found. The deoxygenations proceeded simultaneously, with the expected dioxygenase-catalysed asymmetric sulfoxidation of sulfides, during some biotransformations with the aerobic bacterium Pseudomonas putida UV4. Stereoselective reductase-catalysed asymmetric deoxygenation of racemic alkylaryl, dialkyl and phenolic sulfoxides was observed, without evidence of the reverse sulfoxidation reaction, using anaerobic bacterial strains. A purified dimethyl sulfoxide reductase, obtained from the intact cells of the anaerobic bacterium Citrobacter braakii DMSO 11, yielded, from the corresponding racemates, enantiopure alkylaryl sulfoxide and thiosulfinate samples. PMID- 14770236 TI - NMR relaxometric study of new Gd(III) macrocyclic complexes and their interaction with human serum albumin. AB - Five novel Gd(iii) complexes based on the structure of the heptadentate macrocyclic 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (DO3A) ligand have been synthesized and their (1)H and (17)O NMR relaxometric properties investigated in detail. The complexes have been functionalised on the secondary nitrogen atom of the macrocyclic ring with different pendant groups for promoting their ability to interact non-covalently with human serum albumin (HSA). The analysis of the proton relaxivity, measured as a function of pH and magnetic field strength, have revealed that the three complexes bearing a poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) chain possess a single coordinated water molecule, whereas the complexes functionalised with 1-[3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)]-propyl and 1-[3-(2 carboxyphenyloxy)]-propyl pendant groups have two inner sphere water molecules. The water exchange rates, measured by variable temperature (17)O NMR, cover a broad range of values (from 18 to 770 ns) as a function of their charge, the chemical nature of the substituent and its ability to organize a second sphere of hydration near the water(s) binding site. All the complexes have shown some degree of interaction with HSA, with a stronger binding affinity measured for those bearing an aromatic moiety on the pendant group. However, upon binding the expected relaxation enhancement has not been observed and this has been explained with the displacement of the coordinated water molecules by the protein and formation of ternary adducts. PMID- 14770238 TI - Tributylgermanium hydride as a replacement for tributyltin hydride in radical reactions. AB - Tributylgermanium hydride (Bu(3)GeH) can be used as an alternative to tributyltin hydride (Bu(3)SnH) as a radical generating reagent with a wide range of radical substrates. Tributylgermanium hydride has several practical advantages over tributyltin hydride, e.g. low toxicity, good stability and much easier work-up of reactions. The reagent can be easily prepared in good yield and stored indefinitely. Suitable substrates include iodides, bromides, activated chlorides, phenyl selenides, tert-nitroalkanes, thiocarbonylimidazolides and Barton esters. Alkyl, vinyl and aryl radicals can be generated in radical reactions including reduction and cyclisation processes. Common radical initiators such as ACCN and triethylborane can be used. The slower rate of hydrogen abstraction by carbon centred radicals from Bu(3)GeH as compared to Bu(3)SnH facilitates improved cyclisation yields. Polarity reversal catalysis (PRC) with phenylthiol can be used in reactions which generate stable radical intermediates which will not abstract hydrogen from Bu(3)GeH. PMID- 14770237 TI - Hydrogen bonding between histidine and lignin model compounds or redox mediators as calculated with the DFT method. Effects on the ease of oxidation. AB - Using the Density Functional Theory method, the effect of hydrogen bonding between imidazole (IM) and ten benzyl alcohol derivatives (BA) on the ionization potentials of the latter is calculated. IM is used as a model for histidine, which is found in the reaction sites of laccases and lignin peroxidases, and the BA-derivatives serve as lignin model compounds. A marked decrease ([similar]15 kcal mol(-1)) is found for the IP's of the BA-derivatives when paired with IM. This should facilitate the one-electron oxidation of BA in the reaction site of the enzyme. The same effect is found for the known redox mediators violuric acid, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and N-hydroxyacetanilide which are assumed to enter the reaction site of the enzymes. Furthermore, upon one-electron oxidation the strength of the H-bond from BA to IM is considerably increased and in the case of the mediators this effect is so pronounced that the relevant proton shifts from them to IM. If this occurs in the active site of the enzyme then the oxidized redox mediators are released into the aqueous phase in their neutral form rather than as radical cations (deprotonation of the radical cations). The oxidation power of the neutral radical mediators, however, is too low to initialize oxidation of lignin. A more likely reaction pathway is oxidation of the substrates via hydrogen abstraction. The pertinent bond dissociation energies are similar for the BA-derivatives and the redox mediators, which in principle allows the reaction to occur. PMID- 14770241 TI - Polymer-assisted, multi-step solution phase synthesis and biological screening of histone deacetylase inhibitors. AB - The polymer-assisted solution phase synthesis (PASP) of an array of histone deacetylase (HDAc) inhibitors is described. HDAc inhibitors have considerable potential as new anti-proliferative agents. Selected compounds were shown to inhibit both human endothelial cell proliferation, and the formation of tubules (neovascularisation) in an in vitro model of angiogenesis. PMID- 14770240 TI - Nucleophilic displacement on 4-nitrophenyl dimethyl phosphinate by ethoxide ion: alkali metal ion catalysis and mechanism. AB - We report on a spectrophotometric kinetic study of the effect of Li(+) and K(+) cations on the ethanolysis of 4-nitrophenyl dimethylphosphinate () in ethanol at 25 [degree]C. The nucleophilic displacement reaction of with LiOEt and KOEt in the absence and presence of 18-crown-6 ether (18-C-6) furnished observed first order rate constants which increase in the order EtO(-) < KOEt < LiOEt. The kinetic data are analyzed in terms of a scheme which assigns concurrent kinetic activity to free ethoxide and metal alkoxide, to obtain the second-order rate coefficients for reaction of the metal ion-ethoxide pairs, k(MOEt). Derived [small delta]G(ip), [small delta]G(ts) and [capital Delta]G(cat) values quantify ground state and transition state stabilization by the metal ions to give [small delta]G(ts) > [small delta]G(ip) for Li(+) and [small delta]G(ts)[similar][small delta]G(ip) for K(+). These results indicate moderate catalysis by Li(+), with manifesting lesser susceptibility to catalysis than other substrates previously studied. Second-order rate constants for the reaction of the aryl dimethylphosphinates with free EtO(-) were obtained from plots of log k(obs)vs. [KOEt], measured in the presence of excess 18-C-6. Hammett plots with [sigma] and [sigma][degree] substituent constants give significantly better correlation of rates than [sigma](-) and yield a moderately large [small rho]([small rho][degree]) value; this is interpreted in terms of a stepwise mechanism involving rate-limiting formation of a pentacoordinate intermediate. Comparison of the present results with those of Williams on the aqueous alkaline hydrolysis of Me(2)P(O)-OPhX and Ph(2)P(O)-OPhX esters, establishes the rationale for a change in mechanism in the more basic EtO(-)/EtOH nucleophile/solvent system by a stepwise mechanism instead of a concerted one in aqueous base. Structure reactivity correlations following Jencks show that the change in mechanism is accounted for by cross interactions between the nucleophile and the leaving group in the transition state. The observed duality of mechanism is rationalized on the basis of the More O'Ferrall-Jencks diagram, as a spectrum of transition states covering a wide range of nucleophile and leaving group basicities. PMID- 14770239 TI - Hydrolytic reactions of 3'-N-phosphoramidate and 3'-N-thiophosphoramidate analogs of thymidylyl-3',5'-thymidine. AB - The diastereomeric thiophosphoramidate analogs [(R(P))- and (S(P))-3[prime or minute],5[prime or minute]-Tnp(s)T] and the phosphoramidate analog [3[prime or minute],5[prime or minute]-TnpT] of thymidylyl-3[prime or minute],5[prime or minute]-thymidine were prepared and their hydrolytic reactions over the pH-range 1-8 at 363.2 K were followed by RP HPLC. At pH < 6, an acid-catalyzed P-N3[prime or minute] bond cleavage (first-order in [H(+)]) takes place with both 3[prime or minute],5[prime or minute]-Tnp(s)T and 3[prime or minute],5[prime or minute] TnpT, the former being about 12 fold more stable than the latter. At pH > 4, Tnp(s)T undergoes two competing pH-independent reactions, desulfurization (yielding TnpT) and depyrimidination (cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond) the rates of which are of the same order of magnitude. Also with 3[prime or minute],5[prime or minute]-TnpT the pH-independent depyrimidination competes with P-N3[prime or minute] cleavage at pH > 5. PMID- 14770243 TI - Syntheses of 3-acetoacetylaminobenzo[b]furan derivatives having cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor antagonistic activity. AB - Novel 3-acetoacetylaminobenzo[b]furan derivatives having a modified triene system at the 3-position were synthesized starting with 3-aminobenzo[b]furans. The enol isomers, 3-[(3-hydroxybut-2-enonyl)amino]benzo[b]furans (), of the 3 acetoacetylaminobenzo[b]furans were obtained as stable isomers owing to formation of a hydrogen bonding between the enol hydroxyl group and the amidocarbonyl group. The planarity of the C-2 substituent through the C-3 side chain suggested the existence of a modified conjugational triene system in the enol compound. Cysteinyl leukotriene 1 and 2 receptor antagonistic activities for these compounds were evaluated. 2-(4-Cyanobenzoyl or ethoxycarbonyl)-3-[(2-cyano-3 hydroxybut-2-enonyl)amino]benzo[b]furans (, ) were moderately active. PMID- 14770242 TI - Total synthesis of (+)-tanikolide via oxidative lactonization. AB - (+)-Tanikolide has been synthesized in eight linear steps with a 31% overall yield. The key step in the synthesis utilizes a recently developed tandem oxidative cleavage-lactonization of a precursor alkenol to deliver the lactone moiety. PMID- 14770244 TI - Endovascular treatment of peripheral arterial aneurysms. AB - Aneurysmal degeneration of peripheral arteries occurs less frequently than aortic aneurysm. While rupture is the most common complication of aortic aneurysms, peripheral aneurysms frequently cause thrombosis or embolization of the involved vessels. It has generally been accepted that most peripheral aneurysms in good risk patients should be repaired to avoid the ischemic complications of thrombosis or embolization. Endovascular repair of abdominal aneurysms has revolutionized the treatment of aortic aneurysms. Endovascular techniques have been used to treat peripheral artery aneurysms with varying success. Thrombosis of stent grafts has been a significant problem which has limited the success of this treatment. At present, endovascular treatment of peripheral aneurysms must be reserved for selective instances in very high risk patients. Until devices are developed which resist kinking and thrombosis, open surgery will remain the treatment of choice. PMID- 14770245 TI - Endovascular therapy for the treatment of arterial trauma. AB - Several factors may limit the success of conventional operative therapy for traumatic arterial injuries. In particular, the inaccessibility of the vascular lesion, anatomic distortion, and the inherent problems associated with operating in a traumatized and often contaminated field are among these limiting factors. As a result, endovascular therapy has emerged as an important potential alternative. This paper focuses on the application of endovascular therapy to the trauma patient, based on our experience and those previously published by other groups. Injuries to the carotid, femoral, axillary/subclavian and iliac arteries, as well as to the abdominal and thoracic aorta, have been successfully managed by stent-grafting. Despite the potential benefits of this mode of therapy, its long term utility will depend on our ability to overcome certain limitations associated with the technique, and on careful patient selection. PMID- 14770247 TI - Embolization of complex vascular lesions. AB - Embolization, first described nearly a century ago, has recently emerged as a durable first-line treatment of many vascular conditions particularly in the field of endovascular surgery. As technological advancements allow easier and safer access to small and remote lesions, embolization is being utilized more frequently to treat difficult lesions. This technology has been used most extensively in the treatment of abnormal arteriovenous communications, where it has emerged as a first-line therapy. Recently, the application of these techniques to treat visceral artery aneurysms has been explored, with encouraging results. The endovascular therapy of aortic aneurysms has revealed numerous other applications for embolization therapy, including the treatment of iliac artery aneurysms and of failed aneurysm exclusion or endoleak. Embolization offers a minimally invasive treatment for lesions which have traditionally been considered inoperable, as well as those requiring extensive surgical resections and/or reconstructions that are associated with high morbidity. PMID- 14770246 TI - Combined open and endovascular techniques for the treatment of complex vascular disease. AB - In an attempt to improve the outcome following aortic aneurysm repair, there has been an increased focus on endovascular technology as a minimally invasive means of treating various vascular pathologies. Stent-grafting of aortic aneurysms is an area where a less invasive approach may decrease the morbidity seen with conventional aneurysm repair. As with other technologies, increased experience and improvements in instrument design allow for applicability to a broader population of patients. However, despite such improvements, some patients' anatomic characteristics may make endovascular repair unsuitable or too risky. When complex anatomy prohibits repair by endovascular means alone, a combination of conventional surgery and endovascular therapy may be utilized in an effort to minimalize the invasiveness. Using adjunctive surgical procedures, complex anatomy may be modified to allow for a safe and successful endovascular aneurysm repair. In this paper, we describe the modification of access vessels as well as fixation sites to facilitate the endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms. PMID- 14770248 TI - Endovascular treatment of neurovascular disorders. AB - Endovascular therapy is a well-established treatment modality for a variety of cerebrovascular central nervous system disorders. The past few decades have witnessed dramatic improvements in the field of neuroendovascular surgery. These techniques are now used in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, vascular malformations, carotid stenoses, intracranial vascular stenoses and acute ischemic stroke. In many cases, these techniques provide minimally invasive alternatives to traditional surgery. In addition, neuroendovascular approaches provide treatment options for conditions previously thought to be untreatable. Ongoing device developments and refinements continue to revolutionize the field. These refinements, along with a better understanding of the disease processes, will allow minimally invasive neuroendovascular techniques to be used for a wide spectrum of neurological diseases. PMID- 14770249 TI - Minimally invasive vein surgery. AB - Advances in minimally invasive vein surgery (MIVS) techniques made during the last decade have decreased operative morbidity, the number and size of incisions, operative time and recovery time. The following MIVS techniques will be discussed: 1. Transilluminated Powered Phlebectomy (TIPP) TriVex. 2. Radiofrequency Ablation Greater Saphenous Vein (RFGSV) Closure. 3.Laser Ablation Greater Saphenous Vein (EVLT). 4. Subfascial Endoscopic Perforator Surgery (SEPS). 5. Percutaneous Vein Valve Bioprosthesis (PVVB) The techniques used in MIVS allow surgeons to manage venous pathophysiology associated with all three venous systems of the lower extremities. The results are comparable to those obtained with open procedures. PMID- 14770250 TI - A review of heart failure treatment. AB - Heart failure is a common and costly medical condition. Ischemic heart disease and hypertension account for most cases of heart failure in developed countries. Estimates of the one-year mortality rates for patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II, III, and IV are 10%, 20%, and 40%, respectively. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce mortality of heart failure patients by approximately 25% (odds ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.67 0.88). Larger doses of ACE inhibitors are more effective in preventing hospitalization than are lower doses. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are an alternative for patients who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors because of their side effects (e.g., cough). Evidence for benefits of using combination of ACE inhibitors and ARBs is encouraging, but requires further study. For patients who cannot tolerate either ACE inhibitors or ARBs, vasodilator therapy with hydralazine and nitrates will probably provide benefit. (Diuretic therapy, while a mainstay of heart failure treatment, is primarily used for symptom relief.) There is also evidence that spironolactone reduces mortality (relative risk reduction 30%, 95% CI 18 40%) for patients with NYHA class III and IV heart failure. When administering spironolactone to heart failure patients, monitoring for hyperkalemia is essential. After two centuries of use, randomized controlled trials have finally demonstrated that digoxin is effective in preventing hospitalizations (relative risk reduction 28%, 95% CI 21 34%). There is now overwhelming evidence that beta blockers are safe for heart failure patients but that they reduce the risk of death for these patients by approximately 30%. In addition to these medical interventions, heart failure patients may also benefit from a number of non pharmacological interventions. PMID- 14770251 TI - Depression in autopsy-confirmed dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. AB - Depression has frequently been cited as a manifestation of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Previous studies have suggested an increase of depression in patients with DLB, compared to those with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this study was to examine depressive symptomatology in nursing home residents, from a consecutive series of DLB (n=16) and AD (n=39) autopsy-confirmed cases. Subjects received standard neuropathological analysis and postmortem chart review for clinical assessment of depression. Depressive symptomatology did not differ between the AD and DLB groups, and there was no significant relationship between depression and cortical or subcortical Lewy body (LB) count in the locus ceruleus or substantia nigra. This study suggests that the presence or absence of depression cannot be used to distinguish between AD and DLB. Furthermore, depressive symptomatology in DLB does not appear to be related to severity of cortical or subcortical LB pathology. PMID- 14770252 TI - The surgical management of severe obesity. AB - The prevalence of obesity in the United States is increasing to epidemic proportions. At present, more than 60% of Americans are overweight. While a variety of medications are available for the treatment of obesity, none results in the long-term loss of more than 10% of body weight. The current standard for the treatment of severe obesity, defined as a body mass index of greater than 35 40 kg/m 2, is surgical. Several surgical procedures are currently available, including gastric bypass, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch, and the adjustable gastric band. These operations may be performed using laparoscopic surgical techniques to minimize perioperative morbidity and postoperative recovery time. To optimize the outcome of this type of procedure, bariatric surgery should be performed on carefully selected patients, in centers specially equipped to care for the obese, within a broadly based, multidisciplinary setting providing lifelong postoperative care. PMID- 14770253 TI - Snapshots of editing a medical journal. PMID- 14770254 TI - Biostatistics 104: correlational analysis. PMID- 14770255 TI - Judicious approach in medical practice. PMID- 14770256 TI - Prescribing psychoactive medications in nursing homes: current practice in Singapore. AB - AIM: To assess the prescribing practice, use and potential adverse effects of psychoactive medications in Singapore nursing homes. METHOD: From a list of existing 24 voluntary welfare organisation (VWO) run nursing homes, four homes with the largest bed capacity were selected from the eastern zone of Singapore. When contacted, two homes agreed to participate in the study. Medical records of all residents aged 65 years and above were reviewed to obtain demographic information, clinical diagnoses and medication orders. Two geriatricians and one psychogeriatrician reviewed the psychoactive medications used in these nursing homes. RESULT: A Total of 384 residents were enrolled in the study. Mean age of the participants was 79.1 years (65-107); 60.7% were female and 92.4% were Chinese. Dementia was documented for 131 (34.1%) residents, depression for 50 (13%) residents. Residents were on an average of 5.2 (0-14) medications. A total of 309 psychoactive medications were prescribed for the residents. Fifty-nine (63%) antipsychotics, 42 (65%) Benzodiazepines, 65 (61%) antidepressants, 10 (77%) others sedatives and 31 (100%) anticonvulsants were deemed inappropriate. Lack of documented indication, potential adverse drug reaction, drug-drug interaction and therapeutic duplication were the most common medication related problems observed in this study. CONCLUSION: Majority of the nursing home residents were on psychoactive medications. Residents with dementia were more likely to be on psychoactive medications. Statistically significant association was observed between the use of inappropriate psychoactive medications and the diagnosis of dementia. Better documentation of clinical diagnoses and indications, and regular medication review for potential adverse drug reactions would improve the quality of care in Singapore nursing homes. PMID- 14770257 TI - Foetal intralobar lung sequestration: antenatal diagnosis and management. AB - OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to discuss the use of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of foetal intralobar sequestration (FILS) antenatally and the management options available for these pregnancies. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of six cases of FILS diagnosed antenatally by two dimensional (2D) and colour Doppler ultrasonography out of a total of 31,508 deliveries over a two-year period at the KK Women's and Children's Hospital. RESULTS: The incidence of FILS in this hospital was 1 in 5,251 deliveries. 2D ultrasonography showed an echogenic lung in all cases. FILS was confirmed by the demonstration of a systemic vessel leading to the affected lung on colour Doppler examination. After counselling, four terminated their pregnancies during mid trimester, while two continued their pregnancies to term. Confirmation of the terminated cases was by post-mortem. In the two pregnancies that continued, regular growth scans were done to monitor the progression of the condition. Computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis post-delivery. Both were well but one had a resection of the sequestrated lung although he was asymptomatic. Histology also confirmed the diagnosis. CONCLUSION: FILS is a rare anomaly. 2D and colour Doppler ultrasonography are used to diagnose the condition antenatally. Termination of the pregnancy is not always indicated, as there are favourable outcomes from FILS. PMID- 14770258 TI - Do Singapore patients require lower doses of statins? The SGH Lipid Clinic experience. AB - A substantial number of physicians in Asian countries believe that Asian patients need lower doses of statins to achieve therapeutic lipid target because of the smaller size of patients. This belief is deep rooted and we looked at the SGH Lipid Clinic to determine if our experience bears out this belief. Between 1996 and August 2000, the Lipid Unit treated a total of 841 patients, of which 548 patients (77.5% Chinese, 12.1% Malays, 7.6% Asian Indians; 49.6% males, 50.4% females; 54.7% diabetics, 45.3% non-diabetic) were on statins alone. These patients had > or =2 coronary risk factors, diabetes mellitus or documented coronary heart disease. The pre-treatment lipid levels or the worst lipid levels available were entered as the baseline lipid values (mean LDL-C: 5.38+1.5 mmol/l). Duration of therapy ranged from six months to five years. The choice and titration of statins were determined by attending physicians. The median statin dose (Simvastatin equivalent) was 20.0 mg with 52.5% requiring 20 mg or more. Statin dose did not differ between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The median statin dose was 15 mg for the lower two tertiles and 20 mg for the upper tertile; this difference did not achieve statistical significance. The reduction in LDL cholesterol was 41.5% (40.1-42.8) and total cholesterol was 33.0% (32.9-34.1). Only 25% of our patients achieved LDL cholesterol of less than 2.6 mmol/l whilst 77.5% had LDL cholesterol less than 3.4 mmol/l. Our experience at the Lipid Clinic suggests that the Asian patients require similar statin doses to achieve target cholesterol levels. PMID- 14770259 TI - Results of long saphenous vein stripping. AB - OBJECTIVE: To audit retrospectively all long saphenous vein stripping performed or supervised intra-operatively by a single surgeon over a seven-year period. PATIENTS: One hundred and twenty-four patients (156 limbs) operated primarily in standard surgeon-supervised operations, were audited. METHODS: All patients were questioned via telephone interviews, and those with symptoms or recurrent varicosities were recalled for clinical review and investigations by the surgeon. RESULTS: Eighty-seven cases presented with lower limb pain, 36 with eczema and 27 with ulcer. Eighty-one percent of operations were performed for symptomatic varicose veins and 19% were done for cosmesis. There were 153 limbs with varicosities, 121 of these had documented long saphenous vein reflux preoperatively. One hundred and sixteen limbs resolved post-operatively, five did not resolve, and four recurred. Incompetent perforators and short saphenous veins were the commonest causes of non-resolution and recurrence. Complications, including five cases of saphenous nerve paraesthesias, were temporary and met with full resolution eventually. CONCLUSION: A 96% success rate is possible after high tie, stripping of the long saphenous vein with multiple avulsions of varicosities. Recurrence is 3% over the period of follow-up. PMID- 14770260 TI - Complications in stroke patients: a study carried out at the Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Changi General Hospital. AB - AIM: The aim of this study was to look at the type and frequencies of complications after an acute stroke in an inpatient rehabilitation setting. We also looked at the type of complications which required the transfer of patient care back to the primary referring physician. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of case notes of patients transferred to the rehabilitation team was conducted. The study period was a six-month period from the beginning of January 2001 to the end of June 2001. A list of complications was made. Each pre determined complication was then defined. The frequency of each complication was then calculated. RESULTS: A total of 140 case notes were reviewed. The overall complication rate was 54.3%. The more common complications, in order, from highest to lowest frequencies, were: constipation (complicating 22.9% of strokes); acute retention of urine (ARU, 20.9%); urinary tract infections (UTI, 14.3%); depression (9.3%); and limb pain (8.6%). Females were more likely to have UTI (p=0.038), ARU (p=0.002) and depression (p=0.018). Patients 65 years and above were more likely to suffer multiple complications although the results did not reach statistical significance (p=0.055). The care for eight patients (5.7% of patients with complications) had to be transferred back to the primary referring team or physician. CONCLUSIONS: Complications post stroke are common. Some patients required transfer of care back to the primary referring physician. A pro-active approach is ideal in all post stroke patients, in order to identify and treat any complications early, thereby, improving outcome and reducing costs. PMID- 14770261 TI - A case of anterior interosseous nerve syndrome after peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line insertion. AB - Palsies involving the anterior interosseous nerve comprise less than 1% of all upper extremity nerve palsies. Patients often present initially with acute pain in the proximal forearm, lasting several hours to days. The pain subsides, to be followed by paresis or total paralysis of the pronator quadratus, flexor pollicis longus and the radial half of the flexor profundus, either individually or together. Patients with a complete lesion will have a characteristic pinch deformity. We report a case of anterior interosseous syndrome in a 42-year-old male. The patient was admitted initially for chronic osteomyelitis of the left calcaneum. He had a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line inserted into a brachial vein for the administration of intravenous antibiotics, and developed anterior interosseous nerve palsy as a complication of this procedure. The catheter was subsequently removed and a new line was placed on the other side, and his neurological deficit has been improving since. This case highlights the potential hazards of venupuncture or arterial puncture of the brachial vein or artery respectively, even under controlled conditions with the benefit of ultrasound guidance. It also serves as a reminder to look out for the complications of these common procedures, and to be able to react appropriately when they arise. PMID- 14770262 TI - Clinics in diagnostic imaging (92). AB - A 43-year-old woman presented with a 10-day history of lower abdominal pain and two days of vaginal bleeding. Ultrasonography showed a sac-like structure within the endocervical canal. The structure had a thick echogenic rim. No foetal heartbeat was seen. Intramuscular methotrexate was given and evacuation of the uterus yielded a small amount of tissue which was revealed histologically as products of conception, confirming the diagnosis of a cervical ectopic pregnancy. The clinical and imaging features of cervical ectopic pregnancy are highlighted. PMID- 14770263 TI - Kanamycin-resistant alfalfa has a point mutation in the 16S plastid rRNA. AB - Genes conferring resistance to kanamycin are frequently used to obtain transgenic plants as spontaneous resistance to kanamycin is not known to exist in higher plants. Nevertheless, mutations conferring kanamycin resistance have been identified in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, raising the question as to why kanamycin resistant mutants have not been found in higher plants. While attempting plastid transformation of alfalfa, we obtained non-transgenic but kanamycin-resistant somatic embryos following 2 months of culture in the presence of 50 mg l(-1) kanamycin. Sequencing of the plastid DNA region corresponding to the decoding site of the 16S rRNA in ten independent resistant events revealed an A to C transversion at position 1357 of the 16S plastid rDNA, the same site at which an A to G conversion confers kanamycin resistance to C. reinhardtii by reducing the ability of the antibiotic to bind to its target site. All plants derived from the resistant embryos through additional cycles of somatic embryogenesis in the absence of kanamycin retained the mutant phenotype, suggesting that the mutation was homoplastomic. Resistant plants produced 85% less biomass than controls; their leaves were chlorotic during early development and over time slowly turned green. The absence of kanamycin- resistant mutants in higher plants might be explained by the requirement for a regeneration system capable of resulting in homoplastomic individuals, or it may be the result of the detrimental effect of the mutation on the phenotype. PMID- 14770264 TI - High-frequency transformation of Lobelia erinus L. by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. AB - A highly efficient transformation procedure was developed for Lobelia erinus. Leaf or cotyledon discs were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring the binary vector plasmid pIG121Hm, which contains a beta glucuronidase gene with an intron as a reporter gene and both the neomycin phosphotransferase II and hygromycin phosphotransferase genes as selectable markers. The hygromycin-resistant calli produced on the selection medium were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l benzyladenine and 0.2 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid for regeneration of adventitious shoots. Transgenic plants were obtained as a result of the high regeneration rate of the transformed calli, which was as high as 83%. In contrast, no transgenic plant was obtained by the procedure of direct shoot formation following inoculation with A. tumefaciens. Transgenic plants flowered 3-4 months after transformation. Integration of the transgenes was detected using PCR and Southern blot analysis, which revealed that one to several copies were integrated into the genomes of the host plants. The transformation frequency at the stage of whole plants was very high--45% per inoculated disc. PMID- 14770265 TI - A quick and efficient system for antibiotic-free expression of heterologous genes in tobacco roots. AB - Requirement for antibiotic-resistance selection markers and difficulty in identifying transgenes with the highest expression levels remain the major obstacles for rapid production of recombinant proteins in plants. An alternative approach to producing transgenic plants free of antibiotic-resistance markers is the phenotypic-based selection with root-proliferation genes (rol genes) of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. By using Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring the pRYG transformation vector with a cluster of rol genes linked to a heterologous gene of interest, we have developed a rapid transformation tool using hairy root formation as a selection marker. The expression of beta-glucuronidase in newly induced transgenic tobacco roots could be detected as early as 12 days after inoculation. Higher levels of transgene expression in the roots correlated positively with the rates of root elongation on hormone-free medium and thus could be used for positive selection. When tobacco plants were transformed with pRYG harboring the expression cassette for secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), the release of SEAP from roots of the fully regenerated transgenic plants could be quantified at rates as high as 28 microg/g root dry weight per day. PMID- 14770266 TI - Lack of generalizable evidence of the superiority of alfacalcidol over plain vitamin D in the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: comment on the article by Ringe et al. PMID- 14770267 TI - A woman with anti-histidyl-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1 antibodies), myositis, hyperglycemia, interstitial lung disease, and morbilliform rashes. PMID- 14770268 TI - Influence of autograft removal on rabbit patellar tendon length. AB - Twelve adult New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. In group 1, 30% of the central mass of the right patellar tendon was removed. In group 2, 60% was removed. The left knees served as controls. The animals were killed 1 year later. The patella-patellar tendon-tibial tuberosity units of all knees were studied using histological and morphometric analysis. In both groups, the tendons had lengthened. Lengthening average was 2.50 mm in group 1 and 8.17 mm in group 2. In both groups, histology revealed poor alignment of the collagen fibres and high cellularity, although the findings in group 1 were nearer the normal histological pattern. The results suggest that removal of significant portions of the patellar tendon leads to lengthening of the resulting tendon. In clinical practice, it seems prudent to pay attention to the dimensions of the patellar tendon when harvesting a graft. PMID- 14770269 TI - Further development of local IL-2 therapy of cancer: multiple versus single IL-2 treatment of transplanted murine colon carcinoma. AB - We have compared the effect of one and up to four local IL-2 treatments of transplanted MC38 colon carcinoma. A single IL-2 treatment prolonged the survival time ( p=0.015), but no cure was obtained. One local IL-2 treatment inhibited tumor growth for about 1 week. After the start of tumor regrowth, a further IL-2 injection was given. After four IL-2 injections 6 out of 13 mice were cured. Histological studies show that IL-2 induced a local vascular leakage syndrome leading to massive peritumoral edema and subsequent necrosis of tumor tissue. IL 2 also attracted infiltrating cells, mainly macrophages. Subsequent IL-2 injections led to complete tumor regression. We believe that the combination of necrotic tumor debris and the IL-2-induced macrophage reaction enhanced a tumor specific immune response. This local IL-2 application was not toxic. PMID- 14770270 TI - Performance evaluation of the new whole-body PET/CT scanner: Discovery ST. AB - Characterisation of the physical performance of the new integrated PET/CT system Discovery ST (GE Medical Systems) has been performed following the NEMA NU 2-1994 (N-94) and the NEMA NU 2-2001 (N-01) standards in both 2D and 3D acquisition configuration. The Discovery ST combines a four or eight multi-slice helical CT scanner with a PET tomograph which consists of 10,080 BGO crystals arranged in 24 rings. The crystal dimensions are 6.3 x 6.3 x 30 mm(3) and they are organised in blocks of 6 x 6 crystals, coupled to a single photomultiplier tube with four anodes. The 24 rings of the PET system allow 47 images to be obtained, spaced by 3.27 mm, and covering an axial field of view of 157 mm. The low- and high-energy thresholds are set to 375 and 650 keV, respectively. The coincidence time window is set to 11.7 ns. Using the NEMA N-94 standard, the main results were: (1) the average (radial and tangential) transverse spatial resolution (FWHM) at 1, 10 and 20 cm off axis was 6.28 mm, 7.09 mm and 7.45 mm in 2D, and 6.68 mm, 7.72 mm and 8.13 mm in 3D; (2) the sensitivity for true events was 8,567 cps/kBq/cc in 2D and 36,649 cps/kBq/cc in 3D; (3) the scatter fraction was 15% in 2D and 30% in 3D; (4) the peak true events rate, the true events rate at 50% of the system dead time and the true events rate when equal to the random events rate were 750 kcps at 189.81 kBq/cc, 744 kcps at 186.48 kBq/cc and 686 kcps at 150.59 kBq/cc, respectively, in 2D, and 922 kcps at 44.03 kBq/cc, 834 kcps at 53.28 kBq/cc and 921 kcps at 44.03 kBq/cc in 3D; (5) the noise equivalent count (NEC) peak rate was 270 kcps at 34.38 kBq/cc in 3D, with random coincidences estimated by delayed events. Using the NEMA N-01 standards the main results were: (1) the average transverse and axial spatial resolution (FWHM) at 1 cm and 10 cm off axis was 6.28 (4.56) mm and 6.88 (6.11) mm in 2D, and 6.29 (5.68) mm and 6.82 (6.05) mm in 3D; (2) the average sensitivity for the two radial positions (r=0 cm and r=10 cm) was 1.93 cps/kBq in 2D and 9.12 cps/kBq in 3D; (3) the scatter fraction was 19% in 2D and 45% in 3D; (4) the NEC peak rate was 54 kcps at 46.99 kBq/cc in 2D and 45.5 kcps at 10.84 kBq/cc in 3D, when random coincidences were estimated by using k=2 in the NEC formula, while the NEC peak rate was 81 kcps at 64.43 kBq/cc and 66 kcps at 14.86 kBq/cc in 2D and 3D, respectively, when random coincidences were estimated by using k=1 in the NEC formula. The new integrated PET-CT system Discovery ST has good overall performances in both 2D and 3D, with in particular a high sensitivity and a very good 3D NEC response. PMID- 14770271 TI - Translational research using the sodium/iodide symporter in imaging and therapy. PMID- 14770272 TI - Molecular cloning and sequencing of porcine C5 gene and its association with immunological traits. AB - The complement system helps in the lysis of invading pathogens and modulates the inflammatory as well as the humoral and cellular immune responses. C5 mediates many potent inflammatory and cytolytic events after proteolytic activation by complement convertase enzymes. Hence, to investigate the role of pig C5 ( pC5) as a candidate gene for disease resistance in pigs, the complete cDNA of pC5 was sequenced, screened for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and an association analysis with various immunological parameters measured in F2 animals of a pig resource population based on a cross of Duroc and Berlin miniature pigs (DUMI) was carried out. In total, 5,422 bp of pC5 cDNA was sequenced, which codes for the 1,677-amino-acid precursor of C5. Four polymorphic sites were detected, one of which was segregating in the DUMI population in three genotypic patterns: AA, AC and CC. Classical (CH50) and alternative (AH50) complement activities, C3c levels, haptoglobin (HP) acute phase protein levels, and antibody titers against Mycoplasma (Mk) and Aujesky (ADV) vaccines were measured in the resource population. Association analysis between C5 and the immunological parameters was carried out using repeated measures mixed and general linear model analysis. The homozygote AA was found to be significantly different from the other two genotypes with respect to AH50 and CH50, whereas genotype CC was found to be significantly different from the other genotypes for C3c and HP levels. No significant difference could be seen between genotypes for antibody titers against vaccinations. Association of C5 with complement activity traits and acute phase proteins promotes pC5 as a candidate gene for innate disease resistance. PMID- 14770274 TI - Obstacle avoidance during locomotion using haptic information in normally sighted humans. AB - The goal of the study was to examine the accuracy and precision of control of adaptive locomotion using haptic information in normally sighted humans before and after practice. Obstacle avoidance paradigm was used to study adaptive locomotion; individuals were required to approach and step over different sizes of obstacles placed in the travel path under three sensory conditions: full vision (FV); restricted lower visual field (RLVF) using blinders on custom glass frames; and no vision (NV) using haptic information only. In the NV condition, individuals were a given an appropriate-sized cane to guide their locomotion. Footfall patterns were recorded using the GAITRite system, and lead and trail limb trajectories were monitored using the OPTOTRAK system, which tracked infrared diodes placed on the toes and the cane. Approach step lengths were reduced for the haptic condition: this slowed the forward progression and allowed greater time for haptic exploration, which ranged from 2.5 to 4 s and consisted of horizontal cane movements (to detect the width and relative location of the obstacle) and vertical cane movements (to detect the height of the obstacle). Based on feed-forward and on-line sensory (under both vision and haptic conditions) information about location of the obstacle relative to the individual, variability of foot placement reduced as the individual came closer to the obstacle, as has been shown in the literature. The only difference was that the reduction in variability of foot placement under haptic condition occurred in the last step compared with earlier under vision. Considering that the obstacle is detected only when the cane comes in contact, as opposed to vision condition when it is visible earlier, this difference is understandable. Variability and magnitude of lead and trail limb elevation for the haptic condition was higher than the RLVF and FV conditions. In contrast, only the magnitude of lead and trail limb elevation was higher in the RLVF condition when compared with the FV condition. This suggests that it is the inability of the haptic sense to provide accurate information about obstacle characteristics compared with the visual system, and not simple caution that lead to higher limb elevation. In the haptic and RLVF condition when vision was unavailable for on line monitoring of lead limb elevation, kinesthetic information from lead limb elevation was used to fine-tune trail limb elevation. Both the control of approach phase and limb elevation findings held up even after sufficient practice to learn haptic guidance of adaptive locomotion in the second experiment. These results provide a clear picture of the efficacy of the haptic sensory system to guide locomotion in a cluttered environment. PMID- 14770275 TI - The effects of distant and on-line visual information on the control of approach phase and step over an obstacle during locomotion. AB - One of the goals of this study was to examine the nature and role of distant visual information sampled during locomotion in the feedforward control of leading and trailing limb while an individual is required to step over an obstacle in the travel path. In addition we were interested in whether or not on line visual information available while the limb (lead or trail) is stepping over the obstacle influences limb trajectory control and whether the information provided during lead limb cross would be used to calibrate movement of the trail limb. Towards this end, we manipulated availability of vision following an initial dynamic sampling period during the approach phase in proximity to the obstacle and during the lead and trail limb stepping over the obstacle. Ten participants completed 40 trials of obstacle crossing in 8 testing conditions. Initial dynamic visual sampling was sufficient to ensure successful task performance in the absence of vision in the approach phase and during both lead and trail limb stepping over the obstacle. Despite successful task performance, foot placement of the lead and trail limb before obstacle crossing and limb elevation over the obstacle were increased after withdrawal of vision in the approach area. Furthermore, the correlation between toe clearance and foot placement was diminished. While both limbs require feedforward visual information to control the step over the obstacle, only lead limb elevation was influenced by availability of on-line visual information during obstacle crossing. Results were in agreement with the notion of primacy of information inherent in the optic array over those from static samples of the environment in guiding locomotion. It is suggested that the expected proprioceptive feedback information associated with the limb posture before the obstacle, reconstructed using visual memory from dynamic sampling of the environment, mismatched with those from the actual limb position. Accordingly, participants adopted a different strategy that enabled them to clear the obstacle with a higher safety margin. PMID- 14770277 TI - ' Candidatus Hepatincola porcellionum' gen. nov., sp. nov., a new, stalk-forming lineage of Rickettsiales colonizing the midgut glands of a terrestrial isopod. AB - The midgut glands (hepatopancreas) of terrestrial isopods are densely colonized by hitherto uncultivated bacteria. In the case of the Common Woodlouse, Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda), the symbionts represent a novel lineage in the alpha subdivision of Proteobacteria. Based on comparative sequence analysis of their 16S rRNA genes, their closest (albeit distant) relatives were among the Rickettsiales, which are intracellular symbionts or pathogens of many animals. Transmission electron microscopy and in situ hybridization with fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes revealed a homogeneous population of symbionts intimately associated with the endothelium of the hepatopancreas, which apparently interact with the microvilli of the brush border by means of a stalk like cytoplasmic appendage. Based on isolated phylogenetic position and unique cytological properties, the provisional name ' Candidatus Hepatincola porcellionum' is proposed to classify this new taxon of Rickettsiales colonizing the hepatopancreas of P. scaber. PMID- 14770276 TI - Kynurenic acid production in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Homocysteine is a potent inhibitor. AB - Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a broad-spectrum antagonist at all subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors, but is preferentially active at the strychnine insensitive glycine allosteric site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and is also a non-competitive antagonist at the alpha7 nicotinic receptor. KYNA occurs in the CNS, urine, serum and amniotic fluid. Whilst it possesses anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties in the brain, its role in the periphery, however, is unknown. In this study we demonstrated the presence of kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) I and II in the cytoplasm of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). BAEC incubated in the presence of the KYNA precursor L kynurenine synthesized KYNA concentration- and time-dependently. KYNA production was inhibited by the aminotransferase inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid but was not affected by a depolarising concentration of K(+) or by 4-aminopyridine. The glutamate agonists L-aspartate and L-glutamate depressed KYNA production significantly. The selective ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists alpha-amino 2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-oxo-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and NMDA were ineffective in this respect. D,L-Homocysteine and L-homocysteine sulphinic acid lowered KYNA production in BAEC. Further investigations are needed to assess the role and importance of KYNA in vessels and peripheral tissues. PMID- 14770278 TI - In human gestational diabetes mellitus congenital malformations are related to pre-pregnancy body mass index and to severity of diabetes. AB - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: This study analysed the relationship between congenital malformations (CM) and severity of gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A cohort of 2060 infants of mothers with gestational diabetes was studied. Universal screening and 3(rd) Workshop-Conference criteria were used to diagnose gestational diabetes. The severity of diabetes was assessed on the basis of previous hyperglycaemia, blood glucose values in diagnostic OGTT, area under the glucose curve, gestational age and HbA(1)c at diagnosis, insulin requirements during pregnancy, and OGTT after delivery. Potentially confounding variables (age, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking) were considered. The relationship of potential predictors with CM was analysed with several multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The rate of CM was 6% for minor and 3.8% for major malformations (1.4% heart, 0.8% renal/urinary, 0.7% skeletal, 0.3% hypospadias, 0.2% central nervous system, 0.2% cleft lip/palate, 0.1% digestive tract, 0.3% other). In the final models, forward logistic regression analysis identified pre pregnancy BMI as the predictor of CM (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.616); in the backward analysis additional predictors were 1-h blood glucose in diagnostic OGTT and gestational age at diagnosis (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.646). Both BMI and severity of gestational diabetes were predictors of heart and minor CM, whereas BMI predicted renal/urinary CM and severity of diabetes predicted skeletal CM. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In these infants of mothers with gestational diabetes, severity of diabetes and pre-pregnancy BMI were predictors of CM, in accordance with the well-documented pathogenic role of BMI (in the general population) and hyperglycaemia (in diabetic pregnancy). BMI was the main predictor of more prevalent CM. PMID- 14770279 TI - [Diagnosis and differential cerebral vasculitis diagnosis]. AB - Over a 5-year period, we investigated 77 consecutive patients (36 males, 41 females, mean age 40.9 years) referred to our hospital with the diagnosis of CNS vasculitis. Extensive workup including MRI, echocardiography, laboratory tests, angiography ( n=53), and biopsies at appropriate sites ( n=26) was performed based on individual history and symptoms. Prominent symptoms were stroke ( n=61), encephalopathy ( n=14), and headaches ( n=2). Vasculitis was finally diagnosed in 13 patients (17%) including isolated angiitis of the CNS ( n=3), giant cell arteritis ( n=4), and septic arteritis ( n=3). Thirty-two patients (42%) presented noninflammatory vasculopathies including moyamoya ( n=6), Sneddon's syndrome ( n=5), dissection ( n=4), CADASIL ( n=2), and collagen vascular disease ( n=9). Coagulopathy was found in 14 cases (18%) including antiphospholipid syndrome ( n=8) and APC resistance ( n=4). Other causes were cardiogenic embolism ( n=8), multiple sclerosis ( n=5), and migraine stroke ( n=3). Only a minority of patients referred for evaluation of suspected CNS vasculitis actually present with inflammatory vascular disease. Main differential diagnosis includes noninflammatory vasculopathies, coagulopathies, and cardiac disease. Since septic processes may be responsible for the symptoms, "blind" treatment with immunosuppressive agents should be strictly avoided. PMID- 14770281 TI - [Quantitative analysis of MRI intensity in of the major petrosal nerve in patients with idiopathic facial paralysis]. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate signal intensity increases in the greater petrosal nerve after contrast agent administration to gather information on the etiology of idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis. Magnetic resonance images were obtained from 18 patients who received inpatient medical treatment for acute peripheral facial nerve palsy. Images of intratemporal segments of the facial nerve were taken with a slice thickness of 0.75 mm. After multiplanar reconstruction, regions of interest (ROI) were defined in the proximal segment of the greater petrosal nerve. After multiplanar reconstruction, it was possible to visualize the greater petrosal nerves of all 18 patients. The nerve's average diameter was found to be 0.68 mm (range 0.5-0.9). Signal intensity increased by an average of 50.3% (range -10-146%) after contrast agent administration. Whereas this intensity was slightly reduced in two patients, it was increased in 16. No correlation could be established between greater signal intensity and medical history, clinical condition, laboratory findings, or electrophysiological data. In contrast to quantitative measurements in the facial nerve, ROI measurements in the greater petrosal nerve do not correlate with medical history, clinical condition, or laboratory findings. For this reason, MRI of this nerve does not enable us to draw conclusions on the etiology of idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis. PMID- 14770280 TI - [Cerebral microdialysis in stroke]. AB - Cerebral microdialysis is an invasive technique for neurochemical monitoring that has been established for neuro-critical disorders such as subarachnoid hemorrhage and severe brain injury. We present data on cerebral microdialysis in stroke patients which were obtained in an ongoing study supported by the German Ministry for Education and Research. So far, 50 patients have been included who required critical care due to massive stroke of the middle cerebral artery territory. By correlating the microdialysis results with follow-up CT scans, we could define the neurochemical characteristics of three different brain compartments: (1) noninfarcted brain tissue with normal microdialysis values, (2) brain areas adjacent to the infarct core which were not hypodense in CT scans but caused reversible neurochemical alterations, and (3) the infarct core with massive concentration changes which did not normalize over the measuring period of 3 to 5 days. Microdialysis values averaged over time and correlated with initial PET scans helped to describe neurochemical predictors of a malignant, i.e., life threatening, space-occupying course of the ischemic stroke. We discuss the value of this method in guiding therapy and predicting clinical outcome in the context of other neurological critical care disorders and describe the pros and cons of cerebral microdialysis as an invasive monitoring technique. PMID- 14770282 TI - [Differentiation of atypical Parkinson syndrome and delineation from idiopathic Parkinson syndrome with routine magnetic resonance tomography]. AB - Atrophy of frontal lobe, midbrain, pons, and cerebellum was studied in 16 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 14 with multiple system atrophy of striatonigral type (MSA-P), 20 with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPS), and 12 age-matched healthy controls using axial T2-weighted MR images (1.5 Teslar). With <16 mm, the PSP group showed significantly lower anteroposterior midbrain diameters than the IPS, MSA-P, and control groups. We conclude that measurement of the anteroposterior diameter of the midbrain with axial T2 weighted MRI is a useful feature and should be incorporated into the diagnostic criteria for PSP. In addition to the typical slit hyperintensity in margin of putamen and decreased signal intensity in dorsolateral putamen, we found cerebellar atrophy in 64% of patients with MSA-P. Before now, this was considered a typical sign of multiple system atrophy of cerebellar type (MSA-C). The use of this feature in the differential diagnosis of both types of multiple system atrophy is debatable. PMID- 14770283 TI - [Pain in multiple sclerosis--a still underestimated problem. The 1 year prevalence of pain syndromes, significance and quality of care of multiple sclerosis inpatients]. AB - We evaluated the 1-year prevalence of pain syndromes and quality of care among 157 consecutive multiple sclerosis (MS) inpatients (90 f, 67 m) aged 19-85 years, with extended disability status scores of 1.0-8.5 and clinically definite MS. In a standardized questionnaire, only severe pain (pain intensity on visual analog scale of at least 4/10) was documented and classified which had occurred more often than three times or lasted longer than 1 week within the last year. Of 157 patients, 61% reported 176 pain syndromes: most frequent were headaches (40%), dysesthetic limb pain (19%), back pain (17%), and painful spasms (11%). Twelve percent of the pain syndromes were classified as worst symptom of MS, and in 68% insufficient care by the physicians consulted was reported. This was even true for the most frequent pain, migraine, in which clear treatment recommendations exist. There is thus an urgent need for physicians to keep this problem in mind when treating MS patients. PMID- 14770284 TI - [Differential congenital myasthenia syndrome diagnosis]. AB - Among myopathies and disorders of neuromuscular transmission, the congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are particularly rare. However, because of the available therapeutic options, it is still clinically important to achieve a correct diagnosis in these patients. We report an adult patient with ophthalmoplegia and nonfluctuating limb-girdle syndrome. For almost 20 years, a congenital myopathy or mitochondriopathy had been suspected before CMS was diagnosed caused by an epsilon subunit mutation of the acetylcholine receptor (epsilon1276delG). PMID- 14770285 TI - [Atypical encephalitis in a 20-year-old soldier]. AB - We report a patient with encephalitis who had been diagnosed with an unspecific aetiology. During follow-up, pneumonia was identified due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection that could also be confirmed as causal for the brain inflammation. Despite the initially critical clinical situation, the patient's condition improved under specific antibiotic treatment. Pathophysiologic, differential diagnostic, and therapeutic implications are discussed, and guidelines for diagnosis are proposed. PMID- 14770286 TI - [Symptomatic dissection of the internal carotid artery. A rare manifestation of autosome dominant polycystic kidney disease?]. AB - Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a frequent, genetically heterogenous disease with renal and extrarenal manifestations. Intracranial aneurysms are found in about 10% of cases. Other vascular manifestations of ADPKD have been described only in small case series. We report a 44-year-old ADPKD patient who developed acute large middle cerebral artery infarction secondary to subpetrous dissection of the internal carotid artery. Six months after the stroke, pseudoaneurysm was demonstrated on magnetic resonance angiography at the site of a previous dissection. Based on this case report, we review the spectrum of neurovascular manifestations and stroke associated with ADPKD and summarize current concepts of the pathogenesis of this disease. Finally, special aspects of the diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management in patients with ADPKD and cervicocephalic dissection are discussed. PMID- 14770287 TI - [How is oxcarbazepine different from carbamazpine?]. AB - Oxcarbazepine (OXC, trade names Timox, Trileptal is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) for treatment of mono- and adjunctive therapy of partial seizures with or without secondary generalization for adults and children older than 6 years of age. Although OXC was developed through structural variation of carbamazepine in order to avoid side effects from metabolites, significant differences have emerged between the two drugs. The mechanism of action mainly involves blockade of sodium currents but differs from CBZ by modulating different types of calcium channels. In contrast to CBZ, which is oxidized by the cytochrome P-450 system, OXC undergoes reductive metabolism at its ketomoiety to form MHD, which is glucuronidated and excreted in the urine. Involvement of the hepatic cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes in the metabolism of OXC is minimal. This allows for better combining of OXC with other AEDs such as valproate. In postmarketing experience of over 800,000 patient-years, OXC also showed an advantageous risk benefit ratio. Oxcarbazepine should be preferred over CBZ and other older AEDs due to its very good efficacy and better side effect profile in children, adolescents, and adults with partial seizures. PMID- 14770288 TI - [Telemedicine stroke department network. Introduction of a telemedicine pilot project for integrated stroke management in South Bavaria and analysis of its efficiency]. AB - More than 100 stroke units have been established in Germany. In rural areas, however, acute stroke care needs to be improved. In order to advance clinical stroke therapy, two specialized stroke centers founded a telemedicine network (TEMPiS) among 12 community hospitals in eastern Bavaria. Each network hospital established specialized stroke wards where qualified teams manage acute stroke patients. Twenty-four hours daily, physicians in local hospitals are able to contact the stroke centers via videoconferencing including transmission of digital DICOM data. To study the efficacy of this network, a controlled trial will be performed. Five TEMPiS-network hospitals will be matched with five other hospitals equal in size, catchment area, and diagnostic techniques. For about 1 year, all consecutive stroke cases in the matched study hospitals will be prospectively recorded in a database. Neurological deficits will be quantified on the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale within 24 h after stroke onset. Mortality and institutional care as a combined primary endpoint will be assessed after 3 and 12 months. Furthermore, functional outcome according to the modified Rankin scale, Barthel score, and quality of life will be assessed using a standard telephone interview. Data acquisition started in July 2003, and final results are expected in 2005. PMID- 14770289 TI - [Jean-Martin Charcot in German neurology]. AB - Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), well known as the founder of modern neurology, was the most celebrated neurologist in the nineteenth century. His international success stemmed not only from mastery descriptions of various neurological disorders but also from his many contacts with scientists all over the world. The aim of this article is to review Charcot's ambivalent relationship to German neuropsychiatry of the time and to examine the German reception of his personality and work. Wilhelm Erb, Ludwig Hirt, Ernst von Leyden, Max Nonne, Adolph Strumpell, and other German physicians cultivated -to varying degrees - professional contacts with Charcot and, based on the fascination of his personality and significance of his work, were long and intensively influenced by the Salpetriere school. The extent of their admiration became apparent in 1882 by the award of an honorary doctorate to Charcot by the University of Wurzburg. Along with increasingly severe criticism of Charcot's research on hysteria and hypnosis, most German neuropsychiatrists became estranged, without neglecting his importance to the development of neurology in Germany. PMID- 14770290 TI - [Microelectrode recording of brain cells]. PMID- 14770291 TI - The complexity of parathyroid hormone-related protein signalling. AB - Our understanding of the mode of action of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has changed profoundly during the last decade. Most PTHrP activities are mediated by membrane receptors through autocrine/paracrine pathways. However, both endogenous and exogenous PTHrP also appear to have intracrine effects through translocation into the nucleus. The present review proposes unconventional PTHrP signalling, based on novel clues. First, PTHrP binding to its membrane receptor triggers internalization of the whole complex, mediated by beta-arrestin. There is growing evidence that the receptor and arrestin are the effectors of biological responses, rather than the ligand (or in addition to the ligand). Second, the existence of putative PTHrP targets within the cytoplasm is beginning to be supported. Recent findings of interactions between a COOH terminus of PTHrP and beta-arrestin and between the PTHrP receptor and 14-3-3 proteins represent the starting point for identification of intracellular partners of both the hormone and its receptor. PMID- 14770292 TI - Molecular and cellular mechanisms of T cell development. AB - The thymus is central to the establishment of a functioning immune system. Here is the place where T cells mature from hematopoietic progenitors, driven by mutual interactions of stromal cells and the developing thymocytes. As a result, different types of T cells are generated, all of which have been carefully selected for the ability to act in host defense towards non-self and against the potential to mount pathogenic self-reactive autoimmune responses. In this review we summarize our present knowledge on the lineage decisions taking place during this development, the selection processes responsible for shaping the T cell antigen-receptor repertoire, the interactions with the stromal components and the signal transduction pathways which transform the interactions with the thymic microenvironment into cellular responses of survival, proliferation, differentiation and, importantly, also of cell death. PMID- 14770293 TI - Novel estrogen receptor coregulators and signaling molecules in human diseases. AB - The steroid hormone estrogen and signaling from its receptors are increasingly recognized as critical mediators of a variety of organ-specific biological processes. Recent advances in the identification and functional characterization of novel estrogen receptor interacting proteins clearly show the complexity of hormonal signaling regulation, but may also contribute to our understanding of the roles of estrogen signaling in normal physiology and the pathobiology of human disease. PMID- 14770294 TI - Biological functions and signaling of a transmembrane semaphorin, CD100/Sema4D. AB - The semaphorin proteins were identified originally as axonal guidance factors functioning during neuronal development. In addition to this function, several semaphorins play diverse roles outside the nervous system. The class 4 semaphorin CD100/Sema4D, which utilizes plexin-B1 and CD72 as receptors, exerts important biological effects on a variety of cells, including the neuronal, epithelial and immune cells. Here, we review recent advances exploring the molecular mechanisms governing the biological functions of CD100/Sema4D. PMID- 14770295 TI - Human clade B serpins (ov-serpins) belong to a cohort of evolutionarily dispersed intracellular proteinase inhibitor clades that protect cells from promiscuous proteolysis. AB - Serpins are unique among the various types of active site proteinase inhibitors because they covalently trap their targets by undergoing an irreversible conformational rearrangement. Members of the serpin superfamily are present in the three major domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya) as well as several eukaryotic viruses. The human genome encodes for at least 35 members that segregate evolutionarily into nine (A-I) distinct clades. Most of the human serpins are secreted and circulate in the bloodstream where they reside at critical checkpoints intersecting self-perpetuating proteolytic cascades such as those of the clotting, thrombolytic and complement systems. Unlike these circulating serpins, the clade B serpins (ov-serpins) lack signal peptides and reside primarily within cells. Most of the human clade B serpins inhibit serine and/or papain-like cysteine proteinases and protect cells from exogenous and endogenous proteinase-mediated injury. Moreover, as sequencing projects expand to the genomes of other species, it has become apparent that intracellular serpins belonging to distinct phylogenic clades are also present in the three major domains of life. As some of these serpins also guard cells against the deleterious effects of promiscuous proteolytic activity, we propose that this cytoprotective function, along with similarities in structure are common features of a cohort of intracellular serpin clades from a wide variety of species. PMID- 14770296 TI - Proteolytic generation and aggregation of peptides from transmembrane regions: lung surfactant protein C and amyloid beta-peptide. AB - The formation of amyloid fibrils is associated with several devastating diseases in humans and animals, including e.g. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the spongiform encephalopathies. Here, we review and discuss the current knowledge on two amyloid peptides: lung surfactant protein C (SP-C) and the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), implicated in human lung disease and in AD, respectively. Both these hydrophobic peptides are derived from the transmembrane region of their precursor protein, and can transit from a monomeric alpha-helical state to a beta-sheet fibril. The alpha helices of SP-C and Abeta are composed of amino acid residues with inherently higher propensities for beta strand than helix conformation. Their helical states are stabilized by a membrane environment, and loss of membrane association thus promotes structural conversion and fibril formation. We speculate that the loss of structural context for sequences with a high propensity for formation of beta sheets may be a common feature of amyloid formation in general. PMID- 14770297 TI - DNA repair nucleases. AB - Stability of DNA largely depends on accuracy of repair mechanisms, which remove structural anomalies induced by exogenous and endogenous agents or introduced by DNA metabolism, such as replication. Most repair mechanisms include nucleolytic processing of DNA, where nucleases cleave a phosphodiester bond between a deoxyribose and a phosphate residue, thereby producing 5'-terminal phosphate and 3'-terminal hydroxyl groups. Exonucleases hydrolyse nucleotides from either the 5' or 3' end of DNA, while endonucleases incise internal sites of DNA. Flap endonucleases cleave DNA flap structures at or near the junction between single stranded and double-stranded regions. DNA nucleases play a crucial role in mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair and double strand break repair. In addition, nucleolytic repair functions are required during replication to remove misincorporated nucleotides, Okazaki fragments and 3' tails that may be formed after repair of stalled replication forks. PMID- 14770298 TI - The development of gene therapy for diseases of the lung. AB - The development of a successful gene therapy has many stages, including preclinical testing in animal models and proof of principle clinical studies. A variety of diseases affect the lung, which are candidates for gene therapy; this review will mainly focus on the diseases that have attracted the most attention and have therefore yielded the most progress, namely lung cancer and the monogenic disorder cystic fibrosis. Knowledge gained from clinical studies could eventually be applied to more complex lung conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and asthma. In addition, increased gene transfer efficiencies could be obtained by appropriate selection of the gene transfer vector and mode of delivery. PMID- 14770299 TI - Alexander disease: putative mechanisms of an astrocytic encephalopathy. AB - Alexander disease (AXD) is the first primary astrocytic disorder. This encephalopathy is caused by dominant mutations in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene, encoding the main intermediate filament of astrocyte. Pathologically, this neurodegenerative disease is characterised by dystrophic astrocytes containing intermediate filament aggregates associated with myelin abnormalities. More than 20 GFAP mutations have been reported. Many of them cluster in highly conserved regions between several intermediate filaments. Contrary to other intermediate filament-related diseases, AXD seems to be the consequence of a toxic gain of function induced by aggregates. This is supported by the phenotype of mice overexpressing human GFAP. Nevertheless, GFAP null mice display myelin abnormalities and blood-brain barrier dysfunction that are present in AXD. Given the pivotal role of astrocytes in brain physiology, there are many possibilities for astrocytes to dysfunction and to impair the functions of other cells. Physiopathological hypotheses are discussed in the frame of AXD. PMID- 14770300 TI - The bioinformatics challenges in comparative analysis of cereal genomes-an overview. AB - Comparative genomic analysis is the cornerstone of in silico-based approaches to understanding biological systems and processes across cereal species, such as rice, wheat and barley, in order to identify genes of agronomic interest. The size of the genomic repositories is nearly doubling every year, and this has significant implications on the way bioinformatics analyses are carried out. In this overview the concepts and technology underpinning bioinformatics as applied to comparative genomic analysis are considered in the context of other manuscripts appearing in this issue of Functional and Integrative Genomics. PMID- 14770301 TI - Genes controlling seed dormancy and pre-harvest sprouting in a rice-wheat-barley comparison. AB - Pre-harvest sprouting results in significant economic loss for the grain industry around the world. Lack of adequate seed dormancy is the major reason for pre harvest sprouting in the field under wet weather conditions. Although this trait is governed by multiple genes it is also highly heritable. A major QTL controlling both pre-harvest sprouting and seed dormancy has been identified on the long arm of barley chromosome 5H, and it explains over 70% of the phenotypic variation. Comparative genomics approaches among barley, wheat and rice were used to identify candidate gene(s) controlling seed dormancy and hence one aspect of pre-harvest sprouting. The barley seed dormancy/pre-harvest sprouting QTL was located in a region that showed good synteny with the terminal end of the long arm of rice chromosome 3. The rice DNA sequences were annotated and a gene encoding GA20-oxidase was identified as a candidate gene controlling the seed dormancy/pre-harvest sprouting QTL on 5HL. This chromosomal region also shared synteny with the telomere region of wheat chromosome 4AL, but was located outside of the QTL reported for seed dormancy in wheat. The wheat chromosome 4AL QTL region for seed dormancy was syntenic to both rice chromosome 3 and 11. In both cases, corresponding QTLs for seed dormancy have been mapped in rice. PMID- 14770302 TI - Contribution of the [FeII(SCys)4] site to the thermostability of rubredoxins. AB - The thermostabilities of Fe(2+) ligation in rubredoxins (Rds) from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus (Pf) and the mesophiles Clostridium pasteurianum (Cp) and Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Dv) were compared. Residue 44 forms an NH.S(Cys) hydrogen bond to one of the cysteine ligands to the [Fe(SCys)(4)] site, and substitutions at this location affect the redox properties of the [Fe(SCys)(4)] site. Both Pf Rd and Dv Rd have an alanine residue at position 44, whereas Cp Fd has a valine residue. Wild-type proteins were examined along with V44A and A44V "exchange" mutants of Cp and Pf Rds, respectively, in order to assess the effects of the residue at position 44 on the stability of the [Fe(SCys)(4)] site. Stability of iron ligation was measured by temperature-ramp and fixed-temperature time course experiments, monitoring iron release in both the absence and presence of more thiophilic metals (Zn(2+), Cd(2+)) and over a range of pH values. The thermostability of the polypeptide fold was concomitantly measured by fluorescence, circular dichroism, and (1)H NMR spectroscopies. The A44V mutation strongly lowered the stability of the [Fe(II)(SCys)(4)] site in Pf Rd, whereas the converse V44A mutation of Cp Rd significantly raised the stability of the [Fe(II)(SCys)(4)] site, but not to the levels measured for wild type Dv Rd. The region around residue 44 is thus a significant contributor to stability of iron coordination in reduced Rds. This region, however, made only a minor contribution to the thermostability of the protein folding, which was found to be higher for hyperthermophilic versus mesophilic Rds, and largely independent of the residue at position 44. These results, together with our previous studies, show that localized charge density, solvent accessibility, and iron site/backbone interactions control the thermostability of the [Fe(SCys)(4)] site. The iron site thermostability does make a minor contribution to the overall Rd thermostability. From a mechanistic standpoint, we also found that attack of displacing ions (H(+), Cd(2+)) on the Cys42 sulfur ligand at the [Fe(SCys)(4)] site occurs through the V8 side and not the V44 side of the iron site. PMID- 14770303 TI - Quantitative ultrasound measurements of the calcaneus in the prediction of lumbar spine degeneration. AB - A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the possible use of a low-cost radiation-free technique in the prediction of degenerative changes in the lumbar spine. Although an inverse correlation between osteoporosis and degenerative changes in the lumbar spine has been reported, no previous studies have asked whether there is a correlation between calcaneal quantitative ultrasound results and degenerative findings in the lumbar spine. In 117 patients with low back pain or pain in the lower limb, ultrasonographic parameters (speed of sound, broadband ultrasound attenuation, stiffness) of the calcaneus were correlated with evidence of degenerative changes and stenosis on magnetic resonance scans of the lumbar spine. Linear and logistic regression, as well as receiver operator characteristic curve analyses, were used to evaluate the correlation. Lumbar spine stenosis was associated with elevated calcaneal ultrasonographic parameters, particularly speed of sound. For the identification of a narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal below 100 mm(2) of dural sac cross-sectional area, speed of sound showed 89% sensitivity and 75% specificity in males older than 60 years. In male patients, we also found a significant positive correlation between ultrasonographic parameters and scores on a degenerative scale that primarily reflects intervertebral disc degeneration ( P=0.019 for speed of sound; P=0.039 for stiffness). In conclusion, calcaneal quantitative ultrasound is frequently used in elderly patients with low back pain as a diagnostic test for osteoporosis. The incidental finding of high values on ultrasonographic parameters in these subjects, particularly in males, is highly correlated with lumbar spine degeneration and stenosis, and can help to identify those symptomatic patients needing more extensive diagnostic testing. PMID- 14770304 TI - Causes of fever and value of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in differentiating infections from paraneoplastic fever. AB - OBJECTIVE: The aims of our retrospective study were to study first the causes of 245 febrile episodes in cancer patients and then the value of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in differentiating infections from paraneoplastic fever. METHOD: The causes of fever were studied in 245 consecutive cases observed between January and December 2002, and PCT and CRP diagnostic value in 155 cases (114 infections and 41 paraneoplastic fever). RESULTS: The two main causes of fever were infection (121 cases) and paraneoplastic fever (43 cases); 77 infections were microbiologically documented. Cocci gram positive caused 41 out of 77 documented infections. Paraneoplastic fever was more frequent in metastatic disease ( p=6.10(-6)). CRP and PCT serum levels at admission did not differ significantly in the infection group and paraneoplastic fever group (respectively p=0.39 and p=0.14 with Mann-Whitney test). The PCT and CRP levels had poor prognostic value in infection (respectively 0.04 and 0.0003 with Mann-Whitney test). CONCLUSION: Causes of fever are very numerous in cancer patients (more than 75 different causes in this study). Bacterial infection is the most frequent cause. PCT and CRP failed to discriminate infection, but both had pejorative prognostic value in infected patients. PMID- 14770305 TI - Atmospheric pollen season in Zagreb (Croatia) and its relationship with temperature and precipitation. AB - The number of individuals allergic to plant pollen has recently been on a constant increase, especially in large cities and industrial areas. Therefore, monitoring of airborne pollen types and concentrations during the pollen season is of the utmost medical importance. The research reported in this paper aims to determine the beginning, course and end of the pollen season for the plants in the City of Zagreb, to identify allergenic plants, and to assess the variation in airborne pollen concentration as a function of temperature and precipitation changes for the year 2002. A volumetric Hirst sampler was used for airborne pollen sampling. Qualitative and quantitative pollen analysis was performed under a light microscope (magnification x400). In the Zagreb area, 12 groups of highly allergenic plants (alder, hazel, cypress, birch, ash, hornbeam, grasses, elder, nettles, sweet chestnut, artemisia and ambrosia) were identified. Birch pollen predominated in spring, the highest concentrations being recorded in February and March. Grass pollen prevailed in May and June, and pollen of herbaceous plants of the genus Urtica (nettle) and of ambrosia in July, August and September. Air temperature was mostly higher or considerably higher than the annual average in those months, which resulted in a many days with high and very high airborne pollen concentrations. The exception was April, when these concentrations were lower because of high levels of precipitation. This also held for the first half of August and the second half of September. Pollen-sensitive individuals were at high risk from February till October because of the high airborne pollen concentrations, which only showed a transient decrease when the temperature fell or there was precipitation. PMID- 14770306 TI - Short-term prediction of Betula airborne pollen concentration in Vigo (NW Spain) using logistic additive models and partially linear models. AB - Betula pollen is a common cause of pollinosis in localities in NW Spain and between 13% and 60% of individuals who are immunosensitive to pollen grains respond positively to its allergens. It is important in the case of all such people to be able to predict pollen concentrations in advance. We therefore undertook an aerobiological study in the city of Vigo (Pontevedra, Spain) from 1995 to 2001, using a Hirst active-impact pollen trap (VPPS 2000) situated in the city centre. Vigo presents a temperate maritime climate with a mean annual temperature of 14.9 degrees C and 1,412 mm annual total precipitation. This paper analyses two ways of quantifying the prediction of pollen concentration: first by means of a generalized additive regression model with the object of predicting whether the series of interest exceeds a certain threshold; second using a partially linear model to obtain specific prediction values for pollen grains. Both models use a self-explicative part and another formed by exogenous meteorological factors. The models were tested with data from 2001 (year in which the total precipitation registered was almost twice the climatological average overall during the flowering period), which were not used in formulating the models. A highly satisfactory classification and good forecasting results were achieved with the first and second approaches respectively. The estimated line taking into account temperature and a calm S-SW wind, corresponds to the real line recorded during 2001, which gives us an idea of the proposed model's validity. PMID- 14770307 TI - Poor prognostic factors of hepatectomy in patients with resectable small hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. AB - PURPOSE: Some patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at an early stage cannot attain long-term survival after hepatectomy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the poor prognostic factors for hepatectomy in patients with resectable small HCC with cirrhosis. METHODS: We studied 95 patients with cirrhosis with HCC, which consisted of a single tumor 5 cm or smaller or two or three tumor nodules each 3 cm or less; an absence of extrahepatic metastasis; and an absence of radiological evidence of macroscopic portal vein or hepatic vein invasion. We used Cox's proportional hazard model to identify risk factors associated with prognosis to determine the contra-indications for hepatectomy in patients with resectable small HCC. RESULTS: Preoperative risk factors were: (1) serum AFP concentration of more than 400 ng/ml; (2) infiltrative-, massive-, or multinodular-type (multiple) HCC; and (3) the presence of intrahepatic metastasis. Patients who had had more than one of the three preoperative risk factors were poor candidates for hepatic resection, with a 4-year survival of 16.3%. CONCLUSION: If patients with resectable small HCC are diagnosed as having more than one of three preoperative risk factors, they should not receive hepatectomy or should be considered for primary liver transplantation as a therapeutic option for HCC. PMID- 14770308 TI - Expression patterns of erythropoietin and its receptor in the developing midbrain. AB - The expression patterns of erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EPOR) were investigated in the midbrain and in adjacent parts of the synencephalon and hindbrain of embryonic C57Bl mice. On embryonic (E) day 8 (E8), virtually all neuroepithelial cells expressed EPOR. After neural tube closure, subsets of these cells downregulated EPOR. In contrast, radial glial cells were EPOR-immunolabeled from E11 onwards. Simultaneously, subpopulations of early developing neurons upregulated EPO and expressed HIF-1, known to transcriptionally activate EPO. Three-dimensional reconstructions revealed subpopulations of EPO-expressing neurons: (1) in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (TMN), (2) at the rostral transition of the midbrain and synencephalon, (3) in the basal plate of the midbrain, (4) in the trigeminal motor nucleus, and (5) in the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus. In the rostral midbrain and synencephalon, EPO immunoreactive neurons were attached to EPOR-expressing radial glial cells. The identity of radial glial cells was proven by their immunoreactivity for antibodies against astrocyte-specific glutamate transporter, brain lipid-binding protein, and nestin. From E12.5 onwards EPOR was downregulated in radial glial cells. Viable neurons of the TMN continued to express EPO and upregulated EPOR. Our findings provide new evidence that components of the EPO system are present in distinct locations of the embryonic brain and, by interactions between neurons and radial glial cells as well as among clustered TMN neurons, may contribute to its morphogenesis. Whether the observed expression patterns of EPO and EPOR may reflect EPO-mediated trophic and/or antiapoptotic effects on neurons is discussed. PMID- 14770309 TI - The ancillary proteins of HATs: SLC3 family of amino acid transporters. AB - The heteromeric amino acid transporters (HATs) are composed of a light and a heavy subunit linked by a disulfide bridge. The heavy subunits are the SLC3 members (rBAT and 4F2hc), whereas the light subunits are members of the SLC7 family of amino acid transporters. SLC3 proteins are type II membrane glycoproteins (i.e., one single transmembrane domain and the C-terminus located outside the cell) with a bulky extracellular domain that shows homology with alpha-glucosidases. rBAT heterodimerizes with b(0,+)AT (SLC7A9) constituting the amino acid transport b(0,+), the main system responsible for the apical reabsorption of cystine in kidney. The defect in this system causes cystinuria, the most common primary inherited aminoaciduria. 4F2hc subserves various amino acid transport systems by dimerization with different SLC7 proteins. The main role of SLC3 proteins is to help routing of the holotransporter to the plasma membrane. A working model for the biogenesis of HATs based on recent data on the rBAT/b(0,+)AT heterodimeric complex is presented. 4F2hc is a multifunctional protein, and in addition to its role in amino acid transport, it may be involved in other cellular functions. Studies on two SLC7 members (Asc-2 and AGT1) demonstrate heterodimerization with unknown heavy subunits. PMID- 14770310 TI - CATs and HATs: the SLC7 family of amino acid transporters. AB - The SLC7 family is divided into two subgroups, the cationic amino acid transporters (the CAT family, SLC7A1-4) and the glycoprotein-associated amino acid transporters (the gpaAT family, SLC7A5-11), also called light chains or catalytic chains of the hetero(di)meric amino acid transporters (HAT). The associated glycoproteins (heavy chains) 4F2hc (CD98) or rBAT (D2, NBAT) form the SLC3 family. Members of the CAT family transport essentially cationic amino acids by facilitated diffusion with differential trans-stimulation by intracellular substrates. In some cells, they may regulate the rate of NO synthesis by controlling the uptake of l-arginine as the substrate for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The heterodimeric amino acid transporters are, in contrast, quite diverse in terms of substrate selectivity and function (mostly) as obligatory exchangers. Their selectivity ranges from large neutral amino acids (system L) to small neutral amino acids (ala, ser, cys-preferring, system asc), negatively charged amino acid (system x(c)(-)) and cationic amino acids plus neutral amino acids (system y(+)L and b(0,+)-like). Cotransport of Na(+) is observed only for the y(+)L transporters when they carry neutral amino acids. Mutations in b(0,+)-like and y(+)L transporters lead to the hereditary diseases cystinuria and lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI), respectively. PMID- 14770311 TI - SLC19: the folate/thiamine transporter family. AB - The SLC19 gene family of solute carriers is a family of three transporter proteins with significant structural similarity, transporting, however, substrates with different structure and ionic charge. The three members of this gene family are expressed ubiquitously and mediate the transport of two important water-soluble vitamins, folate and thiamine. The concentrative transport of substrates mediated by the members of this gene family is energized by transcellular H(+)/OH(-) gradient. SLC19A1 is expressed at highest levels in absorptive cells where it is located in a polarized manner either in the apical or basal membrane, depending on the cell type. It mediates the transport of reduced folate and its analogs, such as methotrexate, which are anionic at physiological pH. SLC19A2 is expressed ubiquitously and mediates the transport of thiamine, a cation at physiological pH. SLC19A3 is also widely expressed and is capable of transporting thiamine. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the structural, functional, molecular and physiological aspects of the SLC19 gene family. PMID- 14770312 TI - The SLC24 Na+/Ca2+-K+ exchanger family: vision and beyond. AB - Na(+)/Ca(2+)-K(+) exchange (NCKX) was first discovered in the outer segments of vertebrate rod photoreceptors (ROS), where it is the only mechanism for extruding the Ca(2+) that enters ROS via the light-sensitive and cGMP-gated channels. ROS NCKX1 is the only NCKX gene family member studied extensively in situ. ROS NCKX1 cDNAs have been cloned subsequently from a number of species including man and shown to be the first member of a new gene family ( SLCA24). Three further members of the human NCKX gene family have been cloned subsequently ( NCKX2- 4) by homology with NCKX1, while a partial sequence of a fifth human NCKX gene has appeared in the data base. NCKX-related genes have also been identified in lower animals including fruit flies, worms and sea urchins. NCKX2 is expressed in the brain, in retinal cone photoreceptors and in retinal ganglion cells, while NCKX3 and NCKX4 show a broader expression pattern. In situ NCKX1 and heterologously expressed NCKX2 operate at a 4Na(+):1Ca(2+)+1 K(+) stoichiometry; both NCKX1 and NCKX2 are bidirectional transporters normally extruding Ca(2+) from the cell (forward exchange), but also able to carry Ca(2+) into the cell (reverse exchange) when the transmembrane Na(+) gradient is reversed. Sequence changes have been observed for both NCKX1 and NCKX2 in patients with retinal diseases, but a definitive association with retinal disease has not been shown. PMID- 14770313 TI - Calcium receptor message, expression and function decrease in differentiating keratinocytes. AB - Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) expression and function were studied in proliferating and differentiating cultured human gingival keratinocytes (HGKs). CaSR mRNA and protein were present in proliferating HGKs cultured in 0.03 mM [Ca(2+)] and decreased in cells induced to differentiate by culturing in 1.2 mM [Ca(2+)] for 2 days. CaSR protein was also detected in gingival tissue. Exposure to 10 mM extracellular [Ca(2+)] activated two sequential whole-cell currents. The first was a small, transient calcium release activated calcium current I(CRAC) like current with an inwardly rectifying I-V curve. The second current was larger with a linear I-V curve. Both currents were significantly decreased in differentiating cells. Neither neomycin nor gadolinium induced changes in whole cell currents nor in intracellular [Ca(2+)], but neomycin inhibited the late large current. Extracellular Ca(2+) increased intracellular [Ca(2+)] of proliferating HGKs in a dose-dependent fashion. Comparison of the time-courses of the whole-cell currents and the intracellular [Ca(2+)] responses indicated both induced currents supported a Ca(2+) influx. Extracellular [Mg(2+)] changes did not affect intracellular [Ca(2+)]. La(3+) and 2-APB inhibited the whole cell current and intracellular [Ca(2+)] changes. The results indicate that the CaSR signaling response likely plays a major role in initiating Ca(2+) induced differentiation responses in HGKs. PMID- 14770315 TI - Prophylactic treatment of the fellow eye of patients with retinal detachment: a retrospective study. AB - BACKGROUND: Controversy exists over the prophylactic treatment of predisposing lesions to prevent retinal detachment. METHODS: Seven hundred sixty consecutive phakic fellow eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the first eye were examined by the same vitreoretinal surgeon before detachment surgery and for a follow-up period ranging from 1 to 72 months, with a mean of 36 months. During this period, in 305 fellow eyes (40.1%) predisposing retinal lesions were present and prophylactic treatments (photocoagulation, cryotherapy or scleral buckle) were performed independently of vitreous status. The results were then compared with the incidence of bilateral RD without prophylaxis reported in Folk and Burton's study of 1982; the two study's data were well matched and showed no significant difference in regards to age, sex, incidence myopia > or =-2.5 and incidence of lattice degeneration. The objective was to investigate whether or not prophylactic treatment is able to avert retinal detachment in the fellow eye. RESULTS: The age of the patients with peripheral retinal lesions was correlated inversely with the presence of myopia. Nine eyes out of 305 eyes treated (2.9%) developed a retinal detachment, reducing the rate of bilateral retinal detachment to 1.2% (9 eyes out of 760). CONCLUSIONS: This incidence of bilaterality (1.2%) was lower than the incidence of retinal detachment in fellow eyes not prophylactically treated as reported in the literature, and there exists a highly statistically significant difference between this study's data of 1.2% after prophylaxis and a 13.4% rate of bilaterality as reported by Folk without prophylaxis (P=0.0000). PMID- 14770314 TI - Novel vistas of calcium-mediated signalling in the thalamus. AB - Traditionally, the role of calcium ions (Ca(2+)) in thalamic neurons has been viewed as that of electrical charge carriers. Recent experimental findings in thalamic cells have only begun to unravel a highly complex Ca(2+) signalling network that exploits extra- and intracellular Ca(2+) sources. In thalamocortical relay neurons, interactions between T-type Ca(2+) channel activation, Ca(2+) dependent regulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and the hyperpolarization activated cation current ( I(h)) regulate oscillatory burst firing during periods of sleep and generalized epilepsy, while a functional triad between Ca(2+) influx through high-voltage-activated (most likely L-type) Ca(2+) channels, Ca(2+) induced Ca(2+) release via ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and a repolarizing mechanism (possibly via K(+) channels of the BK(Ca) type) supports tonic spike firing as required during wakefulness. The mechanisms seem to be located mostly at dendritic and somatic sites, respectively. One functional compartment involving local GABAergic interneurons in certain thalamic relay nuclei is the glomerulus, in which the dendritic release of GABA is regulated by Ca(2+) influx via canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPC), thereby presumably enabling transmitters of extrathalamic input systems that are coupled to phospholipase C (PLC)-activating receptors to control feed-forward inhibition in the thalamus. Functional interplay between T-type Ca(2+) channels in dendrites and the A-type K(+) current controls burst firing, contributing to the range of oscillatory activity observed in these interneurons. GABAergic neurons in the reticular thalamic (RT) nucleus recruit a specific set of Ca(2+)-dependent mechanisms for the generation of rhythmic burst firing, of which a particular T type Ca(2+) channel in the dendritic membrane, the Ca(2+)-dependent activation of non-specific cation channels ( I(CAN)) and of K(+) channels (SK(Ca) type) are key players. Glial Ca(2+) signalling in the thalamus appears to be a basic mechanism of the dynamic and integrated exchange of information between glial cells and neurons. The conclusion from these observations is that a localized calcium signalling network exists in all neuronal and probably also glial cell types in the thalamus and that this network is dedicated to the precise regulation of the functional mode of the thalamus during various behavioural states. PMID- 14770316 TI - Expression of serotonin receptor mRNAs in human ciliary body: a polymerase chain reaction study. AB - BACKGROUND: Previous research has indicated a role for serotonin (5-HT) in the anterior uvea of the eye. The purpose of this study was to examine whether mRNAs encoding particular 5-HT receptors are expressed in the ciliary body and iris of a number of human subjects. METHODS: The presence of mRNA encoding 5-HT receptors in four human ciliary body samples was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction experiments using a standard methodology. RESULTS: Positive signals for 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), 5-HT(2C) and 5-HT(7) receptor mRNAs were detected in the samples prepared from various human ciliary body samples. CONCLUSION: The detection of certain 5-HT receptor mRNAs in the human ciliary body supports the hypothesis that serotonin is involved in the control of aqueous dynamics and indicates that ligands acting on these 5-HT receptors may have potential use as intraocular pressure-lowering agents. PMID- 14770317 TI - Retinal vessel reaction in response to chromatic flickering light. AB - BACKGROUND: Flickering light stimulation of the retina is known to increase retinal vessel diameter in animals and humans. The aim of the study was to quantify the response of retinal vessel diameter to red-green and blue-green flickering light. METHODS: In 11 normal healthy volunteers (mean age: 25.2+/-6.8 years) retinal arterial and venous diameters were examined by Retinal Vessel Analyzer (IMEDOS Ltd., Weimar, Germany) before, during and after red-green and blue-green flicker stimulation with a frequency of 12 Hz and duration of 10 and 30 s. RESULTS: For red-green flicker at 10 s there was a 2.4+/-1.4% arterial diameter increase at 9.1+/-3.3 s with a return to baseline after 30 s and a 2.4+/ 1.1% venous diameter increase at 12.1+/-2.6 s with a return to baseline after 30 s. For red-green flicker at 30 s there was a 3.2+/-1.5% arterial diameter increase at 26.9+/-12.6 s with a return to baseline after 40 s and a 4.9+/-1.8% venous diameter increase at 31.4+/-7.6 s with a return to baseline after 40 s. For blue-green flicker at 10 s there was a 2.0+/-0.7% arterial diameter increase at 10.6+/-5.3 s with a return to baseline after 30 s and a 2.3+/-1.1% venous diameter increase at 12.0+/-5.5 s with a return to baseline after 30 s. For blue green flicker at 30 s there was a 2.6+/-1.3% arterial diameter increase at 20.7+/ 8.0 s with a return to baseline after 40 s and a 3.4+/-2.2% venous diameter increase at 28.8+/-10.5 s with a return to baseline after 40 s. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal vessel diameter dilation is a reproducible response to the applied flicker stimuli. This finding supports the existence of neurovascular coupling in the human retina. Flicker stimulation in either red-green or blue-green might be a useful stimulus for examination of retinal vessel behavior to regulatory demands. PMID- 14770318 TI - Retinal ganglion cell survival is enhanced by gabapentin-lactam in vitro: evidence for involvement of mitochondrial KATP channels. AB - BACKGROUND: Recently, gabapentin-lactam (GBP-L) was shown to be neuroprotective in vivo. It has been suggested that GBP-L may act by opening mitochondrial ATP sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying the effect of GBP-L on the survival of purified retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). METHODS: RGCs were purified from early postnatal rat retinae by immunopanning with antibodies against Thy1.1 and cultured in serum-free medium for 2 days. Cell survival was quantified by counting vital cells under phase-contrast optics. Results were normalized to controls. RGCs were treated with various concentrations (3.2-320 microM) of GBP-L with and without 1 microM glibenclamide, blocking both plasmalemmal and mitochondrial K(ATP) channels, or 100 microM 5 hydroxydecanoate (5-HD), antagonizing selectively mitochondrial K(ATP) channels. For comparison, additional cultures were treated with 32 microM gabapentin, the parent drug of GBP-L. A combination of the neurotrophic factors BDNF and CNTF (50 ng/ml each) served as a positive control. RESULTS. GBP-L increased RGC survival to a maximum of 145+/-5% (mean +/- SEM) in a concentration-dependent manner. The pEC(50) was 5.0, CI95 [4.7, 5.3]. Preincubation with glibenclamide changed the dose-response of GBP-L, indicating that it acted as a competitive antagonist with a pA2 value of 6.8, CI95 [5.9, 7.5]. 5-HD completely blocked the survival promoting effect of GBP-L. Gabapentin had no effect, whereas the combination of CNTF and BDNF enhanced survival to 177+/-9%. CONCLUSIONS: GBP-L, but not gabapentin, can promote the survival of cultured central nervous system neurons, possibly by opening mitochondrial K(ATP) channels. These results suggest further testing of GBP-L as a potentially neuroprotective drug. PMID- 14770319 TI - Hydatidosis of the pelvis: a case report with a 25-year follow-up. AB - INTRODUCTION: Hydatid disease involves mainly the liver (66% of the cases) and the lungs (22%), with skeletal involvement being reported in 0.5-2.5% of cases. CASE REPORT: Herein is reported a case of hydatidosis of the hip and pelvis with a follow-up of 25 years. The diagnosis was first done in April 1975 following the local excision of a single hydatid cyst from the ischium of a 25-year-old man complaining of increasing pain and swelling of the left thigh. Histology confirmed hydatid disease of the bone. Local excision was repeated four more times for recurrence of the hydatid cysts in the bone or soft tissues. Antiparasitic medical therapy (albendazole 10 mg/kg daily) was attempted in 1991 but suspended after 2 days due to systemic adverse effects (abdominal pain, diarrhea). The patient had a 12-year relapse-free period with complete absence of any symptoms. CONCLUSION: Such a long symptom-free period confirms that it is not possible to consider bone hydatidosis as being completely healed without the confirmation of a long term follow-up. PMID- 14770320 TI - Retrocaval ureter in children: a report of two cases. AB - Retrocaval ureter is a relatively rare anomaly that usually manifests in the third or fourth decades. Symptoms are due to ureteric obstruction, either extrinsic by the abnormal inferior vena cava (IVC), or intrinsic ureteric hypoplasia. Surgery is needed for symptomatic cases and involves transection and relocation of the ureter anterior to the IVC. We report our experience with two such children who needed surgery because of increasing hydronephrosis and who have done well since. PMID- 14770321 TI - Twenty-one cases of small bowel intussusception: the pathophysiology of idiopathic intussusception and the concept of benign small bowel intussusception. AB - Ultrasonography (US) was used to study intussusceptions prospectively at Kiyama Hospital in 1999 and 2000 under the classification of small bowel intussusception (SBI) and large bowel or ileo-ileo-colic intussusception (LBI). The clinical features, management, outcome and etiology were analyzed. All LBIs and SBIs with ischemic symptoms and SBIs complicated by LBI were treated by enema reduction, whereas SBIs considered to be nonischemic were observed. SBI was seen in 21 patients with a mean age of 62.6+/-31.2 months. Four cases (19.0%) were diagnosed during the course of LBI. US showed mesenteric lymphoid hyperplasia in 15 (71.4%). Hydrostatic enema reduction was successful in 9/9, and SBI reduced naturally in the other 12 (benign SBI). LBI occurred in 38 patients with a mean age of 27.8+/-21.2 months. Mesenteric lymphoid hyperplasia was observed in 29 (76.3%). Hydrostatic enema reduction was successful in 37/38. SBI occurs more frequently and in a wider age group than previously considered. Many SBIs reduced naturally, suggesting that they were only transient invagination phenomena and should be called benign SBI. The frequent association of SBI with LBI and also the frequent association of mesenteric lymphoid hyperplasia with both SBI and LBI seem the key to the pathophysiology of intussusception. PMID- 14770322 TI - The use of the Limberg skin flap for closure of large lumbosacral myelomeningoceles. AB - Closure of the skin defect in myelomeningocele repair is an essential step that determines the quality of the surgical result. In large myelomeningoceles, however, adequate skin coverage may not be accomplished by direct closure or skin undermining. In such cases, the skin defect is best repaired using flaps. To evaluate whether the Limberg skin flap is effective for the repair of large round or oval lumbosacral myelomeningoceles, we studied the records of 25 children. Surgical repair was carried out within 24-36 hours of birth in all 25 patients, with the defect size ranging from 36-72 cm(2). Durable, stable soft tissue coverage of the defect was obtained in 23 of 25 patients, with a postoperative follow-up of at least 2 years. Reoperation became necessary in the remaining two patients, but flap necrosis occurred in only one. We suggest that Limberg flap repair may have some advantages in patients with large round or oval lumbosacral myelomeningoceles, including minimal invasivity, short hospitalization, and improved cosmetic results. PMID- 14770323 TI - Biliary dyskinesia: is the problem with Oddi? AB - We report our experience of cholecystectomy for treating symptoms suggestive of biliary disease in association with a decreased gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) but without evidence of cholelithiasis. Five children with normal biliary ultrasounds were evaluated between January 1990 and December 2000 for recurrent upper abdominal pain. Based on a cholecystokinin (CCK)-provoked GBEF of less than 50% and the absence of any other gastrointestinal pathology, patients underwent cholecystectomy with operative cholangiography for presumed biliary dyskinesia. Pathological examination demonstrated chronic inflammation in all cases. Two patients had complete resolution of their symptoms, but three had persistent pain following surgery. Biliary dyskinesia seems an uncommon cause of persistent abdominal pain in childhood. Cholecystectomy was not always effective in relieving symptoms. Biliary scintigraphy with CCK provocation should not be used as the sole criterion for cholecystectomy. Sphincteric manometry may be valuable in the assessment of this small group of patients to avoid inappropriate intervention. The future perhaps lies in better understanding of the physiological action and pharmacological control of the sphincter of Oddi. PMID- 14770324 TI - Successful stenting for Budd-Chiari syndrome after pediatric liver transplantation: a case series and review of the literature. AB - Hepatic venous outflow obstruction, known as Budd-Chiari syndrome, is a rare but serious complication of orthotopic liver transplantation and may lead to graft loss. Our aim was to describe a single center experience of percutaneous interventional management of hepatic outflow obstruction post liver transplantation in children. Three children with post-transplant hepatic venous outflow obstruction were treated successfully with percutaneous stent placement. This resulted in long-term resolution of symptoms and was superior to balloon angioplasty both in our series and in cases reported in the literature. Stenting may be the treatment of choice for hepatic venous obstruction after pediatric liver transplantation, particularly if there is a recurrence of stenosis after balloon dilatation. PMID- 14770325 TI - A palpable right lower abdominal mass due to Yersinia mesenteric lymphadenitis. AB - Infection by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis has become of increasing pathological importance. This report describes the case of a 12-year-old female with mesenteric lymphadenitis due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The patient presented with fever, abdominal pain, and a palpable right abdominal mass. Abdominal ultrasonic imaging and computerized axial tomography (CT) revealed a mass. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, followed by appendectomy and mesenteric lymph node biopsy. The diagnosis of Yersinia infection was confirmed by serology and bacterial culture of the biopsy material. This condition should be considered in patients with a right lower abdominal mass and symptoms similar to those of appendicitis. PMID- 14770326 TI - The timing of enteric neural crest cell colonisation of the chick embryo cloaca. AB - Neural crest cell (NCC) migration and formation of the enteric nervous system (ENS) is an essential process in the development of the normal human gut. Abnormalities of the ENS lead to a number of neurochristopathies. In avian embryos, the cloaca acts as a common chamber into which gastrointestinal, urinary and genital tracts emerge. Previous studies have elucidated the specific timeframes at which NCCs reach the various regions of the developing chick gut but, to date, none have looked at NCC colonisation of the cloaca. The aim of our study was to investigate the exact timing of the appearance of NCCs in the cloaca of chick embryos. Chicken embryos were harvested on embryonic days (E) 8-12. Whole embryos were fixed, embedded in paraffin and sectioned. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry, using an anti-HNK-1/N-CAM monoclonal antibody, was performed and images were obtained by confocal microscopy. There was no evidence of NCCs in the cloaca of embryos from E8 to E11. Intense immunoreactivity to HNK 1 first appeared in the cloaca of E12 embryos, demonstrating a profuse circumferential colonisation by NCCs at this time. Our study is the first to show the exact timing of enteric NCC colonisation of the chick embryo cloaca. Further studies, involving quail-chick chimeras, are required to establish the true origin of cloacal NCCs and to establish the relationship between NCCs and persistent cloaca. PMID- 14770327 TI - Three-dimensional co-culture model of enterocytes and primary enteric neuronal tissue. AB - AIM: The aim of this study was to establish a three-dimensional model of the innervated mucosal barrier using a co-culture of an enterocyte cell line and enteric glial and nerve cells. Such a model might form the basis for further studies of interactions between the single compartments of the bowel wall, as well as of extrinsic influences on intestinal development and plasticity. METHODS: Isolated and dissociated myenteric plexus was resuspended in either collagen or extracellular matrix (ECM) solutions. After incubation at 37 degrees C the solution gelled and formed stable plugs where neurons and glial cells reaggregated to form secondary neuronal networks. HT-29-enterocytes were seeded on top of the gels either immediately (collagen, ECM), or after adding a thin layer of collagen II (ECM). RESULTS: While the neuronal tissue formed complex networks within the gel, the enterocytes on top of the gels grew differently depending on the substrate and innervation. So enterocytes on ECM gels did not grow to confluence, while on collagen gels or on ECM plus collagen larger patches and increasing confluence could be observed. In general HT-29 grew better on innervated gels than on gels with no neuronal tissue. CONCLUSIONS: With the presented model of different compartments of the bowel wall, various parameters of intercellular dependencies and influences can be observed in vitro. Moreover, the first results are also steps towards developing an innervated gut wall in vitro which might be able to restore functional capacity in infants with short bowel syndrome or other disorders that severely impair bowel function. PMID- 14770328 TI - Critical assessment of the methods used for detection of bacterial translocation. AB - AIM: Bacterial translocation (BT) can be demonstrated by blood and lymph node cultures and also by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of DNA of enteric bacteria. Aiming at investigating BT after gastrointestinal operations we assessed it on two endpoints after ischemia-reperfusion (IR) or sham operation (SO). METHODS: 2 groups of 200-g Brown Norway male rats were treated as follows: SO animals ( n=12) had laparotomy alone and IR animals ( n=12) had successively 15 min clamping of the portal vein and the mesenteric artery. Half the animals in each group were killed on postoperative (p.o.) day 2 the other half on p.o. day 7. Under sterile conditions regional lymph nodes and vena cava and portal vein blood samples were recovered and cultured for aerobes and anaerobes. Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase DNA was assessed in blood samples by PCR. The findings in the two groups were compared by means of chi(2) tests. RESULTS: Post-hepatic (peripheral blood) BT was detected by cultures of gram-negative bacteria in 16% and 0% of SO and IR animals, respectively, on p.o. day 2 and in 16% and 50% on p.o. day 7. These differences were not significant (ns). E. coli DNA was found in one SO rat. Pre-hepatic BT (portal blood and/or lymph nodes) of gram-negative bacteria was found in 16% and 33%, respectively, on day 2 and in 16% and 16% on day 7 (ns). However, if gram-positive cultures were taken into account, the figures were 66% and 66% on day 2 and 66% and 83% on day 7 (ns). No anaerobes could be cultured. CONCLUSIONS: (1) BT is frequent in surgically manipulated animals. (2) To limit the assessment of BT to Enterobacteriaceae is probably misleading, since consistent amounts of gram-positive bacteria are found in the pre-hepatic territory. (3) PCR tests limited to E. coli DNA alone are likely incomplete. (4) Short periods of vascular clamping do not increase BT on the two endpoints selected in comparison with SO animals. PMID- 14770330 TI - [Basics of Bavarian health assessment reporting]. AB - Management information systems which support a demand-oriented, integrative and comprehensive decision-making in health care policy are of pre-eminent importance for the health care system. Present health care legislation in Bavaria underlines the importance of health reporting as a tool for periodical assessment of the situation and starting-point for decision-making in health care. Demands made on the Bavarian health report stem from both European and national levels and also from the regional structure within the state. It is intended that the health reporting should reach the local level. Single reports cannot cover all relevant aspects. Therefore, health reporting in Bavaria has a modular structure. There is a need for integrated, flexibly useful information. Following an evidence-based approach, health information may be subject to critical assessment. This approach enables decision makers to assess the grade of certainty of recommendations. Health reporting in Bavaria aims at following the people through time. The intelligent use of new media will have to play a key role. PMID- 14770331 TI - [New challenges to the Screening Center in the Bavarian State office for Health Care and Safe Quality of Foods]. AB - AIM of the newborn screening model programme implemented in Bavaria, Germany, in 1999 was earliest possible and complete detection of all children with treatable severe inborn errors of metabolism. This was to be achieved by the introduction of new laboratory methods (expanded disease coverage, earlier blood take) and of a tracking system to ensure complete access for all newborns and complete requested repeat testing. Long-term prognosis of the newly screened disorders is to be investigated. The model programme "newborn hearing screening in Bavaria" started in 2003 in the administrative district Oberpfalz aims at testing, whether tracking is also suitable to achieve early detection of all children with inborn severe hearing defects. METHODS: To attain these goals a central state screening centre was established. Demographic tracking coordinated by this centre is achieved by matching screening notifications with all birth notifications on name on a regional basis and individual contacts with parents of children with missing screening notification. In addition, all pending recalls are consequently tracked by case-specific contacts. This system was initially introduced for metabolism screening and is currently being implemented also for hearing screening of newborns. Both screening programmes are being scientifically evaluated. Children with disorders detected by screening are followed up in a long-term study by the screening centre. Written consent by the parents is requested yearly at the childs birthday regarding medical care, knowledge of the disease und health development of the child. RESULTS: 470,247 newborns were tested for treatable inborn errors of metabolism from 1999 to 2002. With the introduction of tracking, the documented participation rate increased from previously < 80 to 98.5 %. Due to tracking 99.2 % of requested recalls could be achieved. In 14 cases diagnosis was made, respectively therapy was initiated first after intervention by the screening centre. Altogether 368 children affected by the target disorders of the programme were detected. 332 children could be included in the long-term follow up study. Besides encouraging results, this study reveals deficits in parental information, provision with emergency cards, expert medical consultation, and sometimes treatment not according to the guidelines. Corresponding data from the hearing screening programme are not yet available. CONCLUSION: The establishment of an independent state screening centre has proved very valuable. It enables comprehensive state-wide demographic tracking despite several laboratories engaged in screening for inborn errors of metabolism. A long-term follow-up study has proved to be effective in this setting. PMID- 14770332 TI - [Surveillance of notifiable infectious diseases in Bavaria - results in 2002]. AB - In 2002 nearly 36 000 cases of notifiable infectious diseases were reported in Bavaria representing a 10 % increase compared to 2001 (33 000 cases). As in 2001, around 75 % of reported cases were gastrointestinal infections. Every third infection was due to salmonella. As compared to last year, the incidence of Norwalk-like virus infections increased fivefold. These infections occurred mostly as outbreaks in nursing homes, hospitals or other institutions, affecting as many as 200 persons. Other frequently reported infections in Bavaria are tuberculosis and hepatitis. The relatively high incidence of measles is mainly due to an outbreak in Coburg. The decline in the incidence of tuberculosis observed over the last years has ceased. Around 70 % of reported hepatitis cases were due to hepatitis C. It should be noted that these cases were a mixture of new infections and ongoing infections diagnosed for the first time. Of great epidemiological importance are diseases caused by meningitis pathogens. The incidence of meningococcal infections was practically unchanged as compared to last year. Around half of them were caused by serotype B, which is currently not preventable by vaccination. Meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae B is continually declining due to the high vaccination rate and is very rarely reported. Several cases of FSME were described. According to investigations carried out by health departments these infections were acquired in countries not yet classified as FSME risk areas. Hence, the endemics maps of FSME have to be revised. Two years of reporting according to IfSG (infectious disease control law) yielded very encouraging results, i. e. rapid accessibility of data, flexibility, complete and standardised reporting with high quality of data. We thank all the reporting physicians and laboratories and the staff of the Bavarian health departments for their continuous support. PMID- 14770333 TI - [Comments on present-day spread and epidemiology of BSE and prion diseases]. AB - Prion diseases of animals and man are neurological diseases with amyloidal deposition of the respective proteins. As to prion disease, the cellular prion protein is in its abnormal isoform(s) an essential component of prion protein aggregates found in affected tissue. In contrast to all neurodegenerative diseases like Morbus Alzheimer or Huntington's disease, prion diseases are transmissible. Therefore, prion diseases were designated Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE). The diseases have been well known for decades. Scrapie was first described around 1750, a BSE case was reported in the 1850-ties most likely a misdiagnosis, and in 1920/1930 the human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) had been described. Transmission of CJD i. e. Kuru had been suspected in the early 1950 s and was erroneously classified as slow virus disease. The CJD transmission posed a problem to humans when transplants from CJD cases were used for treatment. Fortunately, these iatrogenic transmissions remained limited. But with the advent of BSE and appearance of variant CJD cases in the UK and some places in Europe scientists suspected that transmission from cattle to man could have happened. From animal models we know of successful transmission via several routes. Species barriers do not completely prevent transmission. Rather, transmission barriers might exist controlling individual susceptibility against prions. Modes of transmission, susceptibility to transmission, identification of receptor molecules as well as molecular mechanisms of the transmission process are being investigated with great intensity. Current knowledge leads us to assume that inapparent stages of prion infection wrongly suggest a (non-existent) species barrier. This inapparent infection precedes overt disease, and, hence, most research focuses on the development of highly sensitive assay systems for detection of minute amounts of pathological prion protein in suspected cases. Inapparence also should warn us to underestimate BSE or human vCJD cases; at present, approx. 145 cases occurred in Europe and one probable case in Hong Kong (June 2003). Whether BSE had spread to other parts of the world by animal nutrition components or meat can neither be excluded nor confirmed at this time. New data on transmission and consequences of BSE for the human population are summarised in this review. PMID- 14770334 TI - [Current epidemiology of selected bacterial zoonoses]. AB - The present epidemiology of selected bacterial zoonoses brucellosis, anthrax, tularemia, Q fever, Chlamydia infections, tuberculosis, respectively mycobacteriosis and EHEC infections, is discussed. PMID- 14770335 TI - [Ozone decline and UV increase]. AB - The following results have been obtained from long-term observations on the ozone layer and UV at the Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeigenberg:The seasonally varying decline of the ozone layer determines the maximum exposure to UV. Since ozone decline shows the highest rates in the spring months the UV exposure has most strongly increased in this time of the year. This is especially important because in spring the human skin is not adapted to UV exposure. Weather changes from day to day can induce rapid ozone reductions in spring about -30% which in turn is followed by an increase in UV of about 40%. Clouds, especially the transparent cirrus clouds (high clouds consisting of ice particles) have increased in frequency during spring and fall while a decrease is observed in summer. This change in cloudiness reduces the daily UV dose in spring and fall while it is enhanced in summer. With increasing height above sea level UV rises by roughly 10% per 1000 m (rule of thumb). Snow reflects the UV-radiation by up to 80% enhancing the UV-doses at relevant conditions. Strong volcano eruptions destroy ozone in the stratosphere additionally during 1-2 years after the eruption. Therafter the ozone layer recovers. In April 1993, after the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo (1991), the UV burden was still 40% higher than average. Miniholes and streamers can appear unexpected on a short-time scale and cross over Central Europe within 1-2 days, thus enhancing UV irradiation. The human skin reacts to UV exposure depending on the type of skin. The campaign "Sonne(n) mit Verstand" of the Bavarian Ministries for Environment, for Health and for Education informs about the danger of UV radiation (see www.sonne-mit-ver stand.de). The German Weather Service informs the public on present developments of the ozone layer and relevant topics byits ozone bulletin, which is also available via internet under (www.dwd.de/deFundE/Observator/MOHp/hp2/ozon/bulletin.htm). PMID- 14770336 TI - [Prevention and early detection of cancer of the skin]. AB - The article demonstrates the importance of prevention and early detection of skin cancer as a consequence of the increasing morbidity and mortality of these tumours. Epidemiology, clinical appearance, diagnosis and therapy of the three most important and also most frequent malignant tumours of the skin, i.e. malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, are summarised. Subsequently the resulting means for primary and secondary prevention of these tumours are discussed. Finally the possibilities of the public health service for the prevention and early detection of skin cancer in Germany are shown with emphasis on the Bavarian prevention campaign "Sonne(n) mit Verstand" ("Sun with Sense"). PMID- 14770337 TI - [Photoprotection: effects and side effects]. AB - Sunlight is required for life on Earth. Nevertheless it may also be hazardous and can lead to the development of skin cancer and photosensitivity diseases. After a short summary of current knowledge of photocarcinogenesis, the article emphasizes the role of topical sunscreens, their mode of action and potential side effects. The current recommendations for photoprotection for the general public are outlined. PMID- 14770338 TI - [PCB in interiors - a relevant health risk?]. AB - Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were manufactured between 1929 and 1989. Due to their great chemical persistence, these substances have been used for many different purposes. These chemical properties, however, caused PCB to accumulate in the food chain and resulted in background exposure of the general population. PCB has also been used as plasticizer for sealants in prefabricated buildings, thus causing problems to the present date. At the end of the 90-ties in a school in Nuremberg, Germany, elevated PCB concentrations were measured in indoor air. Some of these results were higher than 3,000 ng/m(3) which means decontamination according to the German "PCB directive". Press coverage made these results a matter of public debate, so that teachers, school children and parents were highly worried because of possible health effects. The Bavarian Minister for Health, Nutrition and Consumer Protection asked us to examine school children and teachers with regard to their internal PCB exposure and health complaints. A group of school children from a non-contaminated school served as controls. For the determination of PCB levels the plasma samples were blinded before analysis. Lower chlorinated PCB (PCB 28, 52, 101) were detected more often and in higher concentrations in plasma samples of school children of the contaminated school compared to the controls. The plasma levels of the higher chlorinated PCBs (PCB 138, 153, 180) did not show similar differences between exposed and non-exposed school children. The relative PCB doses additionally taken up in the contaminated school were less then 5 % of the background exposure of the children. That is why it could finally be concluded that no appreciable additional health risk may result from inhalation of PCB contaminated indoor air in this school. Due to the design, performance and interpretation of this study, including representatives of parents and teachers, these results were widely accepted by most of the parents who initially had been very concerned about possible health effects. PMID- 14770339 TI - [Bioterrorism - a challenge for public health services]. AB - Within the range of highly contagious diseases there are well-known diseases, and those caused by newly detected infectious agents (i. e. SARS) or, in the worst case, bioterror agents. Public Health Services as well as clinicians and practitioners will be confronted with a new paradigm of infectious disease control: not only the infectious agent itself, the constitution of the host or the environment will influence the spread of a disease, but also globalization, mobile societies and new communication systems. Thus, the emergence, respectively the re-emergence of such diseases demands new or better skills in management of infectious diseases. Finally, the demonstration of national and federal plans for smallpox control focuses on organisational, logistical and financial problems following the implementation of such plans. PMID- 14770340 TI - [Psychosocial aspects of risk behaviour of adolescents in respect of drug abuse]. AB - Children and adolescents in Germany show a high rate of substance use, esp. concerning tobacco and alcohol. Taking these and other drugs can be seen as a juvenile risk behaviour associated with adverse effects, e. g. violence, unsafe sexuality, early pregnancy, underachievement in school. Prevention and intervention measures should begin early and be designed comprehensively in order to gain decisive and long-lasting effects. Children and adolescents of addicted parents and those with substance abusing peers have to be viewed as especially in danger for increased substance abuse and associated risk behaviours. One of the main preventive tasks is the acquisition of affective self-control and self management competences. PMID- 14770341 TI - [Little heroes in distress]. AB - How does a child grow up to be a "real boy" and which messages does he receive from his parents and other adults to become a young man? Focus is on information concerning the physical and mental health of an adolescent male and his desires, fears and sexual experiences. Last but by no means least spotlight is on how adults appreciate and deal with the needs and anxieties of a youngster or "little hero". Particular attention centers on the problem of forcing youngsters into a malehood characterised by fearlessness and an intrepid attitude, by banking on their sex-specific fears of not being rated as "real young boys" because they may be losers in some instances where they are expected to be aggressive or where they experience sorrow and a desire for tenderness. Such demands made on adolescent boys by an inconsiderate environment can have incalculable consequences on their psychosocial potentials and on their physical and mental health and well-being. PMID- 14770342 TI - [Risk behaviour in association with addictive drugs - data and insights on treatment]. AB - About one third of the economical costs, which are due to death, sickness and life quality deficits in higher developed industrial countries, are caused by pollutants such as nicotine, alcohol and false eating habits. Within a period of one year 183,000 people in Germany die on tobacco associated sickness effects, 73,000 on direct or indirect aftermath of alcohol usage and a proportional amount of mostly adipoptic people on the hereoff resulting sickness effects. These risk trias, decided by every person mainly for himself by his own behaviour or mis behaviour, are even aggravated by the free enterprise sanctioned drug politics of the highly profitable mega markets of the tobacco-, alcohol- and fast-food industry. Health orientated drug politic, which is based on independence and solidarity and an exhaustive primary prevention within the scope of early nationalization authorities can therefore only have a limited effect. Even though, standardized, therapeutic short interventions used by hazardous alcohol- and drug usage, the qualified detoxification on addiction illness and an way to little used meanwhile time- and cost optimized withdrawal treatment have been proven to be quite effective. Exhaustive established ambulant smoking-withdrawal treatment programs are of special importance, because with continuously sinking of first contact, nicotine is know to be the "gate way drug" with the strongest addiction potential among all legalized and non-legalized drugs. In canon of mean while worldwide (except for Germany) started drug-control politics one will be able to start a health orientated drug politic in the future, which is including especially the drug economic aspects for the benefit of all as well as for the national budgets. PMID- 14770343 TI - [Obesity among Bavarian children - experiences from school admittance examinations]. AB - OBJECTIVE: Obesity in children is an increasing problem worldwide. This article reports on the contribution of the Bavarian school entry health examinations to assess the prevalence and trends of childhood obesity in Bavaria and to identify new risk or protective factors for childhood obesity. METHODS: This report is based on data from the 1997 state-wide school entry health examination, which was supplemented by a regional questionnaire study and a retrospective regional ascertainment of the BMI distribution in previous school entry health examinations in 1982, 1987 and 1992 and two parent questionnaire studies on risk factors for childhood obesity in a sub-sample of the districts in 1999 and 2001. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight increased from 8.5 % in 1982 to 12.3 % in 1997 and for obesity from 1.8 to 2.8 % respectively. The increase in the respective prevalence estimates was not related to a shift of the entire BMI distribution but to an increase in the uppermost part of the distribution. The prevalence of obesity in Bavarian children, however, was lower than for children in Brandenburg. Maternal smoking in early pregnancy could be identified as a "new" risk factor for childhood obesity whereas breastfeeding proved to be protective. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in the prevalence of obesity in Bavarian children was observed. Increased rates of smoking in early pregnancy might be one explanation for the obesity epidemic in children, since the prevalence of smoking in young women has increased dramatically in recent decades. PMID- 14770344 TI - [Risks of risk communication - lessons we may learn from media communication]. AB - The German media system produces an enormous diversity of media contents both in the audiovisual and the press areas. The increasing number of media products promotes keen competition between new and existing media companies. German citizens consume mass media products for about eight hours a day, which makes the media one of the key factors in social life. This has consequences for the type and process of risk communication. Increasing competition results in a biased coverage of events and issues in the world. Key words are sensation, negativity, emotion and personalization. This kind of coverage leads to a sometimes irrational risk dialogue between media, society, economy and administration. A possible misconception of risks and risk management may have undesirable consequences for the social development and benefits of new technologies. PMID- 14770345 TI - [Diagnosis and prognosis in psychiatry]. PMID- 14770346 TI - [The classification of functional psychoses: the impact of ICD-10 diagnoses (research diagnostic criteria) for the prediction of the long-term course]. AB - One major objective of Emil Kraepelin's system of the functional psychoses was to establish a prognostically relevant diagnostic classification. Following this idea, 197 first admitted inpatients from the years 1980 - 1982 were examined 15 years later in order to determine the impact of ICD-10 diagnoses (derived from first hospitalisation) for the long-term course. The long-term course was divided into the three course types single episode, episodic-remitting course and chronic course. The results showed that 57 % of the patients with schizophrenia, 50 % of the patients with persistent delusional disorders, 20 % of the patients with acute and transient psychotic disorders, 10 % of the patients with schizoaffective disorders and only 3 % of those with affective disorders developed a chronic course type. Using a logistic regression analysis, the predictive validity of the ICD-10 diagnoses was compared with those of a dimensional model based on psychopathological and demographic data. The results revealed that the predictive validity of the dimensional model (77 %) does not exceed the predictive validity of ICD-10 diagnoses (78 %). PMID- 14770347 TI - [Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP): an useful predictor of outcome in schizophrenia?]. AB - The concept of DUP has gained much interest as a possible predictor of outcome variables. The review of the current state of research suggests that DUP may be related to remission, social functioning and severity level of symptomatology. In the present retrospective-prospective study 50 first-time admitted patients were interviewed with the "Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia" (IRAOS). Outcome was measured after six months and one year with the "Positive and Negative-Syndrom Scale" (PANSS) and the "Disability Assessment Schedule" (DAS). Patients with long DUP had a worse outcome regarding the severity level of positive symptoms, of general symptoms and social disability. Corresponding well with some other studies, there was no association between DUP and negative symptoms. CONCLUSION: DUP can be regarded as an useful predictor of outcome in schizophrenia. However, further research is required to confirm these results in long-term studies. PMID- 14770348 TI - [Early course of illness in first episode schizophrenia with long duration of untreated illness - a comparative study]. AB - When a long duration of untreated illness (DUI) is correlated with an unfavourable progression of schizophrenia in the same way as that of a long duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), the characteristics of patients with a long DUI are of particular interest for early recognition and early intervention programmes. With this background, demographic data and early symptoms were collected from 82 first time in-patients with schizophrenia using the IRAOS (Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia). In the total sample, the average DUI was almost 5.9 years. On the basis of the DUI median (5.2 yrs), the random sample was divided into two groups: one with long (n = 41) and one with short (n = 41) DUI. When comparing both groups in terms of socio-demographic data, no significant differences could be found (with the exception of age at first admission: 28 - 32 yrs). On a psychopathological level, patients with long DUI were prone to depressive moods, anxiety, compulsive symptoms and showed early signs of disturbances in bodily perception. An educational campaign should sensitize both employees working in primary care and experts who diagnose and treat psychological illnesses, to the fact that these symptoms could point to a prodrome even when the patient has passed the typical age of being at risk from schizophrenia. PMID- 14770349 TI - [Phantom sensations and peripheral induced neglect following implantation of total hip prosthesis]. AB - OBJECTIVES: O. Sacks describes in his book "A leg to stand on" the inability to move his leg for along period after rupture of the tendon of m. quadriceps. He refers the history of similar cases, especially of a woman with a hip fracture. He discusses this as a result of disruption of proprioception (peripheral induced neglect). The aim of this investigation is to answer the question how frequently this symptom may be found in patients with hip fracture and/or arthrosis perioperativly after implantation of a total prosthesis. METHODS: we examined 106 patients aged 70.35 +/- 10.01 years (36-male 67.54 +/- 9.74 years and 69 female 71.9 +/- 9.9 years) who underwent an implantation of a hip prosthesis - antero lateral access Watson-Jones - (right side n = 61, left n = 44) because of arthrosis (n = 81) or a hip fracture (n = 18) on postoperative day 1./2. and 10. 14. Besides exact neurologic examination, we particularly asked for changed perception of the operated leg. RESULTS: by neurological examination we found only rarely signs of peripheral nerve lesion as a complication of implantation of hip prosthesis (1 femoral nerve lesion, 1 ischiadicus nerve lesion). 14 patients reported a changed perception at the first examination: 5 patients felt their operated leg shorter or longer, 4 patients described their leg changed in a strange manner (like a block of wood or lead), 2 patients felt their leg changed, but could not tell how. At follow-up examination there was no patient with a changed perception of the operated leg. CONCLUSIONS: at first examination only a small number of patients report a changed perception of the operated leg. Early mobilization of the operated leg may be the cause of quick normalization of perception. The peripherally induced neglect, described by O. Sacks, was possibly caused by decrease of cortical representation because of immobilization, but not by disrupted proprioception. PMID- 14770350 TI - [Schizophrenia]. PMID- 14770351 TI - [Facts and figures]. PMID- 14770352 TI - [Threshold]. PMID- 14770353 TI - [Self-inhibition of EBNA1 protein to escape from immune recognition]. PMID- 14770354 TI - [Proteins binding to methylated DNA: interpreters of the epigenetic code]. PMID- 14770355 TI - [Genes without borders: global control of transcription activity at the level of several genes]. PMID- 14770356 TI - [How Plasmodium gets into an erythrocyte]. PMID- 14770357 TI - [A breath of fresh air in Paris]. PMID- 14770359 TI - [Inside the human Y chromosome]. PMID- 14770358 TI - [Our ancestors the cannibals]. PMID- 14770360 TI - [Telomerase: a universal tumor antigen for anticancer immunotherapy]. PMID- 14770361 TI - [Control of cellular redox balance: an ubiquitous function of the cellular prion protein?]. PMID- 14770362 TI - [The nucleolus: structure, functions, amd associated diseases]. AB - In eukaryotes, the nucleolus is the ribosome factory. The nucleolus is a very active large nuclear domain resulting from the equilibrium between level of ribosomal gene transcription, efficiency of rRNA processing and transport of the ribosomal subunits (40S and 60S) towards the cytoplasm. The ribosome production is regulated and is linked with cell growth and cell proliferation. The ribosome production is stopped during mitosis but the nucleolar machineries are inherited in daughter cells and the nucleolar reassembly is a very early event at the exit of mitosis. The nucleolus is also a multifunctional domain involved in nuclear architecture and specific interaction with some nuclear bodies. Finally, several human diseases appear to result from mutations of nucleolar proteins. PMID- 14770363 TI - [Endocannabinoids in the central nervous system]. AB - The major psychoactive component of cannabis derivatives, delta9-THC, activates two G-protein coupled receptors: CB1 and CB2. Soon after the discovery of these receptors, their endogenous ligands were identified: lipid metabolites of arachidonic acid, named endocannabinoids. The two major main and most studied endocannabinoids are anandamide and 2-arachidonyl-glycerol. The CB1 receptor is massively expressed through-out the central nervous system whereas CB2 expression seems restricted to immune cells. Following endocannabinoid binding, CB1 receptors modulate second messenger cascades (inhibition of adenylate cyclase, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and of focal-adhesion kinases) as well as ionic conductances (inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels, activation of several potassium channels). Endocannabinoids transiently silence synapses by decreasing neurotransmitter release, play major parts in various forms of synaptic plasticity because of their ability to behave as retrograde messengers and activate non-cannabinoid receptors (such as vanilloid receptor type-1), illustrating the complexity of the endocannabinoid system. The diverse cellular targets of endocannabinoids are at the origin of the promising therapeutic potentials of the endocannabinoid system. PMID- 14770364 TI - [The MMP/TIMP system in the nervous system]. AB - The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) belong to a growing family of secreted or membrane-bound (MT-MMP) enzymes that cleave protein components of the extracellular matrix and bioactive factors involved in intercellular signaling. MMP activity is counterbalanced by their four physiological inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs). Together, MMP and TIMP control cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions associated with physiological processes. However, the breakdown of the protease-inhibitor balance may lead to the loss of tissue homeostasis and the development of degenerative and tumorigenic processes in various tissues. The emerging idea is that the MMP/TIMP system also plays a major role in the pathology and physiology of the nervous system and that mastering MMP activity will set the basis for new and more efficient therapeutic strategies against nervous system disorders. PMID- 14770365 TI - [Osteopetrosis, from mouse to man]. AB - The osteoclast is the main effector of bone resorption. Failure in osteoclast differentiation or function leads to osteopetrosis, a bone disease characterized by an impaired bone resorption. Analysis of mouse models developing osteopetrosis as a consequence of naturally occurring mutations or gene knockouts allowed to establish the osteoclast differentiation pathway. Among these models, the oc/oc, the gl/gl and the Clcn7(-/-) mice present a phenotype similar to the one displayed by patients with infantile malignant osteopetrosis, the most severe form of osteopetrosis in human. Analysis of these models led to the identification of different mutations in the corresponding human genes TCIRG1, GL and CLCN7, in osteopetrotic patients. Mutations in the TCIRG1 gene seem the most frequent cause of malignant osteopetrosis and mutations in the CLCN7 gene seem the most frequent cause of type II osteopetrosis. Therefore, these three mouse models appear to be particularly well suited for the study of the osteoclast function in order to provide new insights in the therapy of osteopetrosis. PMID- 14770366 TI - [Molecular mechanisms of iron homeostasis]. AB - Iron metabolism in mammals requires a complex and tightly regulated molecular network. The classical view of iron metabolism has been challenged over the past ten years by the discovery of several new proteins, mostly Fe (II) iron transporters, enzymes with ferro-oxydase (hephaestin or ceruloplasmin) or ferri reductase (Dcytb) activity or regulatory proteins like HFE and hepcidin. Furthermore, a new transferrin receptor has been identified, mostly expressed in the liver, and the ability of the megalin-cubilin complex to internalise the urinary Fe (III)-transferrin complex in renal tubular cells has been highlighted. Intestinal iron absorption by mature duodenal enterocytes requires Fe (III) iron reduction by Dcytb and Fe (II) iron transport through apical membranes by the iron transporter Nramp2/DMT1. This is followed by iron transfer to the baso lateral side, export by ferroportin and oxidation into Fe (III) by hephaestin prior to binding to plasma transferrin. Macrophages play also an important role in iron delivery to plasma transferrin through phagocytosis of senescent red blood cell, heme catabolism and recycling of iron. Iron egress from macrophages is probably also mediated by ferroportin and patients with heterozygous ferroportin mutations develop progressive iron overload in liver macrophages. Iron homeostasis at the level of the organism is based on a tight control of intestinal iron absorption and efficient recycling of iron by macrophages. Signalling between iron stores in the liver and both duodenal enterocytes and macrophages is mediated by hepcidin, a circulating peptide synthesized by the liver and secreted into the plasma. Hepcidin expression is stimulated in response to iron overload or inflammation, and down regulated by anemia and hypoxia. Hepcidin deficiency leads to iron overload and hepcidin overexpression to anemia. Hepcidin synthesis in response to iron overload seems to be controlled by the HFE molecule. Patients with hereditary hemochromatosis due to HFE mutation have impaired hepcidin synthesis and forced expression of an hepcidin transgene in HFE deficient mice prevents iron overload. These results open new therapeutic perspectives, especially with the possibility to use hepcidin or antagonists for the treatment of iron overload disorders. PMID- 14770367 TI - [Is the ileal bile acid-binding protein (I-BABP) gene involved in cholesterol homeostasis?]. AB - In the body, cholesterol balance results from an equilibrium between supplies (diet and cellular de novo synthesis), and losses (cellular use and elimination in feces, essentially as bile acids). Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. After conjugation to glycine or taurine, bile acids are secreted with bile in the intestinal lumen where they actively participate to the digestion and absorption of dietary fat and lipid-soluble vitamins. In healthy subjects, more than 95% of bile acids are reabsorbed throughout the small intestine and returned by the portal vein to the liver, where they are secreted again into bile. This enterohepatic circulation is essential for maintenance of bile acids balance, and hence, for cholesterol homeostasis. Indeed, the bile acids not reclaimed by intestinal absorption constitute the main physiological way to eliminate a cholesterol excess. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling bile acids reabsorption by the small intestine. The intestinal bile acids uptake mainly takes place through an active transport located in the distal part of the small intestine. To date, four unrelated proteins exhibiting a high affinity for bile acids have been identified in the ileum, and only one, the ileal bile acid-binding protein (I-BABP) is a soluble protein. Therefore, it is thought to be essential for efficient bile acids desorption from the apical plasma membrane, as well as for bile acids intracellular trafficking and targeting towards the basolateral membrane. If this assumption is correct, the I-BABP expression level might be rate limiting for the enterohepatic bile acids circulation, and hence, for cholesterol homeostasis. It was found that both bile acids and cholesterol, probably via oxysterols, are able to up-regulate the transcription rate of I-BABP gene. The fact that intracellular sterol sensors (FXR, LXR, and SREBP1c) are involved in the control of the I-BABP gene expression strongly suggests that I-BABP exerts an important role in maintenance of cholesterol balance. PMID- 14770368 TI - [G protein coupled receptor endocytosis]. AB - Most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are rapidly internalized upon agonist stimulation. From the large number of studies available to date on receptor endocytosis, substantial differences seem to exist among GPCRs in terms of both the molecular pathways of receptor internalization and the biological significance of this process. The aim of this review is to outline common themes in GPCR endocytosis and to delineate true phenotypic variations, which reflect specific necessities for receptor's function. PMID- 14770369 TI - [MAGUKs: beyond ionic channel anchoring]. AB - A family of anchoring proteins named MAGUK (for membrane associated guanylate kinase) has emerged as a key element in the organization of protein complexes in specialized membrane regions. These proteins are characterized by the presence of multipe protein-protein interaction domains including PDZ and SH3 domains. The MAGUK family comprises the post-synaptic density 95 (PSD-95) protein and closely related molecules such as chapsyn-110, synapse-associated protein 102 (SAP-102), and SAP-97. These are located either on the pre- and/or post-synaptic sides of synapses or at cell-cell adhesion sites of epithelial cells. MAGUK proteins interact with glutamate receptors and various ionic channels. For instance, an interaction has been reported between the first two PDZ domains of MAGUK proteins and several channels via a consensus sequence Thr/Ser-X-Val/Leu usually located at their carboxy terminus. The role of these anchoring proteins in channel function is not fully understood. MAGUK proteins enhance the current density by increasing the number of functional channels to the sarcolemma. They can also facilitate signaling between channels and several enzymes or G protein-dependent signaling pathways. In the heart also, MAGUK proteins are abundantly expressed and they interact with various channels including Shaker Kv1.5 and connexins. PMID- 14770370 TI - [Gaze control: role of the parietal cortex]. AB - Eye movements constitute one of the most basic means of interacting with our environment, allowing to orient to, localize and scrutinize the variety of potentially interesting objects that surround us. In this review we discuss the role of the parietal cortex in the control of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements, whose purpose is to rapidly displace the line of gaze and to maintain a moving object on the central retina, respectively. From single cell recording studies in monkey we know that distinct sub-regions of the parietal lobe are implicated in these two kinds of movement. The middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST) areas show neuronal activities related to moving visual stimuli and to ocular pursuit. The lateral intraparietal (LIP) area exhibits visual and saccadic neuronal responses. Electrophysiology, which in essence is a correlation method, cannot entirely solve the question of the functional implication of these areas: are they primarily involved in sensory processing, in motor processing, or in some intermediate function? Lesion approaches (reversible or permanent) in the monkey can provide important information in this respect. Lesions of MT or MST produce deficits in the perception of visual motion, which would argue for their possible role in sensory guidance of ocular pursuit rather than in directing motor commands to the eye muscle. Lesions of LIP do not produce specific visual impairments and cause only subtle saccadic deficits. However, recent results have shown the presence of severe deficits in spatial attention tasks. LIP could thus be implicated in the selection of relevant objects in the visual scene and provide a signal for directing the eyes toward these objects. Functional imaging studies in humans confirm the role of the parietal cortex in pursuit, saccadic, and attentional networks, and show a high degree of overlap with monkey data. Parietal lobe lesions in humans also result in behavioral deficits very similar to those that are observed in the monkey. Altogether, these different sources of data consistently point to the involvement of the parietal cortex in the representation of space, at an intermediate stage between vision and action. PMID- 14770371 TI - [Prevention of in-stent restenosis: towards an in situ treatment?]. AB - The use of intracoronary stents represent a major breakthrough in the armamentarium of interventional cardiology. Stents reduce significantly the incidence of recurrent stenosis (in-stent restenosis) via an improved post procedure luminal diameter and an abrogation of the constrictive remodeling of the arterial wall. However, stent-related arterial injury results in intense proliferative and inflammatory responses and severe intimal hyperplasia, which, in 20% to 40% of the patients, may end up with clinically significant in-stent restenosis. Efficient prevention of in-stent restenosis has yet to be found. Systemic treatments have failed because they don't take into account the specific physiopathology and, most importantly, the focal nature of in-stent intimal hyperplasia. Hence, local prevention appears to be a straightforward approach to the unsolved issue of in-stent restenosis. In situ beta- or gamma-irradiation (brachytherapy) has received much attention as a curative treatment of in-stent restenosis but is not indicated for prevention. In contrast, drug-releasing stents have been tested in experimental models and have already provided very promising results in randomized clinical trials. Most of clinical studies have been performed with the antiproliferative agents sirolimus and paclitaxel, but other agents are under scrutiny. In addition, important research is carried out, in which the efficacy of antiproliferative genes is investigated. Clearly, drug releasing stents are on the verge of profoundly modifying our practice of interventional cardiology. However, several questions remain unanswered as regard to the long term efficacy/toxicity and the cost-effectiveness of this new approach. PMID- 14770372 TI - [Universal health insurance coverage: contribution of complementary protection]. PMID- 14770373 TI - [The cholera epidemics and the development of public health in Meiji Japan. 1. Modernity, cholera, and health thought]. AB - We present here the beginnings of public health politics in Meiji Japan (1868 1912). Due to a two century isolation of Japan, public health concepts developed in the West from the end of the 18th century were foreign in premodern Japan. Due to its isolation, Japan was also relatively preserved from some acute infectious diseases such as cholera. In this paper, we investigate the role of cholera epidemics in the emergence of public health concepts in the peculiar context of Meiji Japan. We show that chronic diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy were neglected for a long time and that the Meiji government set priority on acute infectious diseases that were considered as long as they disturbed public order. Nevertheless, some physicians and government officials considered issues of welfare and poverty. We also review some emerging concepts of social medicine. We try to show, that in Japan as well as in Western nations, public health politics were not exempt of contradictions and paradoxes and a permanent tension existed between coercitive policies and conceptions of welfare and rights to health. PMID- 14770374 TI - [Gene therapy of children with X-linked severe combined immune deficiency: efficiency and complications]. PMID- 14770375 TI - [Research ethics and the use of placebo: status of the debate in Canada]. AB - The question of the use of the placebo is one of the most controversial in the field of the ethics of research today. The use of the placebo remains the standard practice of biomedical research in spite of the fact that various revisions of the Helsinki Declaration have sought to limit its use. In Canada, the Tri-council policy statement: Ethical conduct for research involving humans adopted a very restrictive position with respect to the use of placebos, precisely defining the situations in which its use would meet the demands of ethical research. The positions taken by the various ethical decision-making bodies are, however, hardly shared by regulatory bodies such as the Food and drug administration (FDA), the Council for international organization of medical sciences (CIOMS) or the European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products (EMEA). This divergence of opinions reveals two quite different conceptions of what constitutes the ethical. In the case of decision-making bodies in the ethical field, it is clearly medicine's Hippocratic Oath which explains their reluctance to use placebos. The first responsibility of the doctor is to "do no harm" to his or her patient. This duty is inherent to the medical profession and as such is not grounded in the view of medicine as a contract for care. In the case of regulatory bodies, it is the vision of "medicine as contract" which is in view; and it is this notion that justifies the use of placebos once free and informed consent has been obtained. It is also worth noting that these regulatory bodies make frequent use of arguments based on utilitarian ends. In an unprecedented move, the World medical association published in October 2001 a clarification note about the use of placebos. An analysis of this text raises the question about its real meaning: clarification or concession? PMID- 14770376 TI - Safety: focus on the details. PMID- 14770377 TI - Body piercing: a patient safety issue. AB - Body piercing is a common form of self-expression around the world. Although a common practice among many cultures and age groups, there is very little published as to the care of the patient with body piercings in the perianesthesia setting. This article explores the type, site, care, and removal of body piercings in the preoperative setting. A focus on issues in the United States and New Zealand is provided. PMID- 14770378 TI - Domestic violence awareness in the perianesthesia setting. AB - Identification of victims of domestic violence is the first phase in the intervention of stopping the cycle of violence. Phase two is acting on that information and assisting the victims to help themselves. Nurses have the unique opportunity of being "present" at the bedside for the victim of abuse. This article reviews the signs and symptoms of domestic violence. Keen patient assessment tools and support can make a world of difference in the outcome of abuse. PMID- 14770379 TI - Medication errors in the PACU: a secondary analysis of MEDMARX findings. AB - Medication errors commonly occur in many health care settings. This review of medication errors illustrates that complex, fast-paced care delivered in PACUs often occurs in an environment where patients encounter numerous processes as they move from preadmission, to preop holding, to the operating room, to PACU, and then back to a clinical unit or discharge. Using a nationally recognized framework, 645 PACU medication error records were analyzed. The errors resulted in a higher than expected threshold of harm (6.8%), with most errors occurring during the administration phase (59%) of the medication use process. Nearly one quarter of the errors involved an improper dose of a medication. Three quarters of the errors were influenced by distractions. More than 130 different products were present in the sample of cases reviewed. Problem areas identified involved epidural analgesia, patient-controlled analgesia, and duplicate doses. PMID- 14770380 TI - Aromatherapy with peppermint, isopropyl alcohol, or placebo is equally effective in relieving postoperative nausea. AB - To determine whether aromatherapy can reduce postoperative nausea, the investigators studied 33 ambulatory surgery patients who complained of nausea in the PACU. After indicating the severity of nausea on a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS), subjects received randomized aromatherapy with isopropyl alcohol, oil of peppermint, or saline (placebo). The vapors were inhaled deeply through the nose from scented gauze pads held directly beneath the patients' nostrils and exhaled slowly through the mouth. Two and 5 minutes later, the subjects rated their nausea on the VAS. Overall nausea scores decreased from 60.6 +/- 4.3 mm (mean +/- SE) before aromatherapy to 43.1 +/- 4.9 mm 2 minutes after aromatherapy (P <.005), and to 28.0 +/- 4.6 mm 5 minutes after aromatherapy (P < 10(-6)). Nausea scores did not differ between the treatments at any time. Only 52% of the patients required conventional intravenous (IV) antiemetic therapy during their PACU stay. Overall satisfaction with postoperative nausea management was 86.9 +/- 4.1 mm and was independent of the treatment group. Aromatherapy effectively reduced the perceived severity of postoperative nausea. The fact that a saline "placebo" was as effective as alcohol or peppermint suggests that the beneficial effect may be related more to controlled breathing patterns than to the actual aroma inhaled. PMID- 14770381 TI - International circles of influence. PMID- 14770382 TI - Phase II pain management: comfort enhances surgical experience. PMID- 14770384 TI - Safe use of a continuous infusion with i.v. PCA. PMID- 14770386 TI - The essence of perianesthesia nursing. PMID- 14770385 TI - Delphi technique: assessing component needs. PMID- 14770387 TI - The selective use of magnetic resonance imaging in prenatal diagnosis. PMID- 14770388 TI - Doppler application in the delivery timing of the preterm growth-restricted fetus: another step in the right direction. AB - This article provides an opinion on a study of relationships between umbilical artery (UA) Doppler, ductus venosus (DV) Doppler, fetal heart rate variation, and perinatal outcome in preterm, intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses published in the same issue of this journal by Bilardo and coworkers. Recent evidence on venous Doppler surveillance in preterm IUGR fetuses was also reviewed and discussed in the context of the study with a special emphasis on delivery timing. A search was conducted through MEDLINE and eight articles with similar inclusion criteria and reporting format of outcomes were identified. Numbers for perinatal mortality, intraventricular hemorrhage, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) were extracted for cases where Doppler status was recorded in an identical format. Proportional distribution of outcomes was compared for fetuses with normal DV Doppler velocimetry, absent or reversed UA end-diastolic velocity (UA A/REDV), elevated DV Doppler index (abnormal DV) and absence or reversal of atrial velocity in the DV (DV-RAV). A total of 320 fetuses with normal and 202 with elevated DV Doppler indices were extracted. Of these fetuses, 101 with UA A/REDV only and 34 with DV RAV were identified. Perinatal mortality was 5.6% (16/282) with normal DV, 11.9% (12/101) with UA A/REDV, 38.8% (64/165) with abnormal DV and 41.2% (7/17) with DV RAV. With the exception of NEC, all complications were significantly more frequent with abnormal DV. With normal venous Doppler neonatal deaths account for most of the perinatal mortality, while with abnormal DV stillbirths and neonatal mortality are similar contributors to the significantly increased perinatal mortality. In conclusion, UA Doppler is a placental function test that provides important diagnostic and prognostic information in preterm IUGR. DV Doppler effectively identifies those preterm IUGR fetuses that are at high risk for adverse outcome (particularly stillbirth) at least 1 week before delivery, independent of the UA waveform. Relationships between perinatal outcome, arterial and venous Doppler status and gestational age require ongoing observational research effort. Randomized management trials are necessary to verify that delivery timing based on venous Doppler will impact on outcome in preterm IUGR. PMID- 14770389 TI - Relationship between monitoring parameters and perinatal outcome in severe, early intrauterine growth restriction. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether pathological changes in the umbilical artery (UA), ductus venosus (DV) and short-term fetal heart variation are related to perinatal outcome in severe, early intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). METHODS: This multicenter, prospective, longitudinal, observational study was carried out in the Departments of Fetal Medicine and Obstetrics in Hamburg, Amsterdam, Utrecht and London. In 70 singleton pregnancies with IUGR fetuses, delivered at 26-33 weeks of gestation because of antepartum fetal distress, short term variation (STV) of fetal heart rate, pulsatility index of the fetal UA (UA PI) and DV pulsatility index for veins (DV PIV) were assessed at least weekly. The final measurement was performed within 24 h of delivery. Standard cut-off levels (2 SD or 3 SD, absent flow or reversed flow) were used and new cut-off levels were calculated by means of receiver-operating characteristics analysis. Adverse outcome was defined as perinatal death, cerebral hemorrhage (> or = Grade II) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia before discharge. The predictive value for adverse outcome was calculated for different cut-off levels of the monitoring parameters, adjusted for gestational age (GA), by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Data were analyzed separately for three different time blocks, namely 8-14, 2-7 and 0-1 days before delivery. RESULTS: Adverse perinatal outcome occurred in 18/70 (26%) infants. During the last 24 h before delivery DV PIV and UA PI were significantly higher and STV lower in the adverse outcome group, while 2-7 days before delivery only DV PIV was significantly higher. Adverse perinatal outcome could be predicted at 0-1 days before delivery by DV PIV at a cut-off of three multiples of the SD (odds ratio (OR) 11.3; 95% CI 2.3 57) and GA (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.3-0.8), at 2-7 days by DV PIV at 2 SD (OR 3.0; 95% CI 0.8-12) and GA (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3-0.8) and at 8-14 days by DV PIV at 2 SD (OR 3.9; 95% CI 0.8-20) and GA (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3-0.8). Other parameters did not contribute to the multivariate model. CONCLUSIONS: DV PIV measurement is the best predictor of perinatal outcome. This measurement may be useful in timing the delivery of early IUGR fetuses and in improving perinatal outcome, even when delivery may be indicated at an earlier GA. However, as GA was also an important factor influencing outcome, with poorer outcome at earlier gestation at delivery, this hypothesis needs to be tested in a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. PMID- 14770390 TI - The effect of vascular constriction on umbilical venous pulsation. AB - OBJECTIVES: Umbilical venous pulsation is an important sign of hemodynamic compromise, but is also found under normal physiological conditions. Mathematical modeling suggests that vascular compliance is a determinant for pulsation, and we tested this by studying velocity pulsation at three sites on the umbilical vein. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 279 low-risk pregnancies (20-40 weeks' gestational age) blood flow velocity in the umbilical vein was determined before, within and after the umbilical ring in the fetal abdominal wall, and the incidence and magnitude of pulsation (the difference between the maximum and minimum velocity during a pulse, and pulsatility index) were noted. Based on the fact that the vessel cross-sectional area is an important determinant of compliance, we measured the diameter and time-averaged maximum velocity to reflect variation in diameter and compliance at the three sites. RESULTS: The incidence of umbilical venous pulsation was higher at the umbilical ring in the abdominal wall (242/279, 87%, 95% CI 82-90) than in the cord (43/198, 22%, 95%CI 16-27) or intra-abdominally (84/277, 30%, 95% CI 25-36) (P < 0.001). When pulsation was observed intra-abdominally, the pulsatility was not different from that at the umbilical ring (P = 0.16). However, the lowest pulsatility was found in the cord vein (P < 0.0001), where the largest vein diameter was found. CONCLUSION: The high incidence of venous pulsation at the umbilical ring where diameter and compliance are low supports the suggestion that local compliance is an important factor influencing pulsation in fetal veins. PMID- 14770391 TI - Spatial velocity profile changes along the cord in normal human fetuses: can these affect Doppler measurements of venous umbilical blood flow? AB - OBJECTIVE: Several studies have assumed a parabolic velocity profile through the umbilical vein (UV) to derive the mean spatial velocity that is indispensable for flow rate calculations. However, the structure and arrangement of the umbilical cord suggest that velocity profiles may vary. The aim of this study was to evaluate UV spatial flow velocity profiles at different sites along the umbilical cord. METHODS: Ten singleton pregnancies with a gestational age between 26 and 34 weeks were included in the study. Ultrasound equipment with an inbuilt function for analysis of the spatial velocity profile along a line located in a fixed plane was used to obtain UV velocity profiles. Velocity profiles were obtained at the placental insertion and in a free intra-amniotic loop of the cord. Two dimensional (2D) velocity distribution coefficients were evaluated as ratios between mean and maximum velocities along the investigated lines. RESULTS: 2D velocity distribution coefficients at the placental insertion (0.85 +/- 0.03) were significantly higher (P < 0.00001) than those obtained from a free loop of cord (0.76 +/- 0.03). Values indicated that velocity profiles are approximately flat at the placental insertion and become more parabolic moving downstream. Moreover, profiles become skewed in association with cord curvature and show peculiar biphasic shapes immediately downstream from the placenta. CONCLUSIONS: Flow velocity profiles in the UV are not perfectly parabolic and modify along the cord. These characteristics may affect the evaluation of UV blood flow rate. PMID- 14770392 TI - Umbilical venous volume flow and fetal behavioral states in the normally developing fetus. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between umbilical venous (UV) volume flow and fetal behavioral states 1F (quiet sleep) and 2F (active sleep) in normal pregnancies at 36-40 weeks of gestation. METHODS: Fetal behavioral states were established in 17 normal pregnancies by means of combined assessment of fetal heart rate patterns (FHRP), and fetal eye and body movements. UV vessel area (mm(2)) as obtained by tracing the inner vessel area using Labview and Imaq Vision software and UV time-averaged flow velocity (mm/s Doppler) were multiplied to calculate UV volume flow (mL/min) including flow/kg fetus. The pulsatility index (PI) in the umbilical artery was also determined. In each woman, all parameters were measured between three and five times in each behavioral state. Data are reported as mean +/- 1 SD and analyzed by paired t-test. RESULTS: No statistically significant behavioral-state-related changes were observed for UV time-averaged velocity and UV volume flow, resulting in UV volume flow/kg fetus of 69.1 +/- 14.9 mL/min*kg at 1F and 71.6 +/- 12.1 mL/min*kg at 2F (not significant). A statistically significant increase (P = 0.02) was established for UV cross-sectional area (46.4 +/- 8.6 mm(2) vs. 49.0 +/- 10.1 mm(2)) and for fetal heart rate (FHR) from 134.2 +/- 10.3 bpm in 1F to 144.2 +/- 7 bpm in 2F. Umbilical artery PI was not significantly different between the two behavioral states. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of high venous vessel wall compliance, the significant increase in UV cross-sectional area during fetal behavioral state 2F may be determined by a rise in mean venous pressure. The significant rise in FHR may reflect increased fetal cardiac output during state 2F while the resistance at the hepato-ductal pathway remains relatively constant with the purpose of meeting raised energy demands during the active sleep state. This is further supported by the observed trend towards an increase in UV volume flow. PMID- 14770393 TI - Femur and humerus length in trisomy 21 fetuses at 11-14 weeks of gestation. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of measuring fetal femur and humerus length at 11-14 weeks of gestation in screening for chromosomal defects. METHODS: Femur and humerus lengths were measured using transabdominal ultrasound in 1018 fetuses immediately before chorionic villus sampling for karyotyping at 11-14 weeks of gestation. In the group of chromosomally normal fetuses, regression analysis was used to determine the association between long bone length and crown-rump length (CRL). Femur and humerus lengths in fetuses with trisomy 21 were compared with those of normal fetuses. RESULTS: The median gestation was 12 (range, 11-14) weeks. The karyotype was normal in 920 fetuses and abnormal in 98, including 65 cases of trisomy 21. In the chromosomally normal group the fetal femur and humerus lengths increased significantly with CRL (femur length = - 6.330 + 0.215 x CRL in mm, r = 0.874, P < 0.0001; humerus length = - 6.240 + 0.220 x CRL in mm, r = 0.871, P < 0.0001). In the Bland-Altman plot the mean difference between paired measurements of femur length was 0.21 mm (95% limits of agreement - 0.52 to 0.48 mm) and of humerus length was 0.23 mm (95% limits of agreement - 0.57 to 0.55 mm). In the trisomy 21 fetuses the median femur and humerus lengths were significantly below the appropriate normal mean for CRL by 0.4 and 0.3 mm, respectively (P = 0.002), but they were below the respective 5th centile of the normal range in only six (9.2%) and three (4.6%) of the cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: At 11-14 weeks of gestation the femur and humerus lengths in trisomy 21 fetuses are significantly reduced but the degree of deviation from normal is too small for these measurements to be useful in screening for trisomy 21. PMID- 14770394 TI - Evaluation of femur length during the second and third trimesters in fetuses with myelomeningocele. AB - OBJECTIVES: To determine if the femur length of fetuses with myelomeningocele is shorter in the second and third trimesters compared with that of normal fetuses. METHODS: We retrospectively collected measurements of femur length, head circumference, biparietal diameter and abdominal circumference from detailed obstetric ultrasound studies performed during the second and third trimesters in 31 fetuses with myelomeningocele and 43 fetuses with no detectable anomaly. The gestational age predicted by each parameter (based on Hadlock's tables) was compared with the true gestational age (based on last menstrual period), using the ANCOVA test to determine if there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups of fetuses. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in femur length (P = 0.60) or in abdominal circumference (P = 0.85) between fetuses with myelomeningocele and normal fetuses. Fetuses with myelomeningocele did have a significantly lower biparietal diameter and head circumference (P < or = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Myelomeningocele is not associated with reduced femur length in the second and third trimesters, suggesting that the known postnatal lower extremity foreshortening in patients with myelomeningocele develops late in gestation or after birth. PMID- 14770395 TI - Ultrasonographic measurement of fetal nasal bone in a low-risk population at 19 22 gestational weeks. AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential value of sonographic measurement of fetal nasal bone at 19-22 weeks' gestation in screening for trisomy 21 in a low-risk population. METHODS: The fetal nasal bone was measured in a mid-sagittal view in 2035 fetuses at 19-22 weeks' gestation. A reference range was constructed and the measurements in fetuses with trisomy 21 were compared to the normal group. RESULTS: The fetal profile was successfully examined in 1913/2035 (94%) fetuses. The mean nasal bone length increased linearly with gestation from 6.2 mm at 19 weeks to 6.8 mm at 22 weeks. Nasal bone hypoplasia, defined by absence of the bone or a measurement below the 2.5th centile, was observed in 34/1899 (1.8%) chromosomally normal fetuses (1.8%), in 5/5 fetuses with trisomy 21 and in 0/9 fetuses with other chromosomal defects. CONCLUSION: At 19-22 weeks' gestation, nasal bone hypoplasia is observed in a high proportion of trisomy 21 fetuses and in less than 2% of chromosomally normal fetuses. PMID- 14770396 TI - Procedure-related complications of rapid amniodrainage in the treatment of polyhydramnios. AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the procedure-related complications of rapid amniodrainage in the treatment of polyhydramnios. METHODS: We followed prospectively all patients with polyhydramnios treated with rapid amniodrainage under continuous ultrasound guidance using a vacuum wound-drainage system from 1995 to 2002 in the fetal medicine unit of a university teaching hospital. We recorded: maternal age, type of pregnancy (singleton/twin), cause of polyhydramnios, gestational age at amniocentesis, volume of amniotic fluid drained, duration of the procedure, other intrauterine procedures in addition to the amniodrainage, and procedure-related complications including placental abruption, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), chorioamnionitis, fetal bradycardia and preterm delivery within 48 h of amniodrainage. RESULTS: Seventy four consecutive women had 134 rapid amniodrainage procedures during the study period. Four procedures were excluded because the women were already in labor at the time of amniodrainage and they delivered within 48 h of the procedure. The final database therefore consisted of 70 patients with 130 procedures. Sixty-two percent (80/130) of the procedures were performed for the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). There were altogether four procedure-related complications (3.1%; 95% CI, 1.0-8.0%). Three of them occurred in the TTTS group (3/80 procedures, 3.8%; 95% CI, 1.0-11.0%): one case each of placental abruption, PROM and fetal bradycardia. One PROM occurred in the non-TTTS group (1/50 procedures, 2.0%; 95% CI, 0-11.0%). In both cases of PROM the women presented in labor. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid amniodrainage using a vacuum wound-drainage system is safe and efficient to treat severe polyhydramnios, with a 3.1% complication rate. PMID- 14770398 TI - Prenatal echocardiographic differential diagnosis of fetal cardiac tumors. AB - OBJECTIVES: To present data on echocardiographic findings of fetal cardiac tumors and discuss their differential diagnoses. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 14 cases of fetal echogenic cardiac mass diagnosed between 1990 and 2003; 12 were confirmed to be cardiac tumors and two were false-positive diagnoses. The echocardiographic characteristics examined included number, size, location and associated complications. RESULTS: Eight fetuses had a single tumor and four fetuses had multiple tumors. The left ventricle was most often affected. Parents of eight fetuses opted for termination of pregnancy, one fetus died in utero and three affected fetuses survived. Histopathological examination revealed cardiac rhabdomyoma in six fetuses, fibroma in two, teratoma in two, lipoma in one and hemangioma in one. The pitfalls associated with prenatal echocardiographic diagnosis of cardiac tumors include: they may be too small to be visualized, intracardiac echogenic foci may mimic tumors, and echogenicity resulting from extracardiac structures or neoplasms near the heart may falsely appear as tumors. CONCLUSION: Fetal cardiac tumors can be detected by echocardiography. However, differential diagnosis is important as this will affect prognosis and subsequent management. PMID- 14770397 TI - The role of tissue harmonic imaging in fetal echocardiography. AB - OBJECTIVE: To define the role of tissue harmonic imaging (THI) in fetal echocardiography. METHOD: Three trials were conducted in a tertiary referral center: Study A was a prospective randomized trial including 50 women referred for fetal echocardiography. Those allocated to Arm 1 underwent conventional fundamental frequency ultrasound (FFU) and those allocated to Arm 2 underwent THI. Study B was conducted in 21 patients who were obese or overweight with significant weight gain in pregnancy. In these patients, both THI and FFU echocardiography were performed and compared. In Study C, THI was employed as a second-line rescue technique in cases of inadequate or incomplete examination by FFU. A subjective scoring system was used by a reviewer who had not performed the examinations to assess the comprehensiveness of the examination and the image resolution. The reviewer was blinded to the image modality. RESULTS: In Study A, no difference was found in the diagnostic accuracy between THI and FFU echocardiography but the resolution was significantly poorer in the THI arm. In studies B and C, THI performed significantly better than FFU (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: THI echocardiography seems to be the best technique to employ in obese women and in those in whom FFU fails to provide diagnostic information. However, due its poorer resolution in women of average weight, FFU echocardiography should remain the technique of choice. PMID- 14770399 TI - Accuracy of sonographically estimated fetal weight in 840 women with different pregnancy complications prior to induction of labor. AB - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of sonographically estimated fetal weight (EFW) shortly before induction of labor in the presence of different pregnancy complications, and to define possible variables affecting it. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 840 women with singleton pregnancies and cephalic presentation who were admitted to our unit for induction of labor between January 1999 and December 2000. All underwent detailed ultrasound assessment for EFW, amniotic fluid index, biophysical profile and placental location. Indications included previous Cesarean section, postdate pregnancy, pregnancy-induced hypertension, diabetic pregnancy, suspected large-for-gestational age (LGA) infants, suspected fetal growth restriction (FGR), oligohydramnios, decreased fetal movements, premature rupture of membranes at or before term. EFW was calculated after measuring fetal abdominal circumference and femur length. The EFW was compared with the weight at delivery, 1-3 days later. RESULTS: There was a high correlation between EFW and birth weight (R(2) = 0.775, P < 0.001). The mean birth weight was 3207 +/- 561 g, and mean absolute weight difference was 227 +/- 197 g; (absolute range, 0-1700 g; actual range, - 986 to + 1700 g). The mean weight difference was significantly different between the patients with LGA infants, FGR infants and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) (- 110 +/ 281 g, + 113 +/- 195 g and + 115 +/- 307 g, respectively, P < 0.01). Stepwise linear regression analysis of the effects of maternal and pregnancy characteristics on the weight difference yielded lower gestational age, higher birth weight, anterior placenta, higher gravidity, and younger maternal age as independent and significant variables associated with greater actual weight difference inaccuracy (R(2) = 0.099, P < 0.001), and higher birth weight as the only independent and significant variable associated with greater absolute weight difference (R(2) = 0.09, P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: The sonographic EFW is highly correlated with birth weight. However, clinicians should be aware of the risk of overestimation in pregnancies with suspected LGA and underestimation in pregnancies with PPROM and suspected FGR. PMID- 14770400 TI - Quantitative three-dimensional sonographic assessment of pelvic blood after transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte aspiration: factors predicting risk. AB - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the fluid volume in the pelvis immediately and 3-5 days after transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte aspiration (TOAS) and to identify predictive factors for intraperitoneal bleeding. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 83 infertile women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation followed by TOAS and embryo transfer (ET). Pelvic blood volume was measured by three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound examination 3-5 h after TOAS (post-TOAS), and prior to ET (2-3 days after TOAS; pre-ET). Pelvic blood volume was then correlated with the following procedure-related variables: day of hCG administration: number and diameter of ovarian follicles, endometrial thickness, serum estradiol levels; day of TOAS: number of retrieved oocytes, patient's perceived pain (Likert scale), duration of TOAS, diameters (using two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound) and 3D volume of pelvic fluid; day of ET: 2D diameters and 3D volume of pelvic fluid, perceived pain; pregnancy rate. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD volume of blood measured by 3D ultrasound after TOAS and before ET was 12.94 +/- 16.88 (range, 0-98.00) mL and 19.13 +/- 17.84 (range, 0-70.20) mL, respectively. Blood volume in the pelvis correlated most strongly with number of oocytes retrieved (post-TOAS: P < 0.01; pre-ET: P < 0.05), followed by pain level (post TOAS: P < 0.01), number of follicles (post-TOAS: P < 0.05) and endometrial thickness (post-TOAS: P < 0.05). When all study variables were held constant, the number of oocytes and serum estradiol level proved to be significant predictors of the amount of fluid in the pelvis (post-TOAS/pre-ET: P < 0.01). If 2D ultrasound was used, the best predictor of fluid volume after TOAS was the width of the fluid scanned in the pelvis (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The amount of blood in the pelvis following TOAS in the present series was within acceptable clinical limits. The number of retrieved oocytes and pain after TOAS were found to be indicators of patients at risk of excessive bleeding. These findings have important implications for the improvement of postprocedural care. PMID- 14770401 TI - Transvaginal ultrasound detection of multifollicular ovaries in non-hirsute ovulatory women. AB - OBJECTIVES: To characterize ovarian morphology in a group of ovulatory, non hirsute women with infertility and normal circulating levels of gonadotropins and sex steroids. METHODS: Thirty-three women with normal physical examinations, regular ovulatory menses, and absence of hirsutism (Ferriman-Gallwey score < or = 7) were studied. No woman had thyroid disease, galactorrhea, polycystic ovary syndrome, 21-hydroxylase deficiency or diabetes. Two-dimensional (2D) transvaginal sonography (TVS) was used to measure follicle size and ovarian volume on menstrual cycle day 5. Three-dimensional (3D) TVS images were stored to determine the number of follicles (measuring 2-10 mm in diameter) in the largest sonographic plane. Fasting blood sampling and oral glucose tolerance testing were performed to assess serum gonadotropin and sex steroid levels as well as glucose tolerance. RESULTS: The median ovarian volume by 2D-TVS imaging was 7.2 (range, 2.3-15.8) cm(3) (n = 64 ovaries). No follicles were > 10 mm in diameter. The median number of follicles by 3D-TVS was 4 (range, 2-8) (n = 63 ovaries) in the largest sonographic plane. Fourteen of 63 ovaries (22%) had six or more small follicles in one plane distributed within normal stroma (multifollicular ovary, MFO). No ovary had 10 or more follicles in one plane located within abundant stroma (polycystic ovary). Of 33 women examined, 20 women (61%) had apparently normal ovaries bilaterally, while 13 (39%) had at least one MFO. There were no significant differences between women with and those without MFO in serum gonadotropin and steroid levels or glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: MFO is a common morphological variant in non-hirsute ovulatory women with normal gonadotropin secretion and ovarian steroidogenesis. PMID- 14770402 TI - Analysis of sonographic features for the differentiation of benign and malignant breast tumors of different sizes. AB - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the value of various sonographic features in differentiating benign from malignant breast tumors of different sizes to improve the diagnostic accuracy in small lesions. METHODS: The sonographic features of 1203 histologically confirmed solid breast lesions were prospectively documented with respect to anteroposterior (AP) diameter/width ratio, shape, margin, echogenicity, echotexture, posterior echo and bilateral refraction sign. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of breast ultrasound were calculated for lesions grouped according to size (< or = 1, 1.1-2 and > 2 cm). Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses including calculation of odds ratios for single sonographic features were used to analyze the significance of the different diagnostic features. RESULTS: The accuracy of breast sonography in differentiating between benign and malignant tumors < or = 1, 1.1-2 and > 2 cm in size was 75.6%, 86.4% and 88.4%, respectively. Univariate analysis demonstrated that all sonographic features were significant in tumors > or = 1.1 cm. Shape, margin, echogenicity and echotexture were the significant factors in those tumors < or = 1 cm. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that margin, shape, posterior echo and echogenicity were the significant factors for differential diagnosis in tumors > 2 cm. Echogenicity, margin, shape, bilateral refraction sign and echotexture were the significant factors for tumors 1.1-2 cm. On multiple regression analysis, margin was the only significant factor for tumors < or = 1 cm. CONCLUSION: Tumor margin is the most important sonographic feature in evaluating breast lesions in any size group. With the combination of significant factors and emphasis on specific features according to size of lesion, the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for the differential diagnosis of malignant and benign tumors may be improved. PMID- 14770403 TI - Inferior vena cava thrombosis presenting as non-immune hydrops in the fetus of a woman with diabetes. AB - We present a rare case of non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) caused by a thrombus in the inferior vena cava in a neonate with low levels of anti-thrombin III. The diagnosis of (NIHF) was made in utero in a 43-year-old woman with poorly controlled gestational diabetes who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia. Cesarean section was performed due to fetal compromise and worsening pre eclampsia. The thrombus resolved after neonatal treatment with heparin. PMID- 14770404 TI - Fetal hydrops, associated with maternal propylthiouracil exposure, reversed by intrauterine therapy. AB - Thyroid hormone is essential for fetal neurological development. Among other etiologies, fetal hypothyroidism may be caused by maternal exposure to antithyroid drugs (ATDs). The most common presentation of fetal hypothyroidism is fetal goiter, which can cause dystocia, in addition to airway obstruction in the neonate. Intra-amniotic treatment with levothyroxine normalizes fetal thyroid status and reduces goiter size. We present a case of fetal hypothyroidism diagnosed in a patient who was treated with propylthiouracil (PTU) for Grave's disease. The fetus had marked hydrops fetalis and a large goiter. In addition, anal stenosis, vesicovaginal fistula, bilateral pyelectasia and polydactyly were diagnosed in the neonate. Intra-amniotic treatment with levothyroxine resulted in a regression of the hydrops and a reduction in the goiter size. A euthyroid, non edematous, non-goitrous neonate was delivered. At the age of 27 months the child's psychomotor development was normal. The present case indicates that hydrops fetalis may be an unusual manifestation of fetal hypothyroidism, caused by intrauterine exposure to maternal antithyroid drugs (ATDs), and that it may be resolved by treatment with intra-amniotic levothyroxine. PMID- 14770405 TI - Partial trisomy 10 (10q11.2-->pter) and partial trisomy 18 (18p11.2-->pter) associated with abnormal sonographic findings and a maternal serum screen positive result. PMID- 14770406 TI - Re: Fetal brain/liver volume ratio and umbilical volume flow parameters relative to normal and abnormal human development. PMID- 14770408 TI - Three-dimensional imaging of the portal sinus anatomy. PMID- 14770409 TI - Enantioselective chromatography and molecular modeling of novel aryloxyaminopropan-2-ols with the alkyl carbamate function. AB - A series of different racemic aryloxyaminopropan-2-ol derivatives 1a-d-3a-d with potential beta-adrenergic blocking effects related to propanolol 4 and atenolol 5 was resolved by HPLC using Chiralcel OD-H and Chiralpak AD as chiral stationary phases. Mobile phases consisted of a hexane/alcohol (propan-2-ol or ethanol) mixture doped with a modifier (DEA or TFA). The retention behavior of the compounds depended on the position of the carbamate attached to the aryloxy moiety and on the length of the alkyl residue in the carbamate. Enantiomers of the title compounds were baseline separated with the separation factors alpha and resolutions R(s) varying in the range of 1.34-4.55 and 1.50-10.65, respectively. The chromatographic systems developed can be used for the determination of the enantiomeric purity of the title compounds. Molecular modelling using empirical molecular mechanics and ab initio quantum chemistry methods provided low-energy structures in which sites of potential interactions responsible for retention behavior and chiral recognition could be identified. PMID- 14770410 TI - Chiral analysis of butaclamol enantiomers in human plasma by HPLC using a macrocyclic antibiotic (vancomycin) chiral stationary phase and solid phase extraction. AB - An enantioseparation of the antipsychotic drug butaclamol in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with solid phase extraction is presented. The separation was achieved on the vancomycin macrocyclic antibiotic chiral stationary phase (CSP) Chirobiotic V with a polar ionic mobile phase (PIM) consisting of methanol : glacial acetic acid : triethylamine (100:0.2:0.05, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The detection wavelength was 262 nm. Bond Elut C18 solid phase extraction cartridges were used in the sample preparation of butaclamol samples from plasma. The method was validated over the range of 100 3,000 ng/ml for each enantiomer concentration (R(2) > 0.999). Recoveries for (+)- and (-)-butaclamol were in the range of 94-104% at the 300-2,500 ng/ml level. The method proved to be precise (within-run precision ranged from 1.1-2.6% and between-run precision ranged from 1.9-3.2%) and accurate (within-run accuracies ranged from 1.5-5.8% and between-run accuracies ranged from 2.7-7.7%). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for each enantiomer in human plasma were 100 ng/ml and 50 ng/ml, respectively. PMID- 14770411 TI - Enantiomeric separation of dansyl amino acids using macrocyclic antibiotics as chiral mobile phase additives by narrow-bore high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Seven macrocyclic antibiotics were evaluated as chiral selectors for the enantiomeric separation of 11 dansyl amino acids using narrow-bore high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The macrocyclic antibiotics were incorporated as mobile phase additives to determine the enantioselective effects on the chiral analytes. The resolution and capacity factor (k') of each analyte were assessed while varying the structure of macrocyclic antibiotic and the mobile phase buffer pH. The selectivity of the chiral selectors was measured as a function of changes in these parameters. All 11 dansyl amino acids were separated by at least one of the chiral selectors. Three-dimensional computer modeling of the more effective chiral selectors illustrated the importance of macrocyclic antibiotic structure concerning stereospecific analyte interaction. PMID- 14770412 TI - Quantum mechanical considerations on the algebraic structure of central molecular chirality. AB - The chiral algebra of tetrahedral molecules, derived from Fischer's projections, is discussed in the framework of quantum mechanics. A "quantum chiral algebra" is obtained whose operators, acting as rotations or inversions, commute with the Hamiltonian of the system. It is shown that energy and chirality eigenstates are strictly related through the Heisenberg relations, while chirality operators "conserve" parity eigenstates. PMID- 14770413 TI - Chiral synthesis of (2S,3S)-2-(2-morpholin-2-yl-2-phenylmethoxy)phenol. AB - Resolution of (2RS,3RS)-2-[alpha-(2 methoxymethoxyphenoxy)phenylmethyl]morpholine, 11, with (+) mandelic acid led to the formation of (+)-(2S,3S)-2-[alpha-(2-methoxymethoxyphenoxy)phenyl methyl] morpholine (11a). Compound 11 was synthesized in seven steps from (2RS,3RS) cinnamyl alcohol-2,3-epoxide (4), with an overall yield of 17%. Cleavage of the methoxymethyl group of the Fmoc derivative 12 with catalytic amounts of p toluenesulfonic acid in methanol afforded (+)-(2S,3S)-2-(2-morpholin-2-yl-2 phenylmethoxy)phenol 2. The synthetic utility as well as the configuration of compound 2 has been demonstrated by converting (S,S)-2-(2-morpholin-2-yl-2 phenylmethoxy)phenol 2 to (2S,3S)-2-[alpha-(2 ethoxyphenoxy)phenylmethyl]morpholine (1) and (2S,3S)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy) benzyl)morpholine (16), two potential norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors under clinical evaluation. PMID- 14770414 TI - Absorption, fluorescence, and cd spectroscopic study of chiral recognition by a binaphthyl-derived chromogenic calixcrown host. AB - The (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of a binaphthyl-appended calix[4]crown-6 ether with two 2,4-dinitrophenylazo chromophore units ((R)-1 and (S)-1) as chiral hosts were tested in their reactions with the enantiomers of alpha-methylbenzylamine ((R) MBA, (S)-MBA)) and phenylglycinol ((R)-PGL, (S)-PGL) as chiral guests. The visible absorption spectra indicate a two-step process: the first is a nonenantioselective proton transfer from the host to the guest, which is followed by the enantioselective real complexation. In the visible range of the CD spectra a positive/negative band belongs to the absorption of pure (R)-1/(S)-1, and a negative/positive exciton couplet to the absorption of (R)-1-(S)-MBA/(S)-1-(R) MBA complexes. The latter phenomenon suggests that the complexation of amines is accompanied by a chiral arrangement of the two chromophore units in the hosts. The UV fluorescence of (R)-1/(S)-1 arising from the binaphthyl moiety is quenched by K+ ions, but not by the amine guests, showing that the interaction between the binaphthyl group and the complexed amines is weak. PMID- 14770415 TI - Crystal and molecular structures of new enantiopure quinuclidines. AB - X-ray crystal structure analysis was performed on single crystals of two diastereomeric enantiopure quinuclidines, (3R,8R)-3-vinyl-8-hydroxymethyl quinuclidine (quincoridine, QCD) and (3R,8S)-3-vinyl-8-hydroxymethyl-quinuclidine (quincorine, QCI) as their salts with tartaric and p-toluenesulphonate anions, respectively. The molecules of these quinuclidine derivatives are considered here as fragments of the Cinchona alkaloids, quinidine and quinine. A comparison of the conformational features of QCD, QCI, and Cinchona alkaloids in the crystalline state shows that the molecular geometry of the title compounds is similar to that of threo-alkaloids (e.g., R,R isomer of epicinchonine) rather than to quinidine and quinine. The packing of the molecules in both structures is dominated by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. PMID- 14770416 TI - Differential recognition of resveratrol isomers by the human estrogen receptor alpha: molecular dynamics evidence for stereoselective ligand binding. AB - Resveratrol (RSVL) is a phytoestrogen that occurs naturally in two forms (trans- (E) and cis- (Z)). We have conducted molecular dynamics (MD) studies to differentially characterize the estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) binding profiles of RSVL stereoisomers. Favorable orientations for RSVL isomers at the ER alpha pocket were first inferred from (1) alignment with pharmacophoric elements of the pure ER-alpha agonists estradiol (E2) and (2) assessment of ligand recognition by the ER-alpha binding domain. Subsequently, these orientations for RSVL isomers were subjected to MD analyses versus E2. A 100-picosecond MD simulation revealed that E2 contributed four stable hydrogen bonds with the key ER-alpha pocket residue: Arg394, Glu353, His524, and Leu525. Further, E2 displayed favorable binding energy, conformational energy change (DeltaE), and movement of the binding pocket residues (RMSd). Compared to E2, (E)-RSVL lacked a hydrogen bond (HB) with His524 but formed three additional bonds with Gly521, Phe404, and Met343 of the ER-alpha pocket. Further, (E)-RSVL conferred more favorable energy of interaction, less favorable DeltaE, but comparable RMSd values. In contrast, (Z)-RSVL orientations missed hydrogen bonding (HB) with His524 and Leu525, two essential ligand binding residues, and/or produced considerably less favorable-binding energy, -DeltaE, and -RMSd values than did (E)-RSVL. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the utility of this MD model in distinguishing between RSVL stereoisomers. The weak binding of (Z)-RSVL by the human ER-alpha binding is congruent with its inferior ligand profiles in ER-endowed biological systems. Further, evidence is provided for a considerable variation in the mode of recognition of the mixed agonist/antagonist (E)-RSVL, and the pure agonist E2. PMID- 14770417 TI - Trans-diaryl epoxides: asymmetric synthesis, ring-opening, and absolute configuration. AB - Anthryl-phenyl, phenanthryl-phenyl, and naphthyl-phenyl trans-epoxides (1, 2, and 3, respectively) having enantiomeric purities of 95%, 99%, and 96% were synthesized from a diastereo and enantiopure sulfonium salt derived from Eliel's oxathiane. The determination of their (1R,2R) absolute configurations was achieved by application of the CD exciton chirality method using a Zn-porphyrin tweezer on the corresponding alcohols obtained after opening of these epoxides with LiAlH(4). The R-configuration at C2 of these epoxides, (-)-1, (+)-2, and (-) 3, is consistent with our previous results concerning asymmetric synthesis of monoaryl epoxides, cyclopropanes, and aziridines. The (1S,2R)-configuration of the cis isomer (when present) was also confirmed. Moreover, the agreement between the negative exciton chirality for conjugates of (S)-configuration predicted by molecular modeling and the observed CD spectra helps to clarify the relative steric size of phenyl and CH(2)-aryl (phenanthryl or anthryl), which is critical when the tweezer method is applied for absolute configurational assignment (phenyl = medium group; anthacenyl CH(2) and phenanthryl CH(2) = large group). PMID- 14770418 TI - Chiral recognition based on enantioselective interactions of propranolol enantiomers with cyclosophoraoses isolated from Rhizobium meliloti. AB - Cyclosophoraoses isolated from Rhizobium meliloti, as an NMR chiral shift agent, were used to discriminate propranolol enantiomers. Continuous variation plot made from the complex of cyclosophoraoses with propranolol showed that the diastereomeric complex had predominantly 1:1 stoichiometry through UV spectroscopic analysis. The chiral recognition of propranolol enantiomers by cyclosophoraoses was investigated through the determination of binding constant based on the (13)C NMR chemical shift changes. The averaged K(obs) values from the plots were 55.7 M(-1) for (R)-(+)-propranolol and 36.6 M(-1) for (S)-(-) propranolol, respectively. Enantioselectivity (alpha = K(R+)/K(S(-)) of 1.52 was then obtained. Computational calculation also revealed that (R)-(+) propranolol was more tightly bound with cyclosophoraose than (S)-(-)-propranolol due to the enhanced van der Waals interaction. PMID- 14770419 TI - Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition as therapy for hematologic malignancies. AB - The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a downstream effector of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt (protein kinase B) signaling pathway, which mediates cell survival and proliferation. mTOR regulates essential signal transduction pathways, is involved in the coupling of growth stimuli with cell cycle progression, and initiates mRNA translation in response to favorable nutrient environments. mTOR is involved in regulating many aspects of cell growth, including membrane traffic, protein degradation, protein kinase C signaling, ribosome biogenesis, and transcription. Because mTOR activates both the 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k) and the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, its inhibitors cause G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Inhibitors of mTOR also prevent cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) activation, inhibit retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation, and accelerate the turnover of cyclin D1, leading to a deficiency of active CDK4/cyclin D1 complexes, all of which may help cause G1-phase arrest. It is known that the phosphatase and tensin homologue tumor suppressor gene (PTEN) plays a major role in embryonic development, cell migration, and apoptosis. Malignancies with PTEN mutations, which are associated with constitutive activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, are relatively resistant to apoptosis and may be particularly sensitive to mTOR inhibitors. Rapamycin analogs with relatively favorable pharmaceutical properties, including CCI-779, RAD001, and AP23573, are under investigation in patients with hematologic malignancies. PMID- 14770420 TI - Intensive sequential chemotherapy with hematopoietic growth factor support for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. AB - BACKGROUND: Optimal treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has yet to be defined, because chemotherapy could exacerbate immunodeficiency, with subsequent adverse effects for patients. METHODS: The authors investigated the feasibility of an intensive chemotherapy regimen for HIV-associated NHL. Thirty-eight patients were treated with a first course of cyclophosphamide (Cy), vincristine, and prednisone; followed by 3 courses of high-dose Cy (2000 mg/m2), doxorubicin (Doxo; 50 mg/m2), vincristine, and prednisone (modified high-dose CHOP); 1 course of high-dose methotrexate (MTX; 8000 mg/m2); and 1 course of high-dose cytarabine (8000 mg/m2). Radiotherapy was added to the treatment regimen for patients with bulky disease or residual tumor. Chemotherapy was administered in conjunction with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS: Patients received 91.5%, 93%, 66%, and 63% of the scheduled doses of Cy, Doxo, MTX, and cytarabine, respectively. The complete response rate was 60.5%, with a total response rate of 79%. The 40-month overall survival rate was 43%, the disease-free survival rate was 65%, and the recurrence-free survival rate was 39%. Both an International Prognostic Index score of 0 or 1 and Burkitt-type histology had positive effects on survival, whereas CD4-positive lymphocyte counts, viral burden, and previous highly active antiretroviral therapy did not. CD4-positive T lymphocyte levels decreased from 0.197 +/- 0.156 x10(9)/L before treatment to 0.152 +/- 0.1 x10(9)/L at 6 months after the end of treatment. A decrease in viral load, from 380,000 +/- 785,000 copies/mL before treatment to 25,000 +/- 43,000 copies/mL at 6 months after the end of treatment, also was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study indicate that intensive chemotherapy is effective and tolerable for patients with HIV-associated NHL. PMID- 14770421 TI - Children, cancer, and nutrition--A dynamic triangle in review. AB - The overall cure rate for cancer in childhood now exceeds 70% and is projected to reach 85% by the year 2010 in industrialized countries. Therefore, major attention is being placed on reducing the side effects of therapy. However, 85% of the world's children live in developing countries, where access to adequate care often is limited and health status frequently is influenced adversely by prevalent infectious diseases and malnutrition. Despite several confounding factors (different definitions of nutritional status, the wide variety of measures used for its assessment, the selection biases by disease and stage, treatment protocols of variable dose intensity and efficacy, small sample sizes of the studies conducted in the last 20 years), it is accepted that the prevalence of malnutrition at diagnosis averages 50% in children with cancer in developing countries; whereas, in industrialized countries, it is related to the type of tumor and the extent of the disease, ranging from < 10% in patients with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia to 50% in patients with advanced neuroblastoma. The importance of nutritional status in children with cancer is related to its possible influence on the course of the disease and survival. Some authors have described decreased tolerance of chemotherapy associated with altered metabolism of antineoplastic drugs, increased infection rates, and poor clinical outcome in malnourished children. In this article, the authors review methods of nutritional assessment and the pathogenesis of nutritional morbidity in children with cancer as well as correlations of nutritional status with diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. PMID- 14770422 TI - Effect of breast-conserving therapy versus radical mastectomy on prognosis for young women with breast carcinoma. AB - BACKGROUND: Among middle-aged and older women with early breast carcinoma, breast conserving therapy (BCT) has been shown to have an effect on survival that is similar to that of modified radical mastectomy (RM). Nonetheless, it remains to be established whether BCT also is the optimal treatment option for early breast carcinoma in young women, because these women generally have more aggressive disease and a higher frequency of local recurrence compared with older women. METHODS: We investigated a cohort of 9285 premenopausal women with primary breast carcinoma who were age < 50 years at diagnosis. These women were identified from a population-based Danish breast carcinoma database containing detailed information on patient and tumor characteristics, predetermined treatment regimens, and survival. RESULTS: In total, 7165 patients (77.2%) were treated with RM, and 2120 patients (22.8%) were treated with BCT. We calculated the relative risk of death within the first 10 years after diagnosis according to surgical treatment and age, both before and after adjustment for known prognostic factors. No increased risk of death was observed among women who received BCT compared with women who underwent RM, regardless of age at diagnosis (< 35 years, 35-39 years, 40-44 years, or 45-49 years), despite the increased risk of local recurrence among young women. Restricting the analysis to women with small tumors (size < 2 cm) yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Despite having a higher rate of local recurrence, young women with breast carcinoma who receive BCT are similar to young women treated with RM in terms of survival. PMID- 14770423 TI - Evaluation of the synergistic effect of insulin resistance and insulin-like growth factors on the risk of breast carcinoma. AB - BACKGROUND: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between insulin resistance (which was measured using fasting blood C-peptide) and its joint association with insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1, IGF-2, and IGF binding protein-3 [IGFBP-3]) on the risk of breast carcinoma. METHODS: Included in the current study were 400 case-control pairs from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Pretreatment biospecimens and interview data were collected from all breast carcinoma cases and their individually matched controls. RESULTS: Breast carcinoma risk was found to be statistically significantly increased when higher blood levels of C-peptide and IGFs were noted in a dose-response manner. There was a statistically significant twofold to threefold increased risk of breast carcinoma for women in the highest quartile of C-peptide, IGF-1, or IGFBP-3 compared with women in the lowest quartiles. Women with high levels of both C peptide and IGF-1 or IGFBP-3 also were found to have a substantially higher risk of breast carcinoma than those women with a high level of only one of these molecules. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 3.79 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.03-7.08) for those with a higher level of both C-peptide and IGF-1 and 4.03 (95% CI, 2.06-7.86) for those with a higher level of both C-peptide and IGFBP-3. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggest that insulin resistance and IGFs may synergistically increase the risk of breast carcinoma. PMID- 14770424 TI - Access to multidisciplinary cancer care: is it linked to the use of breast conserving surgery with radiation for early-stage breast carcinoma? AB - BACKGROUND: Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) with radiation (BCSR) requires a multidisciplinary care approach between surgeons and radiation oncologists. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study examined the use of preoperative radiation oncology consultation and whether use of or distance to this care was associated with treatment choice among 1188 women age > or = 65 years who were diagnosed with local or regional breast carcinoma in Washington State in 1994 and 1995. Study outcomes included rates of BCSR; BCS alone; and mastectomy; and radiation therapy among women who underwent BCS. RESULTS: Only 29% of patients in the current study consulted with a radiation oncologist preoperatively, and less than half of the patients (46.6%) consulted with either a medical oncologist or a radiation oncologist. Among women who underwent either BCSR or mastectomy, the odds of undergoing BCSR among women who had a preoperative radiation oncology consultation were 6.7 times the odds of women who did not have the consultation (P < or = 0.001). Similarly, the odds of receiving radiation therapy among women who underwent BCS and had a preoperative radiation oncology consultation were 5 times the odds of women who did not have the consultation (P < 0.001). The 3.4% of women who lived > 50 miles from the radiation therapy center had the lowest BCSR rate (15.8%) and had the lowest radiation therapy rate among women who underwent BCS (54.5%), although these findings were not statistically significant in adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS: A preoperative visit with a radiation oncologist was associated strongly with BCSR use. More should be done to evaluate the role of multidisciplinary consultation in the decision to use BCSR. PMID- 14770425 TI - Evaluation of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System Category 3 mammograms and the use of stereotactic vacuum-assisted breast biopsy in a nonacademic community practice. AB - BACKGROUND: Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) Category 3 represents 'probably benign' mammographic abnormalities requiring close follow up, but biopsies sometimes are performed on Category 3 abnormalities. Controversy exists as to when these biopsies are justified. The goals of the current study were to evaluate the use of stereotactic vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (SVABB) for BI-RADS 3 lesions in a nonacademic community hospital-based practice, to evaluate the false- negative rate of Category 3 mammograms, and to determine whether any specific lesions misinterpreted as BI-RADS 3 abnormalities might commonly be associated with malignant disease. METHODS: From August 2000 to December 2002, the authors performed 947 SVABB procedures on 911 patients. They focused on 156 SVABBs of BI-RADS 3 abnormalities. RESULTS: Of 634 SVABB procedures requested by outside sources, 114 (18%) were performed for BI-RADS 3 abnormalities, compared with 42 (13%) of 313 SVABB procedures that were performed based on mammographic findings at the authors' practice (P = 0.075). After SVABB, 7 of 156 patients with BI-RADS 3 lesions were diagnosed with breast carcinoma and 1 was diagnosed with atypical ductal hyperplasia. Therefore, the false-negative rate of BI-RADS 3 mammograms was 4.5% (i.e., 7 of 156 patients). Patients with linear microcalcifications had the highest rate of cancer (4 of 14 [29%]) compared with patients without microcalcifications (1 of 64 [1.5%]) and patients with nonlinear microcalcifications (2 of 69 [2.9%]). CONCLUSIONS: The use of SVABB for BI-RADS 3 lesions reflected uncertainty regarding the potential for a diagnosis of malignant disease rather than the financial incentive of performing a biopsy. SVABB was not necessary for patients with BI-RADS 3 lesions without microcalcifications or for patients with nonlinear microcalcifications. Lesions with linear (casting or branching) microcalcifications should not be considered BI-RADS 3 abnormalities. PMID- 14770426 TI - Breast carcinoma survival in Europe and the United States. AB - BACKGROUND: Breast carcinoma survival rates were found to be higher in the U.S. than in Europe. METHODS: Multiple regression analysis of breast carcinoma survival rates among women diagnosed between 1990 and 1992 was performed using clinical data from population-based case series from the Surveillance, Epidemiogy, and End Results (SEER) program (13,172 women) and the European Concerted Action on survival and Care of Cancer Patients (EUROCARE) project (4478 women). RESULTS: Early-stage tumors (T1N0M0) were more frequent in the SEER data (41% of cases) than in the EUROCARE data (29%). In the SEER data, early tumors were more frequent in women age > or = 65 years (43%) than in younger women (38%), whereas the reverse was true in the European data (25% vs. 31%). In both case series, > 90% of women underwent surgery and 81-82% underwent lymphadenectomy, but the number of axillary lymph nodes evaluated was higher in the SEER data than in the EUROCARE data. The 5-year survival rate was higher in the U.S. case series (89%) than in the European series (79%). This differential was observed for each stage category evaluated: early (T1N0M0), large lymph node negative (T2-3N0M0), lymph node-positive (T1-3N+M0), locally advanced (T4M0), and metastatic (M1) tumors. The overall relative excess risk (RER) of death was significantly higher (RER, 1.37; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.25-1.50) among European women compared with U.S. women (referent group). Adjustment for stage, age, surgery, and the number of lymph nodes evaluated explained most of the excess risk (RER, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.98-1.17). CONCLUSIONS: Transatlantic differences in the 5-year survival rates for women diagnosed with breast carcinoma between 1990 and 1992 were attributable mainly to differences in stage of disease. Resources should be invested to achieve earlier diagnosis of breast carcinoma in Europe, especially for elderly women. PMID- 14770427 TI - Prognostic significance of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase activity in bladder carcinoma. AB - BACKGROUND: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), an antitumor agent, is used clinically against a variety of malignancies, including bladder carcinoma. 5-FU is a prodrug, and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) is the principal enzyme that converts 5 FU directly into an active antitumor metabolite, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5' monophosphate. In addition, OPRT is the key enzyme in the de novo DNA and RNA synthetic process. To the authors' knowledge, little is known regarding the significance of OPRT in various malignancies, including bladder carcinoma. The authors analyzed the activity levels of OPRT in 60 bladder carcinomas and evaluated the association between the level of OPRT activity and the stage and grade status of bladder carcinoma. They also examined the prognostic significance of OPRT activity in patients with bladder carcinoma and the correlation between OPRT activity levels in bladder carcinoma cells and the sensitivity of those cells to 5-FU. METHODS: OPRT activity levels in nonfixed, fresh-frozen specimens of bladder carcinoma and normal bladder were determined enzymatically using a 5 FU phosphorylation assay. The sensitivity of bladder cells to 5-FU was assessed using a microculture tetrazolium dye assay. RESULTS: The activity levels of OPRT were approximately 7.5-fold higher in bladder carcinoma specimens compared with the activity levels in normal bladder specimens. OPRT activity in muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma was 2-fold higher compared with the activity in superficial bladder carcinoma (classified as Ta and T1). In addition, the activity of OPRT in T1 bladder carcinoma was 2-fold higher compared with the activity in Ta bladder carcinoma. The level of OPRT activity in Grade 3 bladder carcinoma was 6-fold and 2-fold higher compared with the activity in Grade 1 and Grade 2 bladder carcinoma, respectively. Patients who had Ta and T1 bladder carcinoma with low OPRT activity had a longer postoperative tumor free period compared with patients who had bladder carcinoma with high OPRT activity in the 3-year follow-up. There was a positive association between the activity levels of OPRT and thymidylate synthase/thymidine kinase, which are the key enzymes in the de novo/salvage DNA synthetic process. OPRT activity in bladder carcinoma cells was correlated positively with their sensitivity to 5-FU. CONCLUSIONS: to the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first to demonstrate that OPRT activity levels in bladder carcinoma were higher compared with its activity in the normal bladder tissues and that OPRT activity levels were correlated positively with the stage and grade of bladder carcinoma. In addition, high OPRT activity levels in patients with superficial bladder carcinoma predicted early recurrence and high sensitivity to 5-FU. These results suggest that the level of OPRT activity may be used both as a prognostic parameter and as a predictive indicator for 5-FU efficacy in patients with bladder carcinoma and that OPRT may be a molecular therapeutic target in bladder carcinoma. PMID- 14770428 TI - Fertility after testicular cancer treatments: results of a large multicenter study. AB - BACKGROUND: Patients with testicular cancer have an excellent survival rate, and fertility is one of the main concerns of survivors. The authors investigated fertility status after treatment for testis cancer in long-term survivors. METHODS: Four hundred fifty-one consecutive patients with testicular cancer (1979 1999) from health facilities in the French Midi-Pyrenees region were enrolled. Testis tumors were classified according to the Royal Marsden Hospital Classification. Fertility status was assessed by means of a mailed, standardized questionnaire focused on reproductive events that occurred before and after treatment. Of 451 patients with germ-cell tumors, information concerning fertility was obtained in 446 patients (98.9%). The follow-up was at least 3 years. RESULTS: Before they were diagnosed with testicular cancer, 91.2% of patients who had tried to get their partners pregnant had succeeded, compared with 67.1% of patients after treatment. Radiotherapy had a much more deleterious effect on fertility compared with chemotherapy alone. Furthermore, cumulative conception rates (log-rank test) for patients who received radiotherapy were significantly lower compared with the rates for patients who received chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of this study, which included the largest series reported to date, showed that fertility in patients with testicular cancer decreased by 30% after treatments and that radiotherapy seemed to have the most deleterious effect on fertility. PMID- 14770429 TI - The natural history of incidentally detected small renal masses. AB - BACKGROUND: The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing, largely due to the widespread use of cross-sectional imaging. Most renal tumors are detected incidentally as small, asymptomatic masses. To study their natural history, the authors prospectively followed a series of patients with this type of lesion who were unsuited for or refused surgery. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with 32 masses that measured < 4 cm in greatest dimension (25 solid masses and 7 complex cystic masses) were studied. The primary outcome was tumor size, which was calculated as volume over time. All patients were followed with serial abdominal imaging, and each mass had at least three follow-up measurements. The median follow-up was 27.9 months (range, 5.3-143.0 months). RESULTS: Overall, the average growth rate did not differ statistically from zero growth (P = 0.09; 95% confidence interval, - 0.005-0.2 cm per year) and was not associated with either initial size (P = 0.28) or mass type (P = 0.41). Seven masses (22%) reached 4 cm in greatest dimension after 12-85 months of follow-up. Eight masses (25%) doubled their volumes within 12 months. Overall, 11 masses (34%) fulfilled 1 of these 2 criteria of rapid growth. Nine tumors were removed surgically after an average of 3.1 years of follow-up because it was believed that they were growing fast. No patient had disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of small renal masses that are presumed RCCs grow if they are managed conservatively and are followed with serial imaging. The growth rate is slow or undetectable in the majority of patients. These observations raise the possibility of a period of initial observation in selected patients, particularly the elderly or infirm. PMID- 14770430 TI - Multicenter Phase II study of estramustine phosphate plus weekly paclitaxel in patients with androgen-independent prostate carcinoma. AB - BACKGROUND: The current study determined the efficacy and toxicity of weekly paclitaxel in combination with estramustine phosphate (EMP) in patients with androgen-independent prostate carcinoma (AIPC). METHODS: Patients with progressive AIPC received 90 mg/m2 paclitaxel by 1-hour intravenous infusion weekly for 3 weeks, followed by a 1-week treatment rest. Patients received 140 mg EMP orally 3 times daily on the day before, the day of, and the day after paclitaxel administration. Patients received 1 mg warfarin daily to prevent thromboembolism. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients with progressive AIPC received treatment at 29 centers. Forty-two percent of patients had a 50% decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA; 95% confidence interval [CI], 30-54%). For 26 patients with bidimensionally measurable disease, the objective response rate was 15% (95% CI, 1-30%). The median time to disease progression was 6.3 months, and the median time to PSA progression was 11.4 months. The median survival period was 15.6 months. Grade 3-4 toxicities were uncommon and included thromboembolism (8%), anemia (3%), neutropenia (3%), and peripheral neuropathy (2%). There was one treatment-related death. CONCLUSIONS: This regimen of EMP plus weekly paclitaxel was an active and well tolerated treatment for patients with AIPC. PMID- 14770431 TI - Survivin expression is associated with features of biologically aggressive prostate carcinoma. AB - BACKGROUND: Survivin counteracts cell death and controls mitotic progression. The objectives of the current study were to compare the expression patterns of survivin in normal prostate, primary prostate carcinoma, and lymph node tissues involved with prostate carcinoma and to determine whether the expression of survivin is associated with prostate carcinoma characteristics and progression. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining for survivin and for transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and its receptors (types I and II; TGF-betaR1 and TGF betaR2, respectively) was carried out on archival specimens from 114 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (median follow-up, 64.8 months). Punch biopsies of the index carcinoma and normal tissue from each specimen were sectioned onto a single slide and stained. The authors also evaluated the expression of survivin in normal and malignant lymph node tissue from eight patients. RESULTS: Survivin was expressed in 41 of 114 normal prostate specimens (36%) from prostates that contained carcinoma, in 81 of 114 primary prostate carcinoma specimens (71%), in 3 of 8 normal lymphoid specimens (38%), and in 7 of 8 prostate carcinoma lymphoid specimens (88%). Survivin expression was associated with higher final Gleason sum (P = 0.001), loss of TGF-betaR1 and TGF-betaR2 expression (P = 0.041 and P = 0.008, respectively), and an increased risk of biochemical progression on univariate analysis (P = 0.0441). Among patients who had disease progression, survivin was expressed more commonly in those who had tumors with features of aggressive behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of survivin gradually increased from normal prostate tissue, to low-grade primary carcinoma, to high-grade primary carcinoma and was highest in lymph node metastases. Survivin expression was associated further with alteration of the TGF beta pathway and with overall and aggressive biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy. PMID- 14770432 TI - Quality of life and pain relief during treatment with calcitriol and docetaxel in symptomatic metastatic androgen-independent prostate carcinoma. AB - BACKGROUND: The current study evaluated the analgesic activity and impact on quality of life (QOL) of a new chemotherapy regimen of calcitriol and docetaxel in men with androgen-independent prostate carcinoma. METHODS: Analgesic response was defined as a 2-point reduction on the Present Pain Intensity (PPI) scale (or compete relief if baseline PPI was 1) without an increase in analgesic use or a 50% decrease in analgesic medication use without an increase in pain, maintained for > or = 4 weeks. Pain, pain medication consumption, and QOL (measured by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30) were evaluated every 4 weeks. RESULTS: Treatment resulted in an analgesic response in 14 of 29 evaluable patients (48%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 30-67%). The median time to symptomatic progression in the 14 patients who met criteria for analgesic response was 41 weeks (95% CI, 26-56 weeks). Worsening in physical and role functioning, fatigue, appetite, and global health status and improvement in constipation were detected using the QLQ-C30 QOL questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Significant analgesic activity was demonstrated, although worsening in several QOL domains was observed in a patient population with relatively low pain intensity (median PPI, 2). PMID- 14770433 TI - Prognostic significance and interobserver variability of histologic grading systems for endometrial carcinoma. AB - BACKGROUND: The most widely used histologic grading system for endometrial carcinoma is the three-tiered International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) system. Although FIGO grading has significant predictive value, the reproducibility of Grade 2 is limited. Recently, a binary grading system was proposed based on the amount of solid growth, the pattern of myometrial invasion, and the presence of tumor cell necrosis. The authors analyzed and compared the prognostic significance and the interobserver variability of both grading systems and of the three criteria for the binary grading system. METHODS: Eight hundred patients with Stage I-III endometrioid endometrial carcinoma were reviewed and graded independently by two pathologists according to the three-tiered FIGO grading system and the novel binary grading system. RESULTS: The interobserver agreement for both systems was moderate, with 70% and 73% agreement rates for the FIGO (kappa = 0.41) and binary (kappa = 0.39) grading systems, respectively. When converting the FIGO grading system into an artificial, 2-tiered grading system (Grade 3 vs. Grades 1-2), the agreement was much better (agreement rate, 85%; kappa = 0.58). Of the 3 criteria for the binary grading system, amount of solid growth (< or = 50% vs. > 50%) had the greatest reproducibility (agreement rate, 80%; kappa = 0.50). Both the 2-tiered FIGO grading system and the binary grading system were significant predictors of local recurrence, distant recurrence, and disease-specific survival (hazard ratios [HRs]: 1.7, 2.5, and 2.6, respectively, for FIGO and 2.1, 4.1, and 3.8, respectively, for the binary grading system). The amount of solid growth also was a strong prognostic factor for these three endpoints (HRs: 2.4, 3.9, and 3.8, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both the binary grading system and the FIGO grading system had strong prognostic significance. Their reproducibility, however, was limited. A simple architectural binary grading system that divided tumors into low-grade lesions and high-grade lesions based on the proportion of solid growth (< or = 50% or > 50%) had superior prognostic power and greater reproducibility. PMID- 14770434 TI - Reduced folate carrier mutations are not the mechanism underlying methotrexate resistance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. AB - BACKGROUND: Although the majority of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are cured with combination chemotherapy containing methotrexate (MTX), drug resistance contributes to treatment failure for a substantial fraction of patients. The primary transporter for folates and MTX is the reduced folate carrier (RFC). Impaired drug transport is a documented mechanism of MTX resistance in patients with ALL; however, to the authors' knowledge it is not known whether inactivating RFC mutations are a contributing factor. METHODS: The authors devised a genomic polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism assay followed by sequencing and screened the entire RFC coding region for sequence alterations in DNA from 246 leukemia specimens from patients with diverse ethnic variation, 24 at the time of recurrence and the rest at the time of diagnosis. This cohort was comprised of 203 B-precursor ALL specimens (82.5%), 32 T-lineage ALL specimens (13%), and 11 acute myeloblastic leukemia specimens (4.5%). RESULTS: Of 246 DNA samples, only 3 diagnosis B-precursor ALL specimens (1.2%) were found to harbor alterations in the RFC gene, including heterozygous single nucleotide changes resulting in D56H and D522N substitutions in the first extracellular loop and the C-terminus of this transporter, respectively. The third sample had a sequence alteration in exon 3 that could not be identified because of the lack of availability of DNA. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas inactivating RFC mutations are a frequent mechanism of MTX resistance in human leukemia cell lines and in patients with osteosarcoma, they are not common and do not appear to play any significant role in intrinsic or acquired resistance to MTX in childhood leukemia. This is the first study of RFC mutations in multiple pediatric leukemia specimens. PMID- 14770435 TI - Clinicopathologic review of 58 patients with biliary papillomatosis. AB - BACKGROUND: Biliary papillomatosis (BP) is a rare disease that is characterized by multiple numerous papillary adenomas in the biliary tree. The clinical features and outcome, however, are not well known. The authors retrospectively analyzed their clinicopathologic features and long-term follow-up results. METHODS: Between March 1995 and January 2003, 58 patients were diagnosed with BP by cholangioscopic and histologic findings at a tertiary referral center, Asan Medical Center (University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea). The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records to obtain demographic, radiologic, cholangioscopic, and pathologic data. RESULTS: The common clinical manifestations at the presentation of patients were repeated episodes of abdominal pain, jaundice, and acute cholangitis. Acute cholangitis was more common in patients with mucin-hypersecreting BP (MBP), whereas patients with nonmucin-producing BP (NMBP) were more asymptomatic (P < 0.05). Papillary adenocarcinoma and mucinous carcinoma were detected in 48 patients (83%) with papillary adenomas. Overall survival rates of NMBP and MBP were 89% and 69% at 1 year, 57% and 37% at 3 years, and 52% and 19% at 5 years, respectively. The mean survival period of NMBP and MBP was 52.27 +/- 6.72 months and 30.84 +/- 8.36 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: BP should be regarded as a premalignant disease with high malignant potential. The pathogenesis of progression from benign to malignant disease may follow the adenomacarcinoma sequence. Although clinical presentations were somewhat different for patients with NMBP and MBP, the long-term survival rate was similar. PMID- 14770437 TI - Neurologic disorders in 432 consecutive patients with small cell lung carcinoma. AB - BACKGROUND: Neurologic complications are an important cause of morbidity and possibly also mortality in patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). The current study was undertaken to prospectively investigate survival and the frequency of neurologic disorders in patients with SCLC. METHODS: Between October 1980 and September 2001, 432 consecutive patients with microscopically proven SCLC were included in the current study. Patients underwent neurologic examinations on a regular basis prior to, during, and after treatment. Routine imaging of the brain (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) was performed before and after systemic therapy. RESULTS: A neurologic disorder was diagnosed in approximately 56% of the SCLC patients. In nearly half of the cases, the neurologic disorder already was present at the time of diagnosis. Brain metastases (BM) were diagnosed most frequently. Seventy-four patients (18%) had BM at the time of diagnosis; in 20 of these patients, the BM did not demonstrate clinical signs. Another 101 patients developed BM during follow-up. The 2-year cumulative risk of BM reached 49% for patients with limited disease (LD) and 65% for patients with extensive disease (ED). Patients with BM as the only site of disease dissemination were found to have a poorer survival compared with LD patients. The majority of the nonmetastatic disorders preceded the diagnosis of SCLC. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) was diagnosed most frequently. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective study, neurologic disorders were diagnosed in greater than half of the patients with SCLC. BM were detected most frequently. Approximately 18% of the patients were found to have BM at the time of diagnosis. In approximately 33% of the cases, these BM did not cause symptoms. BM were found to have a negative effect on survival in patients with SCLC. PMID- 14770436 TI - Clinical significance of bone marrow microinvolvement in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. AB - BACKGROUND: The divergences in the clinical significance of bone marrow microinvolvement (BMM) in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) necessitated a long-term large series study. METHODS: Between March 1997 and June 2001, the authors analyzed 212 bone marrow specimens (from the posterior iliac crest) taken from patients with NSCLC before surgery. The degree of tumor differentiation included well differentiated carcinoma in 12 Patients, moderately differentiated carcinoma in 112 Patients, and poorly differentiated carcinoma in 68 Patients. The pTNM staging (according the the criteria of the American Joint Committee on Cancer) included Stage IA in 8 patients, Stage IB in 70 patients, Stage IIB in 36 patients, Stage IIIA in 54 patients, Stage IIIB in 14 patients, and Stage IV in 10 patients. The specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining with antihuman cytokeratin AE1/AE3, Ber-EP4, and clone MNF116 mixed solution to detect the presence of malignant epithelial cells in the bone marrow. RESULTS: Positive results were observed in 66 patients (34.4%). The occurrence of BMM was not found to be related to patient age, gender, cell type, or TNM status. The 5-year disease-free survival rates were 44.9% and 40.5% in BMM-negative and BMM-positive patients, respectively (P = 0.3797). The 5-year cumulative survival rates were 43.5% and 44.0% in BMM-negative and BMM-positive patients, respectively (P = 0.4262). Multivariate analysis failed to demonstrate BMM as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.1817). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study showed that although BMM was observed frequently in patients with NSCLC, regardless of tumor stage and pathologic types, its occurrence was not a good predictor of long-term prognosis. PMID- 14770438 TI - Second-line treatment with carboplatin for recurrent or progressive oligodendroglial tumors after PCV (procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine) chemotherapy: a phase II study. AB - BACKGROUND: The efficacy of second-line chemotherapy for patients with recurrent or progressive oligodendroglial tumors is limited. In the current study, the authors investigated the use of carboplatin as a second-line chemotherapeutic agent against these types of tumors. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with recurrent or progressive oligodendrogliomas or oligoastrocytomas after first-line PCV (procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine) chemotherapy were enrolled in a single-institution Phase II study of second-line carboplatin chemotherapy. All patients had undergone surgery, and most also had undergone conventional radiotherapy. Carboplatin was administered at a dose of 560 mg/m2 intravenously every 4 weeks. Responses were evaluated according to conventional criteria, based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. RESULTS: Three of 23 patients (13%) had partial responses, with neurologic improvement. Twelve patients (52%) had stable disease; in 2 of these 12 patients, a minor response was seen on MRI. Eight patients (35%) had progressive disease. The median time to tumor progression was 3 months for all patients and 9 months for patients who experienced responses to treatment. Progression-free survival rates at 6 and 12 months were 34.8% and 8.7%, respectively. Among the salvage treatment plans followed after carboplatin chemotherapy were supportive care alone, radiotherapy, third-line chemotherapy, and reoperation. The median survival duration from the start of carboplatin administration was 16 months. Myelotoxicity was severe, with Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia in 60% of patients and Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia in 48% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: When administered according to a monthly schedule, carboplatin exhibited modest activity in adult patients with recurrent or progressive oligodendroglioma or oligoastrocytoma who experienced treatment failure after PCV chemotherapy; the current treatment regimen also was associated with severe toxicity. Further improvement of second-line chemotherapy for the patient group examined in the current study is necessary. PMID- 14770439 TI - Treatment of atypical neurocytomas. AB - BACKGROUND: The majority of central neurocytomas are benign. Approximately 25% of these rare central nervous system tumors are more aggressive, with an MIB-1 labeling index > 2% or atypical histologic features, and are classified as atypical neurocytomas. The objective of this analysis was to define the optimal treatment for patients with these atypical tumors. METHODS: The first atypical neurocytoma was described in 1989. The patients reported since then were reviewed for age, gender, extent of resection, MIB-1 index, histology, irradiation, local control, and survival. In addition to the data available in the literature, more relevant data were obtained from the authors of that literature. Treatment approaches included complete resection alone (CR), complete resection followed by radiotherapy (CR-RT), incomplete resection alone (IR), and incomplete resection followed by radiotherapy (IR-RT). These four therapies were compared for local control and survival using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test. RESULTS: Complete data were available on 85 patients (15 patients who underwent CR, 13 patients who underwent CR-RT, 17 patients who underwent IR, and 40 patients who received IR-RT). Local control rates at 3 years and 5 years were 73% and 57% after CR, 81% and 53% after CR-RT, 21% and 7% after IR, and 85% and 70% after IR RT, respectively (P < 0.0001). Survival rates at 3 years and 5 years and were 93% and 93% after CR, 90% and 90% after CR-RT, 65% and 43% after IR, and 87% and 78% after IR-RT, respectively (P = 0.0076). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who underwent CR achieved better local control and survival rates compared with patients who underwent IR. After IR, patients appeared to benefit from RT. A beneficial effect of RT after CR was not observed. PMID- 14770440 TI - Adjuvant therapy of osteosarcoma--A Phase II trial: Southwest Oncology Group study 9139. AB - BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to estimate the time to treatment failure and survival rate of the three-drug combination of doxorubicin, cisplatin, and ifosfamide as primary and postoperative, adjunctive treatment for teenagers and adults with osteosarcoma (OS). METHODS: Sixty-three eligible patients with nonmetastatic OS of the extremities were registered from 24 institutions from February, 1992 through December, 1996. Chemotherapy was comprised of doxorubicin at a dose of 75 mg/m2 and cisplatin at a dose of 120 mg/m2, alternating with doxorubicin at a dose of 50 mg/m2 and ifosfamide at a dose of 8 g/m2. Four cycles were given prior to surgical resection, and four cycles were given after surgery. Outcome measures included the time to treatment failure, overall survival, toxicity, and centralized assessment of tumor necrosis. RESULTS: Thirty-one of 63 eligible patients died, for a 5-year overall survival rate of 58% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 46-71%). The median time to treatment failure was 19 months (95% CI, 12-41 months). A good pathologic response (> or = 90% necrosis) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was observed in 48% of patients who underwent surgery. There was no correlation noted between response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and patient outcome. Grade 4 hematologic toxicities were frequent (89%), although serious nonhematologic toxicities other than nausea and emesis were uncommon. CONCLUSIONS: The regimen and schedule used in the current study did not improve outcomes compared with prior trials of doxorubicin and cisplatin alone. New, more effective drugs are needed for the treatment of patients with OS. The identification and utilization of molecular markers to predict outcome and response to therapy would facilitate clinical management, limiting exposure to toxic therapies for patients with favorable molecular profiles and identifying those patients who may fail with current approaches as candidates for clinical trials. PMID- 14770441 TI - Incidence and distribution of argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency in human cancers: a method for identifying cancers sensitive to arginine deprivation. AB - BACKGROUND: Argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) was the first of two enzymes to convert citrulline to arginine. This pathway allowed cells to synthesize arginine from citrulline, making this amino acid nonessential for the growth of most mammalian cells. Previous studies demonstrated that several human tumor cell lines were auxotrophic for arginine due to an inability to express ASS. Selective elimination of arginine from the circulation of animals with these tumors is a potentially effective anticancer treatment. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the frequency of ASS deficiency and arginine auxotrophy in a variety of human malignant tumors. METHODS: The authors analyzed the expression of ASS by immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody in a variety of human tumor biopsies. They found that the incidence of ASS deficiency varied greatly with the tumor type and tissue of origin. RESULTS: Melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and prostate carcinoma were most frequently deficient in ASS. Some human cancers were almost always positive for ASS (e.g., lung and colon carcinomas). However, other human cancers, including sarcomas, invasive breast carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma, also were sometimes ASS deficient. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicated that immunohistochemical detection of ASS may prove an effective means for determining ASS deficiency in malignant human tumors and for identifying patients most likely to respond to arginine deprivation therapy. Based on these results, human clinical trials using arginine-degrading enzyme therapy to treat patients with advanced melanoma or hepatocellular carcinoma have been initiated. PMID- 14770442 TI - Results of a prospective study for the treatment of retinoblastoma. AB - BACKGROUND: The objectives of this prospective study were to avoid adjuvant treatment for patients with intraocular disease and patients with postlaminar optic nerve invasion (PL-ONI) without full choroidal or scleral invasion. Adjuvant chemotherapy (Regimen 1) was given to patients with scleral invasion, PL ONI without cut section, and full choroidal and/or scleral invasion. A more intensive regimen of higher dose intravenous chemotherapy (Regimen 2) and local radiotherapy was given to patients with PL-ONI and compromise at the cut end and to patients with overt extraocular disease. METHODS: Six-month intravenous chemotherapy included carboplatin plus etoposide alternating with cyclophosphamide plus vincristine (Regimen 1) and the same drugs at higher dosage plus idarubicin (Regimen 2). Chemoreduction with carboplatin and vincristine with or without etoposide was given to selected patients (n = 39 patients). RESULTS: From 1994 to 2001, 169 patients were evaluable at the Hospital Garrahan (Buenos Aires, Argentina). One hundred eighteen patients with intraocular disease had a 5 year disease free survival (DFS) rate of 0.98, including 54 patients with choroidal invasion. None of 22 patients with isolated PL-ONI developed recurrent disease, whereas 2 of 8 patients with concomitant risk factors had tumor recurrences and died. Three of 5 patients with scleral invasion survived, and 7 of 10 patients with cut-end ONI survived. The only patient with metastatic disease that survived (n = 6) had only lymph node invasion. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant therapy can be avoided in patients with intraocular and isolated PL-ONI. Patients with PL-ONI who also had other risk factors required intensive adjuvant therapy, such as patients with cut-end and overt extraocular disease. Metastatic disease was not found to be curable with this approach. PMID- 14770443 TI - Health care for childhood cancer survivors: insights and perspectives from a Delphi panel of young adult survivors of childhood cancer.. AB - BACKGROUND: Most children diagnosed with cancer are surviving into adulthood but are not receiving adequate or appropriate follow-up health care. However, to the authors' knowledge, there is little literature published to date exploring potential barriers to long-term risk-based follow-up care for young adult survivors of childhood cancer. METHODS: In the current study, using a modified Delphi technique, young adult cancer survivors identified barriers to utilizing appropriate follow-up care and offered suggestions for ways to enhance health care in this young adult population. RESULTS: Major barriers to health care were found to be a lack of knowledge on the part of both physicians and survivors regarding long-term health issues related to cancer. Suggestions to enhance care included self-advocacy training for survivors and advanced training for primary care physicians who may treat childhood cancer survivors as they transition into adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study are consistent with reports that young adult survivors of childhood cancer need or desire information regarding their medical histories, psychosocial support, and social advocacy. PMID- 14770444 TI - Symptomatic hypogonadism in male survivors of cancer with chronic exposure to opioids. AB - BACKGROUND: Profound hypogonadism has been noted in patients receiving intrathecal opioids. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether chronic consumption of oral opioids by male survivors of cancer also would lead to central hypogonadism and whether this hypogonadism was associated with symptoms of sexual dysfunction, fatigue, anxiety, and depression. METHODS: A case control study was conducted at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX), in which 20 patients who were chronically consuming opioids were compared with 20 matched controls. Patients completed the Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy with general and fatigue subscales (FACT G/FACIT-F), and the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) questionnaires. Serum samples were collected for testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). RESULTS: Comparing the opioid group with the control group, 18 of the 20 patients (90%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 65-98%) exhibited hypogonadism, compared with 8 of the 20 control patients (40%; 95% CI, 19-64%). The median testosterone level was 145 ng/dL versus 399.5 ng/dL (5.0 nmol/L vs. 13.9 nmol/L; P < 0.0001), the median FSH level was 2.85 milli International Units (mIU)/mL versus 5.3 mIU/mL (P = 0.08), the median LH level was 1.8 mIU/mL versus 4.2 mIU/mL (P = 0.0014), the median SDI-dyadic score was 18.5 versus 40 (P = 0.01), the median SDI-solitary score was 0 versus 5 (P = 0.007), the HADS (anxiety) score was 8.5 versus 5.5 (P = 0.053), the HADS (depression) score was 7.5 versus 1.5 (P = 0.0002), the FACT-G score was 64 versus 96.3 (P = 0.0001), and the FACIT-F score was 24 versus 46 (P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Survivors of cancer who chronically consumed opioids experienced symptomatic hypogonadism with significantly higher levels of depression, fatigue, and sexual dysfunction. With the increasing use of opioids among patients with cancer, further research in improving quality-of-life outcomes is warranted. PMID- 14770446 TI - Therapeutic efficacy of once-daily oral administration of a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, bikunin, in a mouse model and in human cancer. AB - BACKGROUND: Bikunin, a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, specifically inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis. METHODS: The authors initially evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of once-daily oral administration of different doses of bikunin against human ovarian carcinoma HRA cells growing in the peritonea of nude mice. For the in vivo studies, female 7-week-old nude mice were randomized to 1 of 4 groups: bikunin-treated groups (n = 9 in each group) received 3, 10, or 30 microg/g body weight per day bikunin for 7 days via gastrointestinal gavage, and a control group (n = 9) received the vehicle solution (phosphate-buffered saline) via gastrointestinal gavage. On Day 9, the abdominal cavity was examined by two observers who were blinded to treatment. RESULTS: After oral administration, intact bikunin was detectable in mouse serum specimens at 3 and 6 hours. This was followed by a decline at 12 hours. The mice given bikunin at the highest dose level had a 40% decrease in tumor load. The highest uptake in the tumor was obtained with [125I]bikunin 12 hours postadministration. No effect on either food intake or body weight was observed in the treated versus sham groups. The current study was the first to report the potent activity of once-daily oral administration of bikunin against ovarian carcinoma. Next, the authors performed a Phase I trial to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and safety of a once-daily oral administration schedule. The indication was locally advanced uterine cervical carcinoma after definitive treatment. An escalating dose (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg per day) of bikunin was administered orally to nine patients for 7 days. There were no dose-limiting toxicities and the MTD of the bikunin schedule was not defined. The authors also obtained preliminary data on its effect on urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression at the highest dose level. CONCLUSIONS: Once-daily oral administration of bikunin was found to be safe in humans and exhibited signs of biologic activity. PMID- 14770447 TI - Favorable cardiac risk among elderly breast carcinoma survivors. PMID- 14770445 TI - A randomized controlled trial of darbepoetin alfa administered as a fixed or weight-based dose using a front-loading schedule in patients with anemia who have nonmyeloid malignancies. AB - BACKGROUND: The effect of using fixed versus weight-based doses for erythropoietic agents has not been reported previously. To investigate this issue, the authors conducted a randomized Phase II study of darbepoetin alfa administered as either a fixed dose or a weight-based dose using an accelerated correction and maintenance dosing regimen (front-loading). METHODS: During the correction phase, patients with anemia (hemoglobin < 11.0 g/dL) who had nonmyeloid malignancies and who were receiving chemotherapy were given darbepoetin alfa at a fixed dose of 325 microg (n = 122) or at a weight-based dose of 4.5 microg/kg (n = 120) once weekly until they achieved a hemoglobin concentration > or = 12.0 g/dL. Patients then received darbepoetin alfa (325 microg or 4.5 microg/kg) once every 3 weeks for the remainder of the 16-week treatment period (maintenance phase). RESULTS: Darbepoetin alfa resulted in high Kaplan-Meier rates of hematopoietic response (> or = 2 g/dL increase from the baseline level or a hemoglobin level > or = 12 g/dL) in both the fixed-dose group (86%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 78- 94%) and the weight-based dose group (84%; 95% CI, 76-92%). The median time to hematopoietic response was 34 days (95% CI, 28-44 days) for the fixed-dose group and 36 days (95% CI, 30-45 days) for the weight-based dose group. Hemoglobin concentrations were maintained at target levels for up to 16 weeks in both groups. Darbepoetin alfa was well tolerated, and no clinically significant differences between fixed doses and weight-based doses were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Darbepoetin alfa was effective when administered as either a fixed dose or a weight-based dose using a front-loading approach to rapidly correct anemia and effectively maintain hemoglobin levels in patients with anemia who had malignant disease. PMID- 14770448 TI - Tumor smell reduction with antibacterial essential oils. PMID- 14770450 TI - Lack of infrastructure hampers virus monitoring. PMID- 14770451 TI - Application of nutrition research to everyday practice. PMID- 14770452 TI - Growth and development of Negro infants. II. Relation of birth weight, body length and epiphysial maturation to economic status. PMID- 14770453 TI - Vitamin D intoxication in a child with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14770454 TI - Toxic lesions of the pancreas. PMID- 14770455 TI - Primary sarcoma of liver; report of a case. PMID- 14770456 TI - Pulmonary toxicity of wetting agents dispensed as aerosols. PMID- 14770457 TI - Acute suppurative infections of the salivary glands in the newborn. PMID- 14770458 TI - Congenital myelogenous leukemia. PMID- 14770459 TI - Tracheal compression from bronchogenic cyst in esophageal wall. PMID- 14770460 TI - Congenital tricuspid atresia in a boy 12 years of age. PMID- 14770461 TI - Hemangioendothelioma of the liver in infancy. PMID- 14770462 TI - Treatment of the patient with cleft palate; present day concepts of pediatric responsibility. PMID- 14770463 TI - Studies on fat and vitamin A absorption in premature infants. PMID- 14770464 TI - Renal functional studies in experimental and clinical dehydration in early infancy. PMID- 14770465 TI - Immunologic and biochemical studies on infants and children with special reference to rheumatic fever. IX. Hematologic and metabolic effects of ACTH administration. PMID- 14770466 TI - The response of the hyaluronidase inhibitor and mucoproteins in ACTH therapy of rheumatic states. PMID- 14770467 TI - The effects of ACTH and cortisone on the nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 14770468 TI - The effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone on salt and water excretion in children with the nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 14770469 TI - The treatment of leukemia with ACTH and cortisone. PMID- 14770470 TI - The nephrotic syndrome in children: a physiologic interpretation based on clearance methods. PMID- 14770471 TI - Treatment of primary atypical pneumonia in children with aureomycin; report of nineteen cases. PMID- 14770472 TI - Testing of trend in bodily development of school children. PMID- 14770473 TI - "Tween 20" and fecal fat in premature infants. A preliminary study. PMID- 14770474 TI - Factors influencing retention of nitrogen and calcium in period of growth. VIII. Influence of rest and activity. PMID- 14770475 TI - Primary complex of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14770476 TI - Respiratory acidosis in children with cerebral, pulmonary and cardiovascular disorders. PMID- 14770477 TI - Perforation of duodenum by ingested foreign body; symptoms suggesting disease of the hip. PMID- 14770478 TI - Auricular flutter in infancy. PMID- 14770479 TI - Infantile cortical hyperostosis; report of a case with observations at autopsy. PMID- 14770480 TI - Friedlander-aerogenes infections in infancy. PMID- 14770481 TI - Disseminated cutaneous herpes simplex (Kaposi's varicelliform eruption); report of a case complicated by pregnancy and herpetic keratitis and review of the literature of congenital malformations due to dermatotropic virus infections in the pregnant mother. PMID- 14770482 TI - Skin tests in various infectious and parasitic diseases; a summary in table form. PMID- 14770483 TI - Cutaneous leishmaniasis; report of cases occurring in Great Britain and the United States. PMID- 14770484 TI - Multiple simultaneous anomalies of the hair; report of a case exhibiting trichorrhexis nodosa, pili annulati and trichostasis spinulosa. PMID- 14770485 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma simulating granuloma inguinale. PMID- 14770486 TI - Podophyllin in the treatment of cutaneous carcinoma. PMID- 14770487 TI - Effectiveness of antichancroidal drugs tested by heteroinoculation of bubo fluid from untreated donor. PMID- 14770488 TI - Discussion of tattoo reactions with report of a case showing a reaction to a green color. PMID- 14770489 TI - Histopathologic response of the skin to gelfoam. PMID- 14770490 TI - Lymphadenosis cutis circumscripta treated with radioactive phosphorus. PMID- 14770492 TI - Coincidence of pityriasis rosea with pregnancy. PMID- 14770491 TI - Practical method for application of gelatin sponge (gelfoam) to a biopsy well. PMID- 14770493 TI - Turner's syndrome associated with lichen planus. PMID- 14770494 TI - Treatment of familial benign chronic pemphigus (Hailey and Hailey syndrome); rapid healing with aureomycin. PMID- 14770495 TI - Clinical evaluation of a new pyrogenic agent. PMID- 14770496 TI - Lichen nitidus confined to the face. PMID- 14770497 TI - Erythema induratum. PMID- 14770498 TI - Congenital ectodermal defect. PMID- 14770499 TI - A case for diagnosis: lichen planus? pemphigus? PMID- 14770500 TI - A case for diagnosis: lichen planus? PMID- 14770501 TI - LIPOMELANOTIC reticuloendotheliosis of Pautrier. PMID- 14770502 TI - Chronic porphyria with cutaneous manifestations. PMID- 14770503 TI - Exfoliative dermatitis with sensitivity to light. PMID- 14770504 TI - Disseminate lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14770505 TI - Eosinophilic granuloma with diabetes insipidus. PMID- 14770506 TI - Tabetic form of dementia paralytica with noduloulcerative syphiloderm of the face. PMID- 14770507 TI - Rosacea-like tuberculid. PMID- 14770508 TI - Erythema induratum with untoward reactions from paraaminosalicylic acid. PMID- 14770509 TI - Psoriasis: treatment with cortisone and ACTH. PMID- 14770510 TI - Atopic dermatitis with melanosis: sclerodermatomyositis. PMID- 14770511 TI - The dying syphilologist. PMID- 14770512 TI - Skin cancer in the American Negro. PMID- 14770513 TI - Tropical ulcers. PMID- 14770514 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14770515 TI - Lentigo senilis. PMID- 14770516 TI - Granuloma inguinale and its treatment with oral aureomycin. PMID- 14770517 TI - Appraisal of the toxicity of the gamma isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane in clinical usage. PMID- 14770518 TI - Carcinoma en cuirasse; primary lesion in stomach. PMID- 14770519 TI - Hemangioendothelioma of skin with metastasis to liver, lungs and lymph nodes. PMID- 14770520 TI - Role of parenteral multivitamin therapy in the treatment of acne. PMID- 14770521 TI - Extensive pyodermatitis vegetans cured by electrodessication and curettage. PMID- 14770522 TI - Contact dermatitis due to synthetic resins in shoe linings. PMID- 14770523 TI - Cholesterol fractionation studies of the serum of xanthelasma patients. PMID- 14770524 TI - Bismuth penicillin in the treatment of acute syphilitic orchitis of rabbits. PMID- 14770525 TI - Note on the experimental use of rabies vaccine for melanomatosis. PMID- 14770527 TI - Heterotopic bone in a pigmented nevus. PMID- 14770526 TI - Dermatitis from orange I in a candy factory. PMID- 14770528 TI - BCG vaccination in sarcoidosis; preliminary report. PMID- 14770529 TI - Amyloidosis cutis, lichenoid type, treated successfully with resin of podophyllum. PMID- 14770530 TI - Case of possible prevention of permanent alopecia following roentgen therapy. PMID- 14770531 TI - Auto-sensitization in infectious eczematoid dermatitis. PMID- 14770532 TI - Generalized eruption from undecylenic acid. PMID- 14770533 TI - Aureomycin ointment in acne varioliformis. PMID- 14770534 TI - Allergic eczematous contact type sensitivity of equal degree to streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin; report of a case. PMID- 14770536 TI - Simple efficient method of examining skin scrapings for fungi. PMID- 14770535 TI - Microsporon lanosum infection of the eyelashes. PMID- 14770537 TI - Photosensitization induced by monoglycerol paraaminobenzoate; a case report. PMID- 14770538 TI - Failure of aureomycin hydrochloride therapy in warts. PMID- 14770540 TI - Incidence of psoriasis. PMID- 14770539 TI - Granuloma fissuratum healed by penicillin troches. PMID- 14770542 TI - Pressure ring for hemostasis. PMID- 14770541 TI - Influence of local application of adrenal cortical extract on hair growth in the human. PMID- 14770543 TI - Fred Wise, M.D., 1881-1950. PMID- 14770544 TI - Lichen planus; lichen planopilaris. PMID- 14770545 TI - A case for diagnosis; lichen planus, aberrant type? PMID- 14770546 TI - Urticaria pigmentosa of 15 years' duration in a woman aged 41. PMID- 14770547 TI - Subacute lupus erythematosus in a man. PMID- 14770548 TI - Lupus erythematosus treated with paraaminosalicylic acid; 5 cases. PMID- 14770549 TI - Generalized scleroderma treated with paraaminosalicylic acid. PMID- 14770550 TI - Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the thigh. PMID- 14770551 TI - Long remission in mycosis fungoides treated with antimonials. PMID- 14770552 TI - Primary Hodgkin's disease of the scalp. PMID- 14770553 TI - Angiokeratoma. PMID- 14770554 TI - Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. PMID- 14770555 TI - Tinea capitis in a 17 year old soldier (residual infection?); alopecia areata associated with tinea capitis? PMID- 14770556 TI - A case for diagnosis; atypical keratosis pilaris? PMID- 14770557 TI - Pathological and physiological factors involved in the treatment of silicosis in coal miners. PMID- 14770558 TI - Railroad Retirement Board disability annuities. PMID- 14770559 TI - Chemical carcinogens. PMID- 14770560 TI - Chronic exposures to air pollutants and acute infectious respiratory diseases. PMID- 14770561 TI - Effect of exposure to the vapors of tetrabromoethane (acetylene tetrabromide); an experimental study. PMID- 14770562 TI - Comparative acute and subacute toxicities of allethrin and pyrethrins. PMID- 14770563 TI - Chronic oral toxicities of mercuri-phenyl and mercuric salts. PMID- 14770564 TI - Collection and analysis of solids in urban atmospheres. PMID- 14770565 TI - Local and systemic effects following application of dilute solutions of phenol in water and in camphor-liquid petrolatum on the skin of animals. PMID- 14770566 TI - Clinical studies with ACTH and cortisone in renal disease. PMID- 14770567 TI - Nitrogen shift in cancer. PMID- 14770568 TI - Sudden and unexpected natural death. V. Causes of death classified by sex and age. PMID- 14770569 TI - Hepatic insufficiency and cirrhosis in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14770570 TI - Infectious mononucleosis with hepatitis. PMID- 14770571 TI - Extramedullary plasmacytoma involving pharynx, skin and lymph nodes. PMID- 14770572 TI - Cardiopathy in Friedreich's ataxia (spinal form of hereditary sclerosis); review of literature and analysis of cases of five siblings. PMID- 14770573 TI - Recent progress in insulin physiology. PMID- 14770574 TI - Gastroenterology; a partial review of the literature from July 1948 to July 1949. PMID- 14770575 TI - Clinically the myocardium. PMID- 14770576 TI - Aureomycin in prevention of bacteremia following tooth extraction. PMID- 14770577 TI - Effects of intravenous injection of typhoid vaccine on blood leukocytes and adrenal cortex. PMID- 14770578 TI - Serum esterified fatty acids with fat tolerance tests in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14770579 TI - Adult renal osteitis fibrosa with metastatic calcification and hyperplasia of one parathyroid gland; report of a case. PMID- 14770580 TI - Use of cortisone and adrenocorticotropic hormone in acute disseminated lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14770581 TI - Polyneuritis; complete pharyngeal and respiratory paralysis with recovery. PMID- 14770582 TI - Chronic recurrent nonhemolytic streptococcic endocarditis; report of a patient treated with penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin. PMID- 14770583 TI - Bacillus subtilis meningitis and bacteremia; report of a case and review of the literature on subtilis infections in man. PMID- 14770584 TI - Gastroenterology; a review of the literature from July 1948 to July 1949. PMID- 14770585 TI - Effects of terramycin on the bacterial flora of the bowel in man. PMID- 14770586 TI - Clinical, functional and needle biopsy study of the liver in alcoholism. PMID- 14770587 TI - Use of choline supplements in fatty metamorphosis of the liver; a needle biopsy investigation in human beings. PMID- 14770588 TI - Riehl's melanosis and the adrenal glands. PMID- 14770589 TI - Hematology of atomic bomb casualties. PMID- 14770590 TI - Hemolytic anemia secondary to a familial (hereditary) defect in hemoglobin synthesis; report of a case with radioiron studies. PMID- 14770591 TI - Insulin resistance; review of the literature and report of a case associated with carcinoma of the pancreas. PMID- 14770592 TI - Liver and biliary tract; a survey of tests for hepatic function; the use of the hepatic star in the differential diagnosis of jaundice. PMID- 14770593 TI - Surgical therapy of temporal lobe seizures. PMID- 14770594 TI - Patterns in allesthesia and their relation to disorder of body scheme and other sensory phenomena. PMID- 14770595 TI - Effect of treatment on excretion of 17-ketosteroids in patients with mental disease. PMID- 14770596 TI - The cerebrospinal fluid in methyl alcohol poisoning. PMID- 14770597 TI - Tetraethylammonium chloride in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. PMID- 14770598 TI - Frequency of multiple sclerosis in Greater New York. PMID- 14770599 TI - Histologic observations on the supradiaphragmatic portions of the vagus nerves. PMID- 14770600 TI - Serum neuritis; report of two cases and brief review of the syndrome. PMID- 14770601 TI - A case of amyotonia congenita associated with bilateral subdural hygroma and occlusion of the sagittal sinus; demonstration of occlusion by diodrast sinography. PMID- 14770602 TI - Observations on the effect of myanesin. PMID- 14770603 TI - Invasive meningiomas of the base of the brain: report of three cases. PMID- 14770604 TI - Surgical results with cerebellar astrocytomas. PMID- 14770605 TI - Thalamotomy in mental disorders. PMID- 14770607 TI - Physiologic aspects of epilepsy. PMID- 14770606 TI - Psychosomatic aspects of genuine epilepsy. PMID- 14770608 TI - Pain threshold studies on paraplegic patients. PMID- 14770609 TI - Nasal glioma; 2 cases with recurrence. PMID- 14770610 TI - Prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in Boston, 1939-1948; preliminary report. PMID- 14770611 TI - Effects of ACTH in patients with mental disease. PMID- 14770612 TI - Experimental study of a case of insensitivity to pain. PMID- 14770613 TI - Colloidal gold reaction in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 14770614 TI - Demyelinating encephalomyelitis following use of antitetanus serum. PMID- 14770615 TI - Production of convulsions by administration of benzedrine following brain operations in monkeys. PMID- 14770616 TI - "False" localizing signs in intracranial tumor; report of a patient with left trigeminal palsy due to right temporal meningioma. PMID- 14770617 TI - A multiple choice type of the visual retention test. PMID- 14770618 TI - Lateral spinothalamic tractotomy for relief of pain in cauda equina injury. PMID- 14770619 TI - Irritating effect of iodized vegetable oils on the brain and spinal cord when divided into small particles. PMID- 14770620 TI - Interruption of bulbocapnine catalepsy in rats by environmental stress. PMID- 14770622 TI - Range of psychoanalytic therapy. PMID- 14770621 TI - Seizures, head injuries and litigants. PMID- 14770623 TI - Unilateral prefrontal lobotomy for the relief of somatic pain. PMID- 14770624 TI - Primary neoplasms of the third ventricle. PMID- 14770625 TI - Substratum of manifestations of syphilis in the central nervous system. PMID- 14770627 TI - Arteriovenous aneurysm of the brain cured by ligation of the left middle cerebral artery: report of a case. PMID- 14770626 TI - Primary neoplasms of the central nervous system in domestic animals. PMID- 14770628 TI - High cervical lesions simulating multiple sclerosis and syringomyelia. PMID- 14770629 TI - Cerebral localization in aphasia and agnosia. PMID- 14770631 TI - Additional experiences with tetraethyl pyrophosphate in treatment of glaucoma. PMID- 14770630 TI - Comparison of refraction of strabismic eyes with that of nonstrabismic eyes from birth to the twenty-fifth year. PMID- 14770632 TI - Distance discrimination. VII. Influence of initial position of rods in Howard Dolman test. PMID- 14770633 TI - Studies on the crystalline lens. II. Synthesis of glutathione in the normal and cataractous rabbit lens. PMID- 14770634 TI - Malignant melanoma of the uveal tract; report of case with death thirty years after enucleation. PMID- 14770635 TI - Increased accuracy in squint surgery; report of new instrument. PMID- 14770636 TI - Experimental investigation of paracentesis in the treatment of ocular ammonia burns. PMID- 14770637 TI - Use of methapyrilene (thenylpyramine) hydrochloride in ophthalmology. PMID- 14770638 TI - Surgical treatment of tumors of the optic nerve; report of a case. PMID- 14770640 TI - Cilium in the anterior chamber. PMID- 14770639 TI - Vertical heterotopia of the macula. PMID- 14770641 TI - Instruments for cataract surgery. PMID- 14770642 TI - Goniotomy knife and surgical contact glass. PMID- 14770643 TI - Technic for lacrimal system irrigation. PMID- 14770644 TI - The orbit, review of the literature. PMID- 14770645 TI - Pseudoglaucoma. PMID- 14770646 TI - Repair of orbital deformities with glass wool. PMID- 14770648 TI - Intractable postoperative diplopia. PMID- 14770647 TI - Determination of volume of the posterior chamber of the rabbit's eye. PMID- 14770649 TI - Studies in depth of the anterior chamber of the eye in primary glaucoma. PMID- 14770650 TI - Retinal capillary lesions in malignant hypertension. PMID- 14770651 TI - Nystagmus, its diagnostic significance. PMID- 14770652 TI - Preparation of ophthalmic solutions with special reference to hydrogen ion concentration and tonicity. PMID- 14770653 TI - Human infection with the Newcastle virus of fowls. PMID- 14770654 TI - Large size color transparencies of pathologic slides. PMID- 14770655 TI - Physiologic chemistry of the eye. A review of papers published during 1949. PMID- 14770656 TI - Occluded nasolacrimal ducts in infants. PMID- 14770657 TI - Harry Searls Gradle, M. D. 1883-1950. PMID- 14770658 TI - Enucleations and implants. PMID- 14770659 TI - Thyrotropic exophthalmos and pseudotumor: report of a case. PMID- 14770660 TI - Observations on retrolental fibroplasia. PMID- 14770661 TI - Reduction in visual acuity due to excessive sunlight. PMID- 14770662 TI - Surgical principles in concomitant convergent strabismus. PMID- 14770663 TI - Use of air in cases of anterior uveitis: preliminary report. PMID- 14770664 TI - Lamellar keratoplasty. PMID- 14770665 TI - Role of the adrenal cortex in treatment of ocular diseases with pyrogenic substances. PMID- 14770666 TI - Hereditary nuclear cataract. PMID- 14770667 TI - Studies on the crystalline lens. III. Incorporation of glycine and serine in the proteins of lenses cultured in vitro. PMID- 14770668 TI - Metabolism of the stored cornea. PMID- 14770669 TI - Respiration of the cornea. PMID- 14770670 TI - Examination of the ora serrata. Its importance in retinal detachment. PMID- 14770671 TI - Ocular hypertension induced by air in the anterior chamber. PMID- 14770672 TI - Cultivation of conjunctival and corneal tissue on the chorioallantoic membrane. PMID- 14770673 TI - Localization of lesions causing Horner's syndrome. PMID- 14770674 TI - A new orbital implant which uses the 6 extrinsic muscles. PMID- 14770676 TI - Neuro-ophthalmology. PMID- 14770675 TI - A forceps for corneoscleral sutures. PMID- 14770677 TI - Early diagnosis of sarcoma of the choroid. PMID- 14770678 TI - Hemorrhage into the vitreous: Aspiration of vitreous with reintroduction of same vitreous. PMID- 14770679 TI - Present status of retrolental fibroplasia. PMID- 14770680 TI - Sphenoidal fissure-optic canal syndrome: Presentation of four cases. PMID- 14770681 TI - Mechanism of suffocation in spinobulbar poliomyelitis and experiences with operative treatment. PMID- 14770682 TI - Tracheotomy in poliomyelitis. PMID- 14770683 TI - Arteriovenous aneurysm of the internal carotid artery in the cavernous sinus. PMID- 14770684 TI - Effect of autonomic denervation on nasal mucosa; interruption of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. PMID- 14770685 TI - Hyaluronidase in rhinoplasty. PMID- 14770686 TI - Meniere's syndrome; a proposed classification and differential diagnosis. PMID- 14770687 TI - Syndrome of bilateral vestibular paralysis and its occurrence from streptomycin therapy. PMID- 14770689 TI - Chemical burns of the oral cavity and esophagus. PMID- 14770688 TI - A study of the deafness heritage in otosclerosis. PMID- 14770690 TI - The paranasal sinuses. PMID- 14770691 TI - Evaluation of the operative indications and results in the fenestration operation for otosclerosis. PMID- 14770692 TI - The Maginot line of otology; dependence on antibiotics in suppurative middle ear disease; facts and fancies. PMID- 14770693 TI - Antrochoanal polyp. PMID- 14770694 TI - n-Butanol: its use in control of postoperative pain in otorhinolaryngological surgery. PMID- 14770695 TI - Malar bone fractures. PMID- 14770696 TI - Nasal cavity of the guinea pig in experimental work. PMID- 14770697 TI - Management of nasal allergy. PMID- 14770698 TI - Fixation of the vocal cords in acromegaly. PMID- 14770699 TI - Fenestration by cold fracture method; preliminary report of an improved technic. PMID- 14770700 TI - Surgical and allied diseases of the salivary glands and ducts. PMID- 14770701 TI - Aseptic lateral sinus thrombosis. PMID- 14770702 TI - Death following tonsillectomy. PMID- 14770703 TI - Congenital malformation of the external ear and atresia of the auditory canal. PMID- 14770704 TI - Meningitis, pneumococcic type 3; mastoidectomy, recovery. PMID- 14770706 TI - Polycystic kidney (mesonephros) in the goldfish. PMID- 14770705 TI - Medicolegal identification of seminal stains using the acid phosphatase test. PMID- 14770707 TI - Metabolite antagonists in experimental cancer. PMID- 14770708 TI - Studies on the effect of radioactive colloidal gold on the development of the oral structures of the mouse. PMID- 14770709 TI - Nonspecific periappendical granulomas. PMID- 14770710 TI - Pathology of early amebic hepatitis. PMID- 14770711 TI - Varicella pneumonitis. PMID- 14770712 TI - A partially healed primary lesion in a case of generalized histoplasmosis. PMID- 14770713 TI - Aortic atresia, mitral stenosis, hypoplasia of the left ventricle and other cardiac anomalies in newborn. PMID- 14770714 TI - Adrenal cysts. PMID- 14770715 TI - Pathology of oxyuriasis; with special reference to granulomas due to the presence of Oxyuris vermicularis (Enterobius vermicularis) and its ova in the tissues. PMID- 14770716 TI - Histochemical studies of mouse liver after single feeding of carbon tetrachloride. PMID- 14770717 TI - Valvular thrombotic vegetation in newborn ("fetal endocarditis"). PMID- 14770718 TI - Brain metabolism in vivo. II. The distribution of lesions caused by azide, malononitrile, plasmocid and dinitrophenol poisoning in rats. PMID- 14770719 TI - Range of extracellular hydrogen ion concentration tolerated by macrophages grown in tissue culture. PMID- 14770720 TI - Myocardial lesions in progressive muscular dystrophy. PMID- 14770721 TI - Candida and Aspergillus endocarditis, with comments on the role of antibiotics in dissemination of fungus disease. PMID- 14770722 TI - Effect of chorionic gonadotropin on the transitory zone of the mouse adrenal. PMID- 14770723 TI - Rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases of man: A survey. PMID- 14770724 TI - Retroperitoneal bilateral cavernous lymphangioma in a patient with congenital heart disease. PMID- 14770725 TI - Squamous epithelial cysts in the heart of an infant, with coincident cystic changes in the ovaries and breasts. PMID- 14770726 TI - Severe hepatitis in infectious mononucleosis. Report of a case with minimal clinical manifestations, and death due to rupture of the spleen. PMID- 14770727 TI - The "fell" of the patient. PMID- 14770729 TI - Treatment of far advanced carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 14770730 TI - Transesophageal ligation of bleeding esophageal varices, a preliminary report of 7 cases. PMID- 14770728 TI - Surgical significance of sweat gland lesions of the breast. PMID- 14770731 TI - Spontaneous closure of the portacaval anastomosis in the experimental animal. PMID- 14770732 TI - Experimental use of preserved arterial grafts in portacaval anastomoses. PMID- 14770733 TI - Surgical management of mediastinal tumors. PMID- 14770734 TI - Differentiation of congenital cysts of the lung and those following staphylococcic pneumonia. PMID- 14770735 TI - Middle lobe syndrome. PMID- 14770736 TI - Pleural decortication in the prevention and treatment of thoracogenic scoliosis. PMID- 14770737 TI - Congenital stricture of the portal vein. PMID- 14770738 TI - Arterial homografts. II. Resection of thoracic aortic aneurysm using a stored human arterial transplant. PMID- 14770739 TI - Surgical problems associated with treatment of patent ductus arteriosus. PMID- 14770740 TI - Effect of beta irradiation on gastric acidity. PMID- 14770741 TI - Treatment of perforated peptic ulcers. PMID- 14770742 TI - Massive hemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract, a study of 324 cases observed at the Detroit Receiving Hospital over a 9 year period. PMID- 14770743 TI - Question of the return of gastric secretion after complete vagotomy. PMID- 14770744 TI - Evaluation of the deep veins following previous thrombophlebitis. PMID- 14770745 TI - Chronic occlusion of the bifurcation of the aorta. PMID- 14770746 TI - Lumbar sympathectomy in peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 14770747 TI - Sympathectomy for hypertension, experience with fifty-two patients followed one to three years postoperatively. PMID- 14770748 TI - Recent experiences with intestinal resection in infants and children. PMID- 14770749 TI - Removal of the large bowel in one stage in selected cases of ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14770750 TI - En masse "pelvic viscerectomy" with ureterointestinal anastomosis. PMID- 14770751 TI - Effectiveness of soaps containing hexachlorophene for the surgical scrub, special reference to bar soap. PMID- 14770752 TI - Cutis grafts, clinical and experimental observations. PMID- 14770753 TI - Results in hip joint fusion. PMID- 14770754 TI - Anesthesia in cardiac surgery, observations on 362 cases. PMID- 14770755 TI - Treatment of mitral valve stenosis by resection and replacement of valve under direct vision. PMID- 14770756 TI - Surgical management of advanced cancer of the breast. PMID- 14770757 TI - Peritoneal fluid amylase determinations as an aid in diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. PMID- 14770758 TI - Experiences with vagotomy and sympathectomy in the treatment of chronic recurrent pancreatitis. PMID- 14770759 TI - Observations on the intrinsic blood supply of the esophagus. PMID- 14770760 TI - Esophageal duplications. PMID- 14770762 TI - DUODENOTOMY during surgery of the pancreas and the biliary tract. PMID- 14770761 TI - Duplications of the intestinal tract in infants. PMID- 14770763 TI - Nutrition in the preoperative and postoperative care of patients undergoing surgery for cancer of the large bowel. PMID- 14770764 TI - [Use of endovenous anesthetics in obstetrics]. PMID- 14770765 TI - [Intrapericardiac injections of novocain in endothoracic surgery]. PMID- 14770766 TI - [Premedication in the picture of modern anesthesiologic technic]. PMID- 14770768 TI - [Rehn test in evaluation of surgical risks]. PMID- 14770769 TI - [Our experiences in anesthesia in pediatric surgery]. PMID- 14770767 TI - [Use of cyclopropane in balanced anesthesia]. PMID- 14770770 TI - [Endovenous anesthesia with a new curare preparation soluble in pentothal]. PMID- 14770771 TI - [Clinical considerations in mitral stenosis]. PMID- 14770772 TI - [Experimental and clinical study of khellin]. PMID- 14770773 TI - [Study of the P wave of the electrocardiogram before and after auricular fibrillation]. PMID- 14770774 TI - [Tricuspid atresia; clinical and physiopathologic study of 2 cases]. PMID- 14770775 TI - [Cutaneous thermometry in arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14770776 TI - [Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia induced by exertion in a case of auriculoventricular dissociation]. PMID- 14770778 TI - [Orthopedic care of cripples in Czechoslovakia; its present state and tasks]. PMID- 14770777 TI - [Right-sided aortic arch]. PMID- 14770779 TI - [Tendinitis calcarea of the abductor muscle of the fifth finger and of the flexor carpi ulnaris]. PMID- 14770780 TI - A contribution to the problem of Legg-Perthes' disease after reduction of congenital dislocation of the hip joint. PMID- 14770781 TI - An unusual deformity of the terminal phalange of the fifth finger. PMID- 14770782 TI - [Anomalies of the vertebral bodies]. PMID- 14770783 TI - [Working supporting prosthesis in paralysis of the upper extremity]. PMID- 14770784 TI - [Case of isolated fracture of the first rib]. PMID- 14770785 TI - [Shortening of the femur]. PMID- 14770786 TI - [Epiphysiolysis of the inferior part of the femur in newborn in spontaneous birth]. PMID- 14770787 TI - [Surgical treatment of the florid stage of Legg-Perthes-Calve disease]. PMID- 14770788 TI - [Examination of feet and spines in school children]. PMID- 14770789 TI - [Indications: and results of bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in treatment of gastroduodenal and postoperative jejunal peptic ulcers]. PMID- 14770790 TI - [Treatment of perforated gastroduodenal ulcer; 90 cases operated 1940-49]. PMID- 14770791 TI - [Immediate and remote results of lumbar ganglionectomy for Buerger's syndrome; 14 cases]. PMID- 14770792 TI - The effect of the oral glucose tolerance test on the white blood count, the serum cholinesterase activity, the sodium-potassium ratio in the plasma and the erythrocytes in toxaemia of late pregnancy as compared with the effects of androgens and desoxycorticosterone. PMID- 14770793 TI - Experiments on the mechanism of action of relaxin. PMID- 14770794 TI - [Effect of ACTH on the cartilage and bone tissue of immature rats]. PMID- 14770795 TI - The significance of the adenohypophysis, adrenal cortex and thyroid in renal function in man. PMID- 14770796 TI - Functional uterine hemorrhage at the menopause caused by oestrogenic substances from the cortex of the adrenal gland. PMID- 14770797 TI - Quantitative determination of de-hydroisoandrosterone. II. Determination in urinary extracts. PMID- 14770798 TI - [Moral problems posed by hemolytic disease of the newborn]. PMID- 14770799 TI - [Clinical study of urogenital tuberculosis in the male]. PMID- 14770800 TI - [Chemotherapy of tuberculosis with TBI 698]. PMID- 14770801 TI - [Importance of the study of the rate of circulation in the aged]. PMID- 14770802 TI - [Treatment of congenital talipes equinovarus in early childhood]. PMID- 14770803 TI - [The tree test in clinical psychiatry: Baum-Test]. PMID- 14770804 TI - [The surgeon director of the San Juan de Daos Sanatorium]. PMID- 14770805 TI - [Auscultatory-phonocardiographic syndrome of auriculo-ventricular block]. PMID- 14770806 TI - [Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]. PMID- 14770807 TI - [Physiopathology of intervertebral disk]. PMID- 14770808 TI - [Presentation of a vectometer]. PMID- 14770809 TI - [Medicinal regression of auricular fibrillation]. PMID- 14770810 TI - [Knowledge and problems of exanthematous typhus of murin origin]. PMID- 14770811 TI - [Phlogistic cranium and metabolic cranium; comments on endocraniosis]. PMID- 14770812 TI - [Some cases of acute infectious diseases of the spinal cord. III. Disseminated myelitis of hemiplegic symptomatology with psychosomatic association; hemiparesis of infectious nature of obscure etiology with regression]. PMID- 14770813 TI - [Culture of intestinal flagellates]. PMID- 14770814 TI - [Influence of medicaments and chemical substances in vitro on the Wassermann reaction. II. Anticomplementary sera and specific positive sera in relation to the duration of their contact with various medicaments and chemical substances]. PMID- 14770815 TI - [Observations on dengue in East Africa]. PMID- 14770816 TI - [Cell images under electron microscope]. PMID- 14770818 TI - [Physiology of myocardium]. PMID- 14770817 TI - [Human rabies in Ethiopia]. PMID- 14770819 TI - [Epiphysiolysis as a pathogenic factor in painful pronation in infant]. PMID- 14770820 TI - Sulfonamides in the treatment of essential neuralgia of the trigeminus. PMID- 14770821 TI - [Combined administration of cardiotonic glucosides and dihydrated sympathicolytics of the ergotoxin group in tachycardia]. PMID- 14770822 TI - Virus glomerulonephritis (clinical and experimental studies). PMID- 14770823 TI - Pharmacology of thymonucleic acid; preliminary report. PMID- 14770824 TI - [Etiology of ozena; microbiologic flora isolated from nasal secretion in ozena]. PMID- 14770825 TI - [Etiology of ozena; corynebacteria in ozena and other corynebacteria in humans]. PMID- 14770826 TI - [Estimation of proteins in human serum by determining specific gravity by means of copper sulphate solutions]. PMID- 14770828 TI - [Leukocytic modifications induced by pyretotherapy in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases]. PMID- 14770827 TI - [Comparative study between Nyiri test and sodium hyposulfite clearance]. PMID- 14770829 TI - [Antituberculous chemotherapeutic activity of thiosemicarbazones in the light of its effect on the biologic indices of the tuberculosis patient]. PMID- 14770830 TI - [Transitory neuropathologic complications in myocardial infarct]. PMID- 14770832 TI - Angina pectoris; a clinical study with special reference to neurosurgical treatment. PMID- 14770831 TI - Studies on the effect of neostigmine on muscular symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14770833 TI - Cholemie simple familiale (Gilbert) and posthepatitic states without fibrosis of the liver. PMID- 14770834 TI - On the artificial kidney. XVI. Experimental studies on some methodological problems in extracorporeal dialysis of blood in vivo together with the therapeutical application of this method to uremic rabbits. PMID- 14770835 TI - [Observations and research on two cases of familial enteropathic acrodermatitis]. PMID- 14770836 TI - [Clinico-therapeutic observations and considerations on lipoid nephrosis in children]. PMID- 14770837 TI - [First research on the antirachitic action of dihyrotachysterine in gamma doses; preliminary note]. PMID- 14770838 TI - [Laroche and Tremolieres cutaneous test in children]. PMID- 14770839 TI - [Aureomycin in whooping cough therapy]. PMID- 14770840 TI - Treatment of experimental tuberculosis of guinea pigs by a combination of PAS and TB-I 698. PMID- 14770841 TI - A new Salmonella type (S. elisabethville) from the Belgian Congo. PMID- 14770842 TI - Studies on hereditary dwarfism in mice. XI. Significance of thyroxin to the ratio between organ weight and body weight. PMID- 14770843 TI - A new technique for the removal of the spinal cord at autopsy. PMID- 14770844 TI - Studies on the growth-promoting action of human saliva. PMID- 14770845 TI - A case of hyper- and macroglobulinemia accompanied by atypical lymphatic hyperplasia. PMID- 14770846 TI - A new Salmonella type (S. Kinshasa) from the Belgian Congo. PMID- 14770847 TI - The endocrine kidney. PMID- 14770848 TI - Pseudomyxoma peritonei e processu vermiformis; an experimental study. PMID- 14770849 TI - Distribution of blood groups of the OAB system in Norway. PMID- 14770850 TI - Escherichia strains from infantile epidemic gastro enteritis. PMID- 14770851 TI - Capsular swelling of Salmonella M forms and their antigenic relationships to Klebsiella capsules. PMID- 14770852 TI - Rational chemotherapy in urinary infections in children. PMID- 14770853 TI - On the histochemical relationship between per-oxidation and the yellow-brown pigment in the adipose tissue of vitamin E-deficient rats. PMID- 14770854 TI - Thermostable and thermolabile antigens in the diphtheria bacillus. II. Cross agglutination and cross absorption experiments, particularly in the gravis group. PMID- 14770855 TI - Studies on mouse encephalomyelitis virus (TO strain). I. The carrier state in normal albino mice and the development of a colony of mice free from TO virus. PMID- 14770856 TI - Studies on mouse encephalomyelitis virus (TO strain). II. The susceptibility of ordinary albino mice compared with that of a colony of TO-free mice to TO virus inoculated by various routes. PMID- 14770857 TI - Typing of Salmonella dublin and Salmonella enteritidis by means of bacteriophage. PMID- 14770858 TI - A non-haemolytic variant of a group M Streptococcus. PMID- 14770859 TI - The lymph-node response to various antigens; an experimental-morphological study. PMID- 14770860 TI - [Neuropathologic and mesologic factors in the determinism of certain mental or affective retardations]. PMID- 14770861 TI - [Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of infantile kala-azar]. PMID- 14770862 TI - [BCG vaccination; its efficacy and importance of its introduction in our country]. PMID- 14770863 TI - [Tuberculous infection in schools]. PMID- 14770864 TI - [Tuberculous bacillemia]. PMID- 14770865 TI - [Treatment of infantile diarrheas with associated sulfamides]. PMID- 14770866 TI - [Congenital infantile aphasias; clinical and electroencephalographic studies of 3 personal cases (reprinted from Acta Lusoespanolas de Neurologia y psiquiatraa, Feb. 1950]. PMID- 14770867 TI - The effect of B.A.L. on the blood sugar level. PMID- 14770868 TI - The effect of nicotinic acid on the blood-sugar level. PMID- 14770869 TI - Pharmacology of succus liquiritiae. PMID- 14770870 TI - Succus liquiritiae and stomach ulcers. PMID- 14770871 TI - Statistical appendix to the paper: Succus liquiritiae and stomach ulcers, by J. A. E. Nelemans-Stamperius and F. A. Nelemans. PMID- 14770872 TI - On the relative stimulating efficacy of sine wave and square wave voltages at frequencies exceeding the optimum frequency for sine waves. PMID- 14770873 TI - The influence of divided doses of drugs on the duration of effect and integral of effect. PMID- 14770874 TI - Optimal dosage of drugs. PMID- 14770875 TI - The "consumption" of follicle-stimulating hormone by the ovaries. PMID- 14770876 TI - The part played by testosterone in the effect of chorionic gonadotrophin on the testis. PMID- 14770877 TI - Remarks on the anabolic effect of testosterone. PMID- 14770878 TI - On the development of the mammary gland in the rat, III. PMID- 14770879 TI - An analysis of the Collip effect. PMID- 14770880 TI - Excretion of certain neutral 17-ketosteroids after administration of corticotrophin to patients with chronic rheumatism. PMID- 14770881 TI - A simple method for the recording of human respiration. PMID- 14770882 TI - The effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (A.C.T.H.) on the muscular performance of hypophysectomized rats. PMID- 14770883 TI - Acetylcholine formation in the central nervous system of Carcinus maenas. PMID- 14770884 TI - Properties of insect cholinesterase. PMID- 14770885 TI - Physiological problems in oligophageous insects. PMID- 14770886 TI - Analysis of embryonic metabolism by studying the influence of temperature on various processes. PMID- 14770887 TI - Haematological changes in parabiotic rats. PMID- 14770888 TI - The electrical activity of the hypothalamus in relation to body temperature. PMID- 14770889 TI - The electroencephalogram of myxedematous rats. PMID- 14770890 TI - Effect of bilateral ligation of the common carotid artery on the electroencephalogram. PMID- 14770891 TI - Reflexes in young dogs. PMID- 14770892 TI - The effect of vasomotor substances on the blood vessels of the dog's hindleg. PMID- 14770893 TI - The mitogenic actions of androgenic and oestrogenic hormones. PMID- 14770895 TI - On the influence of the hypophysis on sex determination in the avian embryo. PMID- 14770894 TI - The effect of DOCA and of adrenal cortical extract on hepatic regeneration in adrenalectomized rats. PMID- 14770896 TI - The influence of folic acid on the effect of oestrone and testosterone propionate in rats. PMID- 14770897 TI - Supravital analysis of disorders in the cerebrovascular permeability. PMID- 14770898 TI - Chronic polymyositis. PMID- 14770899 TI - High blood pressure after concussion. PMID- 14770900 TI - Remarks on electroencephalography in cerebral abscess. PMID- 14770901 TI - A study of the potassium and sodium content of the blood serum in schizophrenic subjects. PMID- 14770902 TI - Acute shoulder neuritis, a syndrome characterized by pain, paralysis, and muscular atrophy; description of 8 cases. PMID- 14770903 TI - Different mixtures of syntonic and asthenic personality traits. PMID- 14770904 TI - A familial extra-pyramidal syndrome. PMID- 14770905 TI - Histological report on a case of oligodendroglioma malignum in the cerebral hemisphere with metastatic extension to the cerebellum. PMID- 14770906 TI - The copper content in cerebrospinal fluid in adults (and children) with and without sufferings in the central nervous system. PMID- 14770907 TI - Determinations of glutamine and glutamic acid in a material of mental patients. PMID- 14770908 TI - The content of cells and protein in the cerebro-spinal fluid. PMID- 14770909 TI - [Encephalopathies and personality disorders in children following burns]. PMID- 14770910 TI - Cleidocranial dysostosis (one case). PMID- 14770911 TI - Papilloma of the choroid plexus with pulmonary metastases. PMID- 14770912 TI - On respiration in melancholia. PMID- 14770913 TI - Psycho-infantilism. PMID- 14770914 TI - Dose measurements on contact-therapy-tubes. PMID- 14770915 TI - Roentgenological studies of experimental pulmonary embolism without complicating infarction in dog. PMID- 14770916 TI - Multiple myeloma. PMID- 14770917 TI - On the diagnosis of atresia of the esophagus; report of a case. PMID- 14770918 TI - A rod-shaped gall stone; case report. PMID- 14770919 TI - The treatment of thyroid carcinoma with radioactive iodine. PMID- 14770921 TI - Presentation of results of treatment of cancer. PMID- 14770920 TI - Changes in the sacroiliac joints in morbus Bechterew and osteitis condensans. PMID- 14770923 TI - The practical roentgenographic importance of reciprocity law failure. PMID- 14770922 TI - The influence of the blood pressure in urographic examination; preliminary report. PMID- 14770924 TI - Fibro-osteoma in the mandible of a child. PMID- 14770925 TI - Intra-osseous mucus-secreting and cystic epidermoid carcinoma of the jaw. PMID- 14770926 TI - Estrogen therapy in prostatic carcinoma. PMID- 14770927 TI - Osseous changes in neural leprosy; radiological findings. PMID- 14770928 TI - Osseous changes in neural leprosy; correlation between histopathological and radiological findings. PMID- 14770929 TI - Thoracic aortography in the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus Botalli. PMID- 14770930 TI - Spectral investigations of carbon electrodes for light therapy. PMID- 14770931 TI - Calcification of the vasa deferentia. PMID- 14770932 TI - A case of pyelo-ureteritis cystica, diagnosed by pyelography. PMID- 14770933 TI - [Accessory bones on the medial side of the first cuneiform]. PMID- 14770934 TI - Radio-iridium teletherapy. PMID- 14770935 TI - Further experimental investigations of injuries from contrast media in cerebral angiography; summation of various injurious factors. PMID- 14770936 TI - [Serial radioscopic examination in schools during 1949]. PMID- 14770937 TI - [Collateral pulmonary ventilation; its failures]. PMID- 14770938 TI - [Streptomycin in primary infection pulmonary tuberculosis in 10 infants]. PMID- 14770939 TI - [Comparative results of determination of tuberculin allergy by cutireaction and by the Vollmer test (patch test)]. PMID- 14770940 TI - [Clinical and radiographical repercussions in the knee of tuberculosis of the hip]. PMID- 14770941 TI - [Two suggestions for improving the effectiveness of antituberculosis dispensaries]. PMID- 14770942 TI - [Antituberculosis premunition with B.C.G]. PMID- 14770943 TI - Bronchoscopy in pulmonary tuberculosis; a clinical study of 1,001 cases of bronchoscopic examinations. PMID- 14770944 TI - [Sarcoma of the lower lip and probable adenocarcinoma of the submaxillary gland, with regional lymphnode metastases of both tumors]. PMID- 14770945 TI - [Palliative endocrine therapy of advanced cancer of the breast]. PMID- 14770946 TI - [Unilateral systematized vitiligo or achromic nevus]. PMID- 14770947 TI - [Annular lichenoid lesion as initial manifestation of lepra tuberculoides]. PMID- 14770949 TI - [Oidiumycin in therapy of severe and recurrent staphyloderma]. PMID- 14770948 TI - [Leprosy in the Algeciras region]. PMID- 14770950 TI - [Case of reactional lepra tuberculoides]. PMID- 14770951 TI - [First results in cutaneous tuberculosis therapy with the thiosemicarbazone TB I]. PMID- 14770952 TI - [Lupus erythematosus tumidus]. PMID- 14770953 TI - [Juvenile acanthosis nigricans]. PMID- 14770954 TI - [Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa with epidermal cysts]. PMID- 14770955 TI - [The invasion of syphilis]. PMID- 14770956 TI - [Follmann's syphilitic balanitis; review of literature and presentation of 2 new cases]. PMID- 14770957 TI - [Results of intradermal tests with trichophytin and levurin in various dermatoses]. PMID- 14770958 TI - [Treatment of scleroderma with cardiazol]. PMID- 14770959 TI - [Visceral symptomatology of phenamine erythroderma]. PMID- 14770960 TI - [Herpes recurrens; cytology of blister fluid]. PMID- 14770961 TI - Nitrogen mustards in the treatment of neoplastic disease. PMID- 14770962 TI - Use of radioactive isotopes in medicine. PMID- 14770963 TI - Brucellosis. PMID- 14770964 TI - Advances in the neuromuscular disorders. PMID- 14770965 TI - Use of sodium depletion in therapy. PMID- 14770966 TI - Clinical use of anticoagulants. PMID- 14770967 TI - Hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 14770968 TI - Hepatic tests. PMID- 14770969 TI - The vascular physiology of hypertension. PMID- 14770970 TI - LANGUAGE outline. PMID- 14770971 TI - The Chicago Non-Verbal Examination. A study in re-test characteristics. PMID- 14770972 TI - The work of the protestant churches for the deaf in North America 1815-1949, II. PMID- 14770973 TI - Myocardial infarction simulating angina pectoris. PMID- 14770974 TI - Myocarditis in poliomyelitis. PMID- 14770975 TI - Active rheumatic carditis in patients over 40 years of age. PMID- 14770976 TI - Spontaneous rupture of papillary muscle of the left ventricle; a clinical syndrome. PMID- 14770977 TI - Air travel and the cardiac patient; an analysis of relevant experimental and empirical data. PMID- 14770978 TI - The effect of 1-nor-epinephrine upon the corpuscular volume and hematocrit. PMID- 14770979 TI - The action of nor-epinephrine and of epinephrine on the ventricular rate of heart block. PMID- 14770980 TI - A prolonged study of oral veratrum viride in the treatment of essential hypertension. PMID- 14770981 TI - Abnormal ballistocardiographic patterns in cardiovascular disease as recorded with the low-frequency, critically-damped ballistocardiograph. PMID- 14770982 TI - Experimental cholesterol arteriosclerosis. II. Changes produced in golden hamsters and in guinea pigs. PMID- 14770983 TI - Electrokymographic studies of abnormal left ventricular pulsations. PMID- 14770984 TI - Electrokymographic studies of the relation between the electrical and mechanical events of the cardiac cycle in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. PMID- 14770985 TI - Prominent R wave and shallow S wave in lead V1 as a result of lateral myocardial infarction. PMID- 14770986 TI - The electrocardiographic diagnosis of combined left and right ventricular strain. PMID- 14770987 TI - Explanation of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. PMID- 14770988 TI - Paroxysmal auricular tachycardia; report of a case with persistent ectopic auricular pacemaker, without sinoauricular node activity. PMID- 14770989 TI - Aberrant atrioventricular conduction with normal P-R interval and prolonged QRS complex simulating bundle branch block. PMID- 14770990 TI - Variations in the duration of phases of the cardiac cycle in normal hearts as studied by the electrokymograph. PMID- 14770991 TI - The effect of posture on the cardiac cycle, posteroanterior cardiac diameters, and apparent stroke volume as studied by the electrokymograph. PMID- 14770992 TI - Observations on the genesis of the electrocardiogram. PMID- 14770993 TI - Left ventricular cavity potentials in induced left bundle branch block studied with esophageal leads. PMID- 14770994 TI - The significance of QAVF in the diagnosis of posterior infarction. PMID- 14770995 TI - The course of the excitation wave in patients with electrocardiograms showing short P-R intervals and wide QRS complexes (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome). PMID- 14770996 TI - The value of the aV limb leads and the V chest leads (V4R to V7) in routine clinical electrocardiography. PMID- 14770997 TI - Electrocardiographic study of intramuscular quinidine lactate. PMID- 14770998 TI - Antidotes to ventricular fibrillation induced by mercurial diuretics. PMID- 14770999 TI - Congenital aortic atresia; report of one case with an analysis of 26 similar reported cases. PMID- 14771000 TI - Myocardial infarction due to syphilitic coronary ostial stenosis. PMID- 14771001 TI - Acute myocardial infarction and the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. PMID- 14771002 TI - Cysts of the pericardium. PMID- 14771003 TI - Hodgkin's granuloma with pericardial effusion; an unusual case of Hodgkin's disease presenting initially the signs and symptoms of pericarditis with effusion. PMID- 14771004 TI - Anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery (adult type). PMID- 14771005 TI - Cation exchangers: their use and hazards as aids in managing edema. PMID- 14771006 TI - Quantitative studies on spermatogenesis in the albino rat. PMID- 14771007 TI - A comparative study of the vascular arrangements in mammalian spleens. PMID- 14771008 TI - The distribution of phosphatases in the rabbit appendix after X-irradiation. PMID- 14771009 TI - Abdominopelvic fasciae. PMID- 14771010 TI - Prenatal development of the human hip joint. PMID- 14771011 TI - The brown inguinal glands of the rabbit. PMID- 14771012 TI - Histochemical reactions of normal teeth. PMID- 14771013 TI - Posture, locomotion and the skull in Lagomorpha. PMID- 14771015 TI - Clinical and pathologic effects of space-occupying lesions of the bone marrow. PMID- 14771014 TI - The van den Bergh reaction. PMID- 14771016 TI - Multiple myeloma; lesions of the extra-osseous hematopoietic system. PMID- 14771017 TI - A consideration of the phenomenon of "sludged blood" in disease. PMID- 14771018 TI - Lesions resembling Boeck's sarcoid in lymph nodes draining an area containing a malignant neoplasm. PMID- 14771019 TI - A comparative study of vaginal smears and cervical cell scrapings in intra epithelial carcinomas. PMID- 14771020 TI - Electrophoretic studies in Gaucher's disease. PMID- 14771021 TI - Air embolism during pneumoencephalography. PMID- 14771022 TI - Adenomatoid tumor of the fallopian tube associated with chronic salpingitis. PMID- 14771023 TI - Pulmonary cavitation following expectoration of neoplastic tissue. PMID- 14771024 TI - Infectious mononucleosis in the Negro; report of case. PMID- 14771025 TI - Clinicopathologic conference on paravertebral myositis ossificans. PMID- 14771026 TI - A polyamine formaldehyde resin. IV. Clinical evaluation in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 14771027 TI - The noxious antral remnant in treatment of peptic ulcer of the duodenum. PMID- 14771028 TI - Induction of normal defecation reflex by distention of the rectal stump following removal of the recto sigmoid. PMID- 14771029 TI - Effect of cytochrome C and sodium succinate in cases of chronic hepatic disease. PMID- 14771030 TI - The Takata-Ara reaction in the differential diagnosis and prognosis of jaundice. PMID- 14771031 TI - Pseudoagglutinative effect of equine gastric mucin on human erythrocytes and suggestive evidence of an anti-Hr component therein. PMID- 14771032 TI - Fifteen years' study of occult lymphocytosis in 280 hypercholesterolemia patients. PMID- 14771033 TI - Our load of mutations. PMID- 14771034 TI - Heredity of the Rh blood types. IX. Observations in a series of 526 cases of disputed parentage. PMID- 14771035 TI - BIBLIOGRAPHY of human genetics. PMID- 14771036 TI - Comparative oviposition experiments with caged mosquitoes. PMID- 14771037 TI - The rat population of Baltimore, 1949. PMID- 14771038 TI - The rat population of New York, 1949. PMID- 14771039 TI - An investigation on the action of piperonyl butoxide with pyrethrum. PMID- 14771040 TI - Studies on destruction of bacterial virus. I. A critical study of the quantitative determination of bacterial virus by the plaque-count method. PMID- 14771041 TI - Studies on destruction of bacterial virus. II. Kinetics in the thermodestruction of bacterial virus (bacteriophage against escherichia coli) in water. PMID- 14771042 TI - Observations on serological epidemiology antibodies to the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in sera from Alaskan eskimos. PMID- 14771043 TI - Passive transfer of immunity to Lansing poliomyelitis virus from actively immunized mothers to young mice. PMID- 14771044 TI - A disease epidemic in Iceland simulating poliomyelitis. PMID- 14771045 TI - Studies on type-specific immunization with somatic antigens of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. PMID- 14771046 TI - Studies of the somatic antigens of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. PMID- 14771047 TI - The effect of potassium on the electrocardiogram in the normal dog and in dogs with myocardial infarction. PMID- 14771048 TI - The effect of different grades of myocardial infarction upon the tolerance to potassium; an experimental study in dogs. PMID- 14771049 TI - Bernheim's syndrome considered in the light of a fatal case. PMID- 14771050 TI - Sudden and unexpected natural death. III. Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 14771051 TI - Sickle cell anemia in the white race; study of a family with a review of genetic theories. PMID- 14771052 TI - Subacute erythremic myelosis; report of a case in a Filipino. PMID- 14771053 TI - Leukemia in radiologists in a 20 year period. PMID- 14771054 TI - Adrenal cortical function in essential hypertension; a study of sweat sodium concentration. PMID- 14771055 TI - Experience with protein bound iodine (PBI); the effect of ACTH and cortisone on thyroid function. PMID- 14771056 TI - Miliary tuberculosis of the liver: liver biopsy as an adjunct to diagnosis. PMID- 14771057 TI - Polarographic studies of proteins and their degradation products. III. The polarographically determined protein index in arthritic and other diseases. PMID- 14771058 TI - The response to methacholine in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14771059 TI - Absence of intrinsic factor from intestinal juice of patients following total gastrectomy. PMID- 14771060 TI - Periarteritis nodosa simulating eosinophilic leukemia; a case report. PMID- 14771061 TI - Tissue culture techniques in the study of animal viruses. PMID- 14771062 TI - Epidemic diarrhea of the newborn. PMID- 14771063 TI - Clinical orbitonometry. PMID- 14771064 TI - Propylthiouracil in thyrotoxicosis; alternate cases treated medically and surgically. PMID- 14771065 TI - Observations on the prolonged medical management of toxic diffuse goiter with thiouracil and propylthiouracil. PMID- 14771066 TI - Intravenous use of quinidine, with particular reference to ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 14771067 TI - Chloromycetin treatment of typhoid fever; report of two cases. PMID- 14771068 TI - Chronic schistosomiasis japonica: diagnosis by rectal biopsy with description of sigmoidoscopic abnormalities. PMID- 14771069 TI - Oxygen therapy of bundle branch block. PMID- 14771070 TI - Rutin therapy in diffuse capillary bleeding: ineffectiveness when fragility tests are normal. PMID- 14771071 TI - Precipitin reaction of serum from cases of rheumatoid arthritis with homologous connective tissue extracts. PMID- 14771072 TI - Copper therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14771073 TI - Multiple sclerosis; a correlation of its incidence with dietary fat. PMID- 14771074 TI - An effect of Vitamin B12 on pain in nutritional neuropathy. PMID- 14771075 TI - Intradermal tests in the diagnosis of certain infectious diseases. PMID- 14771076 TI - Antihistaminic drugs and the common cold; a critical review. PMID- 14771077 TI - The value of photomicrography in the study of hematology. PMID- 14771078 TI - The trypsinized cell method for the detection of incomplete antibodies. PMID- 14771079 TI - A method for the quantitative estimation of amylase in body fluids other than blood serum. PMID- 14771080 TI - Nutritional blood dyscrasias. PMID- 14771081 TI - CIRCULATING eosinophil count. PMID- 14771082 TI - Photometric measurements in clinical biochemistry. PMID- 14771083 TI - The impedance angle and thyroid dysfunction. PMID- 14771084 TI - Effect of schedule of administration on the therapeutic efficacy of penicillin; importance of the aggregate time penicillin remains at effectively bactericidal levels. PMID- 14771085 TI - Treatment of rickettsialpox with aureomycin. PMID- 14771086 TI - Further experience in the treatment of Rocky Mountain spotted fever with chloramphenicol. PMID- 14771087 TI - Plasmacytosis and hyperglobulinemia as manifestations of hypersensitivity; a postmortem study of two cases with hypersensitivity probably to sulfadiazine. PMID- 14771088 TI - Relationship of bone marrow plasmacytosis to the changes in serum gamma globulin in rheumatic fever. PMID- 14771090 TI - Acid-base regulation by the kidneys. PMID- 14771089 TI - Cryptococcosis; a review with special reference to apparent association with Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 14771091 TI - TREATMENT of neurosyphilis. PMID- 14771092 TI - HEMOCHROMATOSIS versus Addison's disease. PMID- 14771093 TI - Disseminated coccidioidomycosis; treatment with protoanemonin. PMID- 14771094 TI - Chronic hemolytic anemia with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (Marchiafava Micheli syndrome). PMID- 14771095 TI - Shigella alkalescens as a cause of pyelocystitis with bacteremia. PMID- 14771096 TI - Effects of diet in essential hypertension. I. Baseline study: effects in 86 cases of prolonged hospitalization on regular hospital diet. PMID- 14771097 TI - Effects of diet in essential hypertension. II. Results with unmodified Kempner rice diet in 50 hospitalized patients. PMID- 14771098 TI - Effect of the rice diet on the serum cholesterol fractions of 154 patients with hypertensive vascular disease. PMID- 14771099 TI - Bilateral thoracolumbar sympathectomy for hypertension; a study of 500 cases. PMID- 14771100 TI - Causes of death in hypertension. PMID- 14771101 TI - Spontaneous rupture of a papillary muscle of the heart; review with 8 additional cases. PMID- 14771103 TI - CLINICO-PATHOLOGIC conference; chronic renal disease due to congenital anomaly. PMID- 14771102 TI - Renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium and magnesium. PMID- 14771104 TI - Nursing care throughout fifty years. PMID- 14771105 TI - The Journal's first fifty years. PMID- 14771106 TI - What we may expect from the law. (Reprinted from Oct., 1900 issue). PMID- 14771107 TI - The role of the nurse in medical progress. PMID- 14771109 TI - Public health nursing: 1900-1950. PMID- 14771108 TI - The trail of the nursing textbook. PMID- 14771110 TI - Nursing on the world health front. PMID- 14771111 TI - The International Council of Nurses. PMID- 14771112 TI - A half-century of nursing education. PMID- 14771113 TI - Practical nursing then and now. PMID- 14771114 TI - Pediatric nursing at the turn of the century. PMID- 14771115 TI - Fifty years of nursing in the federal government nursing services. PMID- 14771116 TI - Looking ahead with the nursing profession. PMID- 14771117 TI - Fifty years of Journal advertising. PMID- 14771118 TI - A backward glimpse. PMID- 14771119 TI - Two-way communication system. PMID- 14771120 TI - A priest speaks on economic security. PMID- 14771121 TI - Nursing care in terminal cancer. PMID- 14771122 TI - Teen-age volunteer a new recruit. PMID- 14771123 TI - Let's take a boat trip. PMID- 14771124 TI - ACTH and cortisone in clinical practice. PMID- 14771125 TI - The free diet for diabetic patients. PMID- 14771127 TI - Estimating the future supply of professional nurses. PMID- 14771128 TI - Some recent advances in surgery. PMID- 14771126 TI - Mixing insulin in one syringe. PMID- 14771129 TI - Experimental research in nursing service. PMID- 14771130 TI - Teaching patients. PMID- 14771131 TI - Physical education in the nursing school. PMID- 14771132 TI - Elective experience for seniors. PMID- 14771133 TI - Having a baby is a family matter. PMID- 14771134 TI - Some observations on the relations of estrogens and progesterone to the contractions of the nonpregnant and pregnant human uterus. PMID- 14771135 TI - Postpartum blood loss; an analysis of 6,000 cases. PMID- 14771136 TI - A review of 500 elective operations for pelvic prolapse on women over the age of 60 years. PMID- 14771137 TI - The management of the occiput posterior; the use of the Bill-Scanzoni maneuver. PMID- 14771139 TI - Arteriolosclerotic pregnancy toxemia. PMID- 14771138 TI - Obstetrical mortality in Edmonton for 10 years (1939-1948). PMID- 14771140 TI - Contribution to the study of the etiology and prevention of cancer of the cervix of the uterus. PMID- 14771141 TI - Irregular shedding of the endometrium. PMID- 14771142 TI - The status of internal podalic version in obstetrics. PMID- 14771143 TI - The value of vaginal cytology in observing the progress under radiation treatment of patients suffering from cancer of the cervix. PMID- 14771145 TI - Measurement of pain intensity in labor and its physiologic, neurologic, and pharmacologic implications. PMID- 14771144 TI - Time of ovulation; a correlation between basal temperature, the appearance of the endometrium, and the appearance of the ovary. PMID- 14771146 TI - The relationship of disorders of the blood-clotting mechanism to toxemia of pregnancy and the value of heparin in therapy. PMID- 14771147 TI - Relationship of the endometrium to the chorioplacental development and its gonadotrophin output. PMID- 14771148 TI - An appraisal of chorionepithelioma based on observations in 12 cases. PMID- 14771149 TI - The emotional aspects of obstetric and gynecologic disorders. PMID- 14771150 TI - Attempts at desensitization of women immunized by the Rh factor. I. The use of ethylene disulfonate. PMID- 14771151 TI - Pregnandiol excretion at the time of labor. PMID- 14771152 TI - Hyperrotation and deflexion of the head in breech presentation; with a new and more descriptive terminology for breech presentation. PMID- 14771153 TI - A clinical study of 240 infertile couples. PMID- 14771154 TI - The effects of intravenous injections of ergonovine and solution of posterior pituitary extract on the postpartum patient. PMID- 14771155 TI - Trasentine: experience with its use in obstetrics and gynecology; a preliminary report. PMID- 14771156 TI - Estrogen therapy by implantation of estradiol crystals. PMID- 14771157 TI - Diagnostic culdoscopy. PMID- 14771158 TI - Endometrial biopsy; comparison of aspiration curettage with conventional dilatation and curettage. PMID- 14771159 TI - Endometrial hyperplasia producing a syndrome simulating early pregnancy. PMID- 14771160 TI - A new colpostat for the radium treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 14771161 TI - Fibrosarcoma in the site of Bartholin's gland. PMID- 14771162 TI - A malignant granulosa-cell tumor associated with pregnancy. PMID- 14771163 TI - Primary adenocarcinoma, papillary, of fallopian tube. PMID- 14771164 TI - An inflatable tip and other modified interchangeable tips for the trigger cannula used in the study of female sterility. PMID- 14771165 TI - Cytodynamic properties of human endometrium. I. Cultivation in fluid media; effects of different oxygen tensions, hydrogen ion concentrations, and temperatures. PMID- 14771166 TI - The Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome; a confused symptom-complex. PMID- 14771167 TI - Plasma alkaline phosphatase. II. Normative data for pregnancy. PMID- 14771168 TI - Factors influencing the urinary excretion of calcium. II. Pregnancy and lactation. PMID- 14771169 TI - An evaluation of the Rana pipiens male frog pregnancy test. PMID- 14771170 TI - Chorionepithelioma; a study of 15 cases. PMID- 14771171 TI - Time, site, and treatment of recurrences of endometrial carcinoma. PMID- 14771172 TI - Constitutional psychology and the reproductive system in women; a preliminary report. PMID- 14771173 TI - Anovulatory menstruation in women. PMID- 14771174 TI - A morphologic and cytochemical vaginal-smear study; the effect of topical penicillin in the treatment of focal infections of the vaginal tract. PMID- 14771175 TI - The effect of penicillin vaginal suppositories on morbidity in vaginal hysterectomy and on the vaginal flora. PMID- 14771176 TI - The results of treatment with Rh hapten. PMID- 14771177 TI - Conservative therapy in lower nephron nephrosis; report of 2 cases with survival. PMID- 14771178 TI - A comparative study of chemical tests for the early diagnosis of pregnancy, including a new colorimetric determination. PMID- 14771179 TI - Extraperitoneal repair of vesicovaginal fistulas. PMID- 14771180 TI - Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis; treatment with a new surface-active trichomonacide. PMID- 14771181 TI - Cesarean section; a 10-year survey in a smaller hospital. PMID- 14771182 TI - The present-day safety of cesarean section; a review of 1,192 cases with no maternal mortality. PMID- 14771183 TI - Extraperitoneal cesarean section: A review of 71 consecutive operations. PMID- 14771184 TI - An improvement in the technique of constructing the vagina. PMID- 14771185 TI - Mumps in pregnancy. PMID- 14771186 TI - The urinary excretion of pregnanediol in pregnant women receiving diethylstilbestrol. PMID- 14771187 TI - The bacterial flora found in nonspecific vaginal discharge. PMID- 14771188 TI - Vaginal mycosis in pregnancy; an improved gentian violet treatment. PMID- 14771189 TI - Effects of dexedrine sulfate on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. PMID- 14771190 TI - Experiences with PSP tubal patency (Speck) test. PMID- 14771192 TI - Elective induction of labor. PMID- 14771191 TI - The management of threatened abortion: A study of 100 cases. PMID- 14771193 TI - The Salmon modification of the ovarian hyperemia reaction in 1,042 consecutive pregnancy tests. PMID- 14771194 TI - Dyspareunia due to chronic nonspecific urethritis. PMID- 14771195 TI - Granuloma inguinale of the cervix uteri and vulva treated with streptomycin. PMID- 14771196 TI - Granulosa-cell tumor of extraovarian origin transformed into a retroperitoneal sarcoma. PMID- 14771197 TI - Associated postoperative vesico- and rectovaginal fistulas. PMID- 14771198 TI - Spontaneous amputation of a dermoid cyst from the ovary. PMID- 14771199 TI - Hidradenoma of the vulva. PMID- 14771200 TI - Arrhenoblastoma before puberty. PMID- 14771201 TI - Tuberculosis of endometrium and of cervix associated with pregnancy; successful treatment with streptomycin. PMID- 14771202 TI - Daily activity inventory and progress record for those with atypical movement. PMID- 14771203 TI - Multiple sclerosis. PMID- 14771204 TI - The utilization of reinforcement techniques in the program for the hemiplegic. PMID- 14771205 TI - An occupational therapist's approach to the vocational problems of the cerebral palsied. PMID- 14771206 TI - Clinical and experimental observation on the use of ACTH and cortisone in ocular inflammatory disease. PMID- 14771207 TI - Chemistry of pituitary principles acting upon ocular tension. PMID- 14771208 TI - Glaucoma; a statistical review of 816 patients with 1,112 glaucomatous eyes. PMID- 14771209 TI - The problem of glaucoma. PMID- 14771210 TI - Separation of diencephalic centers concerned with pupillary motility and ocular tension. PMID- 14771211 TI - Glaucoma; some social and medical aspects. PMID- 14771212 TI - Trephining operations. PMID- 14771213 TI - The visual field as an aid to prognosis in glaucoma. PMID- 14771214 TI - Iridoschisis as a cause of glaucoma. PMID- 14771215 TI - Nevus flammeus associated with glaucoma. PMID- 14771216 TI - Lysozyme in the treatment of ophthalmic conditions. PMID- 14771217 TI - Peripheral choroiditis simulating retrolental fibroplasia. PMID- 14771218 TI - Retardation of wound healing in the corneal epithelium by lanolin. PMID- 14771219 TI - Visual-field testing; suggestions on technique. PMID- 14771220 TI - Clinical observations of the effect of tobacco on the angioscotoma in glaucoma. PMID- 14771221 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the meibomian gland. PMID- 14771222 TI - The use of milk-procaine in foreign-protein therapy. PMID- 14771223 TI - Visual disturbances due to the use of digitalis and similar preparations. PMID- 14771224 TI - Corrugated silver wire for severing pterygium from the cornea. PMID- 14771225 TI - Evaluation of recent provocative tests for preglaucoma. PMID- 14771226 TI - Ferris-wheel attachments for brewster type stereoscope. PMID- 14771227 TI - Retrolental fibroplasia. PMID- 14771228 TI - Meningioma of the tuberculum sellae. PMID- 14771229 TI - Fibrin closure in eye surgery. PMID- 14771230 TI - Eye changes associated with convulsions. PMID- 14771231 TI - Scleritis nodosa. PMID- 14771232 TI - Destruction of the macula by indirect violence. PMID- 14771233 TI - The relationship of heterophoria to depth perception in aviation, with particular reference to the work of the Royal Canadian Air Force; Part I. PMID- 14771235 TI - Some problems in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. PMID- 14771234 TI - The use of intravenous novocaine in ophthalmology. PMID- 14771236 TI - Changes in vision during adolescence. PMID- 14771237 TI - The effect of procaine and cocaine when applied locally to the iris. PMID- 14771238 TI - The effect of certain hydrogenated alkaloids of ergot on glaucoma. PMID- 14771239 TI - Alloxan diabetes and the lens. PMID- 14771240 TI - Ocular manifestations of intravenous tetraethyl ammonium chloride in man. PMID- 14771241 TI - Temporal arteritis as a cause of blindness, review of the literature and report of a case. PMID- 14771242 TI - The management of chronic inflammation of the orbital socket. PMID- 14771243 TI - Ocular conditions associated with idiopathic hyperlipemia. PMID- 14771244 TI - The Crisp-Stine test for astigmatism and the Lebensohn astigmometer. PMID- 14771245 TI - Massive intraocular hemorrhage following severe cerebral vascular accident. PMID- 14771246 TI - Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, report of a small office outbreak. PMID- 14771247 TI - Effect of tilted lenses. PMID- 14771248 TI - Fistulizing "half-Elliot" operation for glaucoma. PMID- 14771249 TI - Persistence of hyaloid and retrolental fibroplasia. PMID- 14771250 TI - Surgical procedure for glaucoma. PMID- 14771251 TI - Chorionepithelioma of choroid. PMID- 14771252 TI - Intravenous tetraethyl ammonium chloride. PMID- 14771253 TI - Effects of uniform and non-uniform surrounds on foveal vision. PMID- 14771254 TI - The effect of ultraviolet on the human eye. PMID- 14771255 TI - Relationship of pre-optometry college work to performance in optometry college courses. PMID- 14771256 TI - Appraising modern lighting practice as influencing human vision. PMID- 14771257 TI - Visual acuity in disseminated retinitis aided by telescopic spectacles; a case report. PMID- 14771258 TI - Simplicity in orthodontic concept and treatment. PMID- 14771259 TI - Changes in width dimensions between certain teeth and facial points during human growth. PMID- 14771260 TI - Dental cement: a study of its property of adhesion. PMID- 14771261 TI - To be or not to be professional pharmacists? PMID- 14771262 TI - The potentiation of N,N,'N,'N'-ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid KI3 complex by metallic oxidation-reduction systems. PMID- 14771263 TI - Looking ahead in the field of antibiotics. PMID- 14771264 TI - A microtechnique for the rapid detection of nitrate reduction by bacteria. PMID- 14771265 TI - Some frontiers in pharmaceutical research. PMID- 14771266 TI - Pharmacopeial wanderings and home-coming. PMID- 14771267 TI - Chemical changes produced in isotonic solutions of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride by the small intestine of the dog. PMID- 14771268 TI - Cooling as a stimulus to smooth muscles. PMID- 14771269 TI - Release of gastrin in response to bathing the pyloric mucosa with acetylcholine. PMID- 14771270 TI - Effect of surgical extirpation of pyloric portion of the stomach on response of fundic glands to histamine and urecholine in dogs. PMID- 14771271 TI - Lipids of lymph following feeding of fat: an experimental study. PMID- 14771272 TI - Effect of dietary substances on cholate synthesis in the dog. PMID- 14771273 TI - Investigation of hepatic function by clearance techniques. PMID- 14771274 TI - Peripheral circulatory and metabolic reactions associated with ergotoxine hyper- and hypothermia in adult albino rats. PMID- 14771275 TI - Action of insulin on the 'permeability' of cells to free hexoses, as studied by its effect on the distribution of galactose. PMID- 14771276 TI - Vitamin B12 content of blood from various species. PMID- 14771277 TI - Role of the thyroid in metabolic responses to a cold environment. PMID- 14771278 TI - Effect of environmental temperature and starvation on adrenal glands of the white footed mouse. PMID- 14771279 TI - Changes in circulating eosinophiles and adrenal ascorbic acid concentration after agents altering blood sugar levels and after surgical conditions. PMID- 14771280 TI - Spontaneous activity in rats fed an amino acid-deficient diet. PMID- 14771281 TI - Influence of O2 content of inspired air on total lung volume. PMID- 14771282 TI - Role of pulmonary proprioceptive reflexes in suppression of spontaneous breathing during electrophrenic respiration. PMID- 14771283 TI - Adaptation to histotoxic anoxia. PMID- 14771284 TI - Initial epicardial negativity and other experimental evidence relative to validity of zonal interference theory. PMID- 14771285 TI - Effect of auricular fibrillation on cardiac output, coronary blood flow and mean arterial blood pressure. PMID- 14771286 TI - Evidences for more than one antidiuretic substance in pitressin. PMID- 14771287 TI - Accelerator factors in hemophilic blood. PMID- 14771288 TI - Volume of distribution of potassium and its alteration by sympatholytic and antihistaminic drugs. PMID- 14771289 TI - Urine flow and solute excretion of hydropenic dog under 'resting' conditions and during osmotic diuresis. PMID- 14771290 TI - Excretion of sodium and potassium during osmotic diuresis in the hydropenic dog. PMID- 14771291 TI - Oxygen tension and pH of the renal cortex in acute ischemia and chronic hypertension. PMID- 14771292 TI - Effect of dietary restriction of salt and protein on blood pressure of hypertensive rats. PMID- 14771294 TI - Effect of lymphoid necrosis due to nitrogen mustard and roentgen irradiation on neuromuscular function of hypophysectomized animals. PMID- 14771293 TI - Effects of oxine, carbostyril and quinoline on frog nerve. PMID- 14771295 TI - Action of cobra venom and cardiotoxin on gastroenemius-sciatic preparation of a frog. PMID- 14771297 TI - A controlled study of personality relationships in mothers of schizophrenic male patients. PMID- 14771296 TI - Nonconvulsive electric stimulation therapy; its place in the treatment of affective disorders, with notes on the reciprocal relationship of anxiety and depression. PMID- 14771298 TI - Social and work adjustment in patients with epilepsy. PMID- 14771299 TI - Emotional problems of high blood pressure. PMID- 14771300 TI - The student council study; a preliminary report. PMID- 14771301 TI - Graduate teaching of psychiatry through individual supervision. PMID- 14771302 TI - The intensive electric shock therapy of chronic disturbed psychotic patients. PMID- 14771303 TI - Adolf Meyer, M D 1866-1950. PMID- 14771305 TI - How good is the industrial hygiene program? PMID- 14771304 TI - Practical application of the principles of health department program planning to local tuberculosis control. PMID- 14771306 TI - The family record in the Red Hook-Gowanus Health Center District. PMID- 14771307 TI - A plan to simplify premarital laws. PMID- 14771308 TI - Incidence of subclinical poliomyelitis in an urban area according to age groups. PMID- 14771309 TI - A coordinated state program for chronic illness. PMID- 14771310 TI - Viability of Escherichia coli in sea water. PMID- 14771311 TI - Relation of peptones and other culture media ingredients to the accuracy of fermentation tests. PMID- 14771312 TI - Comparative studies of group "B" streptococci of human and bovine origin. I. Cultural and biochemical characters. PMID- 14771313 TI - Comparative studies of group "B" streptococci of human and bovine origin. II. Serological characters. PMID- 14771314 TI - An environmental and sociological study of rheumatic heart disease. PMID- 14771315 TI - Seasonal distribution of poliomyelitis. PMID- 14771316 TI - The culture method of laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis. PMID- 14771317 TI - Mediastinal emphysema. PMID- 14771318 TI - Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis (Sturge-Weber syndrome); with particular reference to the roentgenological aspects before and after neurosurgery. PMID- 14771319 TI - Roentgenologic aspects of head trauma. PMID- 14771320 TI - Aplasia of the lung with angiocardiographic demonstration of anomalous pulmonary circulation. PMID- 14771321 TI - Aneurysm of the pulmonary artery; report of a case. PMID- 14771322 TI - Report of a case of long standing renal insufficiency with extensive metastatic calcifications (renal osteitis fibrosa cystica). PMID- 14771323 TI - The use of a preliminary roentgenogram of the abdomen in the diagnosis of congenital obstruction of the intestine. PMID- 14771324 TI - A summary of forty-nine radiologists' opinions on the skeletal age limits of apparently normal six-year-old children. PMID- 14771325 TI - Response of carcinoma of the cervix uteri to fractionated radium and roentgen therapy given concurrently. PMID- 14771326 TI - Calcified metastatic deposits in the peritoneal cavity, liver and right lung field from papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. PMID- 14771327 TI - Neurofibrosarcoma of the neck; report of case with ten year survival after roentgen therapy. PMID- 14771328 TI - Large hydatid cyst of the liver; case report. PMID- 14771329 TI - A calibrated roentgen-ray film badge dosimeter. PMID- 14771330 TI - Dosimetry of ionizing particles. PMID- 14771331 TI - A new type of roentgen periscope for intracavitary therapy. PMID- 14771332 TI - George C. Johnston, 1872-1950. PMID- 14771333 TI - Karl M. Bonoff, 1892-1949. PMID- 14771334 TI - The use of radioactive phosphorus in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast with widespread metastases to bone. PMID- 14771335 TI - I131 in the diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 14771336 TI - Vitamin D resistant rickets (refractory rickets). PMID- 14771337 TI - Duodenal ulcers simulating prepyloric lesions. PMID- 14771338 TI - Roentgen examination in mesenteric thrombosis. PMID- 14771339 TI - Gas-containing biliary calculi. PMID- 14771340 TI - Anomalies of the lumbosacral vertebrae in 550 individuals without symptoms referable to the low back. PMID- 14771341 TI - Psoriatic arthritis; report of a case. PMID- 14771342 TI - Cystourethrography in the diagnosis of diseases of the prostatic urethra. PMID- 14771343 TI - Multiple destructive processes of the phalanges of the hand with simultaneous calcifications of the soft tissues of indefinite etiology. PMID- 14771344 TI - Technic for repair of vesicovaginal fistula following total hysterectomy. PMID- 14771345 TI - Technic for the early operation of myelocele and meningomyelocele; with a report of 10 consecutive cases. PMID- 14771346 TI - Protrusions of intervertebral discs; study of their distribution, characteristics and effects on the nervous system. PMID- 14771347 TI - Secondary renal operations. PMID- 14771348 TI - Congenital polycystic kidney disease. PMID- 14771349 TI - Treatment of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid with lateral cervical metastases. PMID- 14771350 TI - Fractures of the spine. PMID- 14771351 TI - Detection of unsuspected cervical cancer by cell study. PMID- 14771352 TI - Gastric leiomyoma, with special reference to involvement of the paraesophageal fundus. PMID- 14771353 TI - Cancer of the scalp. PMID- 14771354 TI - Self-adjusting, self-locking hip bolt. PMID- 14771355 TI - Tantalum tubes in the non-suture method of blood vessel anastomosis. PMID- 14771356 TI - Notes on the retention of pantopaque in the subarachnoid space. PMID- 14771357 TI - Fever in carcinoma of the colon and rectum. PMID- 14771358 TI - Femoral shortening in subtrochanteric region combined with angulation at site of resection. PMID- 14771359 TI - Surgical approach to upper abdomen through incision paralleling the costal margin with excision of costal cartilage opposite the fifth intercostal space. PMID- 14771360 TI - Choledochostomy--a simple device for collecting bile. PMID- 14771361 TI - Retroperitoneal cavernous hemangioma. PMID- 14771362 TI - Primary sarcoma of the gallbladder. PMID- 14771363 TI - Incomplete removal of osteoidosteoma. PMID- 14771364 TI - Ovarian pregnancy. PMID- 14771365 TI - Ruptured uterus due to placenta percreta. PMID- 14771366 TI - Inguinal ulcer; first sign of cancer of the cecum. PMID- 14771367 TI - Is venereal disease no longer a problem? PMID- 14771368 TI - Studies on the relationship of treponemal antibody to probable biologic false positive serologic tests for syphilis. PMID- 14771369 TI - Evaluation of the treatment of early syphilis with arsphenamine and heavy metal. PMID- 14771370 TI - The treatment of primary and secondary syphilis with four new schedules; a preliminary report on 500 cases. PMID- 14771371 TI - The synergistic action of penicillin in combination with arsenic and bismuth in early syphilis; a report of 198 patients treated with 2.4 million units of sodium penicillin combined with arsenic and bismuth. PMID- 14771372 TI - Treatment of early syphilis with penicillin and bismuth subsalicylate: daily injection of 500,000 units of penicillin G in sodium chloride solution for twenty consecutive days and ten to twenty doses of bismuth subsalicylate at the rate of two a week; second report. PMID- 14771373 TI - Treatment of syphilis with aureomycin; a preliminary report. PMID- 14771374 TI - Oral treatment of neurosyphilis with aureomycin. PMID- 14771375 TI - Phenomena of disease in rabbits fed cholesterol and inoculated with treponema pallidum. II. Infectivity of blood. PMID- 14771376 TI - The value of synthetic (dimyristoyl) L-a-lecithin as an antigen component with cardiolipin in the serodiagnosis of syphilis; preliminary report. PMID- 14771377 TI - Are ninth-day erythema and hemorrhagic encephalitis in patients treated with arsenicals parts of one and the same syndrome? PMID- 14771378 TI - A pilot study of the Navy's educational program on venereal disease. I. Sailors' opinions about the effectiveness of the program. PMID- 14771379 TI - A pilot study of the Navy's educational program on venereal disease. II. Some attitudes and practices which hinder effective control by educational measures. PMID- 14771380 TI - A pilot study of the Navy's educational program on venereal disease. III. Suggestions for improving the program. PMID- 14771381 TI - The use of benadryl in the prevention of reactions to BAL. PMID- 14771382 TI - The physiological disposition of diodoquin, vioform, and chiniofon in the rabbit as determined with radioiodine. PMID- 14771383 TI - The effectiveness of bismuthoxy p-N-glycolylarsanilate (milibis) in the treatment of intestinal amebiasis. PMID- 14771385 TI - The effect of rice powder on the growth of cultures of Endamoeba histolytica. PMID- 14771384 TI - Trial of enteric-coated camoquin in intestinal amebiasis. PMID- 14771386 TI - The effect of X-ray upon the growth and infectivity of Endamoeba histolytica. PMID- 14771387 TI - A simplified casein hydrolysate-serum medium for the cultivation of Trichomonas vaginalis. PMID- 14771388 TI - Laboratory infection with Leishmania donovani; a case report. PMID- 14771389 TI - Observations on the recession of malaria in an area of southwestern Georgia. PMID- 14771390 TI - A heretofore unreported agglutinable human blood factor and its possible relationship to blackwater fever. PMID- 14771391 TI - A case of canine toxoplasmosis from the Canal Zone. PMID- 14771392 TI - Progress in the treatment of trachoma with chloromycetin (chloramphenicol). PMID- 14771393 TI - A note on Shigellae in Central America. PMID- 14771394 TI - Observations on the experimental transmission of Japanese encephalitis by mosquitoes. PMID- 14771395 TI - Japanese B encephalitis; a complete review of experience on Okinawa 1945-1949. PMID- 14771396 TI - The susceptibility of howler monkeys to yellow fever virus. PMID- 14771397 TI - The geographical distribution of immunity to yellow fever among the primates of Brazil. PMID- 14771398 TI - A study of the concentration of yellow fever virus which will infect certain species of Aedes mosquitoes. PMID- 14771399 TI - The incidence of human intestinal parasites in northwestern Honduras. PMID- 14771400 TI - Capillaria hepatica; report of genuine and spurious cases. PMID- 14771402 TI - The control of domestic insects in Italy. PMID- 14771401 TI - Diabetes mellitus and pylephlebitic abscess of the liver resulting from Schistosoma mansoni infestation. PMID- 14771403 TI - Seventeen cases of poisoning due to ingestion of an eel, Gymnothorax flavimarginatus. PMID- 14771404 TI - The combined use of picrotoxin and amphetamine (benzedrine) sulfate in barbiturate intoxication. PMID- 14771405 TI - Headache clinics; what is the headache problem? PMID- 14771406 TI - Combined antihistaminic-antibiotic therapy in mixed allergic and infectious respiratory conditions. PMID- 14771407 TI - Psychotherapy in general practice; acute anxiety states and their treatment. PMID- 14771409 TI - Pernicious anemia. PMID- 14771408 TI - Management of the comatose patient. PMID- 14771410 TI - Nutritional heart disease. PMID- 14771411 TI - Evaluation of serum albumin, potassium and sodium salts and other methods of treatment in nephroses. PMID- 14771412 TI - Allergy as a cause of acute torticollis. PMID- 14771413 TI - Neuropsychiatric indications for therapeutic abortion. PMID- 14771414 TI - Keratoderma climactericum treatment with local application of estrogens. PMID- 14771415 TI - The treatment of shock in acute myocardial infarction: a review. PMID- 14771417 TI - COMPLICATIONS of peptic ulcer surgery. PMID- 14771416 TI - COMPLICATIONS of peptic ulcer surgery. PMID- 14771418 TI - PERNICIOUS anemia. PMID- 14771420 TI - PERNICIOUS anemia. PMID- 14771419 TI - PERNICIOUS anemia. PMID- 14771421 TI - Indications for treatment in diseases of the thyroid. PMID- 14771422 TI - Rheumatoid spondylitis (Strumpell-Marie arthritis); orthopedic management. PMID- 14771423 TI - Roentgen treatment and roentgen diagnosis of the painful shoulder. PMID- 14771424 TI - Painful myostatic dystonia; a diagnostic problem treated by psychotherapy and unilateral lobotomy. PMID- 14771425 TI - The doctor-patient relationship: its role in therapy. PMID- 14771426 TI - Hypnosis: its evolution and use in medicine today. PMID- 14771427 TI - Treatment of peripheral arteriosclerosis obliterans: physical agents. PMID- 14771428 TI - Treatment of bronchial asthma. PMID- 14771429 TI - Multiple primary cancer. PMID- 14771430 TI - The effect of digitalis and a mercurial diuretic on the electrolyte balance in patients with congestive heart failure. PMID- 14771431 TI - WHAT'S your diagnosis? (Hemorrhagic encephalitis due to neoarsphenamine). PMID- 14771432 TI - Congenital heart disease; a clinical and physiologic study. PMID- 14771433 TI - A fatal Herxheimer reaction in a case of neurosyphilis. PMID- 14771434 TI - Acquired hemolytic anemia with hypersplenism; response to splenectomy. PMID- 14771435 TI - The etiology and diagnosis of headache; review of the literature. PMID- 14771436 TI - A full term abdominal pregnancy with delivery of a living child. PMID- 14771437 TI - MULTIPLE myeloma. PMID- 14771438 TI - INFECTIOUS mononucleosis. PMID- 14771439 TI - RHEUMATOID arthritis. PMID- 14771440 TI - DIABETES insipidus. PMID- 14771441 TI - Creativity. PMID- 14771442 TI - Trends in registration of undergraduate psychology students. PMID- 14771443 TI - Effects of cortisone on the development of tuberculous lesions in guinea pigs and on their modification by streptomycin therapy. PMID- 14771444 TI - The effect of neomycin on tuberculosis in guinea pigs infected with streptomycin resistant tubercle bacilli. PMID- 14771445 TI - Angiocardiography in artificial pneumothorax. PMID- 14771446 TI - Nicotinamide therapy of lingual changes in tuberculous patients. PMID- 14771448 TI - Tuberculosis of the heart; a review. PMID- 14771447 TI - The cellular and immunological reactions in rabbits infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. PMID- 14771449 TI - Sarcoidosis; preliminary report on a study of 350 cases with special reference to epidemiology. PMID- 14771450 TI - BCG vaccination in sarcoidosis. PMID- 14771451 TI - Immunization studies with irradiated tuberculosis vaccines. PMID- 14771452 TI - Emotional factors in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14771453 TI - Thoracoplasty failure as an indication for resection in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14771454 TI - Torsion of the spleen associated with pneumoperitoneum. PMID- 14771455 TI - Tuberculous meningitis complicated by pyogenic meningitis caused by Streptococcus faecalis. PMID- 14771456 TI - The philosophy of abstracting. PMID- 14771457 TI - Maxim Steinbach, 1892-1950. PMID- 14771458 TI - AMERICAN Trudeau Society, Medical Section of the National Tuberculosis Association: report of the Subcommittee on Pulmonary Function Tests. PMID- 14771459 TI - [Campaign against malaria in the territory of Goa, State of India]. PMID- 14771460 TI - [Blood and marrow picture of the golden hamster (Cricetus auratus)]. PMID- 14771461 TI - [Intestinal parasitosis in children in Lisbon children's homes]. PMID- 14771463 TI - Note on Holomastigotoides operculatum sp. n., parasite of the intestine of a woodeating termite collected at Dharwar. PMID- 14771462 TI - [Value of sternal puncture in the diagnosis of human trypanosomiasis]. PMID- 14771464 TI - [First data on the existence of vesical schistosomiasis in Portuguese Guinea and importance of egg count of the parasite in urine sediment]. PMID- 14771465 TI - [Treatment of frambesia with S.T.B]. PMID- 14771466 TI - [An additional ixodid of the Aponomma group for the fauna of Mozambique; Ap. transversale (Lucas, 1844) the python tick]. PMID- 14771467 TI - [Brief comparative tests on the action of DDT and gammexane flies (Musca domestica) of different origins, subjected to 1-minute contact with these insecticides]. PMID- 14771468 TI - [Miracil D in the treatment of vesical schistosomiasis]. PMID- 14771469 TI - [Several microfilaria of animals in Portuguese Guinea]. PMID- 14771470 TI - [Contribution to the study of the teratology of ixodids; 2 monsters obtained spontaneously in a strain of Amblyomma nuttalli Donitz 1909]. PMID- 14771471 TI - [Simple culture of Musca domestica by a modified Hafez method]. PMID- 14771472 TI - Insects in control; the control of insects. PMID- 14771473 TI - [Is it easy to study a mycosis?]. PMID- 14771474 TI - [Value of cultural characters in medical mycology]. PMID- 14771475 TI - [Allergy and premunition in mycosis]. PMID- 14771476 TI - [Elements of paludometry]. PMID- 14771477 TI - [Blood picture of the hemolytic disease of the newborn]. PMID- 14771479 TI - [Report of a study trip to several South American countries]. PMID- 14771480 TI - [Mission for the Study and Control of Sleeping Sickness in Portuguese Guinea; report of the Chief for 1948]. PMID- 14771481 TI - [Report on the activities of the Instituto de Medicina Tropical in 1948]. PMID- 14771482 TI - [Study of the action of gammexane on several Portuguese mollusks of the genera Planorbis, Limnea and Physa; addendum]. PMID- 14771478 TI - Little known tropical diseases. PMID- 14771483 TI - [Rectosigmoid cancer]. PMID- 14771484 TI - [Cancer of the gastric stump]. PMID- 14771485 TI - [Permanent intrathecal tube; technic, complications, results]. PMID- 14771486 TI - [Male toad (Bufo) as test of pregnancy]. PMID- 14771487 TI - [Tunnelization in treatment of varicocele]. PMID- 14771488 TI - [Concept of epilepsy of the Montreal school]. PMID- 14771489 TI - [Metabolic and endocrine alterations provoked by surgical trauma; effects on cicatrization and restoration of tissues]. PMID- 14771490 TI - [Elephantiasis of lower extremity; treatment by circular dermofibrolipectomy followed by free skin graft]. PMID- 14771491 TI - [Circumscribed thyrotoxic myxedema]. PMID- 14771492 TI - [Maduromycosis from Madurella grisea]. PMID- 14771493 TI - [Pre- and post-operative care in infantile surgery]. PMID- 14771494 TI - [Congenital atresia of esophagus]. PMID- 14771495 TI - [Bone tumors]. PMID- 14771496 TI - [Physiopathology and treatment of diseases of the breast]. PMID- 14771497 TI - [Vital Brazil]. PMID- 14771498 TI - [Is pyorrhea alveolaris curable?]. PMID- 14771499 TI - [Case of dental osteomalacia and its prosthesis]. PMID- 14771500 TI - [Medical and surgical root canal therapy of periapical lesions]. PMID- 14771501 TI - [Vitality and metabolism of enamel]. PMID- 14771502 TI - [Necessity and importance of stomatology service in hospitals]. PMID- 14771503 TI - [Abscesses provoked by superior lateral incisors]. PMID- 14771504 TI - [Orthodontic, morphologic diagnosis]. PMID- 14771505 TI - [Two more cases of pulp metaplasia or "pink spot"]. PMID- 14771506 TI - [Deciduous teeth and their influence on orthodontic treatment]. PMID- 14771507 TI - [Studies on the etiology and nature of dental caries]. PMID- 14771508 TI - [Preventive orthodontics]. PMID- 14771510 TI - [Evaluation of defective development in patients with cleft palate and harelip]. PMID- 14771509 TI - [Necessity and importance of stomatologic services in hospitals]. PMID- 14771511 TI - [Odontogenous tumors]. PMID- 14771512 TI - [Classification of anomalies of dental occlusions]. PMID- 14771513 TI - [Some dermatoses connected with the climacteric]. PMID- 14771514 TI - [Uterine contractility in premature separation of placenta]. PMID- 14771515 TI - [Laboratory aids in the diagnosis of pregnancy]. PMID- 14771516 TI - [Inhibition of lactation]. PMID- 14771517 TI - [Hormonal control of lactation]. PMID- 14771518 TI - [Histogenesis of reticulin fibers]. PMID- 14771519 TI - The relation of the ovary to the menstrual cycle; notes on the history of a belated discovery. PMID- 14771520 TI - [Effect of castration on pregnancy in the guinea pig]. PMID- 14771521 TI - Recurrent salpingitis; treatment by cornual resection with retention of the tubes. PMID- 14771522 TI - [Effects of temporary ligation of the ovarian pedicle]. PMID- 14771523 TI - [Mechanism of the sex difference in diabetes]. PMID- 14771524 TI - [Disorders of follicular hormone secretion and liver detoxication function in schizophrenics]. PMID- 14771525 TI - Some neurosurgical procedures for relief of pelvic pain in women. PMID- 14771526 TI - Problems concerning the transplantation of fertilized ova or "artificial pregnancy.". PMID- 14771527 TI - [Action of progesterone on the oviducts of frogs]. PMID- 14771528 TI - [Psychological significance of the regulation of oxygen in the fetus]. PMID- 14771529 TI - [Lipogenic and antilipogenic hormonal factors as a cause of endogenous adiposis]. PMID- 14771530 TI - [Non-progestational actions of progesterone]. PMID- 14771531 TI - [Surgical cure of high vesicovaginal fistula]. PMID- 14771532 TI - [Spastic disorders in the parametrium]. PMID- 14771533 TI - [Growth of the cell nuclei of uterine tissue and endocrine activity]. PMID- 14771534 TI - [Gonadotropin test and amenorrhea]. PMID- 14771535 TI - Some recent work on the biology of spermatozoa. PMID- 14771536 TI - [Amenorrheas with secretory endometrium]. PMID- 14771538 TI - [Some syncopal states]. PMID- 14771537 TI - [Psychosomatic gynecology]. PMID- 14771539 TI - [Atraumatic total hysterectomy]. PMID- 14771540 TI - Factors responsible for false negative results in uterotubal insufflation. PMID- 14771541 TI - [Early diagnosis of carcinoma of the uterine cervix]. PMID- 14771542 TI - [Ulcer of the duodenal bulb in women]. PMID- 14771543 TI - [Attempt to explain height and weight of the child from size of placenta]. PMID- 14771544 TI - Interruption of pregnancy on medical indication in New York City, 1943-1947. PMID- 14771545 TI - [History of osteopsathyrosis (osteogenesis imperfecta)]. PMID- 14771546 TI - [Early 18th century commentary on doctors]. PMID- 14771547 TI - Functional (hyperhormonal) cysts of the ovary; diagnosis, therapy and differential diagnosis from extrauterine pregnancy. PMID- 14771548 TI - [Pediatric evaluation of play]. PMID- 14771549 TI - [Cytogram obtained by puncture and its application to the diagnosis of diseases of the mammary gland]. PMID- 14771550 TI - [Epidemic parotitis (mumps)]. PMID- 14771551 TI - [Juxtacecal enterogenous cyst partially covered by gastric mucosa]. PMID- 14771552 TI - [Morphology and mechanism of multiplication of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in its parasitic form, studied by the silver carbonate method]. PMID- 14771553 TI - [Polarographic method of determination of ascorbic acid and its application to pharmaceutical preparations]. PMID- 14771554 TI - [Exactitude in analytic determinations]. PMID- 14771556 TI - [Studies in the Archivo General de Indias de Sevilla; botanical expedition to the new kingdom of Granada or Santa Fe]. PMID- 14771555 TI - [Critical history and legislation of hospital pharmacies in Spain and especially the pharmacies of the hospitals of the Beneficencia Municipal y Provincial]. PMID- 14771557 TI - [New procedure for the treatment of cancer of the larynx]. PMID- 14771558 TI - [Cherny incision and its application to a new technic of extraperitoneal cesarean]. PMID- 14771559 TI - [New orientations in the treatment of cancer of the larynx]. PMID- 14771560 TI - [Geographic pathology]. PMID- 14771561 TI - [Some antibiotics recently investigated at Oxford]. PMID- 14771562 TI - [Parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the stomach]. PMID- 14771563 TI - A comparison of the weight of the intestine with the body and kidney weights in rats which were fed artificial, unbalanced diets. PMID- 14771564 TI - A note on the carotid body and corotid sinus of Varanus monitor. PMID- 14771565 TI - Electromyographic studies of m. biceps brachii during normal voluntary movement at the elbow. PMID- 14771566 TI - Effects of thyroxin injections on growth and differentiation of the skeleton of hypophysectomized female rats. PMID- 14771567 TI - A morphological and cytochemical study of the postnatal development of the rat's adrenal cortex. PMID- 14771568 TI - The morphology of the nerve cell nucleus, according to sex. PMID- 14771569 TI - Response by the rat thyro-parathyroidectomized at birth to growth hormone and to thyroxin given separately or in combination. PMID- 14771570 TI - A technique for the demonstration of the blood vessels in the developing central nervous system. PMID- 14771571 TI - Electron micrographs of the amphiaster in the whitefish blastula (Coregonus cluperformis). PMID- 14771572 TI - Histochemical reactions of adrenal cortical cells. PMID- 14771573 TI - An improved tantalum chamber for prolonged microscopic study of living cells in mammals. PMID- 14771574 TI - An anomalous muscle in place of the stylohyoid ligament of a Chinese. PMID- 14771575 TI - Histological and histochemical studies of the nipples of estrogen treated guinea pigs with special reference to keratohyalin granules. PMID- 14771576 TI - Differences in the response to growth hormone of the rat's proximal and distal tibial epiphyses. PMID- 14771577 TI - A study of the precipitating effects of basic fixing solutions. PMID- 14771578 TI - Sectioning the human brain with reference to the Frankfurt plane. PMID- 14771579 TI - Electron microscope investigation of the striated border of intestinal epithelium. PMID- 14771580 TI - A new technique for rapid freezing and dehydration of tissues for histology and histochemistry. PMID- 14771581 TI - A histochemical study of the development of membrane bone. PMID- 14771582 TI - Neuromuscular spindles in the extraocular muscles in man. PMID- 14771583 TI - Cleavage of unfertilized ova in immature ferrets. PMID- 14771584 TI - The selective stoppage of bone growth in tissue culture. PMID- 14771585 TI - The distribution of choline esterase in nerve tissue of the dog. PMID- 14771586 TI - The development of mouse ova under the capsule of the kidney. PMID- 14771587 TI - The growth of human myometrium and endometrium; studies of cytological aspects. PMID- 14771588 TI - [Julio Daez operation]. PMID- 14771590 TI - [Recurrent varices]. PMID- 14771589 TI - [Contribution to the study of temporal arteritis]. PMID- 14771591 TI - [Pulmonary embolism from varicophlebitis]. PMID- 14771592 TI - [Heparin in the diagnosis of latent thrombosis and unrecognized pulmonary embolism]. PMID- 14771593 TI - [Quinine in the treatment of nocturnal cramps (noctimelalgia)]. PMID- 14771594 TI - The diagnosis and pathogenesis of obliterative vascular disease of the lower extremities. PMID- 14771595 TI - The electronic oscillometer. PMID- 14771596 TI - Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta; report of two cases treated by cutis grafting. PMID- 14771597 TI - Hemangiomas; classification, diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14771598 TI - The effect of barbiturates and other drugs on mortality from diodrast in the mouse. PMID- 14771600 TI - Clinical grades of intermittent claudication. PMID- 14771599 TI - Causes of failure of suprarenalectomy and ganglionectomy in thrombo-angiitis obliterans on the basis of 898 operations. PMID- 14771601 TI - [Research on botulinum I toxin, anatoxin and antitoxin]. PMID- 14771602 TI - [Potassium ion and growth of the bacteria Moraxella lwoffi]. PMID- 14771603 TI - [Oxidizable hemolysin of Cl. bifermentans]. PMID- 14771604 TI - [The toxin of Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis; analogies with the toxin of Past. pestis (with reference to a memorandum of A. S. Lazarus and M. M. Nozawa)]. PMID- 14771605 TI - [Effect of anti-Rh serum on human embryonic nerve and spleen tissue cultures]. PMID- 14771606 TI - [Bacteriologic analysis of the colicine complexes produced by 14 antibiotic strains of Escherichia coli]. PMID- 14771607 TI - [Biochemical study of the crown gall tumors of Pelargonium zonale. I. Study of the glucides]. PMID- 14771608 TI - [Research on the gelatin of proteins; studies on casein]. PMID- 14771609 TI - [Study of the metabolism of a mutant of Escherichia coli resistant to sodium nitride]. PMID- 14771610 TI - [Research on the origin of the hydrogen necessary for the reduction of sulfites by anaerobes]. PMID- 14771611 TI - [Action of streptomycin on the allergy produced by living and killed tubercle bacilli]. PMID- 14771612 TI - [Dissociation of the bacteriostatic and bactericidal powers of streptomycin in vitro on the Koch bacillus]. PMID- 14771613 TI - [The decomposition of urea in Ferguson synthetic medium by Past. pseudotuberculosis, new reaction for differentiating the etiologic agents of plague and pseudotuberculosis]. PMID- 14771614 TI - [Isoborneol reaction for syphilis serodiagnosis]. PMID- 14771615 TI - [First reinforced rabies virus isolated at Shanghai]. PMID- 14771616 TI - [Intracerebral inoculation through the orbit or nasal fossa in white mice]. PMID- 14771617 TI - [The role of potassium in human pathology: therapeutic use of potassium salts]. PMID- 14771618 TI - [Cerebral lesions of myxedema; two cases of late myxedema in the adult]. PMID- 14771619 TI - [Origin of disorders of water metabolism in cardiac patients]. PMID- 14771620 TI - Mean error in antistreptolysin determinations. PMID- 14771621 TI - Some remarks on the solvent effect and the apparent anticarcinogenic action of lanolin. PMID- 14771622 TI - Non-specific antistreptolysin reactions in hepatitis sera; antistreptolysin titers before and after removal of lipids from the hepatitis sera with bentonite. PMID- 14771623 TI - Changes in the white blood count and the urinary excretion lipid-soluble reducing substances following radium application in cases of cancer of the uterus. PMID- 14771624 TI - Parallelism between the urinary excretion of water and ammonia. PMID- 14771625 TI - The role of a so-called agglutination activating factor in the agglutination of hemolytic streptococci by rheumatoid arthritis sera. PMID- 14771626 TI - Nature of hemagglutinins in seeds of cytisus sessilifolius. PMID- 14771627 TI - Tetanus following vaccination against variola. PMID- 14771628 TI - Sterility of catgut. PMID- 14771629 TI - On the venous network of the human heart and its arterio-venous anastomoses. PMID- 14771630 TI - The turbidity-producing action of Clostridium perfringens toxin in human sera. PMID- 14771631 TI - The effect of methyl- and propylthiouracil on the histology of the thyroid and pituitary and on the bone marrow in rats. PMID- 14771632 TI - The effect of thyroid powder on the lethal dose of adrenaline. PMID- 14771633 TI - Bromsulphalein liver function test in severe infantile gastroenteritis; experimental studies on functional capacity of the liver in infants. PMID- 14771634 TI - The bacterial content of air in children's hospitals; studies in the Children's Clinic and the Children's Castle of Helsinki. PMID- 14771636 TI - Acidity of the gastric contents after meals as compared to results of gastric analysis. PMID- 14771635 TI - Motility of the stomach during gastric pain. PMID- 14771637 TI - Blood picture in subacute bacterial endocarditis treated with penicillin. PMID- 14771639 TI - Incidence of urinary tract infection in women. PMID- 14771638 TI - Studies on sodium and potassium concentrations of plasma and erythrocytes as well as on adrenal size and lipid contents in fatal infantile gastroenteritis. PMID- 14771640 TI - Gastric and duodenal ulcer; cases treated at the Medical Out-patient Department 1937-39 and 1946-49. PMID- 14771641 TI - Food selection in alloxan diabetes. I. Food selection by normal rats. PMID- 14771642 TI - Food selection in alloxan diabetes. II. Development of the diabetic syndrome after the administration of alloxan. PMID- 14771643 TI - Incidence of diarrhea in infants on a diet of human milk, milk powder and commercial milk; investigations performed in Helsinki, Tampere, Jyvaskyla and Lappeenranta in the late summer of 1949. PMID- 14771644 TI - The role of insects in the spreading of infantile diarrhea in Finland. PMID- 14771645 TI - [Rorschach test; its clinical, formal, and human aspects]. PMID- 14771647 TI - [Globular sedimentation and typological factors]. PMID- 14771646 TI - [Arnold-Chiari malformation]. PMID- 14771648 TI - [Note on the evolution of lesions caused by prefrontal lobotomy; a case]. PMID- 14771649 TI - [Pellagroid eruption associated with mental disorders in an alcoholic]. PMID- 14771650 TI - [Neuropsychiatric complications of typhoidal infections treated with chloromycetin]. PMID- 14771651 TI - [Note on the psychology of melancholiacs]. PMID- 14771652 TI - [Note on the psychology of systematized, dissociative and melancholic psychoses]. PMID- 14771654 TI - [Clinical and psychological study of a case of psychasthenia before and after leucotomy]. PMID- 14771653 TI - [Two cases of Cushing syndrome]. PMID- 14771655 TI - [Tsedek test and moral and social responsibility in delinquents; conditions of aggravation or rehabilitation]. PMID- 14771656 TI - [Results of the Tsedek test in medicolegal psychiatry]. PMID- 14771657 TI - [Should the concept of responsibility be discarded?]. PMID- 14771658 TI - [A special psychovascular test: the oscillometric index; its breakdown in certain types of schizophrenia and depression]. PMID- 14771659 TI - [Essential anorexia of young girls and atrophic encephalopathy]. PMID- 14771660 TI - [Electroencephalographic study of insulin coma]. PMID- 14771661 TI - [Case of paranoid delirium of persecution cured by topectomy; importance of the anatomo-pathological study and of the evolution of the Rorschach test]. PMID- 14771662 TI - [Dementia praecox with encephalitic onset; preceded by diabetes insipidus in one case, associated with acrodynic manifestations in another]. PMID- 14771663 TI - [Granulo-diagnosis of tuberculosis in the course of psychoses and psychoneuroses]. PMID- 14771664 TI - [Pseudoparalytic aspects of meningoencephalitis of Malta fever]. PMID- 14771665 TI - [Application of mental test methods to clinical psychiatry]. PMID- 14771666 TI - [Lamellar keratoplasty; comparative study of perforating keratoplasties and keratectomies]. PMID- 14771667 TI - [Ocular manifestations in a particular type of rheumatic disease; syndrome of Fiessinger-Leroy and Reiter]. PMID- 14771668 TI - [The retro-macular purple screen factor of crepuscular and night vision]. PMID- 14771669 TI - [Laryngeal dyspneas and acute stenosis of larynx in children]. PMID- 14771670 TI - [Histology and physiology of the bronchi]. PMID- 14771672 TI - [Bronchoscopy and dilatation of bronchi]. PMID- 14771671 TI - [Stenoses ob bronchi and trachea]. PMID- 14771673 TI - [Bronchoscopy in heart disease]. PMID- 14771674 TI - [Diagnosis of cancer of the lung]. PMID- 14771675 TI - [Treatment of corrosive esophagitis, cicatricial stenoses and atresias of the esophagus]. PMID- 14771676 TI - [Foreign body of the esophagus with perforation operated on the fourth day; penicillin therapy; recovery]. PMID- 14771677 TI - [Application of the kinetics of elimination of drugs to metabolic substances experimental elimination of uric acid (Quevauviller method)]. PMID- 14771678 TI - [Paratuberculins]. PMID- 14771679 TI - [Penicillinuria and determination of penicillin in urine]. PMID- 14771680 TI - [New method of spectrophotometric determination of benzylpenicillin]. PMID- 14771681 TI - [Experimental studies on conessine. V. Action of hydrochlorides of conessine or emetine on cultures of Entamoeba dysenteriae]. PMID- 14771682 TI - [Experimental studies on conessine. VI. Comparison of experimental and clinical results of emetine and conessine]. PMID- 14771683 TI - [Preservation of adrenaline solutions]. PMID- 14771684 TI - [Bacteriostatic and anti-infectious power of sulfamide derivatives of beta alanine]. PMID- 14771685 TI - [Color reactions of cardiotonic heterosides, especially, of digitoxoside and gitoxoside]. PMID- 14771686 TI - [The alkaloids of Mitragyna speciosa Korthals]. PMID- 14771687 TI - [Relations between the effect of oxygenation and the action of acetylcholine on the uterus of the virgin guinea pig]. PMID- 14771688 TI - [Use of antihuman guinea pig serum in hemolysis reactions]. PMID- 14771689 TI - [Electroshock apparatus for bioassay of antiepileptic drugs]. PMID- 14771690 TI - [Antireticular cytotoxic serum of Bogomoletz]. PMID- 14771691 TI - [Absorption and utilization of aeroions by the living organism]. PMID- 14771692 TI - [Bibliographic notes on allergy]. PMID- 14771693 TI - [Experimental atherosclerosis. V. Preventive action of some lipotropics on aortic atheromasia]. PMID- 14771694 TI - [Prevention of venereal disease; regulation of prostitution; premarital certificate]. PMID- 14771695 TI - [Postoperative venous thrombosis of the lower extremities; current aspects of the problem]. PMID- 14771696 TI - [Comparison of radiologic pictures of gastric carcinoma and anatomo-surgical findings, with physioradiologic observations on total gastrectomy]. PMID- 14771697 TI - [Action of local coagulants in the evolution of fracture callus]. PMID- 14771698 TI - [Clinical primary perirenal actinomycotic ligneous phlegmon]. PMID- 14771699 TI - [Two cases of crural appendicocele and complications]. PMID- 14771700 TI - [Crohn's segmental ileitis with rare localization]. PMID- 14771701 TI - [Late results of renal contusions studied by descending pyelography]. PMID- 14771702 TI - [Alterations of the stomach wall in gastric and duodenal ulcer; clinico histological study]. PMID- 14771703 TI - [Treatment of exudative pleurisy according to modern views]. PMID- 14771704 TI - [Psychology and military service]. PMID- 14771705 TI - [Action of the parathyroid hormone and of vitamin D2 in massive doses on the reparative osteogenesis of fractures; experimental research]. PMID- 14771706 TI - [Transfusion of whole blood and its fractions; proposal for a practical solution of the problem aboard ship and on land; general organization of the service; definition of the technic of selection and of necessary material]. PMID- 14771707 TI - [Aureomycin therapy in Malta fever]. PMID- 14771708 TI - [Relation between amebiasis and the nervous system]. PMID- 14771710 TI - [Plague and quarantine on the osella of Venice]. PMID- 14771709 TI - [Effects of penicillin therapy; clinical case]. PMID- 14771711 TI - [The boy Umberto Cagni, Francesco Rizzoli's patient, in three of his mother's unpublished letters written to the great Bolognese surgeon]. PMID- 14771712 TI - [The U.S. Public Health Service]. PMID- 14771713 TI - [Clinical and anatomopathologic considerations of a case of fibromyoma of the isthmic region of the uterus]. PMID- 14771714 TI - [Penetration into the circulation of contrast mediums during hysterosalpingography; clinico-statistical considerations]. PMID- 14771715 TI - [Fracture of the neck of the femur during eclamptic attack]. PMID- 14771716 TI - [Separation of normally inserted placenta; clinico-statistical contribution]. PMID- 14771717 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of tuberculous meningitis in pregnancy]. PMID- 14771718 TI - [Influence of pregnancy on constitutional hemolytic jaundice]. PMID- 14771719 TI - [Cytologic peculiarity and diagnostic value of urinary sediment during pregnancy]. PMID- 14771720 TI - [Diagnostic value of cytologic examination of aqueous humor in some choroidal tumors]. PMID- 14771721 TI - [Relation between composition of aqueous humor and crystalline metabolism; variations of glucose and lactic acid content in aqueous humor after experimental cataract from massage]. PMID- 14771722 TI - [Pathogenesis of traumatic glaucoma]. PMID- 14771723 TI - [P2 factor, vitamin C, nicotinic acid and ocular hemorrhagic allergy; experimental research]. PMID- 14771724 TI - [Clinical considerations on the use of contact lenses]. PMID- 14771725 TI - [Angioid streaks in the pathology of the chorioretina and in the larger picture of systemic elastorhexis]. PMID- 14771726 TI - GaNun, a memorial tribute. PMID- 14771727 TI - A survey of economic conditions in average neighborhood dental practices. PMID- 14771728 TI - COMPULSORY health insurance; the background and present status of the proposal. PMID- 14771729 TI - New York Tuberculosis and Health Association; history of its consideration of dental disease as a public-health problem. PMID- 14771730 TI - A study of the reactions and physical changes of muscles in the floor of the mouth when subjected to different closing pressures with reference to the effect of these changes upon the fitting of lower dentures. PMID- 14771731 TI - Present day undesirable trends in the training of physicians and of teachers of internal medicine. PMID- 14771732 TI - The bactericidal action of penicillin in vivo: the participation of the host, and the slow recovery of the surviving organisms. PMID- 14771733 TI - Heart disease: its medical aspects. PMID- 14771734 TI - Antibiotics: yesterday, today, tomorrow. PMID- 14771735 TI - The treatment of intractable peptic ulcer. PMID- 14771736 TI - Brain abscess and congenital heart disease. PMID- 14771737 TI - Some problems of potassium metabolism. PMID- 14771738 TI - The effects of dibenamine on severe hypertension. PMID- 14771739 TI - A long-term study of the natural history of essential hypertension. PMID- 14771740 TI - Clinically significant differences between precordial electrocardiograms derived from V and CF leads. PMID- 14771741 TI - The relief of peptic ulcer pain by tetraethyl ammonium chloride. PMID- 14771743 TI - The industrial aspects of cardiac infarction. PMID- 14771742 TI - Errors in diagnosis and management of cancer. PMID- 14771744 TI - The criteria for clinical diagnosis of syphilis of the lung; with report of a case. PMID- 14771745 TI - Auricular flutter with complete heart block. PMID- 14771746 TI - Rheumatic nephritis. PMID- 14771747 TI - Acute porphyria with spinal fluid changes. PMID- 14771748 TI - Extremely high lymphocyte count in lymphatic leukemia: report of a case. PMID- 14771749 TI - Spontaneous hemopneumothorax: report of two cases. PMID- 14771750 TI - An unusual retroperitoneal cyst simulating a calcified hepatic cyst. PMID- 14771751 TI - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. PMID- 14771752 TI - Cortisone. PMID- 14771754 TI - Biochemical studies in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 14771753 TI - Clinical recognition and treatment of acute potassium intoxication. PMID- 14771756 TI - Adrenal cortex in liver disease. PMID- 14771755 TI - Effects of nitrogen mustard on the bone marrow in polycythemia vera. PMID- 14771757 TI - The question of traumatic heart disease. PMID- 14771758 TI - Streptococcic viridans meningitis; a review of the literature and report of 9 recoveries. PMID- 14771759 TI - Apical diastolic murmurs in patent ductus arteriosus. PMID- 14771760 TI - The use of BAL in the treatment of skin reactions due to gold therapy. PMID- 14771761 TI - Statistical study of 6,000 cases of diabetes. PMID- 14771762 TI - Tuberculosis in student nurses and medical students at the University of Wisconsin. PMID- 14771763 TI - An outbreak of primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in Los Angeles County, California. PMID- 14771764 TI - Errors in diagnosis and management of cancer. II. PMID- 14771765 TI - Congenital absence of the gall bladder; a possible hereditary defect. PMID- 14771766 TI - Acute cor pulmonale. PMID- 14771767 TI - Psoriatic arthritis. PMID- 14771768 TI - Endocardial tuberculosis. PMID- 14771769 TI - Longevity in extensive organic heart lesions: a case of Lutembacher's syndrome in a man aged 72. PMID- 14771770 TI - An unusual complication following thyroidectomy: heatstroke with permanent cerebellar damage. PMID- 14771771 TI - Disseminated lupus erythematosus with Sydenham's chorea and rheumatic heart disease; report of a case with autopsy. PMID- 14771772 TI - Current trends in the surgical management of lesions of the colon. PMID- 14771773 TI - The natural history of surgical infection. PMID- 14771774 TI - Anaesthetic factors in the causation and prevention of excessive bleeding during surgical operations. PMID- 14771775 TI - Denervation of the kidney. PMID- 14771776 TI - Towards surgical relief of congenital disorders of the heart. PMID- 14771777 TI - The occurrence of endocarditis with valvular deformities in dogs with arteriovenous fistulas. PMID- 14771778 TI - Pulmonary arteriovenous aneurysm. PMID- 14771779 TI - A clinical study of respiratory exchange during prolonged operations with an open thorax. PMID- 14771780 TI - Quantitative studies on the mechanism of gastric secretion in health and disease. PMID- 14771781 TI - The evaluation of end results in physiologic versus pathologic operative procedures for chronic duodenal ulcer during the past two decades. PMID- 14771782 TI - The effect of definitive surgery on duodenal ulcer disease; a comparative study of surgical and non-surgical management in 997 cases. PMID- 14771783 TI - The definitive treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer. PMID- 14771784 TI - Bleeding peptic ulcer; favorable results by conservative treatment. PMID- 14771785 TI - Secondary operations for peptic ulcer. PMID- 14771786 TI - Histoplasmosis; a common cause of appendicitis and mesenteric adenitis. PMID- 14771787 TI - Acute appendicitis. III. Analysis of 1003 cases. PMID- 14771788 TI - Blood volumes in normal and burned dogs; a comparative study with radioactive phosphorus tagged red cells and T-1824 dye. PMID- 14771789 TI - An approach to the treatment of pressure sores. PMID- 14771790 TI - The effect of potassium deficiency on intestinal motility and gastric secretion. PMID- 14771791 TI - Surgical treatment of calcification of the pancreas. PMID- 14771792 TI - Hemorrhage from esophageal varices; surgical management. PMID- 14771793 TI - Fractionated intra-arterial cancer; chemotherapy with methyl bis amine hydrochloride; a preliminary report. PMID- 14771794 TI - Carcinoma of the breast; fifty years experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital. PMID- 14771795 TI - Guild medicine. PMID- 14771796 TI - Hypothermia; its possible role in cardiac surgery: an investigation of factors governing survival in dogs at low body temperatures. PMID- 14771797 TI - The case for branchiogenic cancer (malignant branchioma). PMID- 14771798 TI - The differential diagnosis of malignant bone tumors. PMID- 14771799 TI - Acute volvulus of small intestine; analysis of 36 cases. PMID- 14771800 TI - Duodenal fistula. PMID- 14771801 TI - Electrophrenic respiration. V. Effect on the circulation of electrophrenic respiration and positive pressure breathing during the respiratory paralysis of high spinal anesthesia. PMID- 14771802 TI - Cardiac resuscitation during operations for pulmonic stenosis. PMID- 14771803 TI - A technic of portacaval anastomosis. PMID- 14771804 TI - Translumbar aortic puncture and retrograde catheterization of the aorta in aortography and renal arteriography. PMID- 14771805 TI - Retrograde aortography with a special catheter, including demonstration of the coronary arteries. PMID- 14771806 TI - Myotome and scleratome pain. PMID- 14771807 TI - The surgical aspects of calcified hilar lymph nodes. PMID- 14771808 TI - The surgical significance of acanthosis nigricans. PMID- 14771809 TI - Ovarian vein phlebothrombosis and fatal pulmonary embolism. PMID- 14771810 TI - Surgical therapy of decubitus ulcers in the paraplegic patient. PMID- 14771812 TI - [Regulation in the bird embryo]. PMID- 14771811 TI - [Morphogenetic regulation in amphibians]. PMID- 14771813 TI - [The problem of inductions in regeneration of the head in lumbricines]. PMID- 14771814 TI - [Modification of the morphogenesis of some pteridophytes and bryophytes cultured aseptically]. PMID- 14771815 TI - [Morphologic value and origin of the flower (concerning a new theory)]. PMID- 14771816 TI - [Poecilogony in the ephemera; anatomic and ecologic study]. PMID- 14771817 TI - [Recent Swedish work on the mycorrhizas of trees]. PMID- 14771818 TI - [Phosphorus metabolism in microorganisms, especially Sterigmatocystis nigra]. PMID- 14771819 TI - Biological oxidations. PMID- 14771820 TI - Proteolytic enzymes. PMID- 14771821 TI - Nonoxidative, nonproteolytic enzymes. PMID- 14771822 TI - Carbohydrate chemistry. PMID- 14771823 TI - Chemistry of lipids. PMID- 14771824 TI - The chemistry and metabolism of the steroid hormones. PMID- 14771825 TI - The chemistry of amino acids and proteins. PMID- 14771826 TI - Nucleic acids, purines, and pyrimidines. PMID- 14771827 TI - Carbohydrate metabolism. PMID- 14771828 TI - Fat metabolism. PMID- 14771829 TI - The metabolism of proteins and amino acids. PMID- 14771830 TI - Chemistry of the hormones. PMID- 14771831 TI - The watersoluble vitamins. PMID- 14771832 TI - Fat-soluble vitamins. PMID- 14771833 TI - Nutrition. PMID- 14771834 TI - Muscle. PMID- 14771835 TI - The biochemistry of neoplastic tissue. PMID- 14771836 TI - Chemical composition of blood plasma and serum. PMID- 14771837 TI - Pyrrole pigments. PMID- 14771838 TI - Immunochemistry. PMID- 14771839 TI - Biochemistry of antibiotics. PMID- 14771840 TI - Partition chromatography. PMID- 14771841 TI - Infectious diseases. PMID- 14771842 TI - Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 14771843 TI - Diseases of the cardiovascular system (medical). PMID- 14771844 TI - Diseases of the cardiovascular system (surgical). PMID- 14771845 TI - Diseases of the kidneys. PMID- 14771846 TI - Nutrition in medicine. PMID- 14771847 TI - Allergy. PMID- 14771848 TI - Neoplastic diseases. PMID- 14771849 TI - Diseases of the reproductive system. PMID- 14771850 TI - Obstetrics. PMID- 14771851 TI - Diseases of the nervous system; neurology. PMID- 14771852 TI - Psychiatry. PMID- 14771853 TI - Diseases of bones and joints; orthopedic surgery. PMID- 14771855 TI - Physical agents and trauma; shock and burns. PMID- 14771854 TI - Diseases of the respiratory system. PMID- 14771857 TI - Radiology and radioactivity; radiobiology in the service of medicine. PMID- 14771856 TI - Anesthesia. PMID- 14771858 TI - Diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. PMID- 14771859 TI - Hematology; blood formation and the anemias. PMID- 14771860 TI - Laboratory aids to diagnosis and therapy. PMID- 14771862 TI - Annotated list of reviews in medicine. PMID- 14771861 TI - Therapeutics and toxicology. PMID- 14771863 TI - Growth, development, and decline. PMID- 14771864 TI - Learning. PMID- 14771865 TI - Vision. PMID- 14771866 TI - Hearing. PMID- 14771867 TI - Somesthesis and the chemical senses. PMID- 14771868 TI - Individual differences. PMID- 14771869 TI - Personality. PMID- 14771870 TI - Social psychology and group processes. PMID- 14771871 TI - Industrial psychology. PMID- 14771872 TI - Animal and physiological psychology. PMID- 14771873 TI - Abnormalities of behavior. PMID- 14771874 TI - Clinical methods: psychodiagnostics. PMID- 14771875 TI - Clinical methods: psychotherapy. PMID- 14771876 TI - Educational psychology. PMID- 14771877 TI - Counseling methods: diagnostics. PMID- 14771878 TI - Counseling methods: therapy. PMID- 14771879 TI - Statistical theory and research design. PMID- 14771880 TI - Problem solving and symbolic processes. PMID- 14771881 TI - [New data on the physiology of training; development of organs including that of the heart from the effect of strenuous endurance runs]. PMID- 14771882 TI - [New data on the physiology of training; clinical examination of heart and blood in endurance runs of growing dogs]. PMID- 14771883 TI - [Uninterrupted registration of pulse frequency in professional work]. PMID- 14771884 TI - [Correlation between performance and nutrition in the iron industry]. PMID- 14771885 TI - [Calorie requirement in industrial work]. PMID- 14771886 TI - [Energy scale of steps]. PMID- 14771887 TI - [Keratitis of viscose spinning-mills]. PMID- 14771888 TI - [Reaction of pulmonary tissues in non-silicotic industrial pneumopathies]. PMID- 14771889 TI - Berylliosis. PMID- 14771890 TI - Iron in the lungs. PMID- 14771891 TI - Talc pneumoconiosis. PMID- 14771892 TI - [History of the sciences of man]. PMID- 14771893 TI - Xanthatin: an antimicrobial agent from Xanthium pennsylvanicum. PMID- 14771894 TI - Sources of the high energy content in energy-rich phosphates. PMID- 14771895 TI - Microanalytical determination of the rate of tobacco mosaic virus synthesis in tobacco leaf tissue. PMID- 14771896 TI - The hydrolysis of chondroitin sulfate by testicular hyaluronidase. PMID- 14771897 TI - Inhibitory action of diamidines and stimulative effect of polyamines on enzymatic activities of Escherichia coli and Micrococcus aureus. PMID- 14771898 TI - An improved method for determination of p-aminobenzoic acid by Neurospora crassa. PMID- 14771899 TI - Production of p-aminobenzoic acid by representative yeasts. PMID- 14771900 TI - Effect of changes in medium on p-aminobenzoic acid synthesis by certain yeasts. PMID- 14771901 TI - Effect of electrolytes on cholinesterase inhibition. PMID- 14771902 TI - The L-amino acid oxidases of snake venom; prosthetic group of the L-amino acid oxidase of moccasin venom. PMID- 14771903 TI - Absence of growth-inhibiting activity in trypsin inhibitor from egg white. PMID- 14771904 TI - Catalytic decomposition of hydroxylamine by hemoglobin. PMID- 14771905 TI - Lycopersicon selections containing a high content of carotenes and colorless polyenes; the mechanism of carotene biosynthesis. PMID- 14771906 TI - An oxidative, cyanide-insensitive enzyme system in the chloroplasts of a higher plant. PMID- 14771907 TI - Bradykinin, assay of purification. PMID- 14771908 TI - Studies on the cyclophorase system. X. The requirement for pyridine nucleotide. PMID- 14771909 TI - Studies on the cyclophorase system. XI. The effect of various treatments on the requirement for pyridine nucleotide. PMID- 14771910 TI - The nature of certain impurities present in blood group A substances preparations derived from hog gastric mucosa. PMID- 14771911 TI - The nature of some fluorescing substances contained in a deep-sea mud. PMID- 14771912 TI - Beta-Glucuronidase. PMID- 14771913 TI - Identification of the sugars in crystalline tomatin. PMID- 14771914 TI - Protogen and acetate in Tetrahymena. PMID- 14771915 TI - Reproduction of mice kept on rations low in vitamin B12. PMID- 14771916 TI - The requirements of rats for methyl groups and vitamin B12 in the production of leucocytes. PMID- 14771917 TI - Effect of aureomycin on the growth of weaned pigs. PMID- 14771918 TI - Relation of the Lactobacillus bulgaricus factor to pantothenic acid and coenzyme A. PMID- 14771919 TI - Isolation of beta-glucuronidase of calf spleen. PMID- 14771921 TI - Tautomeric conversion of xanthopterin. PMID- 14771920 TI - The application of paper-partition chromatography to the analysis of chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) and decomposition products. PMID- 14771922 TI - Dismutative assimilation of carbon dioxide. PMID- 14771923 TI - A rapid method for the estimation of the glutamic-aspartic transaminase in tissues and its application to radiation sickness. PMID- 14771924 TI - Amperometric determination of soluble mercapto groups (glutathione) in blood and tissues. PMID- 14771925 TI - Potential changes in suspensions of chloroplasts on illumination. PMID- 14771926 TI - The preparation of ichthyocol collagen by electrodeposition. PMID- 14771927 TI - The partition of liver nucleic acids after hypophysectomy and growth hormone treatment. PMID- 14771928 TI - On the mechanism of enzyme action. XLIII. Chemistry and interaction of lycopersin in the carbohydrate fat conversion by Fusarium vasinfectum. PMID- 14771929 TI - Distribution of thiamine and riboflavin in components of blood. PMID- 14771930 TI - Biochemical studies on Penicillium chrysogenum Q-176. I. Phosphatase activity and the role of zinc in the production of penicillin. PMID- 14771931 TI - Trace element impurities in nutrient solutions for fungi. PMID- 14771932 TI - The metabolism of stem tissue during growth and its inhibition. III. Nitrogen metabolism. PMID- 14771933 TI - The metabolism of stem tissue during growth and its inhibition. IV. Growth inhibition without enzyme poisoning. PMID- 14771934 TI - The formation of pyrophosphate from adenosine triphosphate in the presence of a snake venom. PMID- 14771935 TI - The relation between the proteolytic and blood clotting activity of snake venoms. PMID- 14771936 TI - Effect of vitamin B13 supplementation on the pig. PMID- 14771937 TI - Maternal sulfate utilized by mammalian embryos and suckling young. PMID- 14771938 TI - The replacement by d-lysine of p-aminobenzoic acid as growth factor for Lactobacillus arabinosus 17-5. PMID- 14771939 TI - Studies on the metabolism of L-valine in phlorizinized and fasted animals. PMID- 14771940 TI - A derivative of cozymase as activator of fermentation. PMID- 14771941 TI - Breakdown of infecting coliphage by the host cell. PMID- 14771942 TI - A note on a new antibiotic. PMID- 14771943 TI - [Electrical axis, normal or deviated to left, in cyanogenic congenital cardiopathies; 29 personal cases; diagnostic value]. PMID- 14771944 TI - [Compared variations of cardiac volume and of the respective distribution of free water and of water bound to globular proteins in cases of Addison's disease treated with desoxycorticosterone acetate and with thyroid extract]. PMID- 14771945 TI - [Electrocardiogram in mitral stenosis]. PMID- 14771946 TI - [Electrocardiogram of chronic constrictive pericarditis]. PMID- 14771947 TI - [Statistics of 12,670 outpatients or hospitalized patients in a cardiology service]. PMID- 14771948 TI - [Myocardial infarct responsible for extensive perforation of the left anterior ventricular wall; clinical and electrocardiographic study]. PMID- 14771949 TI - [Appearance of a continuous murmur symptomatic of azygo-pulmonary venous anastomosis in a case of operated edematous mitral stenosis]. PMID- 14771950 TI - [Anatomoclinical study of a case of secondary cancer of the right auricle]. PMID- 14771951 TI - [New research on bipolar chest "chain" leads]. PMID- 14771952 TI - [Can auricular systolic expansion be taken as criterium of mitral insufficiency?]. PMID- 14771953 TI - [Congenital heart disease. II. Fallot's trilogies]. PMID- 14771954 TI - [Congenital heart diseases. III. Dynamics of large pulmonary arteries]. PMID- 14771955 TI - [Comparison of anatomic and clinical data in 28 cases of pulmonary stenosis with septal communication]. PMID- 14771956 TI - [Treatment of arteritis with Pasteur Institute orthobiotic serum; results in 20 cases]. PMID- 14771957 TI - [Paroxysmal left branch block and systolic murmur]. PMID- 14771958 TI - [Case of slow rhythm parasystole]. PMID- 14771959 TI - [Hiccup and coronaritis, a case of exertion hiccup and angina]. PMID- 14771960 TI - Acute alimentary toxicosis. PMID- 14771961 TI - Sinusitis and the prerheumatic child. PMID- 14771962 TI - Acute bromide intoxication; report of a case in a two-year-old child. PMID- 14771963 TI - A case of overdosage of propylthiouracil. PMID- 14771964 TI - Relation of rubella in pregnancy to congenital defects. PMID- 14771965 TI - Testosterone therapy in children; a review of the literature. PMID- 14771966 TI - Chronic diffuse nephritis; report of case in a four-year-old boy with a rudimentary kidney. PMID- 14771967 TI - Herpes zoster in the newborn associated with congenital blindness; report of case. PMID- 14771969 TI - Acid autointoxication in infancy and childhood. PMID- 14771968 TI - Poisoning as the cause of poliomyelitis. PMID- 14771970 TI - Measles encephalitis. PMID- 14771971 TI - Measles encephalitis. PMID- 14771972 TI - Boundaries of physical medicine. PMID- 14771973 TI - The effect of short wave diathermy upon digital circulation as determined by microplethysmography. PMID- 14771974 TI - An approach to dynamic posture based on primitive motion patterns. PMID- 14771976 TI - Is there a displacement of the motor point? PMID- 14771975 TI - The influence of certain hyperkinemic agents on skin temperature. PMID- 14771977 TI - Care of the after-effects of poliomyelitis; forearm and hand. PMID- 14771978 TI - Contraindications for physical medicine in neurological conditions. PMID- 14771979 TI - Position of the arm in spastic hemiplegia. PMID- 14771980 TI - [Anatomic modifications of spleen, liver and pancreas in rheumatic fever]. PMID- 14771981 TI - [Gastroduodenal ulcers in chronic portal hypertension based on the study of 27 autopsies]. PMID- 14771982 TI - [Morphology, evolutive phases, causes of death of tuberculous leptomeningitis treated with streptomycin (with reference to cases of chronic tuberculous leptomeningitis of the pre-antibiotic era)]. PMID- 14771983 TI - [Anatomy of the liver and biliary tract of the dog]. PMID- 14771984 TI - [Follicular dynamics and reaction of the ovarian diastema after removal of one ovary in the adult rabbit]. PMID- 14771985 TI - [Renal hyperfunction and glomerular inflammatory phenomena in experimental hyperazotemia]. PMID- 14771987 TI - [Pathogenesis of tuberculosis of the esophagus]. PMID- 14771986 TI - [Relations between the cervical sympathetic and the thyroid; effect of excision of the stellate ganglion on the antithyroid action of thiouracil]. PMID- 14771988 TI - [Electrocardiographic findings and histopathology of the myocardium in guinea pigs treated with sodium salicylate alone or associated with ascorbic acid]. PMID- 14771989 TI - [Tuberculosis of the middle ear: conspicuous tubercular polyp during chronic cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14771990 TI - [Bleeding nipple]. PMID- 14771991 TI - [Mammary fibroadenoma with sarcomatous-like growth in prepuberty and puberty and its genetic significance]. PMID- 14771992 TI - [Associated tuberculosis of liver and spleen; anatomoclinical contribution on the splenohepatic and hepatolienal forms of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14771993 TI - [Action of vitamin B2 on chloride content of blood, urine, and gastric juice, and on diuresis]. PMID- 14771995 TI - [Dietetic hepatic sclerosis; histopathogenesis and possible identification with human cirrhotic process]. PMID- 14771994 TI - [Action of vitamin B1 on chloride content of blood, urine, and gastric juice, and on diuresis]. PMID- 14771996 TI - [Nosology of neoplastiform leukemias]. PMID- 14771997 TI - [Atypical cytology of the bone marrow in subjects with extramedullary malignant tumors]. PMID- 14771998 TI - [Urinary elimination of melanophore hormone in estrogen treatment]. PMID- 14771999 TI - [Practical value of unipolar limb leads]. PMID- 14772000 TI - [Intermedin and ovary]. PMID- 14772001 TI - [Vitamin interrelations. II. Effect of fat soluble vitamins (A, D2, K, E) on the tissue content of vitamin C]. PMID- 14772003 TI - [Clinical and histopathological aspects of a splenic reticulosarcoma with unusually protracted course]. PMID- 14772002 TI - [Vitamin interrelations. III. Effect of citrin (vitamin P) and of esculetol (vitamin P2) on the tissue content of vitamin C]. PMID- 14772004 TI - [Kottmann reaction in hyperthyroid syndromes, especially in relation to treatment of synthetic thyroid antagonists]. PMID- 14772005 TI - [Internal manifestations of scleroderma; sclerodermal mesenchymopathy]. PMID- 14772006 TI - [Recent acquisitions in hemolytic diseases]. PMID- 14772007 TI - [Recent acquisitions in rheumatology]. PMID- 14772008 TI - [Fibroso-congestive splenomegaly with persistence of the umbilical vein; anatomo clinical contribution to Cruveilhier-von Baumgarten syndrome]. PMID- 14772009 TI - [Report of unusual cases of mammary tumors (gelatinous cancer, white cell cancer and dendritic epithelioma with angiocavernomatode stroma)]. PMID- 14772010 TI - [Behavior of reticular tissue in third degree congelation]. PMID- 14772011 TI - [Arteriovenous anastomosis and other vascular devices regulating the circulation of the duodenum]. PMID- 14772012 TI - [Intradural lumbar hydatid cyst]. PMID- 14772013 TI - [Modern orientations in pathology and surgery of the pancreas]. PMID- 14772014 TI - [Liver-pancreas function in subjects with simultaneous gastroduodenal and gallbladder resections]. PMID- 14772015 TI - [Treatment of varicose veins]. PMID- 14772016 TI - [Humoral variations in the crush syndrome]. PMID- 14772017 TI - [Relation between streptococci and the ultravirus of lupus erythematosus, pemphigus, dermatitis herpetiformis, rheumatic fever and the Guillain-Barre syndrome]. PMID- 14772018 TI - [Vitamin E, with special reference to dermatology]. PMID- 14772019 TI - [Activity of a new antihistamine: beta-dimethylaminoethylbenzohydrylether 8 chlorotheophyllinate]. PMID- 14772020 TI - [Protective action of penicillin in arsenobenzol poisoning]. PMID- 14772021 TI - [Bismuth camphocarbonate in the treatment of herpes zoster]. PMID- 14772022 TI - [PAS concentration in body fluids in children]. PMID- 14772023 TI - [Metabolism of ketone bodies in glycogenosis in children]. PMID- 14772024 TI - [Variations of the panniculus adiposus in eutrophic and dystrophic children, measured by a new micrometric method]. PMID- 14772025 TI - [Blood urea clearance in children under normal conditions and in kidney diseases]. PMID- 14772026 TI - [Sarcoma of the vagina in infants]. PMID- 14772027 TI - [Xerostomia]. PMID- 14772029 TI - [Radiological pictures of dyskinetic modifications of the ureter]. PMID- 14772028 TI - [Contribution to the study of the therapy of acute disseminated lupus erythematosus or malignant lupo-erythematous visceritis]. PMID- 14772030 TI - [Intrathoracic neurinoma]. PMID- 14772031 TI - [Pulmonary metastasis of chorionepithelioma; contribution to the interpretation of the rounded images in the pulmonary field]. PMID- 14772032 TI - [Interpretation of an infrequent image of Osgood-Schlatter disease]. PMID- 14772033 TI - [Experimental research on the pathogenesis of radiation sickness]. PMID- 14772034 TI - [Allergy and substance with vitamin P action]. PMID- 14772035 TI - [Acute hemopericardium in primary pericardium tumors; a case]. PMID- 14772036 TI - [Experimental research on peritoneal hemodialysis. I. Calcium, potassium, chlorides and residual nitrogen in the blood and peritoneal fluid following endoperitoneal infusion with glucose solution]. PMID- 14772037 TI - [Experimental research on peritoneal hemodialysis. II. Calcium, potassium, chlorides and residual nitrogen in the blood and peritoneal fluid following endoperitoneal infusion with glucose solution combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone]. PMID- 14772038 TI - [Semiological and physiopathological considerations on the tone and permeability of arteries of the extremities in diseases of the peripheral arteries]. PMID- 14772039 TI - [Proteinemic curve of a critical intravenous adrenalin load; neuroendocrine regulation factors in proteinemia]. PMID- 14772041 TI - [Experimental neuraxitis produced by matter from hematic diseases]. PMID- 14772040 TI - [Variations of the blood level of pyruvic acid in relation to surgical intervention]. PMID- 14772042 TI - [Urinary elimination of thiamine under nicotinamide load in subjects with and without hepatic diseases]. PMID- 14772043 TI - [Urinary elimination of ascorbic acid under thiamine, riboflavin and nicotinamide loads]. PMID- 14772044 TI - [Plasma catalases]. PMID- 14772045 TI - [Study on lymphatic nodules. I. Morphological aspects of lymphatic nodules in disease]. PMID- 14772046 TI - [Study on lymphatic nodules. II. Experimental reproduction of morphological varieties of lymphatic nodules]. PMID- 14772047 TI - [Study on lymphatic nodules. III. Morphogenesis and correlation of the various forms of experimentally reproduced lymphatic nodules]. PMID- 14772048 TI - [Study on lymphatic nodules. IV. Synthesis of experimental results]. PMID- 14772049 TI - [Cavitary cancer of the lung]. PMID- 14772050 TI - [Streptomycin in infantile tuberculosis]. PMID- 14772051 TI - [Streptomycin therapy and jaundice in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14772052 TI - [Nasal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14772053 TI - [Size of the bacteria which compose BCG vaccine according to the culture medium; its importance for the assay of the vaccine]. PMID- 14772054 TI - [Annual report of pavilion A of Hospital Tornu]. PMID- 14772055 TI - [Experimental animals]. PMID- 14772056 TI - [Immunologic specificity of umbilical cord extracts]. PMID- 14772057 TI - [Interesting case of sarcoma of the vulva]. PMID- 14772058 TI - [New concepts in the surgical treatment of prostatic carcinoma]. PMID- 14772059 TI - [Ureterolithectomy and the Foley technic]. PMID- 14772060 TI - [Intraperitoneal ureterosigmoidostomy]. PMID- 14772061 TI - [Urethral calculi; 2 rare cases]. PMID- 14772062 TI - [Atypical hypernephromas]. PMID- 14772063 TI - [Bladder modifications of obstetric and gynecologic origin]. PMID- 14772064 TI - [Vaginal fibroma]. PMID- 14772065 TI - [Non-tuberculous prostatitis, vesiculitis, epididymitis and orchitis]. PMID- 14772066 TI - [Personal experience with Terence Millin retropubic prostatectomy]. PMID- 14772067 TI - [Improved transvesical adenomectomy; new standards of technic and postoperative treatment]. PMID- 14772068 TI - [Intracardiac catheterization. V. Catheterization of the left cavities in man; simultaneous registering of pressure and intracavitary electrocardiogram]. PMID- 14772069 TI - [Coronary phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis. II. Experimental part]. PMID- 14772070 TI - [Innervation of the coronary vessels]. PMID- 14772071 TI - [Preliminary note on the experimental study of the action of ACTH in Chagas' disease]. PMID- 14772072 TI - [Valsalva and Muller maneuvers in incomplete right branch block]. PMID- 14772073 TI - [Radiologic study of silhouettes produced by double mitral lesion and pure mitral stenosis]. PMID- 14772074 TI - [Radiologic visualization of the coronary arteries]. PMID- 14772075 TI - [Anatomo-pathological study of mesenteric lymph nodes in fatal acute infantile diarrhea]. PMID- 14772076 TI - [Simple congenital lymphedema or trophedema (nonhereditary Milroy type); case report of a 3 month old girl]. PMID- 14772077 TI - [Atresia of the small intestine; surgical therapy]. PMID- 14772078 TI - [Cholinergic urticaria]. PMID- 14772079 TI - [First case of human infection due to Salmonella georgia]. PMID- 14772080 TI - [Human infection due to Salmonella canastel; bacteriological study]. PMID- 14772081 TI - [Physiopathological changes produced by the rapid intravenous injection of radio opaque substances used in radiological examination]. PMID- 14772082 TI - [Open-intrapleural pneumonolysis]. PMID- 14772083 TI - [Importance of proteins in the diet of preschool children]. PMID- 14772084 TI - [Vocal phonographic audiometry in students]. PMID- 14772085 TI - [Congenital micrognathism with glossoptosis and microglossia associated with dextrocardia and heterotaxia]. PMID- 14772086 TI - [Practical aspect of therapeutic diet in acute infantile diarrhea]. PMID- 14772087 TI - [The premature infant: technic of alimentation]. PMID- 14772088 TI - [Dietetics of diarrhea]. PMID- 14772089 TI - [Present status of the problem of innate syphilis in first infancy in Montevideo]. PMID- 14772090 TI - [Survey of children vaccinated with BCG; statistical analysis of its efficacy]. PMID- 14772091 TI - [Introduction of BCG vaccination in Mexico]. PMID- 14772092 TI - [In memory of Dr. Salvador E. Burghi]. PMID- 14772093 TI - [Hydatid cyst of the cerebral rolandic and frontal region]. PMID- 14772094 TI - [Statistic study of tonic cervical reflex in infants from 0-7 months of age]. PMID- 14772095 TI - [Artificial feeding with dehydrated milk during the first 3 months of life]. PMID- 14772096 TI - [Premature infant]. PMID- 14772097 TI - [Future Children's Hospital in Montevideo]. PMID- 14772098 TI - [Pneumonia in children]. PMID- 14772099 TI - [Erroneously treated diabetes]. PMID- 14772100 TI - [Rheumatoid arthritis in children]. PMID- 14772101 TI - [Total protein values in human serum of 1000 volunteer donors; determination by the copper sulfate method]. PMID- 14772102 TI - [Hepatomegaly in diabetes in adults]. PMID- 14772103 TI - [Agranulocytosis due to thiouracil]. PMID- 14772104 TI - [Pigmentation as sole symptom of Addison's disease]. PMID- 14772105 TI - [Normal and pathological image of the cardial region of the stomach]. PMID- 14772106 TI - [Psychosurgery]. PMID- 14772107 TI - [Perforation of the sigmoid by ingested foreign body]. PMID- 14772108 TI - [Cranio-cerebral injuries with prolonged coma; essential care; control of hyperthermia; feeding; water-saline-protein balance]. PMID- 14772109 TI - [Two cases of intestinal occlusion intubated with Cantor tube radiographic documentation]. PMID- 14772110 TI - [Motor, sensory and autonomic symptomatology of the diaphragm; physiopathology of paraphrenic pain]. PMID- 14772111 TI - The modern treatment of myocardial infarction. PMID- 14772112 TI - Prenatal influences. PMID- 14772113 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary mycoses. PMID- 14772114 TI - Hypometabolism, hypothyroidism, and the use of the thyroid hormone. PMID- 14772115 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the cervix. PMID- 14772116 TI - Practical recognition and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. PMID- 14772117 TI - The importance of preoperative evaluation of the patient for proper premedication and choice of anesthesia. PMID- 14772118 TI - The selection of anesthesia for the cardiac patient. PMID- 14772119 TI - The differential diagnosis of hemorrhage from the upper gastro-intestinal tract. PMID- 14772120 TI - [Pavlov's theory and Soviet pathological anatomy]. PMID- 14772121 TI - [Role of sensibilization of the organism in the origin of posttransfusional complications]. PMID- 14772122 TI - [Development of atherosclerotic modifications of the aorta]. PMID- 14772123 TI - [Hypercholesterinemia in starving animals]. PMID- 14772124 TI - [Certain biological characteristics of blood plasma in hypertension]. PMID- 14772126 TI - [Pathological anatomy and pathogenesis of modifications in the urinary tract in injuries of the spinal cord]. PMID- 14772125 TI - [Mechanism of development of anaerobic wound gangrene]. PMID- 14772127 TI - [Certain modifications of hepatic cells in death from acute trauma]. PMID- 14772128 TI - [Fragmentation of myocardium]. PMID- 14772129 TI - [Pathology of so-called isolated myocarditis and its place in allergic diseases of the cardiovascular system]. PMID- 14772130 TI - [The so-called isolated allergic myocarditis (in eczema)]. PMID- 14772131 TI - [Pathogenesis of Schonlein-Henoch disease]. PMID- 14772132 TI - [V.V. Voronin]. PMID- 14772133 TI - [Modification of the technique in staining of frozen histotopographic sections]. PMID- 14772134 TI - [Microtome for preparations of sections for manometric examination]. PMID- 14772135 TI - [Method of accelerated decalcification in acid-formalin-potassium solution]. PMID- 14772136 TI - [Conference on modification of metabolism and reactivity of the organism with age]. PMID- 14772137 TI - [Water and electrolyte metabolism and arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14772138 TI - [Anatomoclinical aspects of cardiopulmonary schistosomiasis; pulmonary arteritis and Ayerza's disease]. PMID- 14772139 TI - [Statistical study of the distribution of etiologic frequency of the first thousand cases observed in the cardiology outpatient department of the Policlanica geral do Rio de Janeiro]. PMID- 14772140 TI - [Q and T wave in classic leads]. PMID- 14772141 TI - [Electrocardiogram in chronic pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14772142 TI - [Differential diagnosis of the various types of arterial hypertension; its importance in the indications for therapy]. PMID- 14772143 TI - [Gynecomastia in the course of thyrotoxicosis]. PMID- 14772144 TI - [Insulin-resistance due to a diffuse liver disease; a case]. PMID- 14772145 TI - [Clinicopathological sessions; pericarditis and chronic myocarditis probably rheumatic; subacute bacterial endocarditis]. PMID- 14772146 TI - [Clinicopathological sessions; rheumatic pericarditis; diabetic coma; double pneumonia]. PMID- 14772147 TI - [Prof. Enrico Greppi]. PMID- 14772148 TI - [Climacteric as point of emergence of plethoric states; vascular-humoral pathology of presenility]. PMID- 14772149 TI - [Thyroid activity in normal and pathological conditions]. PMID- 14772150 TI - [Recent therapy of glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 14772151 TI - [Monochromic waves and vital phenomena]. PMID- 14772152 TI - [Recent acquisitions in the classification and identification of cholerigenic vibrios]. PMID- 14772153 TI - [Classic case of spina bifida occulta of hereditary character]. PMID- 14772154 TI - [Case of hepatic tuberculoma in the course of a periduodenitis syndrome]. PMID- 14772155 TI - Haemolysis by Newcastle disease virus. II. General character of haemolytic action. PMID- 14772156 TI - Glycolysis in oyster muscle. PMID- 14772157 TI - The lymphatic drainage of plasma from the peritoneal cavity of the cat. PMID- 14772158 TI - The rate of absorption of heparinized plasma and of 0.9 p.c. NaCl from the peritoneal cavity of the rabbit and guinea-pig. PMID- 14772159 TI - Mixed bacterial growth. I. Enumeration of the viable organisms in mixed populations of a viridans Streptococcus and Staphylococcus albus. PMID- 14772160 TI - The preparation and properties of somatic antigens isolated from Bacterium coli. PMID- 14772162 TI - Interference between inactive and active influenza viruses in the chick embryo. I. Quantitative aspects of interference. PMID- 14772161 TI - Cytochemical changes in early ectromelia infection of mice. PMID- 14772163 TI - Interference between inactive and active influenza viruses in the chick embryo. II. The site of interference. PMID- 14772164 TI - The action of yohimbine and potassium on conduction and contraction in amphibian striated muscle. PMID- 14772165 TI - The thermal loss of vitamin B1 on storage of foodstuffs. PMID- 14772166 TI - The action of protamine on blood plasma. PMID- 14772167 TI - Studies of the flora of the mouth. I. Yeast-like organisms: some morphological and physiological characters. PMID- 14772168 TI - Studies of the flora of the mouth. II. Yeast-like organisms: serological properties. PMID- 14772169 TI - Studies of the flora of the mouth. III. Yeast-like organisms: some observations on their incidence in the mouth. PMID- 14772170 TI - Studies of the flora of the mouth. IV. Some observations on acid production by lactobacilli and Candida albicans: a preliminary report. PMID- 14772171 TI - The failure of antibody production in the chick embryo. PMID- 14772172 TI - The haemolytic action of Newcastle disease virus. I. The two types of interaction between virus and red cell. PMID- 14772173 TI - Enzymatic mechanisms in the respiration of rhubarb leaves, II. PMID- 14772174 TI - The hydrogenase of E. coli in the cell-free state. I. Concentration, properties and activation. PMID- 14772175 TI - The hydrogenase of E. coli in the cell-free state. II. The effect of certain inhibitors on hydrogenase. PMID- 14772176 TI - The demonstration of complement-fixing antibodies to herpes febrilis virus. PMID- 14772177 TI - The action of tropine and heliotridine-alkaloids on excitation, propagation and recovery in muscle. PMID- 14772178 TI - The toxicity of potassium chloride and of extracts of Psalliota xanthoderma for mice and rabbits. PMID- 14772179 TI - Some aspects of parasitic gastro-enteritis of sheep. PMID- 14772180 TI - The wild (feral) pigs of Australia and their role in the spread of infectious diseases. PMID- 14772181 TI - The relation of the type and quantity of roughage and grazing to the fat content of milk. PMID- 14772182 TI - At the mid-century. PMID- 14772183 TI - The tail-switch louse of cattle, Haematopinus quadripertusus Fahrenholz. PMID- 14772184 TI - A note on the establishment of carotid loops in cattle. PMID- 14772185 TI - A small diameter ruminal fistula and cannula for cattle. PMID- 14772186 TI - A further note on the use of synthetic insecticides in the control of cattle tick. (Boophilus microplus Canestrini): some preliminary observations with "497". PMID- 14772187 TI - [The work of Dr. Paul Carton and humoral medicine]. PMID- 14772188 TI - [Case of grave polyarticular gout; favorable effect of autohemotherapy]. PMID- 14772189 TI - [Physiopathologic bases of the genesis of pneumoconiosis]. PMID- 14772190 TI - [Modern treatment of malaria]. PMID- 14772191 TI - Problems of bacterial oxidative metabolism. PMID- 14772192 TI - Introduction, symposium on viral and rickettsial diseases. PMID- 14772193 TI - Laboratory diagnosis of viral and rickettsial diseases, a reappraisal after ten years. PMID- 14772194 TI - Progress in the purification of viruses of animals. PMID- 14772195 TI - Studies on the mechanism of reproduction of a virus. PMID- 14772196 TI - Approaches to the control of viral diseases. PMID- 14772197 TI - The dengue group of viruses and its family relationships. PMID- 14772198 TI - The poliomyelitis, encephalomyocarditis, and coxsackie groups of viruses. PMID- 14772200 TI - Newer knowledge of the older rickettsial diseases. PMID- 14772199 TI - Rickettsialpox and Q fever. PMID- 14772201 TI - Some important galls and wilts of plants and the inciting bacteria. PMID- 14772202 TI - [Influence of applied manganese compounds on microdetermination of lactic acid]. PMID- 14772203 TI - [Significance of pepsin and kathepsin for curd production]. PMID- 14772204 TI - [Presence of androgens in human and animal sperm]. PMID- 14772205 TI - [Spectro-analytical determination of thallium]. PMID- 14772206 TI - [Enzyme content of actinomycetes]. PMID- 14772207 TI - [Electrophoresis of proteins on filter paper]. PMID- 14772208 TI - [Biologic value of yeast proteins for man]. PMID- 14772209 TI - [Quantitative determination of serumal zinc with dithizon]. PMID- 14772210 TI - [Microbiologic protein and fat synthesis; comparative evaluation of various results in fat extraction from mycelium]. PMID- 14772211 TI - [Monaminoxydase in plants]. PMID- 14772212 TI - [Muscle power and protein ration]. PMID- 14772213 TI - [Simplified method for determination of muscle creatine with dinitrobenzol]. PMID- 14772214 TI - [Histamine in nerves]. PMID- 14772215 TI - The theory of electrophoresis-convection. PMID- 14772216 TI - A study of the effect of x-rays upon the ultrastructure of the erythrocyte membrane. PMID- 14772217 TI - Electron microscopy of ultraviolet irradiated bacteria and their interaction with bacteriophage. PMID- 14772218 TI - The electrical field which a transmitting nerve fiber produces in the fluid medium. PMID- 14772219 TI - [The organization of vitellus of amphibian eggs]. PMID- 14772220 TI - Relationship between diffusion constants and molecular weight. PMID- 14772221 TI - The globulins of the ground nut. (Arachis hypogaea) I. Investigation of arachin as a dissociation system. PMID- 14772222 TI - The globulins of the ground nut. (Arachis hypogaea) II. Electrophoretic examination of the arachin system. PMID- 14772223 TI - Desoxyribosenucleoprotein from bovine spleen. PMID- 14772224 TI - The distribution and function of zinc in normal and malignant tissues. I. Uptake and distribution of radioactive zinc, 65zn. PMID- 14772225 TI - [Determination of forms D and L of glutamic acid in the proteins of normal and malignant tissue and in microbic bodies]. PMID- 14772226 TI - [Contribution to the study of the transformation of G-actin into F-actin]. PMID- 14772227 TI - Studies of the reaction between proteins and reducing sugars in the 'dry' state. III. Nature of the protein groups reacting. PMID- 14772228 TI - Effect of the action with glucose on the nutritive value of casein. PMID- 14772229 TI - Distribution of free amino acids and related substances in organs of the rat. PMID- 14772230 TI - The bacterial surface. I. Effect of cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide on the electrophoretic mobility of certain gram-positive bacteria. PMID- 14772231 TI - [II. On the participation of phosphates in the reactions of adrenaline oxidation]. PMID- 14772232 TI - [Influence of the nature of ions on the extractability of muscle proteines at rest or contraction]. PMID- 14772233 TI - [On the structure of lysozyme; study of the liberation of the functional groups and of amino acids during graded acid hydrolysis]. PMID- 14772234 TI - [Contribution to the study of the fermentation and the respiration of Escherichia coli. III. The role of phosphorus in the metabolism of E. coli; action of certain inhibitors on the phosphorylation and the dephosphorylation of the halosides]. PMID- 14772235 TI - [Contribution to the study of the fermentation and the respiration of Escherichia coli. IV. Role of permeability in the study of bacterial metabolism of E. coli]. PMID- 14772236 TI - [Physiological factors determining the presence of proteinase in the cultures of Micrococcus lysodeikticus]. PMID- 14772237 TI - The conversion of aneurin into aneurinpyrophosphate by blood corpuscles. PMID- 14772238 TI - Cholinesterase in cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 14772240 TI - The effect of H2O2 on colony formation and anaerobic CO2 production by yeast. PMID- 14772239 TI - [Action of the calcium salts on the hydrolysis of triglycerides by pancreatin and pancreatic juice]. PMID- 14772241 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14772242 TI - 2-Amino-4hydroxy-6-formylpteridine, an inhibitor of purine and pterine oxidases. PMID- 14772243 TI - The inhibition of tissue respiration and alcoholic fermentation at different catabolic levels by ethyl carbamate (urethan) and arsenite. PMID- 14772244 TI - A cytological and cyto chemical study of the male accessory reproductive glands in the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman. PMID- 14772245 TI - Starvation studies with the parasitic wasp Habrobracon. PMID- 14772246 TI - The development of reciprocal androgenetic frog hybrids. PMID- 14772247 TI - Action of estrone an progesterone on nuclear volume (studied by applying the Karyometric statistical method). PMID- 14772248 TI - Nutritional requirement of the early chick embryo. III. The metabolic basis of the morphogenesis and differentiation as revealed by the use of inhibitors. PMID- 14772249 TI - Further observations on Cercaria parvicaudata Stunkard and Shaw, 1931. PMID- 14772250 TI - [Biological significance of interpolarity with special reference to renal physiology]. PMID- 14772251 TI - [Antibiotic fungus Hyphomyces antibioticus and its product mycelin]. PMID- 14772252 TI - [Significance of the time factor in hyperemic test for determination of choriongonadotropin in rats]. PMID- 14772253 TI - [Formation of autometabolic products in microorganism in simple culture media]. PMID- 14772254 TI - [Resistance to altitude anoxia in newborn mice]. PMID- 14772255 TI - [Effect of ethylurethane on Protozoa]. PMID- 14772256 TI - [Multiplication of Escherichia coli in constant-flow medium]. PMID- 14772257 TI - [Foreword to the "Introduction to plasmatology"]. PMID- 14772258 TI - [Chinidine effect of methylisothiourea on the heart]. PMID- 14772259 TI - [80th Anniversary of the death of J. E. Purkyne]. PMID- 14772260 TI - The occurrence in a family of Sicilian ancestry of the traits for both sickling and thalassemia. PMID- 14772261 TI - Folic acid antagonists in the treatment of acute and subacute leukemia. PMID- 14772262 TI - Benign pericardial effusion in the course of chronic myelogenous leukemia. PMID- 14772263 TI - Hemolytic anemia in myelogenous leukemia with splenectomy. PMID- 14772264 TI - Blood exchange in replacement transfusions; theoretic considerations. PMID- 14772265 TI - Blood exchange in replacement transfusions; studies with erythrocytes tagged with radioactive phosphorus. PMID- 14772266 TI - The sedimentation differential agglutination test. I. Method of the test. II. Observations on the destruction and production of red cells, with special reference to myeloblastic leukemia and comparison with the results of the radioactive phosphorus method. PMID- 14772267 TI - The one-stage prothrombin consumption test; clinical value in the identification of thromboplastin-deficiency diseases. PMID- 14772268 TI - Rupture of the cervical disc. PMID- 14772269 TI - Diverticula of the female urethra. PMID- 14772270 TI - Ectopic pregnancy; review of cases at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of the San Juan City Hospital, from July 1945 to December 1949. PMID- 14772271 TI - Routine extraperitoneal approach for cesarean section using the Cherney incision. PMID- 14772272 TI - Treatment of some hepatic disorders with necroton; preliminary results with report of cases. PMID- 14772273 TI - [Arterial hypertension in Puerto Rico; climatological, racial, dietetic and psychogenic factors]. PMID- 14772274 TI - Management of head injuries. PMID- 14772275 TI - [Several cases of aortic aneurysm]. PMID- 14772276 TI - A rare cause of obstructive jaundice. PMID- 14772277 TI - [Diagnosis of tropical diseases with aid of routine laboratory examinations]. PMID- 14772279 TI - [Simple and cheap method for the viewing of stereoscopic radiograms]. PMID- 14772278 TI - [Alcoholic toxicophrenia in the Republic of Panama]. PMID- 14772280 TI - [Habitat of the "cai" in northern Salta]. PMID- 14772281 TI - [Occurrence of intradermal reaction to coccidioidin, brucellin, histoplasmin, haplosporangin and tuberculin in relation to chest X-rays in Mexican draftees]. PMID- 14772282 TI - [Progress of the State of Nuevo Leon in sewage and water supply]. PMID- 14772283 TI - [What type of nurse do we need?]. PMID- 14772284 TI - [Consulting nurse in relation with state organizations]. PMID- 14772285 TI - [Student nurse in the hospital]. PMID- 14772286 TI - [Present situation of the problem of poliomyelitis in the American continent]. PMID- 14772287 TI - [Epidemiology of Chagas' disease in Bolivia]. PMID- 14772288 TI - [Edible plants of Central America and Panama]. PMID- 14772289 TI - [Collection and disposal of domestic refuse including garbage]. PMID- 14772290 TI - [Appropriate location as indispensable factor for nursing schools]. PMID- 14772291 TI - [More about BCG]. PMID- 14772292 TI - [Intern plan and guide for evaluating the practical work of students of public health nursing]. PMID- 14772293 TI - [New strains of Hemophilus pertussis isolated in Mexico]. PMID- 14772294 TI - [Composition of food plants of Central America. II. Guatemala]. PMID- 14772296 TI - [Work seminar in nursing]. PMID- 14772295 TI - [Modifications to be made in antivenereal educational activities in accordance with the progress achieved in therapeutic use of antibiotics]. PMID- 14772297 TI - Public health nursing in rural areas: a broad perspective. PMID- 14772298 TI - [Nursing seminar in Chile]. PMID- 14772299 TI - [Distribution of professional nurses in the United States]. PMID- 14772300 TI - [Controlled early ambulation in obstetrics]. PMID- 14772301 TI - [Streptomycin in a case of postpartum pulmonary infarct]. PMID- 14772302 TI - [Action of intraperitoneal novocaine and antibiotics on postoperative course]. PMID- 14772303 TI - [Impressions of a study trip to the United States]. PMID- 14772304 TI - [Primary ovarian term pregnancy]. PMID- 14772305 TI - [Hemoperitoneum of ovarian origin]. PMID- 14772306 TI - [Alfred Labhardt (1874-1949)]. PMID- 14772307 TI - [Uterine rupture; experience of the obstetrical service of the Hospital Regional de Concepcion]. PMID- 14772308 TI - [Craniotomy on a living hydrocephalus]. PMID- 14772309 TI - [Eutopic pregnancy after bilateral salpingectomy]. PMID- 14772310 TI - [Induction of labor with posterior pituitary extract in solution by the drop method]. PMID- 14772311 TI - [Gastric cancer; total gastrectomy; late results]. PMID- 14772312 TI - [Plastic and reparative surgery on the Finnish front during the last war]. PMID- 14772313 TI - [Congenital dilatation of the common bile duct (megacholedochus)]. PMID- 14772314 TI - [Bilocular stomach due to frenum, with thoracic displacement of the left diaphragmatic vault]. PMID- 14772315 TI - [Gastric cancer; total gastrectomy; late results]. PMID- 14772316 TI - [Pulmonary echinococcosis]. PMID- 14772317 TI - [Results obtained with the use of full thickness graft in surgery of hernia and eventration]. PMID- 14772318 TI - [Anesthesia in hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 14772319 TI - [Results with whole skin grafts in hernias and eventrations]. PMID- 14772320 TI - [Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis]. PMID- 14772321 TI - [Ligature of patent ductus arteriosus]. PMID- 14772322 TI - [Hemolytic jaundice; bronchiectasis]. PMID- 14772323 TI - [Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis]. PMID- 14772324 TI - [Anesthesia in hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 14772325 TI - [Treatment of megaesophagus]. PMID- 14772326 TI - [Giant rhabdomyosarcoma of the thoracic wall (right)]. PMID- 14772328 TI - [Anesthesia in hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 14772327 TI - [Esophago-duodenal anastomosis following total gastrectomy]. PMID- 14772329 TI - [Treatment of megaesophagus]. PMID- 14772330 TI - [Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis]. PMID- 14772331 TI - [Retraction of the nipple; technic of surgical therapy]. PMID- 14772332 TI - [Esophago-duodenal anastomosis following total gastrectomy]. PMID- 14772333 TI - [Anesthesia in hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 14772334 TI - [Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis]. PMID- 14772335 TI - [Treatment of mega-esophagus]. PMID- 14772336 TI - [Epidural continuous anesthesia]. PMID- 14772337 TI - [Hepato-biliary kinesia from the viewpoint of cholangiography during operation]. PMID- 14772338 TI - [Biologic therapy of hydatid cysts; follow up of a case during 7 years]. PMID- 14772339 TI - [Diffusibility of penicillin with the addition of pectin in aqueous solution]. PMID- 14772340 TI - [Marrubium vulgare]. PMID- 14772341 TI - [Artificial radio elements in therapy]. PMID- 14772342 TI - [Thiosemicarbazones in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14772343 TI - [Concentrates for syrups and infusions]. PMID- 14772344 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14772345 TI - [Modern criteria in pharmacy administration]. PMID- 14772346 TI - [Permeability and vascularization of the nasal passages in relation to injections of substances with pharmacological action of neurovegetative type]. PMID- 14772347 TI - [Clinical, mycological and pathogenic observations on three cases of otomycosis with Aspergillus versicolor]. PMID- 14772348 TI - [Libman-Sacks syndrome]. PMID- 14772349 TI - [Vitamin E therapy of laryngeal amyloidosis]. PMID- 14772350 TI - [Histology of osteoma spongiosum of the nasal bone]. PMID- 14772351 TI - [Properties of two strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus isolated in 1948]. PMID- 14772352 TI - [Infiltration anesthesia in combination with intravenous in gynecologic surgery]. PMID- 14772353 TI - [Problem of phthisiogenesis in relation of the lymphodeno-bronchial fistula]. PMID- 14772354 TI - [Juvenile uterine hemorrhages]. PMID- 14772355 TI - [New treatment of peripheral vascular disturbances]. PMID- 14772356 TI - [Fat embolism]. PMID- 14772357 TI - [Organization of work in postnatal consultation centers in the Bratislava region]. PMID- 14772358 TI - [Supradiaphragmatic diverticulum treated by one stage operation]. PMID- 14772359 TI - [General principles in fracture therapy]. PMID- 14772360 TI - [Injuries of the axillary nerve in dislocation of the humerus]. PMID- 14772361 TI - [Prof. Karol Kova6rovic, 1899-1950]. PMID- 14772362 TI - Cancer of the stomach in the large towns of England and Wales, 1921-39. PMID- 14772363 TI - The data relating to cancer in the publications of the General Register Office. PMID- 14772364 TI - The arsenic content of tobacco and of tobacco smoke. PMID- 14772365 TI - The mechanism of the liver catalase depressing action of tumours in mice. PMID- 14772366 TI - The induction of tumours following the direct implantation of 20 methylcholanthrene into the uterus of mice. PMID- 14772367 TI - Squamous carcinoma of the fore-stomach and other lesions in mice following oral administration of 3:4:5:6-dibenzcarbazole. PMID- 14772368 TI - Beryllium bone sarcomata in rabbits. PMID- 14772369 TI - The effect of radioactive iodine alone and in combination with methylthiouracil and acetylaminofluorene upon tumour production in the rat's thyroid gland. PMID- 14772370 TI - Studies on the induction of lung cancer in mice. PMID- 14772371 TI - Strain differences in mice to the carcinogenic action of urethane and its non carcinogenicity in chicks and guinea-pigs. PMID- 14772372 TI - Mechanism of oxidation of 3:4-benzpyrene in the presence of autoxidizing thiols. PMID- 14772373 TI - Electrophoretic studies of virus-red cell interaction: mobility gradient of cells treated with viruses of the influenza group and the receptor-destroying enzyme of V. cholerae. PMID- 14772374 TI - Electrophoretic studies of virus-red cell interaction: additive effect of viruses of the influenza group and the receptor-destroying enzyme of V. cholerae. PMID- 14772375 TI - Studies on diabetic rats: the production of cardiovascular and renal disease in diabetic rats. PMID- 14772376 TI - Studies on diabetic rats: the effect of diabetes and of diet upon the plasma and liver lipids of rats. PMID- 14772377 TI - Evidence for the production of circulating antibodies by homografts of lymphoid tissue and skin. PMID- 14772378 TI - Experimental peptic ulceration with a neuro-vascular basis. PMID- 14772379 TI - Factors influencing the agglutinability of red cells: the demonstration of a variation in the susceptibility to agglutination exhibited by the red cells of individual oxen. PMID- 14772380 TI - A comparison of the conglutinating complement absorption test and the haemolytic complement fixation test in the serological diagnosis of influenza. PMID- 14772381 TI - The calcium requirement of a typhoid bacteriophage. PMID- 14772382 TI - The alimentary tract of rats with intestinal culs-de-sac. PMID- 14772383 TI - Fat excretion in rats with intestinal culs-de-sac. PMID- 14772384 TI - Diffusible antigens in staphylococcal cultures. PMID- 14772385 TI - The action of sulphanilamide on bacteriophages T1-T7. PMID- 14772386 TI - Study of a case of purpura associated with bone changes and formation of a gel in the serum on cooling. PMID- 14772387 TI - The metabolism of cell division. PMID- 14772388 TI - The estimation of mitotic inhibition. PMID- 14772389 TI - Tubular necrosis following temporary occlusion of the renal artery in the rat. PMID- 14772390 TI - The absorption of oleic acid from the intestine of rats deficient of folic acid biotin. PMID- 14772391 TI - The effect of bacteria, bacterial and other polysaccharides, and various macromolecular substances of influenzal infection in mice and on haemagglutination by influenza viruses and chemical agents. PMID- 14772392 TI - The influence of chemical constitution on antibacterial activity. V. The antibacterial action of 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine). PMID- 14772393 TI - The role of bacterial antigens in diphtheria prophylactics. PMID- 14772394 TI - Physical medicine for the home-bound arthritic. PMID- 14772396 TI - Physiological principles of physiotherapy. PMID- 14772395 TI - Rheumatism in childhood. PMID- 14772397 TI - Inhalation therapy in industry. PMID- 14772398 TI - Rehabilitation in respiratory conditions. PMID- 14772399 TI - Static electricity and high frequency currents. PMID- 14772400 TI - MATTHEW Burrow Ray, 1870-1950. PMID- 14772401 TI - A case of malignant thymic tumour associated with chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14772403 TI - Brompton rehabilitation clinic. PMID- 14772402 TI - Arterio-venous aneurysm of the lung with pulmonary tuberculosis; report of a case. PMID- 14772404 TI - Results of pneumoperitoneum in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14772405 TI - Massive haemothorax in artificial pneumothorax treated with streptokinase. PMID- 14772407 TI - Neoplasms of the epididymis; a review with a report of two new cases. PMID- 14772406 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14772408 TI - Genital tract tumours of an adenomatoid nature. PMID- 14772409 TI - Pedunculated vascular tumour of the ureter. PMID- 14772410 TI - Intravenous urography in renal tuberculosis. PMID- 14772411 TI - The massive hydronephrosis presenting as an abdominal emergency. PMID- 14772412 TI - Testes as contents of hernial sacs in two "female" children. PMID- 14772413 TI - The value of penicillin after operations on the bladder. PMID- 14772414 TI - Pararenal teratoma in a boy aged nine years. PMID- 14772415 TI - A case of persistent priapism secondary to a transitional cell carcinoma of the left kidney. PMID- 14772416 TI - Unilateral pyelo-ureteritis cystica with stone formation. PMID- 14772417 TI - Urological scales, a review. PMID- 14772418 TI - Streptomycin in urinary tuberculosis. PMID- 14772420 TI - Priapism: unusual case of key-ring constriction of scrotum. PMID- 14772419 TI - Spontaneous perforation of bladder. PMID- 14772421 TI - Studies on the nature of the intrinsic factor of Castle. PMID- 14772422 TI - Cortisone (compound E); summary of its clinical uses. PMID- 14772423 TI - Streptomycin and neomycin: an antibiotic approach to tuberculosis. PMID- 14772424 TI - Choice of sulphonamides for mixture therapy. PMID- 14772425 TI - Medical treatment of hydatid cysts of lung. PMID- 14772426 TI - Recent advances in our knowledge of the malaria parasite. PMID- 14772427 TI - Death from atropine poisoning. PMID- 14772428 TI - Neurological complication after combined diphtheria and pertussis immunization. PMID- 14772430 TI - Chemotherapy; indications for the use of penicillin. PMID- 14772429 TI - An emergency leucotomy. PMID- 14772431 TI - CREMATION; committee and crank. PMID- 14772432 TI - Giordano Bruno and the circular motion of the blood. PMID- 14772433 TI - DEATH after new drug. PMID- 14772434 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14772435 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14772436 TI - Congenital heart disease; a review of its clinical aspects in the light of experience gained by means of modern techniques. I. PMID- 14772437 TI - Diffuse eosinophilic arteritis. PMID- 14772438 TI - Observations of symptomatology and treatment of cervical erosion. PMID- 14772439 TI - Gastric ulcer occurring after vagotomy. PMID- 14772440 TI - Epidemic of benign dry pleurisy. PMID- 14772441 TI - Adrenal insufficiency after suramin treatment of pemphigus. PMID- 14772442 TI - The indications for globin insulin. PMID- 14772443 TI - Some aspects of Schistosoma mansoni infection. PMID- 14772444 TI - Uterine sepsis from un-absorbable sutures. PMID- 14772445 TI - Volvulus of transverse colon complicating labour. PMID- 14772446 TI - Massive lipoid deposit in atrophied muscle. PMID- 14772447 TI - Chemotherapy. III. Streptomycin. PMID- 14772448 TI - Novel modifications of Boyle's anaesthetic apparatus. PMID- 14772449 TI - HERBERT Morley Fletcher, M.D., F.R.C.P. PMID- 14772450 TI - NATIONALIZATION and charity. PMID- 14772451 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14772452 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14772453 TI - WAR memorial. PMID- 14772454 TI - Motion-study investigation into the clerical work of a doctor's surgery. PMID- 14772455 TI - Pharmacological action of antihistamine compounds. PMID- 14772456 TI - Congenital heart disease; a review of its clinical aspects in the light of experience gained by means of modern techniques. II. PMID- 14772457 TI - The care of the chronic sick. V. Investigation of 393 patients seeking admission to a hospital for the chronic sick. PMID- 14772458 TI - Radiological and pathological correlation of miliary tuberculosis of lungs in children, with special reference to choroidal tubercles. PMID- 14772459 TI - Sulphonamide sensitivity of H. influenzae strains, with special reference to the combined use of antibacterial drugs. PMID- 14772460 TI - Chronic adhesive spinal meningitis associated with lumbar naevus and dimple. PMID- 14772461 TI - A case of cardiac arrest; vagal inhibition relieved by procaine. PMID- 14772462 TI - Acute myocardial infarction following tetraethylammonium chloride therapy. PMID- 14772463 TI - Sudden death after spontaneous pneumothorax. PMID- 14772465 TI - PROTECTION of laboratory animals. PMID- 14772464 TI - Chemotherapy. IV. The newer antibiotics. PMID- 14772466 TI - Foot splint. PMID- 14772467 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14772468 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14772469 TI - Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report. PMID- 14772470 TI - Regime for treatment of severe and acute liver disease. PMID- 14772471 TI - The syndrome of obstruction of inferior vena cava in childhood. PMID- 14772472 TI - Some unusual but instructive surgical emergencies. PMID- 14772473 TI - Familial crisis in acholuric jaundice. PMID- 14772474 TI - Interstitial emphysema in measles. PMID- 14772475 TI - Contamination of caesarean wounds by Vernix caseosa. PMID- 14772476 TI - Pethidine as an adjunct to nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia. PMID- 14772477 TI - Post-pneumonic collapse of right lower lobe relieved by bronchoscopic aspiration. PMID- 14772478 TI - Pink disease. PMID- 14772479 TI - Disordered society. PMID- 14772480 TI - A medical student in Prague. PMID- 14772481 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14772482 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14772483 TI - Child health and the future. PMID- 14772484 TI - Management of malpositions of the vertex. PMID- 14772485 TI - Treatment of severe hypertension with hexamethonium bromide. PMID- 14772486 TI - Effect of oral hexamethonium salts on gastric secretion. PMID- 14772487 TI - Clinical assessment of rapidly acting agents in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14772488 TI - Five cases of puerperal tetanus (one associated with eclampsia). PMID- 14772489 TI - Seven cases of barium carbonate poisoning. PMID- 14772490 TI - Latent amoebic dysentery. PMID- 14772491 TI - Two cases of paratyphoid fever treated with chloramphenicol. PMID- 14772492 TI - The cardiogram in clinical diagnosis and prognosis. I. Theoretical considerations. PMID- 14772493 TI - University ventures old and new. PMID- 14772495 TI - PREMATURE baby unit. PMID- 14772494 TI - MEDICAL students in Great Britain. PMID- 14772496 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14772497 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14772498 TI - A study of cortisone and other steroids in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14772499 TI - Insulin and E.C.T. in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; report on a pilot series of cases. PMID- 14772500 TI - The effect of cortisone on the cardiogram in chronic adrenal insufficiency. PMID- 14772501 TI - Further observations on the age of the menarche. PMID- 14772502 TI - Fatal case of acute porphyria in a Negro. PMID- 14772503 TI - Follow-up of rhesus-negative primigravidae; development of rhesus immunization. PMID- 14772504 TI - Mongolism in one of twins. PMID- 14772505 TI - A vestigial tail. PMID- 14772506 TI - Chorion carcinoma after ectopic gestation. PMID- 14772507 TI - The cardiogram in clinical diagnosis and prognosis; II. Practical applications. PMID- 14772508 TI - ROLE of libraries in the advance of medicine. PMID- 14772509 TI - A new portrait of William Hunter. PMID- 14772510 TI - SIR ERNEST Graham-Little, M.D., F.R.C.P. PMID- 14772512 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14772511 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14772513 TI - Value of genetics in medicine. PMID- 14772514 TI - Absorption of vitamin B12 in pernicious anaemia. I. Oral administration without a source of intrinsic factor. PMID- 14772515 TI - Absorption of vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia. II. Oral administration with normal gastric juice. PMID- 14772516 TI - Absorption of vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia. III. Failure of fresh milk or concentrated whey to function as Castle's intrinsic factor or to potentiate the action of orally administered vitamin B12. PMID- 14772518 TI - Acute intussusception in childhood. PMID- 14772517 TI - Absorption of vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia. IV. Administration into buccal cavity, into washed segment of intestine, or after partial sterilization of bowel. PMID- 14772519 TI - Activity in advancing years. PMID- 14772520 TI - Use of intravenous amphetamine sulphate in acute barbiturate poisoning. PMID- 14772521 TI - Pregnancy in a rudimentary horn of a bicornuate uterus. PMID- 14772522 TI - Larval conjunctivitis. PMID- 14772523 TI - Arteriovenous fistula complicating an amputation stump. PMID- 14772524 TI - The treatment of ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14772525 TI - CLAIMS against hospitals: a difference of law. PMID- 14772526 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14772527 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14772528 TI - "Verities yet in their chaos". PMID- 14772529 TI - Anticoagulants in treatment of coronary thrombosis. PMID- 14772530 TI - Capillary resistance and adrenocortical activity. PMID- 14772531 TI - Three cases of severe burn treated with cortisone. PMID- 14772532 TI - An unusual complication of myanesin therapy in the treatment of tetanus. PMID- 14772533 TI - Case of tetanus treated with decamethonium iodide. PMID- 14772534 TI - Prolonged intercostal paralysis due to a relaxant. PMID- 14772535 TI - Hypertrophy of the little finger. PMID- 14772536 TI - Case of double-headed monster. PMID- 14772537 TI - Migraine. PMID- 14772538 TI - DOCTORS for the forces; man-power, pay, and isolation. PMID- 14772539 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14772540 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14772541 TI - Rare forms of paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgia, and their relation to disseminated sclerosis. PMID- 14772542 TI - Prolonged treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with A.C.T.H. alone and with gold. PMID- 14772543 TI - Burns. I. Initial treatment, local and general. PMID- 14772544 TI - Burns. II. Skin cover for full-thickness skin loss. PMID- 14772545 TI - Fixation of a corneal graft by an acrylic splint. PMID- 14772546 TI - Effects of penicillin and streptomycin on vaccine lymph. PMID- 14772548 TI - Recurrent obstruction of an obturator hernia. PMID- 14772547 TI - Cushing's syndrome presenting with features of a "type II" nephritis. PMID- 14772549 TI - Management of the epileptic. PMID- 14772550 TI - Urethral sphincter guard. PMID- 14772551 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14772552 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14772553 TI - TREATMENT of pulmonary tuberculosis with streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid; a Medical Research Council investigation. PMID- 14772554 TI - Intra-arterial histamine in treatment of claudication and rest pain. PMID- 14772555 TI - Blood-pressure changes during angiocardiography. PMID- 14772556 TI - The problem of the therapeutic convulsion. PMID- 14772557 TI - Treatment of intertrochanteric fractures of the femur by internal fixation. PMID- 14772558 TI - Acute poisoning with potassium bichromate. PMID- 14772559 TI - Dysgerminoma of the ovary. PMID- 14772560 TI - Low oesophageal perforation at gastroscopy. PMID- 14772561 TI - Enuresis. PMID- 14772562 TI - A medical contract from the eighteenth century. PMID- 14772563 TI - An aid to intubation. PMID- 14772564 TI - Liability of manufacturers for injuries to patients from defective apparatus. PMID- 14772565 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14772566 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14772567 TI - Investigation and trials with insulated containers for the transport of semen. PMID- 14772568 TI - Some clinical observations on leptospirosis in suburban dogs. PMID- 14772569 TI - Some recent advances in the general anaesthesia of the dog. PMID- 14772570 TI - The persistence of DDT crystals in the coats of sprayed cattle, with special relation to tsetse control. PMID- 14772571 TI - [Cardiac manifestations of cholecystitis]. PMID- 14772572 TI - [Surgical treatment of the tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 14772573 TI - [The electrocorticogram and surgical treatment of local epilepsy]. PMID- 14772574 TI - [Cystalgias]. PMID- 14772575 TI - [Intravenous novocaine for traumatic and neurovegetative pain]. PMID- 14772576 TI - [Some cases of reparative and reconstructive surgery]. PMID- 14772577 TI - The establishment of a common standard for graduate training in general surgery. PMID- 14772578 TI - Harry Searls Gradle, 1883-1950. PMID- 14772579 TI - Monocytic leukaemia; concerning seven observations. PMID- 14772580 TI - About the action of certain narcotic drugs on the abnormal waves of the human electroencephalogram. PMID- 14772581 TI - Contributions to the study of cerebral anoxia. I. Asphyxia in legend, folklore and history. PMID- 14772582 TI - Contributions to the study of cerebral anoxia. II. The mechanism and nature of consequent structural alterations. PMID- 14772583 TI - Contributions to the study of cerebral anoxia. III. Neonatal asphyxia and its relation to certain degenerative diseases of the brain in infancy and childhood. PMID- 14772584 TI - Ganglionic cell tumor of the thalamus; report of case. PMID- 14772585 TI - Death following electroshock treatment; report of case. PMID- 14772586 TI - [Surgical treatment of certain acute edemas of the optic nerve]. PMID- 14772587 TI - [Optic atrophy during arteriosclerosis of the vessels of the base of the brain]. PMID- 14772588 TI - [General considerations on the present treatment of strabismus]. PMID- 14772589 TI - [Vaso-dilators in neuro-retinal vascular disorders]. PMID- 14772590 TI - ACTH and gastrointestinal enzymes. PMID- 14772591 TI - Biologic antagonists. PMID- 14772593 TI - Translumbar aortography. PMID- 14772592 TI - Treatment of bronchial asthma with corticoptrophin (ACTH). PMID- 14772594 TI - Venous catheterization in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. PMID- 14772596 TI - Essential familial hypercholesterolemia: cutaneous, metabolic and hereditary aspects. PMID- 14772595 TI - The clinical use of radioactive isotopes. PMID- 14772597 TI - Antihistamines in allergic and non-allergic dermatoses. PMID- 14772598 TI - The early diagnosis of cancer in women. PMID- 14772599 TI - The common medical indications for therapeutic abortion. PMID- 14772600 TI - Integrative psychiatry. PMID- 14772601 TI - USE of fluoroscopic machines in shoe fitting; statement by a Subcommittee of the Committee on Public Health Relations of the New York Academy of Medicine. PMID- 14772602 TI - The medical library association and medical research. PMID- 14772603 TI - Medical libraries and librarianship in Great Britain. PMID- 14772604 TI - PROCEEDINGS, forty-ninth annual meeting, Medical Library Association, Boston, Massachusetts, June 19-22, 1950. PMID- 14772605 TI - MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, INC. By-laws (as adopted June 22, 1950). PMID- 14772607 TI - The use of cortisone and ACTH in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14772606 TI - Francis Randolph Packard, 1870-1950. PMID- 14772608 TI - The use of cortisone and ACTH in the treatment of rheumatic fever. PMID- 14772609 TI - [Form and function]. PMID- 14772610 TI - [The adrenocortical hormones and the joints]. PMID- 14772611 TI - [Epilepsy and schizophrenia, and the problem of antagonistic diseases]. PMID- 14772612 TI - [Problems of demyelinating diseases]. PMID- 14772613 TI - [Photochemical experiments on single nerve fibres]. PMID- 14772614 TI - [Recent findings in the specific pharmacology of the functional organization of the autonomic nervous system]. PMID- 14772615 TI - [Direct and reflex stimulation of the sympathetic]. PMID- 14772616 TI - [Selective electric irritation of degenerated muscles]. PMID- 14772617 TI - [Recent clinical investigations on proteinuria]. PMID- 14772618 TI - [Treatment of panmyelopathy]. PMID- 14772619 TI - [Radical treatment of cancer of the pancreas]. PMID- 14772620 TI - [Some considerations of humoral lipid-protein equilibrium in North African Mohammedans]. PMID- 14772621 TI - [Vitamin A and hypertension in women]. PMID- 14772622 TI - [Comparative value of Von Pirquet's cutireaction and the Vollmer-Moro patch test in the study of tuberculosis morbidity in the school population]. PMID- 14772623 TI - [Thirty-six cases of splenomegaly]. PMID- 14772625 TI - [Four cases of chronic splenomegaly followed for 14 years]. PMID- 14772624 TI - [Two cases of splenomegaly]. PMID- 14772626 TI - [Three cases of splenomegaly]. PMID- 14772627 TI - [Ten cases of Algerian splenomegaly]. PMID- 14772628 TI - [Statistical and anatomoclinical study of benign tumors of the digestive tract of Vietnamese]. PMID- 14772629 TI - [Use of a preservative medium in serology of syphilis]. PMID- 14772630 TI - [The problem of chronic splenomegaly]. PMID- 14772631 TI - [Place of pathologic histology in the study of splenopathy]. PMID- 14772632 TI - [Classic arrangement of the spleno-portal veins and variations]. PMID- 14772633 TI - [Hepatic lesion of some infectious Mediterranean diseases studied by puncture biopsies of the liver]. PMID- 14772634 TI - [Hematopoiesis in the adult; cytologic, biochemical and physiological aspects]. PMID- 14772635 TI - [Clinicopathological and statistical study of benign tumors of the digestive system of the Vietnamese]. PMID- 14772636 TI - [Epidemiological details of leprosy in French Guiana]. PMID- 14772637 TI - [Egyptian splenomegaly; case of Egyptian splenomegaly due to Schistosoma haematobium]. PMID- 14772638 TI - [Hematopoiesis in the adult; cytologic biochemical and physiological aspects]. PMID- 14772639 TI - [Pseudo Meigs' syndrome of hydatid origin]. PMID- 14772640 TI - [Radiologic aspects of the stomach and the left colon in splenomegaly]. PMID- 14772641 TI - [Splenomegaly in Tunisia]. PMID- 14772642 TI - [Congenital heredosyphilitic splenomegaly in the infant]. PMID- 14772643 TI - [The question of splenomegaly in relation to the army: aptitudes and splenomegaly; conscription of persons with splenomegaly]. PMID- 14772644 TI - [General view of chronic splenomegaly called "Algerian"]. PMID- 14772645 TI - [Examinations after splenectomy]. PMID- 14772646 TI - [Four cases of splenectomy for complicated splenomegaly]. PMID- 14772647 TI - The problem of drug addiction in India. PMID- 14772648 TI - Agranulocytosis in kala-azar, with a case note. PMID- 14772649 TI - Tubercular affection of the larynx. PMID- 14772650 TI - Arsenical encephalopathy treated with B. A. L. PMID- 14772651 TI - The prevention of the fluid-electrolyte "problem" by simple means. AB - Proper fluid balance may be maintained in patients after operation by the employment of simple, inexpensive procedures which may be carried out even in the smallest hospitals. Daily weighing of patients, measurement of fluid intake and output, and knowledge of the probable electrolyte content of fluid losses are adequate guides for replacement of fluids and electrolytes. An increase in body weight is a warning of overhydration.The content of the solution used for replacement is dictated by the route of fluid output-whether from the gastrointestinal tract, the skin, or the kidneys. Insensible losses (by perspiration and respiration) are fairly static. Except to replace extrarenal losses, parenteral administration of normal saline solution in the immediate postoperative period is contraindicated. Mistakes in replacement methods, especially those causing overhydration, are particularly hazardous for elderly patients. PMID- 14772652 TI - Considerations of postoperative electrolyte and fluid replacement. AB - The most important postoperative fluid considerations are maintenance of adequate urinary output, of blood volume, and of extracellular and interstitial cell water and electrolytes. Normal urinary output is between 1,000 and 1,500 cc. daily. A fluid intake of 2,000 cc. of 5 per cent dextrose in distilled water, plus 500 cc. of normal saline solution, will insure this amount of urinary output. The use of 5 per cent dextrose solutions in distilled water provides fluid, retards the protein catabolism of the body, and spares electrolytes. Irradiated plasma is the only intravenous solution which will adequately supply protein in amounts to maintain nitrogen equilibrium. Protein hydrolysates in the absence of adequate caloric intake do not provide enough protein for nitrogen balance. The role of the potassium ion is ordinarily not a consideration in postoperative fluid management. It becomes a consideration in the presence of a large amount of drainage from wounds or abscess cavities, nasogastric suction, or intestinal fistulae. It also must be given attention in cases in which parenteral administration of fluids is necessary for a prolonged period. PMID- 14772653 TI - Results of irradiation in cancer of the lip, tongue and ear. AB - CANCER OF THE LIP: The primary lesion can be controlled by irradiation in approximately 80 per cent of cases. For lesions with metastases there is only about a 25 per cent chance of five-year arrest (irradiation of the primary lesion followed by excision of involved nodes). CANCER OF THE TONGUE: Lesions in the anterior two-thirds are controllable by irradiation in about 50 per cent of cases if the nodes are not involved; the salvage is only about 15 per cent if the nodes are involved (nodes treated surgically). Lesions in the posterior third of the tongue are seldom controlled in the author's experience. CANCER OF THE EAR (AURICLE): Five-year arrest of basal-cell lesions should be attained by irradiation in about 80 per cent of cases; of squamous-cell lesions in about 60 per cent. If the lesion is extensive, radiation does not offer a superior cosmetic result to operation and entails danger of late chondronecrosis. Therefore extensive lesions are probably best treated surgically. In either event, it appears probable that results of irradiation can be improved by the use of more adequate fields and greater fractionation. PMID- 14772654 TI - The distribution of coccidioidomycosis in Southern California. AB - In coccidioidin skin test surveys among persons of high school age in Saugus, Canoga Park, Banning and Palm Springs areas the average incidence of positive reaction was 15 per cent. Although considerably less than the 68 per cent incidence reported among high school students of Kern County, it is high enough to indicate pockets of relatively high endemicity in Southern California below the San Joaquin Valley. Histoplasmin tests were performed on most of the persons tested with coccidioidin in this survey. The over-all incidence of positive reaction in the group was 7.6 per cent. Most of the subjects with positive reaction to histoplasmin gave a history of having previously lived in some area in the central United States where histoplasmosis is known to be endemic.A few subjects who had positive reaction to coccidioidin tests and who had lived in areas known to be endemic for coccidioidomycosis but not for histoplasmosis, also had positive reaction to histoplasmin. However, the induration produced was always smaller than that caused by the coccidioidin reaction, and there was minimal confusion in interpreting the tests. PMID- 14772655 TI - Therapy of Parkinson's disease. AB - The most disabling form of Parkinsonism is that occurring after encephalitis. It may occur in persons of any age. The results of surgical treatment, which has been used for the most part only for seriously handicapped patients, have been discouraging in general, although in a few isolated circumstances operation has been of dramatic benefit.The solanaceous alkaloids-atropine, stramonium and hyoscine-either in pure forms or in mixed extracts or tinctures - are the best established drugs at present for the treatment of the postencephalitic forms of Parkinsonism. They have not proven too helpful for patients in the older age group with paralysis agitans. The antihistaminic compounds, particularly Benadryl,(R) have been a very valuable addition. They are of greatest value for patients in the older age group. The newer synthetic compounds, Artane(R) and Panparnit,(R) are also valuable additions. Amphetamine and the related and subsequently produced agents in this group are very helpful for patients showing undue fatigue and lethargy. Tolserol(R) is proving helpful, particularly for patients with painful spasms of rigid muscles. PMID- 14772656 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of meningitis. AB - Treatment of meningitis is no longer a question of the administration of antimeningococcal serum and awaiting results. Today there is at hand an ever expanding armamentarium of drugs effective on various bacteria, rickettsia and some of the larger viruses. The skillful use of these singly or in combination offers an excellent prognosis in most forms of bacterial meningitis. Tuberculous meningitis continues to present a poor outlook, but this has been improved with more intensive therapy. More effective agents are needed in the treatment of this disease."Shotgun" therapy may be indicated in critically ill patients prior to accurate bacteriological diagnosis; it is more important that therapy should include an effective agent or combination of agents than to attempt to determine in advance the most potent form of specific therapy. Partially treated purulent meningitis may be confused with aseptic meningitis. There is at present no effective therapeutic agent for the viral meningitides, but the prognosis is favorable in most of these diseases without specific therapy. PMID- 14772657 TI - Cerebral thrombosis and embolism; a method of treatment. AB - Acute cerebral thrombosis and embolism give rise to arterial spasm, edema, and anoxia of the cerebral tissues supplied by the affected artery or arteries. Sympathetic block induced by injecting the stellate ganglion with procaine appears to relieve spasm and results in improved cerebral circulation and clinical improvement in a significant number of cases. Sympathetic block should be combined with the usual supportive measures and not infrequently with anticoagulants. Every effort should be made to institute treatment as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms. PMID- 14772658 TI - The conservative treatment of myasthenia gravis. AB - Neostigmine is at present the mainstay in treatment of myasthenia gravis. Adjuvant therapy with ephedrine, potassium chloride, or guanidine is recommended. Urecholine,(R) also used as an adjuvant, is still in the experimental stage and should only be given by one acquainted with its properties and toxic effects. Di isopropylfluorophosphate and tetraethyl pyrophosphate likewise are still in the experimental stage. Since they are extremely toxic and unstable, general use of them is discouraged until further experimental and therapeutic studies are completed. The results of thymectomy and radiation of the thymus are equivocal and these procedures should be reserved for severe cases which should be selected only after a thorough study. PMID- 14772659 TI - Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - Sudden development of pain in the head followed by evidences of meningeal irritation, with or without motor or sensory symptoms or signs, is almost pathognomonic of subarachnoid hemorrhage. The final diagnosis rests upon the demonstration of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid. If the hemorrhage is massive, or from an aneurysm of an unprotected arterial trunk, the patient may die in a comparatively short time. If the bleeding is less abundant and from an aneurysm which is protected by adjacent structures the patient may survive. Angiography should probably be done early in most cases. If neurological signs or the results of angiography indicate that the aneurysm is in such a location that surgical treatment is feasible it should probably be undertaken. If medical treatment is to be carried out the patient should have protracted rest, frequent spinal drainage so long as the cerebrospinal fluid contains blood or is under materially increased pressure, sedatives and analgesics, and passive movements of the neck and limbs to forestall limitation of motion of joints. PMID- 14772660 TI - Evaluation of therapy of peripheral polyneuritis. AB - Peripheral polyneuritis is not a disease entity but a mystery. The underlying cause should be searched for, but since often it cannot be found, treatment should be started simultaneously with the search. Conservative measures should be tried first-vitamin B complex, niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine and thiamine chloride; next, injections of liver extract. Then, if no specific condition amenable to treatment has been discovered and if the patient is seriously incapacitated and becoming worse, hospitalization for trial with BAL is indicated. PMID- 14772661 TI - The contribution of cerebral angiography in diagnosis. AB - Angiography is important in the diagnosis of central nervous system disorders. In operable lesions it not only discloses the location of the lesion but also gives valuable information regarding its character and surrounding vascular architecture. The technique of both the pericutaneous and the open methods is described. The advantages of the controlled automatic arteriograph are described as well as pertinent information regarding cerebral circulation time. The choice of contrast media and the advantages and disadvantages of each are described. The three phases of angiography important in diagnosis-the arterial phase, the capillary phase and the venous phase-are discussed. The indications and contraindications are briefly outlined with respect to neoplasms, trauma, hemorrhage, aneurysms and other such operable lesions. The characteristic changes produced by aneurysms, vascular malformations, neoplasms and other space occupying lesions as related to the circulatory apparatus show variations characterizing the type of lesion encountered. Angiography in traumatic conditions, while limited, is of exceptional value in the diagnosis of obscure lesions, particularly the subdural hematomas. PMID- 14772662 TI - The adaptation of electroencephalography to medicine. AB - Electroencephalography is a valuable aid in diagnosis and prognosis of diseases affecting the brain. It has definite limitations.Abnormal electroencephalograms are either paroxysmal or non-paroxysmal. Both of these changes may be generalized or focal. Epilepsy is primarily associated with paroxysmal activity. Electroencephalography aids in the diagnosis and in determining the severity, course and response to treatment.Non-paroxysmal activity, although less specific in pattern, indicates either generalized or focal pathologic change or some alteration of the normal structure of the brain. Non-paroxysmal activity may give supportive evidence referable to conditions, systemic or intracranial, which disturb the state of consciousness. PMID- 14772663 TI - Diagnostic contributions of the electromyogram. AB - When muscles contract, they generate electricity. This muscle electricity can be seen and heard on the electromyograph. Normal muscles generate a different type of electrical impulse than do paralyzed muscles, and for this reason the electromyograph is of great assistance in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of such conditions as poliomyelitis, nerve injuries and strokes. PMID- 14772664 TI - Primary spindle-cell sarcoma in the right auricle. PMID- 14772665 TI - Hematuria following ingestion of pyribenzamine hydrochloride; report of a case. PMID- 14772666 TI - Familial occurrence of polycythemia and leukemia. PMID- 14772667 TI - Controls in hospital management. PMID- 14772668 TI - Responsibility of the hospital in realizing a community health program. PMID- 14772670 TI - STREAMLINED addition to Holy Cross Hospital, Calgary. PMID- 14772669 TI - SLEEK new wing increases facilities. PMID- 14772671 TI - The satisfied patient--a salient factor in good public relations. PMID- 14772672 TI - Rotterdam Hospital to feature double corridor. PMID- 14772673 TI - [Congress of Catholic hospitals of Quebec]. PMID- 14772674 TI - The hospital and community nutrition. PMID- 14772675 TI - Promoting harmonious relations among Blue Cross, hospitals, and the public. PMID- 14772676 TI - PHYSICIANS display talent in annual art salon. PMID- 14772677 TI - [Non-professional personnel in the service of the patient]. PMID- 14772678 TI - Control of rust and corrosion. PMID- 14772679 TI - [Animal and human histoplasmosis]. PMID- 14772680 TI - A note on seasonal fluctuations in the complement titre of guinea-pig serum. PMID- 14772681 TI - Enterohepatitis (blackhead) in turkeys. VII. Experiments on transmission of the disease. PMID- 14772682 TI - IN MEMORIAM: C. M. Higginson, D. V. S., 1869-1950. PMID- 14772683 TI - IN MEMORIAM: W. C. McGUIRE, D. V. S. PMID- 14772684 TI - Gapeworm infestation of pheasants. PMID- 14772685 TI - Excerpts from a review of experimental and clinical studies of the nutritional values of homogenized fruits, vegetables and cereals in infant feeding. PMID- 14772686 TI - Canadian nutritional problems, with reference to the Canadian dietary standards. PMID- 14772687 TI - The progress of the National Health grants. PMID- 14772688 TI - Health problems of the new organic insecticides. PMID- 14772690 TI - The development of health units in British Columbia. PMID- 14772689 TI - Trends in community health services. PMID- 14772691 TI - Pride tempered by humility. PMID- 14772692 TI - Recovery room. PMID- 14772693 TI - Acute anterior poliomyelitis. PMID- 14772694 TI - Idealism and the first-year student nurse. PMID- 14772695 TI - The staff studies nutrition. PMID- 14772696 TI - [Social service in the hospital]. PMID- 14772697 TI - Cooperation in health services. PMID- 14772698 TI - SORBONNE and the Fifth International Cancer Congress. PMID- 14772699 TI - TABAC. PMID- 14772700 TI - CANCER of the lung. PMID- 14772701 TI - UTERINE cancer. PMID- 14772702 TI - LEUKEMIA. PMID- 14772703 TI - [Giants in the field of cancer]. PMID- 14772704 TI - BRAIN tumors. PMID- 14772706 TI - CANCER of the salivary glands. PMID- 14772705 TI - CANCER tests. PMID- 14772707 TI - TESTICULAR tumors. PMID- 14772708 TI - Carcinoma of the breast; recurrence and survival in 203 patients. PMID- 14772709 TI - Surgical treatment of cancer of the lower bowel. PMID- 14772710 TI - Radioactive phosphorus. I. In the treatment of lymphatic leukemia. PMID- 14772711 TI - The carcinogenic action of benzidine. PMID- 14772712 TI - Primary diffuse tumors of the meninges (so-called meningeal meningiomatosis). PMID- 14772713 TI - Solitary fibrous mesothelioma of the peritoneum. PMID- 14772714 TI - Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children and adolescents. PMID- 14772715 TI - Primary carcinoma of the liver with extensive skeletal metastasis and panmyelophthisis. PMID- 14772716 TI - Steroid excretion in patients receiving antifolic acid compounds. PMID- 14772717 TI - Studies on the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. I. A sex difference in toxicity to the folic acid analogue, 4-amino-pteroylglutamic acid. PMID- 14772718 TI - Studies on the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. II. Requirements for the prevention of aminopterin toxicity by folic acid in mice. PMID- 14772719 TI - Studies on the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. III. Relationship of genital growth response in mice to the folic acid analogue, 4 amino-pteroylglutamic acid. PMID- 14772720 TI - Studies on the role of folic acid in the leukemic process. PMID- 14772721 TI - Interference between certain neurotropic viruses and transplantable mouse tumors. PMID- 14772722 TI - Further studies on the destructive effect of the virus of Russian Far East encephalitis on the transplantable mouse sarcoma 180. PMID- 14772725 TI - Cooperative effects of endocrinological factors and processes of ageing in producing adenoma-like structures in rats. PMID- 14772724 TI - The effect of azaguanine on mitosis in normal and neoplastic tissues. PMID- 14772723 TI - Development of malignant lymphoma in some of the young rats suckled by mothers receiving methylcholanthrene by stomach tube only during the lactation period; preliminary report. PMID- 14772726 TI - The chemical and physical characteristics of preparations containing the milk agent virus: a review. PMID- 14772727 TI - Macromolecular particles obtained from human neoplastic and non-neoplastic lymph nodes. PMID- 14772728 TI - Tobacco smoking habits and cancer of the mouth and respiratory system. PMID- 14772729 TI - The use of acetamide in the meiostagmin reaction. PMID- 14772730 TI - Neoplasms in rats treated with pituitary growth hormone. III. Reproductive organs. PMID- 14772731 TI - The histochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase during carcinogenesis in rats fed p-dimethylaminoazobenzene. PMID- 14772732 TI - Effect of sulfonated azo dyes on mouse tumors. PMID- 14772733 TI - Further studies on natural antisheep agglutinins in mice of inbred strains. PMID- 14772734 TI - Failure to inhibit the formation of mammary carcinoma in mice by intermittent fasting. PMID- 14772735 TI - Vaginal sensitivity to estrogen as related to mammary tumor incidence in mice. PMID- 14772736 TI - Electrocardiographic changes in connection with the anthelmintic use of filicine. PMID- 14772737 TI - [Pulse-wave retardation in disorders of peripheral circulation]. PMID- 14772738 TI - The variations of the antecubital venous pressure following changes in the position of the arm. PMID- 14772739 TI - [Modifications of blood proteins in myocardial insufficiency]. PMID- 14772740 TI - Topical aspects and problems of present-day cardiology. PMID- 14772741 TI - [Atomic energy]. PMID- 14772742 TI - [Phagotherapy in staphylococcal and streptococcal infections]. PMID- 14772743 TI - [Vitamin B12, the antianemic agent of vitamin B complex]. PMID- 14772745 TI - [Legislation of the Ministry of Health on preparation and issue of drugs to physicians and veterinarians]. PMID- 14772746 TI - [Legislation of the Ministry of Food and Ministry of Health on commercial use and culture of medicinal and aromatic plants]. PMID- 14772744 TI - [New antibiotics, chloromycetin, aureomycin, and iridomyrmecin]. PMID- 14772747 TI - [Distribution of drugs]. PMID- 14772748 TI - [Working conditions and wages of pharmaceutic workers]. PMID- 14772749 TI - [Socialistic competition of pharmacies]. PMID- 14772750 TI - [Socialization of pharmacies]. PMID- 14772751 TI - [Plan for pharmaceutical education]. PMID- 14772752 TI - [Local anesthesia]. PMID- 14772753 TI - [Distribution of milk preparations]. PMID- 14772754 TI - [Indications and administration of penicillin]. PMID- 14772755 TI - [Planting of aromatic and medicinal plants in 1950]. PMID- 14772756 TI - [An 18. century pharmacy]. PMID- 14772757 TI - [Drugs which can be sold without prescriptions]. PMID- 14772758 TI - [Diagnostic use of fluorescent properties of Datura stromonium seeds]. PMID- 14772759 TI - [Evaluation of aluminum acetico-tartaric solution in comparison with other pharmacopeias]. PMID- 14772760 TI - [Medical bookplates in Czechoslovak pharmacy]. PMID- 14772761 TI - [Distribution of pharmacists in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14772762 TI - [Legislation on growing of medicinal plants]. PMID- 14772763 TI - [Para-aminosalicylic acid]. PMID- 14772764 TI - [Sympathomimetic amines]. PMID- 14772765 TI - [Isolation and polarography of rutin and quercetin]. PMID- 14772766 TI - [Polarometric determination of hypnotics (somnifera) with mercury salts]. PMID- 14772767 TI - [Morphine polarography]. PMID- 14772768 TI - [Serography of Fuchs' inhibitive systems]. PMID- 14772769 TI - [Ion transfer in determination of alkaloid salts and galenic preparations]. PMID- 14772770 TI - [Study of pyrazol series]. PMID- 14772771 TI - [Colchicine in development of meadow saffron in spring]. PMID- 14772772 TI - [Experiments on the production of adsorbed vaccine for swine erysipelas]. PMID- 14772773 TI - [Studies on dermatomycosis in Slovakia]. PMID- 14772774 TI - [Infectious paraplegia in boars]. PMID- 14772775 TI - [Report on the results of artificial insemination in the Havlickuv Brod center in 1949]. PMID- 14772776 TI - [Drugs and remedies]. PMID- 14772777 TI - [Protection of farm animals according to penal law and position of the veterinarian]. PMID- 14772778 TI - [Enzootic bronchopneumonia in sheep]. PMID- 14772779 TI - [Operation to prevent fowls from flying]. PMID- 14772780 TI - [Sub-masseteric hematoma in a horse]. PMID- 14772781 TI - [Control of avian tuberculosis in state experimental stations]. PMID- 14772783 TI - [75th anniversary of MVDr. F. Pfaff]. PMID- 14772782 TI - [Control of tuberculosis in cattle in state experimental stations]. PMID- 14772784 TI - [Streptococcal mastitis in cattle]. PMID- 14772785 TI - [Biological tests for diagnosis of infections in artificial insemination of cattle]. PMID- 14772786 TI - [Ulcerous ascites in carps]. PMID- 14772787 TI - [Vaccination against hog cholera]. PMID- 14772788 TI - [Preparation of drugs and their distribution to physicians and veterinarians]. PMID- 14772789 TI - [Purchasing of cholera infected hogs and disposal of carcass]. PMID- 14772790 TI - [65th anniversary of Antonan Klobouk]. PMID- 14772791 TI - [Dourine in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14772792 TI - [Caponization by implantation of agolstilben tablets]. PMID- 14772793 TI - [Castration of horses]. PMID- 14772794 TI - [Penicillin in infections following castration]. PMID- 14772795 TI - [Examination of bulls used for insemination]. PMID- 14772796 TI - [Case of spinal tuberculosis in a heifer]. PMID- 14772797 TI - [Duties of regional veterinarians]. PMID- 14772798 TI - [Inspection of animals before issuing a bill of health]. PMID- 14772799 TI - [Placement of veterinarians graduated in Brno]. PMID- 14772800 TI - [Direct lumbar aortography]. PMID- 14772801 TI - [Cardiovascular and respiratory function test "Flack test" in sport medicine]. PMID- 14772802 TI - [Studies of functional disorders of the adrenal cortex by determination of neutral 17-ketosteroids in urine]. PMID- 14772803 TI - [Clinical determination of glycemia]. PMID- 14772804 TI - [Binocular loupe for ear surgery]. PMID- 14772805 TI - [Microbiologic studies of the atmosphere; evaluation of various apparatuses]. PMID- 14772806 TI - [Prof. dr. Jiri Maly died on July 7, 1950]. PMID- 14772807 TI - [Reduction properties of blood serum in malignancy]. PMID- 14772808 TI - [Practical significance of phagocyte type determination in the epidemiology of intestinal infections]. PMID- 14772809 TI - [Arteriovenous pulmonary aneurysm in Rendu-Osler's disease, clinical diagnosis]. PMID- 14772810 TI - [Slide method in culture of tubercle bacilli]. PMID- 14772811 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14772812 TI - [Spontaneous aneurysms of the femoral arteries]. PMID- 14772813 TI - [50th anniversary of MUDr Vaclav Svab]. PMID- 14772814 TI - [Problem of the relation of the chest leads (CF, CR, CL) to the extremity potentials]. PMID- 14772816 TI - [Blood proteins in hypertension]. PMID- 14772815 TI - [Spontaneous subcapsular hematoma of the spleen; spontaneous rupture of the spleen]. PMID- 14772817 TI - [Injuries of the cruciate ligaments of the knee and their surgical therapy]. PMID- 14772818 TI - [Biologic diagnosis of pregnancy of frogs]. PMID- 14772819 TI - [New method of treatment of cystitis]. PMID- 14772820 TI - [Fluorosis in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14772821 TI - [Macrocytic hemolytic anemia in chronic lymphadenosis]. PMID- 14772822 TI - [Non phasic sinus arrhythmia with wandering pacemaker causing atrioventricular dissociation]. PMID- 14772823 TI - [Determination of phenol substances in renal diseases]. PMID- 14772824 TI - [Discussion on the state of contemporary medicine in the Soviet Union]. PMID- 14772825 TI - [Clinical experiences with dicumarol therapy of coronary thrombosis]. PMID- 14772826 TI - [Implantation of large dose of follicular hormone in young man; effect on acne conglobata]. PMID- 14772827 TI - [Contribution to the method of determination of ascorbic acid]. PMID- 14772828 TI - [Diagnosis during life of perforation of ventricular fossa as a complication of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 14772829 TI - [Experiences with Schnei der's cardiovascular index in determination of physical power in athletes]. PMID- 14772830 TI - [Experimental studies of the effect of renal extracts]. PMID- 14772831 TI - [Introduction to dietetics in Soviet Union]. PMID- 14772832 TI - [Extravisceral primary tuberculosis infection following injection of penicillin]. PMID- 14772833 TI - [Epidemics of pneumonia with atypic course, possibly of viral origin]. PMID- 14772834 TI - [Cases of intestinal obstruction following diseases of uterine adnexa and their congenital anomalies]. PMID- 14772835 TI - [Thymol turbidity test in obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 14772836 TI - [Simple apparatus for blood agglutination reading]. PMID- 14772837 TI - [60th anniversary of prof. dr. Vilem Laufberger]. PMID- 14772838 TI - [Strumogens in foods]. PMID- 14772839 TI - [Effect of nephrotoxic sera on renal explants]. PMID- 14772840 TI - [Induced rhythms of the retina and brain]. PMID- 14772841 TI - [Contribution to the method of pupillometry]. PMID- 14772842 TI - [Blood hemoglobin and nutrition; difference between boys and girls of 12-19 years of age]. PMID- 14772843 TI - [Significance of ferritin]. PMID- 14772844 TI - [Experimental studies of shock; hemodynamics in burns]. PMID- 14772845 TI - [Structure of alpha and beta protohemin and Rimington's hemin from plasmodia]. PMID- 14772846 TI - [Pathologic evolution of epilepsy; experimental epilepsy produced in frog by electric current]. PMID- 14772847 TI - [Method of vectocardiography]. PMID- 14772848 TI - [Effect of x-irradiation on the level of histamine in blood]. PMID- 14772849 TI - [Scientific session on the physiologic theories of I. P. Pavlov]. PMID- 14772850 TI - [Selective bronchography with a new contrast medium]. PMID- 14772851 TI - [Blood proteins in Buerger's disease]. PMID- 14772852 TI - [Stenosis of the right ventricle (Bernheim's syndrome)]. PMID- 14772853 TI - [Vaginal cytography in the diagnosis and therapy of estrogen insufficiency]. PMID- 14772854 TI - [Open spirometric system]. PMID- 14772855 TI - [Xanthoma diabeticorum]. PMID- 14772856 TI - [Conference on physiologic theories of I. P. Pavlov]. PMID- 14772857 TI - [Conditioned reflexes and the theory of reflexes]. PMID- 14772858 TI - [Effect of intravenous injections of novocaine in chronic arthritis]. PMID- 14772859 TI - [Aleukemic reticulosis]. PMID- 14772860 TI - [Treatment of typhoid fever with a new antibiotic chloromycetin]. PMID- 14772861 TI - [Cardiac patient as a problem for the anesthesiologist]. PMID- 14772862 TI - [Preparation of thromboplastin solution for the Quick test]. PMID- 14772863 TI - [10th Anniversary of the death of F. V. Novak]. PMID- 14772864 TI - [Significance of certain circulatory modifications in liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 14772865 TI - [Hypertension in unilateral ascending renal infections and essential hypertension in children]. PMID- 14772866 TI - [Narcamon anesthesia in gynecology and obstetrics]. PMID- 14772867 TI - [Brucellosis]. PMID- 14772868 TI - [Intravenous use of novocaine in urology]. PMID- 14772869 TI - [Comments of Purkyne and Rokitansky on Austrian universities]. PMID- 14772870 TI - [Evolution of Pavlov's ideas in the field of patho-physiology of higher nervous activity]. PMID- 14772871 TI - [Epidemic hepatitis and certain circulatory modifications]. PMID- 14772873 TI - [Penicillin and blood coagulation; experimental studies]. PMID- 14772872 TI - [Metabolism in rats following prolonged administration of pelentan (di 4 hydroxycumarinyl-3-acetic acid ethylester); studies on anticoagulant substances V]. PMID- 14772875 TI - [Indications and administration of penicillin]. PMID- 14772874 TI - [Coagulation and proteins in blood following administration of pelentan in Buerger's disease]. PMID- 14772877 TI - [Development of Pavlov's ideas in histo-pathology of the higher nervous system]. PMID- 14772878 TI - [Effect of hyaluronidase of the hemato-encephalic barrier]. PMID- 14772876 TI - [Michurinism and microbiology]. PMID- 14772879 TI - [Subacute mastoiditis]. PMID- 14772880 TI - [Rapid determination of sodium and potassium with flame photometer for clinical needs]. PMID- 14772881 TI - [Organization of auditory care in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14772882 TI - [Works of K. Gawalowski]. PMID- 14772883 TI - [Works of K. Hubschmann]. PMID- 14772884 TI - [Therapeutic possibilities in pemphigus vulgaris]. PMID- 14772885 TI - [Function of the venereal diseases control consultation center]. PMID- 14772886 TI - [Allergy to vitamin B1]. PMID- 14772887 TI - [Leukopenic index (Vaughan's test) in this case the only way to prove the allergens]. PMID- 14772888 TI - [Experiences with the treatment of the perianal haemorrhoidal complex by injections]. PMID- 14772889 TI - [Experiences with undecylenic acid]. PMID- 14772890 TI - [Impetigo herpetiformis in relation to newer methods of investigation and therapy]. PMID- 14772891 TI - [Penicillin and masked syphilis]. PMID- 14772892 TI - [Vitamin D2 therapy in dermatology]. PMID- 14772893 TI - [The colloid degeneration of the skin (colloid pseudomilium)]. PMID- 14772894 TI - [Contribution to the trichophytin standardization]. PMID- 14772895 TI - [X-ray irradiation of the 7th cervical vertebra in the treatment of psoriasis]. PMID- 14772896 TI - [Examination of cerebrospinal fluid in control of venereal diseases]. PMID- 14772897 TI - [To the question of the biological false positive seroreactions]. PMID- 14772898 TI - [Congenital syphilis in second generation]. PMID- 14772899 TI - [Remarks on the relation of parapsoriasis en plaques to mycosis fungoides. (Nitrogen mustard and parapsoriasis en plaques)]. PMID- 14772900 TI - [Atypical hairs in female hypertrichosis]. PMID- 14772901 TI - [The zone phenomenon]. PMID- 14772902 TI - [Weltmann serum coagulation reaction in dermato-venereology]. PMID- 14772903 TI - [Alkali resistance of the skin determined by means of pH meter]. PMID- 14772904 TI - [Interdigital dermatoses]. PMID- 14772905 TI - [Does prognosis of lupus depend on the condition of the lungs?]. PMID- 14772906 TI - [Cystoradiographic diagnosis of placenta praevia]. PMID- 14772907 TI - [Therapy of febrile post partum and post abortum residue]. PMID- 14772908 TI - [Treatment of cancer of the uterus, indications and results]. PMID- 14772909 TI - [Average occurrence of vaginal bacteria in Central Europe]. PMID- 14772910 TI - [Determination of choriongonadotropin on ovarian hyperemia in rats]. PMID- 14772911 TI - [Effect of hormone pellets implantation]. PMID- 14772912 TI - [Treatment of amenorrhea by Beclere's method]. PMID- 14772913 TI - [Tissue therapy in cervical erosions]. PMID- 14772914 TI - [Hanger cephalin-cholesterol test in pre-eclampsia]. PMID- 14772915 TI - [Course of hypertension and albuminuria in pregnancy]. PMID- 14772916 TI - [Electroencephalographic findings in pregnancy toxemia]. PMID- 14772917 TI - [Addison's disease in pregnancy]. PMID- 14772918 TI - [Cloacal malformation as cause of dystocia]. PMID- 14772919 TI - [Blood proteins in pregnancy]. PMID- 14772920 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14772921 TI - [Electrophoretic examination of the plasma proteins in glaucoma]. PMID- 14772922 TI - [Possibilities of rutin therapy in ophthalmology]. PMID- 14772923 TI - [Significance of ocular modifications in miliary and meningeal tuberculosis treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14772924 TI - [Significance of climate therapy of ocular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14772925 TI - [Groenouw's type of hereditary corneal dystrophy]. PMID- 14772926 TI - [Pigmentary degeneration of the retina]. PMID- 14772927 TI - [National health insurance; obstructions in legal procedures]. PMID- 14772928 TI - [Simplification of prescriptions and description of cylindric and combined glasses]. PMID- 14772929 TI - [Technical problems in keratoplasty]. PMID- 14772930 TI - [Intradermal tests with corneal extracts in keratoplasty]. PMID- 14772931 TI - [Anaphylactic keratitis]. PMID- 14772932 TI - [Treatment of eye diseases by refrigerated patient's blood]. PMID- 14772933 TI - [Effect of vitamin B1 in herpetic keratitis]. PMID- 14772934 TI - [Therapy of herpetic diseases of the cornea with dihydroergotamine and gynergen]. PMID- 14772935 TI - [Is Crede's method still necessary?]. PMID- 14772936 TI - [Acceptability of penicillin as a prophylactic medium in newborn]. PMID- 14772937 TI - [Ophthalmology in London]. PMID- 14772938 TI - [Fifty years of the journal "Ceskoslovenska stomatologie"]. PMID- 14772939 TI - [Preparation of crown splints]. PMID- 14772940 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14772941 TI - [Studies on the effect of epithelium on anomalies of dental development]. PMID- 14772942 TI - [Roentgenography of dental occlusion]. PMID- 14772943 TI - [Possibilities for balneotherapy in stomatology]. PMID- 14772944 TI - [Diagnosis of dental focal infections with ekogen K]. PMID- 14772945 TI - [Plastic extraction in orthodontics]. PMID- 14772946 TI - [Interesting course of an inflammation of the floor of the mouth]. PMID- 14772947 TI - [Stout's and Risdon's splints]. PMID- 14772948 TI - [Preparation of a gnathostatic model]. PMID- 14772950 TI - [Orthodontic therapy with removable fixtures]. PMID- 14772949 TI - [75th anniversary of Franti6sek Ba6zant]. PMID- 14772951 TI - [Roentgenography of the zygomatic arch]. PMID- 14772952 TI - [Extraction of tooth and root]. PMID- 14772953 TI - [Stomatologic status]. PMID- 14772954 TI - [Porcelain teeth, possibilities of their fixation]. PMID- 14772955 TI - [Tissue modifications in the incisors of rats following injections of sodium fluoride]. PMID- 14772956 TI - [Osteosynthesis in fractures of a toothless mandible]. PMID- 14772957 TI - [Unusual case of abnormal teeth in number and form]. PMID- 14772958 TI - [Serial extraction by Kjellgren's method to provide space in the dental arch]. PMID- 14772960 TI - [Ectopic testes; technic and late results of orchidopexy]. PMID- 14772959 TI - [Surgical therapy of functional diseases of the biliary tract]. PMID- 14772961 TI - [Remote results of gastric resection; clinical, functional and radiological study of 57 controls]. PMID- 14772962 TI - [Technic of appendectomy]. PMID- 14772963 TI - [Syphilis and cancer]. PMID- 14772964 TI - [Allergy and appendicitis]. PMID- 14772965 TI - The autonomic nervous system. PMID- 14772967 TI - Disorders of the shoulder. PMID- 14772966 TI - Circumcision. PMID- 14772968 TI - The autonomic nervous system. PMID- 14772969 TI - [Mutations in micro-organisms]. PMID- 14772970 TI - [Agricultural soil in the planning of Argentine natural resources. II]. PMID- 14772971 TI - [Study of periglacial morphology]. PMID- 14772972 TI - [Atomic investigations in Belgium]. PMID- 14772973 TI - [Application of the Thomas method for determination of tyrosine in some Mexican foods]. PMID- 14772974 TI - George Richards Minot, (1885-1950). PMID- 14772975 TI - Valvular pulmonic stenosis with intact ventricular septum and patent foramen ovale; report of illustrative cases and analysis of clinical syndrome. PMID- 14772976 TI - A hypertensive syndrome with relative adrenal cortical overactivity. PMID- 14772977 TI - The nature of pressor substances in pheochromocytomas. PMID- 14772979 TI - Age, serum cholesterol and coronary artery disease. PMID- 14772978 TI - Effect of strophanthus on coronary blood flow and cardiac oxygen consumption of normal and failing human hearts. PMID- 14772980 TI - The effect of desiccated thyroid on plasma and tissue lipids and atherogenesis in the stilbestrol-treated chick. PMID- 14772981 TI - Efficiency of heparin in retarding media on the maintenance of a decreased coagulability of the blood. PMID- 14772982 TI - The metabolism of lactate and pyruvate in children with congenital heart disease. PMID- 14772983 TI - Pathology of the pulmonary vascular tree. I. A comparison of the intrapulmonary arteries in the Eisenmenger complex and in stenosis of ostium infundibuli associated with biventricular origin of the aorta. PMID- 14772984 TI - Hemodynamic study of a case of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. PMID- 14772985 TI - Survival to the age of seventy-five years with congenital pulmonary stenosis and patent foramen ovale. PMID- 14772986 TI - Pulmonary artery aneurysms; report of a case treated by surgical intervention. PMID- 14772987 TI - Electrokymographic studies of the left atrium in normal and diseased hearts. PMID- 14772988 TI - Normal esophageal and gastric electrocardiograms; description, statistical analysis and bearing on theories of "electrocardiographic position.". PMID- 14772989 TI - RS-T segment displacement in induced coronary insufficiency as studied with esophageal leads. PMID- 14772990 TI - A-V conduction in auricular flutter. PMID- 14772991 TI - The treatment of peptic ulcer; present status, including vagotomy. PMID- 14772992 TI - Massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage; the selection of patients for emergency operation. PMID- 14772993 TI - Hodgkin's disease and pregnancy; report of 4 cases. PMID- 14772994 TI - Carcinoma of the cardiac portion of stomach; treatment by use of the thoraco abdominal approach. PMID- 14772995 TI - Clinical significance of hematuria with illustrative case reports. PMID- 14772996 TI - Massive vitamin B12 therapy in pernicious anemia. PMID- 14772998 TI - [Liver function in heart disease]. PMID- 14772997 TI - [Iron absorption in normal and pathological conditions]. PMID- 14772999 TI - [Case of acute corrosive sublimate poisoning treated with mercaprol]. PMID- 14773000 TI - [Non-amebic protozoic colitis and treatment with oxyquinoline]. PMID- 14773001 TI - [Physician-patriot Agostino Bertani, uncompromising abolitionist]. PMID- 14773002 TI - [Functional examination of the malarial liver]. PMID- 14773003 TI - [Spontaneous pararenal hematoma; case of bilateral spontaneous pararenal hematoma concomitant with hemothorax]. PMID- 14773004 TI - [Clothing]. PMID- 14773006 TI - [Psychosomatic medicine and diseases of the digestive system]. PMID- 14773005 TI - [Painful attacks in abdominal pathology]. PMID- 14773007 TI - [Peptic ulcer of the esophagus]. PMID- 14773008 TI - [Peptic ulcer and estrogens]. PMID- 14773009 TI - [Radiotherapy of cancer of the breast]. PMID- 14773010 TI - [Artificially induced modifications in the activity and content of cholinesterase in the skin]. PMID- 14773011 TI - [Haustral-cecal invagination]. PMID- 14773012 TI - [The face]. PMID- 14773013 TI - [Management of broncho-shock therapy of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 14773014 TI - [Etiology of malignant granuloma; attempted streptomycin and PAS therapy]. PMID- 14773015 TI - [Intestinal perforation due to Ascaris lumbricoides]. PMID- 14773016 TI - [Literary-pathological parallelism of Maupassant]. PMID- 14773017 TI - [Congenital heart diseases; surgical considerations]. PMID- 14773018 TI - [Tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 14773019 TI - [Coarctation of the aorta]. PMID- 14773020 TI - [Anesthesia in surgery of congenital heart diseases with cyanosis]. PMID- 14773021 TI - [Considerations on 52 cases of congenital heart disease observed at a surgical center]. PMID- 14773022 TI - Wringer injuries in childhood. PMID- 14773023 TI - Treatment of portal hypertension by portal systemic venous shunts. PMID- 14773024 TI - Aplasia of the lung with pseudo-bifurcation of the trachea. PMID- 14773025 TI - Clinico-pathological conference; two cases of acute abdomen resulting in death following surgery. PMID- 14773026 TI - Psychiatry department. PMID- 14773027 TI - Prevention of behavior problems through the Well baby clinic. PMID- 14773029 TI - The pediatrician and the adolescent: a review of normal growth and development in the adolescent. PMID- 14773028 TI - Rumination in infancy. PMID- 14773030 TI - Psychiatric intake conference; personality disorders in a 10 year old child. PMID- 14773031 TI - [Hyperhormonal syndrome of the premenopause]. PMID- 14773032 TI - [Importance of thyroid dysfunction in obesity]. PMID- 14773033 TI - [Desensitization treatment in dermatology]. PMID- 14773034 TI - [Epilepsy]. PMID- 14773035 TI - [Respiratory reeducation of the asthmatic child]. PMID- 14773036 TI - [Asthmatics at mineral springs]. PMID- 14773037 TI - [Relation between inflammatory pyorrhea and digestive diseases]. PMID- 14773038 TI - [Effect of the complement in erythrocyte agglutination]. PMID- 14773039 TI - [Effect of lupulon in experimental tuberculosis of mice]. PMID- 14773040 TI - [Virulence of the Stefanski bacillus for mice]. PMID- 14773041 TI - [Absorption spectrum of retinal transitory orange]. PMID- 14773042 TI - [Anticoagulant effect of urea]. PMID- 14773043 TI - [Experimental lesions observed in the rabbit after urethane]. PMID- 14773044 TI - [The presence of movements of the aster proper and of contractile vacuoles in granulocytes]. PMID- 14773045 TI - [Behavior of Blatella germanica in white light]. PMID- 14773046 TI - [New technic of artificial insemination]. PMID- 14773047 TI - [Mechanism of appearance of siderosis in the rat treated with thiourea]. PMID- 14773048 TI - [Antihistamine action of various animal serums in the guinea pig]. PMID- 14773049 TI - [Transmissibility of antihistamine protection in the guinea pig]. PMID- 14773050 TI - [Peripheral vasodilatation after intraarterial injection of trypsin; effect not suppressed by a synthetic antihistamine, 3277 R.P]. PMID- 14773051 TI - [Effect of continuous electric current on the spinal region of the frog]. PMID- 14773052 TI - [Effect of human tissue extracts on the stem of Pelargonium]. PMID- 14773053 TI - [Ability of adrenaline and desoxycorticosterone to protect mice immunized by Hemophilus pertussis against heightened toxicity of histamine]. PMID- 14773054 TI - [Remarkable effect of the antihistamine 3277 R.P. (phenergan) on the permeability and granulopexy of the small vessels]. PMID- 14773055 TI - [Thyroglobulin labelled with radioiodine I 131]. PMID- 14773056 TI - [Physiologic significance of the cytologic structure of the hypophysis of the adrenalectomized rat and of the rat treated with desoxycorticosterone acetate]. PMID- 14773057 TI - [Acino-insular transformation in the duck after thyroidectomy]. PMID- 14773058 TI - [Note on the evolution of the corpora alata during the larval life of Bombyx mori]. PMID- 14773059 TI - [Antagonism of dibenzothiazine derivatives (diparcol, parsidol, phenergan) towards the central effects of nicotine; correspondence with clinical experimentation in Parkinson's disease]. PMID- 14773060 TI - [Continuous injection of adrenaline and adrenalin-secretory reactions of central origin to anoxia; localization of the action of the hormone of the adrenal medulla]. PMID- 14773061 TI - [Discussion on the adrenalin-secretory effects, central or peripheral of anoxia]. PMID- 14773062 TI - [Irrigated suprarenal and blood incompatibility]. PMID- 14773063 TI - [Role of the hypophysis in the lymphopenia observed in acute anoxia]. PMID- 14773064 TI - [Inhibitory action of ammonium tetraethyl-bromide on experimental ovulation in the rabbit]. PMID- 14773065 TI - [Suprarenal ischemia as factor in hypertension]. PMID- 14773066 TI - [Effect of the carbon dioxide tension in the inspired air on the velocity of gastric passage in normal and anoxic rats]. PMID- 14773067 TI - [Spectra of the blood in traumatic shock; absorption spectra of the plasma in ultraviolet]. PMID- 14773068 TI - [Mechanism of action of yperite (dichlorodiethyl sulfide) on the cardiovascular system; effect of the products of hydrolysis of yperite]. PMID- 14773069 TI - [Reactions of the cattle-fish tentacle to acetylcholine]. PMID- 14773070 TI - [Slight stimulations of the cardiac nerve of Helix pomatia produce acetylcholine without apparent modifications of heart rhythm]. PMID- 14773071 TI - [Liberation of acetylcholine by proteolysis from the isolated heart of Murex trunculus]. PMID- 14773072 TI - [Inversion by contact with air of the action of aneurin on the vestibular chronaxia]. PMID- 14773073 TI - [Vestibular chronaxia of the rat]. PMID- 14773074 TI - [Experimental antispasmodic action of two esters of diethylaminoethanol]. PMID- 14773075 TI - [The pathways and centers of the intestine-inhibitor reflex provoked by distension of the gallbladder in the dog]. PMID- 14773076 TI - [Experimental verifications relative to the interpretation of electrocardiograms obtained in precordial chest leads]. PMID- 14773077 TI - [Mitotic disorders in the uterine epithelium in hyperfolliculinism]. PMID- 14773079 TI - [Effect of various culture mediums on the morphology and virulence of Histoplasma capsulatum (Darling 1906)]. PMID- 14773078 TI - [Typhoid meningoencephalitis of the guinea pig from intracranial administration of endotoxin and its histologic characteristics]. PMID- 14773080 TI - [Method of early diagnosis of tularemia by demonstration of the Pasteurella]. PMID- 14773081 TI - [Cyclopic and hypophysioprive larva obtained from the ventral half of a triton ovum (T. helveticus)]. PMID- 14773082 TI - [Modifications in the level of respiratory gases in the blood during the paradoxal action of oxygen]. PMID- 14773083 TI - [Mechanism of antibacterial action of a folic acid derivative with antileukemic power]. PMID- 14773084 TI - [Quantitative study of the response of the crest of the capon to male hormone; characteristic curves obtained by inunction in the same subject]. PMID- 14773085 TI - [Responses of the gonad-stimulating mechanism to artificial light and of the anterior pituitary to bilateral and unilateral castration in the drake during the period of seasonal testicular regression]. PMID- 14773086 TI - [Desaturated fatty acid content of the blood serum of the normal adult]. PMID- 14773087 TI - [Behavior of the corona cells accompanying the unimpregnated oocyte after discharge in tubal adnexa grafted at the same time as the ovary in white mice]. PMID- 14773088 TI - [Electromyographic study of the action of novocaine stellate ganglion block on a partially denervated muscle]. PMID- 14773089 TI - [Distribution of the various fractions of acid soluble phosphorus in the crystalline of mammals]. PMID- 14773091 TI - [Effect of various modifications of the culture mediums on the growth of Loeffler's bacillus]. PMID- 14773090 TI - [Antimitotic action, in the mouse, of lactate of 2-6 diaminopurine]. PMID- 14773092 TI - [Factor favoring Loeffler's bacillus in trypsic hydrolysates and trypsin]. PMID- 14773093 TI - [Relations between the electrocardiographic tracings of intraventricular block and of infarctus]. PMID- 14773094 TI - [Mechanism of the protective action of potassium cyanide on the lethality of irradiated mice]. PMID- 14773095 TI - [Action of potassium cyanide on the lethality of mice irradiated with fractioned doses]. PMID- 14773096 TI - [Trial applications of formulated vaccine; preservation of the vaccine and duration of the immunity obtained; first results in man]. PMID- 14773097 TI - [Obituary of Charles Dopter]. PMID- 14773098 TI - [Effect of vitamin B12 on the erythrocyte content of free protoporphyrin in the normal rabbit]. PMID- 14773099 TI - [Presence of carotenoids in the nuclei of retinal cells]. PMID- 14773100 TI - [The vasomotor fibers present in the trunk of the sciatic nerve]. PMID- 14773101 TI - [Comparison between some properties of folic acid and of vitamin B12 (cobamine)]. PMID- 14773102 TI - [Comparative study of the peripheral vasodilator effect of acetylcholine chloride and acetylcholine manganochloride]. PMID- 14773103 TI - [Comparative study of the cadmium sulfate reaction and of the sedimentation rate in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14773104 TI - [Bacterial creatinase and creatininase]. PMID- 14773105 TI - [Autografts in the Himalaya rabbit and determinism of pigmentation]. PMID- 14773106 TI - [The phenomena of histogenesis provoked by indolacetic acid on the cambial tissue and liber of Salix caprea]. PMID- 14773107 TI - [Effect of contact of an aqueous medium on the morphogenesis of cultures of cambial tissue of Salix caprea]. PMID- 14773108 TI - [Serial passage of the virus of Aujeszky's disease by scarifications in the rabbits]. PMID- 14773109 TI - [Effect of moderate hypoxemia (pressure chamber altitude 6000-7000 m) on the distribution of muscle phosphorus]. PMID- 14773110 TI - [Cortical proteins]. PMID- 14773111 TI - [Amylase activity of the salivary glands of rats and mice]. PMID- 14773112 TI - [Effect of beryllium on alkaline phosphatase]. PMID- 14773113 TI - [Comparison of the effect of serums of various species on acetylcholine and on acetylsalicylic acid (pseudocholinesterase and aspirin-esterase)]. PMID- 14773114 TI - [Comparative study of the inhibitory effect of eserine on cholinesterase and on aspirin-esterase]. PMID- 14773115 TI - [Effect of amanita on rats with alloxan diabetes]. PMID- 14773116 TI - [Photoelectric effect studied on the epicotyle of Vicia faba]. PMID- 14773117 TI - [The photoelectric effect and phototropism of plant organs]. PMID- 14773118 TI - [Quantitative study of the weight increase of the thyroid from the effect of thiouracil derivatives; effect-dose diagram]. PMID- 14773119 TI - [The granulations of normal and leukemic leukocytes examined with the electron microscope]. PMID- 14773120 TI - [Application of the silver impregnation technic for recognition of heteroploidy in Pleurodeles waltlii Michah]. PMID- 14773121 TI - [Estrogen-progesterone synergy and antagonism in the vaginal epithelium of the rat]. PMID- 14773122 TI - [Application of atropine on the emetizing medulla]. PMID- 14773123 TI - [Excision of the interventricular septum and straightening of the terminal (T wave) deviation during total anemia of the heart]. PMID- 14773124 TI - [Terminal deviation (slow T wave) during progressive anemia of each ventricle after isolation in situ]. PMID- 14773125 TI - [Grave spontaneous infections in the guinea pig after repeated administrations of synthetic antihistamine]. PMID- 14773126 TI - [Granulopexic activity of the reticuloendothelial system of the mouse]. PMID- 14773127 TI - [Effect of atropine on the circulation of the small intestine]. PMID- 14773128 TI - [Anesthetic effect of certain derivatives of allenolic acid]. PMID- 14773129 TI - [Histophysiologic study of the thyroid, gonads and liver after prolonged administration of benzylthiouracil]. PMID- 14773130 TI - [Detection of incomplete antibodies by the technic of erythrocytes trypsinized and utilized in plasma medium]. PMID- 14773131 TI - [Experimental anemia of the white rat by stenosis of the small intestine]. PMID- 14773132 TI - [Virulence for the mouse of the American strain H37Rv of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]. PMID- 14773133 TI - [Study of the avirulent strain H37Ra of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]. PMID- 14773134 TI - [Diagnosis of hemolytic jaundice of mules by the antiglobulin test]. PMID- 14773135 TI - [Effect of urethane on the electrocortical conditioned reflexes]. PMID- 14773136 TI - [Plasma coagulation after intravenous injection of trypsin]. PMID- 14773137 TI - [Vitamin B12 and histamine]. PMID- 14773138 TI - [Physiological study of a seleniated isostere of methyl-2-naphthoquinone-1,4]. PMID- 14773139 TI - [Effect of certain synthetic curare simulants on serum pseudo-cholinesterase in man]. PMID- 14773140 TI - [Use of polyvinyl pyrrolidone in the agglutination test for incomplete Rh antibodies]. PMID- 14773141 TI - [Disorders of glucide metabolism in infections]. PMID- 14773142 TI - [Behavior of adrenochrome in the presence of salts of Zn or of al]. PMID- 14773143 TI - [Effect of x-rays and cyanide on the striped muscle of the frog]. PMID- 14773145 TI - [Effect of the chordomesoblastic inductor on a reactor with diminished power]. PMID- 14773144 TI - [Protective effect of cyanide against the erythema due to ultraviolet rays]. PMID- 14773146 TI - [Distribution of the individual sensibilities to actinomycin in normal and actinomycin-resistant populations of Staphylococci]. PMID- 14773147 TI - [Bacteriolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus; its significance; inhibition by silica]. PMID- 14773148 TI - [Susceptibility of Sciuridae to Toxoplasma]. PMID- 14773149 TI - [Formation of pseudocysts during attempts at crossed immunity between different strains of Toxoplasma]. PMID- 14773150 TI - [Relation between the bacterial concentrations and the concentrations of streptomycin necessary to produce bacteriostatic effect]. PMID- 14773151 TI - [Human cerebrospinal fluid as culture for bacteria]. PMID- 14773153 TI - [Determination of the lysogen property in colicine producing strains]. PMID- 14773152 TI - [Effect of human cerebrospinal fluid on the streptomycin sensibility of bacteria]. PMID- 14773154 TI - [A phenomenon of antibiosis simulating patches of bacteriophagy]. PMID- 14773155 TI - [Origin of variants of Staphylococcus aureus totally resistant to streptomycin]. PMID- 14773156 TI - [Importance of medical statistics]. PMID- 14773157 TI - [Anomalies of dilatation due to post-therapeutic cervical stenoses]. PMID- 14773158 TI - [Retirement and practitioners]. PMID- 14773159 TI - [Reply of a cardiologist to "The simple reflections of a country doctor"]. PMID- 14773160 TI - [Cost of the British National Health Service from the French view point]. PMID- 14773161 TI - [Importance of the ionic factor in the determination of climate]. PMID- 14773162 TI - [Can private initiative still finance hospitals? An example: the Saint-Maur Medico-Surgical Center]. PMID- 14773163 TI - [Several hours at the Rockefeller Institute with Dubos]. PMID- 14773164 TI - [Syphilis, general paralysis and arsenical therapy]. PMID- 14773165 TI - [New perspectives in phthisiology]. PMID- 14773166 TI - [Psychotonic amines; clinical use]. PMID- 14773167 TI - [New statute on midwives resulting from the law of 9 August 1950]. PMID- 14773168 TI - [Proposed Lafay Law; reply to Dr. A. Falcoz]. PMID- 14773169 TI - [Possibilities and limits of various so-called delayed absorption procedures penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14773170 TI - [Beneficial action of micro-doses of x-ray]. PMID- 14773171 TI - [Fixed salaries, taxes and social security]. PMID- 14773172 TI - [Fees owed for a cesarean operation do not accrue with the contract for confinement]. PMID- 14773173 TI - [Reflections of a general practitioner on social security for physicians]. PMID- 14773175 TI - INDUSTRIAL applications of atomic energy. PMID- 14773174 TI - [Atomic weapons]. PMID- 14773176 TI - The problem of the Cretaceous-Eocene boundary. PMID- 14773177 TI - The power alcohol industry in India. PMID- 14773178 TI - Raman spectrum of crystalline barium chlorate. PMID- 14773179 TI - Heterogenous olefinic nature of aliphatic side chain of the monophenolic constituent of commercial raw cashew nut shell liquid. PMID- 14773180 TI - Azoformaldimethone dyes. PMID- 14773181 TI - The possible association of Coliform bacteria with Clostridium lacto-acetophilum in nature. PMID- 14773182 TI - The metabolism of rats receiving choline at different levels. PMID- 14773184 TI - A mosaic disease of Crotalaria mucronata Desv. (C. striata DC.). PMID- 14773183 TI - On the carenes in Indian turpentine oil from Pinus longifolia Roxb. PMID- 14773185 TI - On the breeding habits of the ribbon fish Trichiurus haumela (Forsk.). PMID- 14773186 TI - A new biotype of race 15 of Puccinia graminis tritici. PMID- 14773187 TI - Anthesis in Cajanus indicus Spreng. PMID- 14773188 TI - Two grass smuts. PMID- 14773189 TI - A remarkable example of maternal solicitude in a thrips from India. PMID- 14773190 TI - Induced lysis in the germination of the uredospores of the wheat rusts. PMID- 14773191 TI - Control of loose smut of barley. PMID- 14773192 TI - The inhibitory action of glucose on the mechanical response of unstriated muscle. PMID- 14773193 TI - [Cysticercosis]. PMID- 14773194 TI - Three interesting cases: complete organization and calcification of the spleen; Legg-Calve-Perthes disease; spontaneous pneumothorax. PMID- 14773195 TI - Intrapartum rupture of uterus with recovery. PMID- 14773196 TI - A short note on blindness in Cyprus and the Anopheles Eradication Service. PMID- 14773197 TI - [Two cases of allergic reactions of the eye after the administration of 1% zinc sulfate]. PMID- 14773198 TI - [Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14773199 TI - [Infusion of khella seeds in the treatment of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 14773200 TI - Hyaluronidase: a new medical discovery. PMID- 14773201 TI - Mass radiography in the prevention of tuberculosis. PMID- 14773202 TI - A case of disseminated lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14773203 TI - [Torsion of the left spermatic cord]. PMID- 14773205 TI - Mandragora officinarum; its toxicity. PMID- 14773204 TI - [Therapy of a case of chronic sinusitis of Highmore's antrum]. PMID- 14773206 TI - One case of rare manifestation of herpes zoster. PMID- 14773207 TI - High blood pressure. PMID- 14773208 TI - The modern treatment of syphilis. PMID- 14773209 TI - [Investigation of the ability of certain esters of gallic acid and a few other substances to prevent the rancidification of different fats]. PMID- 14773210 TI - [Names accepted by the Scandinavian Pharmacopeia]. PMID- 14773211 TI - The cancer program of the State Board of Health. PMID- 14773212 TI - Cardiovascular disease program. PMID- 14773213 TI - Is congenital syphilis a problem in Delaware? PMID- 14773214 TI - Diagnosis: cleaner water needed. PMID- 14773215 TI - For a cleaner environment. PMID- 14773216 TI - Dietary versus blood cholesterol. PMID- 14773217 TI - Trends in infant mortality. PMID- 14773218 TI - Cleft palate and allied conditions in the state of Delaware from 1940-1950. PMID- 14773219 TI - Stuttering can be a crippling condition. PMID- 14773220 TI - The scope of physical therapy in the Crippled Children's Service. PMID- 14773221 TI - The public health nurse and the poliomyelitis patient. PMID- 14773223 TI - The medical social worker in public health programs. PMID- 14773222 TI - Present opportunities in the state of Delaware for the preschool child with a hearing impairment. PMID- 14773224 TI - Programs of dental care for children. PMID- 14773225 TI - Useful local and general hemostatics in the management of abnormal bleeding. PMID- 14773226 TI - Treatment of acute poliomyelitis, with emphasis on muscle relaxation and nutrition; preliminary report. PMID- 14773227 TI - The relationship of the tooth's environment to the initiation of dental caries. PMID- 14773228 TI - Tri-colour photography; an outline of principles involved and concluding with some practical procedures and methods adopted in clinical medical and dental practice. PMID- 14773229 TI - The strength of acrylic repairs. PMID- 14773231 TI - [Superficial cutaneous lipomatous naevus (Hoffmann-Zurhelle)]. PMID- 14773232 TI - [Papulonecrotic tuberculosis]. PMID- 14773230 TI - A psycho-somatic study into the nature, prevention and treatment of thumb-sucking and its relationship to dental deformity. PMID- 14773233 TI - [Pityriasis rubra pilaris (illustration)]. PMID- 14773234 TI - [Disseminated pityriasic erythroderma en plaques]. PMID- 14773235 TI - [Cutaneous lichenoid tuberculosis (illustration)]. PMID- 14773236 TI - [Darier-Roussy sarcoid on the upper arm, histologically confirmed]. PMID- 14773237 TI - [Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome with recurrent right facial paralysis]. PMID- 14773238 TI - [Porokeratosis Mibelli on the extensor surface of the first metacarpophalangeal joint]. PMID- 14773239 TI - [Diagnosis and psychotherapy of functional disorders of potency]. PMID- 14773240 TI - [Etiopathogenetic and pharmacodynamic action of therapeutic and collateral effects of medication]. PMID- 14773241 TI - [Significance of Klinge's "linked hyperergy" in occupational disease of the skin]. PMID- 14773242 TI - [Treatment of dermatomyositis]. PMID- 14773243 TI - [Comparative study of histamine antagonists using the histamine-rash test]. PMID- 14773244 TI - [Possible method of diagnosing and curing syphilis before appearance of the primary chancre]. PMID- 14773245 TI - [Two hundred fiftieth anniversary of the German Academy of Science in Berlin]. PMID- 14773246 TI - [Modern treatment of wound infection]. PMID- 14773247 TI - [Penicillin therapy in ophthalmology]. PMID- 14773248 TI - [Frequency and significance of so-called homologous serum hepatitis in Germany]. PMID- 14773249 TI - [Therapeutic results with FAS diathermy apparatus in neurology]. PMID- 14773250 TI - [Contribution to therapy of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 14773251 TI - [First regulation pursuant to the Ordinance concerning dental establishments, April 21. 1950]. PMID- 14773252 TI - [Significance of precordial electrocardiography in cardiac diagnosis]. PMID- 14773253 TI - [Bacteriophage conservation by chemical means. I. Effect of certain legally admitted conservatives]. PMID- 14773254 TI - [Observations on the pathogenesis of intervertebral disk hernia]. PMID- 14773255 TI - [Genital prolapse in general practice]. PMID- 14773256 TI - [Biologic complications of penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14773258 TI - [Bacteriophage conservation by chemical means]. PMID- 14773257 TI - [Progress in the nosology and surgery of stomach cancer]. PMID- 14773259 TI - [The Costa reaction and its value in clinical medicine and ambulatory treatment following modification of the technic]. PMID- 14773260 TI - [Experiences in the treatment of early syphilis with neo-arsoluin (formerly arsaminol)]. PMID- 14773261 TI - [Value of Wood's filter in control of microsporia]. PMID- 14773262 TI - [Pointers on the evaluation of disability, with special reference to vegetative dystonia]. PMID- 14773263 TI - [Epidemiology of Q fever in Germany]. PMID- 14773264 TI - [Hypoglycemia and mental disorder]. PMID- 14773265 TI - [Theoretic observations on the treatment of allergic disease with histamine antagonists]. PMID- 14773266 TI - [The significance of mental deficiency in diagnosis, economics, and insurance law]. PMID- 14773267 TI - [Delayed hemorrhage in splenic rupture due to blunt injury of the abdomen]. PMID- 14773268 TI - [Studies of industrial medicine in a chemical firm]. PMID- 14773269 TI - [Importance of medical and scientific societies in the higher education of the physician]. PMID- 14773270 TI - [Menstruation, pregnancy and surgery]. PMID- 14773271 TI - [Mitogenetic radiation]. PMID- 14773273 TI - [Report on canicola leptospirosis in Dresden]. PMID- 14773272 TI - [Canicola fever]. PMID- 14773274 TI - [Skin modifications in acute hypnotic poisoning]. PMID- 14773275 TI - [Felix Lommel on his 75th birthday]. PMID- 14773277 TI - [Hematologic and anatomopathologic findings in leukemic and reactive myeloblastosis]. PMID- 14773276 TI - [Course of pulmonary Boeck's disease]. PMID- 14773278 TI - [Methods of examination in disorders of diencephalohypophyseal regulation]. PMID- 14773279 TI - [Comparative diagnostic use of tebeprotin and purified tuberculin]. PMID- 14773280 TI - [Use of an arsenic oxide in blood transfusion in pediatric clinics to prevent transfusion syphilis]. PMID- 14773281 TI - [Chemotherapeutic prevention of transfusion syphilis]. PMID- 14773282 TI - [Results of verification of the new rapid pregnancy diagnosis test with the domestic toad]. PMID- 14773283 TI - [Effect of intervention upon the autonomic nervous system in light of the synallactic theory]. PMID- 14773284 TI - [Thiosemicarbazone therapy of tuberculous empyema]. PMID- 14773285 TI - [Treatment of pain following herpes zoster]. PMID- 14773286 TI - [Treatment of post-typhoid necrosis of costal cartilage]. PMID- 14773287 TI - [Parenteral chrysotherapy of chronic rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 14773288 TI - [Clinical aspects of patent ductus arteriosus]. PMID- 14773289 TI - [Clinical experiences with dried-blood reaction in syphilis]. PMID- 14773290 TI - [Case of symmetric cutaneous hemorrhage in malnutrition]. PMID- 14773291 TI - [Diagnosis and labor management in abnormal presentations]. PMID- 14773292 TI - [Measurement of retinal arterial pressure and its clinical use]. PMID- 14773293 TI - [Congenital defects of the heart and diagnostic possibilities]. PMID- 14773294 TI - [Examination of cardiovascular function in surgery]. PMID- 14773295 TI - [Contribution to the problem thymol turbidity reaction in the serum]. PMID- 14773296 TI - [Intestinal gangrene]. PMID- 14773297 TI - [Effect of caffeine in hypertension]. PMID- 14773298 TI - [Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis following polyarthritis]. PMID- 14773299 TI - [Experimental study of the etiology of puerperal mastitis]. PMID- 14773300 TI - [Postoperative cutaneous emphysema following laparotomy]. PMID- 14773301 TI - [Observations on the incidence of thyreotoxicosis in Algau]. PMID- 14773302 TI - [First medical experiences in study of meteorotropism with the dynamic method of the North German Meteorologic Office]. PMID- 14773303 TI - [Utilization of hexose-diphosphoric acid in the diabetic organism]. PMID- 14773304 TI - [Observations on the therapeutic use of sub-shock doses of cardiazol]. PMID- 14773305 TI - [New method in treatment of thrombophlebitis]. PMID- 14773306 TI - [Clinical experiences with persedon]. PMID- 14773307 TI - [Field fever in Schleswig-Holstein]. PMID- 14773308 TI - [Irritation in iron therapy]. PMID- 14773309 TI - [Percutaneous intoxication with acrylonitrile]. PMID- 14773310 TI - [Compensation claims and psychologic findings]. PMID- 14773311 TI - [Centennial of the Society of Physical Medicine of Wurzburg]. PMID- 14773312 TI - [Report of transactions of the 16th annual meeting of the German Society for Circulatory Studies; principal subject, cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 14773313 TI - [Therapy of Basedow's disease]. PMID- 14773314 TI - [Surgery or radiotherapy in carcinoma of the cervix-uteri?]. PMID- 14773315 TI - [Chronic idiopathic tetany with psoriasis (hyper-parathyroid cretinism)]. PMID- 14773316 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of endocarditis lenta]. PMID- 14773317 TI - [Studies on the effect of cortisone (compound E) and the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)]. PMID- 14773318 TI - [Clinical significance and application of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)]. PMID- 14773319 TI - [New methods in the treatment of dermatomycosis, with special reference to microsporia]. PMID- 14773320 TI - [Two new antibiotics (aureomycin and chloromycetin)]. PMID- 14773321 TI - [Clinical and experimental studies on the nature of local tuberculin sensitivity]. PMID- 14773322 TI - [Comparative study of parenteral pyramidon therapy, with special reference to chronic rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 14773323 TI - [A new antihistamine, 4-N-benzylanilino-1-methylpiperidin]. PMID- 14773324 TI - [Dependence of the effect of the synthetic adrenocortical hormone (desoxycorticosterone) upon the form of application]. PMID- 14773325 TI - [Intermittent, malaria-like attacks of fever in carcinoma of the stomach]. PMID- 14773326 TI - [Demand for statement of the content of p-aminosalicylic acid preparations]. PMID- 14773327 TI - [Important new therapeutics]. PMID- 14773328 TI - [Centennial of the birth of Friedrich Martius]. PMID- 14773329 TI - [Arteriovenous aneurysms of the brain]. PMID- 14773330 TI - [Recent observations on a clinically and anatomically differentiated form of encephalitis of unknown etiology]. PMID- 14773332 TI - [Neurosurgical therapy of cysticercosis]. PMID- 14773331 TI - [Neurosurgical diagnosis and therapy of hemiplegia; contribution to the value of arteriography in diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 14773333 TI - [Problems of psychosurgery in psychiatric disease and intractable pain]. PMID- 14773334 TI - [Therapy of Basedow's disease]. PMID- 14773335 TI - [Recent experiences with sub-shock cardiazol therapy]. PMID- 14773336 TI - [Streptomycin therapy in infancy and early childhood, and the prognosis]. PMID- 14773337 TI - [Damaging effects of streptomycin therapy of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14773338 TI - [Hypersensitivity to strychnine in toxic diphtheria]. PMID- 14773339 TI - [Franz Volhard]. PMID- 14773340 TI - [Seventy-five years of psychiatry]. PMID- 14773341 TI - [Significance of vitamin B2 in the dualism of the porphyrins and the composition of hemin proteids]. PMID- 14773342 TI - [Simple recessive form of progressive muscular dystrophy with a genealogical chart from Emmental, Switzerland]. PMID- 14773343 TI - [Experimental and clinical experiences with a therapeutic of the adrianol group for collapse and hypotension]. PMID- 14773344 TI - [Favorable and unfavorable results, and dangers of the clinical use of ultrasonic waves]. PMID- 14773345 TI - [Decrease in mortality and its significance for the medical profession]. PMID- 14773346 TI - [Cause of temperature rise following ovulation]. PMID- 14773347 TI - [Exercise in the follow-up care of lipophilic dystrophy]. PMID- 14773348 TI - [Prophylactic use of prostigmine in the control of post-puncture meningism]. PMID- 14773349 TI - [Habitual abortion and Rh-incompatibility]. PMID- 14773350 TI - [Effect of salvarsan and the autonomic nervous system]. PMID- 14773351 TI - [Felty's syndrome; with a contribution to the differential diagnosis of primary chronic disease of the joints]. PMID- 14773352 TI - [Sclerosing of hemorrhoids in general practice]. PMID- 14773353 TI - [Successful penicillin therapy of rat-bite fever in a child]. PMID- 14773354 TI - [Clinical results with tromexan, a new anticoagulant]. PMID- 14773355 TI - [Present indications for shock and convulsion therapy in psychiatry]. PMID- 14773356 TI - [Alfred Kantorowicz on his 70th birthday]. PMID- 14773357 TI - [Experimental study of the storage of arsenic of causticin red pellets used in the devitalization of dental pulp]. PMID- 14773358 TI - [Relation between the palatine ridges and the teeth]. PMID- 14773359 TI - [Biomechanical treatment of true progenia]. PMID- 14773360 TI - [Methods of alignment in roentgen diagnosis of retained upper cuspids]. PMID- 14773361 TI - [Permeation of the dentin by chlorine and ozone]. PMID- 14773362 TI - [Maxillary orthopedics for the general practitioner]. PMID- 14773363 TI - [General and local penicillin therapy of cervicofacial actinomycosis]. PMID- 14773364 TI - [Pathology and therapy of carious cavities, with special reference to roentgenography]. PMID- 14773365 TI - [Gangrene of diabetics]. PMID- 14773366 TI - [Retrobulbar injections of alcohol in treatment of painful eye diseases]. PMID- 14773367 TI - [Brain abscess; carcinoma of the lung with multiple metastases]. PMID- 14773368 TI - [Clinical use of sodium nicotinate]. PMID- 14773369 TI - [Modification of classical technic of histologic preparations; rapid method of staining paraffin enclosed specimens]. PMID- 14773370 TI - [Clinical and forensic industrial cardiology]. PMID- 14773371 TI - [Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease; ganglio-pulmonary and ocular manifestations]. PMID- 14773372 TI - [Spontaneous pneumothorax and contralateral atelectasis in a 10 month old girl]. PMID- 14773373 TI - [Practical interest of indirect arterial piezography in the analysis of slight hypertension]. PMID- 14773374 TI - [Chloromycetin in typhoid fever]. PMID- 14773375 TI - [Surgical management of pharyngo-esophageal diverticula]. PMID- 14773376 TI - [A simple emergency method for the determination of blood sugar]. PMID- 14773377 TI - [Pyranisamine and antihistamines]. PMID- 14773378 TI - [Yale University History of Medicine Library]. PMID- 14773379 TI - [Cancer of the larynx]. PMID- 14773380 TI - [Streptomycin in acute nutritional disorders of infants in first half-year]. PMID- 14773381 TI - [Cicatrization of wounds and kinetic treatment]. PMID- 14773382 TI - [Treatment of human brucellosis with Del Vecchio's antibrucellina]. PMID- 14773383 TI - [San Martan's health]. PMID- 14773384 TI - [Clinico-iconographic sketch of San Martan]. PMID- 14773385 TI - [Diego Paroissien and Juan Isidro Zapata, surgeons of the Army of the Andes]. PMID- 14773387 TI - [Clinical physiopathology of venous circulation]. PMID- 14773386 TI - [Lazaro Spallanzani and the experimental concept of modern physiology]. PMID- 14773388 TI - [Pernicious malaria and therapy]. PMID- 14773389 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of internal leishmaniasis in infants]. PMID- 14773390 TI - [Italian contribution to the study of the action of sympathomimetic amines]. PMID- 14773392 TI - [Bonds]. PMID- 14773391 TI - [Congenital meningopathies and attenuated fetal hydrocephalus in the genesis of nervous, endocrine and developmental disorders in infants]. PMID- 14773393 TI - [Practical notes on amebiasis]. PMID- 14773394 TI - [Bronchiectasic bronchiolitis]. PMID- 14773395 TI - [Streptomycin therapy and appearance of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14773396 TI - [Classification of hemorrhagic diseases]. PMID- 14773397 TI - [Antibiotics and active treatment in the therapy of postprimary pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14773398 TI - [Chronic appendicitis and associated perivisceritic syndromes]. PMID- 14773399 TI - [Modern orientation and recent acquisitions in the serodiagnosis of syphilis]. PMID- 14773400 TI - [Original directives of medical therapeutics in Italian literature in the last decade]. PMID- 14773401 TI - [Current clinical problems of pneumonia due to filtrable virus and rickettsiae]. PMID- 14773402 TI - [Possibilities and limitations of oxygen therapy in ophthalmology]. PMID- 14773403 TI - [Case of hepato-splenic xanthomatosis; cholesterol lipoidosis; biliary xanthomatous cirrhosis]. PMID- 14773404 TI - [Radiological images of pulmonary opacities with atypical localization and evolution]. PMID- 14773405 TI - [Pernicious anemia in lactation]. PMID- 14773406 TI - [Adrenals and rheumatism]. PMID- 14773407 TI - [Varices in pregnancy, kinetic therapy]. PMID- 14773408 TI - [Pityriasis rubra pilaris; observations of a case]. PMID- 14773410 TI - [The family physician]. PMID- 14773409 TI - [Crafoord's operation in coarctation of the aorta]. PMID- 14773411 TI - [A course in roentgenotherapy]. PMID- 14773412 TI - [Problems of erythroderma]. PMID- 14773413 TI - [Treatment of cardiorheumatic diseases]. PMID- 14773414 TI - [Treatment of asthma]. PMID- 14773415 TI - [Pseudoneoplastic antral lacunar x-ray image due to gastritis]. PMID- 14773416 TI - [Pulmonary agenesis due to bronchial hypoplasia]. PMID- 14773417 TI - [Therapeutic guide for intestinal parasitosis; ancylostomiasis-necatoriasis]. PMID- 14773418 TI - [Endocrinopathies and dyshormonosis]. PMID- 14773419 TI - [Pedicled flaps in the repair of scalp and cranium injuries]. PMID- 14773420 TI - [Gastroenterology in public health]. PMID- 14773421 TI - [Treatment of hydatid cysts with pneumoparacenthesis]. PMID- 14773422 TI - [Carrel's contribution the cardiovascular surgery]. PMID- 14773423 TI - [Substitution of wheat bread in allergy]. PMID- 14773424 TI - [Brachial neurovascular syndrome; presentation of a case]. PMID- 14773425 TI - [Rapid method of canalization of veins of the lower extremity]. PMID- 14773426 TI - [Causes of death of physicians]. PMID- 14773427 TI - [Benign chronic hepatitis due to dinitroorthocresol]. PMID- 14773428 TI - [Coagulability of the blood and anticoagulants in puerperium]. PMID- 14773429 TI - [Recent advances in hematology; review of the problem of normal coagulation and its disorders; thrombosis, purpura, hemophilia and hypoprothrombinemia]. PMID- 14773430 TI - [Sickle cell anemia in 2 adult negroid brothers]. PMID- 14773431 TI - [Course in roentgenotherapy]. PMID- 14773433 TI - [Acute perforations of the sigmoid colon]. PMID- 14773432 TI - [Bamberger-Marie syndrome due to cancer of the lung; osteoarthropathic form of lung cancer]. PMID- 14773434 TI - [Gas gangrene]. PMID- 14773435 TI - [Simple technic for pterygium]. PMID- 14773436 TI - [Coronary insufficiency]. PMID- 14773437 TI - [Clinical evaluation of radiologic retardation of gallbladder evacuation]. PMID- 14773438 TI - [Modern aspects of vitamin antagonism, with special reference to vitamins of the group B]. PMID- 14773439 TI - [Gastric prepyloric diverticulum]. PMID- 14773441 TI - Ascariasis. PMID- 14773440 TI - [General principles in gynecologic kenesitherapy]. PMID- 14773442 TI - [Terramycin]. PMID- 14773443 TI - [VII International Congress on Surgery; section on plastic surgery]. PMID- 14773444 TI - [Endemic and sporadic pellagra; antipellagral and extrapellagral effect of nicotinic acid]. PMID- 14773445 TI - [Reticulo-histiocytary dermopathy]. PMID- 14773446 TI - [Treatment of arthritis or focal "rheumatism"]. PMID- 14773447 TI - [Sympathetic block in the treatment of cerebral arteriopathies]. PMID- 14773448 TI - [Spontaneous pneumothorax in pulmonary metastases of endothelioma of the calcaneum]. PMID- 14773449 TI - [Balantidiasis, blastocystosis]. PMID- 14773450 TI - [Biliary syndrome caused by Ascaris lumbricoides]. PMID- 14773451 TI - [Physiopathology of vasculo-renal gestosis]. PMID- 14773452 TI - [Italian contributions to the study of BAL]. PMID- 14773453 TI - [Presentation of a new phlebodissector]. PMID- 14773454 TI - [Aneurysm of the popliteal artery]. PMID- 14773455 TI - [Reactions of intolerance to vitamin B1; risks, anaphylactic shock]. PMID- 14773456 TI - [Antibiotic therapy of brucellosis]. PMID- 14773457 TI - [New method of small pox vaccination]. PMID- 14773458 TI - [Treatment of hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 14773459 TI - [Intestinal coccidiosis, hepatic distomatosis, anguilluliasis]. PMID- 14773460 TI - [Tyrothricin in laryngeal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14773461 TI - [Primary carcinoma of the head of pancreas; diagnostic elements and criteria]. PMID- 14773462 TI - [Treatment of chronic gonorrhea]. PMID- 14773463 TI - [Neonatal acidosis in premature]. PMID- 14773464 TI - [Surgical gynecologic pathology in geriatrics]. PMID- 14773465 TI - [Present state of kinesiology]. PMID- 14773466 TI - [Angina and angor]. PMID- 14773467 TI - [Acquired diverticula of the anterior urethra]. PMID- 14773468 TI - Carlos Forlanini. PMID- 14773469 TI - [Genius, madness and fame]. PMID- 14773470 TI - [Antiallergic properties of paraaminosalicylic acid]. PMID- 14773471 TI - [Clinico-surgical commentary on Dandy's transcraneal approach in retrobulbar tumors of the orbit]. PMID- 14773472 TI - [Use of canes and crutches in reeducation in walking]. PMID- 14773473 TI - [Rheumatism and salicylemia]. PMID- 14773474 TI - [Treatment of angina pectoris]. PMID- 14773475 TI - [Collagen diseases]. PMID- 14773476 TI - [Aureomycin in ectodermosis pluriorificialis]. PMID- 14773477 TI - [Giardiasis (lambliasis)]. PMID- 14773478 TI - Hetrazan in bancroftial filariasis. PMID- 14773479 TI - On testing anti-malarial oils for toxicity. PMID- 14773480 TI - An intensive leprosy survey in Teso District, Uganda. PMID- 14773482 TI - A note on mosquitoes and yellow fever in Northern Rhodesia. PMID- 14773481 TI - Leprosy in Uganda: a survey in the Kigezi District. PMID- 14773483 TI - Treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans by hypoglycaemia. PMID- 14773484 TI - Kala-azar in the Kitui Reserve. PMID- 14773485 TI - [Recent data on the role of lysozyme in digestive pathology]. PMID- 14773486 TI - [Cardiovectography]. PMID- 14773488 TI - [Is athrepsia curable, even if only exceptionally?]. PMID- 14773487 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculoma; place among the tuberculous round foci]. PMID- 14773489 TI - [Nyctohemeral rhythm]. PMID- 14773490 TI - [Use of tetraethylammonium in cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 14773492 TI - [Some cases of psychosomatic medicine]. PMID- 14773491 TI - [Dextrocardia with abnormality of the pulmonary vein; cardiac thrombosis]. PMID- 14773493 TI - The acid secretion of the stomach. PMID- 14773494 TI - The large gastric ulcer. PMID- 14773495 TI - Obesity. PMID- 14773496 TI - A case of fat embolism in early childhood. PMID- 14773497 TI - Bronchial cancer as a cause of heart block. PMID- 14773498 TI - Bronchial adenoma. PMID- 14773499 TI - Cancer and the translation of influences into causes. PMID- 14773500 TI - The aetiology of mental illness. PMID- 14773501 TI - On penicillin inactivators and susceptibility of micro-organisms to penicillin. PMID- 14773502 TI - Unusual neurological symptoms in polycythaemia rubra vera. PMID- 14773504 TI - QUALIFICATION of clinical electroencephalographers in the United States. PMID- 14773503 TI - Homeostasis of cerebral excitability. PMID- 14773505 TI - Combined photic and metrazol activation of the brain. PMID- 14773506 TI - Experiences with combined stroboscopic and metrazol activation of the EEG in epileptics and in patients suspected of having seizures (Gastaut technique). PMID- 14773507 TI - An experimental study of the mechanism of photic activation in idiopathic epilepsy. PMID- 14773508 TI - The electroencephalogram during hyperventilation followed by apnoea. PMID- 14773509 TI - Initial survey of slow potential changes obtained under resting conditions and incident to convulsive therapy. PMID- 14773510 TI - The strychnine spike as a physiological indicator of cortical maturity in the postnatal rabbit. PMID- 14773511 TI - Studies of the regulatory functions of the limbic cortex. PMID- 14773512 TI - An unusual electroencephalogram associated with thalamic tumor. PMID- 14773513 TI - EEG in metastatic brain tumour before, during and after radiation treatment. PMID- 14773514 TI - Experimental evaluation of recording to alternate ears as an aid in localization. PMID- 14773515 TI - [The School of Salpetriere; J.M. Charcot, psychophysiologist]. PMID- 14773516 TI - [Psychoneuroses and their treatment according to J. Dejerine]. PMID- 14773517 TI - [Seglas]. PMID- 14773518 TI - [The psychiatric work of V. Magnan]. PMID- 14773519 TI - [Professor Gilbert Ballet]. PMID- 14773520 TI - [The work of Professor Dupre]. PMID- 14773521 TI - [The work of Henri Claude]. PMID- 14773522 TI - [G. G. Clerambault]. PMID- 14773523 TI - [Professor Levy Valensi]. PMID- 14773524 TI - The role of estrogen in the estrogen-relaxin relationship in symphyseal relaxation. PMID- 14773525 TI - Decrease in plasma levels of endogenous progesterone during renal passage. PMID- 14773526 TI - The metabolism of testosterone by liver tissue of niacin tryptophan or thiamine deficient rats. PMID- 14773527 TI - Direct action of male sex hormone on the adrenal cortex. PMID- 14773528 TI - Mechanisms of desoxycorticosterone action: effects of the water-soluble glycoside on human circulatory and renal functions. PMID- 14773529 TI - Utilization of radioactive lipides by normal and hypophysectomized rats. PMID- 14773530 TI - Some effects of purified pituitary growth hormone on carbohydrate metabolism in the rat. PMID- 14773531 TI - Estrus and mating in gonadectomized female mice with adrenal cortical abnormalities. PMID- 14773532 TI - Increased appetite for protein after the administration of alloxan. PMID- 14773534 TI - [Method for the determination of the activity of papain]. PMID- 14773533 TI - Biotin in succinic acid oxidation. PMID- 14773535 TI - The action of some carcinogenic compounds on SH-activated enzymes. PMID- 14773536 TI - Structural differences of proteins from normal and malignant tissues assayed on tissue cells in vitro. PMID- 14773537 TI - Research on lactomannitic bacteria. X Simultaneous fixation of trioses, pyruvic acid and acetaldehyde in heterolactic fermentations with living cells. PMID- 14773538 TI - [On the chemical processes in artificial virus production in the living organism]. PMID- 14773539 TI - [Partial processes of carbonic acid assimilation]. PMID- 14773540 TI - [Effect of glycerophosphocholine on serum cholinesterase; method for determination of the activity of cholinesterase]. PMID- 14773541 TI - [On actinomycine produced by streptomyces S67]. PMID- 14773542 TI - [Quick method for determination of lysozyme activity]. PMID- 14773543 TI - [On the oxidations on charcoal and in the cell]. PMID- 14773544 TI - [Clarification of the coenzyme concept; on nomenclature and systematics of the enzyme]. PMID- 14773545 TI - [Classification and nomenclature of transferring enzymes; nomenclature and systematics of the enzyme]. PMID- 14773546 TI - [Iron and insulin activity]. PMID- 14773547 TI - [Investigations on acetic fermentation; oxygen deficiency of the generator fermentation]. PMID- 14773548 TI - [On the effect of hydroxylamines on the production of dengue fever virus in the mouse]. PMID- 14773549 TI - [On the caseolytic activity of micrococcus lysodeikticus]. PMID- 14773550 TI - [Absorption of microwares in gases and fluids]. PMID- 14773551 TI - [Chemical state of atoms issued from U238 during reaction (eta, gamma) and natural disintegration alpha]. PMID- 14773552 TI - [Synthesis of natural alliin]. PMID- 14773553 TI - [On the constitution of tetradehydroyohimbic acid]. PMID- 14773554 TI - [Contribution to the study of heparin]. PMID- 14773555 TI - Mutation in the enzymatic equipment of escherichia coli and proteus OX 19 directed by desoxyribonucleic acid isolated from bacteria of the same and of different species. PMID- 14773556 TI - Experiments with chromosomes isolated from intermitotic nuclei. PMID- 14773557 TI - [Intraspecific polyploid in Cerastium arvense L. and chromosome number of several other Cerastium]. PMID- 14773558 TI - [Which embryonal part induces the olfactory fossa in amphibians?]. PMID- 14773559 TI - [Electron microscope examination of the myelin sheath and axial cylinder in the internodal section of neural fibers]. PMID- 14773560 TI - [Species specificity of actin]. PMID- 14773561 TI - [Fungicide effect of certain copper-ethylendiaminsulfonamide complexes]. PMID- 14773562 TI - [Modification of reticulocyte number in immediate connection with experimental oxygen deficiency]. PMID- 14773563 TI - Identification of enteramine and enteramine-related substances in extracts of posterior salivary glands of Octopus vulgaris by paper chromatography. PMID- 14773564 TI - Antihistaminic effect of eosinophil leukocytes. PMID- 14773565 TI - [Serum iron and sex hormone; investigation in stallions and geldings]. PMID- 14773567 TI - Some notes on the reduction of thebaine and related topics. PMID- 14773566 TI - [Pharmacology of N,N,N,N-3-pentamethyl-N,N-diethyl-3-aza-pentane-1,5 diammoniumdibromide (Ciba 9295), a ganglionic inhibitory substance]. PMID- 14773569 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14773568 TI - [Interference method for determination of latency of action potentials of the internal ear]. PMID- 14773570 TI - [Pharmacologic education]. PMID- 14773571 TI - [Wage scale in pharmacy in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14773572 TI - [Production of Thymus vulgaris L. preparations]. PMID- 14773573 TI - [Legislation on production and sale of poisons]. PMID- 14773574 TI - [Qualifications of pharmacy laboratory technicians]. PMID- 14773575 TI - [Reports on pharmacological service]. PMID- 14773576 TI - [Shipping of drugs]. PMID- 14773577 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14773578 TI - [Legislation on private enterprises in relation to socialization]. PMID- 14773580 TI - [Regulation of wholesale prices of drugs and other pharmaceutic products]. PMID- 14773579 TI - [First doctorate of pharmacology]. PMID- 14773581 TI - [Regulation of wages for apprentice pharmacists]. PMID- 14773582 TI - [Innocuity of histidine preparations]. PMID- 14773583 TI - [Distribution of vitamins A+D]. PMID- 14773584 TI - [Identification of some reagents according to the new Pharmacopeia]. PMID- 14773585 TI - [Herba Euphrasiae officinalis; pharmacologic examination]. PMID- 14773586 TI - [Local fish oil as a substitute for Oleum jecoris Aselli]. PMID- 14773587 TI - [New plan for reorganization of pharmaceutic services]. PMID- 14773588 TI - [Identification of certain reagents in the new pharmacopeia. II]. PMID- 14773590 TI - [Organization and utilization of libraries]. PMID- 14773589 TI - [Plant hormones]. PMID- 14773591 TI - [Selling of sulfonamides with prescriptions]. PMID- 14773592 TI - [Microanalysis of sulfonamide derivatives]. PMID- 14773593 TI - [Identification of certain reagents in the new pharmacopeia. III]. PMID- 14773594 TI - [Pharmacy in Dubrovnik in 16. century]. PMID- 14773595 TI - [External environment-leading factor in adaptability of the organism]. PMID- 14773596 TI - [New data on virus and virus diseases]. PMID- 14773597 TI - [Artificial hydrogen sulfide baths as one of the aspects of physiotherapy]. PMID- 14773598 TI - [Lymphatic leukemia]. PMID- 14773599 TI - [New method of treatment of gonorrheal ophthalmia]. PMID- 14773600 TI - [Prophylaxis of scarlet fever in institutions for children]. PMID- 14773601 TI - [V. P. Obraztsov founder of Russian therapeutic school of thought]. PMID- 14773602 TI - [Massage]. PMID- 14773603 TI - [Schools for instruction of clinical laboratory technics]. PMID- 14773604 TI - [Treatment of trichocephaliasis]. PMID- 14773605 TI - [Ginseng]. PMID- 14773606 TI - [Organization of regional conference of medical assistants]. PMID- 14773607 TI - [20 years of Cherkassy school for midwives]. PMID- 14773608 TI - [Bibliography of Russian literature on treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid]. PMID- 14773609 TI - [Pavlov's theory as the basis for the progress of contemporary medicine]. PMID- 14773610 TI - [Nutrition as a therapeutic factor in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14773611 TI - [Therapeutic nutrition in hypertension]. PMID- 14773612 TI - [Surgery of benign cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors]. PMID- 14773613 TI - [Prevention of typhus]. PMID- 14773614 TI - [Clinical manifestations, therapy and prophylaxis of tetraethyl lead poisoning]. PMID- 14773615 TI - [Technic in exercises and massage for infants]. PMID- 14773617 TI - [History of medicine]. PMID- 14773616 TI - [Homes for mother and child]. PMID- 14773618 TI - [Abdominal respiration for diagnosis of placental separation]. PMID- 14773619 TI - [Teaching of sanitary statistics in school for medical assistants]. PMID- 14773621 TI - [Cause of hernia in infants]. PMID- 14773620 TI - [Treatment of adnexitis]. PMID- 14773622 TI - [Dental service in rural districts of Hungary]. PMID- 14773623 TI - [Concentration of fluoride in drinking water in relation to dental caries]. PMID- 14773624 TI - [Improvement of full dental prosthesis in public health service]. PMID- 14773625 TI - [Electric saliva suction apparatus]. PMID- 14773626 TI - [Apical resection]. PMID- 14773627 TI - [Application of recent methods in construction of full lower dental prostheses]. PMID- 14773628 TI - [Treatment of deep over bite by orthopedic methods]. PMID- 14773629 TI - [Improvement of full prosthesis in public health service]. PMID- 14773630 TI - [Dental surgery]. PMID- 14773631 TI - [New mobile clamp for partial dental prosthesis]. PMID- 14773632 TI - [Comparative clinico-histological research in pulpitis]. PMID- 14773633 TI - [Radical hysterectomy in postpartum hemorrhage]. PMID- 14773634 TI - [Prevention and treatment of obesity, according to the advice of famous gourmands and gourmets and the precepts of the Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum]. PMID- 14773635 TI - [Acute adrenal insufficiency provoked by reactions following blood transfusion]. PMID- 14773636 TI - [Prevention of congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14773637 TI - [Organo-vitalistic medicine]. PMID- 14773638 TI - [Premarital medical examination from view-point of eugenics]. PMID- 14773639 TI - On cerebro-cerebellar atrophy. PMID- 14773640 TI - Electrophoresis in cerebrospinal fluid-proteins, II. PMID- 14773641 TI - The psychoanalytical and the psychosophical interpretation of fairy-tales. PMID- 14773642 TI - The Meili test as an indicator of character. PMID- 14773643 TI - On some changes of autonomic function after prefrontal lobotomy. PMID- 14773644 TI - Some observations on a case of dementia consecutive upon strangulation. PMID- 14773645 TI - [Cerebellar hemangioma with psychic disorders and polyglobulism]. PMID- 14773646 TI - [Craniopharyngioma with intermittent fever and pleocytosis]. PMID- 14773647 TI - [Meningioma of clivus]. PMID- 14773648 TI - [Wilson's disease]. PMID- 14773649 TI - [Tabes dorsalis with multiple arthropathy]. PMID- 14773650 TI - [Mental disease as grounds for divorce]. PMID- 14773652 TI - Composition of food plants of Central America. IV. El Salvador. PMID- 14773651 TI - [Introduction to a discussion of definitions in regard to legislation concerning public mental hygiene]. PMID- 14773653 TI - Expansibility and specific volume of stabilized and unstabilized peanut butter. PMID- 14773654 TI - Nutritive values of sausage and other table-ready meats as affected by processing. PMID- 14773655 TI - Relation of variety and locality to niacin, thiamine, and riboflavin content of dried beans grown in three years. PMID- 14773656 TI - Some effects on salt and moisture on rancidity in fats. PMID- 14773657 TI - Chicken flavor: separation and concentration of its volatile components from broth. PMID- 14773658 TI - Growth response of folic acid-depleted rats to supplementation with tropical foods. PMID- 14773659 TI - Observations on sloughing of potatoes. PMID- 14773660 TI - Survival of Salmonellae in boiled ducks' eggs. PMID- 14773661 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis and radiotherapy of osteoclastoma (benign solitary giant cell tumors of bone)]. PMID- 14773662 TI - [Generalized hyperostosis and similar systemic diseases of bone]. PMID- 14773663 TI - [Significance of roentgen diagnosis for surgical therapy of intervertebral disk hernia]. PMID- 14773664 TI - [Chondromatosis, dyschondroplasia, Ollier's disease]. PMID- 14773665 TI - [Diagnostic errors of congenital and traumatic defects of the spine]. PMID- 14773666 TI - [Acrosteolytic manifestations of osteomalacia]. PMID- 14773667 TI - [Early stage of Paget's disease]. PMID- 14773668 TI - [Roentgenologically visible modifications of the soft tissues of the knee joint and their significance]. PMID- 14773669 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis of pyelonephritis]. PMID- 14773670 TI - [Investigations on the frequency and etiology of diaphragmatic insertion prongs]. PMID- 14773671 TI - [Method for exact determination of the required level in tomography of sharply contoured bodies]. PMID- 14773672 TI - [Alexander Lorey, April 16, 1880 - August 11, 1949]. PMID- 14773673 TI - [Extensive reflux of contrast medium into the extra and intra-hepatic biliary tract during roentgenologic examination of the stomach]. PMID- 14773675 TI - [Small arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the internal carotid]. PMID- 14773674 TI - [Case of frontal emissary vein]. PMID- 14773676 TI - [Diagnosis and therapeutic indications of acute aseptic pancreatitis]. PMID- 14773677 TI - [Post-phlebitic disease]. PMID- 14773678 TI - [Recent progress on large free dermo-epidermal grafts; indications, technic results of 80 grafts]. PMID- 14773679 TI - [Treatment of megacolon]. PMID- 14773680 TI - [Volvulus of the caecum]. PMID- 14773681 TI - [Present therapeutic indications during post-operative peptic ulcer]. PMID- 14773682 TI - Treating the common skin diseases. PMID- 14773684 TI - What can you do for the chronic? PMID- 14773683 TI - Lumps in the breast. PMID- 14773685 TI - Streptomycin and the multidose injector. PMID- 14773686 TI - Management of hemorrhoids. PMID- 14773687 TI - What to know about asthma. PMID- 14773688 TI - SALT-FREE and rice diets for hypertension. PMID- 14773689 TI - General practice in England today. PMID- 14773691 TI - I see by the machine. PMID- 14773690 TI - Safety rules for writing checks. PMID- 14773692 TI - Common eye changes. PMID- 14773693 TI - The present status of the treatment of plantar warts. PMID- 14773694 TI - Folic acid and vitamin B12 in anemia. PMID- 14773695 TI - After care of the hemiplegic. PMID- 14773696 TI - Pollen injections during hay fever season. PMID- 14773697 TI - Hyperventilation syndrome. PMID- 14773698 TI - Complications of the peripheral vascular system in diabetics. PMID- 14773699 TI - Medical care for the needy, a problem for governmental or non-governmental agencies. PMID- 14773700 TI - Ethics in medicine. PMID- 14773701 TI - REPORT of a symposium on general practice in hospitals. PMID- 14773702 TI - The general practitioner in and out of the hospital. PMID- 14773703 TI - Obesity in children. PMID- 14773704 TI - Sodium pentothal in obstetrics. PMID- 14773705 TI - Hormone therapy in uterine bleeding. PMID- 14773706 TI - Carcinoma of the prostate. PMID- 14773707 TI - The art of interviewing. PMID- 14773708 TI - Modern management of pneumonias. PMID- 14773709 TI - SYMPOSIUM on diseases of the colon. PMID- 14773710 TI - Pregnancy and chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14773711 TI - The effect of antibacterial agents on the intestinal flora of patients: the use of aureomycin, chloromycetin, dihydrostreptomycin, sulfasuxidine and sulfathalidine. PMID- 14773712 TI - Chloromycetin therapy of chronic ulcerative colitis; a one year study. PMID- 14773713 TI - Life histories of patients with chronic ulcerative colitis: a review of 2,000 cases. PMID- 14773714 TI - Metabolic derangements in chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14773715 TI - Recurrence in gastric ulcer under medical management. PMID- 14773716 TI - Potassium deficiency in gastrointestinal diseases. PMID- 14773717 TI - Biliary dyskinesia studied by means of the "peritoneoscopic cholangiography". PMID- 14773718 TI - Further comparative studies on ascites in liver and heart disease. PMID- 14773719 TI - A quantitative study of the gastric secretory response to sham feeding in a human subject. PMID- 14773720 TI - Effect of thoracolumbar sympathectomy and splanchnicectomy on antral gastric motility in man. PMID- 14773721 TI - Digestion and absorption after massive resection of the small intestine. II. Recovery of the absorptive function as shown by intestinal absorption tests in two patients and a consideration of compensatory mechanisms. PMID- 14773722 TI - Total solids, fat and nitrogen in the feces: V. A study of patients with primary parenchymatous hepatic disease. PMID- 14773723 TI - External pancreatic function in primary parenchymatous hepatic disease as measured by analysis of duodenal contents before and after stimulation with secretin. PMID- 14773724 TI - Studies of pancreatic function. III. The use of the secretin test in the diagnosis of patients with the post-cholecystectomy syndrome. PMID- 14773725 TI - Nocturnal gastric secretion in normal and duodenal ulcer patients on various forms of therapy. PMID- 14773726 TI - The effect of anion exchange resin on the healing time of duodenal ulcer craters. PMID- 14773727 TI - Peripheral manifestations of visceral carcinoma. PMID- 14773728 TI - Factors influencing pressure in the portal vein as studied in the intact animal. PMID- 14773729 TI - Variations in cell types and cell density of gastric secretions in dogs following repeated eugenol stimulation. PMID- 14773730 TI - An interpretation of the histamine test of gastric secretion. PMID- 14773731 TI - The comparative action of pavatrine, belladonna alkaloids, and placebos on the motility of the upper small intestine in man. PMID- 14773732 TI - Primary lymphosarcoma of the stomach with five year survival after operation; clinical, x-ray, and gastroscopic features. PMID- 14773733 TI - Duodenal ulcer with multiple complications: case report. PMID- 14773734 TI - [General considerations on amebiasis]. PMID- 14773735 TI - [Intestinal amebiasis; clinical, rectoscopic and radiologic study]. PMID- 14773736 TI - [Amebiasis in France; clinical and therapeutic study]. PMID- 14773737 TI - [Non-dysenteric forms of intestinal amebiasis]. PMID- 14773738 TI - [Infantile amebiasis]. PMID- 14773739 TI - [Hepatic amebiasis; clinical study]. PMID- 14773740 TI - [Masked forms of hepatic amebiasis]. PMID- 14773741 TI - [Pathologic anatomy of hepatic amebiasis]. PMID- 14773742 TI - [Amebiasis and lambliasis]. PMID- 14773743 TI - [Amebiasis and cancer of the colon]. PMID- 14773744 TI - [Rectal lesions and rectoscopy in amebiasis]. PMID- 14773745 TI - [Extra-intestinal manifestations of amebiasis]. PMID- 14773746 TI - [Treatment of amebiasis with conessine]. PMID- 14773747 TI - [Supportive treatment of intestinal amebiasis; 500 personal cases]. PMID- 14773748 TI - [Culture and differentiation of the dysenteric ameba]. PMID- 14773749 TI - [The biology of the dysenteric ameba in its relations with amebiasis]. PMID- 14773750 TI - [Metabolism of Endamoeba histolytica and its relations with the problem of clinical amebiasis]. PMID- 14773751 TI - [Epidemiology of amebiasis]. PMID- 14773752 TI - [Hepatic distomatosis]. PMID- 14773753 TI - [Report on intestinal parasitism in children of school age]. PMID- 14773754 TI - [Ancylostomiasis in the Moroccan phosphate mines]. PMID- 14773755 TI - [Intestina parasitosis in a native Moroccan environment]. PMID- 14773756 TI - [Oxyuriasis in Guayaquil; review of previous knowledge]. PMID- 14773757 TI - [A too often forgotten parasite: Ascaris]. PMID- 14773758 TI - [Morphological and static abnormalities of the 5th lumbar vertebra consequences and treatment]. PMID- 14773759 TI - [Pseudo-tuberculous hydrarthrodial arthritis of the knee; a misleading and little known aspect of post-dysenteric rheumatic disease]. PMID- 14773760 TI - [Modern surgical treatment of coxarthritis; what can be expected]. PMID- 14773761 TI - [Present treatment of perforated ulcers; is it still necessary to operate?]. PMID- 14773762 TI - [Anal fistulae above the levator muscle; findings of fistulography]. PMID- 14773763 TI - [A new cardiotonic for use of surgeons]. PMID- 14773764 TI - [Advances in the therapeutic use of blood transfusion in gynecology and obstetrics]. PMID- 14773765 TI - [Superfetation]. PMID- 14773766 TI - [New method of complete conduction anesthesia in labor; directed, protracted, peridural plombage]. PMID- 14773767 TI - [Foreign body reaction of the endometrium following intrauterine application of sulfonamides]. PMID- 14773768 TI - [Allergy and pregnancy]. PMID- 14773769 TI - [Significance of pelvic attachment of the uterus in labor, concluding remarks on the theory of W. Wolf]. PMID- 14773770 TI - [Subileus with clinical aspect of cystic ovarian tumor]. PMID- 14773771 TI - [Effect of combined penicillin and roentgen therapy upon the mycelian patches in actinomycotic parametritis]. PMID- 14773772 TI - The interrelation of plasmagenes and chromogenes in pollen production in maize. PMID- 14773773 TI - The inheritance of photoperiodic response and tillering in maizeteosinte hybrids. PMID- 14773774 TI - The inheritance of inflorescence characters in maize-teosinte hybrids. PMID- 14773775 TI - The determination of linkage intensities from F2 and F3 genetic data involving chromosomal interchanges in barley. PMID- 14773776 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14773777 TI - Contributions to the evolutionary genetics of the lady-beetle, Harmonia. I. Geographic and temporal variations in the relative frequencies of the elytral pattern types and in the frequency of elytral ridge. PMID- 14773778 TI - Gregor Mendel's letters to Carl Nageli, 1866-1873. PMID- 14773780 TI - G. Mendel's law concerning the behavior of progeny of varietal hybrids. PMID- 14773779 TI - Concerning the law of segregation of hybrids. PMID- 14773781 TI - Concerning artificial crossing in Pisum sativum. PMID- 14773782 TI - [Letters of Peter Giller, municipal physician of Saint Gallen, to Albrecht von Haller]. PMID- 14773783 TI - [Conrad Gessner's relation to a Croat scholar]. PMID- 14773784 TI - [A newly discovered Paracelsian manuscript in the hand of Toxites (Michael Schutz) dated 1577: Open Wounds and Injuries]. PMID- 14773785 TI - [J. B. Micheli du Crest's Map of Geneva]. PMID- 14773786 TI - [A 17th century ordinance against quackery]. PMID- 14773787 TI - [Contribution to our knowledge concerning Corti's activity in Bern]. PMID- 14773788 TI - [Goethe and spontaneous generation]. PMID- 14773790 TI - [Effect of oil refinery on the atmospheric air]. PMID- 14773789 TI - [Philippine Welser as a friend of medicine]. PMID- 14773791 TI - [Fluorine in drinking water and mottled enamel of the teeth]. PMID- 14773792 TI - [Certain hygienic problems in relation to fluorescent lighting]. PMID- 14773793 TI - [Purification of air, polluted by fumes and gases]. PMID- 14773795 TI - [Digestibility of local beans and peas]. PMID- 14773794 TI - [Use of aluminum foil for protective clothing in metallurgic industry]. PMID- 14773796 TI - [Preparation of tables of chemical compound and nutritional value of native food products]. PMID- 14773797 TI - [Physical education of school children]. PMID- 14773798 TI - [I. E. Diad'kovskii as hygienist]. PMID- 14773799 TI - [Apparatus for water chlorination in rural districts]. PMID- 14773800 TI - [Method of study of vanadium compounds in Bessemer process of production]. PMID- 14773801 TI - [Economic problems of water supply and canalization on collective farms]. PMID- 14773802 TI - [Case of arsenic poisoning]. PMID- 14773803 TI - [All-Union scientific conference on protection of reservoirs from industrial sewage]. PMID- 14773804 TI - [Scientific conference on sanitary education in industry]. PMID- 14773805 TI - [Problems of hygienists in relation to the resolutions of the scientific session of the Academy of Science in SSSR and the Academy of Medicine in SSSR on the questions based upon I. P. Pavlov's theory]. PMID- 14773806 TI - [Use of the polarographic method in determination of lead in industrial sewage]. PMID- 14773807 TI - [Spreading of street noise to various stories of buildings]. PMID- 14773808 TI - [Combination of convective and radiant heat for body comfort]. PMID- 14773809 TI - [Mercuric contamination of industrial installations in working with mercuric chloride]. PMID- 14773810 TI - [Prophylactic sanitation of Moscow industries during the year of 1949]. PMID- 14773811 TI - [Nutritional value of puffed cereals and preservation of vitamin B1 and PP]. PMID- 14773813 TI - [Role of physician and teacher in regulation of school schedule]. PMID- 14773812 TI - [Determination of stafilococci in food products]. PMID- 14773814 TI - [Disinfection of the air by pulverization and evaporation of lactic acid]. PMID- 14773815 TI - [Water coagulation by ferric chloride in Omsk municipal water supply]. PMID- 14773816 TI - [Effect of potato culture medium on the growth of intestinal bacteria]. PMID- 14773818 TI - [Disinfection of isothermal cars]. PMID- 14773817 TI - [Revision of projects of utility and food store rooms in children's homes and public dining rooms]. PMID- 14773819 TI - [Pamphlets on prevention of infectious diseases]. PMID- 14773820 TI - [Certain clinico-pathological aspects of uterine myomas]. PMID- 14773821 TI - [Certain problems in radiocephalopelvimetry]. PMID- 14773822 TI - [Evaluation of hemoglobin and blood volume in postpartum]. PMID- 14773823 TI - [Double uterus with incomplete vaginal septum]. PMID- 14773824 TI - [Water metabolism in gestation]. PMID- 14773825 TI - [Length of the afferent loop in the pathogenesis of jejunal peptic ulcer after gastric resection; experimental research]. PMID- 14773827 TI - [Research on the muciparous cells of the stomach in certain pathological conditions]. PMID- 14773826 TI - [Experimental research in vascular surgery; modifications of pressor values in occlusion of the great mediastinal vessels]. PMID- 14773828 TI - [Determination of acid and alkaline phosphatase in blood serum in the diagnosis of cancer of the prostate]. PMID- 14773829 TI - [Three cases of post-traumatic rhinorrhea]. PMID- 14773830 TI - [Case of double encephalo-cystomeningocele; clinical contribution]. PMID- 14773831 TI - [Therapy of the postphlebitic syndrome of the lower extremity]. PMID- 14773832 TI - [Oxygen dispensing with a Heidebrink fluximeter]. PMID- 14773833 TI - [First results of full thickness grafts combined with the Bassini method of plastic surgery in the treatment of inguinal hernia]. PMID- 14773834 TI - [Research on intestinal mucous cells in several pathological conditions]. PMID- 14773835 TI - [Extensive autotransplant grafted from the tibia in sub-total resection of the humeral diaphysis]. PMID- 14773836 TI - [Tantalum as suture material; experimental research]. PMID- 14773837 TI - [Evolution of tetanus in animals subjected to severe tissue damage]. PMID- 14773838 TI - [Clinical and therapeutic aspects of bronchiectasis]. PMID- 14773839 TI - [Present status of the problem of extrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 14773840 TI - [Pulmonary syndromes simulating tuberculosis]. PMID- 14773841 TI - [Clinical forms simulating pulmonary tuberculosis; virus and rickettsial diseases; neoplasms]. PMID- 14773842 TI - [Experiments with local streptomycin therapy of tuberculous caverns with guided endobronchial injection]. PMID- 14773843 TI - [Pain in pneumonolysis]. PMID- 14773844 TI - [Treatment of pulmonary caverns with intrapleural alcohol]. PMID- 14773845 TI - [Experiments to ascertain antituberculin action of thiosemicarbazone TBI]. PMID- 14773846 TI - [To Prof. Ludolph Brauer on his 85th birthday]. PMID- 14773847 TI - [Prophylaxis and therapy of tropical and subtropical diseases]. PMID- 14773848 TI - [Experimental hyperparathyroidism and sub-pyloric occlusion in the pathogenetic mechanism of renal calcium deposits]. PMID- 14773849 TI - [New preparation for the rapid disinfection of the hands]. PMID- 14773850 TI - [Synthetic chloramphenicol alone and combined with vaccine in treatment of typhoid]. PMID- 14773851 TI - [Treatment of lesions due to atomic bomb]. PMID- 14773852 TI - [Venereal pathomimesis in the Somali police]. PMID- 14773853 TI - [Diencephalon and the endocrine constellation in rabbits during electroshock]. PMID- 14773854 TI - [Constitutionalism in neuropsychiatry; historical data]. PMID- 14773855 TI - [Experimental study of the electric resistance of the head]. PMID- 14773856 TI - [Amphetamine shock; new method of psychiatric examination]. PMID- 14773857 TI - [Kottmann reaction in electronarcosis]. PMID- 14773858 TI - [Epileptic equivalents]. PMID- 14773860 TI - [Social aspects of cirrhosis of the liver; cirrhosis and alcoholism; findings and observations on 861 cases of hepatic cirrhosis]. PMID- 14773859 TI - [Action of the urine and blood serum of pregnant and parturient women on the function of the renal glomeruli of the frog]. PMID- 14773861 TI - [Determination of phosphorus, phosphatase, calcium and magnesium in bone tissue]. PMID- 14773862 TI - [Clinical research on the oxytocic action of hydroxybutylamide of lysergic acid (partergin)]. PMID- 14773863 TI - Irreducible intussusception due to Meckel's diverticulum: report of a case with recovery in an infant of 8 months old. PMID- 14773864 TI - Benign spontaneous pneumothorax: a study of 70 cases. PMID- 14773865 TI - Developmental effects observed in Habrobracon after exposure to beta radiation. PMID- 14773866 TI - The growth of inbred and hybrid maize. PMID- 14773867 TI - A study in transplanted rat and spontaneous dog tumors of growth accelerating and inhibiting factors from duojejunal tissue of hogs, sheep, and dogs. PMID- 14773868 TI - Isolation of fungi from transplanted, chemically-induced and spontaneous tumors. II. Cultural and microscopic observations, with particular reference to sarcoma 37 and mammary carcinoma of mice. PMID- 14773869 TI - [In memory of Jozef Zychon]. PMID- 14773870 TI - [Bronchi- and broncho-pulmonary segments]. PMID- 14773871 TI - [Physiology and physio-pathology of the tracheobronchial tree]. PMID- 14773872 TI - [Bronchoscopy in bronchial tuberculosis with reference to anatomic pathology of tracheo-bronchial tuberculosis]. PMID- 14773873 TI - [Studies on experimental pleural shock in rabbits]. PMID- 14773874 TI - [Sedimentation rate of defibrinized blood]. PMID- 14773875 TI - [Laryngeal tuberculosis with special reference to streptomycin therapy]. PMID- 14773877 TI - [New tuberculosis sanatoria]. PMID- 14773876 TI - [Significance of respiratory infections in the epidemiology of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14773878 TI - Music and migraine. PMID- 14773879 TI - Antibiotics--some recent advances. PMID- 14773880 TI - [Some handicaps in hormone therapy of functional disorders]. PMID- 14773881 TI - [Surgical treatment of cancer of the uterus]. PMID- 14773882 TI - [Present treatment of gonorrhea in women]. PMID- 14773883 TI - [General adaptation syndrome and diseases of adaptation]. PMID- 14773884 TI - [Vaginal smears]. PMID- 14773885 TI - [General aspects of balneotherapy]. PMID- 14773886 TI - [Hysterosalpingography: uterine flexions]. PMID- 14773887 TI - [Vaginitis; therapy]. PMID- 14773888 TI - Esophageal hiatal hernia. PMID- 14773889 TI - Present status of neurosyphilis. PMID- 14773890 TI - Physical medicine and rehabilitation in industrial surgery. PMID- 14773891 TI - Impressions of the First International Congress of Biochemistry. PMID- 14773892 TI - Ectopic pregnancy; an analysis of 258 cases from the Harlem Hospital. PMID- 14773893 TI - Carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 14773894 TI - Coarctation of the aorta. PMID- 14773895 TI - Osteogenesis imperfecta congenita. PMID- 14773896 TI - Diagnostic value of deficiency in serum coagulation in cancer. PMID- 14773898 TI - Diabetes detection in important. PMID- 14773897 TI - Cardiac catheterization: significance of pressure patterns. PMID- 14773899 TI - Pathogenesis of essential hypertension, a review of the literature. PMID- 14773900 TI - Faulty intravenous equipment. PMID- 14773901 TI - Serum beta-glucuronidase levels in normal and toxemic pregnancies. PMID- 14773902 TI - The surgeon's responsibility in the care of the cancer patient. PMID- 14773903 TI - A study of thyroid disease in Hawaii. PMID- 14773904 TI - Food values of Hawaiian-grown fruits and vegetables. PMID- 14773905 TI - [Plan for control of diseases in Yugoslavia for 1950]. PMID- 14773906 TI - [Spread of dermatomycosis in the region of Beograd]. PMID- 14773907 TI - [Epidemic diseases in children's collectives]. PMID- 14773908 TI - [Importance of hygienic, sanitary and epidemiologic conditions in child and youth summer camps]. PMID- 14773909 TI - [Seroprophylaxis of measles]. PMID- 14773910 TI - [Standardization of laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria]. PMID- 14773911 TI - [Bacteriologic investigation of animal products with references to food poisoning]. PMID- 14773912 TI - [Standardization of bacteriologic diagnosis of intestinal diseases caused by food poisoning]. PMID- 14773913 TI - [Hygienic drinking fountains]. PMID- 14773914 TI - [Disinfection of bottles]. PMID- 14773915 TI - [Studies on the use of new insecticides in 1949 (DDT wettable powder and chlordane)]. PMID- 14773916 TI - [Depediculation]. PMID- 14773917 TI - [Origins of the Hippokrates-Verlag]. PMID- 14773918 TI - [Twenty-five years at the Hippokrates-Verlag]. PMID- 14773919 TI - [Biologic medicine and its development during the last 25 years]. PMID- 14773921 TI - [Cells, individuality and infection]. PMID- 14773920 TI - [General therapy and the doctrine of specificity]. PMID- 14773922 TI - [Psychosomatic disease]. PMID- 14773923 TI - [Observations on the problem of allergy in clinical medicine]. PMID- 14773924 TI - [Problem of focal infection]. PMID- 14773925 TI - [Contributions made by non-medical men to modern doctrines of nutrition]. PMID- 14773926 TI - [Thoughts on therapeutic fasting-after 30 years' experience]. PMID- 14773927 TI - [Successful therapy of non-infectious rheumatoid arthritis; constitutional therapy, plus the use of cantharides and vesicants]. PMID- 14773928 TI - [What would Hahnemann say today?]. PMID- 14773929 TI - [Homeotherapy of circulatory disorders with Secale cornutum]. PMID- 14773930 TI - [Naturopathic treatment of acute inflammations]. PMID- 14773931 TI - [Disorders of peripheral circulation and hydrotherapy]. PMID- 14773932 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis of gastric and duodenal ulcer and generalized enteritis; the facies enteritica]. PMID- 14773933 TI - [Effect of autohemotherapy on the blood and blood picture]. PMID- 14773934 TI - [Psychotherapy of children]. PMID- 14773935 TI - [Where do we stand?]. PMID- 14773937 TI - [Bread that is good and bread that is not so good]. PMID- 14773938 TI - [Sterility of syringes]. PMID- 14773936 TI - [Officinal botany in Germany during the 16th century]. PMID- 14773939 TI - [Confession under narcosis]. PMID- 14773941 TI - [Report on the 2nd Berchtesgaden Medical Seminar, 9-17 March 1950: Focal infection]. PMID- 14773940 TI - [August Bier, a therapeutic trail blazer]. PMID- 14773942 TI - [Case of intestinal rupture from slight trauma]. PMID- 14773943 TI - [The invasion of syphilis]. PMID- 14773945 TI - [Treatment of chronic alcoholism]. PMID- 14773944 TI - [Metabolic study of a series of subjects with primary glaucoma]. PMID- 14773946 TI - [Haglund's disease]. PMID- 14773947 TI - [Evolution in therapy of Malta fever]. PMID- 14773948 TI - [Sulfonilamidathiazole and formol therapy of infectious diarrhea in children]. PMID- 14773949 TI - [Rh-factor investigations in Hungary]. PMID- 14773950 TI - A study of the skeleton of a full term Veddah compared with that of other races. PMID- 14773951 TI - [Linguistic problems of oceanic origin of American aborigines]. PMID- 14773952 TI - [What is Michurinism?]. PMID- 14773953 TI - [Polish anthropology after the war]. PMID- 14773954 TI - [Present trends in the treatment of amebiasis]. PMID- 14773955 TI - [Sciatica]. PMID- 14773956 TI - [Treatment of psoriasis]. PMID- 14773957 TI - [Tryptophan determination in biologicals]. PMID- 14773958 TI - [Determination of potassium in blood serum]. PMID- 14773959 TI - [Decomposition of 3.5-dibromo-tyrosine in the animal organism]. PMID- 14773960 TI - [Biochemistry of branched carbonic acids; bacteriostatic and fungistatic effect of aliphatic carbonic acids and alcohols]. PMID- 14773961 TI - [Aldehyde of acetalphosphatide of the brain]. PMID- 14773962 TI - [To which component of the serum protein is bilirubin bound?]. PMID- 14773963 TI - [Stimulation power of methylesters of certain betaines]. PMID- 14773964 TI - [Simplified micromethod for quantitative determination of plasmal in serum]. PMID- 14773965 TI - [Biochemistry of branched carbonic acids; preparation of homologues of alkylstearinic acids]. PMID- 14773966 TI - [Biochemistry of branched carbonic acids; monomolecular film of kappa-eta alkylstearinic acids]. PMID- 14773967 TI - [On the knowledge of penicillin-disulfide (beta,beta-beta',beta' tetramethylcystine)]. PMID- 14773968 TI - HOW critical will the supply situation for hospitals be? PMID- 14773969 TI - WHAT factors should influence the administrator's salary? PMID- 14773970 TI - ORGANIZING the hospital to meet the changing scene. PMID- 14773971 TI - New central supply room at Peter Bent Brigham. PMID- 14773972 TI - United community action produces Utica's consolidated hospital service. PMID- 14773973 TI - UNIVERSITY of Chicago Medical Center, where effort, not money, is measure of human life. PMID- 14773974 TI - Safety measures in oxygen therapy. PMID- 14773975 TI - Await action of hospital employees on social security coverage. PMID- 14773976 TI - What are the states doing about licensing of practical nurses? PMID- 14773977 TI - Accreditation in nursing; it's your concern, too. PMID- 14773978 TI - What the hospital pharmacist expects of the hospital administrator. PMID- 14773979 TI - EFFECTS of dicumarol on prothrombin levels. PMID- 14773980 TI - Internal control. PMID- 14773981 TI - Hospital accounts receivable show upward trend in survey. PMID- 14773982 TI - Practical aspects of protection for the x-ray technician. PMID- 14773983 TI - ELECTRONIC machine developed for control of anesthesia. PMID- 14773984 TI - A sensible, dollars-and-cents approach to position of executive housekeeper. PMID- 14773985 TI - Cost analysis in the hospital laundry. PMID- 14773986 TI - [Director Jean Schwyn-Pfister]. PMID- 14773987 TI - [Academic systems of psychology and psychoanalysis]. PMID- 14773988 TI - [Improvement of technic in electroshock therapy]. PMID- 14773990 TI - Convalescent poliomyelitis. PMID- 14773989 TI - [Choice and maintenance of floor covering]. PMID- 14773991 TI - Public health aspects of infantile paralysis. PMID- 14773992 TI - Problems in differential diagnosis of poliomyelitis. PMID- 14773993 TI - Poliomyelitis; a clinical pathological correlation. PMID- 14773994 TI - Penicillin in the treatment of congenital syphilis. PMID- 14773996 TI - Sections vs. smears in the study of bone marrow. PMID- 14773995 TI - Protruding ears: correction by plastic surgery. PMID- 14773997 TI - Pitfalls in colon surgery. PMID- 14773998 TI - Resection of the liver for a hamartoma. PMID- 14773999 TI - Microbiological assay of amino-acids in gram and ragi. PMID- 14774000 TI - Supplementing value of calcium-fortified vegetable milks to a poor South Indian rice diet. PMID- 14774001 TI - Comparative values of vegetable-milk protein and casein for the formation of blood proteins. PMID- 14774002 TI - Studies on the biosynthesis of nicotinic acid; biosynthesis of nicotinic acid by germinating pulses. PMID- 14774003 TI - Studies on the biosynthesis of nicotinic acid; biosynthesis of nicotinic acid by guinea-pigs. PMID- 14774004 TI - Studies in Kolhapur freshwater fishes; water-extractable protein and mineral contents. PMID- 14774005 TI - Phrynoderma: clinical and biochemical investigations. PMID- 14774006 TI - Haematologic and other findings in normal pregnant females. PMID- 14774007 TI - Aureomycin and chloromycetin in the treatment of experimental plague. PMID- 14774008 TI - Field records in maternal and child health work. PMID- 14774009 TI - Calcium metabolism and its part in clinical pediatrics. PMID- 14774010 TI - Treatment of whooping cough. PMID- 14774011 TI - A case of gastro-intestinal allergy. PMID- 14774012 TI - [Reflexotherapy by the use of mustard plasters on the hepato-reno-splenic dermatomes; its applications in dental and medical practice]. PMID- 14774013 TI - [Is it dangerous to smoke?]. PMID- 14774014 TI - [Fibrous dysplasia of the bones or Jaffe-Lichtenstein disease]. PMID- 14774015 TI - [Local penicillin therapy in the treatment of stomatitis; practical note]. PMID- 14774016 TI - [Contribution to the study of the Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome]. PMID- 14774017 TI - [Giant-cell epulis complicating a case of Beltrami's dystrophy]. PMID- 14774018 TI - Streptomycin and PAS in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14774019 TI - The treatment of tuberculosis lung cavities by speleostomy. PMID- 14774020 TI - The treatment of tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 14774021 TI - Some observations on the tuberculin reaction. PMID- 14774022 TI - [Agricultural theory of Wiliams]. PMID- 14774024 TI - [Process of ramification of blood vessels]. PMID- 14774023 TI - [Determination of concentration and activity of ferments]. PMID- 14774025 TI - [Controlled modification of plants with weakened heredity]. PMID- 14774026 TI - [Evolution of sound-transmitting apparatus of reptiles and analysis of determining factors in the process]. PMID- 14774027 TI - [Basic characteristics of nutrition of Asiatic locusts]. PMID- 14774028 TI - [Oxidation-reduction reaction in suspension of chloroplasts and chlorophyll granules]. PMID- 14774029 TI - [Histological study of cartilage]. PMID- 14774030 TI - Studies on rickettsial toxin simplified potency-test of typhus vaccine in mice by direct challenge of the toxin. PMID- 14774031 TI - Studies on the semi-synthetic media for the Pasteurella pestis. 1st report: on the nutritional requirement of Past. pestis. PMID- 14774032 TI - Notes on experimental anaphylaxis induced by simple chemical compounds (III). PMID- 14774033 TI - Studies on streptothricin BI produced by S. fradiae. PMID- 14774034 TI - The preparation and properties of the omicron-aminophenol azotuberculin derivative. PMID- 14774035 TI - Experimental study in the therapy of E. typhosa infection. PMID- 14774037 TI - Conditions determining the formation of the serum figure by special drying process. PMID- 14774036 TI - Chemotherapy in experimental diphtheria infection. PMID- 14774038 TI - The foam appearance of human blood serum by a special drying process; with special reference to the foam appearance of blood serum of tuberculous patients. PMID- 14774039 TI - [Trousseau's disease, rheumatism, tuberculosis; problems of diagnosis]. PMID- 14774040 TI - [Erythema nodosum: evolution of the concept and present pathological significance]. PMID- 14774041 TI - [Isolated fracture of the great apophysis of the calcaneum]. PMID- 14774042 TI - [New property of heparin]. PMID- 14774043 TI - [Bronchiectasis and pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14774044 TI - [Treatment of Ducrey chancroid with local application of streptomycin]. PMID- 14774045 TI - [Medical research in France during the war 1939-45]. PMID- 14774046 TI - [Medicine and music. IV. Boyd Neel]. PMID- 14774047 TI - [Congenital atresia of the esophagus with tracheo-esophageal fistula]. PMID- 14774048 TI - [Rheumatic fever at the Hospital Jesus; summary]. PMID- 14774049 TI - [The preventorium; its concept, usefulness and organization; 3 years experience in the preventorium of the Benjamin Guimaraes Foundation]. PMID- 14774050 TI - Effect of X-ray radiation of hypersensitiveness. PMID- 14774051 TI - The aphid; an insect allergen. PMID- 14774052 TI - Skin sensitivity to streptomycin. III. PMID- 14774054 TI - Intramural dissemination of spores of Hormodendrum resinae. PMID- 14774053 TI - Tests of different media for the collection and identification of air-borne saprophytic fungi. PMID- 14774055 TI - Passive transfer of cold urticaria. PMID- 14774056 TI - Human skin sensitivity to penicillins G, BT, and O; demonstration of cross sensitization. PMID- 14774057 TI - Studies on topical thephorin therapy; index of sensitization and effectiveness as an antipruritic. PMID- 14774058 TI - Report of the pollen survey committee of the American Academy of Allergy for the season of 1949. PMID- 14774059 TI - Report of the subcommittee on mold survey of the research council, American Academy of Allergy, for the season of 1949. PMID- 14774060 TI - The treatment of children's fractured permanent anterior teeth. PMID- 14774061 TI - Premedication for children. PMID- 14774062 TI - Oral anesthesia for children. PMID- 14774063 TI - Superior labial frenotomy. PMID- 14774064 TI - Report on the study of dental public health services in New Zealand. PMID- 14774065 TI - A clinical study of caries prophylaxis with zinc chloride and potassium ferrocyanide. PMID- 14774066 TI - Principles of cavity preparation in crown and bridge prosthesis. II. The three quarter crown. PMID- 14774068 TI - Front surface dental mirror. PMID- 14774067 TI - Some physical properties of zinc oxide-eugenol impression pastes. PMID- 14774069 TI - Purposes and ideals. PMID- 14774070 TI - Evolution of the gown of the American College of Dentists. PMID- 14774071 TI - Some developments in dental literature, 1900-1950. PMID- 14774072 TI - Development and growth of libraries. PMID- 14774073 TI - Indexing dental literature, 1885-1950. PMID- 14774074 TI - Walter H Wright: his contributions to the American College of Dentists. PMID- 14774075 TI - Address of response. PMID- 14774076 TI - Clinical management of acute poliomyelitis. PMID- 14774077 TI - Skin complications of cortisone and ACTH therapy. PMID- 14774078 TI - Twenty-six years of survival following carcinoma of sigmoid with prolonged liver metastasis. PMID- 14774079 TI - Probable transmission of viral hepatitis by ultraviolet-irradiated plasma. PMID- 14774080 TI - Hepatitis following the use of irradiated human plasma. PMID- 14774081 TI - Homologous serum jaundice associated with use of irradiated plasma. PMID- 14774082 TI - Medical problems encountered in undersea craft. PMID- 14774083 TI - Recent trends in antibiotic therapy. PMID- 14774084 TI - Acute dehydration due to a mercurial diuretic. PMID- 14774085 TI - Aureomycin therapy of human psittacosis. PMID- 14774086 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies; isopropylarterenol hydrochloride; isopropylarterenol sulfate. PMID- 14774087 TI - Some problems of the common cold. PMID- 14774089 TI - Psyche and blood pressure; 100 mental stress tests and 50 personality surveys in patients with essential hypertension. PMID- 14774090 TI - Cardiovascular observations in dystrophia myotonica. PMID- 14774091 TI - Clinical notes, suggestions and new instruments; universal anesthesia frame. PMID- 14774092 TI - Hypervitaminosis A; report of a case. PMID- 14774093 TI - Temporary baldness due to cold wave thioglycolate preparations. PMID- 14774094 TI - Omental cyst; confusion with ascites. PMID- 14774095 TI - Deficiencies of the water-soluble vitamins. PMID- 14774096 TI - AMERICAN dynatherm, XM-400, accepted. PMID- 14774098 TI - GENERAL Electric cardioscribe, model DW, type 3, accepted. PMID- 14774097 TI - MAICO D-10 audiometer accepted. PMID- 14774099 TI - SONOTONE hearing aid, model 925, accepted. PMID- 14774100 TI - SOLO-PAK model 99 hearing aid accepted. PMID- 14774101 TI - The press and the patient. PMID- 14774102 TI - Management of rheumatoid arthritis with smaller (maintenance) doses of cortisone acetate. PMID- 14774103 TI - One hundred percent oxygen in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction and severe angina pectoris. PMID- 14774104 TI - Plague. PMID- 14774105 TI - Care of children convalescing from poliomyelitis; discussion of several points of controversy. PMID- 14774106 TI - Thorn test in patients with eosinophilia related to parasitic infection. PMID- 14774107 TI - Failures with aureomycin in the treatment of infection with Brucella suis; a report of three cases. PMID- 14774108 TI - Intraarterial transfusions in hemorrhagic emergencies; complete recovery following massive pulmonary artery hemorrhage. PMID- 14774109 TI - Plastic reconstruction of penile skin; implantation of the penis into the scrotum. PMID- 14774110 TI - Deficiencies of the water-soluble vitamins. PMID- 14774111 TI - PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. PMID- 14774112 TI - CHIROPRACTIC practice acts; meaning of "As taught in chiropractic schools or colleges.". PMID- 14774113 TI - Bilateral adrenalectomy in malignant hypertension and diabetes. PMID- 14774114 TI - Diabetic physicians. PMID- 14774116 TI - Report on the third World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization. PMID- 14774115 TI - Evaluation of curarizing agents in man. PMID- 14774117 TI - Results of midleg amputations for gangrene in diabetics. PMID- 14774118 TI - Intermittent treatment of poliomyelitis with progressive resistance exercise. PMID- 14774119 TI - Artificial insemination; a plea for standardization of donors. PMID- 14774120 TI - Sliding hernia of the ovary; ovarian ectopia associated with genital and urinary malformations. PMID- 14774121 TI - Surgical relief of epilepsy associated with carotid sinus syndrome. PMID- 14774122 TI - MINIMAL requirements for acceptable pure tone audiometers for screening purposes. PMID- 14774124 TI - LIABILITY of charitable hospital for failure to supply safe appliance. PMID- 14774123 TI - MINIMAL requirements for acceptable direct reading electroencephalographs (revised). PMID- 14774125 TI - EVIDENCE of blood type as violation of privilege against self-incrimination. PMID- 14774126 TI - Cancer of the breast: classification of cases, criteria of incurability and treatment. PMID- 14774127 TI - Headache and head pain of ocular origin. PMID- 14774128 TI - A new method for treatment of brucellosis. PMID- 14774129 TI - Speculations on the mechanism of cure of bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 14774130 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis; revision of diagnostic criteria and therapy. PMID- 14774131 TI - Diagnosis of multiple ocular muscle paralyses. PMID- 14774132 TI - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the upper extremity (hand-shoulder) syndrome). PMID- 14774133 TI - Mortality and cost experience with premature infants in 1948. PMID- 14774134 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies; gamma-benzene hexachloride. PMID- 14774135 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies; methylbenzethonium chloride. PMID- 14774136 TI - ACCEPTED foods. PMID- 14774137 TI - BLOOD-GROUPING tests; conclusiveness of finding of nonpaternity. PMID- 14774138 TI - EVIDENCE; admissibility of evidence of results of lie detector test. PMID- 14774139 TI - Fertile fields for the general practitioner. PMID- 14774140 TI - The general practitioner as urologist. PMID- 14774141 TI - Medical problems in chemical warfare. PMID- 14774142 TI - Studies of coxsackie viruses; preliminary report on occurrence of Coxsackie virus in a Southern Maryland community. PMID- 14774143 TI - A safe and positive method of tracheobronchial aspiration in the newborn. PMID- 14774144 TI - Bilateral, simultaneous and spontaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendon. PMID- 14774145 TI - Rupture of uterine vessel by twisted fibroid causing intra-abdominal hemorrhage. PMID- 14774146 TI - Monocytic leukemia treated with pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). PMID- 14774147 TI - Simple ergometers for measuring the strength of the hand grasp (grip). PMID- 14774148 TI - Exfoliative dermatitis after undecylenic acid therapy for psoriasis. PMID- 14774149 TI - Bronchial asthma due to allergy to tobacco smoke in an infant; a case report. PMID- 14774150 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis due to streptobacillus moniliformis. PMID- 14774151 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies; sodium acetrizoate; urokon sodium. PMID- 14774152 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies; methylthiouracil; muracil. PMID- 14774153 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies; methylol riboflavin; hyflavin. PMID- 14774155 TI - MINIMAL requirements for acceptance of sun lamps. PMID- 14774154 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies; prophenpyridamine maleate; trimeton maleate. PMID- 14774156 TI - CLINICAL Session, American Medical Association, Cleveland, Ohio, Dec. 5-8, 1950; official call. PMID- 14774157 TI - BLOOD grouping tests: conclusiveness of results in legal action. PMID- 14774158 TI - ACCIDENT insurance: death following vaccination. PMID- 14774159 TI - The scope and future of physical medicine and rehabilitation. PMID- 14774160 TI - Physical medicine and rehabilitation in medical education. PMID- 14774161 TI - Effects of extreme heat on man; protection of man against conflagration heat. PMID- 14774162 TI - Cardiac resuscitation; complete recovery after over six minutes of true circulatory arrest. PMID- 14774163 TI - By-effects of irradiation on the skin. PMID- 14774164 TI - Disseminated mycotic disease; report of three cases. PMID- 14774165 TI - Nonspecific benign pericarditis. PMID- 14774166 TI - Pulmonary cavitation due to polyarteritis. PMID- 14774167 TI - External rupture of the heart causing a systolic murmur and thrill. PMID- 14774168 TI - Eczema vaccinatum successfully treated with chloramphenicol (chloromycetin). PMID- 14774169 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies, sodium psylliate, sylnasol. PMID- 14774170 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies, p-aminosalicylic acid. PMID- 14774171 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies, pentaquine phosphate. PMID- 14774172 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies, pentaquine phosphate and quinine sulfate. PMID- 14774173 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies, undecylenic acid. PMID- 14774174 TI - MOISTAIRE heat therapy unit, model 420-6, accepted. PMID- 14774175 TI - OTARION hearing aid, models F-1 and F-2, accepted. PMID- 14774176 TI - STEPHENSON resuscitator, Minuteman model, accepted. PMID- 14774178 TI - ACCEPTED foods. PMID- 14774177 TI - WESTINGHOUSE infra-red heat lamps, R-40, accepted. PMID- 14774179 TI - DENTAL practice acts; restriction on ownership of dental offices upheld. PMID- 14774180 TI - PRENATAL injuries: liability for injuries to infant received prior to and during birth. PMID- 14774181 TI - Poliomyelitic hip deformity and the erector spinae transplant. PMID- 14774182 TI - Arteriovenous fistula of the aortic arch; report of a case with successful treatment. PMID- 14774183 TI - Pulmonary changes in uremia. PMID- 14774184 TI - Acute diverticulitis of the cecum; a report of five cases. PMID- 14774185 TI - Pheochromocytoma successfully removed with the aid of piperoxan (benodaine) hydrochloride. PMID- 14774186 TI - Venous thrombosis. PMID- 14774187 TI - Costs of hospitalized acute illness. PMID- 14774189 TI - Wills for physicians. PMID- 14774188 TI - Physicians in service. PMID- 14774190 TI - Homotransplantation of the kidney in the human. PMID- 14774191 TI - Fetal hydrops; primipara immunized by previous intramuscular injection of Rh (D) blood; report of a case. PMID- 14774193 TI - GEM model V-60 hearing aid accepted. PMID- 14774192 TI - ACCEPTED foods. PMID- 14774194 TI - SUMMARY survey of state legislation of interest to physicians enacted during the two year period from July 1, 1948 to June 30, 1950. PMID- 14774195 TI - Dosage in the therapy of cardiovascular disease. PMID- 14774196 TI - Beta-glucuronidase studies in women. 2. Cancer of the cervix uteri. PMID- 14774197 TI - Bacteriologic and epidemiologic approach to treatment of respiratory infections with antibiotic aerosols. PMID- 14774198 TI - Effects of chemotherapeutic agents on fecal bacteria in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14774199 TI - Nutritional problems following resection of the small intestine for regional ileitis. PMID- 14774200 TI - Development of hypercholesteremia during cortisone and ACTH therapy. PMID- 14774201 TI - Diabetes detection drive in Dayton, Ohio. PMID- 14774202 TI - Choked disk and other types of edema of the nerve head; comment on the physiopathologic features. PMID- 14774203 TI - Functional tumor of adrenal cortex in male child. PMID- 14774204 TI - Bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 14774205 TI - Toxic goiter complicating diabetes mellitus treated with radioactive iodine (I131). PMID- 14774206 TI - SODIUM para-aminobenzoate and accepted brands omitted from new and nonofficial remedies. PMID- 14774207 TI - PORTABLE visual acuity chart accepted. PMID- 14774208 TI - ACCEPTED foods. PMID- 14774209 TI - RESP-AID positive pressure mask, model 350. PMID- 14774210 TI - MICROTONE model 45 hearing aid accepted. PMID- 14774212 TI - BELTONE mono-pac model M hearing aid accepted. PMID- 14774211 TI - RADIOEAR model 62 starlet hearing aid accepted. PMID- 14774213 TI - BATROW neuromuscular stimulator, model A, accepted. PMID- 14774214 TI - RESP-AID oxygen humidifier, models 400 and 425, accepted. PMID- 14774215 TI - TOUGAS exercising wheel accepted. PMID- 14774216 TI - HOSPITAL records; when admissible in evidence. PMID- 14774217 TI - Modern trends of surgery and treatment in otolaryngology. PMID- 14774218 TI - Protein metabolism in surgical patients. PMID- 14774219 TI - Modern therapy of plague. PMID- 14774220 TI - Current status of therapy in leprosy. PMID- 14774221 TI - Importance of foods in patients as determined by skin testing and intentional feeding. PMID- 14774222 TI - The community rehabilitation center and the general practitioner. PMID- 14774223 TI - Pruritus vulvae due to aureomycin. PMID- 14774224 TI - Perforated duodenal ulcer associated with pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) therapy. PMID- 14774225 TI - Roentgen and steroid hormone therapy in mammary cancer metastatic to bone. PMID- 14774226 TI - COMMITTEE on Cosmetics; accepted products. PMID- 14774227 TI - MALPRACTICE: application of doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. PMID- 14774228 TI - Surgery of stenotic valvular disease of the heart. PMID- 14774229 TI - Conversion of the auricular appendage into a leakproof valve tube for intracardiac surgery. PMID- 14774230 TI - Cortical steroids in treatment of cancer; observations on effects of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone in far advanced cases. PMID- 14774231 TI - Homologous serum jaundice; report of 8 fatal cases. PMID- 14774232 TI - Homologous serum jaundice and its relation to methods of plasma storage. PMID- 14774233 TI - Occurrence of hepatitis in recently tattooed service personnel. PMID- 14774234 TI - Advances in the management of jaundice; experiences with 500 jaundiced patients. PMID- 14774235 TI - Electroencephalographically controlled anesthesia in abdominal surgery. PMID- 14774236 TI - Intravenously administered saccharated iron oxide in the treatment of hypochromic anemia; therapeutic results, potential dangers and indications. PMID- 14774237 TI - Fatal virus hepatitis occurring in an infant three months of age. PMID- 14774238 TI - Contribution to the surgical treatment of ascites; modification of the Crosby Cooney technic. PMID- 14774239 TI - ACCEPTED foods. PMID- 14774240 TI - HOME whirlpool aerator accepted. PMID- 14774241 TI - TRIPPE diaphragm introducer accepted. PMID- 14774242 TI - NATIONAL hearing aid, vanity model 506, accepted. PMID- 14774243 TI - MAICO quiet-ear hearing aids, models G and H, accepted. PMID- 14774244 TI - GLOLITE luminous infrared ray lamps, models 439, 751, 1151, and 1451, accepted. PMID- 14774245 TI - MICROTONE "classic" hearing aid, model T9, accepted. PMID- 14774246 TI - MEDICAL education in time of national emergency. PMID- 14774247 TI - MALPRACTICE: standards applicable to drugless healers. PMID- 14774248 TI - AUTOPSIES: when court should permit exhumation and autopsy. PMID- 14774249 TI - PATERNITY: court's right to compel submission to blood grouping tests. PMID- 14774250 TI - Neurologic manifestations associated with dissecting aneurysm of the aorta. PMID- 14774251 TI - Massive separation of the retina in full term infants and juveniles. PMID- 14774252 TI - Lateral pharyngeal diverticula as a cause of dysphagia. PMID- 14774253 TI - Aureomycin in the treatment of influenza; a controlled study. PMID- 14774254 TI - Clinical physiology of potassium. PMID- 14774255 TI - Exhaustion in the young business executive; diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14774256 TI - Bedside management of problems of fluid balance. PMID- 14774257 TI - Accidents, childhood's greatest physical threat, are preventable. PMID- 14774259 TI - McKESSON respiraid rocking bed accepted. PMID- 14774258 TI - Agranulocytosis due to gantrisin; report of a case with recovery. PMID- 14774260 TI - SILVERTONE hearing aid, model M-35, accepted. PMID- 14774261 TI - IONIZING radiation and blood-forming tissues. PMID- 14774262 TI - OSTEOPATHY; osteopath's right to practice surgery and use drugs. PMID- 14774263 TI - Presidential address. PMID- 14774264 TI - Presidential acceptance address. PMID- 14774265 TI - An integrated concept of health as reflected in osteopathy. PMID- 14774266 TI - Shoulder pain and disability. PMID- 14774267 TI - Psychoses of childhood. PMID- 14774268 TI - Thrombosis of the internal cerebral veins of Galen; report of two cases involving adults. PMID- 14774269 TI - The role of the osteopathic lesion in functional and organic gastrointestinal pathology. PMID- 14774270 TI - The determination of alpha-estradiol and the other estrogenic diols by infrared spectrophotometry. PMID- 14774271 TI - A comparative study of Oregon and Washington peppermint oils. PMID- 14774272 TI - Anthelmintic activity of fluorine-substituted phenols. PMID- 14774274 TI - Studies on pharmaceutical powders and the state of subdivision. IV. The application of spray-drying techniques to pharmaceutical powders. PMID- 14774273 TI - Radio-frequency drying of tablet granulations. PMID- 14774275 TI - Glutarimides I. 3-alkyl-3-methylglutarimides. PMID- 14774276 TI - Glutarimides II. 3-methyl-3-alkyl-N-alkylglutarmides. PMID- 14774277 TI - Bacterial pyrogens. I. Pyrogenic preparation from a Pseudomonas species. PMID- 14774278 TI - Piperidine derivatives. I. Preparation of piperidine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and its N-methyl derivative. PMID- 14774279 TI - Piperidine derivatives. II. Preparation of 2,6-di-(alpha-hydroxybenzyl) piperidine hydrochloride and related compounds. PMID- 14774280 TI - Concentration of tetanus toxoid. PMID- 14774281 TI - Purification of tetanus toxoid. PMID- 14774282 TI - The Karl Fischer titration of water in vegetable drugs. PMID- 14774283 TI - Determination of aspirin, phenacetin, caffeine, and thenylene hydrochloride. PMID- 14774284 TI - Reduction of triterpene acids with lithium aluminum hydride. PMID- 14774285 TI - Comparative methods of drying and assay of Datura stramonium Linne. PMID- 14774286 TI - A note on the synthesis of C14-carboxyl-labeled salicylic acid. PMID- 14774287 TI - A note on the determination of choline in the presence of liver fractions. PMID- 14774288 TI - A note on the differentiation between flavonoid glycosides and their aglucones. PMID- 14774289 TI - Aureotracin: a combination of aureomycin and bacitracin. PMID- 14774291 TI - Iodine-propylene glycol solutions. PMID- 14774290 TI - The effect of streptomycin-bacitracin-polymyxin combination, polymyxin B, and streptomycin with glucuronolactone on the intestinal flora of man. PMID- 14774292 TI - The colorimetric determination of various alkaloids. PMID- 14774293 TI - Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on Escherichia coli and its reversal. PMID- 14774294 TI - Collaborative studies on thiamine mononitrate in pharmaceutical preparations. PMID- 14774295 TI - Pyrexia in rabbits following the injection of filtrates of typical mold cultures. PMID- 14774296 TI - Standard tolerances for pharmaceutical compounding. A basis for their establishment. III. Capsules. PMID- 14774297 TI - Standard tolerances for pharmaceutical compounding. A. basis for their establishment. V. Divided powders. PMID- 14774298 TI - Significance of variations in responses of five species of perfused hearts to common drugs. PMID- 14774299 TI - The preparation of radioactive morphine and related alkaloids by biosynthesis. PMID- 14774300 TI - The pharmacology of lunarine, the alkaloid of Lunaria biennis. PMID- 14774301 TI - Assay of official calcium products by the Schwarzenbach method. PMID- 14774302 TI - The potentiometric titration of the sulfa drugs. PMID- 14774303 TI - Rapid acidimetric determination of alum in alum-precipitated biologicals. PMID- 14774304 TI - Microtoxicology. VIII. Optical crystallographic properties and microchemical reactions of several long-acting antihistaminic drugs. PMID- 14774305 TI - A colorimetric method for the estimation of colchicine in pharmaceutical preparations. PMID- 14774306 TI - Biological safety tests for the quality control of parenteral pharmaceuticals. PMID- 14774307 TI - A note on a rapid method for titrating microbiological assay culture tubes. PMID- 14774308 TI - The president's address. PMID- 14774309 TI - Restraint of swine with pentothal sodium. PMID- 14774310 TI - Gastrotomy in a crocodile; a case report. PMID- 14774311 TI - Dystocia in a bitch; a case report. PMID- 14774312 TI - A biochemical and bacteriologic study of mare's milk. PMID- 14774313 TI - The use of bacitracin in small animal medicine. PMID- 14774314 TI - Studies on sanitizing used feed bags. PMID- 14774315 TI - An approach to the mastitis problem. PMID- 14774316 TI - Electrocardiography and cardiac physiology. PMID- 14774317 TI - A device for continuous recording of concentration of Evans blue dye in whole blood and its application to determination of cardiac output. PMID- 14774318 TI - Human heat production in relation to body weight and body surface. III. Inapplicability of surface law on fat men of the tropical zone. IV. General interpretation of climatic influence on metabolism. PMID- 14774319 TI - Influence of antihistaminics on respiratory response to hypoxia. PMID- 14774320 TI - Measurement of pathological pain in distinction to experimental pain. PMID- 14774321 TI - Value of different test foods in estimating masticatory ability. PMID- 14774322 TI - Effect of salt deficiency on the salt concentration in sweat. PMID- 14774323 TI - A discrepancy between renal extraction and urinary excretion of various substances (para-amino-hippurate, mannitol, creatinine, thiosulphate) in man. PMID- 14774324 TI - Production of neurogenic afferent renal vasoconstriction in humans and dogs by 2 benzyl-4,5-imidazoline HCl (priscoline). PMID- 14774325 TI - Influence of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) on differences of potential between synovial fluid and skin in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14774326 TI - Relationship between ischemia of muscles and serum potassium. PMID- 14774327 TI - Efficacy of artificial respiration. PMID- 14774328 TI - Physiological and performance changes in athletic conditioning. PMID- 14774329 TI - Effect of repeated exposure of human subjects to 18,000 feet without supplemental oxygen, to hyperventilation, and to 35,000 feet with 100 percent oxygen for one hour, on ascorbic acid excretion and plasma level and on urine pH. PMID- 14774330 TI - Cardiovascular pressor reflex mechanism and cerebral circulation under negative g head-to-tail acceleration. PMID- 14774331 TI - Extent of pathological damage to animals explosively decompressed in a cold environment. PMID- 14774332 TI - Medical services of the Department of defense. PMID- 14774333 TI - Performance under acute hypoxic stress in acclimatized mice. PMID- 14774334 TI - The new medical service of the United States Air Force. PMID- 14774335 TI - Early history of the Aero Medical Association. PMID- 14774337 TI - Visibility of cockpit instruments. PMID- 14774336 TI - Flight training for flight surgeons. PMID- 14774338 TI - Problems on parachute jumps over the Andes. PMID- 14774339 TI - Turbidimetric-titrimetric disparity in oleic acid stimulation of Lactobacillus casei. PMID- 14774340 TI - The growth phase in Neurospora corresponding to the logarithmic phase in unicellular organisms. PMID- 14774341 TI - A comparison of the phenylpyruvic acid reaction and the urease test in the differentiation of Proteus from other enteric organisms. PMID- 14774342 TI - Sulfur metabolism in Escherichia coli. I. Sulfate metabolism of normal and mutant cells. PMID- 14774343 TI - Rapid assay for growth: determination of microbiological susceptibility and fungistatic activity. PMID- 14774344 TI - Effects of x-rays produced at 50 kilovolts on different species of bacteria. PMID- 14774345 TI - The effect of aliphatic acids on the activity of certain antibacterial agents. PMID- 14774346 TI - The migration of cultures of Clostridium perfringens in semisolid medium. PMID- 14774347 TI - The influence of penicillin on large body production by luminous bacteria. PMID- 14774348 TI - The effect of ionic Mn and Mg on the variation of Brucella abortus. PMID- 14774349 TI - The effect of metabolites upon growth and variation of Brucella abortus. PMID- 14774350 TI - Nutrition and the role of reducing agents in the formation of streptolysin O by a group A hemolytic streptococcus. PMID- 14774351 TI - Nutritional requirements for hydrogenase production by Escherichia coli. PMID- 14774352 TI - The morphological characteristics of paired sulfonamide-susceptible and sulfonamide-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 14774353 TI - The nuclear cytology of the vegetative diplophase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PMID- 14774354 TI - Studies on the metabolism of Blastomyces dermatitidis. I. The effect of various substances on respiration. PMID- 14774355 TI - Studies on the metabolism of Blastomyces dermatitidis. II. The effect of pH on respiration. PMID- 14774356 TI - A new growth factor required by Butyribacterium rettgeri. PMID- 14774357 TI - A rapid microtechnique for the determination of nitrate reduction by microorganisms. PMID- 14774358 TI - A simple method for the automatic separation of smooth bacterial types from mixed populations. PMID- 14774359 TI - Two intermediate members of enterobacteriaceae. PMID- 14774360 TI - The relationship of biotin to the coenzyme of certain amino acid deaminases. PMID- 14774361 TI - Oxidative assimilation of glucose by Escherichia coli. PMID- 14774362 TI - The utilization of citrate by Escherichia coli. PMID- 14774363 TI - Artifacts, with other nonspecific appearances resembling virus particles, and the so-called filamentous forms of influenza and fowl pest viruses in human skin tissue fluid examined with the electron microscope. PMID- 14774364 TI - The effects of aureomycin and of penicillin against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 14774365 TI - Penicillin-screened auxotrophic mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and their relation to x-ray dosage. PMID- 14774367 TI - The effect of heparin on the growth of bacteria and yeasts. PMID- 14774366 TI - Evaluation of oral, intravenous, and intramuscular aureomycin and the correlation between the in vivo and in vitro activity. PMID- 14774368 TI - Investigations of the fecal bacteria of mice, with reference to the presence of mouse encephalomyelitis virus. PMID- 14774369 TI - The production of acetate from fatty acids by Neurospora. PMID- 14774370 TI - The sulfonamide-requiring mutant of Neurospora: threonine-methionine antagonism. PMID- 14774371 TI - Spore formation by thermophilic flat sour organisms. I. The effect of nutrient concentration and the presence of salts. PMID- 14774372 TI - A new Salmonella type: Salmonella emek. PMID- 14774373 TI - [Electrokymography]. PMID- 14774374 TI - [Pleuropericardial cyst]. PMID- 14774375 TI - [Study of the radiologic sequels of abscess treated by endobronchial penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14774376 TI - [Radiotherapy of a hepato-splenic syndrome: Banti's disease]. PMID- 14774377 TI - [Several aspects of radiotherapy in the light of works published from 1945 to 1950]. PMID- 14774378 TI - [Jean Verhoogen (1864-1950)]. PMID- 14774379 TI - [Testicular neuralgia]. PMID- 14774380 TI - [One-stage prostatectomy with immediate closure of the bladder over a balloon catheter]. PMID- 14774381 TI - [Acute retention in infants]. PMID- 14774382 TI - [Total nephroureterectomy for ureterohematohydronephrosis by supravesicular stricture of the ureter]. PMID- 14774383 TI - [Papillary adenoma of the kidney]. PMID- 14774384 TI - [Spontaneous evolution almost without treatment of a furuncle of the kidney with perinephritis]. PMID- 14774385 TI - [Cancer of the bladder; intestinal implantation of ureter; pre- and postoperative urography]. PMID- 14774386 TI - [Nephrectomy for xanthinic calculous pyonephrosis of horseshoe kidney]. PMID- 14774387 TI - Acetoacetic acid formation in vitro from odd and even numbered radioactive fatty acids. PMID- 14774388 TI - Influence of sulfhydryl reagents on the cytochrome c-cytochrome oxidase system. PMID- 14774389 TI - Studies on cholinesterase. VII. The active surface of acetylcholine esterase derived from effects of pH on inhibitors. PMID- 14774390 TI - Tracer studies of glucuronic acid biosynthesis. PMID- 14774391 TI - Mechanism of inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis of brain by sodium ions. PMID- 14774392 TI - The strontium content of human bones. PMID- 14774393 TI - The relation of the electrolyte composition of plasma and skeletal muscle. PMID- 14774394 TI - The oxidation of hexanoic acid and derivatives by liver tissue in vitro. PMID- 14774395 TI - Acetyl phosphate synthesis by reaction of isopropenyl acetate and phosphoric acid. PMID- 14774396 TI - Antagonisms in the utilization of D-amino acids by lactic acid bacteria. II. Influence of DL-serine and glycine on the utilization of D-alanine. PMID- 14774397 TI - Studies on the mucoproteins of human plasma. V. Isolation and characterization of a homogeneous mucoprotein. PMID- 14774398 TI - Sedimentation, diffusion, and molecular weight of a mucoprotein from human plasma. PMID- 14774399 TI - On deethylation of ethionine in the rat. PMID- 14774400 TI - The inhibition of growth of rats by triethylcholine. PMID- 14774401 TI - Steroids derived from bile acids. IX. Diphenylcarbinol and diphenylethylene derivatives. PMID- 14774402 TI - Steroids derived from bile acids. X. Preparation of bromo derivatives of some 3 ketosteroids. PMID- 14774403 TI - Steroids derived from bile acids. XI. Preparation of 3-keto-delta 4-steroids. PMID- 14774404 TI - Migration during hydrolysis of esters of glycerophosphoric acid. II. The acid and alkaline hydrolysis of L-alpha-lecithins. PMID- 14774405 TI - A study of the urinary excretion of alpha-amino nitrogen and lysine by humans. PMID- 14774406 TI - Catalysis of transamidation reactions by proteolytic enzymes. PMID- 14774407 TI - Antagonists of nucleic acid derivatives. II. Reversal studies with substances structurally related to thymine. PMID- 14774408 TI - Antagonist of nucleic acid derivatives. III. The specificity of the purine requirement of Lactobacillus casei. PMID- 14774409 TI - The formation of glycogen from C14-labeled glycine. PMID- 14774410 TI - Fractionation of human immune gamma-globulin. PMID- 14774411 TI - Arginase, adenosinepyrophosphatase, and rhodanese levels in the liver of rats. PMID- 14774412 TI - The egg white inhibitor of influenza virus hemagglutination. II. Electron microscopy of the inhibitor. PMID- 14774413 TI - The enzymatic formation of citric acid studied with C14-labeled oxalacetate. PMID- 14774414 TI - Measurement of amylase activity. PMID- 14774415 TI - The surface chemistry of bone. I. Recrystallization. PMID- 14774416 TI - The effect of high pressures on pepsin and chymotrypsinogen. PMID- 14774417 TI - Separation of chondroitin sulfate from cartilage. PMID- 14774418 TI - Studies on the stability of the choline oxidase. PMID- 14774419 TI - Spectrophotometric estimation of pyridine nucleotides in animal tissues. PMID- 14774420 TI - Electron microscopy of crystalline catalase. PMID- 14774421 TI - The metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine in mutant strains of Escherichia coli. PMID- 14774422 TI - A synthesis of 2,3-diphospho-D-glyceric acid. PMID- 14774423 TI - Further studies on the kinetics and determination of aldolase. PMID- 14774424 TI - The path of carbon in photosynthesis. PMID- 14774425 TI - Rat liver fructokinase. PMID- 14774426 TI - Selenate inhibition studies. IV. Biochemical basis of selenate toxicity in yeast. PMID- 14774427 TI - Synthesis of acetylcholine in crustacean nerve and nerve extract. PMID- 14774428 TI - Conversion of cystathionine labeled with S35 to cystine in vivo. PMID- 14774429 TI - Radioactive crystalline ribonuclease. PMID- 14774430 TI - Labeled sulfur uptake by thyroids of rats with low plasma thiocyanate levels. PMID- 14774431 TI - Microbiological determination of cystine, systeine, and glutathione in plasma. PMID- 14774432 TI - Previous nutritional state and glucose conversion to fatty acids in liver slices. PMID- 14774433 TI - The uptake of radiocalcium by the skeleton: the effect of vitamin D and calcium intake. PMID- 14774434 TI - Synthesis of p-aminohippuric acid by mitochondria of mouse liver homogenates. PMID- 14774435 TI - Deamination of homoserine. PMID- 14774436 TI - A study of xanthine metabolism in the rat. PMID- 14774437 TI - The influence of folic acid upon enzyme systems in chick embryo liver. PMID- 14774438 TI - Amylase and esterase in rat intestinal lymph. PMID- 14774439 TI - Insulin methyl ester. I. Preparation and properties. PMID- 14774440 TI - The metabolism of S35-sodium estrone sulfate in the adult female rat. PMID- 14774441 TI - Some opinions relating to oral surgery. PMID- 14774442 TI - The status of dental preventive measures in 1950. PMID- 14774443 TI - Osteitis fibrosa; case report. PMID- 14774444 TI - "Wider please". PMID- 14774445 TI - [Electrolysis of fluorine in oral prophylaxis]. PMID- 14774446 TI - [Analgesia: a practical solution to the problem of pain in dentistry]. PMID- 14774447 TI - Why fixed partial denture prosthesis. PMID- 14774448 TI - Some observations on the dental conditions in Peiping (Peking) China. PMID- 14774449 TI - Operative dentistry for children under general anaesthesia. PMID- 14774450 TI - [Treatment of radicular cysts]. PMID- 14774451 TI - [Health insurance]. PMID- 14774452 TI - [Technic of recto-sigmoidal resection by abdominal approach with immediate re establishment of colo-rectal continuity]. PMID- 14774453 TI - [Study of a case of aneurysm of the carotid fork with a discussion of the reconstructive therapy of carotid aneurysms]. PMID- 14774454 TI - [Technic and indications for radio-carpo-metacarpal arthrodesis by graft]. PMID- 14774455 TI - [Treatment of primary malignant tumors of the long bones]. PMID- 14774456 TI - [Indications and results of total gastrectomy for cancer of the stomach]. PMID- 14774457 TI - Intravascular catheterization studies of bronchial asthma. I. Histamine levels in arterial and mixed venous blood of asthmatic patients before and during induced attacks. PMID- 14774458 TI - Oxygen tension of tissues by the polarographic method. I. Introduction: oxygen tension and blood flow of the skin of human extremities. PMID- 14774459 TI - The urinary excretion and biologic decay periods of radiomercury labeling a mercurial diuretic in normal and diseased man. PMID- 14774460 TI - Correlative observations on cerebral metabolism and cardiac output in myxedema. PMID- 14774461 TI - Inhibition of streptolysin S by the serum of patients with rheumatic fever and acute streptococcal pharyngitis. PMID- 14774462 TI - A comparative study of antihyaluronidase, antistreptolysin "O," antistreptokinase, and streptococcal agglutination titers in patients with rheumatic fever, acute hemolytic streptococcal infections, rheumatoid arthritis and non-rheumatoid forms of arthritis. PMID- 14774463 TI - The fate of intravenously administered calcium; effect on urinary calcium and phosphorus, fecal calcium and calcium-phosphorus balance. PMID- 14774464 TI - The pulmonary retention of aerosols: a quantitative method of measurement using sodium para-amino hippurate. PMID- 14774465 TI - Studies on the initiation of blood coagulation. II. An anticoagulant inhibiting the activation of a plasma thromboplastic factor. PMID- 14774466 TI - Dietary treatment of hypertension; clinical and metabolic studies of patients on the rice-fruit diet. PMID- 14774468 TI - Electrophoretic studies of human serum at pH 4.5. PMID- 14774467 TI - Thiosulphate clearance in pregnancy. PMID- 14774469 TI - Design of a two-dimensional ballistocardiograph. PMID- 14774470 TI - Studies in renal circulation during periods of life stress and accompanying emotional reactions in subjects with and without essential hypertension; observations on the role of neural activity in regulation of renal blood flow. PMID- 14774472 TI - A study of the simultaneous occurrence of Enterococci, Lactobacilli, and yeasts in saliva from human beings. PMID- 14774471 TI - Multiple myeloma. III. Effect of urethane therapy on plasma cell growth, abnormal serum protein components and Bence Jones proteinuria. PMID- 14774473 TI - Morphologic instability of Actinomycetes associated with enamel. PMID- 14774474 TI - Effect of certain hendecynoic acids and their ammonium salts on acid production in saliva containing glucose. PMID- 14774475 TI - The production of acids from glucose by oral microorganisms: citric acid. PMID- 14774476 TI - The inhibition of acid formation in the mouth by amino derivatives of 2,3 dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone. PMID- 14774477 TI - Investigations on the metabolism of fluoride. II. Fluoride content of blood and urine as a function of the fluorine in drinking water. PMID- 14774478 TI - Vibration characteristics of the rotating dental instrument. PMID- 14774479 TI - Measurements of vertical dimension of processed dentures. PMID- 14774480 TI - Permeable structures in normal enamel. PMID- 14774481 TI - The grinding of very thin sections of enamel. PMID- 14774482 TI - The prevalence, distribution, and morphologic changes of the epithelial remnants in the molar region of the rat. PMID- 14774483 TI - The scientific emphasis in dentistry. PMID- 14774484 TI - The palatal crib for the correction of oral habits. PMID- 14774485 TI - Why dentistry in cerebral palsy? PMID- 14774486 TI - The use of anterior steel crowns as a matrix for plastic fillings and crowns. PMID- 14774487 TI - Prevalence of caries in Chicago suburban school children (7 to 14 years of age). PMID- 14774488 TI - Antiluteomatous action of progesterone in the guinea-pig. PMID- 14774489 TI - Investigations into the phosphorus metabolism of the adrenal cortex. PMID- 14774490 TI - The effect of hypothyroidism on reproduction in the female albino rat. PMID- 14774491 TI - The effect of total darkness on the growth of the newborn albino rat. PMID- 14774492 TI - Changes in renal function in man due to disease of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. PMID- 14774493 TI - The induction of progesterone withdrawal bleeding in spayed rhesus monkeys. PMID- 14774494 TI - Fructose in rabbit semen: a study of normal fluctuations, and changes evoked by testosterone and stilboestrol. PMID- 14774495 TI - The excretion of urinary neutral 17-ketosteroids following bilateral splanchnicectomy and right adrenalectomy. PMID- 14774496 TI - The numbers of normal and atretic ova in the mature rat. PMID- 14774497 TI - A new apparatus for pituitary stalk section in the rat. PMID- 14774498 TI - Citric acid and the excretion of oestrone and oestradiol. PMID- 14774499 TI - Mechanism by which progesterone and other steroids inhibit the vaginal action of oestradiol. PMID- 14774500 TI - The measurement of oxygen consumption in small animals by a closed circuit method. PMID- 14774501 TI - Alloxan diabetes and pregnancy: a long-term observation. PMID- 14774502 TI - Liver mediation in uterine growth, and the action of oestrone on liver proliferation. PMID- 14774503 TI - The role of progesterone in the mechanism of pelvic relaxation in the mouse. PMID- 14774504 TI - The induction of uterine bleeding in normal monkeys by means of progesterone. PMID- 14774505 TI - Investigations into 131I uptake and excretion. PMID- 14774506 TI - Synthetic thyroxine in the treatment of myxoedema. PMID- 14774507 TI - The effects of oestrogens on menstrual rhythm. PMID- 14774508 TI - Clinical syndrome associated with Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions of the kidney in diabetes. PMID- 14774509 TI - Diagnostic tests in diabetes insipidus. PMID- 14774510 TI - A case of Paget's disease with signs of hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 14774511 TI - The adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) of the anterior pituitary. PMID- 14774512 TI - Comparative immunizing capacity of BCG and the proteins and polysaccharides in tubercle bacillus culture filtrates. PMID- 14774513 TI - Immunological studies of three antitoxin containing globulin fractions of the horse. PMID- 14774514 TI - Studies on haemagglutination with the GDVII strain of murine encephalomyelitis. PMID- 14774515 TI - Agglutinin response to intradermal tests for sensitivity to the Brucella. PMID- 14774516 TI - The etiology of epidemic pleurodynia: a study of two viruses isolated from a typical outbreak. PMID- 14774517 TI - AGGLUTINATION-INHIBITION test proposed as a standard of reference in influenza diagnostic studies; Committee on Standard Serological Procedures in Influenza Studies. PMID- 14774518 TI - Cerebral angiography in neurosurgical diagnosis. PMID- 14774519 TI - Rauwolfia in hypertension. PMID- 14774520 TI - Surgical treatment of filarial scrotum and penis. PMID- 14774521 TI - Jaw-winking reflex: a Marcus Gunn phenomenon. PMID- 14774522 TI - Osteogenesis imperfecta, with report of a case. PMID- 14774523 TI - The problem of cancer and the general practitioner. PMID- 14774524 TI - Chronic generalised tuberculosis with tuberculoma in plaque of the brain. PMID- 14774525 TI - The relation between toxin production and protein synthesis by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. PMID- 14774526 TI - Studies on the experimental epidemiology of respiratory infections. I. An apparatus for the quantitative study of air-borne respiratory pathogens. PMID- 14774527 TI - Studies on the experimental epidemiology of respiratory infections. II. Observations on the behavior of aerosols of Streptococcus zooepidemicus. PMID- 14774528 TI - Studies on the experimental epidemiology of respiratory infections. III. Certain aspects of the behavior of type A influenza virus as an air-borne cloud. PMID- 14774529 TI - Studies on the experimental epidemiology of respiratory infections. IV. A particle size analyzer applied to the measurement of viable air-borne bacteria. PMID- 14774530 TI - In vitro studies of bacterial resistance to chloramphenicol (chloromycetin). PMID- 14774531 TI - Production of steam volatile acids by bacteria-free Ascaris lumbricoides. PMID- 14774533 TI - The effect of x-irradiation on experimental enteric cholera in the guinea pig. PMID- 14774532 TI - Isolation of the virus of poliomyelitis from the stools, oropharynx and nose of contacts. PMID- 14774534 TI - The effect of x-irradiation on fecal and urinary antibody response. PMID- 14774535 TI - Unusual types of enteric bacteria. PMID- 14774536 TI - The comparative susceptibility of Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles quadrimaculatus to a South Carolina strain of Plasmodium Falciparum. PMID- 14774537 TI - Studies in bacillary dysentery. I. Failure to detect coproantibodies in patients with bacillary dysentery (Flexner). PMID- 14774538 TI - Studies in bacillary dysentery. II. Antibody formation in Macacus rhesus monkeys after the oral ingestion of living and formalin-killed cultures of Shigella paradysenteriae. PMID- 14774539 TI - Hallucinations of the sane; the psychiatric significance of the "veridical" or truth-telling variety. PMID- 14774540 TI - Significance of reports on cancer smear preparations for the insurance medical examiner. PMID- 14774542 TI - Early diagnosis of brain tumor. PMID- 14774541 TI - Nutritional deficiency in the etiology of diabetes; its implications for prevention, therapy and prognosis. PMID- 14774543 TI - The female climacteric. PMID- 14774544 TI - Accidents in childhood. PMID- 14774545 TI - Which are the most practical function tests of the cardiovascular system. PMID- 14774546 TI - Circulatory response to stress in testing cardiac function. PMID- 14774547 TI - Some of the clinical problems involved in the underwriting of diaphragmatic hernia. PMID- 14774549 TI - Factors affecting the insurability of diabetics. PMID- 14774548 TI - Has experience to date shown the intervertebral disc to be a hazard from a life and disability standpoint? PMID- 14774550 TI - What effect has sympathectomy on prognosis in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 14774551 TI - Insurable tumors. PMID- 14774552 TI - Underwriting waiver of premium and double indemnity benefits. PMID- 14774553 TI - Homografts of aorta preserved in alcohol. PMID- 14774554 TI - Congenital obstructive lesions of the urinary tract. PMID- 14774555 TI - Esophagoduodenal anastomosis in selected cases of total gastrectomy. PMID- 14774556 TI - Pancreatic fluid accumulation subsequent to trauma; report of a case. PMID- 14774557 TI - Bilharziasis of the urinary tract; some clinical aspects. PMID- 14774559 TI - New endotracheal tube; a preliminary report. PMID- 14774558 TI - Obstruction of the lower portion of the urinary tract in infants and children. PMID- 14774560 TI - Preoperative and postoperative nutrition for surgical patients with carcinoma of the large bowel. PMID- 14774561 TI - Endometrioma of sigmoid producing obstruction. PMID- 14774562 TI - Granulosa cell carcinoma of the ovary. PMID- 14774563 TI - Diaphragmatic hernia with eventration and herniation of the spleen. PMID- 14774564 TI - Perforated gastric and duodenal ulcer; review of cases. PMID- 14774565 TI - Development of refractory condition of skin towards antihistaminic drugs after anti-histaminic therapy as determined by histamine iontophoresis. PMID- 14774566 TI - A direct visual method of inoculating early developing chick embryos with viruses. PMID- 14774567 TI - Lichen planus and its possible association with vascular hypertension. PMID- 14774568 TI - A method for the separation of the epidermis from the dermis. PMID- 14774569 TI - The occurrence of the "L. E." cell in clotted blood. PMID- 14774570 TI - The treatment of early syphilis with crystalline penicillin G in peanut oil and beeswax (P.O.B.) employing a treatment schedule of 300,000 units given twice a week for a period of 8 weeks; report of 113 cases. PMID- 14774571 TI - Skin reactions; the stability of glycerite of hydrogen peroxide on the human skin. PMID- 14774572 TI - The intercellular substance of the connective tissue in myxedema; a morphological and histochemical study. PMID- 14774573 TI - The composition of the surface skin fat ('sebum') from the human forearm. PMID- 14774574 TI - Basophilic intranuclear inclusions in warts, psoriasis, and certain malignancies. PMID- 14774575 TI - Dihydrostreptomycin and potassium iodide in the treatment of tuberculosis verrucosa cutis. PMID- 14774576 TI - Artificially produced resistance in the Trichophyton gypsum in the presence of undecylenic acid and in the presence of some vegetable essences. PMID- 14774577 TI - Some investigative studies on the use of Colorado shale oil in dermatological therapy. PMID- 14774578 TI - Dermatitis due to the procaine fraction of procaine penicillin. PMID- 14774579 TI - High frequency square-wave current in dermatology: Epilation, iontophoresis, cutaneous sensory threshold. PMID- 14774580 TI - Primary familial xanthomatosis and biliary xanthomatosis (biliary cirrhosis with xanthomatosis). PMID- 14774581 TI - Protein studies in scleroderma. PMID- 14774582 TI - Experimental histoplasmosis of skin and mucous membranes in rabbits. PMID- 14774583 TI - The proteins in pemphigus vulgaris. III. The effect of infusions of human serum albumin on the proteins in the blood serum of patients with pemphigus vulgaris. PMID- 14774584 TI - Allergic eczematous contact-type dermatitis caused by rubber sponges used for the application of cosmetics. PMID- 14774585 TI - Studies in Eczematous sensitizations. III. The development in species other than man or the guinea pig. PMID- 14774586 TI - Degerming the cutaneous surface. I. Quaternary ammonium compounds. PMID- 14774587 TI - Degerming the cutaneous surface. II. Hexachlorophene (G-11). PMID- 14774588 TI - Problems in the diagnosis of neoplasms of the kidney. PMID- 14774589 TI - The importance of lymph node metastases in carcinoma of the cervix uteri. PMID- 14774590 TI - Malignant neoplasms of the skin. PMID- 14774591 TI - Cancer of the breast. PMID- 14774592 TI - The cutaneous manifestations of lymphoblastomata. PMID- 14774593 TI - The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the stomach. PMID- 14774594 TI - The use of radium in the treatment of endometrial cancer. PMID- 14774595 TI - Cancer of the head and neck including cervical lymph node dissections. PMID- 14774596 TI - Bronchiogenic carcinoma. PMID- 14774597 TI - Carcinoma of the bladder with special emphasis on its surgical treatment. PMID- 14774598 TI - The present status of radiology in the diagnosis of curable cancer. PMID- 14774599 TI - Progress in the treatment of cancer. PMID- 14774600 TI - Malignant lesions of the small intestine. PMID- 14774601 TI - Radiological end results in the control of cancer. PMID- 14774602 TI - Tumors of the testis. PMID- 14774603 TI - Angiomata of the liver, spleen and mesentery: a case report. PMID- 14774604 TI - Bilateral popliteal embolus: a case report. PMID- 14774605 TI - MANAGEMENT of acute head injuries. PMID- 14774606 TI - Emergency gastrectomy for massive hemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer; a case report. PMID- 14774607 TI - CLINICAL pathological conference; chronic cor pulmonale with pulmonary parenchymal and vascular disease. PMID- 14774608 TI - Recent experiences with gastric malignancies. PMID- 14774609 TI - Multiple unipolar ("V") precordial leads. PMID- 14774610 TI - Castration and sex crimes. PMID- 14774611 TI - CARE of hand injuries. PMID- 14774612 TI - Further studies of agglutination and inhibition in the Lea-Leb system. PMID- 14774613 TI - The transmission of hemolytic streptococcal infections in infant wards with special reference to "skin dispersers". PMID- 14774614 TI - Serologic studies of mumps employing complement fixation and agglutination inhibition. PMID- 14774615 TI - The relationship of complement-fixing and antihemagglutinating factors against the viruses of mumps and Newcastle disease. PMID- 14774616 TI - Preservation of the specific agglutinability of human red blood cells. PMID- 14774617 TI - Serum cholinesterase determination in the differential diagnosis of jaundice. PMID- 14774618 TI - Interpretation of findings in the cerebrospinal fluid; syndrome of normality. PMID- 14774619 TI - Beet sensitivity: allergic reactions from the ingestion of beet sugar (sucrose) and monosodium glutamate of beet origin. PMID- 14774620 TI - The problem of aspirin allergy with a report on skin testing with salicylate containing human sera. PMID- 14774621 TI - Observations on the intravenous administration of saccharated oxide of iron in human beings. PMID- 14774622 TI - Absence of respiratory change or manifest tetany with elevation of plasma pH produced by bicarbonate administration in dogs. PMID- 14774623 TI - The blood volume in chronic leukemia as determined by p32 labeled red blood cells. PMID- 14774624 TI - Localization of radioactive colloids in lymph nodes. PMID- 14774625 TI - Index of thyroid function: estimation by rate of organic binding of I131. PMID- 14774626 TI - The use of radioactive iodine, radioactive phosphorus, and radioactive sodium in the determination of cerebral and muscle clearance. PMID- 14774627 TI - Studies on l-nor-epinephrine: relation of dosage to pressor and bradycardia effect. PMID- 14774628 TI - Potency variation in rabbit lung thromboplastic suspensions. PMID- 14774629 TI - A photonephelometric method for the determination of sulfates in biologic fluids. PMID- 14774630 TI - Shigella grouping antiserums. PMID- 14774631 TI - Photoelectric determination of prothrombin time. PMID- 14774632 TI - Experiences with the photofluorometric determination of quinidine in blood. PMID- 14774633 TI - A system composed of a pump, outflow meter, and oxygenator capable of perfusing an organ at either a constant head of pressure or a constant rate of blood flow, regardless of changes in flow resistance in the organ. PMID- 14774634 TI - The accuracy, precision, and utility of the syringe as a pipetting device. PMID- 14774635 TI - Some common medical emergencies and their treatment. PMID- 14774636 TI - Management of arteriosclerosis obliterans in cold climates. PMID- 14774637 TI - Aureomycin in ocular syphilis. PMID- 14774638 TI - Acute intussusception: Report of nine cases. PMID- 14774639 TI - The preference of transverse incisions in gallbladder surgery. PMID- 14774640 TI - Tuberculosis of bone treated with streptomycin; a case report of. PMID- 14774641 TI - The present scope of gastric resections. PMID- 14774642 TI - Roentgen therapy for treatment of the painful shoulder. PMID- 14774643 TI - [Determination of the anginous crisis]. PMID- 14774644 TI - [Pryce's modified method for the rapid culture of Koch bacilli on plates in human blood for research on resistance to streptomycin]. PMID- 14774645 TI - [Adenoids in rachitics]. PMID- 14774646 TI - [Error in administration of B. C. G]. PMID- 14774647 TI - [Action of a polythionic complex (OM 32), particularly in tuberculous hyperallergy]. PMID- 14774648 TI - [Massive treatment of syphilis]. PMID- 14774649 TI - [Comparative study of anti-venereal prophylactic methods in the United States and in France]. PMID- 14774650 TI - [Venereal epidemiology in Negroes in French Africa]. PMID- 14774651 TI - [Surgical treatment of cancer of the uterus]. PMID- 14774652 TI - [Vitamin B12 and neuro-anemic syndromes; from two recent cases]. PMID- 14774653 TI - [Conclusions drawn from the tuberculin cutireaction in the French Metropolitan Army]. PMID- 14774654 TI - [Pericarditis with effusion during primary tuberculosis infection in children]. PMID- 14774655 TI - The gastroscope as a diagnostic aid in gastric disorders. PMID- 14774656 TI - Chronic pancreatic disease. PMID- 14774657 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. PMID- 14774658 TI - The choice of operation in gastric and duodenal ulcer. PMID- 14774659 TI - An analysis of fifteen cases of intussusception. PMID- 14774660 TI - Diaphragmatic hiatus hernia. PMID- 14774661 TI - Management of massive hemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 14774662 TI - Ectopic pregnancy in a rudimentary tube unconnected with a uterus unicornis. PMID- 14774663 TI - Management of breech delivery. PMID- 14774664 TI - Removal of intraocular foreign bodies by the anterior and posterior routes. PMID- 14774665 TI - Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with pregnenolone. PMID- 14774666 TI - Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by the general practitioner. PMID- 14774667 TI - Hematology: its past and future. PMID- 14774668 TI - The miracle of sudden sight. PMID- 14774669 TI - Diagnosis of cancer of the colon. PMID- 14774670 TI - Decreasing mortality after gynecologic operations. PMID- 14774671 TI - Bleeding Meckel's diverticulum; report of case in an 18-month old infant. PMID- 14774672 TI - Raising funds for arthritis research. PMID- 14774673 TI - Arthritis research in Michigan. PMID- 14774674 TI - Present status of ACTH and cortisone in the practical management of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14774675 TI - Cortisone and ACTH; their present relationship to rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14774676 TI - ACTH and colchicine in the clinical treatment of acute gouty arthritis; physiological considerations and review of therapeutic results in 51 attacks. PMID- 14774677 TI - A study of the immediate effects of ACTH on the histopathology of Felty's syndrome. PMID- 14774678 TI - Treatment of osteoarthritis with ACTH. PMID- 14774679 TI - Osteoarthritis and body mechanics. PMID- 14774680 TI - 17-ketosteroid excretion in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14774681 TI - The hands in arthritis. PMID- 14774682 TI - Procaine in rheumatic diseases. PMID- 14774683 TI - The hemagglutination test for rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14774684 TI - Cortisone in rheumatoid arthritis; observations of 15 patients. PMID- 14774685 TI - Rupture of an endometrial cyst during pregnancy. PMID- 14774686 TI - Recent advances in treatment of cardiovascular disease. PMID- 14774687 TI - Prolonged labor. PMID- 14774688 TI - A tuberculosis survey in a general hospital. PMID- 14774689 TI - A new concept of the clotting of blood and the hemorrhagic diseases. PMID- 14774690 TI - Clinical pathologic conference, Veterans Administration Hospital; adenocarcinoma of the stomach with metastasis; chronic pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitation. PMID- 14774691 TI - Successful primary graft of an avulsed major portion of an ear. PMID- 14774692 TI - Eosinophilic pneumonitis resembling Loeffler's syndrome. PMID- 14774693 TI - "Patient" history vs. "Case" history. PMID- 14774694 TI - Suture material. PMID- 14774695 TI - More about our economic status. PMID- 14774696 TI - Studies of the carcinogenic action in the rat of 2-nitro, 2-amino-, 2-acetylamino , and 2-diacetylaminofluorene after ingestion and after painting. PMID- 14774697 TI - Studies on the effects in vitro of Roentgen radiation on the biological activity of the agent of chicken tumor I(Rous sarcoma). PMID- 14774698 TI - Formation of tyrosine crystals from leukocytes and various normal and pathological tissues by means of a synthetic detergent. PMID- 14774699 TI - Note on the influence of the number of litters upon the incidence of mammary tumors in mice. PMID- 14774700 TI - Lactic dehydrogenase activity of certain tumors and normal tissues. PMID- 14774701 TI - Damage induced in sarcoma 37 with podophyllin, podophyllotoxin alpha-peltatin, beta-peltatin, and quercetin. PMID- 14774702 TI - Effect of alpha-peltatin, beta-peltatin, podophyllotoxin on lymphomas and other transplanted tumors. PMID- 14774703 TI - Saliva-insoluble glycoproteins, stained by the periodic acid Schiff procedure, in the placentas of pig, cat, mouse, rat, and man. PMID- 14774704 TI - A simple histochemical reaction for aldehydes. PMID- 14774705 TI - The application of oxidation reactions to the study of spermatogenesis. PMID- 14774706 TI - The use of x-ray absorption in cytochemistry. PMID- 14774707 TI - Movements of macrophages studied with the use of thorotrast. PMID- 14774708 TI - Ultraviolet absorption spectromicroscopy of interstitial cells of testis using carbowax embedding. PMID- 14774709 TI - Aging changes in the collagenous connective tissue of rat skin. PMID- 14774710 TI - Electron microscope demonstration of bacterial nuclei as vesicular structures. PMID- 14774711 TI - The influence of acid hydrolysis upon the nuclear structures of Bacillus megatherium as demonstrated by phase contrast microscopy and the aldehyde mordanted basic fuchsin stain. PMID- 14774712 TI - Differential centrifugation combined with microspectrophotometry in localization of cellular bio-activity. PMID- 14774713 TI - Studies of cells with the reflecting microscope. PMID- 14774714 TI - A modified freezing-drying apparatus. PMID- 14774715 TI - Investigation of the lead nitrate method for histological demonstration of acid phosphatase. PMID- 14774716 TI - Some histochemical observations concerning the existence of more than a single type of "alkaline" phosphatase. PMID- 14774717 TI - A histochemical and biochemical study of the alkaline phosphatase activity of bone of scorbutic guinea pigs. PMID- 14774718 TI - Criteria of validity in enzymatic histochemical studies. PMID- 14774719 TI - Pathological deposits of calcium and iron. PMID- 14774720 TI - Problems of rural medical care. PMID- 14774721 TI - The United States Public health Mission in Liberia. PMID- 14774723 TI - Notes on Colles' fracture with special emphasis on treatment. PMID- 14774722 TI - Control features of the cancer problem. PMID- 14774724 TI - A clinical study of chlorcyclizine hydrochloride, perazil; a new antihistaminic drug. PMID- 14774725 TI - Hemophilia in the Negro. PMID- 14774726 TI - Nonspecific urethritis in the male. PMID- 14774727 TI - Ectopic pregnancy; a study of 79 cases at Homer G. Phillips Hospital. PMID- 14774728 TI - Medical examinations for life insurance. PMID- 14774729 TI - Mesenteric cyst. PMID- 14774730 TI - Which way is right? PMID- 14774731 TI - The neurology of Bing. PMID- 14774732 TI - Preliminary report of 62 prefrontal lobotomies on psychotic male veterans at the Veterans Hospital, Northport, Long Island, New York. PMID- 14774733 TI - Family role in diagnosis and treatment of offenders. PMID- 14774734 TI - Psychopathological aspects of deafness. PMID- 14774736 TI - Platybasia with Arnold-Chiari syndrome. PMID- 14774735 TI - Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy. PMID- 14774737 TI - Thrombosis of left internal carotid artery; thromboangiitis obliterans. PMID- 14774738 TI - Convulsive disorder with spastic diplegia and mental deterioration. PMID- 14774739 TI - Denervation changes in mammalian striated muscle. PMID- 14774740 TI - The effects of lesions in the cingular gyrus and adjacent areas in monkeys. PMID- 14774741 TI - Normal mentality associated with a maldeveloped "rhinencephalon". PMID- 14774742 TI - Thalamic projection to frontal cortex in man. PMID- 14774743 TI - The penetration of particulate matter from the cerebrospinal fluid into the spinal ganglia, peripheral nerves, and perivascular spaces of the central nervous system. PMID- 14774744 TI - Syphilitic optic neuritis. PMID- 14774745 TI - Ocular palsies with nasal sinusitis. PMID- 14774746 TI - Neurotic tendencies in epilepsy. PMID- 14774747 TI - Central and reflex regulation of motility of pyloric antrum. PMID- 14774748 TI - Gastric motor effects of acute removal of cingulate gyrus and section of brain stem. PMID- 14774749 TI - Inhibition of knee jerk from tendon spindles of crureus. PMID- 14774750 TI - Reflex self-regulation of muscle contraction and autogenetic inhibition. PMID- 14774751 TI - Some physical and pharmacological factors affecting delayed response performance of baboons following frontal lobotomy. PMID- 14774752 TI - Electrocorticographic effects of stimulation of posterior orbital, temporal and cingulate areas of Macaca mulatta. PMID- 14774753 TI - BORIS PETROVITCH BABKIN. PMID- 14774754 TI - A new absorbable hemostatic bone wax; preliminary report. PMID- 14774755 TI - Conservative surgical therapy of brain abscesses. PMID- 14774756 TI - Precentral motor cortical ablation in experimental epilepsy in the monkey. PMID- 14774757 TI - Atropine in the treatment of closed head injury. PMID- 14774758 TI - Ventriculocisternostomy according to Torkildsen; a report of twenty-two cases. PMID- 14774759 TI - Failure to demonstrate gliomas with Evans blue; precautions in use of intravital dyes in man. PMID- 14774760 TI - Paradoxical improvement in hemiplegia following cortical excision. PMID- 14774761 TI - Acute degenerative changes in adenomas of the pituitary body--with special reference to pituitary apoplexy. PMID- 14774762 TI - Meningioma and oligodendroglioma adjacent in the brain; case report. PMID- 14774763 TI - Chronic extradural hematoma. PMID- 14774764 TI - Osteitis fibrosa cystica localisata of the skull. PMID- 14774765 TI - Systemic blastomycosis with spinal cord involvement; case report. PMID- 14774766 TI - Meningioma of record size with unusual features. PMID- 14774767 TI - Duane's retraction syndrome; a case report. PMID- 14774768 TI - An improved model of a human stereotaxic instrument. PMID- 14774769 TI - The treatment of cancer of the gums. PMID- 14774770 TI - Respiratory and cardiac stimulants and resuscitation. PMID- 14774771 TI - Mixed tumors of the palate. PMID- 14774772 TI - Sclerosing solution in the treatment of chronic subluxation of the temporomandibular joint. PMID- 14774773 TI - Cleidocranial dysostosis. PMID- 14774774 TI - Dental manifestation of scleroderma; report of case. PMID- 14774775 TI - Osteomyelitis in fatal lymphatic leukemia; report of case. PMID- 14774776 TI - Open reduction of fractured mandible; report of case. PMID- 14774777 TI - HOWARD C. Miller. PMID- 14774778 TI - Incisive canal cyst. PMID- 14774779 TI - Fibrous dysplasia. PMID- 14774780 TI - Adenoameloblastoma. PMID- 14774781 TI - Manipulative therapy in osteopathic management of hypertension. PMID- 14774782 TI - A case report; herniated intervertebral disc. PMID- 14774783 TI - Case report; bronchial sinusitis. PMID- 14774784 TI - Pain relief with hypnotic doses of barbiturates and a hypothesis. PMID- 14774785 TI - The effect of various anesthetic agents on inorganic serum phosphorus levels. PMID- 14774786 TI - Pharmacologic action of basic esters of p-xenylacetic and p-xenylglycolic acid- new antispasmodic drugs. PMID- 14774787 TI - The anticonvulsant action of 2,2-diethyl 1,3-propanediol (DEP) and some of its homologues and esters. PMID- 14774788 TI - Cochlear signs of streptomycin intoxication. PMID- 14774789 TI - The action of various drugs on certain phases of in vitro anabolism. PMID- 14774790 TI - Effects in albino rats of dihydrogenated derivatives of the dimethylpyruvic acid group of ergot alkaloids as manifested by thermal reactions and oxygen utilization. PMID- 14774791 TI - The chronic toxicities of technical benzene hexachloride and its alpha, beta and gamma isomers. PMID- 14774792 TI - The effect of salicylate upon pain sensitivity. PMID- 14774793 TI - Pharmacologic data on dl-2-amino-1-(p-methylphenyl)-propane. PMID- 14774794 TI - The fate of intrathecal procaine and the spinal fluid level required for surgical anesthesia. PMID- 14774795 TI - Anticurare action of phenolic quaternary ammonium salts. PMID- 14774796 TI - The effect of a number of aralkylamines on the oxidation of tyramine by amine oxidase. PMID- 14774797 TI - The pharmacology of N,N-dimethyl 2-chloro-2-phenylethylamine. PMID- 14774798 TI - Inhibition of the kidney succinic dehydrogenase system by mercurial diuretics. PMID- 14774799 TI - Total pneumonectomy; report of a successful case. PMID- 14774800 TI - Paragonimiasis: a report of three cases with pulmonary and neurological symptoms. PMID- 14774802 TI - Blood banking. PMID- 14774801 TI - First aid management of some ocular emergencies. PMID- 14774803 TI - For a better undergraduate medical training. PMID- 14774804 TI - [Surgery of varices]. PMID- 14774805 TI - [Treatment of placenta praevia: intervention or expectant?]. PMID- 14774806 TI - [Asphyxia of the newborn]. PMID- 14774807 TI - [Diagnosis of encephalitis in children]. PMID- 14774808 TI - [Cancer of the vulva]. PMID- 14774809 TI - [Revelation of his true birth to the child whose dead mother has been replaced by a stepmother]. PMID- 14774810 TI - [Modern diet for hypertension]. PMID- 14774811 TI - [Toxicosis from deprivation of breast milk]. PMID- 14774812 TI - [Rapid sterilization of contagious syphilitic lesions by penicillin]. PMID- 14774813 TI - [Diagnosis of encephalitis in children; therapeutic consequences]. PMID- 14774814 TI - [Psychosomatic medicine and the adaptation syndrome]. PMID- 14774815 TI - [Flash pancreaticobiliary fevers]. PMID- 14774816 TI - [Reducing]. PMID- 14774817 TI - [Treatment of morphinism by electro-shock]. PMID- 14774818 TI - [Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage]. PMID- 14774819 TI - [Spontaneous tuberculous pneumothorax]. PMID- 14774820 TI - [Modern treatment of diffuse adenomatous polyposis]. PMID- 14774821 TI - [Triple abscess of the brain]. PMID- 14774822 TI - [Narcoanalysis and pregnancy]. PMID- 14774824 TI - [Hydrolipopexia]. PMID- 14774823 TI - [Dental caries and pregnancy]. PMID- 14774825 TI - [Genetics for the general practitioner]. PMID- 14774826 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of acute intestinal occlusions due to strangulation]. PMID- 14774827 TI - When the National Rehabilitation Association was very young. PMID- 14774828 TI - The week that's twelve months long. PMID- 14774829 TI - An American reports on rehabilitation in a British industry. PMID- 14774830 TI - Experience proves that plant surveys pay dividends. PMID- 14774831 TI - Let's be fair to all who serve the blind. PMID- 14774832 TI - Training in the United States Army Medical Department. PMID- 14774833 TI - U.S. Army Medical Department training activities. PMID- 14774834 TI - Cutaneous diphtheria, epidemiological and dermatological aspects of 365 cases amongst British Prisoners of War in the Far East. PMID- 14774835 TI - Views on the use and abuse of psychiatry. PMID- 14774836 TI - Health education in the assembly of the Hong Kong Force. PMID- 14774837 TI - Infective hepatitis in North Africa. PMID- 14774838 TI - Presidential address on some controversial aspects of malaria control. PMID- 14774839 TI - A survey of a tropical area, over-populated by a primitive people, and the health problems associated with the resettlement of a section elsewhere. PMID- 14774840 TI - Modernization of indigenous housing practice in tropical countries. PMID- 14774841 TI - Some aspects of housing in India. PMID- 14774842 TI - The place of medicine in occupational health. PMID- 14774843 TI - The work of the Medical Research Council in the field of occupational health. PMID- 14774844 TI - Industrial dermatitis: recent studies in causation and prevention. PMID- 14774845 TI - Medical officers of health: presidential address. PMID- 14774846 TI - The care and welfare of the aged and chronic sick. PMID- 14774847 TI - Care and after-care of the general patient, with special reference to mothers and children. PMID- 14774848 TI - Engineers and surveyors: presidential address. PMID- 14774849 TI - The engineer's role in the development of a new town. PMID- 14774850 TI - The recovery and treatment of organic matter from municipal wastes. PMID- 14774851 TI - Sanitary inspectors: presidential address. PMID- 14774852 TI - Sanitary administrative problems due to vague or complicated legislation. PMID- 14774853 TI - The need for and control of movable dwellings and camping grounds. PMID- 14774854 TI - Sanitary administration and the Shops Acts. PMID- 14774855 TI - Food-preparing premises, with special reference to difficulties at seaside resorts. PMID- 14774857 TI - Family welfare. PMID- 14774856 TI - Health visitors: presidential address. PMID- 14774858 TI - The inter-action of psychological and social factors in family life. PMID- 14774859 TI - Relaxation for effective living. PMID- 14774860 TI - Health education workshops in Illinois. PMID- 14774861 TI - Preliminary construction principles relating to health education tests. PMID- 14774862 TI - [The recessing of cupped indentation of the cecum; little known partial form of intestinal invagination]. PMID- 14774863 TI - [Familial cancer; 2 observations]. PMID- 14774864 TI - [Vitamin therapy in obstetrics and gynecology]. PMID- 14774865 TI - [Atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium and cancer of the uterine body]. PMID- 14774866 TI - Social and educational factors in the prevention of venereal disease, and how San Francisco deals with VD and sexual promiscuity in a community program based on education for family life. PMID- 14774867 TI - The acute surgical abdomen in therapeutic pneumo-peritoneum. PMID- 14774868 TI - The care of the premature infant. PMID- 14774869 TI - Transverse abdominal incisions. PMID- 14774870 TI - Reinforced inguinal herniorrhaphy. PMID- 14774871 TI - Carcinoma of the colon and rectum. PMID- 14774872 TI - Time-patterns of speech in normal subjects. PMID- 14774873 TI - Cues for vowel discrimination. PMID- 14774874 TI - The pressure component in the production of consonants. PMID- 14774875 TI - The efficiency of teacher referrals in a school hearing testing program. PMID- 14774876 TI - Two aspects of stuttering therapy. PMID- 14774877 TI - An exploratory study of some aspects of idiopathic language retardation. PMID- 14774878 TI - A comprehensive evaluation of fifty cases of cerebral palsy. PMID- 14774879 TI - The etiology and differential diagnosis of dysarthria. PMID- 14774880 TI - The pulmonary vessels in roentgenological diagnosis. PMID- 14774881 TI - Endocrinology in early pregnancy. PMID- 14774882 TI - The liquid therapeutic diet. PMID- 14774883 TI - Etiological aspects of enuresis. PMID- 14774884 TI - KNOXVILLE General Hospital clinical pathological conference; two ruptured aneurysms from the arteries of the circle of Willis with extensive subdural hemorrhage. PMID- 14774885 TI - UNIVERSITY of Tennessee College of Medicine, psychiatric staff conference; depression in association with pregnancy. PMID- 14774886 TI - Multiple cancers: primary in the lung and other sites. PMID- 14774887 TI - The surgical management of carcinoma of the lung; a study of the cases treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1930 to 1950. PMID- 14774888 TI - A study of pulmonary hemodynamics during pulmonary resection. PMID- 14774889 TI - Conservative management of empyema following total pneumonectomy. PMID- 14774890 TI - The utilization of streptokinase-streptodornase in a patient with hemopneumothorax and a patient with postpneumonectomy sanguineous coagulum. PMID- 14774891 TI - The use of streptokinase-streptodornase in the treatment of hemothorax. PMID- 14774892 TI - Pulmonary paraffinoma (lipoid pneumonia); a critical study. PMID- 14774893 TI - Surgical treatment in pulmonary coccidioidomycosis; preliminary report of thirty cases. PMID- 14774894 TI - Pectus excavatum; case report with pre- and postoperative angiocardiographic studies. PMID- 14774895 TI - Surgical treatment of corrosive stenoses of the thoracic part of the esophagus by a single-stage palliative anastomosis; intracervical retrovascular anastomosis without resection of the esophagus. PMID- 14774896 TI - An artificial intima for perfusion apparatuses. PMID- 14774897 TI - Coexisting bronchiogenic carcinoma and coccidioidomycosis; report of a case. PMID- 14774898 TI - Respiratory and circulatory studies after pneumonectomy in childhood. PMID- 14774899 TI - Pericardial celomic cysts and pericardial diverticula; a concept of etiology and report of cases. PMID- 14774900 TI - The value of divided cerebrospinal fluid specimens. PMID- 14774901 TI - The treatment of syphilis of the masses. PMID- 14774902 TI - Treatment of gonorrhea with chloramphenicol (chloromycetin). PMID- 14774903 TI - Gonococci and the menstrual cycle. PMID- 14774904 TI - CASES of syphilis and gonorrhea reported to the Public Health Service by state and territorial health departments, January-March 1950 [known military cases excluded]. PMID- 14774905 TI - Results of penicillin treatment in congenital syphilis. PMID- 14774906 TI - Special contact investigation of the patients of private physicians. PMID- 14774907 TI - The development and behavior patterns of immunity in experimental syphilis. PMID- 14774908 TI - MORTALITY due to syphilis in the United States, 1945-48, and in certain European countries. PMID- 14774909 TI - [Clinical importance of innervation of the central ganglial region of the arterial system]. PMID- 14774910 TI - [Hydrodynamics of renal calyces and pelvis]. PMID- 14774911 TI - [Analysis of mortality in Basedow's disease]. PMID- 14774912 TI - [Use of blood plasma in shock]. PMID- 14774913 TI - [Plastic surgery of blood vessels in treatment of false aneurysms]. PMID- 14774914 TI - [Pathogenesis of subpectoral phlegmon]. PMID- 14774915 TI - [Gastric and duodenal tuberculosis in children and adolescents and its surgical treatment]. PMID- 14774916 TI - [Methods of surgical treatment in combined injuries of the rectum and bladder]. PMID- 14774917 TI - [Complex treatment of permanent contractures]. PMID- 14774918 TI - [Treatment of presenile gangrene with tissue therapy according to Filatov's method]. PMID- 14774919 TI - [I. K. Shimanovskii--outstanding Russian progressive surgeon]. PMID- 14774920 TI - [Case of lymphoid nonspecific thyroiditis in a man (Hashimoto's struma)]. PMID- 14774921 TI - [Accessory pancreas and its importance]. PMID- 14774922 TI - [Modification of vascular suture]. PMID- 14774923 TI - PROFESSOR Anton Iakovlevich Pyter. PMID- 14774924 TI - [Scientific session of the Academy of Science of SSSR and the Academy of Medicine of SSSR, dedicated to the problems of the physiological theory of I. P. Pavlov]. PMID- 14774925 TI - [Controlled respiration in surgery of thoracic organs in intratracheal anesthetization with curare derivatives]. PMID- 14774926 TI - [Diagnosis and therapeutic surgery of cancer of the lung]. PMID- 14774927 TI - [Radical surgery in bronchiectasis]. PMID- 14774928 TI - [Surgical therapy of chronic suppurative pulmonary diseases according to data of the 1st surgical clinic GIDUV for 3 years]. PMID- 14774929 TI - [Risks and complications in radical pulmonary surgery]. PMID- 14774930 TI - [Roentgenological observations following pneumonectomy]. PMID- 14774931 TI - [Roentgenological observations following pneumonectomy]. PMID- 14774932 TI - [Roentgenological observations of the mechanism of pulmonary ventilation in extensive superior-posterior thoracoplasty]. PMID- 14774933 TI - [Preliminary gastrostomy as basic therapy of esophageal cancer]. PMID- 14774934 TI - [Treatment of metastases of cancer of the breast with roentgen irradiation of sex glands and pituitary body]. PMID- 14774935 TI - [Double knife injury of the heart with single external wound]. PMID- 14774936 TI - [Injury of right auricle]. PMID- 14774938 TI - [Expirator in spontaneous pneumothorax]. PMID- 14774937 TI - [Injury of the heart]. PMID- 14774939 TI - [Pavlov's theory and its importance for surgery]. PMID- 14774940 TI - [P. I. D'iakonov]. PMID- 14774942 TI - [Fasciae of anterior abdominal wall]. PMID- 14774941 TI - [Use of fibrin dressing in therapy of burns]. PMID- 14774943 TI - [New method of anastomosis of the small intestines with the colon]. PMID- 14774944 TI - [Marginal excision of wound for prevention of suppuration following appendectomy of acute cases]. PMID- 14774945 TI - [Parasitic infections of the biliary tract]. PMID- 14774946 TI - [Surgery of rectal prolapse and Rennes-Delorme's operation]. PMID- 14774947 TI - [Cortico-organic theory of the etiology of endarteritis obliterans]. PMID- 14774948 TI - [Certain problems in symptomatic therapy of endarteritis obliterans]. PMID- 14774949 TI - [Arteriography and oscillography in the treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans]. PMID- 14774950 TI - [Segmental serial bronchography]. PMID- 14774951 TI - [Role and importance of scientific medical societies in public health service]. PMID- 14774952 TI - [Volvulus of the stomach]. PMID- 14774953 TI - [Tetanus auto-infection following rectal surgery]. PMID- 14774954 TI - [Bacteriological control of new disinfecting methods for the surgeon's hands]. PMID- 14774955 TI - [Laparotomy technic]. PMID- 14774956 TI - Professor Boris Kornil'evich Osipov. PMID- 14774957 TI - [In memory of E. V. Korchits]. PMID- 14774958 TI - [IUstin IUlianovich Dzhanelidze]. PMID- 14774959 TI - [Pavlov's theory and its importance for surgery]. PMID- 14774960 TI - [New method of surgical treatment of ankylosis of the mandible, especially in recidivation and in gross facial asymmetry. Intra-osseous insertion of a pedicellate flap of connective tissue]. PMID- 14774961 TI - [Certain anatomical reasons for Dzhanelidze's transthoracic block of aortic cardiac plexi in angina pectoris]. PMID- 14774962 TI - [Modification of electrocardiogram following Dzhanelidze's transthoracic block of cardiac plexi in angina nectoris]. PMID- 14774963 TI - [Mediastinal dermoid cysts teratomas]. PMID- 14774964 TI - [Contemporary treatment and surgery of diseases of the biliary tract]. PMID- 14774965 TI - [Surgery of acute cholecystitis]. PMID- 14774966 TI - [New method of closing biliary fistulas]. PMID- 14774968 TI - [Clinical manifestations and treatment of suppurative paranephritis]. PMID- 14774969 TI - [Indications for amputations of fingers in war and peace time]. PMID- 14774967 TI - [On white bile]. PMID- 14774970 TI - [Russian dermatome and its practical use]. PMID- 14774972 TI - [Increased frequency of psychic symptoms during the period of the child's first physical transformation]. PMID- 14774971 TI - [Controlled treatment of pyuria through determination of pathogen resistance]. PMID- 14774973 TI - [Massive doses of dry vigantol in the treatment of rickets]. PMID- 14774974 TI - [Massive rectal dosage of quinine in treatment of whooping cough]. PMID- 14774975 TI - [Atypic agglutinins as a cause of untoward reaction to blood transfusion; problem of the activation of cold agglutinins by liver affections, such as syphilitic]. PMID- 14774976 TI - [Anaphylactoid purpura following vaccination]. PMID- 14774977 TI - [Pneumococcic and influenzal meningitis in the same child within nine months]. PMID- 14774978 TI - [Endocytolytic anemia due to new sulfonamide preparations]. PMID- 14774979 TI - [Unusual case of Langhans' goiter; case of thyroid tumor metastasis in the lung in childhood]. PMID- 14774980 TI - [Unusual localization of paratyphoid osteomyelitis in infancy]. PMID- 14774982 TI - [Circular on di-toxoid therapy in diphtheria]. PMID- 14774981 TI - [Metastatic embolism with gangrene of the foot following measles]. PMID- 14774983 TI - [Suggestions on prevention of foot weakness in early childhood]. PMID- 14774984 TI - [Leptospiroses in childhood]. PMID- 14774985 TI - [Medicinal therapy of cardiac insufficiency in childhood]. PMID- 14774986 TI - [Principles of roentgenologic examination of the hilus]. PMID- 14774987 TI - Studies on a new culture medium for tetanus bacilli, for mass production. PMID- 14774988 TI - Strains of corynebacterium isolated from pharyngeal cavity of the schoolchildren in Chiba City and its neighboring village. PMID- 14774989 TI - Strains of C diphtheriae and diphtheroids isolated from nasopharyngeal cavities of diphtheria patients. PMID- 14774990 TI - Studies on Japanese B. encephalitis on swine encephalitis and abortion (1947 1949). PMID- 14774991 TI - Studies on antigenic structure of cholera vibrio. PMID- 14774992 TI - On the influences of extracts of Rhizoma rhei and semen pharbitidis upon the infection of Entamoeba histolytica in rats. PMID- 14774993 TI - Studies on the influences of bacterial flora upon the cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica. PMID- 14774994 TI - Bacteriological and serological survey on tularemia cases found in Chiba prefecture in 1949. PMID- 14774995 TI - Studies on the toxin and toxoid of hemolytic streptococci. PMID- 14774996 TI - [Principles of innervation in the treatment of the diseases of cardiovascular system]. PMID- 14774997 TI - [Clinical physiology in the light of Pavlov's theory of central neurophysiology]. PMID- 14774998 TI - [Interoceptive gastric effect on the function of pancreas, liver and duodenum]. PMID- 14774999 TI - [Dynamics of unconditioned vascular reflexes in hypertension]. PMID- 14775000 TI - [Central regulation of hemopoiesis]. PMID- 14775001 TI - [Role of nervous system in regulation of morphological composition of peripheral blood]. PMID- 14775002 TI - [Characteristic gastrointestinal phenomena in insultus]. PMID- 14775003 TI - [Diathermy of the head in peptic ulcers]. PMID- 14775004 TI - [Treatment of shock in the light of nervous system physiology]. PMID- 14775005 TI - [Psychic states and significance of their elimination before anesthetization]. PMID- 14775006 TI - [Osteoarticular trophic disorders following gunshot injuries of neural trunks of upper extremities]. PMID- 14775007 TI - [Method of novocaine injection in treatment of neural and other disorders]. PMID- 14775008 TI - [New method of producing stable experimental hypertension]. PMID- 14775009 TI - [Method of blood pressure determination]. PMID- 14775010 TI - [Prolonged sleep therapy in hypertension]. PMID- 14775011 TI - [Role of conditioned reflex in pathogenesis of coronary insufficiency]. PMID- 14775012 TI - [Modifications of suprarenal glands in hypertension]. PMID- 14775013 TI - [Treatment of suppurative maxillary sinusitis]. PMID- 14775014 TI - [Diagnosis of threatened thrombus formation]. PMID- 14775015 TI - [The Houssay phenomenon in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 14775016 TI - [Rapid determination of the relation of specific gravity of a lumbar anesthetic to the specific gravity of the cerebrospinal fluid]. PMID- 14775017 TI - [Advisability of simultaneous operation of peptic ulcer and cholelithiasis]. PMID- 14775018 TI - [Clinical aspect and pathological anatomy of atypical lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 14775019 TI - [Case of phrenic symptom]. PMID- 14775020 TI - [Two cases of so-called embryoma of the fallopian tubes, with contribution to the problem of oleogranuloma in dermoid cysts]. PMID- 14775021 TI - [Pregnancy and labor in multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 14775022 TI - [Contribution to the problem of the allergic etiology of angina pectoris and myocardial infarct]. PMID- 14775023 TI - [Penetration of a gastric ulcer into the left cardiac ventricle]. PMID- 14775024 TI - [Effect of penicillin upon the gonococcus in vitro]. PMID- 14775025 TI - [Lymphogranuloma inguinale in a married couple]. PMID- 14775026 TI - DR. ARMIN Tschermak Edler von Seysenegg. Front. PMID- 14775027 TI - [Observation on deep ocular modifications following malnutrition]. PMID- 14775028 TI - [Modifications of the ocular fundus as sequel of malnutrition]. PMID- 14775029 TI - [Macular injuries in inanition, snow-blindness and sun-blindness; problem of retinal nutrition]. PMID- 14775030 TI - [Xerophthalmia in disorders of fat resorption]. PMID- 14775031 TI - [A new adaptometer]. PMID- 14775032 TI - [Pharmacological effect on retinal function; normal dark adaptation]. PMID- 14775033 TI - [Problem of eyedness: clarification of right-predominance]. PMID- 14775034 TI - [New ophthalmological appliances of the Zeiss-Opton firm]. PMID- 14775035 TI - [An ophthalmologic slide rule]. PMID- 14775036 TI - [Dr. Eduard Werdenberg]. PMID- 14775037 TI - [Regenerative hemolytic anemias]. PMID- 14775038 TI - [Physiological problems of the Bezold-Jarisch effect]. PMID- 14775039 TI - [A morphologic principle of central and peripheral endocrine regulation]. PMID- 14775040 TI - [Vitamin A metabolism and disorders of endocrine regulation]. PMID- 14775041 TI - [Creatine metabolism. II]. PMID- 14775042 TI - [Direct perbronchial determination of pressure in the pulmonary artery]. PMID- 14775043 TI - [Release mechanism of centroneurogenic autonomic reactions with special reference to encephalography]. PMID- 14775044 TI - [Problem of the injurious effects of thiosemicarbazone derivatives upon the liver]. PMID- 14775045 TI - [Effect of oxytocin and vasopressin on chloruresis in diabetes insipidus]. PMID- 14775046 TI - [Cyclic modifications of the vaginal mucosa in the golden hamster]. PMID- 14775047 TI - [Pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 14775049 TI - [Humoral collapse syndrome]. PMID- 14775048 TI - [Modifications of chest leads in Tawara bundle-branch block in modification of the electric axis]. PMID- 14775050 TI - [New vasodilating sympathomimetics]. PMID- 14775051 TI - [Fractional examination of gastric content and absolute acidity]. PMID- 14775052 TI - [Effect of peroral doses of cystine upon the albumin and globulin cystine level of the serum proteins]. PMID- 14775053 TI - [Effect of nutrition upon the cholesterol content of the blood]. PMID- 14775054 TI - [Sources of error in the determination of plasma volume]. PMID- 14775055 TI - [Course of insensibilization following application peridural plumbage with various concentrations of collidon and pantocaine]. PMID- 14775056 TI - [Cytologic examination of expectorations and punctates with L. Silverstolpe's method]. PMID- 14775057 TI - [Hemolysis in paroxysmal hemoglobinuria]. PMID- 14775058 TI - [Irregular Rh-antibodies and their significance in the diagnosis of fetal erythroblastosis]. PMID- 14775059 TI - [Effect of ultrasonic waves on pressor activity, phosphatide picture, and fibrinolytic potential in serum tests]. PMID- 14775060 TI - [Electrophoretic studies of fetal serum]. PMID- 14775061 TI - [Effect of hexachlorocyclohexane on the central nervous system in warm-blooded animals]. PMID- 14775062 TI - [German Society for Circulatory Studies, 16. annual meeting; principal theme, cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 14775063 TI - [Suggestions on the use of the precordial leads of the electrocardiogram]. PMID- 14775064 TI - [Nature, clinical significance and pharmacology of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex]. PMID- 14775065 TI - [Myocardial findings in acute war nephritis]. PMID- 14775066 TI - [Clinical aspects and epidemiology of toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 14775067 TI - [Parasitology, pathology and serology of fatal toxoplasmosis Gondii]. PMID- 14775068 TI - [Prognostic significance of ocular findings during streptomycin therapy of tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14775069 TI - [Circulatory insufficiency in barbituric acid poisoning]. PMID- 14775070 TI - [Choline therapy of toxic diseases of the liver]. PMID- 14775071 TI - [Insulin tolerance test]. PMID- 14775072 TI - [Insulin tolerance (variations in shock dose)]. PMID- 14775073 TI - [Effect of nitrogen mustard on spermiogenesis in the rabbit]. PMID- 14775074 TI - [Functional significance of Feyrter's so-called "insular duct organ"]. PMID- 14775075 TI - [Toxic effects in man of the anthelmintic use of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane]. PMID- 14775076 TI - [Inhibition of blood sedimentation by conteben (TB I)]. PMID- 14775077 TI - [Does lactalbumin increase the effect of vitamin D?]. PMID- 14775078 TI - [Papers presented at the Second Austrian Congress on Cancer]. PMID- 14775079 TI - [Practical coordination of surgical and internal therapy with roentgen-radium therapy in the treatment of cancer]. PMID- 14775080 TI - [Surgical technic in short distance irradiation of inoperable rectal carcinoma]. PMID- 14775081 TI - [Lasting results in the pre- and post-operative radio-therapy of mammary cancer]. PMID- 14775082 TI - [Plastic surgery of irradiation injuries of the skin]. PMID- 14775083 TI - [Value of the Papanicolaou test in early diagnosis of uterine carcinoma]. PMID- 14775084 TI - [Radiorefractory carcinoma of the skin from the radiologic viewpoint]. PMID- 14775085 TI - [Treatment of radiorefractory carcinoma of the skin from the surgical viewpoint]. PMID- 14775086 TI - [N-mustard, hormone and radiotherapy of urogenital cancer]. PMID- 14775087 TI - [Metastasis]. PMID- 14775088 TI - [Basis of the generalization of cancer]. PMID- 14775089 TI - [Basis of the generalization of cancer; clinical symptoms of generalization]. PMID- 14775090 TI - [Basis of the generalization of cancer; morphology and significance of functional disorders of the mesenchyma, with observations on modifications of neurovascular tissue in carcinoma]. PMID- 14775091 TI - [Experiments in the internal treatment of cancer metastases and metastatic recurrences]. PMID- 14775092 TI - [Surgical therapy of oral and maxillary carcinoma]. PMID- 14775093 TI - [Surgical therapy of rectal carcinoma]. PMID- 14775094 TI - [Significance of the follicular hormone in the etiology of uterine carcinoma]. PMID- 14775095 TI - [Androgen therapy of carcinoma of the endometrium]. PMID- 14775097 TI - [Chemotherapy of cancer]. PMID- 14775096 TI - [Problem of preinvasive carcinoma of the portio]. PMID- 14775098 TI - [Hypothesis in explanation of the uncoordinated growth of tumors]. PMID- 14775099 TI - [Contract roentgenotherapy of surgically exposed tumors]. PMID- 14775100 TI - [Determination, by calculation, of the extract of breast milk]. PMID- 14775101 TI - [Survival and culture of helminths in artificial mediums; value in parasitology]. PMID- 14775102 TI - [Determination of alcohol in blood by the methods of Guagnani and Simons]. PMID- 14775103 TI - New investigations on the physiology of the labyrinthine fluids. PMID- 14775104 TI - Modern temporal bone surgery; history of its evolution. PMID- 14775105 TI - Suprahyoid neck infections. PMID- 14775106 TI - The management of nasopharyngeal fibromas. PMID- 14775107 TI - Congenital choanal atresia. PMID- 14775108 TI - Bilateral abductor paralysis; the postoperative care and speech therapy following arytenoidectomy. PMID- 14775109 TI - IN MEMORIAM: George W. Wallerich, 1880-1950. PMID- 14775110 TI - HEARING aids accepted by the Council on Physical Medicine of the American Medical Association. PMID- 14775111 TI - [Abdominal pain in infants]. PMID- 14775113 TI - [Importance of Mester's reaction and its modifications in the diagnosis of infantile rheumatism]. PMID- 14775112 TI - [First clinical and radiological investigations of the action of new synthetic spasmolytics in habitual vomiting of infants]. PMID- 14775114 TI - [Streptomycin resistance and therapeutic corollaries]. PMID- 14775115 TI - [Considerations on para-aminosalicylic acid in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14775116 TI - [Considerations on a case of retinocytoma]. PMID- 14775117 TI - [Albers-Schonberg disease; osteopetrosis, osteomarmoreosis]. PMID- 14775118 TI - [Review of cases of arthritis since July 1946]. PMID- 14775119 TI - [Case of steatorrhea: probable fibrocystic disease of the pancreas]. PMID- 14775120 TI - [Use of methylene blue during labor]. PMID- 14775121 TI - [Typhoid]. PMID- 14775122 TI - [Chronicle of psychotherapy and mental hygiene; introduction]. PMID- 14775123 TI - [The doctor before the court]. PMID- 14775124 TI - [Metabolism of creatine]. PMID- 14775125 TI - [Acute iliac lymphadenitis in children]. PMID- 14775126 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14775127 TI - [Very large cyst of the gastrocolic ligament]. PMID- 14775128 TI - [Pancoast-Tobias syndrome in benign pulmonary tumor]. PMID- 14775130 TI - [Knee surgery]. PMID- 14775129 TI - [Effect of irradiation and cyanates on nitosis]. PMID- 14775131 TI - [Effect of pterin on the leukocyte formula]. PMID- 14775132 TI - [Training of medical personnel and social workers in Brno before 1947]. PMID- 14775133 TI - [Prof. dr. Vilem Laufberger, a distinguished experimental pathologist in Brno]. PMID- 14775134 TI - [Adenocarcinoma of the head of epididymidis]. PMID- 14775135 TI - [Prevention of serpiginous ulcer in farmers]. PMID- 14775136 TI - [Spinal anesthesia with procaine]. PMID- 14775137 TI - [Prolonged auricular interval and sport]. PMID- 14775138 TI - [Novocaine block of the stellate ganglion in multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 14775139 TI - [Effect of testosterone propionate in cancer of female sex organs]. PMID- 14775140 TI - [Certain aspect in social pediatrics]. PMID- 14775141 TI - [Medical and social societies in Brno]. PMID- 14775142 TI - [Central dislocation of the hip with fracture of the femoral neck and pertrochanteric fracture]. PMID- 14775143 TI - [Effect of phenobarbital on estrus]. PMID- 14775144 TI - [Unusual case of suicide]. PMID- 14775145 TI - [Urinary histidine test for pregnancy in clinical practice]. PMID- 14775146 TI - [Penicillin therapy of scarlet fever]. PMID- 14775147 TI - [In defense of dermatology]. PMID- 14775148 TI - [Hospitals in Brno to 1947]. PMID- 14775149 TI - [50th anniversary of Emilia Lukasova]. PMID- 14775150 TI - [In memory of Cenek Roha6c]. PMID- 14775151 TI - [Electron microscopy of bacterial membrane]. PMID- 14775152 TI - [Unusual complications following pneumonolysis]. PMID- 14775153 TI - [Cutaneous diphtheria]. PMID- 14775154 TI - [Aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum]. PMID- 14775155 TI - [Does fracture of the cervical spine occur in hanging?]. PMID- 14775156 TI - [Nitrogen mustard therapy of female genital cancer]. PMID- 14775157 TI - [Development of Pavlov's theory]. PMID- 14775158 TI - [Public health in Soviet Union]. PMID- 14775159 TI - [Review of social medicine in Brno to 1947]. PMID- 14775160 TI - [Clinical aspects of acute heart rheumatism]. PMID- 14775161 TI - [Sternal puncture]. PMID- 14775162 TI - [Tetraethyl-ammonium bromide therapy of arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14775163 TI - [Physio-pathology of diabetes]. PMID- 14775164 TI - [Neuropsychiatric manifestations in brucellosis]. PMID- 14775165 TI - [Treatment of glanders with sulfonamides]. PMID- 14775166 TI - [BCG vaccination in relation to infectious diseases; BCG and measles]. PMID- 14775168 TI - [Enterocele and prolapse in women; new approach and surgical technic]. PMID- 14775167 TI - [Benign pulmonary cavities in pneumonia in a child]. PMID- 14775169 TI - [Importance of leukocyte count in threatened febrile abortions]. PMID- 14775171 TI - [Transthoracic bipolar leads]. PMID- 14775170 TI - [Death of fetus due to strangulation with umbilical cord at birth]. PMID- 14775172 TI - [Spontaneous pneumothorax as a consequence of tracheotomy]. PMID- 14775173 TI - [Treatment of ozena with antibiotics]. PMID- 14775174 TI - [Medical faculty in Padua and Croatians]. PMID- 14775175 TI - [Multiple exposures in arteriography; presentation of apparatus]. PMID- 14775176 TI - [Biliary surgery at the Charity Hospital]. PMID- 14775177 TI - [Three left lower lobectomies for pulmonary suppurations]. PMID- 14775178 TI - [Preventive and curative treatment of some cases of post-operative phlebitis by modern biologic methods]. PMID- 14775179 TI - [Hidden skin grafts in plastic surgery; eight cases]. PMID- 14775180 TI - [Practical conclusions from forty cases of intra-medullary nailing]. PMID- 14775181 TI - [Treatment of recurrent paralysis]. PMID- 14775182 TI - [Failures in the treatment of otogenic and rhinogenic cerebral abscesses, and their causes]. PMID- 14775183 TI - [Influence of radiations on the development of the mandible]. PMID- 14775184 TI - [Clinical and therapeutic considerations of a series of subdural hematomas]. PMID- 14775185 TI - [Volvulus of the gallbladder]. PMID- 14775186 TI - [To what does the Halban operation owe its effectiveness?]. PMID- 14775187 TI - [Afferent loop syndrome of gastrectomized subjects]. PMID- 14775188 TI - [Determination of blood volume in surgical practice]. PMID- 14775189 TI - [Heparinization in therapy of arterial obstruction]. PMID- 14775190 TI - [Surgical treatment of complete avulsion of the scalp]. PMID- 14775191 TI - [Cervical tumors following subtotal hysterectomy; remaining epithelioma of the cervix and epithelioma of the cervical stump]. PMID- 14775192 TI - [Ulcer carcinoma of the stomach and importance in indications for surgery]. PMID- 14775193 TI - [Conservative surgery in obliteration of arteries]. PMID- 14775194 TI - [Immediate results and indications for emergency gastrectomy; 48 cases]. PMID- 14775195 TI - [Emergency gastrectomy or continuous gastric aspiration for perforated ulcer]. PMID- 14775196 TI - [Insupportable laxity of the knee treated by the Laroyenne operation; extra articular reconstruction]. PMID- 14775198 TI - [Plugged gastroduodenal perforation syndrome and the Taylor method]. PMID- 14775197 TI - [Remote results of the Lenormant-Wilmoth operation in the treatment of recurrent dislocations of the shoulder]. PMID- 14775199 TI - [Treatment of perforated ulcers by emergency gastrectomy]. PMID- 14775200 TI - [Congenital curvature of the bones of the leg; early straightening by oblique osteotomy; remote results]. PMID- 14775201 TI - [Problem of anesthesia in the creation of surgical extrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 14775202 TI - [Perfection of a method of palliative chemotherapy of certain epithelial cancers]. PMID- 14775203 TI - [Pulmonary manifestations of icterohemorrhagic spirochetosis]. PMID- 14775204 TI - [The vertical element in concomitant strabismus]. PMID- 14775205 TI - [Interstitial keratitis of acquired syphilis]. PMID- 14775206 TI - [Cataract of Steinert's myotonia atrophica]. PMID- 14775207 TI - [Herpes of the cornea with evolution toward keratitis disciformis and neuroparalytic keratitis]. PMID- 14775208 TI - [Primary epithelioma of the caruncle]. PMID- 14775209 TI - [Clinical diagnosis of coronaritis]. PMID- 14775210 TI - [Aspect of cutaneous pathomimesis; auto-mutilation for a purpose derived from cenesthopathic sensations]. PMID- 14775211 TI - [Lymphangioma of the pubis]. PMID- 14775212 TI - [Statistics on the cases of venereal disease seen during 1948 and 1949 at the Clinique Dermato-Syphiligraphique]. PMID- 14775213 TI - [Inclusion-body urethritis and related diseases: the Reiter-Fiessinger-Leroy syndrome; Fanconi's syndrome and atypical pneumonias]. PMID- 14775214 TI - [Sympathetic glaucoma]. PMID- 14775215 TI - [Acute edematous optic neuritis and cervical discopathy; recovery of vision and disappearance of edema by extension of the neck]. PMID- 14775217 TI - Euthanasia. PMID- 14775216 TI - [Counterfoil book and the prescription of poisonous substances]. PMID- 14775218 TI - Psychiatry in obstetrics. PMID- 14775219 TI - Some aspects of electrolyte metabolism. PMID- 14775220 TI - Recent progress in neurology. PMID- 14775221 TI - The use of genetics in clinical medicine. IV. Sex-linked inheritance. PMID- 14775222 TI - [Technical errors in obstetrical practice]. PMID- 14775223 TI - [Indications and results of vaginal hysterectomy; material of the Gynecological Clinic of Debrechen]. PMID- 14775224 TI - [Bioelectric determination of the time of ovulation]. PMID- 14775225 TI - [Radium therapy of benign metrorrhagia]. PMID- 14775226 TI - [Ileovaginal fistula]. PMID- 14775227 TI - [Traumatic aneurysms and their treatment]. PMID- 14775228 TI - [Treatment of arterial embolism]. PMID- 14775229 TI - [Successful excision of arterial embolus]. PMID- 14775230 TI - [Stricture of the aorta]. PMID- 14775231 TI - [Abdominal arteriography by segments]. PMID- 14775232 TI - [Oscillometric studies of injection treatment of varicose veins; role of venous and reflectory arterial spasm in development of subsequent complications]. PMID- 14775233 TI - [Treatment of hypoproteinemia following acute hemorrhage with parenteral administration of amino-acids]. PMID- 14775234 TI - [Resorption by the kidney pelvis]. PMID- 14775235 TI - [Cytologic examination of prostatic secretion in tumors of the latter]. PMID- 14775236 TI - [Human sperm and 17-ketosteroids]. PMID- 14775237 TI - [Case of renal echinococcosis]. PMID- 14775238 TI - [Measurement of vesical tension without contra-pressure]. PMID- 14775239 TI - [Bilateral excision of vocal cords]. PMID- 14775240 TI - [Nomenclature of the bronchial tree]. PMID- 14775241 TI - [Pathological effect of noise]. PMID- 14775242 TI - A scheme of analysis for commercial detergents. PMID- 14775243 TI - Possibilities of volatile antiseptics. PMID- 14775244 TI - Monosodium glutamate manufacture. PMID- 14775245 TI - Uses of inorganic chromatography. PMID- 14775246 TI - British Pharmaceutical Conference chairman surveys 50 years of progress. PMID- 14775247 TI - Germany's wartime drug industry. PMID- 14775248 TI - ANALYTICAL chemistry. PMID- 14775250 TI - PLANT and equipment. PMID- 14775249 TI - ANTIBIOTICS. PMID- 14775251 TI - Blending eau de cologne. PMID- 14775252 TI - [Aureomycin in dermato-venereology]. PMID- 14775253 TI - [Early diagnosis of brain tumors]. PMID- 14775254 TI - [Electrocardiogram during an attack of angina pectoris]. PMID- 14775255 TI - [Recent progress in the treatment of common skin diseases]. PMID- 14775256 TI - [Labial inoculation of trachoma in man]. PMID- 14775257 TI - [Renal adenoma]. PMID- 14775258 TI - [Study voyage to the United States of the International Society of Surgery]. PMID- 14775259 TI - [The place of iodine preparations in the treatment of amebiasis]. PMID- 14775260 TI - [New method of treatment of amebiasis; the entero-hepatic cycle of the ameba and the role of induced gallbladder excretion]. PMID- 14775261 TI - [Present concepts of phlebitis therapy]. PMID- 14775262 TI - [Some cases of recurrent eruptive fever]. PMID- 14775263 TI - [Sarcoma of the prostate]. PMID- 14775264 TI - [Evolution of present ideas and technics of prostatectomy]. PMID- 14775265 TI - [Treatment of cancer of the prostate]. PMID- 14775266 TI - [Old urinary infection due to Bacillus pyocyaneus; cure by streptomycin]. PMID- 14775267 TI - [Treatment of vomiting in infants by thickened feedings]. PMID- 14775268 TI - [New case of osteopetrosis]. PMID- 14775269 TI - [Treatment of perforated ulcers by aspiration]. PMID- 14775270 TI - [Granulo-diagnosis of tuberculosis in current practice; method of Benda-Urquia]. PMID- 14775271 TI - [Diffuse decalcifying myelomatosis with pulmonary localization]. PMID- 14775272 TI - [Current results of collapsotherapy in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in Moslem natives in Morocco]. PMID- 14775273 TI - [Note on the frequency of hydatid cyst of the lung in Morocco]. PMID- 14775274 TI - [Examination of the ventilating function of the lungs in asthmatics between attacks]. PMID- 14775275 TI - [Treatment of abscesses of the lung]. PMID- 14775276 TI - [Tic]. PMID- 14775277 TI - [Hygienic milk]. PMID- 14775278 TI - [Different methods of identification and count of colon bacillus in Stassano pasteurized milk of the Centrale Laitiere of Casablanca]. PMID- 14775279 TI - [Hygienic control of milk]. PMID- 14775280 TI - [Pre-operative treatment of acute intestinal occlusion]. PMID- 14775281 TI - [Women's salaries in industry]. PMID- 14775282 TI - [Usefulness of a disinsectization and a deratization service in business establishments; technical and practical notes]. PMID- 14775283 TI - [New chapter in pathology due to vibrations]. PMID- 14775284 TI - [Medical salvage of man-power]. PMID- 14775285 TI - [Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis of industrial aspect]. PMID- 14775286 TI - [Sever vasomotor disorders of the head and neck due to methyl bromide poisoning]. PMID- 14775288 TI - [The problem of biochemical diagnosis of cancer]. PMID- 14775287 TI - [Masked bone lesions among caisson workers]. PMID- 14775289 TI - [Obesity and the endocrine glands; critical study of the classic concepts]. PMID- 14775290 TI - [First therapeutic results on the use of orthobiotic serum at the Institut Pasteur]. PMID- 14775291 TI - [Medical publications of the U.S. S. R. and Pavlov's doctrine]. PMID- 14775292 TI - [Present status of fluorine]. PMID- 14775293 TI - [Breakdown of the factors in poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14775294 TI - [Early diagnosis of congenital deafness in the child and its medico-social importance]. PMID- 14775295 TI - [Reflections on the mode of action of ACTH and cortisone]. PMID- 14775296 TI - [Pathogenesis and diagnosis of diseases of the maxillary sinus of dental origin]. PMID- 14775297 TI - [Galen and dentistry]. PMID- 14775298 TI - [Diet in primary entero-cholecystitis]. PMID- 14775299 TI - [Value of the all-puree diet]. PMID- 14775300 TI - [Nutrition during normal and pathologic pregnancies]. PMID- 14775301 TI - [Correlation between the amount of fluorine in foods and dental caries]. PMID- 14775302 TI - [Carrot soup in infant feeding]. PMID- 14775303 TI - [Cooked cereals in infant feeding]. PMID- 14775304 TI - [The problem of sugar in dental caries]. PMID- 14775305 TI - [Fundamental methods of immunization and vaccination procedures]. PMID- 14775306 TI - [The problem of sugar in dental caries]. PMID- 14775307 TI - [Intolerance to resins]. PMID- 14775308 TI - The use of endocrines in gynecology. PMID- 14775309 TI - Behavior problems of normal children. PMID- 14775310 TI - Intraepithelial carcinoma of the cervix uteri. PMID- 14775311 TI - Management of acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 14775312 TI - Good health in wartime mass evacuation; a civil-military medical challenge. PMID- 14775313 TI - Routine immunization procedures for infants and children. PMID- 14775314 TI - The Head and Neck Tumor Service at Episcopal Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital. PMID- 14775315 TI - Quintuplets and fecundity. PMID- 14775316 TI - Dyspareunia. PMID- 14775317 TI - Reinfection tuberculosis according to age and race among 31,400 selectees in the District of Columbia. PMID- 14775318 TI - Liver functions and tests. PMID- 14775320 TI - CARE of hand injuries. VII. Traumatic amputations. PMID- 14775319 TI - Sir Dominic Corrigan and the deformed heart valves. PMID- 14775321 TI - PRENTISS Willson, M. D., President, 1933-34. PMID- 14775322 TI - Treatment of the more common athletic injuries. PMID- 14775323 TI - Hypersplenism. PMID- 14775324 TI - Modern treatment of the anemias. PMID- 14775325 TI - Virus diseases; their diagnosis and management. PMID- 14775326 TI - Pain in the neck and upper extremity. PMID- 14775327 TI - Physiologic principles in the treatment of respiratory failure. PMID- 14775328 TI - Recent advances in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14775329 TI - The early diagnosis of cancer. PMID- 14775330 TI - Hormonal treatment in cancer. PMID- 14775331 TI - Salicylates, hormones and penicillin in the treatment of rheumatic fever. PMID- 14775332 TI - Hypertrophic arthritis (degenerative joint disease). PMID- 14775333 TI - The medical management of duodenal ulcer examined in the light of current etiologic concepts. PMID- 14775334 TI - Certain pitfalls in liver function tests. PMID- 14775335 TI - The treatment of common skin diseases. PMID- 14775336 TI - The neuroses; their diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14775337 TI - Modern psychiatric treatment. PMID- 14775338 TI - The treatment of seizures. PMID- 14775339 TI - Sedation, analgesia and anesthesia in obstetrics. PMID- 14775340 TI - Endocrine therapy in menstrual disorders. PMID- 14775341 TI - The management of functional uterine bleeding. PMID- 14775342 TI - The modern treatment of diseases of the lacrymal apparatus. PMID- 14775343 TI - The value of gastroscopy in diagnosis. PMID- 14775344 TI - Asthma: its investigation and treatment, with special reference to children. PMID- 14775345 TI - Obsessional states in childhood, with a special note on prognosis. PMID- 14775346 TI - Prevention and treatment of post-operative vomiting. PMID- 14775347 TI - The modern treatment of varicose veins. PMID- 14775348 TI - The role of the speech therapist. PMID- 14775349 TI - Cataract. PMID- 14775350 TI - Narco-analysis. PMID- 14775351 TI - Aetiology and modern treatment of cystitis in the male. PMID- 14775352 TI - Modern trends in heart disease (with special reference to treatment). PMID- 14775353 TI - The differential diagnosis and treatment of the common causes of sciatic pain. PMID- 14775355 TI - Doctor, how can I lose weight? PMID- 14775354 TI - Modern trends in the treatment of psychosis. PMID- 14775356 TI - MULTIPLE sclerosis. PMID- 14775357 TI - Cardiac arrest. PMID- 14775358 TI - Aphorisms: truths and concepts pertaining to the blood; truths and concepts pertaining to the thyroid. PMID- 14775359 TI - Clinical and laboratory investigation of sodium gentisate as an anti-rheumatic treatment. PMID- 14775360 TI - Raymond Vieussens and the affairs of the heart. PMID- 14775361 TI - HISTORY of women in medicine; medical women of North Carolina. PMID- 14775362 TI - Jane Downes Kelly Sabino M. D., F. A. C. S. PMID- 14775363 TI - [Hematological constants in subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis in Mexico City]. PMID- 14775364 TI - [The place of the Mexican Academy of Surgery in the development of surgery in Mexico]. PMID- 14775365 TI - [Treatment of amebic dysentery with terramycin; preliminary note]. PMID- 14775366 TI - [Restrictions to the opinion on the innocuity and specific immunizing power of BCG]. PMID- 14775367 TI - [Tuberculosis can be eradicated with honesty and valor]. PMID- 14775368 TI - [Methods for the isolation and classification of Salmonella and Shigella from fecal matter]. PMID- 14775369 TI - [Demonstration of tubercle bacilli in organs of children who died some time after oral administration of BCG vaccine]. PMID- 14775370 TI - [Pinta and its treatment]. PMID- 14775371 TI - [Weight, stature and dental caries in poor girls]. PMID- 14775372 TI - [Treatment of bronchial asthma with drug aerosols]. PMID- 14775373 TI - [Dr. Francisco de P. Miranda; in memoriam]. PMID- 14775374 TI - [Exploration of the foci of onchocerciasis in the province of Chiapas]. PMID- 14775375 TI - [History of tropical medicine, parasitology and hygiene in Colombia (1526-1944); bibliographic references]. PMID- 14775376 TI - [Bleeding breast]. PMID- 14775377 TI - [Critical study of maternal mortality]. PMID- 14775378 TI - [Reparative surgery in severe sequels of foot burns]. PMID- 14775379 TI - [Influence of psychoneuroses on the liver]. PMID- 14775380 TI - [Therapeutic action of penicillin G procaine on bouba in dispensary patients]. PMID- 14775381 TI - [Pasteur treatment and American works relative to antirabies vaccination]. PMID- 14775382 TI - [Crenotherapy in rheumatism; personal statistics]. PMID- 14775383 TI - [Malaria in the American campaign of the south Pacific (1942-1945)]. PMID- 14775384 TI - [Campaign against leprosy in Indonesia]. PMID- 14775385 TI - [Study trip to Portugal]. PMID- 14775386 TI - [Effect of aureomycin on rabies virus]. PMID- 14775387 TI - [Anopheles]. PMID- 14775388 TI - [Balantidial dysentery]. PMID- 14775389 TI - [Parasitologic studies on uncinariasis and its geographic distribution]. PMID- 14775390 TI - [Synthetic antimalarials; camoquin]. PMID- 14775391 TI - [Malaria in the army original method for blood parasitology]. PMID- 14775392 TI - [Bulletin of infectious disease]. PMID- 14775393 TI - [Pneumoconiosis: review of 717 cases of pulmonary silicosis]. PMID- 14775395 TI - [Orientation of medical selection in the Argentine Army]. PMID- 14775394 TI - [Arterial hypertension caused by industrial noise]. PMID- 14775396 TI - Description of the activities of New York University Center of Industrial Medicine. PMID- 14775397 TI - [Pathology of petroleum workers]. PMID- 14775398 TI - [Vital capacity in silicosis. I. Modifications of vital capacity and some respiratory indexes in pulmonary silicosis]. PMID- 14775399 TI - [Vital capacity in silicosis. II. Importance and methods of determining theoretical vital capacity in evaluation of silicosis]. PMID- 14775400 TI - [Arsine poisoning during scaling of a Cornovaglia boiler]. PMID- 14775401 TI - [Bullous pulmonary emphysema as a cause of spontaneous pneumothorax in silicosis]. PMID- 14775402 TI - [Cardiorespiratory ratio in the functional evaluation of silicosis]. PMID- 14775404 TI - Rectal polyps. PMID- 14775403 TI - [Endarteritis obliterans in a lead type caster]. PMID- 14775405 TI - Otosclerosis. PMID- 14775406 TI - Adiposogenital dystrophy (Babinski-Frolich disease). PMID- 14775407 TI - The radiological examination of the small intestine. PMID- 14775408 TI - Magic, medicine and quackery. PMID- 14775409 TI - Non-gonococcal urethritis; a review of a monograph by Dr. A. H. Harkness. PMID- 14775410 TI - [Balneo- and climatotherapy]. PMID- 14775411 TI - [Difficulties in risks in therapy with antithyroid substances]. PMID- 14775412 TI - [Surgical diagnosis in neurosurgery]. PMID- 14775413 TI - [Hemorrhagic diathesis and hypoprothrombinemia]. PMID- 14775414 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14775415 TI - [Polyuria]. PMID- 14775416 TI - [Present day problems in control of tuberculosis in SSSR]. PMID- 14775417 TI - [Pneumoperitoneal treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14775418 TI - [Participation of medical nurse in application of pneumoperitoneum and extrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 14775420 TI - [Treatment of chronic ulcers of the leg]. PMID- 14775419 TI - [Work of nurses in regional antituberculous dispensary]. PMID- 14775421 TI - [What a medical nurse should know about epidemic infantile paralysis (acute poliomyelitis, Heine-Medin disease)]. PMID- 14775422 TI - [Role of medical nurses in unified hospitals during the practice of medical students]. PMID- 14775423 TI - [All-Union congress of nursing schools]. PMID- 14775424 TI - [Work of medical nurse in school sanitary control]. PMID- 14775425 TI - [Care of infants in children's homes]. PMID- 14775426 TI - [Role of medical nursing in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 14775427 TI - [Intestinal obstruction, treatment and care]. PMID- 14775428 TI - [Prophylaxis of exanthematous fever]. PMID- 14775429 TI - [Outstanding medical scientist Vladimir Petrovich Filatov]. PMID- 14775430 TI - [Use of penicillin container for eye drops and solutions]. PMID- 14775431 TI - [SERAFIMA Mikhailovna Bolotova]. PMID- 14775432 TI - [IDA Abrabrovna Shapiro]. PMID- 14775433 TI - [Vasil'evna Kuznetsova]. PMID- 14775434 TI - [Nephritis; clinical manifestations, treatment and nursing]. PMID- 14775435 TI - [Foreign bodies in the esophagus]. PMID- 14775436 TI - [Physical education in school]. PMID- 14775437 TI - [Preoperative psychological preparation of the patient and the conduct of medical personnel in the operating room]. PMID- 14775438 TI - [Role of medical nurse in active therapy of psychoses]. PMID- 14775439 TI - [Prevention of complications in active therapy of psychoses]. PMID- 14775440 TI - [Effect of psychological state on the course of disease]. PMID- 14775441 TI - [Parties for young children]. PMID- 14775442 TI - [Organization of twenty four hours of open air treatment]. PMID- 14775443 TI - [Significance of organic preparations in the State Animal Husbandry Plan for farm animals]. PMID- 14775444 TI - [Veterinary science and its application in collective animal husbandry]. PMID- 14775445 TI - [Infectious encephalitis in silver foxes in Poland]. PMID- 14775446 TI - [Proventriculitis ulcerosa in fowls]. PMID- 14775447 TI - [Evaluation of the immunizing properties of Staub's erysipeloid culture in hogs]. PMID- 14775448 TI - [Duration of immunity following vaccination against rabies]. PMID- 14775449 TI - [Local anesthesia in suturing of fresh skin wounds in large animals]. PMID- 14775450 TI - [Streptomycin and sulfones in the treatment of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14775451 TI - [Treatment of myoglobinemia with vitamin B1]. PMID- 14775452 TI - [Penicillin ointment for open corneal ulcers in the dog]. PMID- 14775453 TI - [Interesting case of foreign body in the cecum in a horse]. PMID- 14775454 TI - [Mandaverm; new antiparasitic]. PMID- 14775455 TI - [Case of accidental stricture of the tissue of a cat by a strip of sausage casing on the cat's tongue]. PMID- 14775456 TI - [Penicillin therapy of swine erysipelas]. PMID- 14775457 TI - [Hormone correlation in lactation]. PMID- 14775458 TI - [Control of diseases in fowls]. PMID- 14775459 TI - [Histamine and antihistaminics]. PMID- 14775460 TI - [Virus abortions in mares; inclusion bodies in the tissues of fetuses]. PMID- 14775461 TI - [Evaluation of the culture method for the presence of Trichomonas in suspected bulls]. PMID- 14775463 TI - [Infection of foxes with Gartner's bacilli]. PMID- 14775462 TI - [Diagnosis of tuberculosis in dogs by cultures on egg-media and simultaneous type identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]. PMID- 14775464 TI - [Observations on the heart diseases in horses used for production of anti erysipeloid serum]. PMID- 14775465 TI - [Diabetes insipidus as one of the aspects of cerebropituitary disorders]. PMID- 14775466 TI - [Pseudoaneurysm of the carotid artery in the horse]. PMID- 14775467 TI - [Intestinal hemorrhagic melasma in shoats]. PMID- 14775468 TI - [Retention of placenta ( in cows and sows)]. PMID- 14775469 TI - [Use of alcohol in apidural anesthesia of cows]. PMID- 14775470 TI - [Amputation of prolapsed uterus in cows]. PMID- 14775471 TI - [Poisoning of hogs with kitchen salt]. PMID- 14775472 TI - [Veterinary supervision in hygiene and safety measures in abattoirs]. PMID- 14775473 TI - [Participation of veterinary medicine in the I Congress of Polish Sciences]. PMID- 14775474 TI - [Problems in control of disease in cattle in Poland]. PMID- 14775475 TI - [Shigella equirulis and Bacterium anitratum (parashigellosis of foals)]. PMID- 14775476 TI - [Brucellosis; occupational disease of veterinarians in Silesia]. PMID- 14775477 TI - [Excretion of calcium in urine of cows]. PMID- 14775478 TI - [Localization of foreign bodies penetrated into the deep tissues of large domestic animals]. PMID- 14775479 TI - [Fallopian tubes and fertility]. PMID- 14775480 TI - [Case of leukosis in a heifer]. PMID- 14775481 TI - [Control of coccidiosis in rabbits]. PMID- 14775482 TI - [Case of sarcoma of the small intestine in a dog]. PMID- 14775483 TI - [Effect of feeding of pregnant sows and shoats on the hemoglobin curve]. PMID- 14775484 TI - [Progress in the field of parasitology in Soviet Union]. PMID- 14775485 TI - [Basis for the development of Michurin's zootechnics in Soviet Union]. PMID- 14775486 TI - [Physiology in veterinary medicine]. PMID- 14775487 TI - [Infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae as a meat hygiene problem]. PMID- 14775488 TI - [Tularemia; an occupational zoonotic disease]. PMID- 14775489 TI - [Application of bacteriophages in veterinary medicine]. PMID- 14775490 TI - [Treatment of tetanus in the horse]. PMID- 14775492 TI - [Climatotherapy of influenza in shoats]. PMID- 14775491 TI - [Technic of rumen surgery]. PMID- 14775493 TI - [Treatment of pneumonia in calves with sulfonamides]. PMID- 14775494 TI - [Renal subcapsular hemorrhages in horses hyperimmunized with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae]. PMID- 14775495 TI - [Observations on dog immunization against rabies]. PMID- 14775496 TI - [Mechanical milking of cows]. PMID- 14775497 TI - [Forty years of scientific activities of Dr. Alfred Trawinski]. PMID- 14775498 TI - [Denitrification at the expense of bitumen and other hydrocarbons]. PMID- 14775499 TI - [Physico-chemical conditions of bacteriogenic precipitation of calcium]. PMID- 14775500 TI - [Thermophil pectin bacteria]. PMID- 14775501 TI - [Variability of acetic acid bacteria; Bacterium Schuzenbachii]. PMID- 14775502 TI - [Proteolysis of wheat flour by lactic acid dough bacteria]. PMID- 14775503 TI - [Biochemical properties of Fusarium culture (Sporotrichiella)]. PMID- 14775504 TI - [Effect of jaundice virus on the viability of silk worms]. PMID- 14775505 TI - [Nodule bacteria]. PMID- 14775506 TI - [Data on the history of soil microbiology]. PMID- 14775507 TI - [Clinical notes on benign ovarian and parovarian tumors observed from 1939-1949]. PMID- 14775508 TI - [Tuberculosis and pregnancy; clinico-statistical contribution; new therapeutic statistics]. PMID- 14775509 TI - [Quantitative variations of peritoneal fluid and gynecologic affections]. PMID- 14775510 TI - [Value of determination of histidine in urine for the chemical diagnosis of pregnancy and some gynecologic affections]. PMID- 14775511 TI - [Post-transfusional anuria from incompatibility cured by cross transfusion according to Vecchietti's method]. PMID- 14775512 TI - [Determination of blood groups of the A B O system; in reference to "A case of post-transfusional anuria from incompatibility cured by cross transfusion according to Vecchietti's method" by P. Alfieri]. PMID- 14775513 TI - [Blood coagulation in puerperium; recent research and therapeutic applications]. PMID- 14775514 TI - [Thromboplastin activity of the chorion and dicumarol; experimental research]. PMID- 14775515 TI - [Experimental research on dicumarol intoxication in pregnancy; relation of thromboplastinic activity of the brain and lungs of rabbits]. PMID- 14775516 TI - [Operations for transverse vaginal septum]. PMID- 14775517 TI - [Tuberculin allergy in relation to pregnancy and puerperium]. PMID- 14775518 TI - [Modern methods of therapy of amenorrhea]. PMID- 14775519 TI - [Amenorrhea in prisoners in concentration camps]. PMID- 14775520 TI - [Obstetrics and gynecology in other times and countries]. PMID- 14775521 TI - [Practical considerations on control of rheumatism; the Centro di Reumatologia of Turin]. PMID- 14775522 TI - [On the supposed sensitization to adrenalin after sympathetic enervation]. PMID- 14775523 TI - [New method of measuring the velocity of the segmental circulation]. PMID- 14775524 TI - [Disorders produced by liver extracts]. PMID- 14775525 TI - [New concepts on the etiology of dental caries]. PMID- 14775526 TI - [Electronic microscope]. PMID- 14775527 TI - [Gerontology and geriatrics]. PMID- 14775528 TI - [Piedmont sessions on gastroenterology, Turin, 14-16 April 1950]. PMID- 14775529 TI - [Lipid metabolism in cirrhosis of the liver; first observations]. PMID- 14775530 TI - [Bromsulphalein test]. PMID- 14775531 TI - [Several cases of the so-called catarrhal icterus after clinical recovery]. PMID- 14775532 TI - [Value and limitations of dysproteinemic indexes in the functional diagnosis of diseases of the liver]. PMID- 14775533 TI - [Lipid fractions in tissue of pathological livers and action of lipotropic factors on the intermediate metabolism of lipids in relation to their therapeutic activity]. PMID- 14775534 TI - [Clinico-statistical observations on the functional treatment of acute and subacute diseases of the liver]. PMID- 14775535 TI - [Some aspects of the clinical evolution of chronic diseases of the liver correlated with modern therapeutic indications]. PMID- 14775536 TI - [Relation between plasma bilirubin and proteins: solubility curve of the bilirubin-protein complex]. PMID- 14775537 TI - [Gasometry of the blood of the hepatic veins procured by catheterization in normal subjects and in subjects with hepatic diseases]. PMID- 14775538 TI - [Behavior of certain liver function tests in hepatic disease treated with lipotropic substances]. PMID- 14775539 TI - [Behavior of the uric acid curve in chronic liver disease in the course of lipotropic treatment]. PMID- 14775540 TI - [Curare and gastric secretion]. PMID- 14775541 TI - [Modifications of the Maclagan and azorubin tests following lipotrope therapy]. PMID- 14775542 TI - [Hippuric acid test in chronic liver disease during lipotrope therapy]. PMID- 14775543 TI - [First results of the influence of an aluminum salt-glycine combination on the chemistry of the stomach]. PMID- 14775544 TI - [Modifications of certain liver function tests induced by lipotropic therapy]. PMID- 14775545 TI - [Statistical contribution to the correlation between clinical and functional data and histological biopsy findings in 64 cases with various hepatic lesions]. PMID- 14775546 TI - [Hepatobiliary autoallergic manifestations]. PMID- 14775547 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic importance of peroperative manometry in the treatment of calculi of the common bile duct]. PMID- 14775548 TI - [Alterations of iron metabolism in hepatic diseases; 106 clinical cases]. PMID- 14775549 TI - [First results of therapy with a stable lipotropic pancreatic preparation in certain hepatic diseases]. PMID- 14775551 TI - [Cholecystography from the biological viewpoint]. PMID- 14775550 TI - [Electrophoretic research in hepatic diseases]. PMID- 14775552 TI - [Mineral water therapy in diseases of the digestive tract]. PMID- 14775553 TI - [Prolonged fasting therapy in cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 14775554 TI - [New early symptom in peripheral arterial diseases: inversion of the oscillometric index]. PMID- 14775555 TI - [Medico-legal questions in regard to tonsillectomy]. PMID- 14775556 TI - [Biological or mechanical coefficients as phthisiogenetic factors? Considerations on phthisiogenesis]. PMID- 14775557 TI - [Documented resistance of vaccinated (Petragnani-Salvioli vaccination) to tuberculosis in an involuntary and extensive experiment of tuberculous infection]. PMID- 14775558 TI - [Radiological exploration of abdominal organs with retropneumoperitoneum]. PMID- 14775559 TI - Pathology of abnormal uterine bleeding. PMID- 14775560 TI - The problem of thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis. PMID- 14775561 TI - The handling of infertility cases. PMID- 14775562 TI - The acute pancreas. PMID- 14775563 TI - Modern concepts of the treatment of meningitis. PMID- 14775564 TI - Urological diseases in children. PMID- 14775565 TI - [Microbiologic determination of vitamins and amino acids]. PMID- 14775566 TI - [Malt extracts]. PMID- 14775567 TI - [New analysis of Swiss mineral springs]. PMID- 14775568 TI - [Effect of catadynization of sorbite according to Werder for detection of cider in wine]. PMID- 14775569 TI - [Analysis and evaluation of domestic commercial preserves]. PMID- 14775570 TI - [Evaluation of solubilization of powder of cacao by alkali carbonate]. PMID- 14775571 TI - [Investigation of bread, milk-bread and skimmed-milk bread]. PMID- 14775572 TI - [Analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons in decaffeinated coffee]. PMID- 14775573 TI - [Correction to article: Determination of theobromin in cacao; theobromin, caffeine & mineral content of cacao]. PMID- 14775574 TI - [Sulfuric acid in sweet cider and non-alcoholic grape juice]. PMID- 14775575 TI - Factors entering into the prognostic evaluation of the patient with essential hypertension. PMID- 14775576 TI - Social security enters the hospital. PMID- 14775577 TI - What you can expect the hospital architect to do for your. PMID- 14775578 TI - "Race track" plan cuts down the distance from nurses' stations to patients' rooms. PMID- 14775579 TI - Hospital rates and public welfare from the welfare official's point of view. PMID- 14775580 TI - An administrator speaks for the hospital's side. PMID- 14775581 TI - G-11 takes the scrub out of scrub-up procedures. PMID- 14775583 TI - DOCTORS state their views on nursing education. PMID- 14775582 TI - Gouverneur is the focal point of the three North Country Hospitals. PMID- 14775584 TI - What makes a professional nurse professional. PMID- 14775585 TI - Six principles of purchasing for the equipment of new and remodeled areas. PMID- 14775586 TI - They made hospital history: Samuel Bard. PMID- 14775587 TI - Punch card accounting lightens the load of paper work. PMID- 14775588 TI - In the small hospital the director of nurses sets the standard of nursing care of patients. PMID- 14775589 TI - A hospital consultant reports: British health service is giving satisfaction to the public. PMID- 14775590 TI - Public relations starts at the hospital's front door. PMID- 14775591 TI - Safe practices in the use of anesthetic gases. PMID- 14775592 TI - How one small hospital developed a successful program of intern procurement. PMID- 14775593 TI - Dimercaprol (BAL) and detoxication with sulfhydril compounds. PMID- 14775594 TI - Current advances in food processing packaging, preparation and storage. PMID- 14775595 TI - Menus for November 1950. PMID- 14775596 TI - Stop maintenance problems before they start by proper mechanical engineering in the plan. PMID- 14775598 TI - [Auricular calcification]. PMID- 14775597 TI - The housekeeper's path to success. PMID- 14775599 TI - [Indications and technic in radical surgery of the inner ear]. PMID- 14775600 TI - [Acuity of hearing following paracentesis]. PMID- 14775601 TI - [Studies on the qualitative relationship between the differential threshold for variations in tone intensity and the recruitment phenomenon]. PMID- 14775602 TI - [Roentgen erythema dose in mastoiditis]. PMID- 14775603 TI - [Studies on the lipoid content of the cerebrospinal fluid in otogenous abscess of the brain]. PMID- 14775604 TI - [Panarthritis of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial articulations]. PMID- 14775605 TI - [Pendular nystagmus in bilateral injury of the parietal lobes]. PMID- 14775606 TI - [Primary cholesteatoma of the roof of the orbit]. PMID- 14775607 TI - [Etiologic factors in ozena]. PMID- 14775608 TI - [Influence of nasal respiration in the development of the paranasal sinuses; a contribution to the problem of the inhibition of pneumatization in the sinuses]. PMID- 14775609 TI - [Use of compressed carbon dioxide in cleansing the tonsillar crypts]. PMID- 14775610 TI - [Pathogenesis of cutaneous emphysema following tonsillectomy and adenotomy]. PMID- 14775611 TI - [Case of reticulosarcomatosis]. PMID- 14775612 TI - [Recurrent paralysis and its treatment]. PMID- 14775613 TI - [Total laryngectomy following preoperative roentgenotherapy]. PMID- 14775615 TI - [Lingual goiters]. PMID- 14775616 TI - [Experimental research on the action of cholesterol on various organs. I. Introductory considerations on the possible oncogenesis in vivo of cholesterol]. PMID- 14775614 TI - [Early vestibular symptoms in streptomycin therapy]. PMID- 14775617 TI - [Effects of maternal treatment with sex hormones on fetal ovary; experimental research]. PMID- 14775618 TI - [Hematomedullary crasis in uterine fibromatosis]. PMID- 14775619 TI - [Experiments with bromsulphalein on hepatic function in pregnancy]. PMID- 14775621 TI - [Conteben, PAS and streptomycin therapy of tuberculosis in children]. PMID- 14775620 TI - [Endocrine temperament prevailing in eclampsia]. PMID- 14775622 TI - [Chemotherapy of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14775623 TI - [Critical observations on the newer substances used in treatment of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14775624 TI - [Secondary effects of the therapeutic use of TB I (conteben)]. PMID- 14775625 TI - [Binding capacity of serum iodine in pulmonary tuberculosis during treatment with TbI-698 (conteben); a contribution to the significance of unsaturated fatty acids and to the mechanism of the therapeutic action of TbI in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14775626 TI - [Mechanism of the action of histamine antagonists]. PMID- 14775627 TI - [Malaria in Germany?]. PMID- 14775628 TI - [Exogenous and indigenous malaria]. PMID- 14775629 TI - [Experiences with sympathisan in rheumatic disease]. PMID- 14775630 TI - [Treatment of acidity in peptic ulcer]. PMID- 14775631 TI - [Misuse of polamidon]. PMID- 14775632 TI - [Practical notes on the determination of serum bilirubin]. PMID- 14775633 TI - [Maternal and child's health protection in Serbia]. PMID- 14775634 TI - [Student and trainee's health protection in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14775636 TI - [Problem of education of children living in collectives]. PMID- 14775635 TI - [Consultation centers for pregnant women]. PMID- 14775637 TI - [Plan for hospital construction in Beograd]. PMID- 14775638 TI - [Tuberculosis control centers in Slovenia; statistical data for 1948]. PMID- 14775639 TI - [Hacque's impressions from Croatia and health conditions in 18. century]. PMID- 14775640 TI - [Organization of cardiologic service in France]. PMID- 14775641 TI - [Brief review of new regulations of public health service in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14775642 TI - [Keeping of records in health institutions]. PMID- 14775643 TI - [Compensation for work performed by medical students during vacations]. PMID- 14775644 TI - [Enforcement of year's service as health consultant in private practice]. PMID- 14775645 TI - [Public health in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14775647 TI - [Concept of climate in medicine]. PMID- 14775646 TI - [Prenatal care in relation to occupation of parents]. PMID- 14775648 TI - [Fluorography]. PMID- 14775649 TI - [Education of pharmacists in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14775650 TI - [Pharmaceutic problems in public health of Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14775651 TI - [History of medicine in Serbia from the 13th to the 19th century]. PMID- 14775652 TI - Transplantation of nuclei from cell to cell. PMID- 14775653 TI - Coincidences between protons and gamma-rays in (d,p) reactions. PMID- 14775655 TI - Use of Aspergillus niger as a test organism for determining molybdenum available in soils to crop plants. PMID- 14775654 TI - Induction of mutation in Micrococcus pyogenes by chemical inactivation of sulphydryl groups. PMID- 14775656 TI - Effect of pH on the biological activity of weak acids and bases. PMID- 14775657 TI - Thickness and structure of the membrane of the human red cell ghost. PMID- 14775658 TI - Unusual phosphatic material in the Sutton Hoo ship burial. PMID- 14775659 TI - Effect of posture on involuntary eye movements. PMID- 14775660 TI - Effect of a posture change on head and monocular fixation eye movements. PMID- 14775661 TI - Phoretic association between Afronurus and Simulium species, and the discovery of the early stages of Simulium neavei on freshwater crabs. PMID- 14775662 TI - Sulphamic acid as a test for nitrate-reducing bacteria. PMID- 14775663 TI - Effect of aspartic acid on growth of plant-virus tumour tissue. PMID- 14775664 TI - In vitro inhibition of growth of a pathogenic protozoan by a derivative of glutamic acid. PMID- 14775665 TI - Problem of wheat-rust. PMID- 14775666 TI - Inhibition of the growth of Leuconostoc mesenteroides by the toxic factor from "agenized" zein: reversal by l-glutamine. PMID- 14775667 TI - Use of spores labelled with radiophosphorus in the study of the respiratory retention of aerosols. PMID- 14775668 TI - Effects of histone and other proteins on the Feulgen reaction. PMID- 14775669 TI - Biological detoxication of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in soils; isolation of an effective organism. PMID- 14775671 TI - Man's use of energy. PMID- 14775670 TI - An antagonist of dihydrostreptomycin and streptomycin produced by Pseudomonas pyocyanea. PMID- 14775672 TI - Modern developments in carbohydrate chemistry. PMID- 14775673 TI - The science and practice of entomology. PMID- 14775674 TI - Influence of food plants on social structure. PMID- 14775675 TI - Hormones of the digestive tract. PMID- 14775676 TI - Human affairs and the psychological point of view. PMID- 14775677 TI - Modern trends in the classification of plants. PMID- 14775678 TI - Quality in agriculture. PMID- 14775679 TI - ENERGY in the service of man; exhibition at Birmingham. PMID- 14775680 TI - Affinity and reactivity of angiosperms to Phytophthora infestans. PMID- 14775681 TI - Structure of wool fibres; isolation of an alpha and beta-protein in wool. PMID- 14775682 TI - Polycrystalline structure of wool. PMID- 14775683 TI - Maui the demi-god. PMID- 14775684 TI - Microscopy by reconstructed wave-fronts. PMID- 14775685 TI - Reference wedge for Schlieren diagrams. PMID- 14775686 TI - Pipetting device for use with radioactive solutions. PMID- 14775687 TI - Synthesis and breakdown of citric acid with crystalline condensing enzyme. PMID- 14775688 TI - Alkaline fission of some 2-substituted dimethyl-ethyl-sulphonium iodides. PMID- 14775689 TI - Inhibition of the homogeneous thermal decomposition of acetaldehyde by chemically inert gases. PMID- 14775690 TI - Near infra-red spectra of proteins and related substances. PMID- 14775691 TI - Locus of the gene 'fidget' in the house mouse. PMID- 14775692 TI - Fertilization of the rat egg. PMID- 14775693 TI - Mechanics of the contractile element of muscle. PMID- 14775694 TI - The International Botanical Congress at Stockholm. PMID- 14775695 TI - Dr. S. Maulik. PMID- 14775696 TI - Mr. D. W. Amos. M.B.E. PMID- 14775697 TI - PROF. L. Breitfuss. PMID- 14775698 TI - The veterinary profession in India. PMID- 14775699 TI - Evolution in bacteria and the significance of the bacterial spore. PMID- 14775700 TI - A method of integrating the Gibbs adsorption isotherm. PMID- 14775701 TI - Effects of radio-frequency voltages on bacteria. PMID- 14775702 TI - A photo-electric method for measuring circular dichroism. PMID- 14775703 TI - Crystal structure of ammonium bicarbonate and a possible relationship with ammonium hypophosphate. PMID- 14775704 TI - Hyperfine structure and saturation effects in the paramagnetic resonance spectrum of manganese. PMID- 14775705 TI - Iron intake and haemochromatosis in the Bantu. PMID- 14775706 TI - Keratins in invertebrates. PMID- 14775707 TI - Enzymatic synthesis of citrate from pyruvate and oxalacetate. PMID- 14775708 TI - A germination inhibitor from sugar beet. PMID- 14775709 TI - Effect of D-tubocurarine chloride and carbaminoylcholine on the respiration of Daphnia. PMID- 14775710 TI - Distribution of the protective factors for vitamin C in fractions of liver homogenates of the rat. PMID- 14775711 TI - Anaerobic subcutaneous emphysema of poultry. PMID- 14775712 TI - Direct isolation of D-deoxyribose by mercaptanolysis of calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid. PMID- 14775713 TI - A factor influencing the intracellular exposure of sulphydryl groups. PMID- 14775714 TI - An exchange between free purines and pyrimidines and the aglucones of deoxyribosyl purines and deoxyribosyl pyrimidines. PMID- 14775715 TI - Detection of sugars on paper chromatograms. PMID- 14775716 TI - Chromatography of steroids on alumina-impregnated filter paper. PMID- 14775717 TI - Boveri and the early days of genetics. PMID- 14775718 TI - Chromosome numbers of Cerastium species. PMID- 14775719 TI - Sagitta setosa J. Muller in the Clyde. PMID- 14775720 TI - [Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 14775721 TI - [Clinical experience with the corticotropic hormone]. PMID- 14775722 TI - [Preliminary experience with ACTH in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in children]. PMID- 14775723 TI - [Urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids during ACTH therapy]. PMID- 14775724 TI - [Effect of glucose administration upon blood potassium level in normal subjects and non-diabetic patients]. PMID- 14775725 TI - [Shock following administration of purified antitetanus serum]. PMID- 14775726 TI - [Reported cases of communicable disease for week 2-8 July 1950]. PMID- 14775727 TI - [Parasitic diseases of repatriated missionaries]. PMID- 14775728 TI - [Scabies norvegica]. PMID- 14775729 TI - [Whooping cough]. PMID- 14775730 TI - [Secondary and spontaneous rupture of the spleen]. PMID- 14775731 TI - [Clinical use of the corticotropic hormone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 14775732 TI - [Effect of ACTH upon serologic reactions in rheumatic disease]. PMID- 14775733 TI - [Refusal (antabuse) therapy of alcoholism]. PMID- 14775734 TI - [Acute appendicitis with perforation in pregnancy]. PMID- 14775735 TI - [Kunkel's zinc sulfate reaction, a simple method of approximate quantitative determination of serum gamma-globulin]. PMID- 14775736 TI - [Configuration and connections of certain medial nuclei in the thalamus of the rabbit]. PMID- 14775737 TI - [Endolumbar injections of vitamin B1 in tabetic crises]. PMID- 14775738 TI - [Coarctation of the aorta]. PMID- 14775739 TI - [Treatment of syphilis]. PMID- 14775740 TI - [Chordoma]. PMID- 14775741 TI - [Case of nephrotic nephritis treated with ACTH]. PMID- 14775742 TI - [Clinical cytology of sputum and bronchial smears]. PMID- 14775743 TI - [Renal rickets, renal diabetes and cystine metabolism; the De Toni-Fanconi-Debre syndrome]. PMID- 14775744 TI - [Blood antihyaluronidase level in children with hemolytic streptococcosis, rheumatoid polyarthritis, and other diseases]. PMID- 14775745 TI - [Refractory vesicovaginorectal fistula]. PMID- 14775746 TI - [Reported cases of communicable disease for week 9-15 July 1950]. PMID- 14775747 TI - [Cerebral vasomotor centers]. PMID- 14775748 TI - [Case of bronchogenic mediastinal cyst]. PMID- 14775749 TI - [Renal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14775750 TI - [Paper chromatography and its clinical use]. PMID- 14775751 TI - [Yellow atrophy of the liver and epidemic hepatitis]. PMID- 14775752 TI - [Effect of sugar on the resorption of sulfadiazine]. PMID- 14775753 TI - [Present status of antisepsis]. PMID- 14775754 TI - [Experiences in surgical therapy of 12 cases of isthmic stenosis of the aorta]. PMID- 14775755 TI - [Dermatomyositis]. PMID- 14775756 TI - [Acrodynia associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome and hypothalamic symptoms]. PMID- 14775757 TI - [Two cases of acute appendicitis on shipboard]. PMID- 14775758 TI - [Primary stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal in adults, a new syndrome]. PMID- 14775759 TI - [Toxidermia]. PMID- 14775760 TI - [Puerperal cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 14775761 TI - [Significance of the lysocithin theory in explanation of intravascular hemolysis]. PMID- 14775762 TI - [Increased sensitivity to opiates and barbituric acid in anoxia]. PMID- 14775763 TI - [Danger of reactivating tuberculous processes in the lungs with the administration of massive doses of vitamin D2]. PMID- 14775764 TI - [Contemporary views on syphilis therapy]. PMID- 14775765 TI - [Central committee for the cornea bank of the Netherlands Red Cross]. PMID- 14775766 TI - [Reported cases of communicable disease for week 16-22 July 1950]. PMID- 14775767 TI - [Summing up, 1929-1949]. PMID- 14775768 TI - [Bronchial pavement-cell epithelioma]. PMID- 14775769 TI - [Defect of the septum atriorum]. PMID- 14775770 TI - [Effect of ACTH on muscular performance in hypophysectomized rats]. PMID- 14775771 TI - [ACTH and carbohydrate metabolism]. PMID- 14775772 TI - [Fixation of biopsy specimens, punctates and surgical specimens for histopathologic examination]. PMID- 14775773 TI - [Intra-abdominal and intrathoracic macrodiverticulum of the jejunum of gastrogenic origin; relation to mediastinal gastrogenic cysts]. PMID- 14775775 TI - [Simmonds' disease in a child]. PMID- 14775774 TI - [Oil cyst of the mesenterium]. PMID- 14775776 TI - [Observations on gynecology and obstetrics in U.S. clinics]. PMID- 14775777 TI - [Education of the diabetic in the Netherlands as a problem of public health]. PMID- 14775778 TI - [Demonstration of a needle for use in cardiac catheterization]. PMID- 14775779 TI - [Double auricular action]. PMID- 14775780 TI - [Complex-grouping of the heart rhythm in sinoauricular block]. PMID- 14775781 TI - [Mechanism of Wilson- and Bayley block]. PMID- 14775782 TI - [New electrocardiographic symptom in hypertrophy of the left ventricle]. PMID- 14775784 TI - [Notes on endo-electrocardiography]. PMID- 14775783 TI - [Ventricular tachycardia in infarct]. PMID- 14775785 TI - [Drainage of the pulmonary veins into the right auricle by way of a persistent left vena cava]. PMID- 14775786 TI - [Diagnosis of calcification shadows in the heart]. PMID- 14775788 TI - [Paroxysmal parkinsonism (extrapyramidal epilepsy)]. PMID- 14775787 TI - [Subarachnoid hemorrhage as a consequence of electric traumatic shock]. PMID- 14775789 TI - [Lesional median artery syndrome in the interolivary region]. PMID- 14775790 TI - [Combined histamine infusions in neurological diseases]. PMID- 14775791 TI - [Cholinesterase]. PMID- 14775792 TI - [Second EEG Congress, Paris. 1-4 Sept. 1949]. PMID- 14775793 TI - [Classification of epilepsy]. PMID- 14775794 TI - [Electroencephalography in neurosurgery]. PMID- 14775795 TI - [Electroencephalographic concept of psychomotor epilepsy]. PMID- 14775796 TI - [Electromyography in the diagnosis of lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system]. PMID- 14775797 TI - [Comparative clinical studies on hyperextensibility and deficiency manifestations in injuries of the pyramidal tract]. PMID- 14775798 TI - [Treatment of schizophrenia with electronarcosis]. PMID- 14775799 TI - [Two cases of Crouzon's craniofacial dysostosis]. PMID- 14775800 TI - [Treatment of headache following head injury]. PMID- 14775801 TI - [Chronic progressive ophthalmoplegia]. PMID- 14775802 TI - [Pseudomyopathic dermatomyositis and myogenous pseudobulbar syndrome]. PMID- 14775804 TI - [Committee for Mental Hygiene in the World Health Organization in Geneva]. PMID- 14775803 TI - [Results of Hill's method of histamine-insulin therapy of mental diseases]. PMID- 14775805 TI - [Progress of Soviet neuropathology and psychiatry]. PMID- 14775806 TI - [Dynamics of neurological symptoms and biological currents of the brain in electric trauma]. PMID- 14775807 TI - [Lethargic form of encephalitis with psychic disorders]. PMID- 14775808 TI - [Protracted case of tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin; clinical anatomical analysis]. PMID- 14775809 TI - [Post traumatic paroxysmal hyperinsulinemia]. PMID- 14775810 TI - [Effect of spinal cord injury on the functions of internal organs]. PMID- 14775811 TI - [Perspiration disorders in diseases of the spinal cord; spinal centers of perspiration]. PMID- 14775812 TI - [Paroxysmal choreo-athetosis]. PMID- 14775813 TI - [Mechanism of paraplegic flexion contractures]. PMID- 14775814 TI - [Origin of reflex and distortion of central contractures in experiments on decerebrated animals]. PMID- 14775815 TI - [Pathogenesis and diagnostic value of spontaneous symptoms in cerebral tumors]. PMID- 14775816 TI - [Syndrome of circulatory disorders in cerebral tumors]. PMID- 14775817 TI - [Phantom limb following amputation in frostbite]. PMID- 14775818 TI - [Dimedrol therapy of diseases of the nervous system]. PMID- 14775819 TI - [Neurophysiological study of acute infectious psychoses]. PMID- 14775820 TI - [Marked decrease of incidence of progressive paralysis in SSSR]. PMID- 14775821 TI - [Atypical case of juvenile progressive paralysis]. PMID- 14775822 TI - [Psychotic forms of tick encephalitis]. PMID- 14775823 TI - [Clinical aspect and pathomorphology of chronic rheumatic psychoses]. PMID- 14775824 TI - [Psychic modifications in acute tetra-ethyl lead poisoning]. PMID- 14775825 TI - [Psychogenic psychoses in children following earthquakes]. PMID- 14775826 TI - [Combined scientific session of the Psychiatric Institute of Ministry of Public Health and of the Psycho-Neurological Institute of the Ukraine]. PMID- 14775827 TI - [In memory of N. E. Osokin]. PMID- 14775828 TI - [In memory of M. N. Neiding]. PMID- 14775830 TI - [Korsakov's heritage and Soviet psychiatry]. PMID- 14775829 TI - [Korsakov's role in progress of Russian psychiatry]. PMID- 14775831 TI - [S. S. Korsakov as a man and as psychiatrist]. PMID- 14775832 TI - [S. S. Korsakov and practice of contemporary psychiatry]. PMID- 14775833 TI - [S. S. Korsakov as psychiatrist and scientist]. PMID- 14775834 TI - [Catamnesis of a case of polyneuritic psychosis diagnosed by Korsakov 50 years ago]. PMID- 14775835 TI - [History of Russian neuropathology; cortical partial epilepsy]. PMID- 14775836 TI - [History of Russian neurology; doctor of medicine D. I. Ivanov (1751-1821)]. PMID- 14775837 TI - [New method of treatment of epilepsy]. PMID- 14775838 TI - [Effect of dilantin on the frequency of epileptic convulsive attacks]. PMID- 14775839 TI - [Dilantin therapy of epilepsy]. PMID- 14775840 TI - [Biological characteristics of the blood in epilepsy]. PMID- 14775841 TI - [Electroencephalographic examination in electroshock treatment of schizophrenia]. PMID- 14775842 TI - [Specific modifications of cerebral electroactivity in schizophrenia]. PMID- 14775843 TI - [Correlation of arterial and venous blood pressure in schizophrenia and cyclic psychosis]. PMID- 14775844 TI - [Unveiling of Korsakov's monument]. PMID- 14775845 TI - [In connection with Ozeretskii's article, I. M. Balinskii as founder of the theory on psychopathy]. PMID- 14775847 TI - A fundamental consideration of anticoagulant therapy. PMID- 14775846 TI - [Refractometric spinal fluid examination in mental diseases]. PMID- 14775848 TI - Management of the neurotic patient. PMID- 14775849 TI - Calcified leiomyoma of the stomach. PMID- 14775850 TI - Medical malpractice. PMID- 14775851 TI - Neurology. PMID- 14775852 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; vitamin D intoxication; calcification; empyema of gallbladder. PMID- 14775853 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; carcinoma of lung, with metastases to regional lymph nodes (at twenty-nine years of age). PMID- 14775854 TI - Rupture of the interventricular septum. PMID- 14775855 TI - As others see you. PMID- 14775856 TI - The cast syndrome; review of the literature and report of a case. PMID- 14775857 TI - Immune responses and reactions to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, with pertussis vaccine, aluminum phosphate precipitated. PMID- 14775858 TI - Surgery of the esophagus. PMID- 14775859 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; Wegener's granulomatosis involving lungs, kidneys and spleen. PMID- 14775860 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; idiopathic cardiac hypertrophy; cardiac dilation hydropericardium. PMID- 14775861 TI - Postoperative potassium deficit and metabolic alkalosis. PMID- 14775862 TI - Myasthenia gravis: a clinical and pathological study of a case associated with a primary mediastinal thymoma and a solitary secondary intrapulmonary thymoma. PMID- 14775863 TI - Newer occupational diseases. PMID- 14775864 TI - The abuse of bed rest in the treatment of myocardial infarction. PMID- 14775865 TI - Current problems in physical medicine and rehabilitation. PMID- 14775866 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; malignant lymphoma, clasmatocytic type, of arm; meningitis, diffuse, purulent (B. pyocyaneus); osteomyelitis, head of tibia, with septic arthritis. PMID- 14775867 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; coronary sclerosis, with occlusion, severe; myocardial infarct, old; pulmonary embolism and infarction, multiple. PMID- 14775868 TI - Recommended obstetrical procedures. PMID- 14775869 TI - Childhood epilepsy. PMID- 14775870 TI - Brain tumors in infancy and childhood. PMID- 14775871 TI - Psychologic factors of migraine in children. PMID- 14775872 TI - Electroencephalographic changes in metabolic disease. PMID- 14775873 TI - Mortality in head injuries. PMID- 14775874 TI - Common types of encephalitis in children. PMID- 14775875 TI - Cod liver oil ointment therapy in proctologic disorders. PMID- 14775876 TI - Hyperthyroidism without tachycardia. PMID- 14775877 TI - Elusive mental cases: marital conflicts. PMID- 14775878 TI - Aortic embolectomy in "buttonhole" mitral stenosis. PMID- 14775879 TI - Treatment of pneumonia with a single oral dose of a penicillin-sulfadiazine sulfamerazine combination. PMID- 14775880 TI - Evaluation of perazil, a new antihistaminic. PMID- 14775881 TI - Prophylactic value of papaverine in insulin shock therapy. PMID- 14775882 TI - Rapid administration of blood by use of gravity and large-bore needles. PMID- 14775883 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri undergoing squamous metaplasia. PMID- 14775884 TI - Complete torsion and incarceration of the omentum through the loop of an anomalous vein. PMID- 14775885 TI - Fatal eclampsia associated with bilateral polycystic kidneys. PMID- 14775886 TI - Appendiceal calculus with an open safety pin as a nucleus. PMID- 14775888 TI - Primary carcinoma of the male urethra. PMID- 14775887 TI - Congenital bilateral aplasia of the vas deferens--a factor in male sterility. PMID- 14775889 TI - Lymphosarcoma of the lid and conjunctiva. PMID- 14775890 TI - Obturator hernia. PMID- 14775891 TI - Subtotal gastrectomy facilitated by nonrotation of the colon. PMID- 14775892 TI - What shall we do about medical insurance? PMID- 14775893 TI - Over six million dollars paid to doctors during first six months of 1950. PMID- 14775894 TI - The early diagnosis of freemartin. PMID- 14775896 TI - Surgical treatment of gangrenous mastitis. PMID- 14775895 TI - Some sulfa drugs with penicillin, and dihydrostreptomycin with penicillin, as infusions in the treatment of mastitis. PMID- 14775897 TI - The bromsulphalein liver function test as an aid in the diagnosis of canine hepatosis. PMID- 14775898 TI - Congenital esophageal dilatation in a cocker puppy. PMID- 14775899 TI - Extra-uterine puppies. PMID- 14775900 TI - The integrated basic nursing curriculum. PMID- 14775901 TI - The Cincinnati University, a College of Nursing and Health. PMID- 14775903 TI - Practical nurse education and service; a story showing how the nursing needs of the community can be adequately met. PMID- 14775902 TI - The Frontier Nursing Service celebrates its silver anniversary. PMID- 14775904 TI - Rehabilitation of the severely handicapped; a coordinated pattern of patient care is provided at the Kessler Institute. PMID- 14775905 TI - Alcoholism in industry; big industries are expanding their preventive and remedial programs. PMID- 14775906 TI - The ANA settles important issues. PMID- 14775907 TI - Miracles for our time: a cure for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. PMID- 14775908 TI - EAST--a travelogue of nursing opportunities. PMID- 14775909 TI - Occupational dermatitis, a hazard to industrial workers. PMID- 14775910 TI - WORLD and the nurse; international teamwork needed to solve health problems for the years ahead. PMID- 14775911 TI - The polio alert is on: United States. PMID- 14775912 TI - The polio alert is on: Greece. PMID- 14775913 TI - THEN and now. PMID- 14775914 TI - The progress of a vision; a plan that provides nursing care and health teaching for all the sick in a city. PMID- 14775915 TI - The psychic income element of nursing. PMID- 14775916 TI - Mental disease is America's No. 1 public health problem. PMID- 14775917 TI - A day in the life of Miss June Reynolds, senior nursing student, and 1950 Campus Queen. PMID- 14775918 TI - The industrial nurse and interpersonal relationships. PMID- 14775919 TI - Nursing in a small southern plant. PMID- 14775920 TI - YOUR share in the new social security; legislation that will interest every nurse in the United States. PMID- 14775921 TI - There's a nurse in our foreign policy. PMID- 14775922 TI - The ulcer personality; victims of stomach ulcers represent a clear-cut pattern of behavior. PMID- 14775923 TI - Continuous gastrointestinal siphonage, a procedure that requires skilled nursing care. PMID- 14775924 TI - MOTION pictures move into hospitals; a carefully planned visual program serves many purposes for the sick. PMID- 14775925 TI - Ohio nurses note, in reviewing 50 years of progress, two things do not change: professional ideals and the creed of service to humanity. PMID- 14775926 TI - Communication for the paralyzed. PMID- 14775927 TI - NURSES hold key to industrial safety. PMID- 14775928 TI - Developing an organized plan of action; greater production and fewer accidents result from coordination of plant's health services. PMID- 14775929 TI - What a revision of curriculum can do to provide more clinical experience for student and better nursing care for the patient. PMID- 14775930 TI - The contribution of the nurse in the detection and prevention of mental disorders. PMID- 14775931 TI - Britain's approach to solve the nursing shortage has brought a change for the better. PMID- 14775932 TI - How to plan a therapeutic diet unit. PMID- 14775933 TI - Anesthesia hazards in operating rooms can be reduced. PMID- 14775934 TI - Results of hospital experiment show that change of practice can fill vital need: more sleep for the patient. PMID- 14775935 TI - PIPED music, sunshine and safety are provided for employees at the Chicago Florsheim Co. PMID- 14775936 TI - Don't try to lift it alone. PMID- 14775938 TI - PRESENT knowledge of pteroylglutamates (folic acid). PMID- 14775937 TI - Concept of genetotrophic disease. PMID- 14775939 TI - RATE of plasma protein production and degradation. PMID- 14775940 TI - BIOCHEMISTRY of the methyl group. PMID- 14775941 TI - DIET therapy in psychoneurotic patients. PMID- 14775942 TI - UPTAKE of labeled amino acids by tissue proteins in vitro. PMID- 14775943 TI - ASCORBIC acid and desoxycorticosterone in rheumatic disease. PMID- 14775944 TI - CARBOHYDRATE metabolism in potassium deficiency. PMID- 14775945 TI - ANIMAL nutrition in Australia. PMID- 14775946 TI - NEW form of folic acid, the Leuconostoc citrovorum factor. PMID- 14775948 TI - IN VITRO digestibility of soy products. PMID- 14775947 TI - LIPOTROPIC factors, phosphatide turnover, and nitrogen balance in cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 14775949 TI - Carcinoma-in-situ of the cervix: a survey of its treatment in the United States and Canada. PMID- 14775950 TI - Pulmonary embolism by particulate matter of the amniotic fluid; a report of two cases with a review of the literature. PMID- 14775951 TI - Suspension kinesitherapy. PMID- 14775952 TI - Occupational therapy 100 years ago at the Eastern State Hospital of Virginia. PMID- 14775954 TI - Procedure in visual training. PMID- 14775953 TI - Interpretation of the ophthalmometer reading. PMID- 14775955 TI - The imperious instinct for orthophoria. PMID- 14775956 TI - Kid gloves or soiled hands? PMID- 14775957 TI - Nature's laws and visual efficiency; think beyond optometry. PMID- 14775958 TI - Personalized eyewear builds public relations. PMID- 14775959 TI - Cross-cylinder tests; meridional balance technique. PMID- 14775961 TI - Procedure in visual training--VIII. PMID- 14775960 TI - Balanced refraction and related topics. PMID- 14775962 TI - [A case of encephalopathy of probable toxic origin; clinical and anatomopathologic observations]. PMID- 14775963 TI - [Microcephalic idiot; clinico-medical-pedagogic contributions]. PMID- 14775964 TI - [Pyramidon in neuropsychiatry; preliminary note]. PMID- 14775965 TI - [Infant psychology; considerations on pre-neonatal psychism]. PMID- 14775966 TI - [Fear of electroshock and a new technic]. PMID- 14775967 TI - [Maurice Herscher, 1873-1950]. PMID- 14775968 TI - [Spleen (psychopathic constitution)]. PMID- 14775969 TI - [Latent rickettsiosis; epidemiologic and prophylactic deductions]. PMID- 14775970 TI - [Diagnosis of hematuria]. PMID- 14775971 TI - [Surgery in 1950]. PMID- 14775972 TI - [Procedure of aseptic latero-laterale anastomosis by electrocoagulation of the mucosa]. PMID- 14775973 TI - [Pulmonary complications of local anesthesia in minor abdominal surgery during chronic pneumopathy]. PMID- 14775974 TI - [Unnatural mothers]. PMID- 14775975 TI - [Problem of microbial eczemas; pathogenesis and treatment]. PMID- 14775976 TI - [Attempted anatomoclinical schematization of permanent arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14775977 TI - [The work of the International Committee of the Red Cross (1947-1948)]. PMID- 14775978 TI - [Delirious jealousy]. PMID- 14775979 TI - [The 5th International Congress on Cancer, Paris, 16-22 July 1950]. PMID- 14775980 TI - [Staphylococcal septicemia and penicillin resistance]. PMID- 14775981 TI - [Practical considerations on the adaptation of tubercle bacilli to medications]. PMID- 14775982 TI - [Esophageal dysphagia]. PMID- 14775983 TI - [New terms proposed at the congress of the French Society of Phoniatrics]. PMID- 14775984 TI - [Fever therapy in combination with coli vaccine in poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14775985 TI - [Serologic studies in children treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14775986 TI - [Pulmonary atelectasis in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14775987 TI - [Prevention of dental caries]. PMID- 14775988 TI - [Important information for orthodontists-pediatricians]. PMID- 14775989 TI - [Protracted extension (distraction) in the treatment of congenital dislocations of the hip joint]. PMID- 14775990 TI - [Neurologic findings in basilar meningitis]. PMID- 14775991 TI - [Malignant teratoma of the anterior mediastinum in a 2-year-old child]. PMID- 14775992 TI - [Primary atypic pneumonia in infants treated with aureomycin]. PMID- 14775993 TI - [Congenital idiopathic intestinal dilatation]. PMID- 14775994 TI - [Infantile paralysis in Bratislava, 1948]. PMID- 14775995 TI - [Pelentan substances in breast milk and their paradox effect on prothrombin]. PMID- 14775996 TI - [Certain dementias in children]. PMID- 14775997 TI - [Work in the pediatric section in the psychiatric clinic with special reference to pediatrics]. PMID- 14775998 TI - [Pathology of the so called physiologic jaundice in newborn]. PMID- 14775999 TI - [Whooping cough and its treatment]. PMID- 14776000 TI - [Treatment of whooping cough with specific serous vaccine]. PMID- 14776001 TI - [Protection of child's health. All-state conference, Velke Losiny, April, 1950]. PMID- 14776002 TI - Erythroblastosis fetalis. I. Problems in the interpretation of changing mortality in erythroblastosis fetalis. PMID- 14776003 TI - Use of parenteral potassium therapy in surgical patients; its role in preventing chloride loss. PMID- 14776004 TI - Adrenocortical function in the newborn infant as measured by adrenocorticotropic hormone-eosinophil response. PMID- 14776005 TI - Dosage of drugs in infants and children. I. Atropine. PMID- 14776006 TI - 677 congenitally malformed infants and associated gestational characteristics. II. Parental factors. PMID- 14776007 TI - Closing of the anterior fontanelle. PMID- 14776008 TI - Pertussis due to Brucella bronchoseptica; case report. PMID- 14776009 TI - Neurologic lesions in the newly born infant. I. Preliminary study; II. Role of prolonged labor, asphyxia and delayed respiration. PMID- 14776010 TI - Treatment of thyrotoxicosis in children with thiourea derivatives. PMID- 14776011 TI - Studies of the cardiovascular and renal systems in the newly born infant using fluorescein. I. Circulation time immediately after birth. PMID- 14776012 TI - Penicillin and its effect in producing a predominant gram-negative bacillary flora in upper respiratory tract of children. PMID- 14776013 TI - Pernicious anemia in an eight year old girl; additional observations in a case previously reported as nutritional anemia in an infant responding to purified liver extract. PMID- 14776014 TI - Electroencephalographic findings in sickle cell anemia. PMID- 14776015 TI - Use of drugs in the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma; case report. PMID- 14776016 TI - Congenital heart disease from the standpoint of the pediatrician. PMID- 14776017 TI - Surgery of congenital heart disease. PMID- 14776018 TI - The future of nursing education. PMID- 14776019 TI - The future of nursing education. PMID- 14776020 TI - The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. PMID- 14776021 TI - Congenital syphilis. PMID- 14776022 TI - [Results of scientific session of the Academy of Science in SSSR and the academy of Medicine in SSSR, dedicated to the problems of physiological theory of I. P. Pavlov]. PMID- 14776023 TI - [Thermoregulation in rheumatism in children]. PMID- 14776024 TI - [Further observations of rheumatism in children in the post war period]. PMID- 14776025 TI - [Follow-up of rheumatic patients during 15 years]. PMID- 14776026 TI - [On advisability of sending rheumatic children to sanatorium of the pioneer camp Artek]. PMID- 14776027 TI - [Physiological function of connective tissue in rheumatism in children]. PMID- 14776028 TI - [Nephrolithiasis in children]. PMID- 14776029 TI - [Tuberculosis of the kidneys in children]. PMID- 14776030 TI - [Paranephritis and iliac transperitoneal phlegmon in children]. PMID- 14776031 TI - [Care of infants in unified children's hospitals and clinics]. PMID- 14776032 TI - [Ozocerite in treatment of dysentery in children]. PMID- 14776033 TI - [Pterygium colli]. PMID- 14776034 TI - Pathology of the thyroid. PMID- 14776035 TI - Scope of surgery of the chest. PMID- 14776037 TI - Carcinoma of the vulva. PMID- 14776036 TI - Chordoma of the sacrum; report of a case. PMID- 14776038 TI - The influence of electrical stimulation of muscles on the development of fatigue in man. PMID- 14776039 TI - The role of the physical therapist in the total care of the child. PMID- 14776040 TI - A clinical study of testing and treatment of peripheral vascular diseases. PMID- 14776041 TI - A simple splint with knee cap as an aid in pre-crutch training. PMID- 14776042 TI - Poliomyelitis: the principles of treatment. PMID- 14776043 TI - Standardized positions for muscle testing. PMID- 14776044 TI - Hydrotherapy: its importance in the treatment of poliomyelitis. PMID- 14776045 TI - [New method of in vitro hyaluronidase determination based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate]. PMID- 14776046 TI - [Filatov's method of tissue therapy]. PMID- 14776047 TI - [Diaphragmatic hernias]. PMID- 14776049 TI - [Amnion therapy of pigmentary degeneration of the retina]. PMID- 14776048 TI - [New surgical method of treatment of communicating progressive hydrocephalus]. PMID- 14776050 TI - [Color vision, in the light of the physiologic theory of Ragnar Granit]. PMID- 14776051 TI - [Specialization in urology]. PMID- 14776052 TI - [Treatment of suppurative processes of the hand]. PMID- 14776053 TI - [Winiwarter-Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)]. PMID- 14776054 TI - [Puncture of the abdominal cavity through the posterior vaginal arch in extrauterine pregnancy]. PMID- 14776055 TI - [Case of a hematocyst of the adrenal gland]. PMID- 14776056 TI - [Problem of group therapy of tuberculosis in health resorts]. PMID- 14776057 TI - [Vitamin T; a new growth factor]. PMID- 14776058 TI - [New media in the treatment of anemia]. PMID- 14776059 TI - [First hospitals in Wroclaw]. PMID- 14776060 TI - [Reorganization of hygiene departments in medical schools]. PMID- 14776061 TI - [Total longitudinal resection of the sternum in mediastinal lymphosarcoma complicated by asphyxia]. PMID- 14776062 TI - [Cancer of the uterus, its symptoms and treatment]. PMID- 14776063 TI - [Late diagnosis of cancer of the cervix uteri and its treatment]. PMID- 14776064 TI - [Early diagnosis of cancer of the uterus]. PMID- 14776065 TI - [Winiwarter-Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)]. PMID- 14776066 TI - [New media in the treatment of anemia]. PMID- 14776067 TI - [Present state of scientific institutions and possibilities in the development of scientific works in the field of bacteriology]. PMID- 14776068 TI - [Clinical observations and studies on water, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism in epidemic jaundice]. PMID- 14776070 TI - [Newer methods in therapy of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 14776069 TI - [Physiopathology of diabetes insipidus]. PMID- 14776071 TI - [Case of teratoma of the anterior mediastinum complicated by multiple pulmonary abscesses]. PMID- 14776072 TI - [Terminology in hygiene]. PMID- 14776074 TI - [Hemolytic streptococci and rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 14776073 TI - [Treatment of sero-cavernous tuberculosis with nitrogranulogen and streptomycin]. PMID- 14776075 TI - [Clinical observations and studies on water, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism in epidemic jaundice]. PMID- 14776076 TI - [Newer methods in therapy of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 14776077 TI - [Terminology in hygiene]. PMID- 14776078 TI - [Autohemagglutination in vivo]. PMID- 14776079 TI - [Pneumocephalus with severe complications in pregnancy]. PMID- 14776080 TI - [Prothrombin levels in postoperative states]. PMID- 14776081 TI - [Case of anterior mediastinal teratoma complicated by multiple pulmonary suppurative abscess]. PMID- 14776082 TI - [Latest achievements in surgery of heart and great vessels]. PMID- 14776083 TI - Cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 14776084 TI - The surgery of portal hypertension. PMID- 14776086 TI - Simmonds' disease; with reports of four cases. PMID- 14776085 TI - Pre-eclampsia in the light of current research. PMID- 14776087 TI - CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL conference, sarcoidosis with lung cavitation. PMID- 14776088 TI - [Radiologic exploration of the cervical spine and therapeutic indications]. PMID- 14776089 TI - [The problem of anesthesia]. PMID- 14776090 TI - [Clinical, ophthalmologic and psychologic study of a case of cerebral precocious puberty]. PMID- 14776091 TI - [Present value of spinal anesthesia in obstetrics]. PMID- 14776092 TI - [Diverticula of the duodenum]. PMID- 14776093 TI - [Notes on the history of surgery of the spine and spinal cord]. PMID- 14776094 TI - [Clinicopathologic session; biliary cirrhosis secondary to extrahepatic obstruction]. PMID- 14776095 TI - [A new cardiotonic: crystallized thevetine]. PMID- 14776096 TI - [First case of fetal erythroblastosis due to ABO incompatibility only, treated successfully with blood transfusions artificially composed of O erythrocytes and AB plasma]. PMID- 14776097 TI - [Fistulas of the neck of the bladder with extensive lesions and surgical therapy]. PMID- 14776098 TI - [Dietary regimens of the world]. PMID- 14776099 TI - [A problem of nutritional hygiene: the minimum diet]. PMID- 14776100 TI - [New research on mushroom poisoning]. PMID- 14776101 TI - [Socio-economic aspect in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776102 TI - [Role of dispensaries in tuberculosis control]. PMID- 14776103 TI - [Streptomycin]. PMID- 14776104 TI - [No, I shall not die at night]. PMID- 14776105 TI - [Dispensaries in control of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776106 TI - [Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, before and now]. PMID- 14776107 TI - [Infection of laboratory animals with tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776108 TI - [Occupational therapy in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776109 TI - [Infection in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776110 TI - [Lodging of patients with tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776111 TI - [Thoracal auscultation]. PMID- 14776112 TI - [Prevention of rabies in Slovenia]. PMID- 14776113 TI - [Psoriasis vulgaris]. PMID- 14776114 TI - [Amanita phalloides]. PMID- 14776115 TI - [Prevention and treatment of burns]. PMID- 14776117 TI - [Medicinal plants]. PMID- 14776116 TI - [Nutritional value of fresh vegetables]. PMID- 14776118 TI - [Preservation of vitamins]. PMID- 14776120 TI - [Cancer of jaws and oral cavity]. PMID- 14776119 TI - [Puerperal mastitis]. PMID- 14776121 TI - [Control of rabies in Slovenia]. PMID- 14776122 TI - [Problems of I. P. Pavlov's physiological theory]. PMID- 14776123 TI - [Contemporary problems of immunobiology of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776124 TI - [Skin sensitiveness of the neck in tuberculosis of the larynx]. PMID- 14776125 TI - [Neurological disorders in chronic disseminated forms of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776126 TI - [Role of roentgenological method in examination of children for B.C.G. vaccination]. PMID- 14776127 TI - [Results of pneumoperitoneum therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776128 TI - [Keinbock or Alyshevsky's phenomenon]. PMID- 14776129 TI - [Early diagnosis of contractures in osteoarticular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776130 TI - [Pulmonary cavernous hemorrhage in infiltrative pneumonia in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776131 TI - [Experimental study of B.C.G. strains]. PMID- 14776132 TI - [Inaccurate method of quantitative determination of eosinophils in Mikhailov's tuberculin-eosinophile test]. PMID- 14776133 TI - [Answer to Tret'iakov's article inaccurate method of quantitative determination of eosinophils in Mikhailov's tuberculin-eosinophile test]. PMID- 14776134 TI - [Effect of vitamin D2 in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776135 TI - [Postvaccinal allergy to B.C.G. vaccine of various concentration]. PMID- 14776136 TI - [Nephrectomy in a case of tuberculosis in the presence of amyloidosis of internal organs]. PMID- 14776137 TI - [Gangrene of small intestines in tuberculosis of mesenteric glands]. PMID- 14776138 TI - [Aerosol application of streptomycin]. PMID- 14776139 TI - [Intrapleural photography]. PMID- 14776140 TI - [All Union conference on the control of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776141 TI - DISCUSSION on speech defects in children. PMID- 14776142 TI - Discussion on short-term fevers of obscure origin. PMID- 14776143 TI - Discussion on muscular relaxation in abdominal surgery. PMID- 14776144 TI - Anoxia and anaesthesia. PMID- 14776145 TI - Two cases of duplication of the alimentary canal. PMID- 14776146 TI - Thyrotoxicosis in a newborn infant. PMID- 14776147 TI - Miliary tuberculosis controlled with streptomycin and promizole. PMID- 14776148 TI - Electrolytic misadventures in infancy. PMID- 14776149 TI - Discussion on some somatic aspects of schizophrenia. PMID- 14776150 TI - Discussion on the significance of congenital abnormalities of the lumbosacral region. PMID- 14776151 TI - Medical applications of microwave diathermy: laboratory and clinical studies. PMID- 14776152 TI - Transantral neurotomy and sealing of the foramen rotundum for neuralgia. PMID- 14776153 TI - Laryngoceles in the human. PMID- 14776154 TI - Surgical treatment of laryngocele. PMID- 14776155 TI - Retention cysts of the larynx. PMID- 14776156 TI - Discussion on malignant diseases of the nasal cavity and sinuses. PMID- 14776157 TI - Carcinoma of the antrum. PMID- 14776159 TI - Extensive Crohn's disease. PMID- 14776158 TI - Carcinoid tumours of the rectum. PMID- 14776160 TI - Reconstructive abdominoperineal excision of the rectum (four cases: summary). PMID- 14776161 TI - Carcinoma of rectum invading base of bladder; recto-cysto-prostatectomy and transplantation of both ureters. PMID- 14776162 TI - Chronic ulcerative colitis with pseudo-polyposis terminating in diffuse colloid carcinoma of the colon. PMID- 14776163 TI - Squamous-cell carcinoma arising in post-rectal dermoid cyst. PMID- 14776165 TI - Chronic ulcerative colitis; two specimens. PMID- 14776164 TI - Two cases of Crohn's disease treated by right hemicolectomy. PMID- 14776166 TI - Regional colitis. PMID- 14776167 TI - Cyst of anal intermuscular gland. PMID- 14776168 TI - Three new families of intestinal polyposis. PMID- 14776169 TI - [Two cases of endocrine eczema]. PMID- 14776170 TI - [Rounded pulmonary opacities and late infiltrations]. PMID- 14776171 TI - Studies in the psychology of children's drawings: II 1928-1949. PMID- 14776172 TI - On the validity of inferences drawn from the fitting of Poisson and negative binomial distributions to observed accident data. PMID- 14776173 TI - Contributions to role-taking theory: I. Hypnotic behavior. PMID- 14776174 TI - Informal social communication. PMID- 14776175 TI - Dynamic systems, psychological fields, and hypothetical constructs. PMID- 14776176 TI - A quantitative derivation of latent learning. PMID- 14776177 TI - An ideal equation derived for a class of forgetting curves. PMID- 14776178 TI - Simple qualitative discrimination learning. PMID- 14776179 TI - A note on depth perception, size constancy, and related topics. PMID- 14776180 TI - Availability of fluorine in sodium fluoride vs. sodium fluosilicate. PMID- 14776181 TI - Use of the chick embryo for isolation of Brucella; multiplication of the organism in the yolk sac and selection of the embryo age optimal for isolation from blood. PMID- 14776182 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States, reports from states for week ended August 26, 1950. PMID- 14776183 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports, Canada. PMID- 14776184 TI - REPORTS of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever, and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14776185 TI - Why cancer "control"? PMID- 14776186 TI - Trends in age distribution of diphtheria in the United States. PMID- 14776188 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States, reports for week ended September 2, 1950. PMID- 14776187 TI - Tularemia in man from a domestic rural water supply. PMID- 14776189 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports, Canada, Finland. PMID- 14776190 TI - REPORTS of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14776191 TI - Specific causes of illness found in monthly canvasses of families; sample of the Eastern Health District of Baltimore, 1938-43. PMID- 14776192 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States, reports from states for week ended September 9, 1950. PMID- 14776193 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports, Canada, Finland. PMID- 14776194 TI - WORLD distribution of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever and yellow fever. PMID- 14776195 TI - COMMUNITY-wide chest x-ray survey. PMID- 14776196 TI - Human relationships in tuberculosis. PMID- 14776197 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States, reports from states for week ended September 16, 1950. PMID- 14776198 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports, Canada, Cuba, Norway. PMID- 14776199 TI - REPORTS of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever and yellow fever received during current week. PMID- 14776200 TI - SALINE solution in treatment of burn shock. PMID- 14776201 TI - Tularemia; geographical distribution of deerfly fever and the biting fly, Chrysops discalis Williston. PMID- 14776202 TI - Detection of diabetes in a nutrition survey; a study of 550 persons in Ottawa County, Michigan. PMID- 14776203 TI - Dental caries in morphine addicts, as determined by clinical and radiographic examination. PMID- 14776204 TI - A new coli O-antigen group. PMID- 14776205 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States, reports from states for week ended September 23, 1950. PMID- 14776206 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports, Canada, Cuba, Jamaica, Madagascar. PMID- 14776207 TI - REPORTS of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever, and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14776208 TI - [Remote results of radiologic treatment of diffuse carcinoma of the uterine cervix]. PMID- 14776209 TI - [Evaluation of fertilizing power of sperm]. PMID- 14776210 TI - [Experimental research on passage of antibiotics from mother to fetus]. PMID- 14776211 TI - [Sex distribution in premature and delayed labor as test of a possible influence of sex on determinism of labor]. PMID- 14776212 TI - PRACTICAL nurse school tangles with the law. PMID- 14776213 TI - NURSING and civil defense planning. PMID- 14776214 TI - MEDICAL combat in Korea. PMID- 14776215 TI - Why they didn't elect nursing. PMID- 14776216 TI - Future Nurses Clubs. PMID- 14776217 TI - Character, self reliance and security. PMID- 14776219 TI - The story of contrast and definition. PMID- 14776218 TI - THE ulcer age. PMID- 14776220 TI - The preparation and use of wax moulds in deep X-ray therapy, with particular reference to the application of wedge filters. PMID- 14776221 TI - Those who think. PMID- 14776222 TI - Rotational views of the elbow as an aid to the treatment of forearm fractures. PMID- 14776223 TI - Additional views in radiographic technique. PMID- 14776224 TI - Superannuation and pensions: points of special interest to radiographers. PMID- 14776225 TI - X-ray films, their manufacture and their characteristics. PMID- 14776226 TI - Some obscure cases in veterinary practice revealed by X ray. PMID- 14776227 TI - ILFORD exhibits at the Sixth International Congress of Radiology. PMID- 14776228 TI - KODAK exhibits at the Sixth International Congress of Radiology. PMID- 14776229 TI - [Interpretation and physiopathology of nephrography]. PMID- 14776230 TI - [Diaphragmatic hernia of the spleen]. PMID- 14776231 TI - [Renal adenoma (radiologic study)]. PMID- 14776232 TI - [Retropneumoperitoneum (new method of contrast of the abdominal organs)]. PMID- 14776233 TI - [XVI Italian Congress of Medical Radiology]. PMID- 14776234 TI - [Radiodiagnosis of brain tumors]. PMID- 14776235 TI - [Radiotherapy of malignant tumors of the reticulo-endothelial system]. PMID- 14776236 TI - [Radiotherapy and radiobiology of tumors of the bones]. PMID- 14776237 TI - [Radiotherapy of metabolic disorders]. PMID- 14776238 TI - [Angiocardiography]. PMID- 14776239 TI - [Theory of direct hits in radiobiology and in radiotherapy]. PMID- 14776240 TI - [New azotometer for urea in blood and urine]. PMID- 14776241 TI - [Modifications of early and recent infiltrates treated with associated streptomycin and PAS]. PMID- 14776242 TI - [Brief clinico-epidemiological considerations on 214 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis]. PMID- 14776243 TI - [Comparative anatomic and radiographic craniology of central-southern Sardinians from neolithic period to present]. PMID- 14776244 TI - [Comparative anatomic and radiographic iconography of sutures and supernumerary bones of the neurocranium of central-southern Sardinians of various periods]. PMID- 14776245 TI - [Irregularity of distribution of lysozyme of blood serum of various classes of animals]. PMID- 14776246 TI - [Typhoid endemia in Cagliari from 1928 to 1949]. PMID- 14776247 TI - [Mass disinfestation in Sardinia and typhoid endemia]. PMID- 14776248 TI - [Modern developments in antibacterial chemotherapy]. PMID- 14776249 TI - [Evaluation and prospects of pharmacology]. PMID- 14776250 TI - [Introduction to the physiological and pharmacological study of curare]. PMID- 14776251 TI - [Function of the pancreas. III. Intestinal absorption of lipids following alloxan]. PMID- 14776252 TI - [Acquired resistance of bacteria to penicillin and streptomycin]. PMID- 14776253 TI - [Curarizing action of d-O-dimethyltubocurarine and N-dimethylberbamine in the rabbit and dog]. PMID- 14776254 TI - [Surgery of the spleen and portal hypertension]. PMID- 14776255 TI - [Summary of some publications of 1949, related to peripheral vascular unit]. PMID- 14776256 TI - [Pre- and post-operative management; latest concepts presented in specialized literature]. PMID- 14776257 TI - [Surgery of congenital heart diseases]. PMID- 14776258 TI - [Tuberculinotherapy in ophthalmology]. PMID- 14776259 TI - [Concept of blindness]. PMID- 14776260 TI - [Hydrophthalmos associated with facial nevus]. PMID- 14776261 TI - [Legislation on the prevention of blindness]. PMID- 14776262 TI - [Diabetic retinopathies]. PMID- 14776263 TI - [Activities of hospital institutions that admitted tuberculous patients in Brazil in 1948]. PMID- 14776264 TI - [Pneumoperitoneum and its use in hilar and para-hilar cavities]. PMID- 14776265 TI - [Minimal tuberculosis, clinical, epidemiologic and therapeutic aspects]. PMID- 14776266 TI - [Ten years of dispensary activity]. PMID- 14776267 TI - [BCG vaccination campaign in Europe]. PMID- 14776268 TI - [Modern treatment of alcoholism]. PMID- 14776269 TI - [Five notes for a history of antibiotics]. PMID- 14776270 TI - [Ostium atrioventricularis communis; case of 10 year old child; postmortem study]. PMID- 14776271 TI - [Pseudohermaphroditism; importance of congenital adrenal hyperfunction; 4 cases studied at the Hospital de Infancia de La Habana]. PMID- 14776272 TI - [Morquio's disease; observations in a 3 year old girl]. PMID- 14776273 TI - [Congenital coxa vara]. PMID- 14776274 TI - [Endocrine glands and rheumatism; new etiopathogenic concepts and recent therapeutic acquisitions]. PMID- 14776275 TI - [Heberden's nodes; nature of osteoarthritis of the fingers]. PMID- 14776276 TI - [Alterations of the bone marrow in osteoarticular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776277 TI - [New acquisitions in the restoration of the mutilated hand]. PMID- 14776278 TI - [Hyaluronidase in the adrenalectomized rat]. PMID- 14776279 TI - [Surgical treatment of coxarthria]. PMID- 14776280 TI - [Surgical treatment of arthrosis of the hip]. PMID- 14776281 TI - [Alterations of the bone marrow in osteoarticular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776282 TI - [Clinical and anatomopathologic study of synovial xanthomas of the knee]. PMID- 14776283 TI - [Surgery of Pott's kyphosis and its relation to paralysis]. PMID- 14776284 TI - [Residual post-collapse therapy lesions and their treatment with streptomycin]. PMID- 14776285 TI - [Hollo-Hollo-Weyl test applied to the study of febriculas of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776286 TI - [Epidemiologic progress of tuberculosis in Granada in recent years]. PMID- 14776287 TI - [Medical collapse therapy; study of 672 cases of intrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 14776288 TI - [Foreign bodies in the respiratory tract]. PMID- 14776289 TI - [Our experience with extrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 14776290 TI - [Tuberculin sensitivity and BCG]. PMID- 14776291 TI - [Improvement of the effect of streptomycin by means of associated medications]. PMID- 14776292 TI - [Tuberculosis among barbers]. PMID- 14776293 TI - [Modern concepts on the diagnosis and treatment of amebiasis]. PMID- 14776294 TI - [Intestinal perforation and peritonitis as complications of amebiasis]. PMID- 14776295 TI - [Experimental syphilis in Chile]. PMID- 14776296 TI - [Clinical evolution of hepatitis]. PMID- 14776297 TI - [Intravenous novocain in joint diseases]. PMID- 14776298 TI - [General considerations on the hormones of the adrenal capsule]. PMID- 14776299 TI - [Franz Volhard]. PMID- 14776301 TI - [Neuro-vegetative dystonia; infirmity of materialistic civilization]. PMID- 14776300 TI - [New model of nebulizer with device for varying the micelle]. PMID- 14776302 TI - [Biological diagnosis of cancer by hyperexcretion of gonadotropins]. PMID- 14776303 TI - [Adamantinomas]. PMID- 14776304 TI - [Modern anatomo-clinico-immunological classification of leprosy and its medico social value]. PMID- 14776305 TI - [Keratoplasty]. PMID- 14776306 TI - [Radioisotopes]. PMID- 14776307 TI - [Multiple exostoses]. PMID- 14776308 TI - [Psychoses due to cerebral lesions]. PMID- 14776309 TI - [Derivation from the urinary tract]. PMID- 14776310 TI - [Penicillin in the treatment of early syphilis]. PMID- 14776311 TI - [Mortality of 1-2 year old children in Brazil]. PMID- 14776312 TI - [Present status of the fight against cancer]. PMID- 14776313 TI - [Tuberculous appendicitis]. PMID- 14776314 TI - [Penicillin therapy in early syphilis]. PMID- 14776315 TI - [Case of pseudo-didelphic uterus]. PMID- 14776317 TI - [Leucorrhoea]. PMID- 14776316 TI - [Acute infectious laryngotracheobronchitis]. PMID- 14776318 TI - [Terramycin in urology]. PMID- 14776319 TI - [Chloramphenicol therapy in whooping cough]. PMID- 14776320 TI - [Horseshoe kidney in women]. PMID- 14776321 TI - [Case of kidney disease and pregnancy]. PMID- 14776322 TI - [Case of rheumatic aortic insufficiency]. PMID- 14776323 TI - [Statistics on physical examinations conducted by the special military medical boards of candidates for Reserve Officers Training Center in 1947, preparatory schools in 1947 and 1948, and the Military School of Rezende in 1947 and 1948]. PMID- 14776324 TI - [First aid in the combat zone]. PMID- 14776325 TI - [Fractures of the carpal scaphoid]. PMID- 14776326 TI - [Surgical treatment of cystocele, operation of vesico-vaginal interposition of the uterus]. PMID- 14776327 TI - [Position of temporary and permanent disability from trachoma in relation to military regulations and in the light of present medical knowledge]. PMID- 14776329 TI - [2300 Proctological cases]. PMID- 14776328 TI - [Epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis in children in the city of Sao Paulo; bases for antituberculosis prophylaxis in children]. PMID- 14776330 TI - [Antibiotics in the treatment of typhoid and typhus]. PMID- 14776331 TI - [Acute (Marchand) azotemic psychotic encephalitis in the course of general paralysis; 4 cases]. PMID- 14776332 TI - [Application of the psychodiagnostic Rorschach test in the psychiatric clinic]. PMID- 14776333 TI - [Symposium on pulmonary resections]. PMID- 14776334 TI - [Importance of the infection factor in calculosis of the hepatic bile duct]. PMID- 14776335 TI - [Treatment of syphilis with penicillin; follow-up of 50 cases]. PMID- 14776336 TI - [Feeding of infants during the first year]. PMID- 14776337 TI - [Pulmonary resection in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776338 TI - [Ureterosigmoidostomy]. PMID- 14776339 TI - [Preliminary forms of the regulation on granting the title of specialist and of the professional ethics code prepared by the Committee for Defense of the Profession of the Associacao Paulista de Medicina]. PMID- 14776341 TI - [Biology of the webbing clothes-moth (Tineola Bisselliella Hum)]. PMID- 14776340 TI - Effects of the liver extract preparation "cortunon" on coronary flow and heart contractions in the isolated perfused rabbit's heart. PMID- 14776342 TI - [Alpha-glucochloralose; preparation]. PMID- 14776343 TI - [Alpha-glucochloralose; preparation of soluble derivatives of alpha-chloralose]. PMID- 14776344 TI - [Alpha-glucochloralose; determination of anesthetic power and toxicity of new derivatives of chloralose]. PMID- 14776345 TI - Influence of wetting agents on the storage of carmine in the liver of inbred mice. PMID- 14776346 TI - [Verification in experimental arthritis of the therapeutic value of desoxycorticosterone acetate combined with ascorbic acid]. PMID- 14776347 TI - [Activity of ribonucleodepolymerase in rat liver in the pre-cancerous stage]. PMID- 14776348 TI - [Nutrition of the domestic duck; additional research on lipotropism and cystine and methionine requirements]. PMID- 14776349 TI - [Action of mineral-corticoids on the behavior of the kidney towards vasopresor substances of angiotonin type]. PMID- 14776350 TI - [Metabolism of radioactive DL-histidine]. PMID- 14776351 TI - Diagnosis of trachoma and other remarks. PMID- 14776352 TI - [Antibiotics and trachoma]. PMID- 14776353 TI - [Tarsal cartilage in trachoma]. PMID- 14776354 TI - [Behavior of the trachomatous eye during intrabulbar surgery]. PMID- 14776355 TI - [Trachoma]. PMID- 14776356 TI - [Histopathological study of pannus trachomatosus]. PMID- 14776357 TI - [Trachomatous conjunctivitis in Iran]. PMID- 14776358 TI - [Ophthalmology in Morocco in 1950]. PMID- 14776360 TI - [Osteochondritis dissecans]. PMID- 14776359 TI - [Preparatory work, preliminary to the 5th International Congress of Cancerology, of recent acquisitions in the field of pathogenesis and therapy of cancer]. PMID- 14776361 TI - [Hemolytic disease of the newborn and exsanguino-transfusion]. PMID- 14776362 TI - [Practical value of vaginal smears]. PMID- 14776363 TI - [Cancer of the cervico-thoracic esophagus; exeresis in one stage by right thoracotomy followed by cervical esophago-gastric anastomosis after pre-sternal gastric transposition]. PMID- 14776364 TI - [Case of Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis with pulmonary manifestations]. PMID- 14776365 TI - [Bronchial cancer during Recklinghausen's disease; bronchoscopic and anatomopathologic aspects]. PMID- 14776366 TI - [Case of poisoning by methyl bromide]. PMID- 14776367 TI - [Biologic action of intravenous injections of synthetic vasodilators in mental diseases; 2249F. (dilvasene)]. PMID- 14776368 TI - [Open pneumonolysis]. PMID- 14776369 TI - [Cancer of the kidney with atypical symptoms]. PMID- 14776370 TI - [Cavity in erythema nodosum due to coalescence of a mediastinal adenopathy]. PMID- 14776371 TI - [A medico-legal case of the 18th century in Lorraine]. PMID- 14776372 TI - [The cold war in pathology: a politico-medical fantasy]. PMID- 14776373 TI - [Preliminary examination in transfusion]. PMID- 14776374 TI - [Cytology of sputum]. PMID- 14776375 TI - [An effective medication for obesity: benzedrine (amphetamine)]. PMID- 14776376 TI - [Case of fracture due to overload: symmetrical localization at the level of the pubic bone]. PMID- 14776377 TI - [BCG vaccination of Swiss nurses]. PMID- 14776379 TI - [Radiology of the pancreas]. PMID- 14776378 TI - [Alfred Rosselet, 1887-1950]. PMID- 14776380 TI - [Experimental and clinical importance of the processes of detoxication]. PMID- 14776381 TI - [Functional examination of the liver; laboratory tests]. PMID- 14776382 TI - [How certain effective opotherapeutic formulas are established]. PMID- 14776383 TI - [Subdural tumors of the occipital foramen]. PMID- 14776384 TI - [Hydrocephalus in the adult]. PMID- 14776385 TI - [Hydrocephalus in the adult; clinical study]. PMID- 14776386 TI - [Hydrocephalus in the adult; etiology and physiopathology]. PMID- 14776387 TI - [Hydrocephalus in the adult; anatomo-radiologic bases]. PMID- 14776388 TI - [Hydrocephalus in the adult; treatment]. PMID- 14776389 TI - [Meningioma of the occipital foramen associated with Recklinghausen disease]. PMID- 14776390 TI - [Primary meningeal melanoma with bulbo-cervical localization]. PMID- 14776391 TI - [Atloido-occipital synostosis; narrowing of occipital foramen and bulbo-medullary compression by an osseous prominence, vestige of the lateral masses of the atlas]. PMID- 14776392 TI - [Cranio-spinal tumors (tumors of occipital foramen)]. PMID- 14776393 TI - [Tumor of occipital foramen and syringomyelobulbia]. PMID- 14776394 TI - [Two observations of gigantic tumors of occipital foramen in children]. PMID- 14776395 TI - [Occipitobasilar hyperplasia]. PMID- 14776396 TI - [Clinical and surgical study of a tumor of the occipital foramen]. PMID- 14776397 TI - [Electroencephalographic sign of hydrocephalus: recruitment response in application of intermittent light stimulation]. PMID- 14776398 TI - [Hydrocephalus and syringomyelia]. PMID- 14776399 TI - [Early post traumatic hydrocephalus]. PMID- 14776400 TI - [Stenosis of aqueduct of Sylvius of non tumoral origin in adolescent and adult]. PMID- 14776401 TI - [Indications and results of sub-optical ventriculostomy in hydrocephalus of the adult]. PMID- 14776402 TI - [Neuro-endocrinic disorders and chronic hydrocephalus]. PMID- 14776403 TI - [Non tumoral hydrocephalus of adolescent and adult; 31 verified cases]. PMID- 14776404 TI - [Hydrocephalus and ventricular hypotension]. PMID- 14776405 TI - [Latent hydrocephalus in psychiatry]. PMID- 14776406 TI - [Extensive senile latent hydrocephalus in an arteriosclerotic mental subject]. PMID- 14776407 TI - [Ventriculo-transverse drainage in arachnoiditis of posterior fossa]. PMID- 14776408 TI - [Neurosurgery of hydrocephalus due to cysticercosis; review of 10 cases]. PMID- 14776409 TI - [Latent hydrocephalus in the adult; influence of encephalography on decompensation of circulatory disorders and alcoholic poisoning]. PMID- 14776410 TI - [Precise terminology for hydrocephalus and its different forms]. PMID- 14776411 TI - [Hanau's adjustable articulator and technic]. PMID- 14776412 TI - [Treatment of an orthodontic case accompanied by cleft palate]. PMID- 14776413 TI - [Attempted etiologic and pathogenetic classification of facial pains]. PMID- 14776414 TI - [Self polymerizing resins]. PMID- 14776415 TI - [Case of arsenical necrosis]. PMID- 14776416 TI - [Canine and human salmonellosis]. PMID- 14776417 TI - [Athleticism and comparative pathology]. PMID- 14776418 TI - [Typhoid fever epidemic in Arles region]. PMID- 14776419 TI - [Reduction of mortality before and after the Pasteur era]. PMID- 14776420 TI - [Negligence in provision of pure drinking water in French rural areas constitutes a crime against public health]. PMID- 14776421 TI - [Effect of vitamin B12 in neurological complications of canine distemper]. PMID- 14776422 TI - [Effect of vitamin B12 on a recovery in infectious gastroenteritis in the dog]. PMID- 14776423 TI - [The curve of forgetting]. PMID- 14776424 TI - [Potentiation of the therapeutic effect of yeast moulds]. PMID- 14776425 TI - [Biological problems related to catalysts]. PMID- 14776426 TI - [Dairy cows and B. C. G. vaccination]. PMID- 14776427 TI - [Pituitary tumor and narcolepsy]. PMID- 14776428 TI - [Male pseudo-hermaphroditism with bilateral cryptorchidism]. PMID- 14776429 TI - [Osteogenic disease]. PMID- 14776430 TI - [New chapter on articular pathology; dysprotidemic arthropathies; report of a personal case]. PMID- 14776431 TI - [Study of anatomical guide marks for the treatment of sciatica by radicular anesthesia]. PMID- 14776432 TI - [Cytotoxic serum (Bogomoletz and orthobiotic serum) in the treatment of rheumatism]. PMID- 14776433 TI - [Low lumbar apophyseal arthroses caused by a vicious position of the pelvis; associated sciatica]. PMID- 14776434 TI - [Cervicobrachial pain and posterior vertebral infiltrations; 100 cases]. PMID- 14776435 TI - [Lewin and Wassen method; 21 cases of inflammatory polyarthritis treated without results]. PMID- 14776436 TI - [Treatment of chronic rheumatism by juxta-articular injections of testosterone propionate associated or not with intravenous ascorbic acid]. PMID- 14776437 TI - [Seldom used incidence in the radiologic diagnosis of gonarthrosis (axial incidence for the femoropatellar interline)]. PMID- 14776438 TI - [Physiologic effects of cortisone and ACTH in man]. PMID- 14776439 TI - [Stenosis of the aortic valvular orifice; anatomo-clinical study]. PMID- 14776440 TI - [Deficient diet and state of nutrition in pregnancy and puerperium; hematological and hematochemical research]. PMID- 14776441 TI - [Appendicitis and tuberculosis; histological, bacteriological and clinical study]. PMID- 14776442 TI - [Etiopathogenetic clinical and therapeutic orientations in brucellosis]. PMID- 14776444 TI - [Contribution to the study of the pathology of the supraclavicular fossa]. PMID- 14776443 TI - [Heparin activity in thrombophilic diathesis]. PMID- 14776445 TI - [Radiological diagnosis of Addison's disease and visualization of the adrenals with retropneumoperitoneum]. PMID- 14776446 TI - [Historical notes on the immobilization of fractures]. PMID- 14776447 TI - [Is the present diffusion of seroprophylaxis justified?]. PMID- 14776448 TI - [Research on the presence of influenza antibodies and cold agglutinins in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in non-epidemic period]. PMID- 14776449 TI - [Serodiagnosis of syphilis with cardiolipin antigens]. PMID- 14776450 TI - [Action of suprarenal steroidi in the production of antibodies]. PMID- 14776451 TI - [Action of lipotropic factors in experimental cholesterol arteriosclerosis in rabbits. II. Action of anti-fatty liver factor]. PMID- 14776453 TI - [Titration of penicillin in fluid substrates. I. Phenol red as indicator of bacterial development]. PMID- 14776452 TI - [Action of lipotropic factors in experimental cholesterol arteriosclerosis in rabbits. III. Action of methionine]. PMID- 14776454 TI - [Use of curare in surgical anesthesia in gynecology]. PMID- 14776455 TI - [Effect of adrenal cortex extracts on uterine muscular contraction in labor]. PMID- 14776456 TI - [Angioma of the cervix of the uterus]. PMID- 14776457 TI - [Hysterosalpingography combined with radiological examination of large intestine in the sequels of periovarosalpingitis and perityphlitis]. PMID- 14776458 TI - [Presence and function of vascular blocking formations in the human umbilical cord]. PMID- 14776459 TI - [Curious and unusual post-operative migration of intestinal ascarides through a laparotomy wound]. PMID- 14776460 TI - [Clinico-experimental contribution in antalgic surgery in gynecology]. PMID- 14776461 TI - [Hemiplegia in pregnancy]. PMID- 14776462 TI - [Metrorrhagia in ovarian tumors]. PMID- 14776464 TI - [16th Century ischiopagus of the Venetian ghetto]. PMID- 14776463 TI - [Clinical considerations on pelvic varicocele]. PMID- 14776465 TI - [Curare and local anesthesia in cesarean section]. PMID- 14776466 TI - [Clinical use of a new hemostatic]. PMID- 14776467 TI - [Urinary elimination of androgen fractions in cancer of the uterus]. PMID- 14776468 TI - [Case of utero-vaginal malformation]. PMID- 14776469 TI - [Tubal twin pregnancy carried beyond three months]. PMID- 14776470 TI - [Effect of utero-vaginal radium therapy on the elimination of 17-ketosteroids]. PMID- 14776471 TI - [Experimental contribution to the biologica diagnosis of pregnancy: the ovarian hyperemia test]. PMID- 14776472 TI - [Spontaneous rupture of the umbilical cord in labor in dorsal decubitus]. PMID- 14776473 TI - [Fecundity of Paduan women in relation to the fecundity of the preceding generations and to conditions of life and nutrition]. PMID- 14776474 TI - [The hospital as an indispensable basis of medical assistance]. PMID- 14776475 TI - [Prevention and treatment of malocclusion in the pre-school age]. PMID- 14776476 TI - [Reactive increase of muscular tonus in the hypokinetic hypertonic extrapyramidal syndrome. "Salt-column symptom", a new symptom in parkinsonism]. PMID- 14776477 TI - [Electrocardiographic findings in congenital dextrocardia associated with total inversion of the viscera]. PMID- 14776478 TI - [Some cases of surgical treatment of paralytic stenosis of the larynx]. PMID- 14776479 TI - [Prolapse of the gastric mucosa through the pylorus; its radiological aspect]. PMID- 14776480 TI - [In affectionate memory of Prof. Jean Verhoogen]. PMID- 14776481 TI - [Steroids other than cortisone in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 14776482 TI - [Metastasis of an occult hypernephroma simulating lung cancer]. PMID- 14776483 TI - [Terminology of heart diseases; anatomic point of view]. PMID- 14776484 TI - [Treatment of a case of meningococcic meningitis; cure]. PMID- 14776485 TI - [Treatment of pigmented nevi and in particular giant pigmented nevi]. PMID- 14776486 TI - [Breathing exercises]. PMID- 14776487 TI - [In Memoriam: Felix Henrard]. PMID- 14776489 TI - [Anemia has a cause]. PMID- 14776488 TI - [Pedodontia]. PMID- 14776490 TI - [Spinal curvatures in school age children]. PMID- 14776491 TI - [Vaginal smears]. PMID- 14776492 TI - [Asthma in Buenos Aires; statistical examination of 35,000 asthma attacks. I. Distribution and annual and seasonal frequency]. PMID- 14776493 TI - [Statistical fluctuations of asthma attacks]. PMID- 14776494 TI - [Coronary system of the heart in the dog; personal study]. PMID- 14776495 TI - [Teaching of operative dentistry technic]. PMID- 14776496 TI - [Treatment of fibrositis (extra-articular rheumatism) with a whole adrenal extract]. PMID- 14776497 TI - [Anal-vaginal atresia]. PMID- 14776498 TI - [Surgical therapy of anorectal fistulas]. PMID- 14776499 TI - [Psychological warfare in Argentine history; homage to San Martan]. PMID- 14776500 TI - [Sanitary organization in San Martan's campaigns]. PMID- 14776501 TI - [Army of the North]. PMID- 14776502 TI - [Physical bases of the atomic or nuclear bomb]. PMID- 14776503 TI - [Treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans]. PMID- 14776504 TI - [Biliary peritonitis without perforation]. PMID- 14776505 TI - [Para-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776506 TI - [Aluminum phosphate gel in treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer and hyperchlorhydric gastritis]. PMID- 14776507 TI - [Action of vitamin B6 on the mammary gland of pregnant, puerperal, and non pregnant animals]. PMID- 14776508 TI - [Bacillus coli serologically classifiable according to Kaufmann and appendicitis]. PMID- 14776510 TI - [Chloramphenicol in the treatment of neurotoxic typhoid fever]. PMID- 14776509 TI - [Severe poisoning following packing of the uterus with iodoform gauze]. PMID- 14776511 TI - [Clinical observations on an antigalactogenic action demonstrated by massive doses of vitamin B6]. PMID- 14776512 TI - [Bacteriology of enteritis and enterocolitis in children]. PMID- 14776513 TI - [Possibility of the practical use of the Takata and Domoto reaction for the determination of the ovulation date]. PMID- 14776514 TI - [1950 antituberculosis campaign]. PMID- 14776515 TI - [Thermal baths of Sicily]. PMID- 14776516 TI - [Costantino Lepanto]. PMID- 14776517 TI - Nitrous oxide, highlights and sidelights. PMID- 14776518 TI - The good old days. PMID- 14776519 TI - Experimental histoplasmosis and x-rays. PMID- 14776520 TI - The ossification process in the long bones of Xenopus laevis. PMID- 14776521 TI - The effect of thyroid hormone on the ossification of the femur in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. PMID- 14776522 TI - The definition of the preoptic region in subprimate mammalian brains, with special reference to the elephant shrew. PMID- 14776523 TI - The fibre connections of the preoptic region in subprimates with special emphasis on the medial forebrain bundle. PMID- 14776524 TI - Problems in the management of the newborn infant. PMID- 14776525 TI - Present status of pediatric immunizations. PMID- 14776526 TI - The present status of antibiotics in pediatric practice. PMID- 14776527 TI - [To develop the great theory of I. P. Pavlov]. PMID- 14776529 TI - [Clinical variations of Botkin's disease]. PMID- 14776528 TI - [Mechanical and anti-evolutionary conceptions of Virchow's cellularity and progress of pathology in the Soviet Union]. PMID- 14776530 TI - [Morphological modifications of the liver in Botkin's disease]. PMID- 14776531 TI - [Clinical manifestations of fatty degeneration of the liver]. PMID- 14776532 TI - [Etiology of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 14776533 TI - [Treatment of female sterility]. PMID- 14776534 TI - [Anesthetization and simultaneous induction of normal labor]. PMID- 14776535 TI - [Surgical technic in traumatic hydronephrosis]. PMID- 14776536 TI - [Peritonitis fibrosa encapsulans]. PMID- 14776537 TI - [Method of drying blood serum]. PMID- 14776538 TI - [Inhalation effect of the water of Hot Spring No. 63 on blood pressure in hypertension]. PMID- 14776539 TI - [Method of examination of the gallbladder]. PMID- 14776540 TI - [Palpation of the liver]. PMID- 14776541 TI - [Method of palpation of the abdominal cavity]. PMID- 14776542 TI - [Unification of maternity hospitals and obstetric clinics in Moscow]. PMID- 14776543 TI - [Artificial pneumothorax in rural conditions]. PMID- 14776544 TI - [Shortcomings of therapeutic prophylactic measures in venereal diseases]. PMID- 14776545 TI - [Second All-Union conference on therapeutic diet]. PMID- 14776546 TI - [Pavlov's physiological theory and contemporary clinical medicine]. PMID- 14776547 TI - [Pathogenesis and treatment of thrombo-embolic diseases]. PMID- 14776548 TI - [Thrombosis and embolism of peripheral arteries in myocardiac infarct]. PMID- 14776550 TI - [Practical use of classification of anemia]. PMID- 14776549 TI - [Therapeutic surgery of endarteritis obliterans]. PMID- 14776551 TI - [Treatment of congenital stenosis of the aortic isthmus]. PMID- 14776552 TI - [Two cases of dissecting aortic aneurysm]. PMID- 14776553 TI - [Importance of electrocardiographic examination in treatment of rheumatism]. PMID- 14776554 TI - [Aerosol penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14776555 TI - [Hydrogen sulfide carbon dioxide mud baths as a new balneologic factor]. PMID- 14776556 TI - [Tissue therapy in gynecology]. PMID- 14776557 TI - [Sleep therapy of psychosomatic diseases in regional hospitals]. PMID- 14776559 TI - [Variation of bone marrow puncture]. PMID- 14776558 TI - [Ampule for collection of placental blood]. PMID- 14776560 TI - [Primary lymphosarcoma of spleen]. PMID- 14776561 TI - [Defects in selection of patients for sanatorium treatment in Eupatoria]. PMID- 14776562 TI - [Sanatoriums for tuberculous patients]. PMID- 14776563 TI - [Scientific importance of Shumlianskii's work, "Structure of the kidney."]. PMID- 14776564 TI - [XII scientific conference of physicians in Moscow region]. PMID- 14776565 TI - [Pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 14776566 TI - [Importance of Pavlov's physiological works for world and Russian surgery]. PMID- 14776567 TI - [Penicillin therapy in acute appendicitis]. PMID- 14776568 TI - [Bacterial flora of gastric content in ulcers and cancer of the stomach]. PMID- 14776569 TI - [Complications following gastroenterostomy in peptic ulcers]. PMID- 14776570 TI - [Perforating gastroduodenal ulcers in intraregional hospitals]. PMID- 14776571 TI - [Gastroduodenal ulcers in the post war period]. PMID- 14776572 TI - [Importance of roentgenological examination in diagnosis of acute intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 14776573 TI - [Abdominal symptoms in diseases of the thoracic organs]. PMID- 14776575 TI - [Surgical brucellosis]. PMID- 14776574 TI - [Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776576 TI - [Etiology and treatment of eventration]. PMID- 14776577 TI - [Treatment of leg fractures]. PMID- 14776578 TI - [Method of simultaneous count of reticulocytes and thrombocytes]. PMID- 14776579 TI - [Annual survey of surgical department of unified hospital]. PMID- 14776580 TI - [Public health in Tuva]. PMID- 14776581 TI - [N. V. Sklifosovskii]. PMID- 14776582 TI - [History of study of latent surgical infection]. PMID- 14776583 TI - [Present day problems of public health in Soviet Union]. PMID- 14776584 TI - [N. A. Semashko and his literary heritage]. PMID- 14776585 TI - [N. A. Semashko pedagogue and promoter of medical education in the Soviet Union]. PMID- 14776587 TI - [Analysis of activities of regional municipal hospitals]. PMID- 14776588 TI - [Activity of medical stations on sites of industrial projects]. PMID- 14776586 TI - [First data on organization of public health in rural communities]. PMID- 14776590 TI - [Organization of medical service in lumber industry]. PMID- 14776589 TI - [Organization of medical service in coal industry]. PMID- 14776591 TI - [Form of cooperation of scientific research institutions with medical field personnel]. PMID- 14776592 TI - [Histamine and antihistamines in the pathology of malaria and tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776593 TI - [Cold agglutinins in the diagnosis of atypical virus pneumonia]. PMID- 14776594 TI - [Experimental studies of endogenous factors in cutaneous fungoid infection]. PMID- 14776595 TI - [Results of Djordjevic's method of peptic ulcer therapy]. PMID- 14776596 TI - [Surgical treatment of peptic ulcers in 1948]. PMID- 14776597 TI - [Foreign bodies in air and food passages and in the ear]. PMID- 14776598 TI - [Role of the hypophysis in recurrent retinal hemorrhages due to endocrinal disorders]. PMID- 14776599 TI - [Mild forms of leptospirosis]. PMID- 14776600 TI - [Febrile attacks in secondary malaria, an allergic phenomenon]. PMID- 14776601 TI - [Case of acute primary terminal ileitis]. PMID- 14776602 TI - [Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in a child]. PMID- 14776603 TI - [Century old Serbian medical dictionary]. PMID- 14776604 TI - [Conditions for successful specific desensitization]. PMID- 14776605 TI - [Radical diverticulectomy in treatment of vesical diverticula]. PMID- 14776606 TI - [Non-perforating cyclodiathermy]. PMID- 14776608 TI - [Progress of therapeutic methods in cardiology]. PMID- 14776607 TI - [Actual problems in rheumatology]. PMID- 14776609 TI - [New antibiotics]. PMID- 14776610 TI - [New methods in treatment of acute leukemias]. PMID- 14776611 TI - [Hemorrhage in labor]. PMID- 14776612 TI - [Sterility in women]. PMID- 14776613 TI - [Comparison between pernicious and achylic chloranemias]. PMID- 14776614 TI - [50 years of sanitation in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14776615 TI - [Penicillin treatment of chronic apical periodontitis]. PMID- 14776616 TI - [Morphology of the apical region of the tooth]. PMID- 14776617 TI - [Mechanism of action of fluorine on hard dental tissue]. PMID- 14776618 TI - [Mottled enamel and dental caries among the population of regions with increased fluorine content in the drinking water]. PMID- 14776619 TI - [Fluorine in drinking water and its effect on the teeth]. PMID- 14776620 TI - [Plastic surgery with meeting triangular flaps as a method for cicatrix eradication]. PMID- 14776621 TI - [Results in study of the functional state of the physiological system of connective tissue following noma]. PMID- 14776622 TI - [Chronic maxillary osteitis in the region of an intact lower wisdom tooth]. PMID- 14776623 TI - [Modifications of salivary glands following trauma]. PMID- 14776624 TI - [Cysts of the paratodid gland]. PMID- 14776625 TI - [Distribution of the anesthetic in anesthetization according to Veisbrem]. PMID- 14776626 TI - [Modification or a new method of anesthetization]. PMID- 14776627 TI - [Cysts of the incisor canal]. PMID- 14776628 TI - [Use of cadaveric cartilage in treatment of ankylosis of the temporomandibular articulation in one stage correction of the mandible]. PMID- 14776629 TI - [Effect of functional irritations on the healing of post-extraction wounds and formation of an alveolar margin for dental prosthesis]. PMID- 14776631 TI - [Orthopedic dynamometer]. PMID- 14776630 TI - [Stabilization of removable prostheses]. PMID- 14776632 TI - [Radio-anatomical comparison in Morgagni's syndrome; clinical and pathological considerations]. PMID- 14776633 TI - [Vitamins in dermatology]. PMID- 14776634 TI - [Treatment of a case of paroxysmal Stokes-Adams disease]. PMID- 14776636 TI - [Streptomycin in urology]. PMID- 14776637 TI - [Angiocardiography in congenital malformations of the heart and thoracic tumors]. PMID- 14776635 TI - [New data on indications for prefrontal leucotomy]. PMID- 14776638 TI - [Consent of the patient to the medical act]. PMID- 14776639 TI - [Acceleration of labor by use of curare; 230 cases]. PMID- 14776640 TI - [Peculiar difficulties of diagnosis in 2 cases of ovarian cyst of rapid growth: one at the end of pregnancy, the other in the postpartum]. PMID- 14776641 TI - [Prevalent affective ideas]. PMID- 14776642 TI - [Tuberculosis among students]. PMID- 14776643 TI - [Two cases of malformation of the esophagus with tracheo-esophageal fistula]. PMID- 14776644 TI - [Tuberculous meningitis and streptomycin; 59 observations]. PMID- 14776645 TI - [Determination of volume of cirrhotic ascites]. PMID- 14776646 TI - [Kinetic theory of the elimination of poisons and drugs; simplification of the theory; hemikresis time and protorrhea]. PMID- 14776647 TI - [Anicteric hepatitis]. PMID- 14776648 TI - [Toxic accidents during PAS therapy]. PMID- 14776649 TI - [Modern viewpoints on the formation of urinary calculi]. PMID- 14776650 TI - [Labor in older primipara]. PMID- 14776651 TI - [What is the preferred method in the surgical treatment of uncomplicated gastroduodenal ulcer?]. PMID- 14776652 TI - [Congenital lesions and diseases of the mother during pregnancy]. PMID- 14776653 TI - [Man and cold]. PMID- 14776654 TI - Intravascular agglutination of erythrocytes (sludged blood) and traumatic shock. PMID- 14776655 TI - Experimental cardiac surgery. I. Observation on the action of a pump designed to shunt the venous blood past the right heart directly into the pulmonary artery. PMID- 14776656 TI - Fibrosarcoma of the soft tissues of the extremities; a review of 78 cases. PMID- 14776657 TI - Experimental evidence of factors concerned in the eventual recovery of strangulated intestine: effects of massive penicillin therapy. PMID- 14776658 TI - The treatment of staphylococcic meningitis; with a review of the literature and with particular reference to the results with bacitracin: a report of 5 cases. PMID- 14776659 TI - A method of producing experimental infected long bone fractures and their treatment with penicillin and bone grafting. PMID- 14776660 TI - Esophageal anastomosis: types and methods of suture. PMID- 14776661 TI - Management of pleural tears during thoracoplasty. PMID- 14776662 TI - Effect of vagotomy on intestinal activity. PMID- 14776663 TI - Chlorophyll as an adjunct in the management of the permanent colostomy. PMID- 14776664 TI - The effects of hypochloremia upon renal function in surgical patients. PMID- 14776665 TI - Meconium peritonitis. PMID- 14776666 TI - Boeck's sarcoid of the pancreas. PMID- 14776667 TI - Bronchial tumors: thoracobronchotomy. PMID- 14776668 TI - Carcinoma of the breast--why the upper outer quadrant? PMID- 14776669 TI - Technique of pneumonectomy. PMID- 14776670 TI - Experimental resection of the trachea. PMID- 14776671 TI - [Physiotherapy in internal diseases]. PMID- 14776672 TI - [Electroencephalographic examinations in hypertension]. PMID- 14776673 TI - [Penicillin therapy of protracted septic endocarditis]. PMID- 14776674 TI - [Examination of arterial and venous tension in hypertension]. PMID- 14776675 TI - [Importance of determination of pyruvic acid in urine in cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 14776676 TI - [Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of gastrointestinal polyposis]. PMID- 14776677 TI - [Use of graded spectrophotometry for bilirubin liver function test]. PMID- 14776678 TI - [Methionine and cystine content in blood proteins in normal states and in diffuse hepatic diseases]. PMID- 14776679 TI - [The pancreas in toxic alimentary dystrophy of the liver]. PMID- 14776680 TI - [Acute hemolytic anemia]. PMID- 14776681 TI - [Pathogenesis of so called paroxysmal march hemoglobinuria]. PMID- 14776682 TI - [Capillary permeability in infectious arthritis]. PMID- 14776683 TI - [Effect of Narzan baths on blood temperature]. PMID- 14776684 TI - [Symptomatology of early stages of ascaridiosis]. PMID- 14776685 TI - Cherry diet control for gout and arthritis. PMID- 14776686 TI - Quantitative studies of cell types in the rat hypophysis following prolonged periods of unilateral adrenalectomy. PMID- 14776687 TI - Antihistaminics and motion sickness prophylaxis. PMID- 14776688 TI - Legal aspects of artificial insemination. PMID- 14776689 TI - Some electron microscope observations on the structure of myelin sheath and axis cylinder in thin sections. PMID- 14776690 TI - Preliminary observations on the effect of various concentrations of oxygen on the in vitro growth of spinal cord from embryonic chicks. PMID- 14776691 TI - Lack of antidiabetogenic and antidiabetic effects of Tecoma stans in alloxan diabetes. PMID- 14776692 TI - Neomycin, a new intestinal antiseptic. PMID- 14776693 TI - Observations on the effect of certain of the antimalarial drugs on erythrocytes. PMID- 14776694 TI - Effect of mercurial diuretics upon the respiration of the rat heart and kidney. I. Effect of mercuhydrin and its fractions. PMID- 14776695 TI - Effect of mercurial diuretics upon the respiration of rat heart and kidney slices. II. The effect of thiomerin. PMID- 14776696 TI - Pathological diagnoses of uterus and ovaries in 6042 cases of pelvic surgery at Scott and White clinic. PMID- 14776697 TI - The effect of ascitic fluid and of blood serum on the outgrowth of epidermal cells from the human skin in tissue culture. PMID- 14776698 TI - An inoculating device for use in protozoan culture. PMID- 14776699 TI - Integration of hospital services and community planning under public law 725. PMID- 14776700 TI - The emergency care, handling, and transportation of the injured and its importance in the community. PMID- 14776701 TI - Obstructions of the gastrointestinal tract in the newborn infant. PMID- 14776702 TI - Treatment of diarrhea with carob flour. PMID- 14776703 TI - Diphtheria prevention; cases and carriers in a local community. PMID- 14776704 TI - Management of convulsive disorders in children. PMID- 14776705 TI - Some practical points in preventing maladjustments in children. PMID- 14776706 TI - Surgical treatment of esophageal lesions. PMID- 14776707 TI - Aureomycin therapy in bacterial infections resistant to penicillin and streptomycin. PMID- 14776708 TI - Development anomalies of the eye. PMID- 14776709 TI - Well-water methemoglobinemia; report of two cases. PMID- 14776710 TI - Use of adrenal cortical hormone in inflammatory eye diseases; case report. PMID- 14776711 TI - ACTH and colchicine in therapy of gout; report of a case of acute gouty arthritis. PMID- 14776712 TI - Exfoliative dermatitis from dihydrostreptomycin; report of case. PMID- 14776713 TI - An anatomical study of the bronchial vascular system and its variations in disease. PMID- 14776714 TI - NOMENCLATURE of broncho-pulmonary anatomy; an international nomenclature accepted by the Thoracic Society. PMID- 14776715 TI - Diagnostic thoracotomy for solid pulmonary infiltrates. PMID- 14776716 TI - Reduction in bronchial subdivision in bronchiectasis. PMID- 14776717 TI - Thoracoplasty with plombage; a review of the early results in 125 cases. PMID- 14776718 TI - Prognosis for bronchial carcinoma. PMID- 14776719 TI - [Neuritis and neuralgia]. PMID- 14776720 TI - [The newest of the impression materials, the alginates]. PMID- 14776721 TI - [The predental splint]. PMID- 14776722 TI - Professional differences of fatigue as revealed by the method of electric flicker. PMID- 14776723 TI - Studies on the antibiotic substances from actinomyces. PMID- 14776724 TI - Oxygen consumption during and after exercise and its relation to the degree of fatigue as measured by the method of electric flicker. PMID- 14776725 TI - The blood group substance in red blood cells; a search for the group (A,B,O) specific substance in the lipoid fragment. PMID- 14776726 TI - Studies on the antibiotic substances from actinomyces; on the properties of several kinds of streptothricin-like substances. PMID- 14776727 TI - The blood group substance in red blood cells; is any group polysaccharide existent in erythrocytes? PMID- 14776728 TI - On the paraganglia in the ganglion of the vagus nerve. PMID- 14776729 TI - Studies on blood diastase; function of blood diastase. PMID- 14776730 TI - Studies on the influences of mapharsen on fixed neoarsphenamine eruptions; preliminary report. PMID- 14776731 TI - A summarized note on the potency of granular leukocytes. PMID- 14776732 TI - Delayed conditioned reflex in man and brain waves. PMID- 14776733 TI - The influence of oxygen lack on brain waves in man. PMID- 14776735 TI - A modification of cardiotachograph. PMID- 14776734 TI - Notes on uncus gyri hippocampi in the gibbons. PMID- 14776736 TI - Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis by Monaldi transthoracic cavity suction drainage with thoracoplasty. PMID- 14776737 TI - On the isolation of a strain of Penicillia which possesses a bacteriostatic action against gram-positive bacteria and a property to produce penicillin. PMID- 14776738 TI - Studies on melanin. VI. The genesis of the nevus cell. PMID- 14776739 TI - Hematopoietic actions of some complex salts of cobalt. PMID- 14776740 TI - Biochemical studies on carbohydrates. CXXV. Glycidamins in human bile. PMID- 14776741 TI - Biochemical studies on carbohydrates. CXXVI. Structural study of A-specific carbohydrate from mucus mucin of pig stomach. PMID- 14776742 TI - Contribution to the study of argyrophilic fibers. Preliminary report: "on angioreticulin". PMID- 14776743 TI - Studies on melanin. VII. Mongolian spot cell and blue nevus cell. PMID- 14776744 TI - Studies on melanin. VIII. Melanodermatitis faciei. PMID- 14776745 TI - Results of cultivation of tubercle bacilli from blood stream, especially after operation, in surgical tuberculosis. PMID- 14776746 TI - A method to take radiograms of the transection of the body at any inclination and curvature; preliminary report. PMID- 14776747 TI - Blood picture of apparently and really healthy children. PMID- 14776748 TI - A method to take a radiogram of the body in three dimensions; preliminary report. PMID- 14776749 TI - Biochemical studies on carbohydrates. CXXVII. Structural study of a-specific carbohydrate from mucus mucin of pig stomach. PMID- 14776750 TI - Biochemical studies on carbohydrates. CXXVIII. Structural study of a-specific carbohydrate from mucus mucin of pig stomach. PMID- 14776751 TI - Presence of carbonic anhydrase in salivary glands and kidney; preliminary report. PMID- 14776752 TI - Tubercle bacilli in vagina in the tuberculosis of female genitals. PMID- 14776753 TI - Clinical study of the toxemia of late pregnancy, with special reference to its recurrent conditions, transition to chronic type and eclampsia. PMID- 14776754 TI - Clinical study on the toxemia of late pregnancy, with special reference to its recurrent conditions, transition to chronic type and eclampsia; clinical study of eclampsia and its recurrence and transition to chronic type. PMID- 14776755 TI - On the chemotherapy of carcinoma. II. PMID- 14776756 TI - Electrophysiological studies of color-blindness. PMID- 14776757 TI - [Retroperitoneal tumors simulating genital neoplasms]. PMID- 14776758 TI - [Studies on cellular content of urinary sediment in gynecologic diagnosis]. PMID- 14776759 TI - [Biologic diagnosis of gestation]. PMID- 14776760 TI - [Radiologic diagnostics in obstetrics]. PMID- 14776761 TI - [Triple pregnancy]. PMID- 14776762 TI - [Histopathologic principles in the therapy of uterine cancer]. PMID- 14776763 TI - [Conteben poisoning]. PMID- 14776764 TI - [Thrombopenic purpura in conteben therapy]. PMID- 14776765 TI - [New methods in the local treatment of large tuberculous caverns of the lung with conteben]. PMID- 14776766 TI - [Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis by means of electrophoresis with acetylcholine and prostigmine]. PMID- 14776767 TI - [Experience with local application of thrombin in prophylaxis of hemorrhage in extrapleural pneumolysis]. PMID- 14776768 TI - [Significance of Knuchel's serum turbidity reaction in determining the activity of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776769 TI - [Effect of strenuous exercise upon blood sedimentation rate with special reference to pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776770 TI - [Comparison of the mass x-ray surveys of 1943 and 1948 in the Reutlingen district]. PMID- 14776771 TI - [Simulation of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776772 TI - [Meeting to discuss problem of ultraviolet therapy, Hanau, 27-8 January]. PMID- 14776773 TI - [Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with streptomycin in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14776775 TI - [Treatment of 61 cases of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis with streptomycin]. PMID- 14776774 TI - [Results of streptomycin therapy of tuberculosis in Croatia]. PMID- 14776776 TI - [Therapeutic value of streptomycin in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776777 TI - [New aspects of symptomatology, pathology and therapy of tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14776778 TI - [Effect of streptomycin in osteoarticular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776780 TI - [Use of streptomycin in otology]. PMID- 14776779 TI - [Treatment of tuberculous fistula of the bone with streptomycin and penicillin]. PMID- 14776781 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of skin tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776782 TI - [Allergy to streptomycin in hospital personnel]. PMID- 14776783 TI - [Effect of p-aminosalicylic acid and streptomycin in tuberculin tests]. PMID- 14776784 TI - [Streptomycin sensitization, of tubercle bacilli]. PMID- 14776785 TI - [Case of atypic pneumonia]. PMID- 14776786 TI - [Case of hydropneumopericardium as a rare complication in artificial pneumothorax therapy]. PMID- 14776787 TI - [Unusual symptom of subacute appendicitis in sacro-coxal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776788 TI - [Roentgenologic morphology of tuberculosis of the hilus]. PMID- 14776789 TI - [Life of a tuberculous patient]. PMID- 14776790 TI - [Thoracic surgery centers]. PMID- 14776791 TI - [Socio-economic indications for amputation in tuberculosis of the foot]. PMID- 14776792 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14776793 TI - [Therapy of tuberculous empyema]. PMID- 14776794 TI - [Vitamin B12 in the treatment of megaloblastic anemias]. PMID- 14776795 TI - [Multiple acute abscesses of the left lung; treatment with penicillin; complete recovery]. PMID- 14776796 TI - [Three cases of aneurysmal dilatation of the left auricle]. PMID- 14776797 TI - [A case of fatty atrophy due to insulin]. PMID- 14776799 TI - [Case of prolapse of the tongue]. PMID- 14776798 TI - [Reduction of closed fractures of long bones with forced extension]. PMID- 14776800 TI - [Orthostatic hypotension]. PMID- 14776801 TI - [Isolation of the Koch bacillus, essential element of the diagnosis, management, treatment and cure of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776802 TI - [Systematic case finding in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776803 TI - [Physical medicine and poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14776804 TI - [Rectal hemorrhages]. PMID- 14776805 TI - [Case of Jacksonian epilepsy caused by a hypertrophic malformation of the pia mater]. PMID- 14776806 TI - [Determination of the sensitivity of various pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics]. PMID- 14776807 TI - [Aureomycin and chloromycetin]. PMID- 14776808 TI - [Antibiotic therapy]. PMID- 14776809 TI - [Office treatment of cervicitis]. PMID- 14776810 TI - [Health care in Canada and the future]. PMID- 14776811 TI - [Smallpox vaccination and immunization against diphtheria and whooping cough]. PMID- 14776812 TI - [Hay fever season is nearing; the lousewort is readying for battle; let us destroy it before it rains its pollen on us]. PMID- 14776813 TI - [Milk in the city and country]. PMID- 14776814 TI - [The kingdom of Maitre Gaster]. PMID- 14776815 TI - [Etiopathogenesis of psoriasis]. PMID- 14776816 TI - [Cancer of the breast; critique of present data and outline of a practical classification]. PMID- 14776817 TI - [Surgical treatment of mitral stenosis; commissurotomy]. PMID- 14776818 TI - [Cancer of the stomach: general considerations]. PMID- 14776819 TI - [Cancer of the rectum]. PMID- 14776820 TI - [The patient with intestinal complaints]. PMID- 14776821 TI - [The patient with stomach complaints]. PMID- 14776822 TI - [Streptomycin in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776823 TI - [Pathogenesis of gout]. PMID- 14776824 TI - [Neuro-opotherapy and gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 14776825 TI - [Mass X-ray in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776826 TI - [Situation of anatomo-pathologists in the Province of Quebec]. PMID- 14776827 TI - [Under the influence of the physician]. PMID- 14776828 TI - [Muco-erosive cancer of the stomach]. PMID- 14776829 TI - [Dr. Arthur Lessard (1869-1950)]. PMID- 14776830 TI - Cryptococcosis; review of the literature and report of a case with initial pulmonary findings. PMID- 14776831 TI - Tuberculin testing of midshipmen and recruits of the Navy and Marine Corps. PMID- 14776832 TI - Motion sickness. PMID- 14776833 TI - Vagus resection; a study of 19 cases. PMID- 14776834 TI - Army field surgeon, specialist. PMID- 14776835 TI - The clinical use of antibiotics. II. Prophylaxis of infections. PMID- 14776836 TI - Relation of nitrate nitrogen concentration in well water to the occurrence of methemoglobinemia in infants. PMID- 14776837 TI - Antibiotic drugs in venereal disease therapy. PMID- 14776838 TI - Early detection of carcinoma of cervix uteri. PMID- 14776839 TI - Combination porcelain and acrylic jacket. PMID- 14776840 TI - Malacoplakia of the urinary bladder; report of a case. PMID- 14776841 TI - Circumcision in the adult. PMID- 14776842 TI - Ainhum; report of a case with bilateral involvement. PMID- 14776843 TI - Treatment of herpes zoster with protamide. PMID- 14776844 TI - Practice knot and suture board. PMID- 14776845 TI - Profile of a probation violator. PMID- 14776846 TI - Current trends in medical education. PMID- 14776848 TI - About the Army medical service; Medical Corps officer classification. PMID- 14776847 TI - Coordination of administrative and professional effort in army hospitals. PMID- 14776849 TI - Origin and growth of Michigan's Medical Center. PMID- 14776850 TI - The history of the University of Michigan Medical School. PMID- 14776851 TI - Dr. Frederick G. Novy: biographic sketch. PMID- 14776852 TI - MEDICAL staff conference; glomerulotubular nephritis. PMID- 14776853 TI - Potassium in alkalosis: a case report. PMID- 14776854 TI - Auricular fibrillation in young people. PMID- 14776855 TI - [New phase of Soviet physiology]. PMID- 14776856 TI - [Hybridization of plants by grafting]. PMID- 14776857 TI - [Physiology of parenteral protein feeding]. PMID- 14776858 TI - [Problems of individual development of animals from the critical view point of the mechanics of evolution]. PMID- 14776859 TI - [Biosynthesis of protein]. PMID- 14776860 TI - [New theory on the biological effect of ultrasonic waves]. PMID- 14776861 TI - [Sex heredity law in animals]. PMID- 14776862 TI - [Modifications in the cutaneous structure of the growing embryo in ultraviolet irradiation of the mother]. PMID- 14776863 TI - [Review of history of medicine]. PMID- 14776864 TI - [Capitalistic historians of medicine]. PMID- 14776865 TI - [Errors in questions of priority of Russian medical scientists]. PMID- 14776866 TI - [Role of Russian medical scientists in the progress of study of cutaneous leishmaniasis]. PMID- 14776867 TI - [Hygiene and its accomplishments in the light of progressive Soviet biology]. PMID- 14776868 TI - [Medical terminology]. PMID- 14776869 TI - [A. A. Ostroumov and his role in the progress of Russian clinical medicine]. PMID- 14776870 TI - [E. F. Aristov as pathologist]. PMID- 14776872 TI - [In memory of leading scientist of Russian medicine]. PMID- 14776871 TI - [P. A. Zagorskii founder of the first Russian anatomic school (1764-1846)]. PMID- 14776873 TI - [Pavlov's theory-foundation of rational and therapeutic diet]. PMID- 14776874 TI - [Vvedenskii-Ukhtomskii's theory of stimulation and suppression in treatment of internal diseases]. PMID- 14776875 TI - [Study of the properties of Bacterium tularense and its biological correlation to host animals and tick-transmitters]. PMID- 14776876 TI - [Modification of nomenclature of certain diseases and medical terminology]. PMID- 14776877 TI - [Therapeutic importance of transplantation of preserved tissue according to Filatov's method, modified by Rumiantsev]. PMID- 14776878 TI - [Sukhum biological station in SSSR]. PMID- 14776880 TI - [All Union scientific congress of therapeutic diet]. PMID- 14776879 TI - [Scientific work in relation to Stalin's plan of reorganization of nature]. PMID- 14776881 TI - [Iustin Iulianovich Dzhanelidze]. PMID- 14776882 TI - [VIACHESLAV Mikhailovich Aristovskii]. PMID- 14776883 TI - [Administration of penicillin with blood]. PMID- 14776884 TI - [Application of tourniquet for obtaining penicillin concentration in the extremities]. PMID- 14776885 TI - [Acid-base equilibrium of clean and infected wounds and tissue in suppurative inflammatory processes]. PMID- 14776886 TI - [Metastases of septic foci in general septic infection]. PMID- 14776887 TI - [Continuous fractional spinal anesthetization]. PMID- 14776888 TI - [Effect of anesthetization on postoperative fatal pulmonary complications in major gastric operations]. PMID- 14776889 TI - [Effect of the method of sawing bone tissue on regeneration]. PMID- 14776890 TI - [Tendoplasty of flexor tendons of palm and fingers]. PMID- 14776891 TI - [Tuberculosis of the stomach in children]. PMID- 14776892 TI - [Case of effective surgery of esophageal cancer, with subsequent Roux-Hertzen' plastic technic]. PMID- 14776893 TI - [Intestinal pneumatosis]. PMID- 14776894 TI - [On the malignancy of testicular teratomas]. PMID- 14776895 TI - [History of aseptic surgery in Russia (1888-1900)]. PMID- 14776896 TI - [Jubilee of Aleksandr Ivanovich Meshchaninov]. PMID- 14776897 TI - [Progress of Russian otolaryngology]. PMID- 14776898 TI - [Combined scientific session of the Academy of Science of SSSR and the Academy of Medicine of SSSR, dedicated to the problems of physiological theory of l. P. Pavlov]. PMID- 14776899 TI - [Cochleo-pupillary reflex]. PMID- 14776900 TI - [Functional relation of vestibular apparatus and semicircular canals]. PMID- 14776901 TI - [Clinical manifestations of vestibular disorders in psychosensory form of encephalitis in children]. PMID- 14776902 TI - [Symptom of aphasia in otogenic cerebral abscesses]. PMID- 14776903 TI - [Treatment of various forms of deafness with aloe extract according to V. P. Filatov]. PMID- 14776905 TI - [Cytological examination of lacunar content in diagnosis of chronic tonsillitis]. PMID- 14776904 TI - [Hemostatic properties of the organism in treatment of oto-rhino-laryngeal diseases]. PMID- 14776906 TI - [New method of penicillin treatment of otitis-antritis in young children]. PMID- 14776907 TI - [Galvano-ionization method in novocain anesthetization in tonsillectomy]. PMID- 14776908 TI - [Method of surgical treatment of atresia of the hypopharynx]. PMID- 14776909 TI - [Successful treatment of otogenic meningitis with intraarterial injections of penicillin]. PMID- 14776910 TI - [Spontaneous liquorrhea as a rare complication in chronic suppurative otitis media]. PMID- 14776911 TI - [Two cases of retention of partial hearing following total labyrinthectomy]. PMID- 14776912 TI - [Case of primary diphtheria of external auditory canal]. PMID- 14776913 TI - [Two cured cases of rhinogenous thrombosis of the cavernous sinus]. PMID- 14776914 TI - [Convenient table for practical studies of students in otolaryngology]. PMID- 14776915 TI - [New modification of handle for thermocautery]. PMID- 14776916 TI - [Board meeting of All-Union society of otolaryngologists]. PMID- 14776917 TI - [Importance of cortico-visceral relations for the theory and practice of clinical medicine]. PMID- 14776918 TI - [Role of the nervous system in the pathogenesis and treatment of eczema]. PMID- 14776919 TI - [Program of dermosyphilography for control of venereal diseases]. PMID- 14776920 TI - [Penicillin therapy of primary syphilis]. PMID- 14776921 TI - [Penicillin therapy of syphilis]. PMID- 14776922 TI - [Spirocheticidal properties of Soviet penicillin]. PMID- 14776923 TI - [Study of penicillin level in the body]. PMID- 14776924 TI - [Immediate results of usual and concentrated treatment of primary cyphilis]. PMID- 14776925 TI - [Continuous 26 week treatment of primary and secondary syphilis]. PMID- 14776926 TI - [Histopathology of externally unchanged skin in leprosy]. PMID- 14776927 TI - [Role of vitamin A in treatment of dermatosis due to disturbance of keratin formation]. PMID- 14776928 TI - [Ascorbic acid in treatment of skin tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776929 TI - [Water-salt metabolism in skin tuberculosis during massive doses of ascorbic acid]. PMID- 14776930 TI - [History of progress of roentgenology in Russian dermosyphilography]. PMID- 14776931 TI - [History of Russian venereology. Priority of Russian scientists in non-specific fever therapy of syphilis]. PMID- 14776932 TI - [Priority of Russian research in the study of skin permeability]. PMID- 14776933 TI - [Therapy of gonorrhea and syphilis with penicillin dissolved in campolon]. PMID- 14776934 TI - [Comparative evaluation of certain methods of penicillin therapy of gonorrhea in women]. PMID- 14776935 TI - [Streptomycin dermatitis]. PMID- 14776936 TI - [Use of Gordeev's solution in dermatology]. PMID- 14776937 TI - [Professor Pavel Semenovich Grigor'ev]. PMID- 14776938 TI - Thymus gland, persistent or overactive. PMID- 14776939 TI - Vibrionic abortion in cattle. PMID- 14776940 TI - Actinomycosis, a new disease of turkeys. PMID- 14776941 TI - Penicillin milk levels in cows following intramammary administration. PMID- 14776942 TI - A dilution method for the milk ring test in bovine brucellosis detection. PMID- 14776943 TI - In vitro sensitivity of a number of bacteria isolated from animals, to terramycin. PMID- 14776944 TI - Passing the stomach tube through the nose in the cat. PMID- 14776945 TI - Blood sedimentation rate in Egyptian buffaloes. PMID- 14776946 TI - Abdominal adhesions in the dog. PMID- 14776947 TI - Sublingual abscess in a cow. PMID- 14776948 TI - [Military medicine in new conditions]. PMID- 14776949 TI - [Feeding a flier]. PMID- 14776950 TI - [Studies on barofunction of the ear]. PMID- 14776951 TI - [Audiogram of a flier]. PMID- 14776952 TI - [Personality tests in theory and practice]. PMID- 14776953 TI - [Studies of visual stress in combat flier]. PMID- 14776954 TI - [Simulated hemeralopia; relation of hemeralopia to mental deficiency]. PMID- 14776955 TI - [75th anniversary of Vladimir Petrovich Filatov]. PMID- 14776956 TI - [Control and prevention of venereal diseases in Poland]. PMID- 14776957 TI - [Basic medical theories]. PMID- 14776958 TI - [Sacral syndrome]. PMID- 14776960 TI - [Nature of phantom limb in amputees]. PMID- 14776959 TI - [Frontal leucotomy in surgical treatment of pain]. PMID- 14776961 TI - [Surgical treatment of phantom pain]. PMID- 14776962 TI - [Method of preganglionic sympathectomy in endarteritis]. PMID- 14776963 TI - [Neuroparalytic keratitis in injury of trigeminal nerve]. PMID- 14776964 TI - [Auxiliary surgery of tendons in paralysis of radial and tibial nerves]. PMID- 14776965 TI - [Tubage of peripheral nerves with aid of autogenous veins]. PMID- 14776966 TI - [Vasilii Konstantinovich Khoroshko]. PMID- 14776967 TI - [Importance of Pavlov's theory for the progress of neurosurgery]. PMID- 14776968 TI - [Use of fibrin films and sutures in neurosurgery; healing of the dura mater by closure of wounds with fibrin films]. PMID- 14776969 TI - [Use of fibrin films in neurosurgery]. PMID- 14776970 TI - [Etiology and control of arachnoidal endotheliomas in the region of the sphenoid alae]. PMID- 14776971 TI - [Clinical comparative examination of spinal fluid in recidivation of neurinoma of VIII nerve]. PMID- 14776972 TI - [Three types of clinical course in cerebral multiform spongioblastoma]. PMID- 14776973 TI - [Urination disorders and characteristics of bladder reflex in gunshot injuries of spinal cord and cauda equina]. PMID- 14776974 TI - [Professor A. G. Molotkov]. PMID- 14776975 TI - [Incidence of leptospirosis in Austria]. PMID- 14776976 TI - [Ultrasonic therapy]. PMID- 14776977 TI - [Neural paralysis following therapeutic injections]. PMID- 14776978 TI - [Forensic aspects of ophthalmic accidents with special reference to loss of one eye and to aphakia]. PMID- 14776979 TI - [Development and experimental foundation of p-aminosalicylic acid therapy of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14776980 TI - [Exfoliative erythroderma]. PMID- 14776981 TI - [Significance of specific tuberculous infection in rheumatism]. PMID- 14776982 TI - [Torsion of the gallbladder]. PMID- 14776983 TI - [Apocrine fibroadenoma of the lower lip with aspect of a mammary adenoma]. PMID- 14776984 TI - [Statistics on handedness; problem of left and right]. PMID- 14776985 TI - [Estrogen therapy in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 14776986 TI - [Classification of carcinoma of the colon and rectum from anatomopathological and surgical viewpoints]. PMID- 14776987 TI - [Two cases of death due to old war wounds]. PMID- 14776988 TI - [Three years of systematic colposcopy at the First Gynecological Clinic of the University of Vienna]. PMID- 14776989 TI - [Case of porphyria]. PMID- 14776990 TI - [Significance of modern ergot alkaloids in obstetrics]. PMID- 14776991 TI - [Erythrocyte formation]. PMID- 14776992 TI - [Resection and venous transplantation in treatment of arterial obliteration]. PMID- 14776993 TI - [Hydantal and mesantoin in treatment of epilepsy]. PMID- 14776994 TI - [Impressions and experiences of an otologist on a study trip in the United States]. PMID- 14776995 TI - [Anton Baron of Eiselberg, born July 31, 1860, deceased October 25, 1939]. PMID- 14776996 TI - [Anton von Eiselsberg]. PMID- 14776997 TI - [Eiselsberg's technic in jejunostomy]. PMID- 14776998 TI - [First hundred and last thousand brain tumors at the First Surgical Clinic of the University of Vienna]. PMID- 14776999 TI - [Radical surgery of cardial and esophageal carcinoma]. PMID- 14777000 TI - [Bisexuality as a medical problem]. PMID- 14777002 TI - [Clinical and experimental study of portal stasis leading to circulatory failure]. PMID- 14777001 TI - [Significance and range of application of the termino-lateral modification of Billroth's first method]. PMID- 14777005 TI - [Bacterial dissemination following dental surgery]. PMID- 14777004 TI - [Prevention of postoperative complications]. PMID- 14777003 TI - [Papillar calculi of the choledochus as a complication of biliary lithiasis]. PMID- 14777006 TI - [Pressure pneumothorax in a polycystic lung]. PMID- 14777007 TI - [Pylorectomy with partial gastrectomy, a modification of von Eiselsberg's technic]. PMID- 14777008 TI - [Problem of cesarean section]. PMID- 14777009 TI - [Radical surgery in gastro-jejunocolic fistula]. PMID- 14777010 TI - [Case of acute jejunal peptic ulcer following partial gastrectomy with excision of the antrum]. PMID- 14777011 TI - [Justification of appendectomy during gynecological laparotomies]. PMID- 14777012 TI - [Problems of use of preserved blood in transfusion]. PMID- 14777013 TI - [40 years experience with the trans-sphenoid operation in hypophyseal tumors]. PMID- 14777014 TI - [Place of nephrectomy in the treatment of nephrolithiasis]. PMID- 14777015 TI - [Five years experience in thyroid surgery]. PMID- 14777016 TI - [Untoward results of surgery of the gallbladder and bile ducts]. PMID- 14777017 TI - [Cavernostomy]. PMID- 14777018 TI - [Acute and subacute tumors of the brain]. PMID- 14777019 TI - [Neurogenic appendicitis]. PMID- 14777020 TI - [Results of surgical therapy of basal meningiomas of the anterior and medial cranial fossa, with a clinical report on the problem of central hyperthermia and stasis of the cerebrospinal fluid]. PMID- 14777021 TI - [Increase of the severe complications of cholelithiasis]. PMID- 14777022 TI - [Pathogenesis of acute jejunal peptic ulcer]. PMID- 14777023 TI - [Surgical experience with tyrothricin]. PMID- 14777024 TI - [Abdomino-anal technic in rectal carcinoma]. PMID- 14777025 TI - [Present status of the use of penicillin in minor surgery]. PMID- 14777026 TI - [Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatobiliary diseases]. PMID- 14777027 TI - [Meckel's diverticulum and its complications]. PMID- 14777028 TI - [Evaluation of sympathectomy in the treatment of neurotrophic disorders, with exception of genuine circulatory disorders]. PMID- 14777030 TI - [Clinical evaluation of tumor cell diagnosis in urology]. PMID- 14777029 TI - [A case of actinomycosis]. PMID- 14777031 TI - [Treatment of ileus]. PMID- 14777032 TI - [Basic principles in the follow-up treatment of lung injuries, and presentation of an improved method of drainage]. PMID- 14777033 TI - [Urgent repeat laparotomy]. PMID- 14777034 TI - [Form and functional modifications of the remaining lung segments following excision of the superior lobe]. PMID- 14777035 TI - [Method of investigation in the prevention of postoperative myxedema]. PMID- 14777036 TI - [Modern antibiotic therapy of venereal disease]. PMID- 14777037 TI - [Psychogenic disorders of menstruation]. PMID- 14777038 TI - [Serum hepatitis in pernicious anemia]. PMID- 14777039 TI - [New possibilities in salicyl therapy; studies of intravenous use of the ethanolamine salt of salicylic acid (solusal)]. PMID- 14777040 TI - [Significant facts in the hematology of the newborn]. PMID- 14777041 TI - [Bioelectric and histologic studies of the cochlea of the guinea pig in anaphylactic shock]. PMID- 14777042 TI - [Histopathology of Economo's encephalitis]. PMID- 14777043 TI - [The anemias of childhood and their treatment with ferro-redoxon Roche]. PMID- 14777044 TI - [Recent experience in intra-arterial therapy of disorders of the peripheral arterial circulation]. PMID- 14777045 TI - [Causes of immediate and delayed untoward results of gastric surgery for ulcer and its complications]. PMID- 14777046 TI - [Preliminary results of vagotomy for recurrent peptic ulcer of the jejunum]. PMID- 14777047 TI - [Rheosphygmography, a new method for diagnosis of peripheral vascular diseases]. PMID- 14777048 TI - [Polycythemia vera successfully treated with partial gastrectomy]. PMID- 14777049 TI - [Problem of enterococcic endocarditis]. PMID- 14777050 TI - [Alcoholic block of the sympathetic in treatment of hypertension]. PMID- 14777051 TI - [Vienna's part in the invention of the cystoscope]. PMID- 14777052 TI - [Effect of liquemin]. PMID- 14777053 TI - [Treatment of acute and chronic bronchitis]. PMID- 14777055 TI - [Psychosomatic medicine]. PMID- 14777054 TI - [Experience with the antibiotic tyrothricin in gynecology and obstetrics]. PMID- 14777056 TI - [Causes of the immediate and delayed untoward results of gastric surgery for ulcer and its complications]. PMID- 14777057 TI - [Streptomycin in the treatment of rheumatic diseases]. PMID- 14777058 TI - [Amniotic membrane in surgical therapy of adhesion ileus and adhesion complications]. PMID- 14777059 TI - [Early diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis, with regard to streptomycin therapy]. PMID- 14777060 TI - [Blood sedimentation in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777061 TI - [Use of thiuryl in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14777062 TI - [Apitoxin, a preparation of bee venom]. PMID- 14777064 TI - Diagnosis in chronic liver disease. PMID- 14777063 TI - [Value of follicular hormone in the treatment of ulcus cruris]. PMID- 14777065 TI - The surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14777066 TI - Anesthesia and analgesia for the obstetric patient from the viewpoint of an anesthesiologist. PMID- 14777067 TI - Neoplasms of the genitourinary system in children. PMID- 14777068 TI - Miscellaneous neoplasms in infancy and childhood. PMID- 14777070 TI - Nephritis. PMID- 14777069 TI - Multiple sclerosis and the state of Wisconsin. PMID- 14777071 TI - Hypoglycemic reactions in diabetes. PMID- 14777072 TI - Interpretation of serum bilirubin values obtained with the Ducci and Watson modification of the Malloy and Evelyn method. PMID- 14777073 TI - CLINICOPATHOLOGIC conference; idiopathic thrombophlebitis migrans involving the pulmonary, hepatic, and peripheral blood vessels. PMID- 14777074 TI - Quantitatives and syphilis therapy. PMID- 14777075 TI - Progress report on American medicine. PMID- 14777076 TI - REPORT of the Committee on Maternal and Child Welfare of the State Medical Society, including analysis of hospital data. PMID- 14777077 TI - [Care of children and plan for mortality prevention]. PMID- 14777078 TI - [Prevention and social-health institutions in control of child mortality]. PMID- 14777079 TI - [Legislation on reporting of occupational diseases by physicians]. PMID- 14777080 TI - [Obligatory post-graduate training of physicians]. PMID- 14777081 TI - [Health legislations]. PMID- 14777082 TI - [Water supply, disinfection of water in health institutions]. PMID- 14777083 TI - [Complications and deaths following blood transfusion; reporting and investigation]. PMID- 14777084 TI - [Ambulatory care in state health institutions; working conditions for nurse's aids]. PMID- 14777085 TI - [Distribution of drugs outside of pharmacies]. PMID- 14777086 TI - [Health insurance and balneotherapy]. PMID- 14777087 TI - [Distribution of penicillin]. PMID- 14777088 TI - [Free midwife service]. PMID- 14777089 TI - [Standardization of birth report forms for midwives]. PMID- 14777090 TI - [Group examination and therapy in pregnancy]. PMID- 14777091 TI - [Regulation of fees for examination of meat and slaughter animals]. PMID- 14777092 TI - [Health legislations and public health cooperation]. PMID- 14777093 TI - [Placement of sub-professional medical workers]. PMID- 14777094 TI - [Medical care in children homes]. PMID- 14777095 TI - [Health and new legislations]. PMID- 14777096 TI - [Esmarch's tourniquet]. PMID- 14777097 TI - [Orthopedic aspects of rickets]. PMID- 14777098 TI - [Air embolism]. PMID- 14777099 TI - [Ventricular leiomyosarcoma]. PMID- 14777100 TI - [Thoracic tumor]. PMID- 14777101 TI - [Proteinurias]. PMID- 14777102 TI - [Children's collectives and infections]. PMID- 14777104 TI - [Growing number of patients receiving sickness insurance]. PMID- 14777103 TI - [Positive and negative sputum in disease]. PMID- 14777105 TI - [Mobile dispensary service in iron mines in Jesenice]. PMID- 14777106 TI - [Working capacity in nervous and mental diseases]. PMID- 14777107 TI - [Sympathicolytics]. PMID- 14777108 TI - [Tuberculosis control dispensaries]. PMID- 14777109 TI - [Nomenclature]. PMID- 14777110 TI - [Progress in obstetrics in Slovenia]. PMID- 14777111 TI - [Selection of spontaneous resistant mutants or adaptation of bacteria to antibiotics?]. PMID- 14777113 TI - [Smoking in cancer]. PMID- 14777112 TI - [Quantitative serologic reaction]. PMID- 14777114 TI - [Two rare liver diseases, fascioliasis]. PMID- 14777115 TI - [Orthopedic aspects of rickets]. PMID- 14777116 TI - [Pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathy]. PMID- 14777117 TI - [Biochemistry in relation to hematopoiesis]. PMID- 14777118 TI - [Bovine tuberculosis in man]. PMID- 14777119 TI - [Varices]. PMID- 14777120 TI - [Treatment of musculofascial pain by local injections of novocaine]. PMID- 14777121 TI - [Transitory myopia following administration of sulfonamides]. PMID- 14777122 TI - [Progress in obstetrics in Slovenia]. PMID- 14777123 TI - [Carl Mau, surgeon, 60th anniversary]. PMID- 14777124 TI - [F. Pauwels, orthopedics, 65th anniversary]. PMID- 14777125 TI - [The problem of focal affections of the bone]. PMID- 14777126 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the behaviour of the proximal end of the femur in congenital femoral defects and coxa vara]. PMID- 14777127 TI - [Roentgenological method in determination of the torsion angle]. PMID- 14777128 TI - [Etiology and clinical aspect of fixed lumbar lordosis]. PMID- 14777129 TI - [Results of anterior and posterior arthrorisis in paralytic talipes equinus and calcaneus]. PMID- 14777130 TI - [Lorthioir's technic in foot arthrodesis]. PMID- 14777131 TI - [Further experience with penicillin therapy of chronic diseases, with special reference to orthopedic]. PMID- 14777132 TI - [Results of penicillin therapy of 1200 cases in orthopedics and plastic surgery]. PMID- 14777133 TI - [Experience with TB 1/698 in treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777134 TI - [On the problem of tumors of peripheral nerves]. PMID- 14777135 TI - [Drill-osteoclasia in orthopedics]. PMID- 14777136 TI - [Diagnostic value of biopsy in diseases of the muscles]. PMID- 14777137 TI - [Eosinophile granuloma of the bone-marrow]. PMID- 14777138 TI - [Morphology of the big toe; fibular deviation of the end-phalanx of the big toe]. PMID- 14777139 TI - [Support bandages, abdominal bands, etc]. PMID- 14777140 TI - [Destructive effect of the marmot on young oaks in the Stalingrad region]. PMID- 14777141 TI - [New data on the eating habits of owl (Bubo bubo L.) in arid northern Caspian regions]. PMID- 14777142 TI - [Destructive effect of Coleoptera in wooded field protecting belts]. PMID- 14777143 TI - [Dermistidae as the natural enemy of the silkworm, Porthetria dispar L]. PMID- 14777144 TI - [New data on morphology and biology of Ligula]. PMID- 14777145 TI - [Certain regularity of the nyctohemeral respiration rhythm in insects]. PMID- 14777146 TI - [Attachment of visceral arches to the axial skull in fishes]. PMID- 14777147 TI - [Relation of size of teleosts' scales to the shape of body and type of movement]. PMID- 14777148 TI - [Susceptibility of the muskrat (Andatra zibethica L.) to tularemiia]. PMID- 14777149 TI - [Number and distribution of elks in the Gor'ki region]. PMID- 14777150 TI - [New medium for micro preparations]. PMID- 14777151 TI - [Preservation of the viability of the eggs of copepods after passage through the intestine of Coregonus albula infraspecies Iadogae]. PMID- 14777152 TI - [Adaptation in propagation of Coloeus monedula L]. PMID- 14777153 TI - Use of phenurone in convulsive disorders in children. PMID- 14777154 TI - Tuberculosis in children. PMID- 14777155 TI - Infantile and atopic eczema from injury to the skin by overcare and over treatment. PMID- 14777156 TI - Respiration of full term and of premature infants. PMID- 14777157 TI - Mediterranean anemia in children of non-Mediterranean ancestry. PMID- 14777158 TI - Erythroblastosis fetalis. VI. Prevention of kernicterus. PMID- 14777159 TI - Congenital pulmonary stenosis with intact interventricular septum. PMID- 14777160 TI - Congenital lymphatic leukemia. PMID- 14777161 TI - Meconium ileus. PMID- 14777162 TI - Transplacental iron: its persistence during infancy as studied isotopically. PMID- 14777163 TI - Exchange transfusion of erythroblastic babies with blood from female donors. PMID- 14777164 TI - Etiology of kernicterus. PMID- 14777165 TI - Studies on spontaneous hypoglycemosis: the place of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in therapy. PMID- 14777166 TI - Composition of meconium: isolation of blood group-specific polysaccharides; abnormal composition of meconium in meconium ileus. PMID- 14777167 TI - Significance of altered viscosity of duodenal content in pancreatic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis). PMID- 14777168 TI - Infectious nature of exanthema subitum (roseola infantum). PMID- 14777169 TI - Antipoliomyelitic substance in milk of human beings and certain cows. PMID- 14777170 TI - Excretion of poliomyelitis virus: experimental observations. PMID- 14777171 TI - Use of systemically administered penicillin as a prophylactic against ophthalmia neonatorum. PMID- 14777172 TI - Studies on absorption, distribution and excretion of aureomycin, chloramphenicol and terramycin. PMID- 14777173 TI - Collections of subdural fluid complicating acute bacterial meningitis. PMID- 14777174 TI - Observations on the role of intestinal flora in growth and disease. PMID- 14777175 TI - Treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis with ethyl vanillate. PMID- 14777176 TI - Transformation of type specificity of Hemophilus influenzae. PMID- 14777177 TI - Compulsory rooming-in at Duke Hospital. PMID- 14777178 TI - The pediatrician's role in the management of personality problems of the adolescent. PMID- 14777179 TI - Abdominal pain as a manifestation of epilepsy in children. PMID- 14777180 TI - Suppression of androgen secretion in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. PMID- 14777181 TI - Preliminary observations on the effects of cortisone in the treatment of acute rheumatic carditis. PMID- 14777182 TI - Effect of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on rheumatic fever. PMID- 14777183 TI - Effect of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in children with nephrosis. PMID- 14777184 TI - Pulmonary carcinoma in chromate workers. 1. A review of the literature and report of cases. PMID- 14777185 TI - Pulmonary carcinoma in chromate workers. II. Incidence on basis of hospital records. PMID- 14777186 TI - The contribution of Charles Turner Thackrah, English pioneer in the field of industrial health. PMID- 14777187 TI - Carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide. II. A follow-up clinical study of low grade exposures. PMID- 14777188 TI - The ears of industry. PMID- 14777189 TI - Handicapped workers. PMID- 14777190 TI - Experimental ethylene oxide human skin injuries. PMID- 14777191 TI - The patch test; its technic and interpretation. PMID- 14777192 TI - Comparative toxicity of five glycerol ethers. PMID- 14777193 TI - Toxicological studies of compounds investigated for use as inhibitors of biological processes. I. Toxicity of vinyl propionate. PMID- 14777194 TI - Toxicological studies of compounds investigated for use as inhibitors of biological processes. II. Toxicity of ethylene chlorohydrin. PMID- 14777195 TI - The erythrocyte coproporphyrin; variation in respect to erythrocyte protoporphyrin and reticulocytes in certain of the anemias. PMID- 14777196 TI - Prophylaxis of motion sickness; evaluation of some drugs in seasickness. PMID- 14777198 TI - Current concepts of malaria; with a review of 510 admissions to a veterans hospital. PMID- 14777199 TI - Alterations in renal function, including hematuria, in man during intracranial air studies; alterations in cardiac function. PMID- 14777197 TI - Pheochromocytoma and essential hypertensive vascular disease. PMID- 14777200 TI - Studies of immunologic reactions of patients with Hodgkin's disease; antibody reaction to typhoid immunization. PMID- 14777201 TI - Gangrene of the extremities. PMID- 14777202 TI - Progress notes on 50 diabetic patients followed 25 or more years. PMID- 14777203 TI - Action of atropine on the cardiovascular system in normal persons. PMID- 14777204 TI - Liver dysfunction following abdominal operations; the significance of postoperative hyperbilirubinemia. PMID- 14777205 TI - Studies on the effects of parenteral quinidine administration. PMID- 14777206 TI - Annual review of rheumatic diseases. PMID- 14777207 TI - Goniopuncture--a new filtering operation for glaucoma; preliminary report. PMID- 14777208 TI - Unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia; report of 8 clinical cases with one postmortem study. PMID- 14777209 TI - Ocular therapeutic principles and practical applications. PMID- 14777210 TI - Factors influencing the postoperative results in concomitant convergent strabismus. PMID- 14777211 TI - Ophthalmologic findings in spontaneous thrombosis of the carotid arteries. PMID- 14777212 TI - Amino acid composition of tissue proteins of the cornea, sclera, vitreous and retina. PMID- 14777213 TI - Ophthalmic symptoms in giant follicular lymphadenopathy. PMID- 14777214 TI - The pterygium; brief review and evaluation of certain methods of treatment. PMID- 14777215 TI - Adherence syndrome; pseudoparalysis of the lateral or superior rectus muscles. PMID- 14777216 TI - MEDICAL writings of Dr. Harry Friedenwald. PMID- 14777218 TI - Corrective surgery of nasal deviations. PMID- 14777217 TI - Glaucoma; a review of the literature, 1949-1950. PMID- 14777219 TI - Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the mastoid and the temporal bone. PMID- 14777220 TI - Normal development of the ear and its mechanics. PMID- 14777221 TI - Tuberculous retropharyngeal abscess treated by surgery and streptomycin. PMID- 14777222 TI - Deafness and kernicterus. PMID- 14777223 TI - Abscess of the nasal septum and orbital cellulitis in an infant. PMID- 14777224 TI - Retropharyngeal abscess. PMID- 14777225 TI - Intratemporal sarcoma of the facial nerve. PMID- 14777226 TI - Recruitment phenomenon in craniocerebral trauma; report of representative cases. PMID- 14777227 TI - Irrigation of the maxillary sinus through the natural opening with a new irrigator. PMID- 14777228 TI - An endaural retractor with temporal muscle blade. PMID- 14777229 TI - A useful face mask for endoscopic examinations. PMID- 14777230 TI - Allergy. PMID- 14777231 TI - Parenteral nutrition in surgery. Significance of calories and protein in maintaining a positive nitrogen balance. PMID- 14777232 TI - Ruptures of surface blood vessels on cerebral hemispheres as a cause of subdural hemorrhage. PMID- 14777233 TI - Surgical implications of lower thoracic and lumbar independent sympathetic pathways. PMID- 14777234 TI - Mesenchymal tumors of the stomach. PMID- 14777235 TI - Action of various pharmacologic and other agents on the colon of man. PMID- 14777237 TI - Evaluation of colostomy for present day surgery. Review of 4,939 cases of injury of the colon and rectum. PMID- 14777236 TI - Carcinoma of the lung. PMID- 14777238 TI - Esophageal leiomyomas. Report of additional case. PMID- 14777239 TI - Clinical evaluation of analgesic drugs. A comparison of Nu-2206 and Morphine sulfate administered to postoperative patients. PMID- 14777240 TI - Meckel's diverticulum. Review of the literature and report of an unusual case. PMID- 14777241 TI - Islet cell adenoma. Three cases, one extra-pancreatic, cured by operation. PMID- 14777242 TI - Functional pathology of certain cardiovascular malformations which may be treated surgically. PMID- 14777243 TI - Sacrococcygeal teratoma in the newborn. PMID- 14777244 TI - Use of a detergent (pHisoderm) combined with hexachlorophene for skin disinfection. PMID- 14777246 TI - The nerve supply of the kidneys. PMID- 14777245 TI - Effect of pancreatectomy on phospholipid synthesis in the dog. PMID- 14777247 TI - [Conditions regulating organogenesis and growth of muscles; research on the extrinsic muscles of the chick eye]. PMID- 14777248 TI - Numerical distribution of mast cells in the human skin and heart. PMID- 14777249 TI - [On the structure of the portal vein and of its tributaries]. PMID- 14777250 TI - The postnatal histogenesis of the lymphatic system in guinea-pigs. PMID- 14777251 TI - [Innervation of the joint capsule]. PMID- 14777252 TI - Method for determination of the mitotic activity in haemopoietic tissues. PMID- 14777254 TI - [Functional structure of the iris of the pig]. PMID- 14777253 TI - [Cytological and histochemical study of renal modifications in alloxanic intoxication]. PMID- 14777255 TI - [Cytology of the thymus of the young cat studied by the method of apposition]. PMID- 14777256 TI - [Nerve cells and ganglia of the vagal nerve]. PMID- 14777257 TI - [Cells of sympathetic ganglia of the conductive system of the human heart]. PMID- 14777258 TI - M. palmaris accessories and duplication of M. palmaris longus. PMID- 14777259 TI - [Research on post-traumatic hyperphosphatasemia]. PMID- 14777260 TI - [Vasodilator drugs]. PMID- 14777261 TI - [So-called hyperfolliculinism syndrome]. PMID- 14777262 TI - [Semiological study of the dilatation of the pulmonary arch of the heart]. PMID- 14777263 TI - [Clinical use of a new anticoagulant and laboratory control during administration]. PMID- 14777264 TI - [Case of eosinophilic granuloma of the skeleton with terminal evolution in the form of Letterer-Siwe disease]. PMID- 14777265 TI - [Extensive cutaneous angiomatosis and phlebectasias, with acromegaloid extremities; retinal and unilateral pharyngeal venous ectasis]. PMID- 14777266 TI - [Mechanism of renal excretion of glucose in man]. PMID- 14777267 TI - [Excretion of water and electrolytes during a 24-hour period and under influence of licorice extract]. PMID- 14777268 TI - [Renal anoxemia]. PMID- 14777269 TI - [Pathogenesis of the arteriosclerotic kidney]. PMID- 14777270 TI - The relationship of polycythemia vera to leukemia; a critical review. PMID- 14777271 TI - [Heparin tolerance and heparin hypersensitivity]. PMID- 14777272 TI - Treatment of acute leukemia with amethopterin (4-amino, 10-methyl pteroyl glutamic acid). PMID- 14777273 TI - [Polykaryocytes of the bone-marrow and their role in formation of blood platelets]. PMID- 14777274 TI - The correlation between liver function and serum protein distribution. PMID- 14777275 TI - [Behavior of tryptophanemia in infectious diseases giving permanent immunity (measles, parotitis, scarlet fever)]. PMID- 14777276 TI - [Strain of Rickettsia mooseri of eastern Sicily cultivated in vitelline sac of chick embryo]. PMID- 14777277 TI - [Rare case of boutonneuse fever with hemorrhagic pleurisy and phlebitis observed in Cyrenaica]. PMID- 14777278 TI - [First results of associated streptomycin-sulfonamide therapy of typhoid]. PMID- 14777279 TI - [Amebic cysts in feces]. PMID- 14777280 TI - The pathogenesis of eclampsia. PMID- 14777281 TI - Abdomino-pelvic pains in females without structural or organic pathology; plexalgia hypogastrica. PMID- 14777282 TI - The significance of the Rh factor in obstetrics. PMID- 14777283 TI - Prognosis of the infants by Rh-incompatibility of the parents. PMID- 14777284 TI - Blood transfusion and Rh immunization. PMID- 14777285 TI - Employment of androgens in gynecology. PMID- 14777286 TI - Considerations on the treatment of sympathetic ophthalmitis in the initial stage. PMID- 14777287 TI - Experimental studies into the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation in the uveal tract. PMID- 14777288 TI - Spectrophotometric investigations on the fluorescence of the eye lens in rats given naphthalene. PMID- 14777289 TI - A case of conjunctivitis membranacea. PMID- 14777290 TI - Some remarks on retinal vein thrombosis and its treatment with anticoagulants. PMID- 14777291 TI - A peculiar case of subconjunctival implantation cyst on the globe. PMID- 14777292 TI - A case of primary band-shaped opacity of the cornea. PMID- 14777293 TI - A case of vernal conjunctivitis combined with prurigo Besnier. PMID- 14777294 TI - Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum. PMID- 14777296 TI - Granuloma arteficiale in the region of the eye. PMID- 14777295 TI - On the possibility of testing the surface anesthetic effect of local anesthetics on the human cornea; various viewpoints on surface anesthesia in ophthalmologic practice. PMID- 14777297 TI - The effect of the suction cup sucked to the surface of the eye on intraocular pressure and the serviceableness of the suction cup as an ophthalmodynamometer. PMID- 14777298 TI - [In Memoriam: John Verhoogen (18 May 1864-14 July 1950)]. PMID- 14777299 TI - [Treatment of fractures and defective callus of the ankle]. PMID- 14777300 TI - [Surgery in Paget's disease of bone]. PMID- 14777301 TI - [Surgical technic in the treatment of congenital and recurrent dislocations of the patella]. PMID- 14777302 TI - [Immediate lumbar infiltration in the therapy of trauma to the ankle]. PMID- 14777303 TI - [Comparative anatomy and physiology of peripheral vestibular apparatus]. PMID- 14777304 TI - [Origin and unity of the different vestibular functions and of acoustic function]. PMID- 14777305 TI - [Normal and pathologic anatomy of peripheral vestibular apparatus]. PMID- 14777306 TI - [Labyrinthine fluids]. PMID- 14777307 TI - [Physiology of semicircular canals and of otolith apparatus]. PMID- 14777308 TI - [Action current in the vestibular nerve]. PMID- 14777309 TI - [Research on electrophysiology of the ampullae of the semicircular canal in the pigeon]. PMID- 14777310 TI - [Cochleo-vestibular functional modifications after treatment of vestibule]. PMID- 14777311 TI - [Anatomy and physiology of primary reflex arc of the vestibular system]. PMID- 14777312 TI - [Physiology of vestibular system in man]. PMID- 14777313 TI - [Vestibular reflexes and the cerebellum]. PMID- 14777314 TI - [Vestibular cortical center]. PMID- 14777315 TI - [Vestibular disorders in temporal tumors before and after surgical ablation; resection of temporal lobe]. PMID- 14777316 TI - [Central mechanism and physiopathologic significance of phenomena manifested after unilateral labyrinthectomy]. PMID- 14777317 TI - [Optokinetic nystagmus and cortical oculogyric centers]. PMID- 14777318 TI - [Streptomycin intoxication and its localization determined by function tests]. PMID- 14777319 TI - [Vestibular pathology in diseases of the central nervous system]. PMID- 14777320 TI - [Relations of the vegetative nervous system and the labyrinth]. PMID- 14777321 TI - [First research on the behavior of endolabyrinth pressure in the cat and in the rabbit during anaphylactic and histaminic shock]. PMID- 14777322 TI - [Vestibular function]. PMID- 14777323 TI - [Position nystagmus of peripheral origin]. PMID- 14777324 TI - [Caloric test; general considerations]. PMID- 14777325 TI - [Barany-Brunings tests]. PMID- 14777326 TI - [Barany caloric test significance; what may be expected; nystagmus and vestibulospinal reaction]. PMID- 14777327 TI - [Static and auditory examination by vestibular tests and especially by weak excitations]. PMID- 14777328 TI - [Rotatory tests]. PMID- 14777329 TI - [Cupulometry]. PMID- 14777330 TI - [Galvanic test]. PMID- 14777331 TI - [Critical study of the galvanic test]. PMID- 14777332 TI - [Vestibular chronaxia]. PMID- 14777333 TI - [Chronaxia of the system of the eight pair]. PMID- 14777334 TI - [Vestibular sound test and clinical applications]. PMID- 14777335 TI - [Plan for standardization of examination of vestibular apparatus]. PMID- 14777336 TI - [Radiographic examination of vestibular apparatus and petrous bone]. PMID- 14777337 TI - The content of adenosinetriphosphate and creatine phosphate in uterine muscle of rats and rabbits. PMID- 14777338 TI - The metabolism of uterine muscle studied with radioactive phosphorus p32. PMID- 14777339 TI - The effect of estrogenic hormone on the content of calcium and magnesium in uterus. PMID- 14777340 TI - The effect of d-tubocurarine on the mono- and polysynaptic reflex of the spinal cord including a comparison with the effect of strychnine. PMID- 14777341 TI - The autogenetic inhibition during stretch and contraction of the muscle. PMID- 14777342 TI - On the behavior of electrolytes in gastric juice induced by histamine. PMID- 14777343 TI - The effect of the centrifugal force upon the nerve discharge from the horizontal canal. PMID- 14777344 TI - Midbrain activity in response to vestibular stimulation. PMID- 14777345 TI - Motor responses of gastro-intestinal tract and bladder to topical stimulation of the frontal lobe, basal ganglia and hypothalamus in the cat. PMID- 14777346 TI - Suggestive training program for employee training. PMID- 14777347 TI - Training for institutional administration. PMID- 14777349 TI - Mental retardation problems in different age groups. PMID- 14777348 TI - The need for employee training. PMID- 14777350 TI - The conference method with older, mentally defective children. PMID- 14777351 TI - Effect of mental and educational retardation on personality development of children. PMID- 14777352 TI - Former school experiences of boys currently enrolled in the Pre-Academic program at the Wayne County Training School: implications for the classroom teacher. PMID- 14777353 TI - Revascularization of the brain. PMID- 14777354 TI - Castration and sex crimes. PMID- 14777355 TI - New experiment in glutamic and acid therapy: 24 cases classified as mental deficiency, undifferentiated, treated with glutamic acid for six months. PMID- 14777356 TI - Contributions of play-therapy techniques to total rehabilitative design in an institution for high-grade mentally deficient and borderline children. PMID- 14777357 TI - The Oseretsky tests: Vineland Adaptation. PMID- 14777358 TI - Mental health analyses of furlough patients. PMID- 14777359 TI - A comparison of scatter patterning for mental defectives on the Wechsler Forms I and II. PMID- 14777360 TI - The endogenous slow learner. PMID- 14777362 TI - Social service recruitment for state schools. PMID- 14777361 TI - The community supervisor looks at parole. PMID- 14777363 TI - The functional evaluation of adaptive morphological characters. PMID- 14777364 TI - Note on the skull of the Swartkrans ape-man Paranthropus crassidens. PMID- 14777365 TI - On three skulls from Mechta-el-'Arbi, Algeria; a reexamination of Cole's adult series. PMID- 14777366 TI - A study of the structure of fresh and fossil human bone by means of the electron microscope. PMID- 14777367 TI - Scapula shape and muscle function, with special reference to the vertebral border. PMID- 14777368 TI - A comparison of certain aspects of body structure and body shape in 200 adults. PMID- 14777369 TI - Anthropometry of extreme somatotypes. PMID- 14777371 TI - Age changes in head hair from birth to maturity. II. Medullation in hair of children. PMID- 14777370 TI - An association between type of work and physique in an industrial group. PMID- 14777372 TI - Contributions of the psychologist to constitutional law. PMID- 14777373 TI - Intrinsic validity. PMID- 14777374 TI - [Histopathology of apical granuloma]. PMID- 14777375 TI - [How to avoid deviation of the anchorage during mechanical distal displacement of the canine]. PMID- 14777376 TI - [Odontology and Health Insurance]. PMID- 14777377 TI - [Secretion of the fallopian tubes]. PMID- 14777378 TI - [International bibliography on human and vertebrate anatomy, 1949-50, with addenda for 1945-48]. PMID- 14777379 TI - [Cellophane fibrosis in the treatment of aneurysms; experimental study]. PMID- 14777380 TI - [Spleno-therapy in arteriosclerotic gangrene]. PMID- 14777382 TI - Subcutaneous rupture of the ureter. PMID- 14777381 TI - [Prophylaxis and treatment of vascular disorders of diabetics]. PMID- 14777383 TI - Observations on the methods of inducing labour, with special reference to fasting and artificial rupture of the membranes. PMID- 14777384 TI - A study of intestinal fixation, with special reference to fixation of the iliocaecal part and its surgical importance. PMID- 14777385 TI - A portable apparatus for skin traction. PMID- 14777386 TI - Suppurative parotitis. PMID- 14777387 TI - On the gynecological diseases of childhood and youth. PMID- 14777388 TI - [Existence in Madagascar of enzootic swine encephalomyelitis; crossed immunity with the Teschen virus; transmission to the wild boar]. PMID- 14777389 TI - [Study of the removal by various chemical agents of the copper combined with proteins]. PMID- 14777390 TI - [A new test of physiopathology; the reticuloendothelial record]. PMID- 14777391 TI - [Research on the sensibility to antibiotics in vitro of the bacillus of swine erysipelas]. PMID- 14777392 TI - [Research on the sensibility to antibiotics in vivo of the baillus of swine erysipelas]. PMID- 14777393 TI - [The coliform bacteria and related groups]. PMID- 14777394 TI - [Influence of the light factor on the incubation time of tobacco mosaic]. PMID- 14777395 TI - [Choice of standard strains for detection of typhoid bacillus in water by isolation of specific bacteriophage]. PMID- 14777396 TI - [Three cases of laboratory infection by Newcastle disease virus]. PMID- 14777397 TI - [Agglutination of sheep erythrocytes by MM poliomyelitis virus]. PMID- 14777398 TI - [Isolation of a guinea pig virus at Brazzaville]. PMID- 14777399 TI - [Septicemia due to Clostridium oedematiens type A in striped turtles of Madagascar (Testudo radiata Shaw)]. PMID- 14777400 TI - [Study of a strain of Plectridium carnis (Klein) Prevot isolated from an enzootic disease of mink in Denmark]. PMID- 14777401 TI - [Periodic toxicity of solutions of precipitated toxins of Bact. aerogenes]. PMID- 14777402 TI - [Physiology of acid-alcohol-resistant bacteria. I. Gas metabolism]. PMID- 14777403 TI - [Physiology of acid-alcohol-resistant bacteria. II. Enzymatic equipment, virulence and color indicators of rH]. PMID- 14777404 TI - [Physiology of acid-alcohol-resistant bacteria. III. Action of PAS on the enzymes of Koch's bacillus]. PMID- 14777405 TI - [Etiology and therapy of juvenile acne]. PMID- 14777406 TI - [Note on the action in vitro of chloramphenicol on Whitmore's bacillus]. PMID- 14777407 TI - [Action of aureomycin in vitro]. PMID- 14777408 TI - [Action of penicillin in vitro on sputum intended for inoculation into guinea pigs for demonstration of tubercle bacillus]. PMID- 14777409 TI - [Methods of measuring the ammonification power of a soil sample]. PMID- 14777410 TI - [Blocking antibodies in the serum of brucellosis patients. II. Role in the phenomenon of paradoxal agglutination]. PMID- 14777411 TI - [New technic for isolation of tubercle bacillus in milk by culture (application of the Ogawa method)]. PMID- 14777412 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14777413 TI - [Liver cirrhosis with dwarfism in early infancy and hypophosphatemic rickets; contribution to the problem of so-called renal rickets]. PMID- 14777414 TI - "Healing" of an infant with pneumococcus-meningitis. PMID- 14777415 TI - Effect of discontinuous penicillin therapy in acute suppurative otitis, with special reference to otitis in children. PMID- 14777416 TI - Aerosol-penicillin therapy for infants and children. PMID- 14777417 TI - [Human hyperimmune serum and streptomycin in the treatment of whooping cough in infants and small children]. PMID- 14777418 TI - [Lewandowsky's rosacea-like tuberculid]. PMID- 14777419 TI - [Penicillin in small intradermal doses and the granulopectic power of reticuloendothelial system]. PMID- 14777420 TI - [Syphilitic antibodies in the blister fluid of cantharides cerate]. PMID- 14777421 TI - [In memory of General Peruzzi]. PMID- 14777422 TI - [Psychology and military service]. PMID- 14777423 TI - [First results of mass X-ray at the Ospedale Militare Marittimo of Taranto 1946 50]. PMID- 14777424 TI - [Transfusion of whole blood and its fractions; proposal for a practical solution aboard ship and on land; general organization of the service; definition of technics of selection and of necessary material]. PMID- 14777425 TI - [Treatment of cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 14777426 TI - [Tyrothricin, in some pyogenic dermatoses]. PMID- 14777427 TI - [Treatment of cutaneous tuberculosis with massive doses of vitamin D2]. PMID- 14777428 TI - [Case of acute leukemia]. PMID- 14777429 TI - [Malaria in the Roveto Valley; its epidemic manifestations: its disappearance]. PMID- 14777430 TI - [Marine guards instituted in 1652 by the Pontifical State on account of suspected plague]. PMID- 14777431 TI - [A medical work of Giuseppe Franco and the Prospero Alpino original; a typical case of plagiarism]. PMID- 14777432 TI - [Dermato-stomato-ophthalmia]. PMID- 14777433 TI - [Influence of synthetic antihistamines on anaphylactic ocular syndrome]. PMID- 14777434 TI - [Light stimuli and neuro-vegetative tonus]. PMID- 14777435 TI - [Serology of rickettsial diseases]. PMID- 14777436 TI - [Q fever in animals in Sicily and allergic diagnosis of Q fever in animals]. PMID- 14777437 TI - [Intestinal parasitic diseases encountered in Sestri Levante. I. Spread of infestation by Ancylostoma]. PMID- 14777438 TI - [Intestinal parasitic diseases encountered in Sestri Levante. II. Spread of ascariasis and other parasitic diseases]. PMID- 14777439 TI - [Spread and increase of venereal diseases in Italy in the last 20 years]. PMID- 14777440 TI - [Dust contamination of the air in Milan]. PMID- 14777441 TI - Basilar skull fractures. PMID- 14777442 TI - The risk of poliomyelitis after tonsillectomy. PMID- 14777443 TI - Multiple primary malignant tumors, report of 3 cases encountered on an otolaryngological service. PMID- 14777444 TI - The effects of dramamine upon cochlear function and the vestibular responses to turning in normal subjects. PMID- 14777445 TI - Malignant melanoma of the external ear. Report of 36 cases treated between 1928 1944. PMID- 14777446 TI - The tonsil after radium irradiation. PMID- 14777447 TI - Angio-fibrosarcoma of the ethmoid and frontal sinuses complicated by osteomyelitis of the frontal bone and epidural abscess. PMID- 14777448 TI - Further investigations on the physiology of the labyrinthine fluids. PMID- 14777450 TI - Fishbone in mediastinum removed by esophagoscopy. PMID- 14777449 TI - Esophageal speech. PMID- 14777451 TI - The production of negative pressures by respiratory cilia. PMID- 14777452 TI - Nasal septal hemangiomas. Report of nine cases. PMID- 14777453 TI - Localized pulmonary Hodgkin's disease; bronchoscopic aspects. PMID- 14777454 TI - Remarks on the indications for bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy from the standpoint of the internist. PMID- 14777455 TI - Magnet extraction of foreign bodies. PMID- 14777456 TI - Rupture of the trachea during bronchoscopy and principles of positioning for endoscopic procedures. PMID- 14777457 TI - Tracheobronchial toilet in infant and adult. PMID- 14777458 TI - Observations on the esophagus following vagotomy. PMID- 14777459 TI - Unusual foreign body in a secondary bronchus. PMID- 14777460 TI - Cardiospasm or achalasia of the cardia. Some personal observations and practical considerations with a presentation of 7 cases of cardiectomy. PMID- 14777461 TI - High esophageal stenosis. PMID- 14777462 TI - Histoplasmosis--A deficiency disease. Report of 2 cases with laryngeal involvement. PMID- 14777463 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of benign stenosis of the esophagus, with special reference to treatment by dilatation with the indwelling cannulated bougie. PMID- 14777464 TI - Benign stenosis of the trachea. PMID- 14777465 TI - Investigation on the care and treatment of poliomyelitis patients. PMID- 14777466 TI - Superficial cutaneous inflammation in the regions of the eyes and ears. PMID- 14777467 TI - The management of abnormal genital bleeding. PMID- 14777468 TI - Surgical construction of an artificial vagina. PMID- 14777469 TI - A rational approach to problems in functional sterility. PMID- 14777470 TI - Differential diagnosis of granulomata of the colon. PMID- 14777471 TI - Ventricular trigeminal rhythm; a case report. PMID- 14777472 TI - The significance of pleural effusion. PMID- 14777473 TI - Treatment of peptic ulcer; a clinical note. PMID- 14777474 TI - The treatment of contusions, strains and sprains. PMID- 14777475 TI - Nasal allergy in children. PMID- 14777476 TI - Varicose veins: advances in treatment. PMID- 14777477 TI - Clinico-pathologic conference. PMID- 14777478 TI - Otitis media in children. PMID- 14777479 TI - [A few remarks on C. Carrie's article, Investigations on lipoids of the skin surface]. PMID- 14777480 TI - [Identification of the diphtheria bacillus in skin disease]. PMID- 14777481 TI - [Practical significance of superficial and intradermal skin tests in the study of secondary effects of salvarsan]. PMID- 14777482 TI - [Dependence of the acidity of the skin surface upon that of atmospheric condensation nuclei]. PMID- 14777483 TI - [Dermatomyositis]. PMID- 14777484 TI - [Injurious effects and fatalities in salvarsan therapy]. PMID- 14777485 TI - [Atypical case of granuloma annulare, with observations on the etiology of the disease]. PMID- 14777486 TI - [Problem of true salvarsan jaundice]. PMID- 14777487 TI - [Treatment of salvarsan injury of the liver, with special reference to methionine]. PMID- 14777489 TI - [Relation of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome to Miescher's cheilitis granulomatosis]. PMID- 14777488 TI - [Significance of reagin titer in the Wassermann test, with special reference to the use of cardiolipin as antigen]. PMID- 14777490 TI - [Modifications of the first and second periods of the ventricular systole and of the physical volumes of the circulation caused by sympatol, veritol and ephedrine in normal man]. PMID- 14777491 TI - [Saponin hemolysis]. PMID- 14777492 TI - [Choleresis induced by synthetic drugs. 4. Poikilothermic study of the anesthetized rat]. PMID- 14777493 TI - [Investigations on the pharmacology and toxicology of polyhydric alcohols (1,3 butyleneglycol)]. PMID- 14777494 TI - [1,2,4-butanetriol; contribution on the pharmacology and toxicology of polyhydric alcohols]. PMID- 14777495 TI - [Adenosin triphosphoric acid in human serum as a factor in increased erythrocyte respiration]. PMID- 14777496 TI - [Inhibition of dehydrogenase by bee venom]. PMID- 14777497 TI - [Effect of insecticides on salamanders and fish]. PMID- 14777498 TI - [Kinetics of hemoglobin formation. IV. Formation of hemoglobin within erythrocytes by phenylhydroxylamine and nitrosobenzene in vitro]. PMID- 14777499 TI - [Narcosis of experimental animals]. PMID- 14777500 TI - [Variations in permeability, independent of variations in prothrombin time, produced by dicumarol]. PMID- 14777501 TI - [Clinical and experimental studies on the effects of thiosemicarbazones]. PMID- 14777502 TI - [Quantitative analysis of small amounts of benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone and its derivatives (TB I 698) in body fluids]. PMID- 14777503 TI - [Marfanil in the serum following peroral administration]. PMID- 14777504 TI - [Influence of hydrogen ion concentration on the mutual antagonism of adrenalin adrenochrome and insulin in experiments on glycogenesis in the isolated rat diaphragm]. PMID- 14777505 TI - [Depressor action of preparations containing tyrosinase]. PMID- 14777506 TI - [Effect of histamine on Selye's formalin arthritis]. PMID- 14777507 TI - [Effect of aqueous extracts of fresh placenta and Filatov's preparation upon estrus production and growth]. PMID- 14777508 TI - [Effect of nitrite upon human erythrocytes]. PMID- 14777509 TI - [Affinity of urethane for different blood cells in the normal state and in leukemia]. PMID- 14777510 TI - [Method for the quantitative analysis of ethylurethane in body fluids]. PMID- 14777511 TI - [The spleen and decompression of the carotid sinus]. PMID- 14777512 TI - [Length of the excretion of deuterium as a measure of tissular renewal in the organism]. PMID- 14777513 TI - [Effect of parasympathicolytic drugs upon the Bezold-Jarisch reflex]. PMID- 14777514 TI - [Experiments in the identification of a specific erythropoietic hormone]. PMID- 14777515 TI - [Effect of certain mitotropic substances upon phosphatase activity]. PMID- 14777516 TI - [Experiments with aqueous solutions of placental autolysates]. PMID- 14777517 TI - [Effect of penicillin on ciliary movement of the pharyngeal mucosa of the frog]. PMID- 14777518 TI - [Methods in pharmacologic examination of antithyroid substances]. PMID- 14777519 TI - [Testing antipernicious liver extracts on the lead anemia of rabbits]. PMID- 14777520 TI - [Determination of the effect of bee venom and the venom of Lachesis jararacu upon the central nervous system]. PMID- 14777521 TI - [Kinetics of hemoglobin formation. V. Determination of nitrosobenzene in the erythrocytes during formation of hemoglobin by phenylhydroxylamine]. PMID- 14777522 TI - [Kinetics of hemoglobin formation. VI. Hemoglobin formation by hydroxylamine]. PMID- 14777523 TI - [Further experiments on the effect of contact insecticides on certain cold blooded animals]. PMID- 14777524 TI - [Further investigations on the pharmacologic obstruction of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex]. PMID- 14777525 TI - [Modifications of cellular function in the nervous system caused by hexachlorocyclohexane; studies on warm-blooded animals]. PMID- 14777526 TI - [Measurement of excitability of motor and sensory nerves after varying dosages of curarine]. PMID- 14777527 TI - [Elimination of curarine by warm-blooded animals]. PMID- 14777528 TI - [Active principals of the cannabis and the pharmacology of the cannabinols]. PMID- 14777529 TI - [Investigations of drugs containing arbutin]. PMID- 14777530 TI - [Intrarenal hemodynamics of the mouse kidney following intraperitoneal administration of glucose]. PMID- 14777531 TI - [A device for prolonged infusion controlled by a clock mechanism]. PMID- 14777532 TI - [Statistic evaluation of the morning temperature as indication of periodic regularities in the menstrual cycle]. PMID- 14777534 TI - [Value of the waking temperature in the diagnosis of menstrual disorders]. PMID- 14777533 TI - [Obstetric and gynecologic significance of urinary excretion of pregnandiol]. PMID- 14777535 TI - [Microscopic examination of the placenta in erythroblastosis]. PMID- 14777536 TI - [Meteorotropy and labor pains]. PMID- 14777537 TI - [Further observations and investigations on reproduction in the Java macaque (Macaca irus mordax Th. et Wr., cynomolgus L.)]. PMID- 14777538 TI - [Studies of direct transcription in recording the fetal electrocardiogram]. PMID- 14777539 TI - [Encephalitis as a compressive process]. PMID- 14777540 TI - [Afferent autonomic fibers]. PMID- 14777541 TI - [Fetal inclusion; congenital teratoma of the choroid plexus]. PMID- 14777542 TI - [Edematous disease of the central nervous system in early childhood]. PMID- 14777543 TI - [Reaction to typhus vaccine in mental disease]. PMID- 14777544 TI - [Clinical manifestations of microventriculy]. PMID- 14777545 TI - [Development of ventricular matrix and cortex in median dysplasia of the cerebellum]. PMID- 14777546 TI - [Ventricular diverticulum into the cisterna ambiens in hydrocephalus]. PMID- 14777547 TI - [Psychopathology of so-called poltergeist phenomena]. PMID- 14777548 TI - [Pathogenesis of the degeneration of conduction systems in amaurotic idocy, and the problem of its relation to myoclonus epilepsy]. PMID- 14777549 TI - [The central nervous system in generalized paramyloidosis]. PMID- 14777550 TI - [Disorder in the perception of the significance of facial expression in a case of Gerstmann's syndrome]. PMID- 14777551 TI - [Genealogic study of instances of successful therapy in schizophrenia]. PMID- 14777552 TI - [Clinical and anatomic observations on general paralysis with focal symptoms]. PMID- 14777553 TI - [Disorder of the ability to write shorthand properly, a contribution to agraphia]. PMID- 14777554 TI - [Clinical and experimental studies of medicinal therapy in epilepsy]. PMID- 14777555 TI - [Types of glioma affecting the brain stem and allocortex: spongioblastosis, spongioblastomatosis, and spongioblastic glioblastoma]. PMID- 14777556 TI - [Clinical aspect of the central forms of neurofibromatosis (Recklinghausen's disease)]. PMID- 14777557 TI - [Problem of pathologic permeation of the hemato-encephalic barrier]. PMID- 14777558 TI - [Topologic anomalies of spinal cord venation, and the Foix-Alajouanine syndrome]. PMID- 14777559 TI - [Kerato-acanthoma]. PMID- 14777560 TI - [Profuse granuloma annulare eruption on the upper extremities in a patient with psoriasis]. PMID- 14777561 TI - [Acne conglobata]. PMID- 14777562 TI - [Case of mycosis fungoides]. PMID- 14777563 TI - [Circumscribed scleroderma]. PMID- 14777564 TI - [Morpheiform epithelioma treated by excision and graft]. PMID- 14777565 TI - [Case of leprosy treated for 20 months with sulphetrone; cure?]. PMID- 14777566 TI - [Duhring-Brocq polymorphic dermatitis]. PMID- 14777567 TI - [Mixed leprosy improved with sulphetrone]. PMID- 14777568 TI - [Dyshidrosic pompholyx]. PMID- 14777569 TI - [Malignant transformation of venereal vegetations of the penis]. PMID- 14777570 TI - [Kaposi's angiomatosis with gangrenous complications]. PMID- 14777571 TI - [Case of leukemids]. PMID- 14777572 TI - [Histiomonocytic reticulosis with cutaneous localizations; rapid death from visceral generalization]. PMID- 14777573 TI - [Case of pityriasis rubra pilaris]. PMID- 14777574 TI - [Observations following 50 cases of leg ulcer treated with Unna's paste boot]. PMID- 14777575 TI - [Modifications of the blood formula in Kaposi's angioreticulosis]. PMID- 14777576 TI - [Pemphigus vegetans (Neumann's disease); clinical and biological study and therapeutic tests]. PMID- 14777577 TI - [Severe case of moniliasis of the mucous membranes in a 7-year-old child]. PMID- 14777578 TI - [Severe pluriorificial erythema multiforme bullosum]. PMID- 14777579 TI - [Two cases of tularemia]. PMID- 14777580 TI - [Preliminary note on the mixed therapy of early syphilis by means of a bismuth product solvent of penicillin]. PMID- 14777581 TI - Serum iron levels of adolescent girls and the diurnal variation of serum iron and hemoglobin. PMID- 14777582 TI - The combination of organic anions with serum albumin. VII. Stabilization against denaturation by ultraviolet irradiation. PMID- 14777583 TI - Reactivation of dispersed chloroplast material by reaggregation. PMID- 14777584 TI - Measurement and stabilization of activity of chloroplast material. PMID- 14777585 TI - The antimicrobial activity of several substituted pyrones. PMID- 14777586 TI - Properties of water-extractable apyrases from different tissue sources. PMID- 14777587 TI - Preparation of D-glutamic acid from DL-glutamic acid by a decarboxylase method. PMID- 14777588 TI - The significance of dietary pyridoxine, niacin and protein in the conversion of tryptophan to N1-methylnicotinamide. PMID- 14777589 TI - The decomposition of chloromycetin (chloramphenicol) by microorganisms. PMID- 14777590 TI - The occurrence of vitamin B12 and other growth factors in alfalfa. PMID- 14777591 TI - The in vivo inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by selenium and its release by arsenic. PMID- 14777592 TI - The specificity of pectinesterases from several sources with some notes on purification of orange pectinesterase. PMID- 14777593 TI - Inactivation studies on pancreatic lipase. II. The relation between substrate structure and inactivation effect. PMID- 14777594 TI - Studies on the biological action of antimycin A. PMID- 14777595 TI - Effect of xanthophylls on utilization of carotene by chicks. PMID- 14777597 TI - Properties of dog gastric urease. PMID- 14777598 TI - The electrophoretic and biological complexity of ovomucin. PMID- 14777596 TI - Effects of prolonged exposure to cold on the thiamine requirement of the rat. PMID- 14777599 TI - The death of Socrates. A historical and experimental study on the actions of coniine and conium maculatum. PMID- 14777600 TI - Comparative chronic toxicity for warm-blooded animals of 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) 1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) and 2,2-bis-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DMDT, methoxychlor). PMID- 14777602 TI - Action of drugs on arterial wall of carotid sinus and blood pressure. PMID- 14777601 TI - [Suprarenal medullary secretion during rest and during clamping of both carotids]. PMID- 14777603 TI - [Effect of pressoreceptors on phagocytosis promoting property of the serum]. PMID- 14777604 TI - [Effect of antihistamine on the action current of the sensory cardiac nerves]. PMID- 14777606 TI - [Experimental investigations on neurogenic pulmonary edema]. PMID- 14777605 TI - [Antihistamine and intestinal villi motion]. PMID- 14777607 TI - Reactions of isolated uterine muscle of rats and guinea pigs. PMID- 14777608 TI - [Pharmacology of 2-amino-4-methylhexane]. PMID- 14777609 TI - [Choline aspartate and glutamate]. PMID- 14777610 TI - [Anticonvulsives and toxic crises in the mouse]. PMID- 14777611 TI - A comparison of the sympathetic inhibitory action of 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2 aminoethanol with that of several of its analogs. PMID- 14777612 TI - [Regulation of osmotic pressure and of chloremia in the larvae of Odonata]. PMID- 14777613 TI - [Studies on the oxidation of adrenaline]. PMID- 14777614 TI - [Experimental study of wallerian degeneration and of reinnervation of skeletal muscle. I. Evolution of the excitation time constant]. PMID- 14777615 TI - [Influence of the potassium, calcium and magnesium content of the cerebrospinal fluid on the movements of the stomach]. PMID- 14777616 TI - [Influence of afferent stimulation of the splanchnic nerve on respiratory movements in man]. PMID- 14777618 TI - [Effect of the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid on the pH of the blood]. PMID- 14777617 TI - [Intravenous injection of thrombin in the rabbit; mechanism of its hemostatic action]. PMID- 14777619 TI - [Blood pH, cerebrospinal fluid pH and the respiratory function]. PMID- 14777620 TI - [Structure, studied with the electronic microscope, of decalcified nacre of mollusks (Gastropoda, Lamellibranchiata, Cephalopoda)]. PMID- 14777621 TI - [Urinary excretion of free adrenaline in the unanesthetized rabbit]. PMID- 14777622 TI - [Three cases of apical systolic murmur with mitral insufficiency]. PMID- 14777623 TI - [Disappearance of symptoms in three cases of mitral valve rheumatism, two of the cases with regurgitation]. PMID- 14777624 TI - [The wave of ventricular repolarization during arterial hypertension (critical study of the so-called left ventricular hypertrophy curve)]. PMID- 14777625 TI - [Electrocardiogram of premature]. PMID- 14777626 TI - [Angina pectoris and thyroid insufficiency]. PMID- 14777627 TI - [Sixth International Congress of Radiology, London, July 24-28, 1950]. PMID- 14777628 TI - [Thrombo-endocarditis, De Vecchi's valvulitis and acute hematogenous osteoarthritis in acute septicemic experimental brucellosis (with a critique on the allergic significance of the valvulitis)]. PMID- 14777629 TI - [An unknown defense mechanism of the lung against certain plant dusts]. PMID- 14777630 TI - [Anatomopathologic profile of asymptomatic hepatic cirrhosis]. PMID- 14777631 TI - [Contribution to the study of the pituitary findings in Addison's disease]. PMID- 14777632 TI - [Primary tumors of the sacrum]. PMID- 14777633 TI - [Pleurisy. II. Anatomohistologic modifications of the parietal pleura, of the pleura of the costo-diaphragmatic sinus, of the diaphragm and of the peripleural tissues, in specific inflammatory processes of the pleural cavity]. PMID- 14777634 TI - [Myocardial modifications and toxic hyperazotemic valvulitis in parabiosis]. PMID- 14777635 TI - [Hydrops of the gallbladder (attempts to reproduce it experimentally by means of isolated ligation of the cystic)]. PMID- 14777636 TI - [The formative determinism of lymphangiomas understood as lymphatic capillary malformations and as dysontogenetic tumors]. PMID- 14777637 TI - [Acute necrosis of the spinal cord (myelodegeneratio carcinotoxiaemica transversa) in the course of extramedullary malignant tumor]. PMID- 14777638 TI - [The significance of tubular formations in the suprarenal and in adenomas of the cortex]. PMID- 14777639 TI - [Ovarian localization of Schistosoma manson]. PMID- 14777640 TI - [Epithelioma of the renal pelvis, leukoplakia and calculosis]. PMID- 14777641 TI - [Unusual localizations of hemorrhage in Werlhof's disease (brain, dura mater) and relations between tuberculosis and Werlhof's disease]. PMID- 14777642 TI - [Unusual malignancy of the salivary glands (metaplastic carcinoma of the sublingual, cylindromatous of the submaxillary)]. PMID- 14777644 TI - [Amedeo Herlitzka]. PMID- 14777643 TI - [Case of ganglioneuroma of the true pelvis]. PMID- 14777645 TI - [Cerebellar cortex localizations in the guinea pig. Note 1. Corpus cerebelli]. PMID- 14777646 TI - [Effect of adrenalin and of thyroxin on the reconstitution of glycogen deposits of the heart, liver and skeletal muscles, after glucose administration]. PMID- 14777647 TI - [Effect of cortical hormones on the reconstitution of glycogen deposits of the heart, liver and skeletal muscles, after glucose administration]. PMID- 14777648 TI - [Effect of choline on phospholipid metabolism]. PMID- 14777649 TI - [Research on the site of action of glyceril-ortho-toluyl-ether (myanesin)]. PMID- 14777650 TI - [Research on the tetanic contraction in the ventricular myocardium of Bufo vulgaris. II. Nature of the excitations which determine the summation of the contractions]. PMID- 14777651 TI - [Nuclear origin of the platelet chromomere]. PMID- 14777652 TI - [Assimilation of CO2 by heterotrophic organisms]. PMID- 14777653 TI - [Electric and chemical theories on electric transmission of the nerve impulse]. PMID- 14777654 TI - [Spontaneous electric activity of the nerve centers]. PMID- 14777655 TI - [Interaction between the proteins and large and small molecules in biological systems]. PMID- 14777656 TI - [Some diagnostic and prognostic problems drawn from the clinical and anatomo pathological study of 63 cases of kidney tumor]. PMID- 14777657 TI - [Clinico-therapeutic considerations on 82 cases of splenopathy treated surgically]. PMID- 14777658 TI - [Predisposing factors in the etiopathogenesis of malignant tumors of the breast; late results of radical surgery]. PMID- 14777659 TI - [Contributions to the study of sarcoma of synovial membranes]. PMID- 14777660 TI - [Structure of the so-called cardiaortal arteries]. PMID- 14777661 TI - [Experimental contribution to the study of the behavior of recalcification time and prothrombin time in acute peritonitis]. PMID- 14777662 TI - [Paralysis of the external popliteal sciatic nerve in puerperium]. PMID- 14777663 TI - [Hyperbilirubinemia provoked by sodium nicotinate in regressive chronic liver diseases]. PMID- 14777664 TI - [A great student and victim of tuberculosis: Hyacinthe Laennec]. PMID- 14777665 TI - [Several important physical factors involved in the production of the mass x-ray image]. PMID- 14777666 TI - [Bibliography of phthisiology; pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777667 TI - [Endocavitary aspiration plus thoracoplasty]. PMID- 14777668 TI - [Cavernostomy with laminaria by the Maurer method]. PMID- 14777669 TI - [Endocavitary aspiration associated with local antibiotic therapy in the treatment of cavern residua following thoracoplasty]. PMID- 14777670 TI - [Biological titration of streptomycin in endocavitary secretions and in other non sterile exudates]. PMID- 14777671 TI - [Passage into endocavitary secretion of streptomycin administered parenterally during aspiration therapy]. PMID- 14777672 TI - [Cavernogram in various forms of respiration]. PMID- 14777673 TI - [Antibiotics administered locally in tuberculous caverns of the lung as final treatment of endocavitary aspiration]. PMID- 14777674 TI - [Contralateral pneumothorax during endocavitary aspiration]. PMID- 14777675 TI - [Problems in prisons]. PMID- 14777676 TI - [Present status of the study of thiosemicarbazones]. PMID- 14777677 TI - [Bibliography of phthisiology; extrapulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777678 TI - [Exeresis operations for pulmonary tuberculosis; tuberculomas and tuberculous conditions treated with streptomycin simulating neoplasms]. PMID- 14777679 TI - [Transverse axial stratigraphy in the study of pulmonary cavities]. PMID- 14777680 TI - [Review of the first 2 years of operation of the first Ospedale Sanatoriale of the I.N.P.S. in Calabria]. PMID- 14777681 TI - [Association of therapeutic pneumothorax and streptomycin]. PMID- 14777682 TI - [Fate in the guinea pig tubercle bacilli in streptomycin bacteriostasis]. PMID- 14777683 TI - [Action of p-aminosalicylic acid on the prothrombin and thromboplastin level in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777684 TI - [Action of thiosemicarbazone in experimental tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777685 TI - [Activity of PAS in the presence of pathological matter]. PMID- 14777686 TI - [Case of allergic juxta-hilar process of primary infection treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14777687 TI - [Ancient methods of treating tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777688 TI - [Streptomycin resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, its bacteriological characteristics and clinical reactions: critico-synthetic review]. PMID- 14777689 TI - [Phthisiological bibliography; non-tuberculous diseases of the thorax; pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777690 TI - [Radiologic and anatomo-histologic aspects and comparisons in clinically primary acute miliary tuberculosis of the primo-infection cycle treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14777691 TI - [Morbid succession of primary circumscribed and diffuse phthisiogenic processes with nodular elements]. PMID- 14777692 TI - [Stability of PAS resistance in vitro and in vivo]. PMID- 14777693 TI - [Circumscribed polycystic disease of the lung with zonal localization]. PMID- 14777694 TI - [Origins and changes in the concept of tuberculosis contagion through history]. PMID- 14777695 TI - [Bibliography of phthisiology; pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777696 TI - [Relation between natural and specific biological dynamism in post-primary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777697 TI - [Evolutive and terminal pictures of pulmonary processes of nodular type]. PMID- 14777698 TI - [Mechanicoclinical effect of physiomechanical procedures in multiple focus tubercular processes]. PMID- 14777699 TI - [Endobronchial fistulization due to hilar adenopathy during primary pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777700 TI - [Tubercular contagion among sanatorium patients]. PMID- 14777701 TI - [Pulmonary abscess and Monaldi's endocavitary aspiration]. PMID- 14777702 TI - [Vaginal smear and its practical importance]. PMID- 14777703 TI - [Hepatic abscess; clinical review of 5 cases]. PMID- 14777704 TI - [Perforated gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14777705 TI - [Endocarditis lenta complicating congenital heart disease; treatment with terramycin]. PMID- 14777706 TI - [Rheumatoid arthritis and cortisone; case report]. PMID- 14777707 TI - [Krukenberg's tumor; case report]. PMID- 14777708 TI - [Obstruction of the superior vena cava; case report]. PMID- 14777709 TI - [Clinico-pathological session; hematopericardium with secondary epicardium reaction of unknown cause]. PMID- 14777710 TI - [Case of pleural calcification]. PMID- 14777711 TI - [Case of lung wound]. PMID- 14777713 TI - [Intrapleural open pneumonolysis]. PMID- 14777712 TI - [Case of hepatic abscess]. PMID- 14777714 TI - [Importance of proteins in the diet of preschool children]. PMID- 14777715 TI - [Klinefelter's syndrome]. PMID- 14777716 TI - [Gaucher's disease; first two cases reported in the Medical Clinic]. PMID- 14777717 TI - [Contribution to the technique of median laparotomy]. PMID- 14777718 TI - [Heterotopic peritoneal echinococcosis of splenic origin]. PMID- 14777719 TI - [Hydatid cyst of the right auricle, metastatic pulmonary echinococcosis and chronic echinococcic cor pulmonale caused by parasitic obstruction of the left pulmonary artery and its branches]. PMID- 14777720 TI - [Hydatid cor pulmonale; surgical comments]. PMID- 14777721 TI - [Cancer of the head of pancreas; pathology; application to early diagnosis by the secretin test]. PMID- 14777722 TI - [Gas in small intestine; radiologic sign of pericholecystitis]. PMID- 14777723 TI - [Pulmonary decortication in chronic traumatic hemothorax]. PMID- 14777724 TI - [Operating room with total sterilization with antibiotic aerosol fog at constant level]. PMID- 14777725 TI - [Nomenclature of agglutinogens]. PMID- 14777726 TI - [Therapy complementary to artificial pneumothorax: extrapleural pneumonolysis, pulmonary faradization and streptomycin]. PMID- 14777727 TI - [Criticism of therapeutic use of vitamin E in vascular diseases]. PMID- 14777728 TI - [Secondary astragalus and its importance in industrial medicine]. PMID- 14777729 TI - [Anatomical interpretation of the left second are in heart x-ray]. PMID- 14777730 TI - [Importance of injuries in etiology of tumors in forensic medicine]. PMID- 14777731 TI - Practice makes imperfect? PMID- 14777732 TI - Studies of the flora of the mouth. VI. Variations in successive lactobacillus counts for the one individual. PMID- 14777734 TI - Two cases of interest. PMID- 14777733 TI - Pulp capping. PMID- 14777735 TI - The treatment of teeth with exposed vital pulps. PMID- 14777736 TI - Orthodontics by extraction alone. PMID- 14777737 TI - The essential morbid histology and morbid physiology of the lesion of caries. PMID- 14777738 TI - [Problem of bovine tuberculosis from the medical and economic standpoint]. PMID- 14777739 TI - [Significance and occurrence of typus bovinus infection in man]. PMID- 14777740 TI - [The human and bovine tubercle bacillus in man and animal]. PMID- 14777741 TI - [Present status of the surgical therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis at home and abroad]. PMID- 14777742 TI - [Bronchial tuberculosis and its surgical therapy]. PMID- 14777744 TI - [Pneumonectomy and thoracoplasty in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777743 TI - [Lobectomy and pneumonectomy in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777745 TI - [Methods of anesthesia in major surgery of the lungs]. PMID- 14777746 TI - [Corrective procedures in unsuccessful collapse therapy of the lung]. PMID- 14777747 TI - [Operative methods, early and late results of thoracoplasty]. PMID- 14777748 TI - [Treatment of intracavitary hematoma following pneumolysis]. PMID- 14777750 TI - [Combined antibiotic and chemotherapy of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777749 TI - [Occurrence and significance of multiple infections (streptococcosis, staphylococcosis and colibacillosis) in cases of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777751 TI - [Studies on the course of tuberculous infection]. PMID- 14777752 TI - [Banti's syndrome]. PMID- 14777753 TI - [Intestinal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777754 TI - [Observations on completing studies in gynecology]. PMID- 14777755 TI - [The angina pectoris syndrome]. PMID- 14777756 TI - [Nature and significance of tuberculin allergy in cattle]. PMID- 14777757 TI - [Contribution to our knowledge of the wattle disease of hens (chronic fowl cholera)]. PMID- 14777758 TI - [Blood-sucking arthropods as the vectors of zootic disease]. PMID- 14777759 TI - [Infectious laryngotracheobronchitis in the horse]. PMID- 14777760 TI - [Two cases of fungus poisoning in the dog]. PMID- 14777761 TI - [Congestion of food in the abomasum (chronic obstruction of the stomach) seen as a lethal factor in the gray karakul]. PMID- 14777762 TI - [Use of the golden hamster as an experimental animal]. PMID- 14777763 TI - [Control of bovine cysticercosis]. PMID- 14777764 TI - [Control of the tsetse fly in Africa]. PMID- 14777765 TI - [Analgetics for premedication in brief intravenous anesthesia]. PMID- 14777766 TI - [Prospects of epileptasid-luminal therapy of canine distemper convulsions]. PMID- 14777767 TI - [Diagnosis of atypical fowl plague, and the use of a fresh blood test]. PMID- 14777768 TI - [Contribution on the use of febrifer-vet, a pyretotherapeutic]. PMID- 14777769 TI - [Technic of Cuboni's test for pregnancy in mares]. PMID- 14777770 TI - [Stearate cod liver oil, a new ointment base; its significance and use in veterinary medicine]. PMID- 14777771 TI - [Sheep scab (Psoroptes)]. PMID- 14777772 TI - [Obstetrics in the pig]. PMID- 14777773 TI - [Problem of wild hogs]. PMID- 14777774 TI - [Osteomalacia in goats]. PMID- 14777775 TI - [Note on the history of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine at Jena]. PMID- 14777776 TI - [Oxidation of adrenalin and arterenol (adrenochrome and nor-adrenochrome)]. PMID- 14777777 TI - [Further development of the lumiflavin method for fluorometric determination of vitamin B2 in plants]. PMID- 14777778 TI - [Colorimetric method for determination of true glucose and galactose in 0.05 cc of blood]. PMID- 14777779 TI - [Microbiologic protein- and fat synthesis: method of submerged fungi culture]. PMID- 14777780 TI - [Bradykinin, kallidin and hypertension]. PMID- 14777781 TI - [On acid formation by Rhizopus varieties: comparative evaluation of various fumaric acid formations in surface culture]. PMID- 14777782 TI - [On acid formation by Rhizopus varieties: fumaric acid fermentation in submerged culture]. PMID- 14777783 TI - [On acid formation by Rhizopus varieties; observations on the effect of heavy metals and fermentation inhibitors on acid formation in submerged culture]. PMID- 14777784 TI - [Investigations of metabolic processes in cell nuclei; absence of oxidation enzymes in cell nuclei in rat liver and swine kidney]. PMID- 14777785 TI - [Simple method of extracting potassium from tissue]. PMID- 14777786 TI - [Problem of the empiric factor of 0.071 in the determination of potassium]. PMID- 14777787 TI - [pH Optimum for desoxyribonuclease in different animals]. PMID- 14777788 TI - [Utilization of vegetable and animal protein by the human digestive tract]. PMID- 14777789 TI - [Stage photometry of hemoglobin using cyanhemoglobin]. PMID- 14777790 TI - [Polarographic determination of the purity of insulin]. PMID- 14777791 TI - [Investigations on the free amino acid content of blood and urine]. PMID- 14777792 TI - [Oxidation by Acetobacter. 8. Technic of bacterial oxidation in subsurface culture]. PMID- 14777793 TI - [Oxidation by Acetobacter. 9. Formation of oxogluconic acid by Acetobacter melanogenum]. PMID- 14777794 TI - [The myo-neural zone of junction; contribution to the morphologic study of the synapse]. PMID- 14777795 TI - [Vi antigen]. PMID- 14777796 TI - Polyposis and adenocarcinoma of rectosigmoid masked by amebic colitis and a possible amebic granuloma. PMID- 14777797 TI - Report of a case of ovarian sterility treated surgically. PMID- 14777798 TI - Acute pancreatitis-diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14777799 TI - Fractures of the hip. PMID- 14777800 TI - A case of Simmonds' disease. PMID- 14777801 TI - A simple operation for the correction of cystoceles. PMID- 14777802 TI - [Development of otorhinolaryngologic services in the Presbyterian Hospital, 1939 49]. PMID- 14777803 TI - Statistical report of the obstetrical department, Presbyterian Hospital, San Juan, P. R. July 1949-June 1950 inclusive. PMID- 14777804 TI - [Some morphine derivatives and their analgesic action]. PMID- 14777805 TI - [Terramycin]. PMID- 14777806 TI - [Sterilization of sulfamide powders]. PMID- 14777807 TI - [New regulation on the discipline of the medical professions]. PMID- 14777808 TI - [Research on the treatment of experimental cutaneous tuberculous lesions in the guinea pig with massive doses of vitamin D2]. PMID- 14777809 TI - [Presence of lysozyme in bile in normal and pathologic conditions]. PMID- 14777811 TI - [Antibiosis and bacterial phases]. PMID- 14777810 TI - [Mesomucinase (hyaluronidase) and experimental tetanus intoxication]. PMID- 14777812 TI - [Mixture of tyrothricin and beta-phenoxyethyl alcohol harmless to vaccinia virus and suitable for purification of smallpox vaccine]. PMID- 14777813 TI - [Modifications of stainability induced by lysozyme in some species of bacteria]. PMID- 14777814 TI - [Relation between plasmacytes and antibody production]. PMID- 14777816 TI - [Cytochemical research on bacteria in bacteriophage lysis]. PMID- 14777815 TI - [Relation between lymphocytes, plasmacytes and antibodies]. PMID- 14777817 TI - [In memory of Erminio Carlinfanti (1911-1950)]. PMID- 14777818 TI - [Theoretic basis for pathogenesis, symptoms and therapy of diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 14777819 TI - [Determination of the blood circulation rate in children with lobelin]. PMID- 14777820 TI - [Local histochemical examination of the activity of phosphatases]. PMID- 14777821 TI - [Narcoanalysis as a theoretic and practical contribution]. PMID- 14777822 TI - [Importance of anticoagulant factors of vascular wall in the formation of arterial thrombosis]. PMID- 14777823 TI - [Immuno-biologic mechanism of rapid provocative rheumatogenic effect of sulfonamides and penicillin in acute rheumatism]. PMID- 14777824 TI - [Relaxation and rupture of the symphysis in spontaneous parturition]. PMID- 14777825 TI - [Experimental studies on intrathecal glucose effect on glycemia and its clinical evaluation]. PMID- 14777826 TI - [Endemic goiter in Zitny ostrov and vicinity in 1949]. PMID- 14777827 TI - [Health services of the Youth Front in 1949]. PMID- 14777828 TI - [Painful amputation stump]. PMID- 14777829 TI - [Surgery of the spleen]. PMID- 14777830 TI - [Hematologic indications for splenectomy]. PMID- 14777831 TI - [Irradiation of breast with ultra-red rays following labor]. PMID- 14777832 TI - [Penicillin therapy of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 14777833 TI - [Complications in electroshock therapy]. PMID- 14777835 TI - [Roentgenographic examination of the spleen]. PMID- 14777834 TI - [Chloromycetin in the therapy of salmonellosis]. PMID- 14777836 TI - The effect of digoxin on the right ventricular pressure in hypertensive and ischaemic heart failure. PMID- 14777837 TI - Cor triatriatum; concerning the nature of an anomalous septum in the left auricle. PMID- 14777838 TI - A universal vector cardiograph. PMID- 14777839 TI - Venous hums in hepatic cirrhosis. PMID- 14777840 TI - The genesis of the electrocardiogram of right ventricular hypertrophy. PMID- 14777841 TI - A fatal case of delayed hypersensitive (anaphylactic reaction to a test dose of vasiodone. PMID- 14777843 TI - Angiocardiograms after ligation of the ductus arteriosus. PMID- 14777842 TI - The effort test in angina pectoris. PMID- 14777844 TI - Valvulotomy for pulmonary valvular stenosis. PMID- 14777845 TI - Infundibular resection or dilatation for infundibular stenosis. PMID- 14777846 TI - Simplicity in anaesthesia. PMID- 14777847 TI - Delayed chloroform poisoning. PMID- 14777848 TI - Decamethonium and hexamethonium; a clinical and experimental study. PMID- 14777849 TI - Intravenous pethidine and flaxedil in anaesthesia for thoracic operations. PMID- 14777850 TI - Self-retaining lip retractor for use with the Macintosh laryngoscope. PMID- 14777851 TI - Comparative provocative tests in glaucoma. PMID- 14777852 TI - The use of sodium fluorescein in assessing the rate of healing in corneal ulcers. PMID- 14777853 TI - The electroretinogram in glaucomatous eyes. PMID- 14777854 TI - Operation for entropion of the upper eyelid in trachoma. PMID- 14777855 TI - Two cases of acetic acid burns of the cornea. PMID- 14777856 TI - Day-blindness. PMID- 14777857 TI - The treatment of congenital glaucoma. PMID- 14777858 TI - The action of acetylcholine on the rabbit auricle. PMID- 14777859 TI - Chemical constitution and sex-hormone activity: some analogues of triphenylethylene. PMID- 14777860 TI - An automatic assay apparatus. PMID- 14777861 TI - The inhibitory effect of stilboestrol on gastric secretion in cats. PMID- 14777862 TI - Specific and non-specific serum cholinesterase in cats before and after treatment with stilboestrol. PMID- 14777863 TI - The chemotherapeutic action of phenanthridine compounds. IV. Activity in vitro. PMID- 14777864 TI - The action of antimalarial drugs in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. PMID- 14777865 TI - Adrenaline and noradrenaline in the suprarenal medulla after insulin. PMID- 14777866 TI - The synthesis of methonium compounds, their isolation from urine, and their photometric determination. PMID- 14777867 TI - The formation of noradrenaline from dihydroxyphenylserine. PMID- 14777868 TI - N1-3:4-dichlorophenyl-N5-isopropyl diguanide, a derivative of proguanil highly active in avian malaria. PMID- 14777869 TI - Absorption and persistence of antrycide. PMID- 14777871 TI - Congenital anomalies of the tarsal navicular with particular reference to calcaneo-navicular coalition. PMID- 14777870 TI - The influence of cabbage extracts upon the blood sugar level. PMID- 14777873 TI - A system of dosage estimation for the tangential irradiation of the breast without bolus. PMID- 14777872 TI - Fractures of the femoral neck following pelvic irradiation; a review of ten cases. PMID- 14777874 TI - Calcino-universalis: Type lipo-calcino-granulomatosis. PMID- 14777875 TI - Ionization measurements at very high intensities. Pulsed radiation beams. PMID- 14777876 TI - The study of normal and pathological organs by means of radio-opaque plastic and stereoscopic x-ray films. PMID- 14777877 TI - Central thrombosis in an intracranial aneurysm. PMID- 14777878 TI - Right-sided diaphragmatic herniation of the stomach. PMID- 14777879 TI - Traumatic arteriovenous aneurysm. PMID- 14777880 TI - Calcification in an infant following streptomycin therapy. PMID- 14777881 TI - Anomalous carotid-basilar anastomosis. PMID- 14777882 TI - An x-ray screen-grid for measuring the fluoroscopic image. PMID- 14777883 TI - The total lung volume and its subdivisions. A study in physiological norms. III. Correlation with other anthropometric data. PMID- 14777884 TI - The care of the chronic sick. IV. A comparison of data from hospitals in the Stoke-on-Trent area with data from Western Road Infirmary, Birmingham. PMID- 14777885 TI - A study of respiratory tuberculosis in relation to housing conditions in Edinburgh. I. The pre-war period. PMID- 14777886 TI - Cardiovascular syphilis. PMID- 14777887 TI - Syphilis of the lung. PMID- 14777888 TI - Anti-chancroidal drugs tested by the hetero-inoculation of bubo fluid from the treated donor. PMID- 14777889 TI - The cardiolipin-lecithin test for syphilis. PMID- 14777891 TI - Late congenital syphilis; an analysis of 115 cases. PMID- 14777890 TI - Dual testing for the serodiagnosis of syphilis; an abbreviated complement fixation method. PMID- 14777892 TI - Freezing and desiccation of mouse tumours. PMID- 14777894 TI - Cellular transmission of mouse sarcomata with frozen-dried tumour tissues. PMID- 14777893 TI - Cultivation in vitro of frozen and desiccated mouse tumour tissues. PMID- 14777895 TI - Atelectasis and bronchiectasis in pertussis. PMID- 14777896 TI - Some aspects of colour-blindness. PMID- 14777897 TI - Influence of ascorbic acid on the healing of corneal ulcers in man. PMID- 14777898 TI - Intraperitoneal intestinal anastomosis in colectomy. PMID- 14777899 TI - Exercises in the bath. PMID- 14777900 TI - Influenzal meningitis treated with chloramphenicol. PMID- 14777901 TI - Spontaneous intraperitoneal haemorrhage due to haemangioma of liver. PMID- 14777902 TI - Addison's disease. PMID- 14777903 TI - Bronchospirometry. PMID- 14777904 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14777905 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14777906 TI - Scientific method in medical research. PMID- 14777907 TI - Laboratory and clinical experience with terramycin hydrochloride. PMID- 14777908 TI - Supranuclear bulbar palsy (pseudobulbar palsy) in mitral stenosis. PMID- 14777909 TI - Mortality in geriatric surgery. PMID- 14777910 TI - Thermal coagulability of serum proteins and the diagnosis of malignant disease. PMID- 14777911 TI - Kell-Cellano blood group system in pregnancy and transfusion. PMID- 14777912 TI - Vaginal hysterectomy for complete rupture of uterus during labour. PMID- 14777913 TI - TERRAMYCIN. PMID- 14777914 TI - Menstrual disorders and the menopause. PMID- 14777915 TI - DOCTOR'S day and pay; a pre-health-service statistical inquiry. PMID- 14777916 TI - Development of micro-. PMID- 14777917 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14777918 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14777919 TI - Observations on the incidence of subclinical ketosis in a dairy herd. PMID- 14777920 TI - Experiments on bracken poisoning. PMID- 14777921 TI - The effect of continuous ingestion by poultry of benzene hexachloride. PMID- 14777923 TI - [Hyperthyroidism of nervous origin]. PMID- 14777922 TI - Some recent advances in the general anaesthesia of the dog, Part II. PMID- 14777924 TI - [Recent advances in the treatment of cancer]. PMID- 14777925 TI - [Hyperthyroidism of nervous origin]. PMID- 14777927 TI - [Some current trends in microbiological research in Belgium]. PMID- 14777926 TI - [Nutrition and the endocrine glands]. PMID- 14777928 TI - [Georges Lane, 1891-1950]. PMID- 14777929 TI - [Connective spaces and circulation of plasma; radiologic study]. PMID- 14777930 TI - [Evolution of anesthesiology]. PMID- 14777931 TI - [Effects of the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid on the central nervous system]. PMID- 14777932 TI - [Connective spaces and circulation of plasma; radiologic study]. PMID- 14777933 TI - [Disappearance of immense epithelioma, developed from radio-dermatitis]. PMID- 14777934 TI - [Provocation of hypophysial and mammary tumors in the rat by injections of folliculin alone or associated with other hormones]. PMID- 14777935 TI - [Mixed tumor of the parotid gland of cylindromatous etiology coexisting with dermoid cyst of the homolateral mastoidal region]. PMID- 14777936 TI - [Teratoma of complex structure]. PMID- 14777937 TI - [Anatomopathologic aspects of sarcoma of the spleen]. PMID- 14777938 TI - [Military medical service in the Cuban army]. PMID- 14777940 TI - Studies of respiratory air flow. II. Observations on patients with pulmonary disease. PMID- 14777939 TI - [Mechanism and advantages of the new documentation of the 2nd section: information and statistics]. PMID- 14777941 TI - A unique case of obstruction of the inferior vena cava. PMID- 14777942 TI - A clinical classification of vestibular disorders, with differentiation of three syndromes and discussion of a common form of vertigo induced by sudden movement of the head. PMID- 14777943 TI - The differentiation between extrahepatic and intrahepatic obstruction of the portal circulation; a clinical study of the Banti syndrome. PMID- 14777944 TI - The effect of certain cinchoninic acid derivatives on the renal tubular secretion of phenol red. PMID- 14777945 TI - [Fluid equilibrium and its principal disorders during surgery]. PMID- 14777946 TI - [Treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip with apparatus leaving the hips free]. PMID- 14777947 TI - [Topographic diagnosis of lumbar disk hernias by epidural injection of lipiodol]. PMID- 14777948 TI - [Early diagnosis of cancer of the uterus]. PMID- 14777949 TI - The undesirable side-effects, withdrawal symptoms and contraindications of the use of cortisone and ACTH in rheumatic diseases. PMID- 14777950 TI - [Actual problems in surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers and their complications]. PMID- 14777951 TI - [Anemias following gastrectomy]. PMID- 14777952 TI - [Acute benign pulmonary syndromes]. PMID- 14777953 TI - [Combined PAS-streptomycin treatment of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14777955 TI - [On tissular modifications in transformation of bones]. PMID- 14777954 TI - [Lesions of normal and pathological bones due to overstrain]. PMID- 14777956 TI - [Elimination of respiratory obstructions in anesthesia]. PMID- 14777957 TI - [On operative tendencies in carcinoma of the uterine cervix]. PMID- 14777958 TI - [Significance of the nipple test in dermatology]. PMID- 14777959 TI - [Epidemiology of ascariasis and trichuriasis]. PMID- 14777960 TI - [Metabolism of acetic acid in the animal organism]. PMID- 14777961 TI - [New points of view in treatment of glaucoma]. PMID- 14777962 TI - [Cor pulmonale]. PMID- 14777963 TI - [The disease-dominating and disease-dominant spleen]. PMID- 14777964 TI - [Elective hematogenous metastasizing in malignancies]. PMID- 14777965 TI - [Emil Abderhalden]. PMID- 14777966 TI - [Eisenmenger complex; 4 anatomoclinical observations]. PMID- 14777967 TI - [Grave post-transfusional hemolytic reaction due to a dangerous universal blood donor]. PMID- 14777968 TI - [Nanism complex with hypothyroidism associated with a chromophobic adenoma of the hypophysis; surgical ablation of the adenoma]. PMID- 14777969 TI - [Grave non-pernicious neuro-anemic syndrome; spectacular recovery with vitamin B12]. PMID- 14777970 TI - [Carotid sinus enervation in chronic evolutive polyarthritis]. PMID- 14777971 TI - [Osseous lesions of neurofibromatosis]. PMID- 14777972 TI - [Eosinopenia test during pneumoencephalography; its relation to Selye's adaptation syndrome]. PMID- 14777973 TI - [Fatal hemorrhage following puncture biopsy of the liver in a case of secondary cancer of that organ]. PMID- 14777974 TI - [Zona and aureomycin]. PMID- 14777975 TI - [Diencephalic epilepsy simulating a partial masked epilepsy; diagnosis by barbituric narcosis and electroencephalography]. PMID- 14777976 TI - [Results of treatment of anuric nephritis by exchange transfusions; statistics on 95 cases]. PMID- 14777977 TI - [Modifications of normal electrocardiogram in hypopotassemia; history of the question and study of a case]. PMID- 14777978 TI - [Modifications of normal electrocardiogram in two new cases of hypopotassemia; definition of types of electrocardiograms in relation to the level of hypopotassemia]. PMID- 14777979 TI - [Phlebitis and cardiac insufficiency; unexpected influence of phlebitis of lower extremities on the evolution of a refractory cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 14777980 TI - [Suppurative cold adenitis following BCG vaccination]. PMID- 14777981 TI - [Statistics on 140 cases of typho-paratyphoid fever treated with chloromycetin]. PMID- 14777982 TI - [Application of paper partition microchromatography to the study of amino acidemia during cirrhosis; constant presence of tyrosine in the serum of cirrhotics]. PMID- 14777983 TI - [A case of very grave sprue nostras treated with vitamin B12]. PMID- 14777984 TI - [Recurring dermatitis; home investigation]. PMID- 14777985 TI - [Failure of an attempted treatment of asthma by the combined administration of ascorbic acid and desoxycorticosterone]. PMID- 14777986 TI - [Technic and results of angiopneumography in current pneumologic practice]. PMID- 14777987 TI - [Status of bronchi during tuberculous pneumonia]. PMID- 14777988 TI - [Very grave postabortal nephritis treated by peritoneal dialysis and exchange transfusion]. PMID- 14777989 TI - [Intractable edema during lipoid nephrosis successfully treated by peritoneal dialysis]. PMID- 14777990 TI - [Intractable edema during mitral asystole successfully treated by peritoneal dialysis]. PMID- 14777991 TI - [Two cases of typhoid encephalitis confirmed by electroencephalographic examinations]. PMID- 14777992 TI - [Administration of p-aminosalicylic acid in treatment of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14777993 TI - [A case of malignant exophthalmia noticeably influenced by pituitary antagonists]. PMID- 14777994 TI - [Treatment of certain hyperthyroidisms by male hormones]. PMID- 14777995 TI - The problem of drug addiction in India. PMID- 14777996 TI - Role of collapse therapy in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14777997 TI - Anemia during pregnancy in Bengal. PMID- 14777998 TI - An interesting case of fibromyoma of the uterus. PMID- 14777999 TI - Dystocia due to breech presentation. PMID- 14778000 TI - A few practical hints for treating cases of essential hypertension. PMID- 14778001 TI - On the economic use of quinine. PMID- 14778002 TI - A critical study of sulpha drugs. PMID- 14778003 TI - The common cold--fact and fancy. AB - A great deal of folklore, superstition and emotional reaction is attached to the common cold, but established objective information is quite limited. The evidence concerning etiology, epidemiology, physiology, prevention and treatment of the common cold is briefly summarized and critically evaluated. There is disappointing lack of real progress in any of these aspects of the common cold problem. PMID- 14778004 TI - Intestinal obstruction. AB - Despite improvements in knowledge of the pathologic physiology of intestinal obstruction, the introduction of gastrointestinal decompression, and more effective antibiotics, obstruction remains a serious disease with a high mortality rate. Although the diagnosis is often obscure, it can usually be made with a fair degree of accuracy by the history alone; pain is fairly constant and characteristically is of a cramping type simulated by very few other lesions. Distention is present in low lesions but absent in high lesions; on the contrary, vomiting is minimal in low lesions but prominent in high lesions. Visible peristaltic waves are almost pathognomonic of intestinal obstruction. Increased peristaltic sounds, as noted by auscultation, are extremely helpful in diagnosis; they are absent in paralytic ileus. Although intestinal obstruction is a surgical lesion, it must be remembered that in the type produced by adhesions the obstruction can be relieved by gastrointestinal decompression in 80 to 90 per cent of cases. Operation is usually indicated a short time after relief because of the probability of recurrence. In practically all other types of obstruction decompression is indicated only while the patient is being prepared for operation. Obviously any type of strangulation demands early operation. Strangulation can usually be diagnosed, particularly if it develops while the patient is under observation. Increase in pain, muscle spasm and pulse rate are important indications of development of strangulation. Dehydration and electrolytic imbalance are produced almost universally in high obstruction. Usually, it is unwise to wait until these two deficiencies are corrected before operation is undertaken, but correction must be well under way at the time of operation. Resections should be avoided in the presence of intestinal obstruction, but obviously will be necessary in strangulation. Operative technique must be expert and carried out with minimal trauma. Postoperative care is very important; important features are decompression, for two to three days, accurate fluid and electrolytic replacement, and transfusions. PMID- 14778005 TI - Virology of poliomyelitis. AB - The virus of human poliomyelitis has been demonstrated in excretions before onset of the disease, during the disease, and in convalescence. It may be confused with different viruses likely to be found in the same sources in clinical conditions resembling poliomyelitis.Immunologic differences between strains of poliomyelitis virus have been detected so that three types are now evident. The distribution of these types and their importance as causes of epidemics are not known. This multiplicity of immunologic types is an important factor in considering immunization of humans. Commercial manufacture of vaccines faces many technical problems. Recently the Coxsackie virus has been demonstrated in humans with a disease closely resembling poliomyelitis. PMID- 14778006 TI - Diagnostic problems in poliomyelitis and how they are met. AB - A brief review of salient facts pertaining to poliomyelitis is presented as an introduction to the other articles which follow, each a part of a symposium concerning this clinical entity in its various phases. PMID- 14778007 TI - Treatment of poliomyelitis with involvement of the respiratory system. AB - The mortality rate of poliomyelitis may be reduced by early measures to prevent anoxia and its subsequent complications. Constant nursing care, early tracheotomy, the giving of oxygen, proper use of the respirator and positive pressure equipment are essential in the proper management of patients with poliomyelitis who have respiratory involvement. PMID- 14778008 TI - Alterations in serum protein levels in acute human poliomyelitis: Rationale for therapy. AB - Serial determinations of serum protein levels in acute human poliomyelitis revealed a progressive drop of the serum albumin level which bore close relationship to the amount of clinical paralysis. This loss of serum albumin began about the third day after onset of clinical symptoms and progressed to the tenth day or longer. The more severe the clinical involvement, the less was the tendency to spontaneous correction of the albumin deficiency. Declining serum albumin levels were concomitant with progressively rising serum globulin values. When pooled irradiated human blood plasma was administered, the depleted serum albumin levels were stabilized or made to approach normal, depending upon the severity of clinical involvement. It is felt that the administration of blood plasma resulted in definite clinical benefit with regard to the severity, extent, and duration of paralysis. PMID- 14778010 TI - The new junior size respirator. PMID- 14778009 TI - Biochemical alterations in acute human poliomyelitis electrolyte patterns and trends. AB - Pronounced alterations occur in the biochemical findings in acute poliomyelitis. These are derived from three major mechanisms: (a) inefficient pulmonary gaseous exchange, resulting in respiratory acidosis; (b) profound changes in nitrogen metabolism, resulting in decreased serum albumin, tissue destruction, and increased urinary nitrogen; (c) losses of electrolytes through extrarenal channels such as lung and tracheal secretions, sweating, and gastrointestinal disturbances. The extent of these alterations may be defined by appropriate serum and urinary biochemical determinations. These determinations are valuable both from a therapeutic and a prognostic standpoint. They also contribute to further understanding of physiologic and pathologic conditions in acute poliomyelitis. PMID- 14778011 TI - Antihistaminic drugs in dermatology. AB - From the results of treatment of 1,770 patients with dermatologic diseases (1,458 as reported in the literature and 312 observed by the author) it is concluded that antihistaminic preparations are of great value in allergic diseases where it is hypothecated that liberated histamine is the offender, as in acute edematous types of urticaria, erythema multiforme, and some cases of allergic pruritus. The indiscriminate use of these drugs is to be avoided. Antihistaminic drugs are palliative-they do not cure. They often prolong the disease. They give temporary relief from swelling and pruritus. They develop no specific immunity and do not replace immunizing efforts. They do not replace or interfere with epinephrine or ephedrine. PMID- 14778012 TI - Asthma in children--problems in diagnosis. AB - Bronchial asthma in children may be difficult to diagnose. Education of the parents regarding allergic conditions, specifically bronchial asthma, is exceedingly important in order to assure satisfactory treatment and clinical results. Chest symptoms of unexplained origin in early life should immediately arouse suspicion of allergic disease. Other causes of asthmatic symptoms must be borne in mind and excluded before a positive diagnosis of bronchial asthma is established. Of the many factors to be considered in investigating a child with asthma, a comprehensive history is most essential. The climate to which the patient is exposed and the psychic influences must be taken into account. Physical examination, x-ray films and laboratory procedures should be carefully executed. Skin testing, especially with food allergens, should not be relied upon to give all the information in allergic disease. Some form of diet trial, such as elimination diets, should be used if sensitivity to food is suspected. PMID- 14778013 TI - Anticoagulant therapy in heart disease. A summary of the literature. AB - Considerable experience by many independent workers with the use of anticoagulants in the treatment of certain types of heart disease has shown that such therapy reduces significantly the incidence of thromboembolic complications and, largely through this effect, the morbidity and mortality rate from heart disease of these types. This is certainly established in acute coronary occlusion with myocardial infarction and in those instances of rheumatic heart disease with auricular fibrillation in which repeated embolic phenomena have occurred. The case for the administration of the anticoagulants in congestive heart failure is less secure, although there is no doubt that the number of thromboembolic complications is reduced by use of them. The administration of the anticoagulants requires considerably more exacting attention than does the administration of the majority of therapeutic agents in use commonly today. Hence, it is suggested that the use of anticoagulants in heart disease be restricted to those instances in which the indications are clear and facilities are compatible with the efficient and safe use of the drug, whether Dicumarol or heparin. PMID- 14778014 TI - Non-directive psychotherapy. AB - Psychotherapy is a word to describe an age-old process. It would be better not to speak of psychotherapy, but of psychotherapies. Specialists are not the only ones who act as psychotherapists, since every human being fills this role at one time or another. Besides this, no two persons follow an identical approach. Finally, all therapists change technique constantly. The kinds of psychotherapy must therefore approach infinity.Some physicians appear to assume that only one type of psychotherapy may claim a scientific basis. Although Freud first put psychotherapy on a scientific path, there is no reason to say that Freud must be the last in this field. Over the past few years a new trend has started in psychotherapy which deserves close study. This new trend challenges some old beliefs and gives a new tool to help patients of some types. It is called non directive or client-centered psychotherapy. This therapy does not try to solve the patient's problems for him, but rather establishes the conditions under which a patient can work out his own salvation. Each year non-directive psychotherapy grows in importance. Much can be learned from the method. PMID- 14778015 TI - Mediastinitis with aortic-esophageal fistula following swallowed fishbone. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prophylaxis. PMID- 14778016 TI - Term pregnancy following removal of right ovary and left corpus luteum cyst. PMID- 14778017 TI - Hepatitis and nephrosis due to cough syrup containing chloroform. PMID- 14778019 TI - The trustee as intermediary between hospital and community. PMID- 14778018 TI - The California physician and civil defense. PMID- 14778020 TI - ULTRA-MODERN maternity pavilion. PMID- 14778021 TI - [Progress of hospital organization]. PMID- 14778022 TI - A purchasing agent reports. PMID- 14778024 TI - Nursing education marches forward. PMID- 14778023 TI - PETERBOROUGH'S all-new civic hospital. PMID- 14778025 TI - Every hospital must stand prepared. PMID- 14778026 TI - A brief resume of personnel policies as recommended by the Canadian Nurses' Association. PMID- 14778027 TI - The kinder world of books assists in rehabilitation. PMID- 14778028 TI - Muscle development by heavy resistance exercises. PMID- 14778029 TI - Sharing laboratory services. PMID- 14778030 TI - STRATFORD, Ontario, doubles its hospital facilities. PMID- 14778031 TI - Evacuation peacetime. PMID- 14778032 TI - Selection, organization and control of the medical staff. PMID- 14778033 TI - STEPHENS Memorial Award announced by the Canadian Hospital Council. PMID- 14778034 TI - [Progress of hospital organization]. PMID- 14778035 TI - Advantages of a special diet kitchen. PMID- 14778037 TI - Ground covers and their uses. PMID- 14778036 TI - HOW did the railway strike affect hospitals across Canada? PMID- 14778038 TI - C.I.P.S. sets new date for appointment of interns. PMID- 14778039 TI - A report on the isolation of Listeria (Listerella) organisms from a canary and a chicken in the province of Alberta. PMID- 14778040 TI - The effect of aureomycin on Rickettsia prowazeki in the intestines of body lice. PMID- 14778041 TI - Enterohepatitis (blackhead) in turkeys. VI. Abnormalities, possibly caused by a stage of Histomonas meleagridis, occurring in second stage larvae of blackhead transmitting Heterakis gallinae. PMID- 14778042 TI - DR. GOLDWIN W. Howland. PMID- 14778043 TI - The occupational therapist, her role in treating the industrial patient. PMID- 14778044 TI - Work tests for the industrially injured. PMID- 14778045 TI - Occupational therapy and physiotherapy combine at the University of Toronto. PMID- 14778046 TI - Prediction in clinical psychology. PMID- 14778047 TI - A comparison of the A.C.E. psychological examination and the culture-free test. PMID- 14778048 TI - The effect of magazine page size on immediate memory for advertisements. PMID- 14778049 TI - Evaluation of the effects of prefrontal lobotomy on intelligence. PMID- 14778050 TI - The role of anxiety in individual functioning. PMID- 14778051 TI - New approaches to studies in educational leadership. PMID- 14778052 TI - Prepaid medical care under government auspices in Saskatchewan. PMID- 14778053 TI - Prepaid medical-care programs in Ontario. PMID- 14778054 TI - The Medical Officer of Health in Great Britain (II). PMID- 14778055 TI - Some aspects of the organization of public health and hospital laboratories. PMID- 14778057 TI - Two bacteriophages for Mycobacterium smegmatis. PMID- 14778056 TI - Keynotes for the future in vital and health statistics. PMID- 14778058 TI - The eosinophil response to ACTH in the manic phase of manic depressive psychosis. PMID- 14778060 TI - A medical account of the Red River flood--1950. PMID- 14778059 TI - A study of the effect of the pituitary ACTH in depressed patients. PMID- 14778062 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis. II. Studies of adrenocortical and hypophyseal function and the effects thereon of testosterone and pregnenolone therapy. PMID- 14778061 TI - Group practice and medical education. PMID- 14778063 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis. I. Clinical effects of testosterone and pregnenolone therapy. PMID- 14778064 TI - Simple procedures in infertility. PMID- 14778065 TI - Vagotomy and duodenal ulcer; an analysis of fifty cases at Westminster D.V.A. Hospital. PMID- 14778066 TI - Transient pulmonary manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14778067 TI - Malignant granuloma of the nose. PMID- 14778068 TI - Congenital tuberculosis. PMID- 14778069 TI - The central malignant chondroma of bone. PMID- 14778070 TI - Some serochemical differences between homologous serum hepatitis and infectious hepatitis. PMID- 14778071 TI - Results of the band operation on the right colon for right-sided abdominal pain. PMID- 14778072 TI - Blood sugar time curves; standards of normality. PMID- 14778073 TI - Treatment of fractures of os calcis. PMID- 14778074 TI - A series of thoracoplasties. PMID- 14778075 TI - The general practitioner and his neighborhood hospital. PMID- 14778076 TI - Torsion of the hydatid of Morgagni. PMID- 14778077 TI - Hamartoma of the lung. PMID- 14778078 TI - Traumatic pneumopericardium. PMID- 14778079 TI - Traumatic diaphragmatic herniae. PMID- 14778081 TI - Acute fulminating myasthenia gravis in children. PMID- 14778080 TI - Aureomycin and mumps. PMID- 14778082 TI - THE STATUS of the pathologist in the province of Quebec. PMID- 14778083 TI - On the patient. PMID- 14778084 TI - Royal Victoria Hospital combined staff rounds; the pathogenesis and management of acute renal failure. PMID- 14778085 TI - The early history of the word "psychosomatic". PMID- 14778086 TI - Responsibility for sponges in tonsillectomies. PMID- 14778087 TI - Some social and economic aspects of drug addiction. PMID- 14778088 TI - Some recent changes in clinical neurology. PMID- 14778089 TI - The practicing physician in the control of syphilis. PMID- 14778090 TI - The management of depressions. PMID- 14778091 TI - Metabolic disintegrations. PMID- 14778092 TI - Transurethral ureterolithotomy. PMID- 14778093 TI - What the general practitioner and the industrial physician should know regarding the problems of retirement. PMID- 14778094 TI - The influence of the perturbations of childhood life upon the occurrence of appendectomy. PMID- 14778095 TI - Pneumothorax and interstitial emphysema in asthma. PMID- 14778096 TI - Mitral occlusion due to mass thrombus of the left auricle. PMID- 14778097 TI - Peptidases in the cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 14778098 TI - Sarcoid-like eruption following vitamin D therapy for arthritis. PMID- 14778099 TI - Lupus erythematosus; the effect of cortisone on the "L. E." phenomenon in lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14778100 TI - Leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica or Weil's disease. PMID- 14778101 TI - Immobilization of Treponema pallidum in vitro by a specific antibody produced in syphilis and complement. PMID- 14778102 TI - Acute abdominal pain and shock associated with haemochromatosis. PMID- 14778103 TI - Neurofibrosarcoma of the ovary associated with neurofibromatosis. PMID- 14778104 TI - Sublingual dermoid cyst. PMID- 14778105 TI - Ruptured interstitial pregnancy. PMID- 14778106 TI - Interstitial pregnancy. PMID- 14778107 TI - Pseudohermaphroditism. PMID- 14778108 TI - Lipoma of the choroid plexus. PMID- 14778109 TI - Diplococcus mucosus (Lingelsheim) septicaemia in an infant. PMID- 14778110 TI - Poliomyelitis: a case possibly due to intracutaneous inoculation. PMID- 14778111 TI - The life and outlook of the native in South Africa. PMID- 14778112 TI - An evaluation of the Huggins iodoacetate index test in patients with malignant disease. PMID- 14778114 TI - Old times in medicine. PMID- 14778113 TI - Sternal marrow puncture in the diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis in children. PMID- 14778115 TI - Medical services in Great Britain. PMID- 14778116 TI - SARCOMAS of soft parts. PMID- 14778117 TI - X-RAY diagnosis of bone tumors. PMID- 14778119 TI - HISTORICAL map of Central Europe, A.D. 1850-A.D. 1880. PMID- 14778118 TI - NEW parts for old. PMID- 14778120 TI - MENO means minus. PMID- 14778121 TI - LONDON Conference. PMID- 14778122 TI - Nucleic acids in relation to tissue growth: a review. PMID- 14778123 TI - Isolation of fungi from transplanted, chemically induced and spontaneous tumors. I. General considerations. PMID- 14778124 TI - Inhibition of plant growth by irradiation. V. Radiation effects on initiation and completion of growth. PMID- 14778125 TI - The effect of nitrofurazone on growth of fibrosarcoma in mice. PMID- 14778126 TI - Synthesis of 2-acetylaminofluorene-9-C14 and 2-acetylaminofluorene-omega-C14. PMID- 14778127 TI - The distribution of radioactivity following the feeding of carbon 14-labeled 2 acetylaminofluorene to rats. PMID- 14778128 TI - A transplantable nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumor) and other spontaneous tumors in a colony of rats. PMID- 14778129 TI - Beryllium and growth. I. Beryllium-induced osteogenic sarcomata. PMID- 14778130 TI - Citric acid metabolism in carcinogenesis and its relationships to calcium metabolism. PMID- 14778131 TI - The uptake and distribution of radioactive phosphorus in chicken eggs containing a rapidly growing mammary tumor of a C3H mouse. PMID- 14778132 TI - Studies on the distribution of radioactive 8-azaguanine (guanazolo) in mice with Eo 771 tumors. PMID- 14778133 TI - [Ulcero-polypoid endocarditis with heart-block and hypertrophic pulmonary osteo arthropathy]. PMID- 14778134 TI - [The hypoxia-electrocardiogram effectuated by sympathicolytics]. PMID- 14778135 TI - [Modifications in the electrocardiogram effectuated by cardiac glycosides in normal subjects]. PMID- 14778136 TI - Malformations of the anus and rectum; an analysis of 74 cases. PMID- 14778137 TI - Mandibular reconstruction in lower face injuries. PMID- 14778139 TI - Cataract in Szechuan. PMID- 14778138 TI - Tuberculous oto-mastoiditis; with a report of 8 cases. PMID- 14778140 TI - Analysis of physical measurements of over 15,000 Shanghai students. PMID- 14778141 TI - In vitro antibacterial activity of some common Chinese herbs on Mycobacteria tuberculosis. PMID- 14778142 TI - Incidence of intestinal helminthiasis in the Wu-Chia-Ling area and vicinity, Changsha, Hunan; with special reference to fasciolopsiasis buski. PMID- 14778144 TI - The treatment of hypertensive disease by oxygen. PMID- 14778143 TI - Bile stained ascitic fluid in papillary cystadenoma of ovary. PMID- 14778145 TI - [Bronchial carcinoma; statistics, diagnostic errors, and differential diagnosis]. PMID- 14778146 TI - [Clinical aspect and differential diagnosis of gastric diverticulum]. PMID- 14778147 TI - [Pathogenesis and therapy of the crush syndrome]. PMID- 14778148 TI - [Use of modern chemotherapeutics and antibiotics in operative urology]. PMID- 14778149 TI - [Follow-up studies of nailing of the femoral neck]. PMID- 14778150 TI - [Tuberculosis of the male genitals]. PMID- 14778151 TI - [Delayed hemorrhage as a complication in appendicitis]. PMID- 14778152 TI - [Observations on the prophylaxis of thromboembolism with exercise, massage and early ambulation]. PMID- 14778153 TI - [Gastroenterostomy in Billroth's gastrectomy II]. PMID- 14778154 TI - [Condylotomy or synovectomy in phlegmonous synovitis of the knee joint]. PMID- 14778155 TI - [Plastic closure of cranial defects, with special reference to the use of paladon]. PMID- 14778156 TI - [Surgical therapy of tuberculosis of the cervical lymph nodes]. PMID- 14778157 TI - [Unusual case of echinococcosis of the liver]. PMID- 14778158 TI - [Lymphatic cysts of the adrenals]. PMID- 14778159 TI - [Peridural and cerebrospinal pressure during extradural spinal anesthesia, and its significance for narcosis]. PMID- 14778160 TI - [Recent clinical problems in stomach surgery]. PMID- 14778161 TI - [Experience in gastric surgery at the First Surgical Clinic in Vienna; postoperative hemorrhage following gastrectomy]. PMID- 14778162 TI - [Traumatic etiology of affections of the intervertebral disks]. PMID- 14778163 TI - [Cardiadilator; an automatic dilator for use in abdominal surgery]. PMID- 14778164 TI - [Technic of wire extension]. PMID- 14778165 TI - [Congenital cysts of the lungs]. PMID- 14778166 TI - [Preparation and use of preserved blood in the surgical clinic of the University of Gottingen]. PMID- 14778167 TI - [Management of a preserved-blood bank]. PMID- 14778168 TI - [Simultaneous serum and toxoid therapy of tetanus]. PMID- 14778169 TI - [Technic of intubation anesthesia with curare in England]. PMID- 14778171 TI - [Preliminary treatment of hemothorax and open pneumothorax; observations on an article of like title by L. Rathcke]. PMID- 14778170 TI - [Secondary tuberculous infection in pleural empyema]. PMID- 14778172 TI - [Pneumococcic peritonitis and modifications of the therapeutic approach]. PMID- 14778173 TI - [Complications following ligation of the internal carotid; their origin and prevention]. PMID- 14778174 TI - [Results in Sarafoff's operation for prolapse of the rectum]. PMID- 14778175 TI - [Experiences with the cork method in Whitehead's operation]. PMID- 14778176 TI - [Technic of duodenal drainage]. PMID- 14778177 TI - [Treatment of painful arthrosis deformans of the hip joint by denervation of the joint capsule]. PMID- 14778178 TI - [Echinococcosis of the abdominal cavity with severe renal lesions]. PMID- 14778179 TI - [Nonspecific terminal ileitis as a cause of intermittent ileus]. PMID- 14778180 TI - [Epiphyseal injury following radium therapy of hemangioma]. PMID- 14778182 TI - The president's address. PMID- 14778181 TI - [Benign tumors of the duodenum; case reports]. PMID- 14778183 TI - OHIO'S new commitment law. PMID- 14778184 TI - Allergy to drugs. PMID- 14778185 TI - Skin grafts in mastoid cavities. PMID- 14778186 TI - The use of British anti-lewisite (BAL) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy; clinical study; preliminary report. PMID- 14778187 TI - Changing trends in surgery of the colon. PMID- 14778188 TI - Artificial kidney; treatment of acute and chronic uremia. PMID- 14778189 TI - Chronic urticaria and angioneurotic edema; statistical analysis of 159 cases. PMID- 14778190 TI - The use of banthine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer; a preliminary report. PMID- 14778191 TI - Carcinoma of the cervix; trends in treatment. PMID- 14778192 TI - [Clinical study of the peptic ulcer syndrome sine ulcus]. PMID- 14778193 TI - [Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of congenital equinovarus]. PMID- 14778194 TI - [Anesthesia in ascending pyelography]. PMID- 14778195 TI - [Study of hygienic conditions in the metallurgic industry]. PMID- 14778196 TI - [Case of grave hematuria caused by dicumarol]. PMID- 14778197 TI - [Disorders of glucose regulation in relation to the reproductive processes in women]. PMID- 14778198 TI - [So called psychological motion pictures]. PMID- 14778199 TI - [Pathology of neomalthusianism]. PMID- 14778200 TI - [Bipolar abdominal syndromes]. PMID- 14778201 TI - [Present state of the doctrine of embryonic nutrition]. PMID- 14778202 TI - [Palomar de la Torre, distinguished ophthalmologist and president of the Real Academia de Medicina, has died]. PMID- 14778203 TI - [The first Conde de Arruga]. PMID- 14778204 TI - [Concept and tests for hepatic insufficiency]. PMID- 14778205 TI - [Evolution of pulmonary tuberculosis in the aged]. PMID- 14778206 TI - [Dental caries and gestation]. PMID- 14778207 TI - [New case of supramalleolar hypertensive ulcer in man]. PMID- 14778208 TI - [Congenital absence of ulna]. PMID- 14778209 TI - [Modifications and progress in Rorschach's psychodiagnostic test]. PMID- 14778210 TI - [Surgical treatment of suppurative pleurisy]. PMID- 14778211 TI - [Diverticula of the large intestine; clinical observations]. PMID- 14778212 TI - [Case of aneurysm of the common iliac artery]. PMID- 14778213 TI - [Problems of prostatic tumors]. PMID- 14778214 TI - [Hodgkin's disease in infants and children; diagnosis]. PMID- 14778215 TI - [Geographic pathology]. PMID- 14778216 TI - [Certain antibiotics recently investigated at Oxford]. PMID- 14778217 TI - [New procedure for surgical treatment of laryngeal cancer]. PMID- 14778218 TI - [Application of Cherney's incision in a new technic of cesarean section]. PMID- 14778219 TI - [Modern approach orientations in therapy of laryngeal cancer]. PMID- 14778220 TI - [Clinical and therapeutic differentiation between vesicular and bile duct lithiasis]. PMID- 14778221 TI - [In memory of Cesar Chicote Riego]. PMID- 14778222 TI - [Proverbs in obstetrics]. PMID- 14778224 TI - [Gynecology in the aged]. PMID- 14778223 TI - [Talc granulomas in joint cavities; experimental investigations]. PMID- 14778225 TI - [Psychogenic beginning of a degenerative disease]. PMID- 14778226 TI - [Necessity and importance of proteins in human nutrition]. PMID- 14778227 TI - [Impressions of orthopedic surgery in Great Britain; notes on a study trip]. PMID- 14778228 TI - [Eczema and menstrual cycle]. PMID- 14778229 TI - [Causes of error in diagnostic tests for allergy]. PMID- 14778230 TI - [Neuro-dystrophic ulcers, little known and of interest to the neurologist]. PMID- 14778231 TI - [Modern orientations in the therapy of laryngeal cancer]. PMID- 14778232 TI - [Clinical considerations on scarlet fever]. PMID- 14778233 TI - [New methods of examination in diagnosis of congenital heart disease]. PMID- 14778234 TI - [Rectal absorption of calcium in infants]. PMID- 14778235 TI - [Influence of administration of p-aminobenzoic acid during salicylic treatment in children. II. Effect of administration of p-aminobenzoic acid on variations of Quick time induced by salicylic radicals]. PMID- 14778236 TI - [Feeding of premature infants]. PMID- 14778237 TI - [Niemann-Pick disease; endocrine picture and interference with fibrosclerotic splenohepatic pathology]. PMID- 14778238 TI - [Neurologic complications of measles]. PMID- 14778239 TI - [Evaluation of reducing power of cerebrospinal fluid according to Mestrezat method]. PMID- 14778240 TI - Duplication of the alimentary tract. PMID- 14778241 TI - Methyl salicylate poisoning. PMID- 14778242 TI - Clinico-pathological conference; bilateral renal infarction. Thrombosis of renal veins and inferior vena cava. PMID- 14778243 TI - [Trial treatment of genital prolapse by sclerosing method]. PMID- 14778244 TI - [New technic for staining vaginal smears]. PMID- 14778245 TI - [Method of differential staining for vaginal smears]. PMID- 14778246 TI - [Follicular hormone and its intrauterine applications]. PMID- 14778247 TI - [Results of utilization of local infiltrations of penicillin in gynecology]. PMID- 14778248 TI - [Non-gestational intraperitoneal ovarian hemorrhages]. PMID- 14778249 TI - [Diverticular image of the endocervical canal]. PMID- 14778251 TI - [Necessity for breakdown of the arterial hypertension syndrome]. PMID- 14778250 TI - [Some aspects of fertility]. PMID- 14778252 TI - [Demons-Meigs' syndrome with ovarian and sigmoid tumor]. PMID- 14778253 TI - [Status of whooping cough vaccine]. PMID- 14778254 TI - [The medical secret and its evolution]. PMID- 14778255 TI - [Medical education in Great Britain]. PMID- 14778256 TI - [Chronicle of the general practitioner; indignation and its effects in defense of the profession]. PMID- 14778257 TI - [Superman]. PMID- 14778258 TI - [Clinical forms of cancer of the lung]. PMID- 14778259 TI - [Clinical study of a new synthetic antihistamine: thephorin]. PMID- 14778260 TI - [The medical secret and control medicine]. PMID- 14778261 TI - [Criteria of growth]. PMID- 14778263 TI - [Medical education in Great Britain. II]. PMID- 14778262 TI - [Homage to my friend, Dr. G. Lavalee]. PMID- 14778264 TI - [Exocrine pancreatic function in cancer of the head of the pancreas]. PMID- 14778265 TI - [Synergism; penicillin-streptomycin in treatment of rheumatic fever]. PMID- 14778266 TI - [Corneal sequelae of trachoma]. PMID- 14778267 TI - [Several recent directives in experimental cancerologic research]. PMID- 14778268 TI - [Delayed absorption with auto or maternal blood]. PMID- 14778269 TI - [Industrial physicians, management boards and ethics]. PMID- 14778270 TI - [Full-time hospital resident physician]. PMID- 14778271 TI - [Tocsin of the iron mine physician]. PMID- 14778272 TI - [Question of hospital nurseries in Paris area]. PMID- 14778274 TI - American medicine looks ahead. PMID- 14778273 TI - [Group medicine in America]. PMID- 14778275 TI - Rheumatic heart disease in the aged; (an analysis of 101 cases). PMID- 14778276 TI - Recent advances in cardiac surgery. PMID- 14778277 TI - Indications for bronchoscopy. PMID- 14778278 TI - Development of occupational health committees in county associations. PMID- 14778279 TI - Anemia of pregnancy. PMID- 14778280 TI - Colchester's most distinguished physician. PMID- 14778281 TI - Brachial plexus block anesthesia. PMID- 14778282 TI - Agents and techniques employed in pediatric anesthesia. PMID- 14778283 TI - Studies on procainesterase. PMID- 14778284 TI - Studies on radioactive pentobarbital. PMID- 14778285 TI - The use of metubine iodide in anesthesiology. PMID- 14778286 TI - Anesthesia in hospital oral surgery. PMID- 14778287 TI - Obstetric amnesia and analgesia. PMID- 14778288 TI - Selective blocking of lumbar sympathetic nerves by dilute solutions of anesthetics injected into the epidural space. PMID- 14778289 TI - N-propyl methyl ether (metopryl) as an induction agent in children. PMID- 14778290 TI - On a large sample method of estimating unemployment in large cities. PMID- 14778292 TI - Practical numbers. PMID- 14778291 TI - A papyrographic study of the nonprotein nitrogen of mangoes (Mangifera indica Linn.). PMID- 14778293 TI - Velocity distribution law and the diameter of the particles of a gas. PMID- 14778294 TI - Elliptic polarization of light scattered by perspex glass. PMID- 14778295 TI - Formation of complex compounds between lead nitrate and alkali nitrates. PMID- 14778296 TI - Ultrasonic velocity in organic solutions. PMID- 14778297 TI - Fluorescence of crystalline magnesium oxide. PMID- 14778298 TI - Effect of urea, uric acid, barbituric acid and alloxan on the biosynthesis of riboflavin in animals. PMID- 14778299 TI - Increased yields of ragi through zinc salt fertilization. PMID- 14778300 TI - Dehydration of castor oil by substituted sulphonic acids as catalysts. PMID- 14778301 TI - Estimation of peroxides in ghee by the ferric thiocyanate method. PMID- 14778302 TI - Methionine and cystine contents of the common pigeon egg. PMID- 14778303 TI - Pyrophosphato complex of lead in solution. PMID- 14778304 TI - Antimalarial activity of aureomycin in blood induced infection in chicks. PMID- 14778305 TI - Tip pulp of the mango fruit. PMID- 14778307 TI - Tuberculina sp. parasitic on Puccinia butleri. PMID- 14778306 TI - The association of size and colour in gram (Cicer arietinum L.). PMID- 14778308 TI - Effect of beta-indol-3-acetic acid, phenoxy acetic acid and beta-naphthoxy acetic acid on growth of Alternaria tenuis. PMID- 14778309 TI - A new virus disease of Dolichos lablab. PMID- 14778310 TI - Parthenogenetic development of the egg in Spiranthes australis Lindl. PMID- 14778311 TI - The occurrence of a velamen and mycorrhiza in the subterranean roots of the orchid Spiranthes australis Lindl. PMID- 14778312 TI - On pyrilla infestation and varietal resistance in sugarcane. PMID- 14778313 TI - An autotetraploid in the pearl millet. PMID- 14778314 TI - Some reactions induced by 2,3,5 tri-iodobenzoic acid on chillies-Capsicum annuum L. PMID- 14778315 TI - A preliminary note on the karyotype of Launaea nudicaulis Less. PMID- 14778316 TI - Doubling of chromosomes in the root tips of Musa. PMID- 14778317 TI - [Surface active substances and their use]. PMID- 14778318 TI - [Investigations on the iodometric titration of penicillin]. PMID- 14778319 TI - [Intensifying the effect of chorionic gonadotropins with colloids]. PMID- 14778320 TI - Comments on the management of hypertension. PMID- 14778321 TI - The management of potassium disturbances in a general hospital. PMID- 14778322 TI - Cystosarcoma phyllodes. Report of case showing regional recurrence and distant metastasis. PMID- 14778323 TI - The relation of follicular lymphoblastoma, lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's (reticulum cell) sarcoma. A case report. PMID- 14778324 TI - Bowen's disease of the skin. Associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, with metastasis to the axillary lymph nodes. A case report. PMID- 14778325 TI - Creatine excretion in acute poliomyelitis. Preliminary report. PMID- 14778326 TI - Denture bases. PMID- 14778327 TI - The anterior superior alveolar nerve and its control with local anesthetics. PMID- 14778328 TI - Removal of maxillary third molar from the cheek. PMID- 14778329 TI - Mechanics of simplified non-traumatic exodontia; principles-technic-application. PMID- 14778331 TI - Hypnodontics or hypnosis in dentistry. PMID- 14778330 TI - Success with the second division injection. PMID- 14778332 TI - Penicillin in periapical affections. PMID- 14778333 TI - Tumors of the mouth and jaws. PMID- 14778334 TI - The world is what we make it; (a reminder to men of moral aspiration). PMID- 14778335 TI - Orthodontia for the general practitioner of dentistry. PMID- 14778336 TI - The place of the general practitioner in present-day orthodontic therapy. PMID- 14778337 TI - Black tongue. Case report. PMID- 14778338 TI - Dentistry in Malaya. PMID- 14778339 TI - DENTAL materials. PMID- 14778340 TI - Hereditary ectodermal dysplasia in a sister and brother. PMID- 14778341 TI - The relation between the effect of topical irritants and the ointment bases in which they are applied to the skin. PMID- 14778342 TI - Miescher's granulomas in erythema nodosum. PMID- 14778343 TI - Granulomatosis disciformis chronica et progressiva (Miescher); a form of tuberculosis? PMID- 14778344 TI - [Total familial hereditary hypotrichosis in four generations]. PMID- 14778345 TI - Erythema nodosum; the provocation phenomenon; with special reference to lymphogranuloma venereum (Nicolas-Favre). PMID- 14778346 TI - [Tuberculosis]. PMID- 14778347 TI - [The clinical triad fever, sedimentation reaction and left shift in the evaluation of chemotherapeutic results]. PMID- 14778348 TI - [Prognostic classification of tuberculous infections]. PMID- 14778350 TI - [Roentgen irradiation of tuberculous caverns persisting after thoracoplasty]. PMID- 14778349 TI - [General anatomopathologic and pathogenetic observations on problems of tuberculosis (chemotherapy, lobectomy, pneumonectomy, tuberculosis of the lymphatic glands (Ph. Schwartz)]. PMID- 14778351 TI - [Prophylaxis and therapy of poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14778352 TI - [On the mode of action of the thiosemicarbazones]. PMID- 14778353 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies of conteben]. PMID- 14778354 TI - [Combined PAS-TB 1 therapy of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14778355 TI - [Occurrence of fetal erythroblastosis in the A1-, but not the A2-children of parents with A1-O incompatibility]. PMID- 14778356 TI - [Heterosexual hormone therapy of senile pruritus]. PMID- 14778357 TI - [Therapy of maxillary osteomyelitis]. PMID- 14778358 TI - [General and local penicillin therapy of cervicofacial actinomycosis]. PMID- 14778359 TI - [Combined local administration of penicillin and sulfonamides in maxillofacial surgery]. PMID- 14778360 TI - [Modern construction of the free-end prosthesis in social practice]. PMID- 14778361 TI - [Critical observations on the article by G. Gerke and K. Gerlich: Critical observations on the use of acrylic resins in construction of prostheses and pontics, and a comparison with caoutchouc]. PMID- 14778362 TI - [Technical aids in maxillary orthopedics]. PMID- 14778363 TI - [Electro-physical basis of electrolytic gold-plating with special reference to amperemetry]. PMID- 14778364 TI - [The Walser matrix; addendum to an article of like title by E. Frohlich]. PMID- 14778365 TI - [Alfred Gysi on his 85th birthday]. PMID- 14778366 TI - [Benjamin Brouwer]. PMID- 14778367 TI - [Tuberculous meningitis and streptomycin]. PMID- 14778368 TI - [Primary reticuloendotheliosis of the brain, with special reference to a peculiar, hitherto unknown granulomatous process in the brain]. PMID- 14778369 TI - [Measurement of the effect of analgesics in animal experiments. II. Examination of a new class of compounds which inhibit conduction in the nerve trunk, using a method of in-situ infiltration of the nerves in warm-blooded animals]. PMID- 14778370 TI - [Effect of cardiazol, coramine and pyramidon on the electroencephalogram and electromyelogram in cats and rabbits]. PMID- 14778371 TI - [Unusual symptoms in a case of arachnoiditis of the optic chiasm; with a contribution to the problem of Oppenheim's pseudotabes pituitaria and the role of the brain stem in exogenous reaction]. PMID- 14778372 TI - Extrapleural pneumonolysis with lucite ball plombage. PMID- 14778373 TI - The effect of streptomycin on the lesions of tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 14778374 TI - Streptomycin and the thoracoplasty patient. PMID- 14778375 TI - Pneumonectomy in a case of Loeffler's syndrome. PMID- 14778376 TI - Pleural effusions and intrapleural pressures of the re-expansion period in pneumothorax. PMID- 14778377 TI - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; its occurrence in identical twin sisters. PMID- 14778378 TI - Pulmonary hemorrhage: its control by the use of intravenous pituitrin. PMID- 14778379 TI - The efficiency of different laboratory examinations in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14778380 TI - Chest injuries in civilian practice. PMID- 14778381 TI - The procedures which makes possible the adjustment to the cure of the patient with pulmonary tuberculosis and the technique for carrying out these procedures. PMID- 14778382 TI - Control of vestibular toxic effects of streptomycin by dramamine. PMID- 14778384 TI - Clinical trials of ACTH; preliminary report. PMID- 14778383 TI - The physiological and clinical effects of cortisone and the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). PMID- 14778385 TI - The surgery of the inferior oblique muscle; clinical physiology and operative indications. PMID- 14778386 TI - A physiological study of refractive errors. PMID- 14778387 TI - Hearing re-education its applicability. PMID- 14778388 TI - A new method for making allergy tests. PMID- 14778389 TI - Bilateral occlusion of central retinal artery, complicated by bilateral secondary glaucoma. PMID- 14778391 TI - [New method of labor management in breech presentation]. PMID- 14778390 TI - [Pavlov's theory as a basis for the development of contemporary medicine]. PMID- 14778392 TI - [Modifications of oral and lingual mucosa in certain children's diseases]. PMID- 14778393 TI - [Early diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria]. PMID- 14778394 TI - [Grape therapy]. PMID- 14778395 TI - [Regimen of the sick]. PMID- 14778396 TI - [Method and technique of exercise and massage for infants]. PMID- 14778397 TI - [Dmitrii Leonidovich Romanovskii]. PMID- 14778398 TI - [Contraceptive measures for women in contraindication of pregnancy]. PMID- 14778399 TI - [Role and behavior of attending personnel following birth of infants with defects of upper lip or palate]. PMID- 14778400 TI - [Use of kefir in combined and artificial feeding of infants]. PMID- 14778401 TI - [Pedagogic experience in Moscow children's hospital of the name of Rusakov]. PMID- 14778402 TI - [Herba verbasci]. PMID- 14778403 TI - Thirty years of progress in treating infertility. PMID- 14778404 TI - Genetic aspects of sterility. PMID- 14778405 TI - Improvement in spermatogenesis following depression of human testis with testosterone. PMID- 14778406 TI - Effect of incubation on sugar concentration of cervical mucus. PMID- 14778407 TI - A pH study of human cervical secretions. PMID- 14778408 TI - Experimental recanalization of the fallopian tubes in the Macacus rhesus monkey. PMID- 14778409 TI - Vasodilatation of the rat testis in response to human chorionic gonadotropin. PMID- 14778410 TI - Ability to recover from surgical abortion and the relative gonadotropic potency of pituitary glands from ewes of high and low fertility. PMID- 14778411 TI - The rubber cup biopsy: a method for the collection of desquamated endometrium. PMID- 14778412 TI - Salpingostomy using allantoic membrane; case report of re-operative findings. PMID- 14778414 TI - On the so-called intercarotid plexus; a macroscopical study on 56 Japanese cadavers. PMID- 14778413 TI - Male sterility and the antirheumatoid hormones. PMID- 14778415 TI - Genealogical and clinical study on the relation between schizophrenia and genuine epilepsy. PMID- 14778416 TI - A contribution to the comparative anatomy of the amygdaloid nuclei in mammals, especially in rodents. I. Rat and mouse. PMID- 14778417 TI - The autonomic nerve and the brain wave. III. The effect of pilocarpine upon the electrical brain activity. PMID- 14778418 TI - The autonomic nerve and the brain wave. IV. The effect of atropine upon the electrical brain activity. PMID- 14778419 TI - Experimental studies on complement fixation reaction of Japanese B encephalitis virus, niigata strain. PMID- 14778420 TI - Prof. Naoki Sugita, 1887-1949. PMID- 14778421 TI - A practical method for controlling atmospheres for use in food research. PMID- 14778422 TI - Microbiological oxidation of ethanol in volatile fruit concentrates. PMID- 14778423 TI - Composition of food plants of Central America. V. Nicaragua. PMID- 14778424 TI - Factors influencing quality of tomato paste. I. Chemical composition of California commercial tomato paste. PMID- 14778425 TI - Reduced ascorbic acid content of foods served in institutional quantities. PMID- 14778426 TI - Composition of food plants of Central America. VI. Costa Rica. PMID- 14778427 TI - Relation of concentration of canned tomato products to storage losses of ascorbic acid. PMID- 14778428 TI - Leuconostoc mesenteroides as the cause of ropiness in canned peaches. PMID- 14778429 TI - [Neoplasms of the male breast]. PMID- 14778430 TI - [Endovenous iron and oxidoreductive potential of skin]. PMID- 14778431 TI - [Liability to injury of the collapsed lung in closed trauma of the thorax]. PMID- 14778432 TI - [Pathogenesis of placental hypertrophy]. PMID- 14778434 TI - [Existence of true cystic lung of lymphangiectatic origin]. PMID- 14778433 TI - [Results of radiotherapy of epithelioma of external ear]. PMID- 14778435 TI - [Casuistic contribution to the study of congenital anomalies of the bovine eye]. PMID- 14778436 TI - [Hematic glutathione in intravenous iron therapy]. PMID- 14778437 TI - [Third gonad; considerations; first results of a personal contribution to the study of 17-ketosteroid elimination in women]. PMID- 14778438 TI - [Giuseppe Cantele, 1903-1950]. PMID- 14778439 TI - [Therapeutic effects of nitrogen mustards (chloramine Simes)]. PMID- 14778440 TI - [Contribution to the study of the postpartum; behavior or serum chlorides]. PMID- 14778441 TI - [Some cases of typhoid treated with chloromycetin]. PMID- 14778442 TI - [Clinical considerations on a case of Banti's disease with Werlhof type thrombopenia]. PMID- 14778443 TI - [Two cases of hemorrhagic encephalitis in tuberculous patients]. PMID- 14778444 TI - [Differential diagnosis between fibroma of the broad ligament and uterine fibroma of parametrial development]. PMID- 14778445 TI - [Synthetic antihistamines in the therapy of acute pulmonary edema in man]. PMID- 14778446 TI - [Modern therapy of shock from burns with physiologic solution per os]. PMID- 14778448 TI - [Brucellotic spondylitis]. PMID- 14778447 TI - [Value of individual constitution in therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis with antibiotics]. PMID- 14778449 TI - [Asphyxial accidents of anesthesia and their effects on the nervous system]. PMID- 14778450 TI - [Actual value of biological reactions for diagnosis of pregnancy; the Mexican toad (Bufo valliceps Wiegmann) as reactive animal]. PMID- 14778451 TI - [Total gastrectomy]. PMID- 14778452 TI - [Transthoracic surgery of the cardia]. PMID- 14778453 TI - [Allergy in pediatrics]. PMID- 14778454 TI - [Colibacillary meningitis treated and cured with streptomycin]. PMID- 14778455 TI - [Physiologic aspects of fenestration]. PMID- 14778456 TI - [Psychopathology in gynecology]. PMID- 14778458 TI - SYMPOSIUM on pancreatic disease. PMID- 14778457 TI - [Doctor Rafael Lavista]. PMID- 14778459 TI - The use of urecholine as a stimulant of the external secretion of the pancreas. PMID- 14778460 TI - Study of pancreatic serum enzymes following secretin injection in pancreatic affections. PMID- 14778462 TI - Localization of referred pancreatic pain induced by electric stimulation. PMID- 14778461 TI - Pancreatic duct filling during cholangiography; its effect upon serum amylase levels. PMID- 14778463 TI - Discussion of symposium on pancreatic disease. PMID- 14778464 TI - SYMPOSIUM on gastroscopy. PMID- 14778465 TI - Biopsy through the flexible operating gastroscope. PMID- 14778466 TI - Error in gastroscopic diagnosis; a consideration of sources. PMID- 14778467 TI - Atrophic gastritis; a follow-up study of 100 patients. PMID- 14778468 TI - Discussion of symposium on gastroscopy. PMID- 14778470 TI - Comparative buffering capacity of intact and predigested protein following hourly feedings. PMID- 14778469 TI - Protein studies in peptic ulcer. PMID- 14778471 TI - Discussion of papers by Drs. Rafsky and Levy. PMID- 14778472 TI - The use of cation exchange indicator compounds to determine gastric acidity without intubation. PMID- 14778473 TI - The relationship of lysozyme to other components of gastric secretion in peptic ulcer. PMID- 14778474 TI - Biliary cirrhosis; an evaluation of various liver tests. PMID- 14778475 TI - The site of formation of urobilinogen in the intact human gastro-intestinal tract. PMID- 14778476 TI - Problems in diseases of the small bowel; clinical picture of unusual cases of diseases of the small bowel. PMID- 14778477 TI - Factors influencing mortality rate of perforated peptic ulcer. PMID- 14778479 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus; with report of 2 cases. PMID- 14778478 TI - Visualization of ileocecal papilla in a living subject. PMID- 14778480 TI - The effect of human serum albumin and mercurial diuretics on ascites in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. PMID- 14778481 TI - Cardiospasm; a review of 100 cases. PMID- 14778482 TI - The excretion and concentration of aureomycin in the abnormal human biliary tract. PMID- 14778483 TI - The excretion and concentration of aureomycin in the abnormal human biliary tract. PMID- 14778484 TI - Biliary and small intestinal spasm due to synthetic analgesics methadone and methyldihydromorphinone (metopon). PMID- 14778485 TI - The relation of pancreatic secretion to peptic ulcer formation. III. The influence of the hyperglycemic-glycogenolytic factor. PMID- 14778487 TI - Fatal ascariasis. PMID- 14778486 TI - Gastric ulceration following vagotomy; report of 3 cases. PMID- 14778488 TI - Acute tuberculous cholecystitis. PMID- 14778489 TI - B. P. BABKIN 1877-1950. PMID- 14778490 TI - [Santiago Ramon y Cajal]. PMID- 14778491 TI - [Spanish medicine and Portuguese medicine]. PMID- 14778492 TI - [Exophthalmos due to thiouracil]. PMID- 14778493 TI - [Mechanism and treatment of dehydration in abdominal surgery]. PMID- 14778494 TI - [Treatment of baldness with thiouracil and analogous compounds]. PMID- 14778495 TI - [Non-leukemic periods in acute leukosis in children]. PMID- 14778496 TI - [Bronchial tuberculosis in relation to the initial pulmonary forms of reinfection and reactivation]. PMID- 14778497 TI - [Orthopedic surgery in diseases of the spinal cord]. PMID- 14778498 TI - [Arthroplasty of the hip with vitallium]. PMID- 14778499 TI - [Transvaginal ureterolithectomy]. PMID- 14778500 TI - [Peculiarities of urology in the aged]. PMID- 14778501 TI - [Simple serous cysts of the kidney]. PMID- 14778502 TI - [Treatment of carcinoma of the vulva]. PMID- 14778503 TI - [Automatic inhaler for mixed nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia controlled by the patient in alleviation of labor pains]. PMID- 14778504 TI - [Biologic effect of solar processes (as evidenced by the onset of labor)]. PMID- 14778505 TI - [Is the medicinal induction of labor in prolonged pregnancy without danger?]. PMID- 14778506 TI - [Simple and effective method of staining vaginal and cervical smears for cytologic diagnosis of cancer]. PMID- 14778507 TI - [Interrelationship between the pituitary and thyroid]. PMID- 14778509 TI - Personality patterns of suicidal mental hospital patients. PMID- 14778508 TI - [Treatment of postpartum hemorrhage with the large curet]. PMID- 14778510 TI - Sex-role identification in young children in two diverse social groups. PMID- 14778511 TI - [Protection of foster children]. PMID- 14778512 TI - [Criminal law and training]. PMID- 14778513 TI - [Education for communal life]. PMID- 14778514 TI - [Significance of mental hygiene in the school medical service]. PMID- 14778515 TI - [Chorionepithelioma, certain histologic and histochemical aspects]. PMID- 14778516 TI - [Considerations on medical induction of labor]. PMID- 14778517 TI - [Pelvic asymmetry]. PMID- 14778518 TI - [Abdominal surgery, pregnancy and labor]. PMID- 14778519 TI - [Extraperitoneal cesarean section]. PMID- 14778521 TI - [Urgent and normal cesarean section in Mexico City; analytic studies on 47,116 cases]. PMID- 14778520 TI - [Report on 119 cesarean sections executed by physicians of the Social Security of Monterrey, 1946-49]. PMID- 14778522 TI - Female genital tuberculosis: a critical review of the literature during the ten year period from 1940 to 1950. PMID- 14778523 TI - Islet-cell tumours of the pancreas: with report of 3 cases. PMID- 14778524 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and epidemiological notes. PMID- 14778525 TI - Richard Bright--A bio-bibliography. PMID- 14778526 TI - Clinical pertussis treated with methyl atropine nitrate (eumydrin). PMID- 14778527 TI - Recent advances in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. PMID- 14778528 TI - Richard Bright--A bio-bibliography. PMID- 14778529 TI - Recent advances in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. PMID- 14778530 TI - [Early diagnosis of portio carcinoma at the Gynecological Clinic of the University of Zurich 1945-8]. PMID- 14778531 TI - [Efficacy of Wintz's single roentgen irradiation in the control of carcinoma of the female genitalia]. PMID- 14778532 TI - Carcinoma of the mesonephric duct in adults and children. PMID- 14778533 TI - [Experience with tocometry in 1500 births]. PMID- 14778534 TI - Pregnancy tests on male batrachia native to Israel and their use in normal and disturbed pregnancy. PMID- 14778535 TI - [Pathogenesis of anemia in myomas]. PMID- 14778536 TI - [New method for determination of the maximum duration of labor and of the moment for surgical intervention; observations on tokergometry]. PMID- 14778537 TI - [Statistical data on the results of bacteriologic examination of vaginal smears of adult women]. PMID- 14778538 TI - [Living child in intrauterine hemorrhage due to rupture of the umbilical cord]. PMID- 14778539 TI - A clinical study of 100 cases of unengaged head at the onset of labour. PMID- 14778540 TI - The course of measles in a repatriation camp (in Hebrew; English summary). PMID- 14778541 TI - A case of febrile neutropenia with eosinophilia. PMID- 14778542 TI - Treatment of angina pectoris by novocaine and strophantine. PMID- 14778543 TI - On the relation between erythroblastosis foetalis and congenital obstruction of the bile ways (in Hebrew; English summary). PMID- 14778544 TI - Heart complications in infectious mononucleosis (in Hebrew; English summary). PMID- 14778545 TI - [Author's experience in teaching rhythmics to difficult children]. PMID- 14778546 TI - [Considerations on the rhythmic system of Jaques-Dalcroze]. PMID- 14778547 TI - [Importance of gymnastics in remedial pedagogics]. PMID- 14778548 TI - [Thoughts on gymnastic training of children with defective hearing]. PMID- 14778549 TI - [The principle of motion in a special remedial class]. PMID- 14778550 TI - [The principle of motion as an aid in education and training]. PMID- 14778551 TI - [Motion and speech training of children with defective hearing]. PMID- 14778552 TI - [Rhythmic exercise for children with speech disorders]. PMID- 14778553 TI - [Breathing exercise]. PMID- 14778554 TI - [Effect of rhythmics and gymnastics on backward children]. PMID- 14778555 TI - [First international congress on the problems of child neglect]. PMID- 14778556 TI - Pigment spread in mammalian skin: serial propagation and immunity reactions. PMID- 14778557 TI - Mutation of the killer cytoplasmic factor in Paramecium aurelia. PMID- 14778558 TI - Comparative genetics of Drosophila prosaltans. PMID- 14778559 TI - Comparative genetics of Drosophila willistoni. PMID- 14778560 TI - Hybridity selection in Campanula. PMID- 14778561 TI - Books and special volumes in the field of genetics, 1939-1949. PMID- 14778562 TI - A mutation from black to brown in Mus musculus. PMID- 14778563 TI - [Man and the tubercle bacillus]. PMID- 14778564 TI - [New ideas on occupational dermatoses]. PMID- 14778565 TI - [General review of Anglo-Saxon medicine]. PMID- 14778566 TI - [True cyst of pancreas; case report]. PMID- 14778567 TI - [Gangrenous fibromyoma of uterus]. PMID- 14778568 TI - [Loss of substance of nasal alae and tip; repair with free chondro-cutaneous graft from the auricle of the ear]. PMID- 14778569 TI - [Vascular genesis of giant cells of myeloplax tumors]. PMID- 14778570 TI - [Infantile rheumatism and rheumatic carditis; new medico-social problem in Brazil]. PMID- 14778571 TI - [Bismuth in typhoid]. PMID- 14778572 TI - [Symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with desoxycorticosterone and ascorbic acid; report of a case; experimental check on the effects on leukocyte formula in the rat]. PMID- 14778573 TI - [Diagnosis of schistosomiasis]. PMID- 14778574 TI - [Physiopathology of status asthmaticus]. PMID- 14778575 TI - [Allergy to Bothrops and Crotalus venom]. PMID- 14778576 TI - [Abscess of apex of petrous bone; Gradenigo syndrome; report of a case treated with penicillin and streptomycin]. PMID- 14778577 TI - [Complement fixation test with specific antigen in diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni]. PMID- 14778578 TI - [Diverticula of stomach]. PMID- 14778579 TI - [Stability of antigens of cultures of Trypanosoma cruzi for complement fixation tests]. PMID- 14778580 TI - [Xenodiagnosis performed in wild and domestic vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi in a locality endemic to Chagas' disease in the State of Sao Paulo]. PMID- 14778581 TI - [New advances in the treatment of macrocytic anemias]. PMID- 14778583 TI - [New drug for local treatment of burns from fire]. PMID- 14778582 TI - [Lysozyme]. PMID- 14778584 TI - [Medicinal waters in therapy of digestive system diseases]. PMID- 14778585 TI - [Allergy and immunity in syphilis]. PMID- 14778586 TI - Heterophile antibodies in American trypanosomiasis; the presence of heterogenetic component(s) in the antigenic structure of the Schizotripanum cruzi shown by conditioned hemolysis reaction. PMID- 14778587 TI - Technic of conditioned hemolysis applied in the diagnosis of American trypanosomiasis. PMID- 14778588 TI - [Preliminary research on chemical composition of soluble specific fraction of Schizotrypanum cruzi obtained by the Fuller method]. PMID- 14778589 TI - [Diagnostic value of sporotrichin]. PMID- 14778590 TI - [Pediatrics; erythroblastosis fetal]. PMID- 14778591 TI - [New method of preventing tartar deposits]. PMID- 14778592 TI - [Individual psychology]. PMID- 14778593 TI - Sampling variation of the fifty percent end-point, determined by the Reed-Muench (Behrens) method. PMID- 14778594 TI - Statistical analysis of the A-B-O blood groups. PMID- 14778595 TI - A note on the relationship of births to day of week. PMID- 14778596 TI - The science of ST. George Mivart. PMID- 14778597 TI - The prevention of respiratory infections in children, including sulfonamide prophylaxis. PMID- 14778598 TI - Experiences with neoplastic diseases of the thyroid gland. PMID- 14778599 TI - The practical aspects in the diagnosis of virus infections by current laboratory technics. PMID- 14778600 TI - The role of the radiologist in the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma. PMID- 14778601 TI - Caustic strictures of the esophagus. PMID- 14778602 TI - Clinical implications of growth. PMID- 14778603 TI - An unusual case of gallstone ileus. PMID- 14778604 TI - Treatment of severe infectious mononucleosis with aureomycin. PMID- 14778605 TI - Electrocardiographic changes in infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 14778607 TI - [Evolution of concepts of kidney diseases]. PMID- 14778606 TI - [The dichotomy of the medical profession]. PMID- 14778608 TI - [Nervous system in extracerebral cancer]. PMID- 14778609 TI - [Carpal boss]. PMID- 14778610 TI - [Curare-prostigmine antagonism]. PMID- 14778611 TI - [Cardiac surgery]. PMID- 14778612 TI - [Function of the physician in industrial hygiene inspection]. PMID- 14778613 TI - [In the present state of biology is it possible to obtain a cure for cancer?]. PMID- 14778614 TI - [Elaioconiosis in the rayon industry]. PMID- 14778615 TI - [Radiography in the prevention of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14778616 TI - [First statistics on industrial accidents in the State of Esparito Santo]. PMID- 14778617 TI - [Nutrition of workers in large cities]. PMID- 14778618 TI - [Technical language]. PMID- 14778619 TI - [Humanization of work]. PMID- 14778620 TI - [Ruy Barbosa and the physician]. PMID- 14778621 TI - [Psychoanalysis by artistic expression]. PMID- 14778622 TI - [The merits of American neurology]. PMID- 14778623 TI - [Modern concept of surgery]. PMID- 14778624 TI - [Analytic data on 20 Brazilian fruits]. PMID- 14778625 TI - [Bronchial secretion and sputum]. PMID- 14778626 TI - [Clinical aspects and morphogenesis of generalized pulmonary carcinomatosis]. PMID- 14778627 TI - [Procaine]. PMID- 14778628 TI - [Case of supra condyloid process with clinical manifestation]. PMID- 14778629 TI - [Effect of close visual work on the normal and pathological eye]. PMID- 14778630 TI - [Substitution toxicomania]. PMID- 14778631 TI - [Human factor in increased production]. PMID- 14778632 TI - [Glorious life of Vital Brasil]. PMID- 14778633 TI - [Study of medicine]. PMID- 14778634 TI - Hospital Beaujon. PMID- 14778635 TI - Prenatal diet in relation to child health. PMID- 14778636 TI - Problem of feeding normal children during infancy and childhood. PMID- 14778637 TI - Treatment of congenital syphilis in infants. PMID- 14778638 TI - Cooley's anaemia. PMID- 14778639 TI - Hepatic cirrhosis of infants and children. PMID- 14778640 TI - A case of liver cirrhosis. PMID- 14778641 TI - Burns and scalds. PMID- 14778642 TI - Treatment of burns. PMID- 14778643 TI - Treatment of filarial lymphoedema and elephantiasis. PMID- 14778644 TI - Filarial lymphoedema. PMID- 14778645 TI - Treatment of shock by direct stimulation of the medullary centers in the brain. PMID- 14778646 TI - Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14778647 TI - Mechanism of shoulder movements and a plea for the recognition of "zero position" of glenohumeral joint. PMID- 14778648 TI - The resistance index and the evaluation of some hematological findings in acute surgical pyogenic infections. PMID- 14778649 TI - Recent advances in the surgery of portal hypertension. PMID- 14778650 TI - An interesting case of multiple bone deformities following small-pox epiphysites. PMID- 14778651 TI - Plasmacytoma of the nose. PMID- 14778652 TI - Hypertension. Pathology. PMID- 14778653 TI - Hypertension. Sequelae & prognosis. PMID- 14778654 TI - Hysterotomy with sterilisation. PMID- 14778655 TI - Common hand injuries. PMID- 14778656 TI - Reconstructive surgery of the hand and industrial rehabilitation. PMID- 14778657 TI - Treatment of hand injuries. PMID- 14778658 TI - Stenosing tendovaginitis; a survey of findings and treatment in 49 cases. PMID- 14778659 TI - Primary care of the injured hand. PMID- 14778660 TI - Acute bowel obstruction; method of decompression of an acutely obstructed colon. PMID- 14778661 TI - Bursitis. PMID- 14778662 TI - The re-employability of persons released from mental institutions. PMID- 14778663 TI - The painful shoulder. PMID- 14778664 TI - Quantitative patterns in industrial medicine. PMID- 14778665 TI - John F. McMahon, 1903-1950. PMID- 14778666 TI - The effects of a new adhesive tape remover on guinea pig wounds. PMID- 14778667 TI - [Odontoplastic moulds. III. Autodirect restoration of isolated crown elements]. PMID- 14778668 TI - Organization of the antileprosy campaign in Madagascar. PMID- 14778669 TI - Laws and regulations relating to leprosy in the United States of America. PMID- 14778670 TI - Lipoids in the reactional tuberculoid leprosy granuloma, their diagnostic value. PMID- 14778671 TI - An acid-fast microorganism cultivated from leprous material. Bacteriological and serological observations. PMID- 14778672 TI - Evaluation of cardiolipin antigen in the tests for syphilis in leprosy. PMID- 14778673 TI - [Allergy and para-allergy in leprosy; Mitsuda reaction; leprous and tuberculoid allergy; BCG vaccination]. PMID- 14778674 TI - The tissue sites most favorable for the development of murine leprosy in rats and mice. PMID- 14778675 TI - METABOLIC fate and determination of sulfones. PMID- 14778676 TI - [Development of Pavlov's theory]. PMID- 14778678 TI - [Development of vital processes in precellular period]. PMID- 14778677 TI - [Development of Pavlov's theory in pathophysiology of the central nervous system]. PMID- 14778679 TI - [Development of biological structures in the albumen of the egg]. PMID- 14778680 TI - [Role of nucleic acid in biological formative processes; phenomena of colloid defense coagulation and structural formation in reaction of proteins with polynucleotides]. PMID- 14778681 TI - [Skeletomuscular cell and its activity in the entire organism in relation to the effect of the nervous system]. PMID- 14778682 TI - Biomicroscopic (slit-lamp) evaluation of the normal gingiva of the albino rat. PMID- 14778683 TI - Effects of stannous fluoride, stannous chloride and sodium fluoride on the incidence of dental lesions in rats fed a caries-producing diet. PMID- 14778684 TI - The need for basic principles in denture construction. PMID- 14778685 TI - Principles of cavity preparation in crown and bridge prosthesis. III. The inlay abutment. PMID- 14778686 TI - Surface roughness of dental castings. PMID- 14778687 TI - Causes of errors in roentgenographic interpretation. PMID- 14778688 TI - Pulp protection in restorative dentistry. PMID- 14778689 TI - Report on the study of dental public health services in New Zealand III. PMID- 14778690 TI - Management of an unusual case. PMID- 14778691 TI - Open reduction of fractured mandible: report of case. PMID- 14778692 TI - Retained second deciduous molar roots. PMID- 14778693 TI - NEW army dental bill. PMID- 14778694 TI - REPORT on the preparation of dental hygiene students and their placement after graduation. PMID- 14778695 TI - REPORT of survey on staff positions held by dentists in hospitals. PMID- 14778696 TI - LABORATORY issue: the training of technicians. PMID- 14778697 TI - COUNCIL announces classification of additional products. PMID- 14778698 TI - NINETEEN fifty survey of the dental profession. IV. The dentist's work year. PMID- 14778699 TI - RELOCATION of dentists during 1948 and 1949. PMID- 14778700 TI - The use of wire and silk ligatures. PMID- 14778701 TI - Fractures of the jaw; a survey of 2,124 cases. PMID- 14778702 TI - The effect of a six percent solution of chromic acid on the gingiva of the albino rat: a correlated gross, biomicroscopic and histologic study. PMID- 14778703 TI - The effect of irradiation on the dental system as demonstrated by the roentgenogram. PMID- 14778704 TI - The knife-edge lower ridge. PMID- 14778705 TI - Occlusion: a cardinal consideration. PMID- 14778706 TI - Airbrasive: some fundamentals. PMID- 14778707 TI - The basic challenge: an editor examines the crisis of our time. PMID- 14778708 TI - DENTAL laboratory issue: the licensing bogie. PMID- 14778709 TI - COUNCIL announces classification of additional products. PMID- 14778710 TI - NINETEEN fifty survey of the dental profession. V. The age and sex of dental patients. PMID- 14778711 TI - COMPARISON of the statistical reports on three entering dental classes. PMID- 14778712 TI - DIETARY consultation--a service for small institutions. PMID- 14778713 TI - Relation of price to food selection. PMID- 14778714 TI - Nutritional status survey, Groton Township, New York. PMID- 14778715 TI - Nutritional status survey, Groton Township, New York. II. Nutrient usage of families and individuals. PMID- 14778716 TI - Significance of vitamin B12 and related factors. PMID- 14778717 TI - Nutritional status of children. XII. Evaluation by computing the food intake of a group and by weighing and analyzing foods eaten by representative subjects. PMID- 14778718 TI - Johan G. C. T. Kjeldahl; his method for determining total nitrogen. PMID- 14778719 TI - Dietetic interns save time. PMID- 14778720 TI - Reviews of some assumptions, theories and hypotheses in homeopathic thinking. PMID- 14778721 TI - Today's trend in homeopathy. PMID- 14778722 TI - Further observations on the use of hammamelis in post-partum bleeding. PMID- 14778723 TI - Clinical notes from Timothy Field Allen, M.D. PMID- 14778724 TI - LAWRENCE R B 1950. PMID- 14778725 TI - A laboratory study of twenty drugs on normal human beings with comments on their symptomatology and therapeutic use. PMID- 14778726 TI - Evaluation of sympathectomy in arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 14778727 TI - Shakespeare's knowledge of chest diseases. PMID- 14778728 TI - Reflections on the causation of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14778729 TI - Reiter's syndrome: effect of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone. PMID- 14778730 TI - Hyperthyroidism, pregnancy and thiouracil drugs. PMID- 14778731 TI - Relation of creatinine to nonprotein nitrogen in azotemic states. PMID- 14778732 TI - Physical medicine and rehabilitation study; one year report in particular relation to the chronically ill. PMID- 14778733 TI - Licensure requirements for the practice of pathology. PMID- 14778734 TI - Phlegmasia cerulea dolens; massive venous thrombosis in an extremity associated with shock. PMID- 14778735 TI - Subconjunctival injection of cortisone in iritis. PMID- 14778736 TI - STATUS of BCG vaccine. PMID- 14778737 TI - President's address to the House of Delegates. PMID- 14778738 TI - Socialized medicine is no bargain. PMID- 14778739 TI - Treatment of postanesthesia nausea and vomiting. PMID- 14778740 TI - CHIROPRACTIC practice acts: revocation of license for fraud and deception. PMID- 14778741 TI - POSTGRADUATE continuation courses for physicians; compiled by the Council on Medical Education and Hospitals for the period January 1, 1951 to July 15, 1951. PMID- 14778742 TI - Effect of cortisone and pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on rheumatic diseases. PMID- 14778743 TI - Effect of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on rheumatic fever and rheumatic carditis. PMID- 14778744 TI - Physiological effects of cortisone and pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in man. PMID- 14778745 TI - Effects of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on the hypersensitive state. PMID- 14778746 TI - Use of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone in lymphomas and leukemias. PMID- 14778747 TI - Effects of cortisone in certain neuromuscular disorders. PMID- 14778748 TI - Causes of fear among obstetric patients. PMID- 14778749 TI - Verrucae, a dermatologic problem. PMID- 14778750 TI - Psychiatry in 1950. PMID- 14778751 TI - Adrenocorticotropic hormone; its successful use in keratitis in a diabetic with moderate heart disease. PMID- 14778752 TI - Therapeutic effect of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in a case of Henoch-Schonlein vascular (anaphylactoid) purpura. PMID- 14778753 TI - SILVERTONE hearing aid model, P-15, accepted. PMID- 14778754 TI - MICROTONE ADC audiometer, model 53-C1, accepted. PMID- 14778755 TI - NATIONAL hearing aid, Ultrathin Model 504, accepted. PMID- 14778756 TI - BROCKMAN therapeutic exerciser accepted. PMID- 14778757 TI - GENERAL practitioner's award. PMID- 14778759 TI - MILK-BORNE virucide. PMID- 14778758 TI - REACTIONS to dextrose. PMID- 14778760 TI - Maternal mortality in the United States in 1949. PMID- 14778761 TI - POWERS of State Board of Health in licensing chiropractic hospitals. PMID- 14778762 TI - MALPRACTICE: standards applicable to drugless healers. PMID- 14778763 TI - Pathology of prematurity. PMID- 14778765 TI - Obstetrics and gynecology. PMID- 14778764 TI - Progress in physiology. PMID- 14778766 TI - Foreign medical women in Korea. PMID- 14778767 TI - Looking backward. PMID- 14778768 TI - The pioneer spirit. PMID- 14778769 TI - Bertha Van Hoosen, M.D.; first president of the American Medical Women's Association. PMID- 14778770 TI - Elizabeth S. Waugh, M.D., thirty-fourth president of the American Medical Women's Association. PMID- 14778771 TI - The decomposition of equilin in oil solution. PMID- 14778772 TI - Iron-Kober reagent: a more sensitive stable reagent for the determination of alpha- and beta-estradiols. PMID- 14778773 TI - Toxicity and repellency to rats of actidione. PMID- 14778774 TI - The spectrophotometric examination and acute toxicity of rutins obtained from Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat) and Sophora japonica. PMID- 14778775 TI - Experiments with the pressure cooker in drug extraction. PMID- 14778776 TI - Study of odors. PMID- 14778777 TI - A study of mono-alkylcarbamates as local anesthetics. PMID- 14778778 TI - Studies on Mahonia genus. II. Botany and chemistry of M. acanthifolia Don. PMID- 14778779 TI - A convenient laboratory preparation of ethylmorphine hydrochloride, U.S.P. XIII. PMID- 14778780 TI - Toxicological studies on synthetic glycerin. PMID- 14778781 TI - Cultivation studies of the solanaceous drugs. II. The effect of nutritional and soil reaction fertilizers on the production yields and total alkaloidal content of Atropa belladonna and Hyoscyamus niger. PMID- 14778782 TI - Investigation of Chrysactinia Mexicana, A. Gray. PMID- 14778783 TI - A note on the purification of dehydrocholic acid. PMID- 14778784 TI - A note on the isolation of ursolic acid from Verbena stricta, Vent. PMID- 14778785 TI - Capillary circulation in human arms studied by venous congestion. A cutaneo muscular vasomotor reflex. PMID- 14778786 TI - Studies of lung capacities and intrapulmonary mixing: normal lung capacities. PMID- 14778787 TI - Studies of lung volume and intrapulmonary mixing. Nitrogen clearance curves: apparent respiratory dead space and its significance. PMID- 14778788 TI - Left phreno-phrenic anastomosis. PMID- 14778789 TI - Reduction in eosinophil level of adrenalectomized mice following injection of adrenocorticotropin, 11-dehydro-17-hydroxycorticosterone and lipid extracts of human urine. PMID- 14778790 TI - Sensibility of man to light anoxia. PMID- 14778791 TI - Evaluation of present-day knowledge of cosmic radiation at extreme altitude in terms of the hazard to health. PMID- 14778792 TI - Possible methods of producing the gravity-free state for medical research. PMID- 14778793 TI - Electrical activity and oxygen tension of brain during hyperoxie convulsions. PMID- 14778794 TI - Role of metabolism in the acclimatization of albino rats to reduced barometric pressure. PMID- 14778795 TI - Protective helmets--their integration with other equipment. PMID- 14778796 TI - Problems in assessing winter flying clothing. PMID- 14778798 TI - Naval aviation medicine. PMID- 14778797 TI - Evaluation of some drugs in motion sickness. PMID- 14778799 TI - On the mechanism of the reaction of ninhydrin with alpha-amino acids. I. Absorption spectra of ninhydrin and certain derivatives. PMID- 14778800 TI - On the mechanism of the reaction of ninhydrin with amino acids. II. A spectrophotometric study of hydrindantin reactions. PMID- 14778801 TI - Amino acid composition of egg proteins. PMID- 14778802 TI - The separation and estimation of ribonucleotides in minute quantities. PMID- 14778803 TI - Nucleotide composition of pentose nucleic acids from yeast and mammalian tissues. PMID- 14778804 TI - Proteolytic activity determined with a substrate tagged with radioactive iodine. PMID- 14778805 TI - Studies on high potency oxytocic material from beef posterior pituitary lobes. PMID- 14778806 TI - The net utilization of ammonium nitrogen by the growing rat. PMID- 14778807 TI - An effect of pyridoxine deprivation on amino acid metabolism in rats. PMID- 14778808 TI - Utilization of acetate by Tetrahymena geleii (S). PMID- 14778809 TI - Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on collagen content of guinea pig tissues. PMID- 14778810 TI - The sulfur balance of rats fed excess DL-methionine plus glycine or DL-alanine. PMID- 14778811 TI - Quantitative fluorometric method for the determination of the natural estrogens. PMID- 14778812 TI - A microspectrophotometric method for the determination of succinic dehydrogenase. PMID- 14778813 TI - Sulfhydryl protection against dehydroascorbic acid diabetes. PMID- 14778814 TI - The metabolism of glycine by folic acid-deficient chick liver homogenates. PMID- 14778815 TI - 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid metabolism. III. Molar conversion to quinolinic acid. PMID- 14778816 TI - Metabolism of glutathione. II. Determination of glutathione and products of its hydrolysis in blood. PMID- 14778817 TI - An interpretation of the kinetics of glutamic acid lactam formation. PMID- 14778818 TI - Studies on the incorporation of injected cytochrome c into tissue cells. II. Injection of radioactive cytochrome c into normal rats. PMID- 14778819 TI - lambda-Hydroxytryptophan, not an intermediate between tryptophan and kynurenine. PMID- 14778820 TI - Kinetics of malt lambda-amylase action. PMID- 14778821 TI - The utilization of alloisoleucine by Lactobacillus arabinosus. PMID- 14778822 TI - Ethanolic fractionation of bovine testicular hyaluronidase. PMID- 14778823 TI - Studies on the diversity and the native state of desoxypentose nucleic acids. PMID- 14778824 TI - Resolution of racemic phenylalanine. PMID- 14778825 TI - The effect of aminoguanidine on the oxidation of formaldehyde by rat liver. PMID- 14778826 TI - Amino acid requirements of Lactobacillus leichmannii. PMID- 14778827 TI - Isolation of coenzyme A. PMID- 14778828 TI - Effect of hormones upon the production of ketone bodies by rat liver slices. PMID- 14778829 TI - The loss and regeneration of rat liver enzymes related to diet protein. PMID- 14778830 TI - The composition of rat liver xanthine oxidase and its inhibition by antabuse. PMID- 14778831 TI - The biological formation of formate from methyl compounds in liver slices. PMID- 14778832 TI - Enzymatic cleavage of thioethers. PMID- 14778833 TI - Incorporation in vitro of labeled amino acids into bone marrow cell proteins. PMID- 14778834 TI - Incorporation in vitro of labeled amino acids into rat diaphragm proteins. PMID- 14778835 TI - Dose-response curves in the estimation of potency of lipotropic agents. PMID- 14778836 TI - The microbiological determination of pyrimidines with lactobacilli. PMID- 14778837 TI - Vitamin B12 and growth of rats on diets free of methionine and choline. PMID- 14778838 TI - Formation of formaldehyde and formate in the bio-oxidation of the methyl group. PMID- 14778839 TI - On the metabolism of beta-alanine. PMID- 14778840 TI - Effects of fasting and glucose ingestion on the retention of ammonia. PMID- 14778841 TI - The influence of methionine deficiency on amino acid metabolism in the rat. PMID- 14778842 TI - Carbohydrate characterization. VI. Synthesis of an anhydroaldopentobenzimidazole. PMID- 14778843 TI - Note on the bornyl ester of bornyl d-glucuronide. PMID- 14778844 TI - The mechanism of the butanol-acetone fermentation. I. The role of pyruvate as an intermediate. PMID- 14778845 TI - The mechanism of the butanol-acetone fermentation. II. Phosphoenolpyruvate as a new intermediate. PMID- 14778846 TI - The metabolism of the organic acids of tobacco leaves. III. Effect of culture of excised leaves in solutions of oxalate. PMID- 14778847 TI - The results of transposition of the ulnar nerve for traumatic ulnar neuritis. PMID- 14778848 TI - Joint debridement for osteoarthritis of the knee. PMID- 14778849 TI - Pregnancy and skeletal tuberculosis. PMID- 14778850 TI - Fractures of the head of the radius in children. PMID- 14778851 TI - Spondylolisthesis with an intact neural arch; the so-called pseudo spondylolisthesis. PMID- 14778852 TI - Cherubism--familial fibrous dysplasia of the jaws. PMID- 14778853 TI - Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow joint; a clinical study. PMID- 14778854 TI - Two cases of osteochondritis dissecans affecting several joints. PMID- 14778855 TI - Osteoid osteoma with unusual symptoms; case report. PMID- 14778856 TI - Rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon after Colles fracture. PMID- 14778857 TI - Dyschondroplasia with haemangiomata (Maffucci's syndrome); report of a case complicated by intracranial chondrosarcoma. PMID- 14778858 TI - A large calcified lipoma on the thigh; report of a case. PMID- 14778859 TI - Bilateral perilunar dislocation of the carpus; report of a case. PMID- 14778860 TI - Non-union of the triquetrum; report of a case. PMID- 14778861 TI - Excision of the shaft: of the tibia for sarcoma; examination of a patient forty three years after replacement by a fibular graft. PMID- 14778863 TI - Experimental rupture of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. PMID- 14778862 TI - Amputation above or below the knee for primary peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 14778864 TI - Fibrocystic disease of bone. PMID- 14778865 TI - Adjustable bone-holding forceps. PMID- 14778866 TI - Francis Glisson. PMID- 14778867 TI - GEORGE Alexander Ramsy 1880-1950. PMID- 14778869 TI - Vesico-vaginal fistulae. PMID- 14778868 TI - Fundamental relationships between religion and medicine for medical missionaries. PMID- 14778870 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the uterus in 5th month of pregnancy. PMID- 14778871 TI - DISTRIBUTION of Christian medical institutions in the Districts of India and Pakistan. PMID- 14778872 TI - Some notes on the role of research in the development of the modern treatment of exophthalmic goiter. PMID- 14778873 TI - Iodine compounds in the blood and urine of man. PMID- 14778874 TI - The distribution of radioactive iodine in human tissues: necropsy study in nine patients. PMID- 14778875 TI - An evaluation of radioactive iodine in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 14778876 TI - The effect of isotopic (I131) radiation and x-radiation on the total coproporphyrin excretion in humans. PMID- 14778877 TI - An appraisal of the radioiodine tracer technic as a clinical procedure in the diagnosis of the thyroid disorders; uptake measurement directly over the gland and a note on the use of thyrotropin (T.S.H.). PMID- 14778878 TI - Radioactive iodine in the treatment of the hyperthyroidism of nodular goiter. PMID- 14778879 TI - An evaluation of radioactive iodine therapy in metastatic thyroid cancer. PMID- 14778880 TI - Some surgical problems of nontoxic goiter. PMID- 14778881 TI - Indications from neck dissection in carcinoma of the thyroid. PMID- 14778882 TI - Thyroglossal tract lesions. PMID- 14778883 TI - A new intralaryngeal approach for arytenoidectomy in the treatment of bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis. PMID- 14778884 TI - Basal metabolic rate and plasma cholesterol as aids in the clinical study of thyroid disease. PMID- 14778885 TI - Clinical determination of protein-bound iodine in plasma. PMID- 14778886 TI - Natural and experimental alteration of thyroid function in domestic animals. PMID- 14778887 TI - Cancer of the thyroid. PMID- 14778888 TI - The treatment of severe burns with ACTH. PMID- 14778889 TI - The role of the vestibular apparatus in the production of nausea and vomiting following the administration of morphine to man; clinical and experimental data including the effects of dramamine and benzedrine. PMID- 14778890 TI - Blood volume studies in shock resulting from myocardial infarction. I. Studies with Evans blue dye (T-1824). PMID- 14778891 TI - The measurement of exchangeable potassium in man by isotope dilution. PMID- 14778892 TI - The measurement of total body water in the human subject by deuterium oxide dilution; with a consideration of the dynamics of deuterium distribution. PMID- 14778893 TI - The use of the mass spectrometer to measure deuterium in body fluids. PMID- 14778894 TI - The nature of the renal circulatory changes in chronic congestive failure as reflected by renal tubular maximal functions. PMID- 14778895 TI - Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in neurosyphilis. PMID- 14778896 TI - The effects of induced fever on cerebral functions in neurosyphilis. PMID- 14778897 TI - Minimal sodium losses through the skin. PMID- 14778898 TI - The concentration of cholesterol in the blood serum of normal man and its relation to age. PMID- 14778899 TI - Studies on autonomic blockade. I. Comparison between the effects of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) and high selective spinal anesthesia on blood pressure of normal and toxemic pregnancy. PMID- 14778900 TI - Studies on autonomic blockade. II. Observations on the nature of blood pressure fall with high selective spinal anesthesia in pregnant women. PMID- 14778901 TI - Cytological studies in association with local injections of streptokinase streptodornase into patients. PMID- 14778902 TI - Observations on autonomic participation in pulmonary arteriolar resistance in man. PMID- 14778903 TI - Potentiation of pressor effects of nor-epinephrine and epinephrine in man by desoxycorticosterone acetate. PMID- 14778904 TI - The comparative effects of small intravenous doses of epinephrine upon arterial pressure and pulse rate in normotensive subjects and in hypertensive patients before and after thoracolumbar sympathectomy. PMID- 14778905 TI - Tremor in the rhesus monkey produced by diencephalic lesions and studied by a graphic method. PMID- 14778906 TI - Quantitative data on the size of synaptic end-bulbs in the cat's spinal cord. PMID- 14778907 TI - The weights of the brain and of its parts and the weight and length of the spinal cord in the adult male guinea pig. PMID- 14778908 TI - A behavioral analysis of the organization of the parieto-temporo-preoccipital cortex. PMID- 14778909 TI - Cortico-thalamic connections in the cat as revealed by "physiological neuronography". PMID- 14778910 TI - Volumetric comparisons of the basal ganglia of various primates including man. PMID- 14778911 TI - Some observations on the fiber connections of the di- and mesencephalon in the cat. I. Fiber connections of the tectum opticum. PMID- 14778912 TI - The effect of alloxan diabetes on experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit. III. The mechanism of the inhibition of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. AB - A study of the serum lipids in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits during the course of cholesterol feeding is presented, particular attention being paid to the factors considered to be responsible for the stability of the serum lipids; namely, (1) their interrelations and (2) their association with the serum proteins. As far as the interrelations of the lipids were concerned a definite correlation was found between the development of atherosclerosis and an increase of serum cholesterol that was out of all proportion to the increase of serum lipid phosphorus and neutral fat. When these last two lipid constituents rose almost parallel with the serum cholesterol (as they did in some alloxan-diabetic rabbits), then the development of atherosclerosis was inhibited. This correlation was independent of the diabetic state, per se. It appeared likely that the marked elevation of serum neutral fat and lipid phosphorus in the diabetic animals was due to mobilization of body fat because of the disturbed carbohydrate metabolism. Because of their hydrophilic and emulsifying properties, it was thought probable that the elevation of the phospholipids was the important factor responsible for the stability of serum cholesterol. That neutral fat played a role, however, could not be denied. In normal rabbit sera, as we have previously shown, only small proportions of the lipid phosphorus and cholesterol are "readily extractable" (i.e., unattached or only loosely attached to protein). On the other hand, in every case in which the serum lipids were elevated, the greater proportion of the lipid phosphorus and cholesterol was "readily extractable," irrespective of whether atherosclerosis developed or was inhibited. Analysis of the lipid content of the aorta of rabbits not fed cholesterol, whether diabetic or non-diabetic, and from alloxan-diabetic rabbits fed cholesterol but protected from the development of atherosclerosis, showed that there was no significant difference in lipid content or composition among the animals of these groups. When atherosclerosis developed following cholesterol feeding, the lipid composition of the aortas was essentially the same in both control and diabetic animals. The deposited lipid consisted predominantly of cholesterol with small and fairly constant proportions of other lipids that did not vary significantly regardless of the quantities of these other lipids present in the circulating blood. In the less severe lesions the proportion of ester cholesterol was greater than that of free cholesterol, but in advanced lesions the reverse was true. The following conclusions are drawn concerning the pathogenesis of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit: 1. Instability of cholesterol in the blood rather than hypercholesterolemia, per se, is the general condition responsible for the deposition of this substance in the arterial walls. 2. Of the two factors considered to be responsible for the stability of the lipids in the blood, the interrelations of the lipids appear to be more important than their relation to the serum proteins, at least in so far as the development of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis is concerned. The importance of these conclusions in relation to the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis is discussed. PMID- 14778913 TI - The effect of organic acids on mammalian tubercle bacilli. AB - The growth of tubercle bacilli in vitro was inhibited by the addition of the sodium salts of very low concentrations of certain organic acids to a variety of liquid and agar culture media containing whole serum or serum albumin. Capric acid was the most active of the compounds tested, but inhibition of growth occurred also with the shorter aliphatic acids. Lactic acid was also growth inhibitory, whereas the keto and dicarboxylic acids tested were inactive in this respect. The inhibitory activity of the aliphatic acids and of lactic acid increased as the pH of the medium was lowered by addition of HCl. It was greater in media enriched with serum or with oleic acid-albumin complex, but was otherwise fairly independent of the composition of the medium. The inhibitory effect appears to be bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal and to depend upon a disturbance of the normal metabolic processes of the bacilli. Some of the long chain fatty acids caused a marked enhancement of growth when used in low concentrations and in admixture with enough serum albumin to overcome their toxicity. The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to the survival and multiplication of tubercle bacilli in vivo within inflammatory and caseous areas, which are known to be often acidic and to contain high concentrations of organic acids. PMID- 14778914 TI - The effect of deficiency of the B vitamin complex (except thiamine) on the blood pressure of the rat. AB - Certain diets essentially identical with those previously reported as causing an elevation of the blood pressure of rats have failed to produce any elevation. Examination of micro sections from the kidneys of these rats, with the aid of special stains, has failed to demonstrate any vascular lesions similar to those previously described by Calder. Evidence of tubular atrophy was present to a minor degree in sections of the kidneys of rats fed diets deficient in the B vitamins (except thiamine) and in those fed diets low in choline. This finding has been noted previously by others, but examples of this type of lesion were found as well in animals fed the control diets of our experiments. It should be emphasized that these control diets were nutritionally inadequate. Deposits of intracellular granules of hemosiderin were prominent in the convoluted tubules of the kidneys in rats fed the diets deficient in the B vitamin complex. PMID- 14778915 TI - Studies on peroxidative detoxification of purified diphtheria toxin. AB - The mechanism of the peroxidative oxidation of diphtheria toxin has been investigated. It has been found that this reaction requires the presence of an oxidizable, dialyzable cofactor in addition to hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase. Cofactors are present in a variety of materials and have been partially purified from urine. The flocculation titer of toxin modified by peroxidation remains unchanged even after 99 per cent or more of the toxicity has been destroyed. The change thus appears analogous to the conversion of toxin to toxoid in the presence of formalin. It is suggested that the well known conversion of crude diphtheria toxin to toxoid which occurs on storage or aging may be due to a slow peroxidative process. PMID- 14778916 TI - Studies on the extracellular cultivation of an intracellular parasite (avian malaria). I. Development of the organisms in erythrocyte extracts, and the favoring effect of adenosinetriphosphate. AB - The erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium lophurae were freed from their host red cells by specific hemolysis directly into a favorable medium containing an extract of duck erythrocytes. Extracellular survival and development of the parasite in vitro occurred in culture media consisting essentially of a very concentrated extract of duck red cells prepared in a special nutrient solution. Omission or dilution of the red cell extract resulted in rapid degeneration of the parasites. Their survival and development were favored by the presence in the erythrocyte extract of gelatin, yeast adenylic acid, and cozymase, and especially by the further addition of adenosinetriphosphate and sodium pyruvate. Under the best conditions yet tested, all the free parasites continued their development extracellularly during the first two days of cultivation. Merozoites formed by the extracellular segmentation of the free parasites originally present developed further into trophozoites. On the third day a majority of the free parasites were still of normal appearance, but by the fourth day more were degenerate, and very few normal parasites remained on the fifth day. PMID- 14778917 TI - Plasma iron and saturation of plasma iron-binding protein in dogs as related to the gastro-intestinal absorption of radioiron. AB - The absorption of a test amount of radioactive iron during artificial saturation of the plasma iron-binding protein, by the repeated intravenous injection of small amounts of iron, was measured in three normal and four anemic dogs. The procedure had no detectable influence on the iron absorption of the normal dogs nor on that of two of the anemic dogs. Two other anemic dogs showed some suppression of iron absorption, though the amount absorbed was still in excess of that absorbed by a normal dog. The reasons for this suppression are not clear from these experiments. Artificially raising the plasma iron to normal levels in one anemic dog did not influence the absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract nor was a delayed effect noted after the plasma iron had fallen to base line levels after 5 hours of artificial saturation. It appears that the plasma iron-binding protein and its relative saturation play little role per se in the control of iron absorption in dogs. PMID- 14778918 TI - Radioiron absorption in anemic dogs; fluctuations in the mucosal block and evidence for a gradient of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. AB - The control of iron absorption appears to reside in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. The normal dog absorbs very little iron, but the anemic iron-depleted dog may absorb 10 to 20 times as much. This "mucosal block" of the normal dog probably is due largely to iron stores in the mucosa. "Mucosal block" can be effected in the anemic iron-depleted dog by feeding of iron salts, but the degree of "mucosal block" under these conditions never reaches the high degree of "mucosal block" in the normal dog. Rapid movement of iron through the mucosa may explain the short duration of "mucosal block" due to iron feeding in the anemic iron-depleted dogs (18 to 20 hours, Fig. 1). The colon absorbs very little iron under the conditions described. The stomach and duodenum seem to be most active in its absorption. This suggests the existence of a gradient in the capacity of the gastrointestinal tract to absorb iron. PMID- 14778919 TI - Effect of the removal of lipids on specific precipitation. AB - Horse antisera to rabbit albumin and globulins and to Type III pneumococci were extracted at low temperatures with alcohol-ether. The precipitin reactions given by these sera deprived of lipids were studied by quantitative analytical methods. With longer periods of standing and slightly higher speeds of centrifugation than those usually required for lipid-containing sera, precipitation may be made complete in immune sera from which the lipids have been removed. The function of lipids in immune reactions is discussed, as well as the effects on antibody globulin of the procedures used in their removal. PMID- 14778920 TI - Experimental congenital toxoplasmosis. I. The vagina as a portal of entry of toxoplasma in the mouse. AB - Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted to mice by the introduction of Toxoplasma into the vagina. Pregnant mice were more susceptible to infection than non-pregnant animals in the ratio of 3 to 1. Obvious signs of vaginitis were not observed. Many of the infected mice remained entirely free of external signs, while a minority showed neurological or respiratory disturbances. Pregnant animals, especially those infected 6 to 10 days following conception, often died in the terminal stages of pregnancy or shortly after parturition. The possibility that the vagina may serve as one of the portals of entry of Toxoplasma in the human being and that infection may occur by sexual contact or by contamination by feces or other Toxoplasma-containing materials is discussed. The high susceptibility of the pregnant mouse to toxoplasmosis under the conditions of these experiments suggests a possible explanation for the higher incidence of congenital as compared to postnatal human toxoplasmosis and for the associated asymptomatic maternal infection. The infected but clinically normal human mothers may be compared to some vaginally infected pregnant mice which remained symptom-free. PMID- 14778921 TI - Experimental congenital toxoplasmosis. II. Transmission of toxoplasmosis to the placenta and fetus following vaginal infection in the pregnant mouse. AB - Pregnant mice infected with Toxoplasma by the vaginal route have been found to transmit toxoplasmosis to the placentas and fetuses in utero. The microorganism entered the blood stream of the mother from primary foci of infection in the vaginal wall and produced disseminated lesions in the labyrinth of the allantoic placenta at the same time as other peripheral maternal tissues were involved. Placental lesions were observed in mice infected with Toxoplasma by vagina between the 3rd and the 9th day of pregnancy. They consisted of microscopic foci of degeneration, without inflammation, in the syncytial trophoblast, and parasites undergoing multiplication were readily identified in them. Here Toxoplasma gained access to the fetal circulation. Following the vaginal instillation of Toxoplasma on the 8th day of pregnancy, subinoculation of test animals revealed the parasites in the maternal peripheral and placental blood on the 13th day and later, while the first histopathologic changes in the placenta were found on the 17th day. Toxoplasma could be demonstrated in suspensions of fetal tissues on and after the 17th day by the injection of normal test animals. However, no lesions of toxoplasmosis, or Toxoplasma, were found in histologic sections of fetuses 11 to 21 days old removed at autopsy from vaginally infected mothers. It is concluded that before birth the parasites were confined to the fetal blood. The experiments provide the first direct histological demonstration of placental toxoplasmosis. The possible bearing of the experimental disease on human placental and fetal toxoplasmosis is briefly considered. It is probable that a maternal parasitemia during the latter part of pregnancy, whatever the portal of entry may be, is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of human congenital toxoplasmosis and that this occurs shortly after exposure to Toxoplasma rather than in a later chronic stage of the infection. The suggestion is offered that some instances of spontaneous abortion or fetal death in man, as in the mouse, may be due to inapparent toxoplasmosis. PMID- 14778922 TI - Experimental congenital toxoplasmosis. III. Toxoplasmosis in the offspring of mice infected by the vaginal route. Incidence and manifestations of the disease. AB - A study has been made of congenital toxoplasmosis in the offspring of mice infected with Toxoplasma by the vaginal route during pregnancy. Some of the young mice were retarded in postnatal development, and some became ill or died in the 2nd to 4th weeks of life while the majority remained symptom-free in spite of the presence of toxoplasmic lesions of varying degrees of severity. Congenital toxoplasmosis developed only in offspring whose mothers had been infected on the 7th to 9th day of pregnancy. Infection of the offspring without active toxoplasmosis in the mother was not observed. The highest incidence of congenital infection (57.6 per cent) was obtained by giving 2 vaginal instillations of Toxoplasma-infected mouse brain on the 8th and 9th days of pregnancy. Mice infected before the 7th day developed placental toxoplasmosis but rarely delivered viable young. When the mother was infected after the 9th day, the offspring were normal. When congenital toxoplasmosis occurred in a litter, a majority or all of the individual offspring were usually infected. Although pathologic changes were not present in the suckling mice at birth, and did not appear before the 9th postnatal day, reasons are stated for excluding the possibility of postnatal contact or milk-borne infection. It cannot be assumed from the experimental disease that the vagina is a portal of entry of Toxoplasma in human congenital toxoplasmosis. Any route of infection leading to a maternal parasitemia during pregnancy might result in toxoplasmosis of the placenta and transmission of the disease to the offspring before birth. Unlike the restricted time interval effective in the mouse, there is a long period during the later months of pregnancy in the human being in which transplacental passage of the infection may occur. When transmission to the fetus takes place shortly before parturition, evidence of disease in the human infant, as in the mouse, may not become manifest until several weeks postpartum, and the prenatal origin of the infection may not be apparent. When the fetus becomes infected well before parturition, symptoms of congenital toxoplasmosis may be present at birth. The asymptomatic character of the infection in many of the young mice would appear to have a counterpart in certain instances of human congenital toxoplasmosis. PMID- 14778923 TI - The relation of pleuropneumonia-like organisms to the conjunctival changes occurring in mice of the Princeton strain. AB - A selected colony free from ocular infection with pleuropneumonia-like organisms of the conjunctival type was developed from young Princeton mice delivered by cesarean section and reared by uninfected Swiss foster mothers. Young mice from this colony continued to show sporadic ocular manifestations similar to those observed in infected mice. This reaction was non-inflammatory in nature. The organisms previously recovered from the altered conjunctivae of Princeton mice were established on the conjunctivae of selected mice of the special colony both by direct contact and by the local implantation of ocular washings and concentrated cultures. The factors associated with the conjunctival reaction in infected Princeton mice are discussed. PMID- 14778924 TI - Persistent antigenic variation of influenza A viruses after incomplete neutralization in ovo with heterologous immune serum. AB - Antigenic variants of influenza A virus strains emerge on serial passage in ovo in the presence of immune serum against different but related strains. An old laboratory strain (PR8) which had been through hundreds of animal passages was as readily modified by this procedure as recently recovered strains. Such variants apparently can be obtained at will and show antigenic patterns which are reproducible and appear to be predictable in terms of the immune serum used for their selection. Variant strains retain their new antigenic patterns on serial passage in ovo in the absence of immune serum. Limited serial passage in ovo of strains in the absence of immune serum did not result in the emergence of antigenic variants. Similarly, serial passages of strains in ovo in the presence of immune serum against widely different strains, which failed to show significant cross-neutralization, did not lead to the appearance of antigenic variants. PMID- 14778925 TI - Immunological reactions of the Coxsackie viruses. I. The neutralization test; technic and application. AB - The neutralization test is a reliable and useful procedure for following immunological reactions of the Coxsackie viruses (C virus). The standard procedure has been an incubation period of 1 hour at room temperature followed by subcutaneous inoculation into newborn mice. However, this time and temperature are not critical, for the virus in neutralized within 10 minutes of mixing with immune serum and remains neutralized for long periods. During the variable incubation periods used, the control virus remained active, even in dilute suspensions. The neutralization test is not affected by the presence or absence of complement. Neutralizing antibody is stable at 65 degrees C. for 30 minutes, and immune serum has to be heated to 80 degrees C. for 30 minutes before the antibody is no longer detectable. As the quantity of virus is increased, the quantity of serum required for neutralization likewise increases, but not in a regular or predictable fashion. Neutralized mixtures of the virus can be made infective again by simple dilution before inoculation. The neutralization test is a satisfactory means for typing Coxsackie viruses. At least seven antigenic types have been identified. Similar antigenic types have been found to be scattered over wide areas. Thus the Conn.-5 type was present in 1948 in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and North Carolina. The Texas-1 type was present in 1943 in Connecticut and in 1948 in North Carolina and Texas. Further information on the specificity of the neutralizing antibody response has been obtained from a study of the occurrence and development of antibodies in 6 patients who contracted infections with one or another of the C viruses while working with them in the laboratory. From each patient a virus was isolated during the illness. No patient had detectable antibodies to his strain before his illness, but each soon thereafter developed antibodies to his own strain and to the prototype strain to which it was related. By means of the neutralization test, it has been shown that a family epidemic may include two different immunological types of virus. Neutralizing antibodies appear at the time of or soon after onset of illness, increase rapidly to titers of about 1:1000 which are maintained during the period of 1 to 3 months following infection, and are still present 2 years later, although at lower levels. Neutralizing antibodies are present in the normal population. In North Carolina, over 80 per cent of the children have antibodies at birth. The level falls rapidly to a minimum of 14 per cent at the age of 1, and then it quickly rises to reach the adult level at the age of 7. Gamma globulin collected in various parts of the United States between 1944 and 1949 and in Denmark in 1949 neutralizes at least four antigenically different Coxsackie viruses. PMID- 14778926 TI - Immunological reactions of the Coxsackie viruses. II. The complement fixation test. AB - The preparation of complement-fixing antigens for the Coxsackie group of viruses (C virus) is described. This includes the manufacture of crude antigens, their subsequent treatment with protamine sulfate to remove non-specific interfering substances, and their concentration by ultracentrifugation. The plate complement fixation technique of Fulton and Dumbell is described in detail as it has been used for the Coxsackie viruses. Seven strains of C virus have been cross-tested in the plate complement fixation test and have been found to belong to six immunologically distinct types. The temporal pattern of complement-fixing antibodies in human beings infected with two types, Ohio-1 and Easton-2, respectively, has been studied. In the former the antibodies rise to a peak rather late in convalescence (3rd month) and in the latter, complement-fixing antibodies are already present at high levels in the acute phase serum. The problems of serodiagnosis are briefly discussed. PMID- 14778927 TI - Immunological reactions of the Coxsackie viruses. III. Cross-protection tests in infant mice born of vaccinated mothers; transfer of immunity through the milk. AB - Maternal antibodies to the Coxsackie viruses (C virus) are conveyed to newborn mice through the colostrum and milk. of vaccinated mothers. No evidence for or against placental transmission of immunity was obtained. The immunity conferred on the young is type-specific. Immunity may be conferred to infants born of non immune mice by allowing a suckling period of 24 to 48 hours with an immune mother. Immunity appears to be transferred through the milk for the duration of lactation. Strains of C virus can be typed by challenging infant mice born to mothers vaccinated with known types according to the outline presented above. Complement-fixing antibodies are also transferred from vaccinated mother mice to their offspring. PMID- 14778928 TI - Medical planning for atomic disaster. PMID- 14778929 TI - Nummular eczema, its differential diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14778930 TI - Problems met in the use of dicumarol in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 14778931 TI - The clinical use of terramycin in infections of the urinary tract. PMID- 14778932 TI - A new aquatic nitrogen-fixing bacterium from three Cambridgeshire chalk streams. PMID- 14778933 TI - Anaerobic and aerobic growth of purple bacteria (Athiorhodaceae) in chemically defined media. PMID- 14778934 TI - The serological identity of a yellow-pigmented Streptococcus. PMID- 14778935 TI - A study of phage-resistant mutants of Rhizobium trifolii. PMID- 14778936 TI - An investigation of the biological properties of organisms of the pleuropneumonia group, with suggestions regarding the identification of strains. PMID- 14778937 TI - Factors affecting the germination of thick suspensions of bacillus subtilis spores in L-alanine solution. PMID- 14778938 TI - Colony counts on strips of agar in tubes. PMID- 14778939 TI - The cultivation of Haemophilus pertussis in partially defined liquid media. PMID- 14778940 TI - Enzymes of Clostridium welchii type a and Clostridium histolyticum that disintegrate decalcified human tooth dentine. PMID- 14778941 TI - The alpha, beta and gamma antigens of Clostridium histolyticum (Weinberg & Seguin, 1916). PMID- 14778942 TI - Some factors influencing the rate of formation of tetrathionase. PMID- 14778943 TI - Tetrathionase: the differential effect of temperature on growth and adaptation. PMID- 14778944 TI - Spectrophotometric estimation of nucleic acid in bacterial suspensions. PMID- 14778945 TI - A versatile fermentation sampling arrangement. PMID- 14778946 TI - The differentiation of certain genera of Bacteriaceae by the morphology of the microcyst stage. PMID- 14778947 TI - Marcescin, an antibiotic substance from Serratia marcescens. PMID- 14778948 TI - Red-leg in tree-frogs caused by Bacterium alkaligenes. PMID- 14778949 TI - Factors influencing the early phases of growth of Aerobacter aerogenes. PMID- 14778950 TI - An improved colony illuminator. PMID- 14778951 TI - Viability of dried bacterial cultures. PMID- 14778952 TI - Further observations on the motility of proteus vulgaris grown on penicillin agar. PMID- 14778953 TI - Some factors affecting the activation of virus preparations made from tobacco leaves infected with a tobacco necrosis virus. PMID- 14778954 TI - Some effects of freezing in the leaf, and of citrate in vitro, on the infectivity of a tobacco necrosis virus. PMID- 14778955 TI - A preliminary study of ammonia production by Corynebacterium renale and some other pathogenic bacteria. PMID- 14778956 TI - Identification of characteristic extracellular ninhydrinpositive substances produced by some bacteria. PMID- 14778957 TI - A comparative survey of the nutrition and physiology of mesophilic species in the genus Bacillus. PMID- 14778958 TI - Bacillus pantothenticus (n.sp.). PMID- 14778959 TI - The decarboxylation of succinic acid by washed suspensions of rumen bacteria. PMID- 14778960 TI - The reduction of nitrate by rumen bacteria. PMID- 14778961 TI - Further comparative study of nutritional requirements in the genus Bacillus. PMID- 14778963 TI - The production of non-capsulated avirulent variants by Bacillus anthracis and its implication on taxonomy. PMID- 14778962 TI - Resistance to infection with salmonella enteritidis and mycobacterium tuberculosis of mice fed different diets. PMID- 14778964 TI - The deamidation of nicotinamide by lactobacillus arabinosus 17-5. PMID- 14778965 TI - The formation and germination of bacterial spores studied by phase contrast and slide-cell culture. PMID- 14778966 TI - Cytological studies on tissue cultures infected with fowl-plague virus. PMID- 14778967 TI - The serology of bacillus polymyxa. PMID- 14778968 TI - The measurement of the aeration of biological culture media. PMID- 14778969 TI - The two opposing effects of subtilin on bacteria. PMID- 14778970 TI - Bacterial macromolecules. I. The isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid from virulent and avirulent strains of haemophilus pertussis. PMID- 14778971 TI - Induced mutation of bacillus anthracis. PMID- 14778972 TI - Some effects of cobalt on the growth and metabolism of proteus vulgaris. PMID- 14778973 TI - The electrical response of the lateral line system of fish to tone and other stimuli. AB - 1. The lateral line of Fundulus heteroclitus and Fundulus majalis is shown to react to tone at an intensity level of 20 dynes per sq. cm. at frequencies up to 200 or 300 cycles per second. 2. Evidence is given that the nerve can reproduce the stimulating tone frequency up to at least 180 cycles per second. 3. The response of the lateral line to the swimming movements of nearby fish is demonstrated. 4. Fundulus and several other species are shown to give strong spontaneous activity of the lateral line nerve. PMID- 14778974 TI - Studies on a sarcosine oxidase of bacterial origin. AB - A "sarcosine oxidase" was prepared from a creatinine-decomposing strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The enzyme is inactivated by drying, lyophilization, and dialysis against distilled water. No dialyzable cofactor was found. Optimal activity of the enzyme is reached at pH 7.8. Enzyme activity is directly proportional to enzyme concentration and also to substrate concentration up to the point of saturation of enzyme with substrate molecules. One molecule of enzyme combines with one molecule of substrate. Data concerning the effect of temperature and of a variety of chemical compounds on the enzyme are presented. Its inactivation by heat follows the course of a first order reaction, and the critical thermal increment between 48 degrees and 52 degrees C. was calculated to be 103,000 calories per mol. The relationship of enzyme concentration to heat inactivation rates is illustrated. PMID- 14778975 TI - Excitation characteristics of the squid giant axon: a test of excitation theory in a case of rapid accommodation. AB - 1. The characteristics of the threshold excitation behavior of the squid giant axon were investigated with condenser discharges, exponentially blunted D. c. shocks, sinusoidal currents, and brief condenser-discharge test shocks superimposed at either electrode at controlled brief intervals following the closing of a constant current. 2. Data obtained by the use of condenser discharges and exponentially blunted currents followed theoretical patterns separately, but could not be mutually reconciled, under the system of the two factor theories of excitation, since the accommodation was so rapid that the apparent ratio between the two time factors was incompatible with certain previously neglected theoretical limitations. 3. Data obtained with the other procedures indicated similarly rapid accommodation, but usually showed an imaginary component in the values of the time constants, associated with a capacity of the threshold to exhibit damped oscillatory behavior. 4. The anodal threshold behavior did not parallel that at the cathode, showing neither oscillation nor accommodation at ordinary current intensities. 5. The digressions from predictions of the two-factor theories of excitation are partly analyzed and compared with other reported deviations. PMID- 14778976 TI - The significance of regression line slope changes in the quantitative titration of complement components. AB - The hypothesis is discussed that dissociable complexes are formed between elements of a test complement (C') and the reagent used to titrate it for a particular component. Calculations are presented which demonstrate that such complex formation may give considerable changes in slopes of percentage hemolysis log dose regression lines obtained with mixtures of C' and reagent. It is shown that marked change of slope may occur with relatively little change in the value of the 50 per cent intercept. PMID- 14778977 TI - Biologic significance of the structure of hydrocarbons. I. Chain structure. AB - 1. The biologic experiments with the links of the methane series-n-pentane, n hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, i-octane, and pentene-gave these qualitative results: (a) The higher the number of CH(2) groups, the longer the chain, the longer the average lifetime of the animal. (b) The ramified chain does not appear to act differently from the saturated straight chain with the same number of C atoms. (c) One double bond within the chain shortens the lifetime to a considerable degree. 2. The quantitative discussion shows that the lifetimes depend exponentially on the molecular weight. 3. Qualitatively the hypothesis is supported that with rising molecular weight the concentration of CH(2) groups within the animal diminishes according to the vapor pressure or the thermodynamic potential. However, lifetime and these physical properties obey different functions. 4. These physical properties are of high biologic importance. But they are not sufficient to explain the biologic effects quantitatively. PMID- 14778978 TI - Polyploidy and cancer; the desoxypentosenucleic acid content of nuclei of normal, precancerous, and neoplastic rat tissues. AB - The average desoxypentosenucleic acid content of individual nuclei was determined for various normal and tumor tissues, and for livers showing precancerous changes, in the rat. With certain exceptions attributable to polyploidy, the values were practically indistinguishable from each other and from values reported for cell nuclei of other mammals. The amount of this nucleic acid in diploid cells of the rat appears to be a constant, nearly equal to 6 x 10(-6) micrograms. Findings of increased concentrations of this nucleic acid in tissues showing preneoplastic or neoplastic changes therefore confirm histological observations of increased cellularity and polyploidy in such tissues. PMID- 14778979 TI - Ageing and the influx of water into radish root-hair cells. AB - A micropotometric device previously described by the writer was used to determine quantitatively the velocity of water influx in cubic microns per square micron of hair surface per minute of comparatively older and younger root hairs of radish seedlings in a humid atmosphere at 29 degrees +/- 1 degrees C. when the micropotometers were filled with Hoagland solution at pH 6.8. In each experiment, measurements were made on two hairs of different length and different age on a given root and the hairs were inserted into the micropotometers a sufficient distance so that the area of immersion, 13,200micro(2), was the same in each instance. The range of velocities of water influx through the immersed surface was 4.46 to 1.16micro(3)/micro(2)/min. for the younger and shorter hairs which varied in length from 280 to 460 microns. The range of velocities of water influx through the immersed surface of the older hairs which varied from 661 to 2300 microns in length was 1.94 to 0.47micro(3)/micro(2)/min. The data indicate that water entry slows down in older hairs independent of root length. Estimations were made of the times to replace hair volumes based upon the mean velocities of water entry of the immersed areas. It was found that the time for the hairs to absorb an amount of water equivalent to their own volumes under the conditions specified was a matter of minutes or less; the range was 0.90 to 8.51 minutes. PMID- 14778980 TI - Tissue culture studies. V. Analogues for nicotinic acid. AB - The use of acetyl-3-pyridine and pyridine-3-sulfonic acid as analogues for nicotinic acid has been tested with tissue cultures of embryonic chick heart. Both roller tube and Carrel flask cultures were employed. Cell migration, appearance of the cells, and the uptake of tracer P(32) were used as criteria for the action of the analogues. Migration of the cells could be inhibited by both compounds, but at different levels. Both produced abnormal types of cells, but not the same type of abnormality. Uptake of P(32) was inhibited by both compounds. Addition of nicotinic acid failed to reverse the effects of the analogues at the concentrations used. PMID- 14778981 TI - Tissue culture studies. VI. The effect of medium constituents on nucleic acids and uptake of p32. AB - The effect of horse serum alone, and of embryo extract alone, was compared with that of "complete medium" on the content and synthesis of ribo- and desoxyribonucleic acids and uptake of tracer P(32) by chick heart cultures in vitro. The factors mentioned are influenced by embryo extract in a manner similar to the effect in complete medium. Horse serum produced little synthesis of nucleic acids or uptake of tracer, giving only slightly more effect than Tyrode's solution alone. Cutting the tissue into smaller pieces caused considerably greater synthetic effects, and retarded necrosis of the implant. PMID- 14778982 TI - On the visibility of radiation at the human fovea. AB - 1. Seeing-frequency functions (psi[S]) determined uniocularly for small (1.6'), brief images at the thoroughly dark-adapted human central fovea take the form of log-Gaussian integrals, for intensity or for exposure-time as the independent variable. They cannot be of Poisson type, since mean (tau') and standard deviation (sigma) are quite independently modifiable. 2. The properties of tau', the abscissa of inflection in the log-Gaussian integrals, and of sigma, are discussed in relation to customary determinations of spectral visibilities; agreements and certain necessary divergences are considered. 3. The values of sigma(logDeltaIlogDeltaI0), are distributed periodically, with 5 maxima in the range lambda383 to lambda712. Outside the fovea this is not the case. These maxima, and the intervening minima, are definitely correlated with "irregularities" in the values of tau' as function of lambda, with data on color threshold intensities, with data on "saturation," and quite specifically with minima and maxima in the data of lambda discrimination. They are unmistakably of analytical significance. 4. The interpretation of these properties is taken to require (consistent with the indications of other evidence) that under specified conditions the magnitude of sigma is a measure of the "size" of the population of excitable elements of neural effect, in the range of 0 to 100 per cent response frequency as a function of wave number. This means that under the procedure used there is detectable the spectral distribution of local, specific, photosensitization. The sigma's refer to a property of the excitation process which is not affected by the action of irrelevant absorbers. 5. A preliminary test of this has been made by the use of mixed "monochromatic" lights. The total energy is empirically the significant quantity, although the separate effects of lambda's are sharply exhibited. 6. The lambda distribution of photosensitization indices, sigma(logDeltaIlogDeltaI0), is necessarily taken to have the nature of "action spectra." Careful search discloses, surprisingly enough, precise and apparently unique correspondence with the maxima and minima (and details of shape) required for the participation of: cytochrome-c reductase; the reduced forms of cytochromes-a and -c; and the often overlooked ferric-prophyrin bands of oxidized cytochrome-c. 7. For the central fovea, in which blood vessels are absent, and in which resistance to anoxia is at a maximum, the presence of an enzyme system of the sort here indicated is entirely reasonable. It is pointed out that a number of specific experiments can be based upon the general finding, whatever the causal mechanism for the sensitized lambda regions may in the end prove to be. The data cannot be reconciled to the demands of existing color primary theories, although apparently quite accurately consistent with varied observational data. PMID- 14778983 TI - A report on psychological studies of the Chinese language in the past three decades. PMID- 14778984 TI - The relationship between the audiogenic seizure and middle ear disease. PMID- 14778985 TI - A study of factors influencing performance of dogs on a delayed response test. PMID- 14778986 TI - Cognitive maps and reinforcement. PMID- 14778987 TI - The meaning of democracy to sixth-grade children. PMID- 14778988 TI - The development of affectionate behavior in infancy. PMID- 14778989 TI - Developmental trends in reading behavior. PMID- 14778990 TI - The effects of intra-maze tetanizing shock upon the learning and behavior of the rat in a multiple-T maze. PMID- 14778991 TI - Reactions in a projective doll-play interview of white males 2 to 6 years of age to differences in skin color and facial features. PMID- 14778992 TI - Writing in relief by hand from left to right. PMID- 14778993 TI - The inheritance of "stringy," an abnormal feather condition in white Leghorn chickens. PMID- 14778994 TI - Sunsuit, a mutation reducing plumage in the fowl. PMID- 14778995 TI - Mating systems in honey bees. PMID- 14778996 TI - The chromosomes of Drosophila willistoni. PMID- 14778997 TI - Comparative effects of colchicine and sodium nucleate on somatic chromosomes of Allium and Tradescantia. PMID- 14778998 TI - An interspecific hybrid in Ficus. PMID- 14778999 TI - Male sterile tobacco. PMID- 14779000 TI - Clover-leaf tongues. PMID- 14779001 TI - Dwarfism, a hereditary defect in beef cattle. PMID- 14779002 TI - The telomeres of Drosophila. PMID- 14779003 TI - A recurrence of the semi-hairless gene in cattle. PMID- 14779004 TI - Fuzzy mice. PMID- 14779005 TI - Differential photoperiod response from an interspecific gene transfer. PMID- 14779006 TI - Mitosis of the erythrocytes in the circulating blood of Rana pipiens. PMID- 14779007 TI - Sex-linkage in the turkey. PMID- 14779008 TI - A new tail-short mutation in the mouse whose lethal effects are conditioned by the residual genotypes. PMID- 14779009 TI - Misshapen toes in three generations of the G. family. PMID- 14779011 TI - Three pedigrees of congenital auricular sinus. PMID- 14779010 TI - Lordosis, a mutation in the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus. PMID- 14779012 TI - The kinetosome in cytoplasmic heredity; a visible, normal, cytoplasmic genetic particle with a future. PMID- 14779013 TI - The problem of cancer in India. PMID- 14779014 TI - Histology of the endometrium. PMID- 14779015 TI - Streptomycin in thoracoplasty operations. PMID- 14779016 TI - Society medicine and national welfare. PMID- 14779017 TI - People produce--not machines. PMID- 14779018 TI - The 26th All-India Medical Conference Allahabad, 1949. PMID- 14779019 TI - The high output cardiac failure. PMID- 14779020 TI - Hypertensive encephalopathy. PMID- 14779021 TI - Exfoliative cytology in diagnosis of cancer. PMID- 14779022 TI - Asthma, vertigo, sleeplessness and schizophrenia syndrome. PMID- 14779023 TI - Increased intracranial pressure and ophthalmology. PMID- 14779024 TI - Society medicine and national welfare. PMID- 14779025 TI - President's address. PMID- 14779026 TI - Myocardial infarction due to syphilitic ostial stenosis. Report of a case. PMID- 14779027 TI - Traumatic injuries to the liver and spleen. The leukocyte counts as an aid in diagnosis. PMID- 14779028 TI - The causes of death in aneurysm of the heart: incidence of acute coronary artery thrombosis in established cases. Report of a case. PMID- 14779029 TI - Chronic recurrent pancreatitis. PMID- 14779031 TI - Principles and applications of stereoencephalotomy. PMID- 14779030 TI - Lumbar Hernia. PMID- 14779032 TI - A new approach to the treatment of subcapital and transcervical fractures of the hip; preliminary report. PMID- 14779033 TI - Anomalous opening of the common bile duct into the stomach; report of a case. PMID- 14779034 TI - Internal hernia as a cause of intestinal obstruction; report of three cases. PMID- 14779035 TI - Observations on total gastrectomy. PMID- 14779036 TI - A nonrigid method of treatment for early clubfoot. PMID- 14779037 TI - Gallstone Ileus. PMID- 14779038 TI - Pentothal sodium in ophthalmic surgery; a ten-year review of its use at the Pittsburgh Eye and Ear Hospital. PMID- 14779039 TI - DESIDERIO Roman, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.I.C.S. PMID- 14779040 TI - Fred Wise, M.D. (October 3, 1881-July 26, 1950). PMID- 14779041 TI - Medical specialty research in a university: its organization and support in a department of dermatology. PMID- 14779042 TI - Intensive panthenol therapy of lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14779043 TI - Sodium para-aminobenzoate therapy of atopic dermatitis; preliminary report. PMID- 14779044 TI - Pseudoxanthoma elasticum micro-incineration. PMID- 14779045 TI - Relative effect of local anesthetics on experimental histamine pruritus in man. PMID- 14779046 TI - A pleuropneumonia-like organism in primary fusospirochetal gangrene of the penis. PMID- 14779047 TI - Bacterial flora of the normal human skin. PMID- 14779048 TI - The effect of topical antipruritic therapy on experimentally induced pruritus in man. PMID- 14779049 TI - Atopic dermatitis. II. Role of the sweating mechanism. PMID- 14779050 TI - Therapeutic assays of the Skin and Cancer Unit of the New York University Hospital. PMID- 14779051 TI - Tracheotomy in bulbar poliomyelitis. PMID- 14779052 TI - Some mechanical tracheotomy problems in bulbar poliomyelitis. PMID- 14779053 TI - The use and abuse of thyroid therapy. PMID- 14779054 TI - Earlier diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix uteri. PMID- 14779055 TI - Evaluation of treatment of herpes simplex cornea with the newer antibiotics. PMID- 14779056 TI - Trends in internal medicine--1949. PMID- 14779057 TI - IOWA births, deaths and marriages higher in 1950 than in 1949. PMID- 14779059 TI - Histoplasmosis of infants with a report of 7 cases. PMID- 14779058 TI - Myelofibrosis: a report of 3 cases. PMID- 14779060 TI - Cancer of the cervix. PMID- 14779061 TI - Pheochromocytoma. PMID- 14779062 TI - Essential hypertension. PMID- 14779063 TI - Carcinoma of the biliary system and pancreas. PMID- 14779064 TI - Indican excretion in relation to intestinal sterilization. PMID- 14779065 TI - Erythrocyte survival studies in childhood. I. Methods and general observations. PMID- 14779066 TI - Erythrocyte survival studies in childhood. II. Studies in Mediterranean anemia. PMID- 14779067 TI - Erythrocyte survival studies in childhood. III. Unusual familial hemolytic anemias associated with intrinsic erythrocyte abnormality. PMID- 14779068 TI - The treatment of dicumarol-induced hypoprothrombinemia in dogs with emulsified vitamin K1 administered intravenously. PMID- 14779069 TI - The interrelationship of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the baby pig. PMID- 14779070 TI - Studies on experimental histoplasmosis. IV. A comparison of the virulence of five strains of histoplasma capsulatum by intracerebral inoculation of male dba line 1 mice. PMID- 14779071 TI - PROPHYLAXIS and treatment of acute respiratory diseases with antihistaminic drugs. I. Prophylactic treatment in navy male recruits. PMID- 14779072 TI - PROPHYLAXIS and treatment of acute respiratory diseases with antihistaminic drugs. II. Prophylactic treatment with therapeutic dosage in navy male recruits. PMID- 14779073 TI - PROPHYLAXIS and treatment of acute respiratory diseases with antihistaminic drugs. III. Treatment of minor acute respiratory infection in Navy Wave recruits. PMID- 14779074 TI - PROPHYLAXIS and treatment of acute respiratory diseases with antihistaminic drugs. IV. The prophylaxis and treatment of "colds" in volunteers. PMID- 14779075 TI - Metabolism of tyrosine in experimental megaloblastic anemia and in scurvy in the monkey. PMID- 14779076 TI - The excretion kinetics of the dye T-1824 in relation to plasma volume determinations. PMID- 14779077 TI - Protein metabolism in chronic illness: effect of protein supplementation on nitrogen balance, hemoglobin, serum proteins, and weight in the malnourished and the effect of the nutritional status on nitrogen storage. PMID- 14779078 TI - The nature of the lesions encountered in routine chest x-rays. PMID- 14779079 TI - Effect of food and antacids on blood levels of aureomycin and terramycin. PMID- 14779080 TI - The occurrence of false positive tests for albumin in glucose in the urine during the course of massive penicillin therapy. PMID- 14779081 TI - Tyrosine metabolism in infantile scurvy. PMID- 14779082 TI - Venous catheterization for fluid therapy: a technique and results. PMID- 14779083 TI - A source of error in the shipment and storage of plasma samples for alkaline phosphatase determination. PMID- 14779084 TI - A further report on the comparison of the one-stage and bedside methods for determining prothrombin. PMID- 14779085 TI - Further observations on a substance in egg yolk which protects aureomycin from deterioration. PMID- 14779086 TI - The production of chronic systemic hypertension in the rat with a small adjustable renal artery clamp. PMID- 14779087 TI - Mouse pathogenicity as a diagnostic aid in the identification of actinomyces bovis. PMID- 14779089 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 14779088 TI - Palliative radiation therapy in neoplastic disease. PMID- 14779090 TI - The Mayo Memorial; address at the ground-breaking ceremony for the Mayo Memorial, University of Minnesota, July 5, 1950. PMID- 14779091 TI - The application of the insulins in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14779092 TI - Cortisone and ACTH in rheumatic fever. PMID- 14779093 TI - Clinical study of physostigmine preparations in the relief of muscle spasm and pain. PMID- 14779094 TI - Rat-bite fever due to Streptobacillus moniliformis; report of a case occurring in Minnesota. PMID- 14779095 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of hemangiomas. PMID- 14779096 TI - The Morgagni-Stewart-Morel syndrome and the otologist. PMID- 14779097 TI - Speech audiometry in the assessment of deafness. PMID- 14779098 TI - Perceptive deafness associated with severe neonatal jaundice; a report of 16 cases. PMID- 14779099 TI - Residual osteitis of the alveolus of the maxilla as a cause of facial pain. PMID- 14779100 TI - Carcinoma of thyroid with widespread metastases and unusual symptomatology. PMID- 14779101 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the sigmoid sinus in a case of mastoiditis. PMID- 14779102 TI - Cerebral haematoma complicating extradural abscess. PMID- 14779103 TI - Displacement therapy in chronic suppurative otitis media. PMID- 14779104 TI - An extended Schwartze (cortical) mastoid operation in the treatment of chronic mastoiditis in children. PMID- 14779105 TI - Scleroma; report of two cases. PMID- 14779106 TI - Anesthesia and surgical procedure for bronchoscopy. PMID- 14779107 TI - A case, in a girl aged 8, of acute mastoiditis, perisinus abscess and otitic meningitis, reviewed fourteen years later. PMID- 14779108 TI - Intratympanic injection for tinnitus aurium. PMID- 14779109 TI - Tonsil and adenoid problem. PMID- 14779110 TI - Progress in American medicine. PMID- 14779111 TI - Roentgenological examination of the colon. (With special reference to the use of tannic acid and of routine lateral views). PMID- 14779112 TI - The misuse of penicillin and other antibiotics in the treatment of acute otitis media. PMID- 14779113 TI - Shoulder pain. PMID- 14779114 TI - Oil emboli following attempted criminal abortion; a case report. PMID- 14779115 TI - The cancer serum flocculation test employing the Penn antigen. PMID- 14779116 TI - Clinicopathological exercise; adenocarcinoma with extension through bowel wall to adjacent tissue, Multiple abscesses of adjacent mesocolon. PMID- 14779117 TI - [The place of oto-antritis in infant pathology]. PMID- 14779118 TI - [Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by antimoniate of N-methyl glucamine; 15 personal observations]. PMID- 14779119 TI - [Case of Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome]. PMID- 14779120 TI - [Serology of syphilis and social medicine: its dangers and the prudence required in the interpretation of its results]. PMID- 14779121 TI - [Para-aminosalicylic acid (P.A.S.)]. PMID- 14779122 TI - [Syphilis of the pharynx and tonsils]. PMID- 14779123 TI - [Value of sialography in the diagnosis of salivary diseases]. PMID- 14779125 TI - [Acute prolonged adenoiditis and its treatment]. PMID- 14779124 TI - [Vertigo of cervical origin]. PMID- 14779126 TI - [Clinical remarks on arterial hypertension; prolonged hypertension]. PMID- 14779127 TI - [The attitude of the physiologist towards the surgical treatment of arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14779128 TI - [Surgical therapy of arterial hypertension based on 108 cases]. PMID- 14779130 TI - [Contralateral improvement in fenestration; conditions of appearance, characteristics, mechanism]. PMID- 14779129 TI - [Statistical data on the frequency and evolution of laryngeal tuberculosis before the use of streptomycin]. PMID- 14779131 TI - Peritoneal drainage. PMID- 14779132 TI - The color of feces following the instillation of citrated blood at various levels of the small intestine. PMID- 14779133 TI - Gastrointestinal allergy, remissions in chronic eczema following administration of phthalanilic acid. PMID- 14779134 TI - Carbohydrate studies in patients with Addison's disease treated with testosterone propionate and cortisone. PMID- 14779135 TI - Responsibilities of the radiologist toward his patient and referring physician in diagnostic procedures involving the gastro-intestinal tract. PMID- 14779136 TI - Meningoencephalitis due to virus of herpes simplex, report of case. PMID- 14779137 TI - Surgical management of pancreatitis. PMID- 14779138 TI - Treatment of typhoid fever, report of case. PMID- 14779139 TI - Pediatric case reports; two cases of spontaneous bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract in newborn. PMID- 14779140 TI - A factorial study of physical constitution in women. PMID- 14779141 TI - A follow-up investigation of 330 cases treated by prefrontal leucotomy. PMID- 14779142 TI - Illusion or illumination: a study of the religious process. PMID- 14779144 TI - Function and training of the clinical psychologist. PMID- 14779143 TI - Congenital malformations in the teeth and eyes in mental defectives. PMID- 14779145 TI - Abilities of male mental hospital patients. PMID- 14779146 TI - The psychology of electric convulsion treatment. PMID- 14779147 TI - Cerebral dysrhythmia induced by photic and chemical stimulation as a method of treatment in psychiatry. PMID- 14779148 TI - Observations on the effect of myanesin (3 orthotoloxy-1,2 propaneidol or tolserol) on epileptic thresholds and some psychiatric conditions. PMID- 14779149 TI - Migraine and psychopathic behaviour. PMID- 14779150 TI - The factor of number in individual- and group-dynamics. PMID- 14779151 TI - A psycho-analytic approach to the treatment of patients in groups. PMID- 14779152 TI - The third interdigital patterns on the palms of the general British population, mongoloid and non-mongoloid mental defectives. PMID- 14779153 TI - Electronarcosis: a safe technique for routine administration under anaesthesia and eulissen (decamethonium iodide or C.10). PMID- 14779154 TI - The origin of head-banging: a suggested explanation with an illustrative case history. PMID- 14779155 TI - Changes continuing after the termination of treatment of mental defectives with aneurin. PMID- 14779156 TI - The galactose tolerance test in phenylketonuria. PMID- 14779157 TI - A doctor makes a critical survey of the medical profession. PMID- 14779158 TI - Obesity, a complication in carcinoma cervix uteri. PMID- 14779159 TI - Role of anoxia and dietary deficiency in various clinical states including malignancy; a preliminary report. PMID- 14779160 TI - Can cancer be an inherited family disease? PMID- 14779161 TI - Rationale of therapy of blood diseases. PMID- 14779162 TI - Experiences with cervical arteriovenous fistulas in attempts to increase the blood supply to the brain. PMID- 14779163 TI - Fresh fractures of the shaft of the femur; current methods of treatment. PMID- 14779164 TI - Congenital malformations of the heart. PMID- 14779166 TI - Why nursing education? PMID- 14779165 TI - Report on new deodorant for hospital use. PMID- 14779167 TI - Abruptio placentae occurring in three successive pregnancies; case report. PMID- 14779168 TI - The pool of miscible uric acid in normal and gouty man, studied with the aid of isotopic nitrogen. PMID- 14779169 TI - Sodium, water and edema. PMID- 14779170 TI - Thrombophlebitis secondary to acute respiratory infection. PMID- 14779171 TI - Gallstone obstruction of the duodenum; case report. PMID- 14779172 TI - Case of coexistent benign and malignant bone tumors. PMID- 14779173 TI - The mouth in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14779175 TI - Are you truly ethical? PMID- 14779174 TI - A primer of neurological examination for the chiropodist. PMID- 14779176 TI - Verruca or papillomata. PMID- 14779177 TI - Present status of standards for shoe last sizes. PMID- 14779178 TI - An improved method of approach for plantar excrescences. PMID- 14779179 TI - C. Eijkman, August 11, 1858-November 5, 1930. PMID- 14779180 TI - Nutrition survey and tests in Bataan, Philippines. PMID- 14779181 TI - Observations on an unknown dietary factor essential for human growth. PMID- 14779182 TI - Further studies on the role of potassium in growth and bone formation. PMID- 14779183 TI - Effect of the dietary level of tocopherols on their metabolism in swine. PMID- 14779184 TI - The excretion of amino acids in normal and undernourished human subjects following a single infusion of an amino acid preparation. PMID- 14779186 TI - The prevention of experimental tooth decay by tube-feeding. PMID- 14779185 TI - The influence of pteroylglutamic acid and vitamin B12 on the metabolism of pyridine-fed rats. PMID- 14779187 TI - The effect of fluoride and grapefruit juice on the etching of teeth. PMID- 14779188 TI - Contributions of brewers' yeast to a diet deficient in reproductive factors. PMID- 14779189 TI - The lysine requirement for the growth of swine. PMID- 14779190 TI - PROCEEDINGS of the fourteenth annual meeting of the American Institute of Nutrition. PMID- 14779191 TI - Maternal toxaemia and foetal ovarian activity; preliminary observations. PMID- 14779192 TI - Blood viscosity in pregnancy. PMID- 14779193 TI - Rupture of the uterus in labour due to previous perforation of its wall at curettage. PMID- 14779194 TI - Chorionic gonadotrophin in toxaemias of pregnancy. PMID- 14779195 TI - Pulmonary embolism complicating labour. PMID- 14779196 TI - Total hystero-vaginectomy. PMID- 14779197 TI - The ovarian theca cell. III. An unusual ovarian tumour: presentation of a tumour with patterns reminiscent of arrhenoblastoma, adrenal tumour and luteoma and a discussion of the probable histogenesis of these neoplasms. PMID- 14779198 TI - A method of locating the placenta in the intact human uterus by means of radio active sodium. PMID- 14779199 TI - Foetus retained in abdomen following uterine rupture. PMID- 14779200 TI - The treatment of eclampsia; preliminary report on the present Rotunda treatment of eclampsia by soluble sodium thiopentone and concentrated salt-free dextrose solution, with particular reference to the control of convulsions. PMID- 14779201 TI - Scotland's contribution to the progress of midwifery in the early eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. PMID- 14779202 TI - Meigs' syndrome; a report of 3 cases. PMID- 14779203 TI - Pelvic evisceration for advanced persistent or recurrent carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 14779204 TI - Changes in the cervix uteri simulating adenocarcinoma in two successive pregnancies. PMID- 14779205 TI - Chorea gravidarum. PMID- 14779206 TI - Veterinary obstetrics. PMID- 14779207 TI - Intraperitoneal bleeding from a ruptured uterine vein during pregnancy. PMID- 14779208 TI - A case of stromal endometriosis. PMID- 14779209 TI - Two cases of acute appendicitis in pregnancy. PMID- 14779210 TI - Vesico-vaginal fistulae. PMID- 14779211 TI - A case of pseudomucinous cystadenoma of the umbilicus. PMID- 14779212 TI - A case of postpartum acidosis. PMID- 14779213 TI - Carcinoma of vagina with abdominal metastases. PMID- 14779214 TI - Oklahoma's future role in the cancer program of the United States. PMID- 14779215 TI - Developments in treatment of macrocytic hyperchromic anemias. PMID- 14779216 TI - Medical and hospital insurance is the answer. PMID- 14779218 TI - Practical precautions during labor. PMID- 14779217 TI - Effectiveness of methyl-cellulose in gastrointestinal disturbances. PMID- 14779219 TI - Clinical pathologic conference; hypertension, malignant phase, characterized by cardiac hypertrophy, marked, predominantly left ventricle; hyperplastic arteriosclerosis and malignant nephrosclerosis. PMID- 14779220 TI - Clinical features of pelvic endometriosis. PMID- 14779221 TI - Geriatric gynecology. PMID- 14779222 TI - The use of glutamic acid hydrochloride for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. PMID- 14779223 TI - Recent trends in biliary tract surgery. PMID- 14779224 TI - Clinical pathologic conference: Purulent and necrotizing laryngotracheal bronchitis. PMID- 14779225 TI - Fractures of the zygoma and zygomatic arch. PMID- 14779226 TI - Maxillary facial fistula. PMID- 14779227 TI - Autoplasty of enucleated prefunctional third molars. PMID- 14779229 TI - A new concept of treatment of osteomyelitis of the mandible. PMID- 14779228 TI - Temporomandibular ankylosis. PMID- 14779230 TI - The value of gingival biopsy in the diagnosis of generalized amyloidosis. PMID- 14779231 TI - X-ray protection in dentistry. PMID- 14779232 TI - A roentgenographic study of the pterygopalatine injection for blocking the maxillary nerve. PMID- 14779233 TI - Congenital anomalies of the floor of the mouth and of the mandible: report of 2 cases. PMID- 14779234 TI - Extraoral removal of an impacted lower third molar; report of case. PMID- 14779235 TI - Compound composite odontoma; report of case. PMID- 14779236 TI - HARRY Bear. PMID- 14779237 TI - The biopsy. PMID- 14779238 TI - Kirksville moves forward in terms of fundamental aims. Values enhanced by experience, maturity and additions to faculty and staff, improvement in organization and facility for teaching. PMID- 14779239 TI - Soft tissue technic. Part III The mid and lower cervical area. PMID- 14779240 TI - Ovarian pregnancy. A case report. PMID- 14779241 TI - Macroscopic examination of the feces. PMID- 14779242 TI - Langley Porter. PMID- 14779243 TI - Bibliography of Langley Porter 1905-1950. PMID- 14779244 TI - Electroencephalography in cerebral palsy. PMID- 14779245 TI - The effect of transfusions and antibiotics upon the duration of life in children with lymphogenous leucemia. PMID- 14779246 TI - Signs and symptoms of supratentorial brain tumors in childhood. PMID- 14779247 TI - Pathologic lesions in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. PMID- 14779248 TI - Infections of the central nervous system; an approach to diagnosis. PMID- 14779249 TI - Psychotic behavior in a child; case report. PMID- 14779250 TI - Abnormalities in the secretion of the adrenal cortex during early life. PMID- 14779251 TI - Infant and maternal mortality in San Francisco. PMID- 14779252 TI - Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. PMID- 14779253 TI - Two diagrams on the clinical entity. PMID- 14779254 TI - Oculoglandular conjunctivitis due to leptothrix. PMID- 14779255 TI - The role of the laboratory in antibiotic therapy. PMID- 14779256 TI - A note on the psychological implications of thumb-sucking. PMID- 14779257 TI - Studies on the etiology of exanthema subitum (roseola infantum). PMID- 14779258 TI - Clinical diagnosis of congenital heart murmurs by means of the symballophone; a double stethoscope making use of two ears for lateralization and comparison of sounds. PMID- 14779259 TI - Multiple congenital dislocations associated with characteristic facial abnormality. PMID- 14779260 TI - Hemolytic disease of the newborn infant (erythroblastosis fetalis); a study of the pathologic lesions of 20 cases. PMID- 14779261 TI - A study of the occurrence of normal Rh-negative infants born to sensitized Rh negative women. PMID- 14779262 TI - The significance of nutrition as an ecologic factor in the prevention of disease. PMID- 14779264 TI - The borderline Schick test. PMID- 14779263 TI - Status marmoratus; a form of cerebral palsy following either birth injury or inflammation of the central nervous system. PMID- 14779265 TI - Reservoirs of infection. PMID- 14779266 TI - The obstetrical significance of prematurity. PMID- 14779267 TI - Coarctation of the aorta in children; observations in 14 cases. PMID- 14779268 TI - Increasing interdependence of the obstetrician and the pediatrician. PMID- 14779269 TI - Further observations on the antepartum prediction of hemolytic disease of the newborn. PMID- 14779270 TI - Infectious mononucleosis of the central nervous system with bilateral papilledema. PMID- 14779271 TI - Voluntary imitative convulsive attacks observed in a convulsive clinic. PMID- 14779272 TI - Problems around psychotherapy with children. PMID- 14779273 TI - The signs of Brudzinski and of Kernig. PMID- 14779274 TI - Folic acid, vitamin B12 and anaemia. II. Microbiological aspects. PMID- 14779275 TI - Folic acid, vitamin B12 and anemia. III. Folic acid and vitamin B12 in megaloblastic anaemia. PMID- 14779276 TI - The photometric determination of 2:3:5:6-tetrachloronitrobenzene. PMID- 14779277 TI - The analysis and determination of phenyl glycerol ethers with particular reference to pharmaceutical preparations. PMID- 14779278 TI - A comparison of the activity of some drug products injected in hydrolysed calcium gelatinate and in distilled water. PMID- 14779279 TI - The assay of ammi visnaga fruits. PMID- 14779280 TI - Studies of ricinoleic acid and a turbidimetric method of evaluating the bactericidal action of solutions of phenols in potassium ricinoleates. III. Reproducibility of nephelometer results. PMID- 14779281 TI - The chemistry of anti-pernicious anaemia factors. V. The inter relationship and structure of the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-components. PMID- 14779282 TI - Flumamine, a new synthetic analgesic and anti-flu drug. PMID- 14779284 TI - The joint cooperative program for the control of venereal disease in the Philippines. PMID- 14779283 TI - Progress of B.C.G. vaccination in the Philippines. PMID- 14779285 TI - Synergistic action of chaulmoogra and sulfone drugs. PMID- 14779286 TI - Radical resection of the left maxilla; report of a case. PMID- 14779287 TI - Acute appendicitis in children. PMID- 14779288 TI - Studies on schistosomiasis: progress report on the Philippine campaign as of June 30, 1950. PMID- 14779289 TI - A report of the national blood program. PMID- 14779290 TI - Ideals and problems of Philippine ophthalmology. PMID- 14779291 TI - Leprosy-Susceptibility and transmission. PMID- 14779292 TI - Recent trends in public health in the United States and in the Philippines. PMID- 14779293 TI - The accomplishments of the Department of Health. PMID- 14779294 TI - On the growth and properties of the cuprene fiber. PMID- 14779295 TI - The electrolytic transference properties of polymeric acids. PMID- 14779296 TI - The concept of critical zeta potential for hydrophobic sols. I. PMID- 14779297 TI - Some physicochemical studies on gallium (III) salt solutions. PMID- 14779298 TI - The effect of added hydrocarbons upon critical concentrations of soap and detergent solutions. PMID- 14779299 TI - On the concentration dependence of the rates of diffusion of macromolecules in solution. PMID- 14779300 TI - The adhesion of phosphors on cathode-ray screens. PMID- 14779301 TI - On the structure of monolayers and multilayers of polar hydrocarbon molecules on solid substrates. PMID- 14779302 TI - The activated complex of the protein molecule. PMID- 14779303 TI - [Pharmacology of Canadian flea-bane or erigeron (Erigeron canadense L.)]. PMID- 14779304 TI - [Modern treatment of premature infants]. PMID- 14779306 TI - [Genetics for the practitioner]. PMID- 14779305 TI - [Arteriosclerosis and arterial spasm]. PMID- 14779307 TI - [Prognosis of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 14779308 TI - [Obesity, complication of primary tuberculosis infection]. PMID- 14779309 TI - [What every doctor should know about shock]. PMID- 14779310 TI - [Intra-articular acid injections for arthrosis]. PMID- 14779311 TI - [Recent advances in pediatrics in the light of the Congress of Zurich]. PMID- 14779312 TI - [Formation of artificial anus]. PMID- 14779313 TI - [Possible elective fixation of tuberculous reinfections on former bacillary foci; prophylactic consequences]. PMID- 14779314 TI - [Epilepsy, military discharge; mistaken diagnosis; consequences]. PMID- 14779316 TI - [Genetics for the practitioner]. PMID- 14779315 TI - [Dietetic charts of the Massachusetts General Hospital]. PMID- 14779317 TI - [Hemolytic disease of the newborn]. PMID- 14779318 TI - [Dietetic charts of the Massachusetts General Hospital]. PMID- 14779319 TI - [Present points of view on sprains of the knee]. PMID- 14779320 TI - [Treatment of anal fistulas]. PMID- 14779321 TI - [Therapeutic pneumothorax; suppression of effusions; resumption of inefficacious insufflations; careful massage of the lung; reflex accident; care in cases of double pneumothorax]. PMID- 14779322 TI - [Dosage and routes of administration of estrogens]. PMID- 14779323 TI - [Essential oil of cajeput and aerosols]. PMID- 14779324 TI - [Acute infectious lymphocytosis or Carl Smith's disease]. PMID- 14779325 TI - [Vitamin requirements of surgical patients]. PMID- 14779326 TI - [Dietetic charts of the Massachusetts General Hospital]. PMID- 14779327 TI - [Attempted treatment of diseases of the infant and young child with aureomycin]. PMID- 14779328 TI - [A formidable and sometimes unrecognized syndrome: intracranial hypertension]. PMID- 14779329 TI - [How to recognize traumatic lesions of the meniscus of the knee]. PMID- 14779330 TI - ["Two-piece" scarlet fever]. PMID- 14779331 TI - [Dietetic charts of the Massachusetts General Hospital]. PMID- 14779332 TI - [What every doctor should know about the incompatibility of blood]. PMID- 14779333 TI - [Is insulin capable of clearing up certain opacities of the cornea?]. PMID- 14779334 TI - [Case with difficult diagnosis and medical management: transitory fatigue, or epilepsy, or cerebral tumor?]. PMID- 14779335 TI - [Medical point of view on the treatment of volvulus of the pelvic colon]. PMID- 14779336 TI - [Treatment of intestinal parasitosis]. PMID- 14779337 TI - [Treatment of anal pruritus]. PMID- 14779338 TI - "Blanket" health education tests unsatisfactory. PMID- 14779339 TI - [Antagonist hormone therapy of hemogenia and hemophilia]. PMID- 14779340 TI - [Placement and treatment of habitual delinquents]. PMID- 14779341 TI - [Purpura rheumatica following diphtheria-tetanus vaccine injection; action of novocaine on the occlusive syndrome]. PMID- 14779342 TI - PARTNERS: how social hygiene works with you in your community to build healthy personal and family life. PMID- 14779343 TI - Are venereal diseases disappearing; over-all picture throughout the country. PMID- 14779345 TI - Youth protection, a community affair. PMID- 14779344 TI - Who knows what about VD? PMID- 14779346 TI - A decade of cooperation; a record of accomplishments by the Joint Committee of the American Pharmaceutical Association and the American Social Hygiene Association. PMID- 14779347 TI - Esophageal varices: the treatment of portal hypertension by portacaval shunt. PMID- 14779348 TI - Pudendal block with hyaluronidase. PMID- 14779349 TI - Management of tetanus with mephenesin. PMID- 14779351 TI - "The months ahead.". PMID- 14779350 TI - Veratrum viride in hypertension. PMID- 14779352 TI - Sarcoma of the uterus. PMID- 14779353 TI - Turner's syndrome. PMID- 14779354 TI - MID-STATE Baptist Hospital clinicopathological conference; scleroderma. PMID- 14779355 TI - Studies with arteriovenous fistulas. I. Response of the normally innervated and denervated heart to occlusion of the fistula. PMID- 14779356 TI - Experiences with the experimental surgical relief of aortic stenosis; a preliminary report. PMID- 14779357 TI - The experimental creation and closure of auricular septal defects. PMID- 14779358 TI - A physiologic evaluation of vagus section for bronchial asthma. PMID- 14779359 TI - Therapeutic status of pulmonary autonomic nerve surgery. PMID- 14779360 TI - The surgical treatment of intractable asthma. PMID- 14779361 TI - The experimental use of homogenous tracheal transplants in the restoration of continuity of the tracheobronchial tree. PMID- 14779362 TI - Resection of the trachea and bronchi; and experimental study. PMID- 14779363 TI - Further experiences with dermal grafts for healed tuberculous stenosis of the bronchi and trachea. PMID- 14779364 TI - The technique of pulmonary decortication and pleurolysis. PMID- 14779365 TI - Lobar agenesis of the lung. PMID- 14779366 TI - Experimental urolithiasis. I. Development of calculi upon foreign bodies surgically introduced into bladders of rats. PMID- 14779367 TI - Experimental urolithiasis. II. The influence of urine volume upon calculi experimentally produced upon foreign bodies. PMID- 14779368 TI - The radiographic diagnosis of perinephric abscess. PMID- 14779369 TI - Endometriosis of kidney. PMID- 14779370 TI - Ureteral implantation. II. Clinical results from a method of open submucosal anastomosis. PMID- 14779371 TI - Instrumental removal of wax foreign bodies from bladder. PMID- 14779372 TI - Correction of stress incontinence in the female. PMID- 14779373 TI - Nervous system lesions which affect the bladder. PMID- 14779374 TI - Sterilization of neurogenic bladder by mandelamine (methenamine mandelate). Studies in bladder function XIII. PMID- 14779375 TI - Experimental production of epididymitis with sterile urine; clinical implications. PMID- 14779376 TI - Male sterility due to centriolar-mitochondrial disease of the spermatozoa. PMID- 14779377 TI - Indications for aureomycin and chloromycetin in urinary infections. PMID- 14779378 TI - A new cysto-urography and transurethral operating table: hydraulic operation providing prompt wide range position change. PMID- 14779379 TI - The treatment of neurosyphilis: penicillin alone versus penicillin plus arsenic and bismuth. PMID- 14779380 TI - Suggested technics for mass health education at county fairs. PMID- 14779381 TI - The antigens of the cultured Treponema pallidum (Reiter's strain) and the antispirochetal antibodies in human syphilis. PMID- 14779382 TI - "The ever-handy clinic"--A new visual aid for students. PMID- 14779383 TI - CASES of syphilis and gonorrhea reported to the Public Health Service by state and territorial health departments, April-June 1950; known military cases excluded. PMID- 14779384 TI - Change of inner thoracic pressure by pneumothorax treatment. PMID- 14779385 TI - Influence of weather on pulmonary tuberculosis. III. Season and blood sedimentation rate. PMID- 14779386 TI - Result of tuberculosis mass examination of the infants in Setagaya ward, Tokyo City. PMID- 14779387 TI - Tuberculous peritonitis treated with streptomycin. PMID- 14779388 TI - Study on saving of the various materials by culture of tubercle bacilli. V. On the simplification of egg media for the isolation culture of tubercle bacilli. PMID- 14779389 TI - Study on the respiratory function of the lung. I. Respiratory function of the healthy persons measured by the air and oxygen respiration test. PMID- 14779390 TI - Process of the complement fixation reaction after BCG vaccination. PMID- 14779391 TI - Influence of surgical treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis upon the function of the vegetative nervous system. PMID- 14779392 TI - Influence of weather on pulmonary tuberculosis. IV. Season and subjective symptoms. PMID- 14779393 TI - Study on the respiratory function of the lung. II. Respiratory function of the pleuritis patients measured by the air and oxygen respiration test. PMID- 14779395 TI - Roentgenological findings after the radial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and the decision for recovery of the disease. PMID- 14779394 TI - Experience of the treatment by radial rays on pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14779396 TI - Supplement on the study of blood sedimentation reaction; difference between the rate immediately after the taking of blood and that of 24 hours later. I. The number of times for mixing the stored blood when it is used and the comparative experiment. PMID- 14779397 TI - Process of the tuberculin reaction and the complement fixation reaction of the BCG inoculated guinea pig after its tuberculous infection. PMID- 14779398 TI - Studies on tetrabromphenolphthaleinethylester-kalium (TBPE) reaction and tuberculin activity; the preliminary report: quantitative application of TBPE reaction. PMID- 14779399 TI - Quantitative measurement of culture of tubercle bacilli. VII. The quantitative measurement of tubercle bacilli in sputum. PMID- 14779400 TI - [Is the development of a spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to pneumatocele formation exclusively dependent upon rupture of the cyst?]. PMID- 14779401 TI - [Basis for protection against injury by radioactive isotopes]. PMID- 14779402 TI - [Recurrence of gonorrhea]. PMID- 14779403 TI - [Studies of scarlet fever patients treated with penicillin]. PMID- 14779404 TI - [Effect of pyridoxin in diseases of the central nervous system]. PMID- 14779405 TI - [Rickettsial diseases in Vienna]. PMID- 14779406 TI - The etiology of senile cataracts. PMID- 14779407 TI - Optic atrophy occurring in association with thrombosis of the carotid arteries in the neck. PMID- 14779409 TI - TONOMETER holder. PMID- 14779408 TI - A fatality precipitated by provocative test for glaucoma. PMID- 14779410 TI - How to make eye instruments last longer. PMID- 14779411 TI - Rhinology in children; resume of and comments on the literature for 1949. PMID- 14779412 TI - The progression of impaired hearing for high tones during childhood. PMID- 14779413 TI - On the chemical composition of the human perilymph and endolymph. PMID- 14779414 TI - An explanation of certain types of tinnitus and deafness. PMID- 14779415 TI - The cytologic diagnosis of primary bronchogenic carcinoma. PMID- 14779416 TI - Aureomycin in treatment of otitic and ophthalmic herpes zoster. PMID- 14779417 TI - Atypical case of foreign body in the esophagus. PMID- 14779418 TI - The management of deafness. PMID- 14779419 TI - Primary tumors of the nasal septum. PMID- 14779420 TI - Effect of gunfire upon auditory acuity for pure tones and the efficacy of earplugs as protectors. PMID- 14779421 TI - Review of the available literature of the pharynx and pharyngeal surgery for 1949. PMID- 14779422 TI - NEW hearing aid features world's tiniest receiver--offers widest frequency range, more overtones. PMID- 14779423 TI - HEARING aids accepted by the Council on Physical Medicine of the American Medical Association. PMID- 14779424 TI - [Clinical course and effects of therapy in dyspepsia and enterocolitis of infants in relation to the intestinal bacterial flora]. PMID- 14779425 TI - [First observations on the therapeutic results of the association of intraspinal sodium PAS in tuberculous meningitis of infants]. PMID- 14779426 TI - [Case of sympathogonioma with unusually diffuse subcutaneous metastases]. PMID- 14779427 TI - [Case of oropharyngo-bronchial thrush]. PMID- 14779428 TI - [Splenomegalic variety of the perniciosiform anemia of infants]. PMID- 14779429 TI - [Treatment of amebiasis and lambliasis in children]. PMID- 14779430 TI - [Allergometry, sedimentation rate and Arneth formula in tuberculosis of children during streptomycin therapy]. PMID- 14779431 TI - [Application of Leonurus cardiaca in therapy of children]. PMID- 14779432 TI - [Welfare of the illegitimate in Sweden]. PMID- 14779433 TI - [Psychomotor behavior of the newborn]. PMID- 14779434 TI - [Progress and orientations of the medico-surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14779435 TI - [Action of PAS on Mycobacteria; differentiation of tubercle bacilli from the paratuberculous]. PMID- 14779436 TI - [Current possibilities of treatment of cerebral tuberculoma]. PMID- 14779437 TI - [New plasma flocculation reaction in diagnosis and evaluation of forms of tuberculosis; control research]. PMID- 14779438 TI - [Streptomycin in treatment of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14779439 TI - [Streptomycin in treatment of tuberculosis of the larynx]. PMID- 14779440 TI - [Iodine-streptomycin combination in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14779441 TI - [Bipolar extrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 14779442 TI - [First observations on several cases of pleuro-pulmonary tuberculosis treated with PAS]. PMID- 14779443 TI - [Case of silent partial bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax in the course of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14779444 TI - [Allergometric research in tuberculous subjects treated with streptomycin. II]. PMID- 14779445 TI - [Blood sedimentation rate and reaction times in the study of latent toxemia in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14779446 TI - [Activity of the provincial anti-tuberculosis leagues]. PMID- 14779447 TI - [Organization, development and results of the twelfth national anti-tuberculosis campaign 1949]. PMID- 14779448 TI - [Scientific and social foundations for a national union of sanatorium physicians]. PMID- 14779449 TI - [Organization and activity of the Institute Nazionale della Previdenza Sociale]. PMID- 14779450 TI - [Why health security in Italy is faulty]. PMID- 14779451 TI - [Pneumo-phthisiological bibliography]. PMID- 14779452 TI - [Discovery of clinically latent inclusion body urethritis during Fanconi's syndrome]. PMID- 14779453 TI - [Inclusion body urethritis due to fecal contamination]. PMID- 14779454 TI - [Reiter's syndrome with inclusion body urethritis; labile pulmonary infiltration and keratodermia]. PMID- 14779455 TI - [Perfect arterial permeability seven months after de-obliterating endarteriectomy]. PMID- 14779456 TI - [Case of pemphigoid seborrhea]. PMID- 14779457 TI - [Comparative study of the action of aureomycin in Duhring-Brocq disease and in the Senear-Usher syndrome]. PMID- 14779458 TI - [Prolonged evolution of a Senear-Usher syndrome treated by corrosive sublimate]. PMID- 14779459 TI - [Familial nephritis with scabies]. PMID- 14779460 TI - [An epidemic of atypical pneumonia probably of viral origin]. PMID- 14779461 TI - [Short waves and hypertensive tuberculous uveitis]. PMID- 14779462 TI - [An epidemic of atypical pneumonia probably of viral origin]. PMID- 14779463 TI - [Evolution of two cases of pemphigoid seborrhea treated by corrosive sublimate]. PMID- 14779464 TI - [Clinical research on the action of a combination of calcium, vitamin C and phosphorus on certain vegetative syndromes]. PMID- 14779465 TI - [Considerations on the treatment of cerebromeningeal hemorrhages by intramuscular injections of thrombase in subtosan-retard]. PMID- 14779466 TI - [Syndromes of obliteration of the superior cerebellar artery and total softening of the upper third of the tegmentum of the cerebral peduncles; involvement of the superior oblique muscle]. PMID- 14779467 TI - [Fifteen cases of jaundice observed in one year in a chronic pulmonary tuberculosis clinic]. PMID- 14779468 TI - [Technical and anatomo-pathological principles of endarteriectomy]. PMID- 14779469 TI - [New case of anginal pains of esophageal origin]. PMID- 14779470 TI - [Foster-Kennedy syndrome; intracranial metastasis from operated breast cancer]. PMID- 14779471 TI - [Appearance of ocular lesions in rats treated with high doses of desoxycorticosterone]. PMID- 14779472 TI - [Aureomycin treatment of puerperal breast infections]. PMID- 14779473 TI - [Effects of tetraethylammonium bromide on gastric motility and secretion; its practical applications]. PMID- 14779474 TI - [Resection of the sigmoid in a child for Hirschsprung's disease]. PMID- 14779475 TI - [Early and rapidly progressing asystole in aortic stricture; role of myocardial ischemia]. PMID- 14779476 TI - [Principal indications and immediate and remote results of endarteriectomy]. PMID- 14779477 TI - [Angioma of the face, cirsoid aneurysm of the retina and of the brain; one case]. PMID- 14779478 TI - [New method of treating second degree burns]. PMID- 14779479 TI - [Peribuccal pigmentation after ingestion of the fruit of Citrus limetta]. PMID- 14779480 TI - [Familial proso pilary virilism as a dominant characteristic; proso pilary virilism in the mother; hyperplastic polydysplasia (Schaefer's syndrome) in the daughter]. PMID- 14779481 TI - [Acute papilledema and cervical disk disorder recovery of vision and disappearance of edema by extension of the neck; optic neuritis and acroparesthesia syndrome]. PMID- 14779482 TI - [Therapeutic use of vitamin A, either natural in alcoholic solution, or synthetic]. PMID- 14779483 TI - [Attempted anticoagulant therapy with dicumarol in certain cases of mitral valve disease]. PMID- 14779484 TI - [Infarct of the myocardium at the end of the evolution of necrotic capillaritis]. PMID- 14779485 TI - [Arterio-venous angioma of the spinal cord; racemose venous angioma of the spinal cord; anatomo-clinical, radiological and therapeutic considerations; two cases]. PMID- 14779486 TI - [Ulcero-vegetative bacillosis of the anus during genitourinary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14779487 TI - [Papulo-necrotic tuberculids (with associated elements resembling dermal sarcoids) recurring for fifteen years and resistant to all treatment so far]. PMID- 14779488 TI - [Vertebral manipulation in the treatment of lumbalgia, sciatica and cervicobrachial neuralgias]. PMID- 14779489 TI - [Anatomo-radiological observations of two cases of pseudo-tumoral infarction of the kidney]. PMID- 14779490 TI - [Latero-sellar meningioma without radiologic signs and with abnormal development towards the posterior cerebral fossa]. PMID- 14779491 TI - [Case of acute leukosis with beginning symptoms of Biermer's anemia (hyperchromic anemia, medullary megaloblastosis, achylia)]. PMID- 14779492 TI - Recent advances in internal medicine. PMID- 14779493 TI - Infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 14779494 TI - Gastric and intestinal intubation. PMID- 14779495 TI - Carcinoma of stomach; subtotal gastrectomy. PMID- 14779496 TI - Anaesthesia for transurethral resections. PMID- 14779497 TI - On Dr. Alexander Gibson's exposure of the hip joint. PMID- 14779498 TI - The Canadian Red Cross Transfusion Service; report and comments on the Red Cross Blood Bank, July, 1950. PMID- 14779499 TI - The medical life of Henry the Eighth. PMID- 14779501 TI - [Introduction to the study of semiology and the art of diagnosis]. PMID- 14779500 TI - Mental imagery. PMID- 14779502 TI - [Allergic manifestations and the pathogenic aspects which they suggest in rheumatism]. PMID- 14779503 TI - [Do you want to become a country doctor?]. PMID- 14779504 TI - [Public health in Hungary]. PMID- 14779505 TI - [Periarthritis of the shoulder]. PMID- 14779506 TI - [Radioactive isotopes in medicine]. PMID- 14779508 TI - [The specialist]. PMID- 14779507 TI - [Radiomanometry of the bile ducts in current surgical practice]. PMID- 14779509 TI - [The Professor C. I. Parhon Institute of Endocrinology of Bucharest]. PMID- 14779510 TI - [Technic for extermination of rats on ships with chloropicrin]. PMID- 14779511 TI - [Difficulties of epidemiological study of acute anterior poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14779512 TI - [Reflections on a village school]. PMID- 14779513 TI - [Recent advances in digestive pathology]. PMID- 14779514 TI - [How to avoid benign excoriations of the cheeks due to forceps]. PMID- 14779515 TI - [Practical applications of new ideas on the diagnosis and treatment of phlebitis]. PMID- 14779516 TI - Penicillin prophylaxis of postoperative bacteremia and bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 14779517 TI - Tests of pulmonary function. PMID- 14779518 TI - Blood coagulation and methods of therapeutic control. PMID- 14779519 TI - Symptomatic relief of low back pain. PMID- 14779520 TI - Mental hygiene in children. PMID- 14779521 TI - Adolphus Bogardus Bennett, M.D., President, 1934-35. PMID- 14779523 TI - New conflicts rock hospital staffs. PMID- 14779522 TI - Lewis Kaigler Sweet, A.B., M.D. (1902-1950). PMID- 14779524 TI - How to streamline your car insurance. PMID- 14779525 TI - He runs medicine's biggest journal. PMID- 14779526 TI - ONE-MAN office with a patio. PMID- 14779527 TI - LIVING costs outclimb medical costs. PMID- 14779528 TI - Where to put your money in wartime. PMID- 14779529 TI - RECORD book displays new wrinkles. PMID- 14779530 TI - PRESCRIPTIONS boom in Britain. PMID- 14779531 TI - When can you drop a case? PMID- 14779532 TI - A social worker speaks. PMID- 14779533 TI - One-stop diagnostic service: $100. PMID- 14779534 TI - 'It must be somewhere around here.'. PMID- 14779535 TI - The back door to group practice. PMID- 14779536 TI - My bout with government medicine. PMID- 14779537 TI - PHYSICIANS are fair game. PMID- 14779539 TI - WHAT automatic typing offers you. PMID- 14779538 TI - WHY have grievance committees? PMID- 14779540 TI - Your stake in collective bargaining. PMID- 14779541 TI - Signs build preventive practice. PMID- 14779542 TI - Influence of lead absorption on the ratio of large to small lymphoid cells. PMID- 14779543 TI - Psychiatry and eugenics. PMID- 14779545 TI - Pneumonokoniosis in Queensland foundries. PMID- 14779544 TI - The British Pharmacopoeia from the viewpoint of the pharmacologist. PMID- 14779546 TI - Some practical aspects of venereal disease. PMID- 14779548 TI - Poliomyelitis and its relation to recent tonsillectomy. PMID- 14779547 TI - OBITUARY: Percival Thomas Spower Cherry. 1. PMID- 14779549 TI - Poliomyelitis and tonsillectomy: a review of the literature for the Oto-Rhino Laryngological Society of New South Wales. PMID- 14779550 TI - Treatment of post-partum and menopausal obesity. PMID- 14779551 TI - The place of restorative resections and other operations in the treatment of carcinoma of the rectum. PMID- 14779552 TI - Some difficulties in the interpretation of haematological data, with particular reference to the estimation of capillary fragility. PMID- 14779553 TI - Obturator hernia: a case report. PMID- 14779554 TI - A case of chronic mania treated with lithium citrate and terminating fatally. PMID- 14779555 TI - OBITUARY: Constance Elizabeth D'Arcy. PMID- 14779556 TI - Cancer of the cervix uteri: Sydney Hospital figures for fifteen, ten and five year periods from 1929 to 1943. PMID- 14779557 TI - Seasonal variations in growth of the composite or mammoth preschool child. PMID- 14779558 TI - The treatment of chronic female pelvic sepsis by short-wave diathermy: a review of fifty cases. PMID- 14779559 TI - The development of streptomycin sensitivity in pulmonary tuberculosis: an analysis of cases. PMID- 14779560 TI - Recent advances in the management of deafness in children. PMID- 14779562 TI - A case of whooping cough treated by chloromycetin. PMID- 14779561 TI - Weber-Christian syndrome. PMID- 14779563 TI - Agranulocytosis following treatment of Parkinson's syndrome with "diparcol" (diethyl-amino-ethylphenothiazine): a report of two cases. PMID- 14779564 TI - REGINALD John Verco. PMID- 14779565 TI - The role of tendon transplantation in the restoration of function following paralysis. PMID- 14779566 TI - The treatment of fractures in the region of the elbow joint. PMID- 14779567 TI - Sacro-iliac tuberculous arthritis. PMID- 14779568 TI - The treatment of slipped femoral epiphysis. PMID- 14779569 TI - Experimental prostatectomy in a marsupial (Trichosurus vulpecula). PMID- 14779570 TI - Concerning calcinosis circumscripta, with report of a case. PMID- 14779571 TI - Parinaud's syndrome: report of two cases. PMID- 14779572 TI - Hydatid cyst of the diaphragm. PMID- 14779573 TI - Report of a case of calcinosis cutis associated with Raynaud's disease. PMID- 14779575 TI - The medical problems of aging. PMID- 14779574 TI - Child welfare in South Australia. PMID- 14779576 TI - Medical problems of aging. PMID- 14779577 TI - Dystonia musculorum deformans, with report of a case in a child. PMID- 14779578 TI - Studies on the serological diagnosis of smallpox. PMID- 14779579 TI - Lymphosarcoma invading the heart: a report of three cases with autopsy findings. PMID- 14779580 TI - Expiring thoughts of an English examiner. PMID- 14779581 TI - Epidemiological aspects of rubella. PMID- 14779582 TI - Diagnosis and prophylaxis of rubella. PMID- 14779583 TI - Rubella in pregnancy: the obstetrician's problem. PMID- 14779584 TI - Allergy of the nose and throat. PMID- 14779585 TI - Nasal allergy. PMID- 14779586 TI - Acute myocarditis. PMID- 14779587 TI - Observations on the vertebral and basilar arteries and their branches in man, with special reference to the lateral parolivary fossa. PMID- 14779588 TI - A rare sequela of typhoid fever. PMID- 14779589 TI - History as the basis of medical education. PMID- 14779590 TI - Some aspects of fat metabolism. PMID- 14779591 TI - Errors involved in the counting of blood cells. PMID- 14779592 TI - The adrenals in the rheumatic diseases. PMID- 14779593 TI - A case of carcinoma of the ureter successfully treated by nephrectomy and ureterectomy. PMID- 14779594 TI - Mongolism in one of twins: report of 2 cases. PMID- 14779595 TI - The literary and historical aspects of the writings of Sir William Osler. PMID- 14779596 TI - Modern trends in diphtheria prophylaxis. PMID- 14779597 TI - Purified toxoid aluminum phosphate ("P.T.A.P."): report on Australian field trials. PMID- 14779598 TI - The pathogenesis of atheroma, with special reference to disordered lipoid metabolism. PMID- 14779599 TI - A gynaecological problem. PMID- 14779600 TI - A study of sodium and water balances on congestive cardiac failure. PMID- 14779602 TI - Childhood tuberculosis in Queensland. PMID- 14779601 TI - Cancer mortality in Australia. PMID- 14779603 TI - Haemoglobin determinations of 1265 Bunbury school children and of a small group of adults. PMID- 14779604 TI - Thrombocytopenic purpura in the new-born, with report of a case. PMID- 14779605 TI - Some aspects of allergy. PMID- 14779606 TI - Essential enuresis: successful treatment based on physiological concepts. PMID- 14779607 TI - Tuberculosis at the Brisbane Children's Hospital: a ten-year survey. PMID- 14779608 TI - The "bad risk" anesthetic in emergency surgery. PMID- 14779609 TI - A case of squamous epithelioma of the tongue in a young woman, aged nineteen years. PMID- 14779610 TI - Gastric biopsy in pernicious anaemia. PMID- 14779611 TI - Sarcoidosis: a survey, with report of 30 cases. PMID- 14779613 TI - Multiple myeloma: Two cases without bony change on radiological examination. PMID- 14779612 TI - Ocular manifestations of sarcoidosis with a description of seven cases. PMID- 14779614 TI - The "lateral aberrant thyroid": report of a case. PMID- 14779615 TI - The place of radiology in the undergraduate medical curriculum. PMID- 14779616 TI - Medical photography for the general practitioner. PMID- 14779617 TI - The importance of biochemistry in the medical curriculum. PMID- 14779618 TI - ROYAL College of Surgeons as a postgraduate institution. PMID- 14779619 TI - The value of statistics in medical education. PMID- 14779620 TI - Pharmacy in medical education. PMID- 14779622 TI - New aspects of the production of models for teaching purposes. PMID- 14779621 TI - Vitamins in surgery. PMID- 14779623 TI - Modern trends in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14779624 TI - ACUTE laryngotracheobronchitis. PMID- 14779625 TI - A gastrectomy clamp. PMID- 14779626 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea. PMID- 14779627 TI - Early radiological diagnosis of disease of bone. PMID- 14779628 TI - The use and abuse of hormones in obstetrics and gynaecology. PMID- 14779629 TI - The value of personality tests in child guidance. PMID- 14779630 TI - Modern trends in the treatment of the common cold. PMID- 14779631 TI - The medical laboratory technician. PMID- 14779632 TI - Tumours of the kidney. PMID- 14779633 TI - The neurotic personality. PMID- 14779634 TI - Spondylitis. PMID- 14779635 TI - Coronary disease. PMID- 14779636 TI - The influence of chemotherapy on the management and treatment of lung abscess. PMID- 14779638 TI - The modern treatment of dysmenorrhoea. PMID- 14779637 TI - Modern trends in anaesthesia for children. PMID- 14779639 TI - Surgery of the hand. PMID- 14779640 TI - The radiological diagnosis in diseases of the hip joint. PMID- 14779641 TI - Brief hypnotic psychotherapy. PMID- 14779642 TI - Women at work. PMID- 14779643 TI - SIR ERNEST Graham-Little, M.D., F.R.C.P. PMID- 14779644 TI - Modern views on pathogenesis and treatment of tuberculosis in the male genital tract. PMID- 14779645 TI - Day nurseries. PMID- 14779646 TI - Guidance to ear, nose and throat patients. PMID- 14779647 TI - Some recent advances in the treatment of venereal disease. PMID- 14779648 TI - Serum albumin and globulin determinations. PMID- 14779649 TI - Inventory records. PMID- 14779650 TI - Look in the mirror. PMID- 14779651 TI - Station stock-control procedures. PMID- 14779652 TI - Highlights of the history of digitalis. PMID- 14779654 TI - A two-sided sticky tape for mounting intensifying screens. PMID- 14779653 TI - Preparation of civilian claims. PMID- 14779656 TI - GONORRHEA. PMID- 14779655 TI - The hysterical personality, recognition and management in general practice. PMID- 14779657 TI - Hormone therapy in cancer. PMID- 14779658 TI - The antihistamine chlortrimeton, a review of its clinical investigation. PMID- 14779659 TI - Aphorisms, miscellaneous truths and concepts. PMID- 14779660 TI - What you should know about medicine. PMID- 14779661 TI - Personal cleanliness. A basic problem in hygiene and public health. PMID- 14779662 TI - INFANT feeding. PMID- 14779663 TI - Cardiac murmurs and their interpretation. PMID- 14779664 TI - Weather and health. PMID- 14779665 TI - Pregnancy following the extraperitoneal cesarean section. PMID- 14779666 TI - Meningitis in a premature infant. PMID- 14779667 TI - "Physician, heal thyself." A physician's personal experience with heart disease. PMID- 14779668 TI - The control of spleen size. Preliminary note in chronic myelogenous leukemia. PMID- 14779669 TI - FIRST medical mission sisterhood. PMID- 14779670 TI - Carcinouis of liver originating in bile ducts. PMID- 14779671 TI - HISTORY of women in medicine: medical women of North Carolina. PMID- 14779672 TI - The non-medical therapist. PMID- 14779673 TI - [Forensic practice of the Asistencia Publica Domiciliaria physician in rural areas]. PMID- 14779674 TI - [Operable deafness]. PMID- 14779675 TI - [Renal tuberculosis; several aspects]. PMID- 14779676 TI - [Intralymphatic therapy of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14779677 TI - [Clinical reflections on the increasing frequency of the gastric perforative syndrome]. PMID- 14779678 TI - [Pinta]. PMID- 14779679 TI - [Tonsillar calculi]. PMID- 14779680 TI - [Case of grave cardiac insufficiency, resistant to the usual therapy, spectacularly cured by methylthiouracil]. PMID- 14779681 TI - [Pruritus of the ear]. PMID- 14779682 TI - [School medicine in the rural milieu]. PMID- 14779683 TI - [Critique and ethics of experimentation and clinical research]. PMID- 14779684 TI - [Personal experience and criterion after performing 1200 appendectomies]. PMID- 14779685 TI - [Prostatic adenomectomy with total closure of the bladder by the Marion technic]. PMID- 14779686 TI - [Semiological significance of hematuria]. PMID- 14779687 TI - [Acute diarrheic states in artificial feeding of infants and their treatment]. PMID- 14779688 TI - [4 Cases of burns of the esophagus]. PMID- 14779689 TI - [The breast in gynecology]. PMID- 14779690 TI - [Treatment of burns]. PMID- 14779691 TI - [A year's experience with elastan]. PMID- 14779692 TI - [Estrogens in the prophylaxis of repeated abortion]. PMID- 14779693 TI - [Clinical aspect of intestinal parasitosis]. PMID- 14779694 TI - [Automatic irrigator of the urinary bladder]. PMID- 14779695 TI - [Radiotherapy in the treatment of cancer of the breast]. PMID- 14779696 TI - [Acute appendicitis; invagination of the appendicular stump, penicillin therapy and splanchnic infiltration]. PMID- 14779697 TI - [Miliary tuberculosis of the tonsils]. PMID- 14779698 TI - [Encephalitic complication of whooping cough treated successfully with chloromycetin]. PMID- 14779699 TI - [Main purpose and practical methods of antidiabetic therapy]. PMID- 14779700 TI - [The sick can never be indisposed]. PMID- 14779701 TI - [Arthropathies in general infectious diseases; infectious pseudorheumatism]. PMID- 14779702 TI - [Position of the tongue, lips and uvula in the pronunciation of vowels and consonants]. PMID- 14779703 TI - [Defensive indexes of the tuberculous patient and ascorbic vitaminization]. PMID- 14779704 TI - [Open wounds of the thorax]. PMID- 14779705 TI - [Studies on malaria. I. Diagnosis]. PMID- 14779707 TI - [Gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14779706 TI - [Treatment and prophylaxis of epidemic parotitis with para-aminobenzoic acid]. PMID- 14779708 TI - [P-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14779709 TI - [Penicillin in the treatment of agranulocytosis]. PMID- 14779710 TI - [Case of acute symmetrical and simultaneous osteomyelitis of both tibias]. PMID- 14779711 TI - [Death due to suprarenal hemorrhage]. PMID- 14779712 TI - [Studies of physiology of the internal ear from the standpoint of its historical development]. PMID- 14779713 TI - [Physical education and stature]. PMID- 14779714 TI - [Antibacterial and antifungoid properties of urea peroxide in association with urea and 8-hydroxyquinoline]. PMID- 14779715 TI - [Considerations on the possible prophylaxis of cancer]. PMID- 14779716 TI - [Manganese in the etiopathogenesis of lathyrism]. PMID- 14779718 TI - [Clinical surgical note; choledocholithiasis]. PMID- 14779717 TI - [Clinical medical note; erythroderma ichthyosiforme congenitum]. PMID- 14779719 TI - [Contribution of the Portuguese school to the future of neurosurgery]. PMID- 14779720 TI - [Dynamics of arterial hyperpiesis]. PMID- 14779721 TI - [Surgical treatment of essential hypertension]. PMID- 14779722 TI - [Pneumoconiosis; review of 717 cases of pulmonary silicosis]. PMID- 14779723 TI - [Cardiopathies and working capacity]. PMID- 14779724 TI - [Comparative study on the personnel of refineries and offices in the oil industry]. PMID- 14779725 TI - [Working women and protection of mothers]. PMID- 14779726 TI - [Contribution to the study of the canaliculus biliferus]. PMID- 14779727 TI - [Difficulties in establishing the correct diagnosis of chronic non-calculous cholecystitis]. PMID- 14779728 TI - [Hypersensitivity to cold and antihistamines]. PMID- 14779729 TI - [Edemas, with special mention of renal]. PMID- 14779730 TI - [A case of sinistrocolia]. PMID- 14779731 TI - [Gastric diverticulum]. PMID- 14779732 TI - [Three cases of hydatid cyst of the kidney]. PMID- 14779733 TI - [Clinical, neuroendocrine and psychosomatic observations of little significance; acute miliary tuberculosis of the pharynx]. PMID- 14779734 TI - [Gastropathology of neural tumor origin]. PMID- 14779735 TI - [Present day view of German neuropsychiatry]. PMID- 14779736 TI - [Some details relative to the subjective examination of refraction]. PMID- 14779737 TI - [Diencephalic pathology in psychiatry; blood sugar lability]. PMID- 14779738 TI - [So-called cholecystitis from lamblia]. PMID- 14779739 TI - [Intradermal reaction to histamine in pregnant women]. PMID- 14779740 TI - [Bronchial asthma; crenoclimatic therapy in Spain]. PMID- 14779741 TI - [Gastric secretion; new scientific concepts]. PMID- 14779742 TI - [Clinical, neuroendocrine and psychosomatic observations of little significance]. PMID- 14779743 TI - [Hematuric gout]. PMID- 14779744 TI - [Diaphragmatic hernias]. PMID- 14779745 TI - Pulmonary insufficiency. IV. A study of 16 cases of large pulmonary air cysts or bullae. PMID- 14779746 TI - Anhidrosis. An etiologic interpretation. PMID- 14779747 TI - Anorexia nervosa. A clinical psychiatric study. PMID- 14779748 TI - Antibiotic therapy, an introductory article. PMID- 14779749 TI - New antibiotics and the general practitioner. PMID- 14779750 TI - Chloromycetin, the first synthetic antibiotic. PMID- 14779751 TI - Streptomycin in the treatment of non-tuberculous infections. PMID- 14779752 TI - Chemotherapy in tropical Africa. PMID- 14779753 TI - The conquest of venereal diseases with antibiotics. PMID- 14779754 TI - Penicillin therapy. PMID- 14779756 TI - [Planning of new pharmaceutic nomenclature in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14779755 TI - Magic, medicine and quackery. PMID- 14779757 TI - [Regulation on shipping of drugs]. PMID- 14779758 TI - [Prescription prices and medical fees for metallurgic workers]. PMID- 14779759 TI - [On matters concerning public health in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14779760 TI - [Argentum proteinatum substitute for argyrol]. PMID- 14779761 TI - [Histidine preparations]. PMID- 14779762 TI - [Financial plan for 1951 for pharmaceutic materials in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14779763 TI - [Import of drugs in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14779764 TI - [Luminal tabl. "UNRRA"]. PMID- 14779765 TI - [Arsenobenzol "UNRRA" in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14779766 TI - [Examinations for pharmacists and pharmacy assistant]. PMID- 14779767 TI - [Commercial use of para-aminosalicylic acid tablets]. PMID- 14779768 TI - [Provisional instructions concerning pharmacies in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14779769 TI - [List of proprietary drugs]. PMID- 14779770 TI - [Vitamins A+D]. PMID- 14779771 TI - [Pharmaceutic nomenclature]. PMID- 14779772 TI - [Prescriptions for sulfonamide preparations]. PMID- 14779773 TI - [Maintenance of drugs and sanitary materials]. PMID- 14779774 TI - [List of drugs kept in storage for pharmaceutic use]. PMID- 14779775 TI - [Identification of certain reagents]. PMID- 14779776 TI - [Nomenclature of drugs]. PMID- 14779777 TI - [Epidemic hepatitis--Botkin's disease]. PMID- 14779778 TI - [Neuroses of the cardiovascular system]. PMID- 14779779 TI - [Nosebleeds]. PMID- 14779780 TI - [Artificial respiration]. PMID- 14779781 TI - [Role of the surgical nurse in antiseptics and aseptic in cancer surgery]. PMID- 14779782 TI - [Maintenance of body heat in care of premature infants]. PMID- 14779783 TI - [Physiotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14779784 TI - [Lamps for medical hand reflectors]. PMID- 14779785 TI - [Technique of penicillin application]. PMID- 14779787 TI - [Problem of diabetes in America]. PMID- 14779786 TI - [Raising of qualifications of medical assistants]. PMID- 14779788 TI - [Autogenous training in general practice; clinical and experimental basis]. PMID- 14779789 TI - [Insufficiency of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, a result of the psychic stress of our times]. PMID- 14779790 TI - [Treatment with methylthiouracil in small doses]. PMID- 14779791 TI - [Etiology and specific diagnosis of actinomycosis]. PMID- 14779792 TI - [Practical diagnosis and therapy of cervicofacial actinomycosis]. PMID- 14779794 TI - [Autogenous training in general practice; indications]. PMID- 14779793 TI - [Problem of diabetes in America]. PMID- 14779795 TI - [Biologic and clinical aspects of lambliasis]. PMID- 14779796 TI - [Correction of saddle nose]. PMID- 14779797 TI - [Latent tetany masked as cardiovascular disease]. PMID- 14779799 TI - [Pancreatic disease in early childhood]. PMID- 14779798 TI - [Autogenous training in general practice]. PMID- 14779800 TI - [Prevention of diagnostic errors in the roentgenography of skeletal disease]. PMID- 14779801 TI - [Case of psittacosis]. PMID- 14779802 TI - [Infiltration anesthesia of inflamed tissue with and without penicillin]. PMID- 14779803 TI - [Case of agranulocytosis during TB 1/698 therapy]. PMID- 14779804 TI - [Aldehyde reaction in the urine during PAS therapy]. PMID- 14779805 TI - [Relation between caries resistance and fluoride content of the teeth]. PMID- 14779806 TI - [Treatment of non-specific intestinal disorders]. PMID- 14779807 TI - [Panmyelopathy due to chronic roentgen and radium poisoning]. PMID- 14779808 TI - [Implantation of cyren A following lumbar sympathectomy for disorders of peripheral circulation]. PMID- 14779809 TI - [Penicillin therapy of scarlet fever]. PMID- 14779810 TI - [Differential diagnosis and treatment of angina pectoris]. PMID- 14779811 TI - [Streptomycin therapy in hopeless cases of tuberculosis of the spine]. PMID- 14779812 TI - [Justifications of peroral anesthetic therapy in peptic ulcer]. PMID- 14779813 TI - [Penicillin therapy of oropharyngeal erysipelas]. PMID- 14779814 TI - [Combined desoxycorticosterone acetate and 1-ascorbic acid therapy of osteoarthritis]. PMID- 14779815 TI - [Enzyme therapy of verminosis]. PMID- 14779816 TI - [Experiences with parpanit in the treatment of dyskinetic states]. PMID- 14779817 TI - [Antistin therapy of acute pseudouremia in acute glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 14779818 TI - [New ERKA blood transfusion apparatus with automatic device to prevent reflux]. PMID- 14779819 TI - [Short report of a surprising ophthalmologic result of conteben therapy]. PMID- 14779820 TI - [Contribution to therapeutic use of cobalt]. PMID- 14779822 TI - [Early treatment of thrombophlebitis]. PMID- 14779821 TI - [Treatment of ulcus cruris with the tectopresso-tension adhesive bandage]. PMID- 14779823 TI - [Treatment of functional neurovegetative disorders with belosin]. PMID- 14779824 TI - [Therapeutic use of honey in early times]. PMID- 14779825 TI - [Bibliography of German literature on antibiotics. VII. Antibiosis and antibiotics in German literature, 1950]. PMID- 14779826 TI - [BCG vaccination; experiences of the author based on vaccination of about 7000 children]. PMID- 14779827 TI - [Observations on the penicillin therapy of congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14779828 TI - [Contribution to the problem of the relation between the Rhesus system and Glanzmann's dysporia entero-broncho-pancreatica congenita familiaris]. PMID- 14779829 TI - [Results of the Weber-Ramstedt operation in infantile pyloristenosis]. PMID- 14779830 TI - [Aureomycin therapy of whooping cough]. PMID- 14779831 TI - [A new infant pablum favorable to the production of L. bifidus for use during the first month]. PMID- 14779832 TI - Purpura thrombocytopenica genuina (essentialis). PMID- 14779833 TI - [Blood transfusion with heparin]. PMID- 14779834 TI - [Fatal poisoning with movellan]. PMID- 14779835 TI - [Second Congress on the problem child]. PMID- 14779836 TI - [Treatment of inflammatory adnexal tumors]. PMID- 14779837 TI - [Hospital dietetics as a part of the general therapeutic program]. PMID- 14779838 TI - [The concepts of chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis and their place in general therapeutics]. PMID- 14779839 TI - [Bronchial asthma in accident adjustment]. PMID- 14779840 TI - [Experimental basis of tuberculosis vaccination with special reference to experiments with killed bacilli]. PMID- 14779841 TI - [Endotracheal nitrous oxide and oxygen anesthesia with curare]. PMID- 14779842 TI - [Local hyperhydrosis and its treatment]. PMID- 14779843 TI - [Pulmonary and mediastinal tumors]. PMID- 14779844 TI - [Experiments on the treatment of digestive disorders with an enzyme system derived from cultures of selected species of Aspergillus]. PMID- 14779845 TI - [Differential diagnosis of hemorrhagic pulmonary infarct]. PMID- 14779846 TI - [Experimental and clinical investigations of 5,5-diethylthiobarbituric acid, a thyreostatic]. PMID- 14779847 TI - [Treatment of acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 14779848 TI - [Treatment of tuberculous caseous pneumonia]. PMID- 14779849 TI - [Syrup Heinen, a creosote preparation]. PMID- 14779850 TI - [Brief psychotherapy at the medical polyclinic]. PMID- 14779851 TI - [The importance of light for biological processes]. PMID- 14779852 TI - [The poet and physician Karl Arnold Kortum (1745-1824)]. PMID- 14779853 TI - [Josef Lothar Entres]. PMID- 14779854 TI - [Sixteenth meeting of the German Society for Circulatory Research, 15-16 April 1950, Bad Nauheim]. PMID- 14779855 TI - [Need for manufacture of orthopedic footwear]. PMID- 14779856 TI - [The form-fitting sole]. PMID- 14779857 TI - [Influence of friction resistance upon the dynamics of the femoral prosthesis]. PMID- 14779858 TI - [Feine's new brake-knee]. PMID- 14779859 TI - [Rehabilitation school for amputees in Berlin]. PMID- 14779860 TI - [Hellermann-Anders glass-lung]. PMID- 14779861 TI - [Blood-bank refrigerator]. PMID- 14779862 TI - [Abdominal dilator]. PMID- 14779863 TI - [Silver-hexamicron, for deep diathermy]. PMID- 14779864 TI - [Secarex, a portable tube-generator for electro-surgery]. PMID- 14779865 TI - [Puncture valve]. PMID- 14779866 TI - [Battery counter]. PMID- 14779867 TI - [Leisten's new abdominal truss]. PMID- 14779868 TI - [Problem of dosage in the therapeutic use of ultrasonic waves]. PMID- 14779870 TI - [Silk production, a requirement of medical technology]. PMID- 14779869 TI - [Improved diathermy apparatus]. PMID- 14779871 TI - [Ascorbic acid in apples]. PMID- 14779872 TI - [Complement fixation test in hypertonic solutions]. PMID- 14779873 TI - [Analysis of the effect of penicillin on hemotoxin production by Clostridium perfringens type A]. PMID- 14779874 TI - [Effect of sulfonamides para-aminobenzoic acid, procaine and para-aminosalicylic acid on hemotoxin production by Clostridium perfringens type A]. PMID- 14779875 TI - [Effect of aureomycin on Rickettsia prowazeki cultured in intestine of body lice]. PMID- 14779876 TI - [Studies on the effect of chemotherapy in experimental tuberculosis]. PMID- 14779877 TI - [Rapid method for quantitative determination of penicillin]. PMID- 14779878 TI - [Studies on excretion of streptomycin by patients treated with it]. PMID- 14779879 TI - [Cosmopolitism in veterinary medicine]. PMID- 14779880 TI - [Epidemiology of leptospirosis in man and animals in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14779881 TI - [Tick diseases in bees]. PMID- 14779882 TI - [Role of water in spreading of infectious diseases in animals and fate of pathogenic microorganism in natural waters]. PMID- 14779883 TI - [New drug for the treatment of swine ascariasis]. PMID- 14779884 TI - [Perlakar-Drwalew therapy of certain skin disease in dogs]. PMID- 14779885 TI - [Case of tetanus in bitch following pruritus gravidarum]. PMID- 14779886 TI - [Two methods of cesarean section in cows]. PMID- 14779887 TI - [Measurement of skin temperature in cats by a thermoelement]. PMID- 14779888 TI - [On the subject of Papanicolaou's method]. PMID- 14779889 TI - [Tuberculous salpingitis]. PMID- 14779890 TI - [Hypertoxic osteomyelitis; penicillin and conservative operations; apparent cure maintained for twenty-two months]. PMID- 14779891 TI - [Jugular-subclavian arterio-venous aneurysm]. PMID- 14779893 TI - [Indications and technic of resections with termino-terminal suture in surgery of the left colon]. PMID- 14779892 TI - [Experimental and clinical study of intraarterial injections of acetylcholine in vascular wounds, with five cases]. PMID- 14779894 TI - [Vascular grafts; experimental study preceding the creation of an artery bank]. PMID- 14779895 TI - [Arteriovenous pulmonary aneurysms; diagnosis by angiocardiography; surgery]. PMID- 14779896 TI - [Stage I cancer of the cervix uteri]. PMID- 14779897 TI - [Heterogenous arterial graft]. PMID- 14779898 TI - [Cure of postoperative median eventrations by the procedure of H. Welti and F. Eudel]. PMID- 14779899 TI - [Myeloplaxoma of the bones]. PMID- 14779900 TI - Dynamic considerations in community functions. PMID- 14779902 TI - The present status of research in dementia praecox. PMID- 14779901 TI - The future psychiatric program of the Veterans Administration. PMID- 14779903 TI - What do we know about dementia praecox? PMID- 14779904 TI - Mental illness and the economic value of a man. PMID- 14779905 TI - Psychiatric factors in the rehabilitation of the aging. PMID- 14779906 TI - Beginning school guidance early. PMID- 14779907 TI - A report from a school for emotionally disturbed children. PMID- 14779908 TI - Group work with mothers in a child-development center. PMID- 14779909 TI - Clinical problems common among college students. PMID- 14779910 TI - Paul O. Komora. PMID- 14779911 TI - Current bibliography. PMID- 14779912 TI - Cortisone, its historic development and certain chemical and biochemical aspects. PMID- 14779913 TI - Cortisone, its effects on rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, and certain other conditions. PMID- 14779914 TI - Dental industry flourishing; income tops a billion dollars. PMID- 14779915 TI - PICTORIAL highlights in the production and distribution of the Merck Manual. PMID- 14779916 TI - The prostate: supreme trouble maker. PMID- 14779917 TI - Review of changes and innovations in the United States Pharmacopeia XIV. PMID- 14779918 TI - Family studies in the Eastern Health District. V. Job stability for white men, 1939 to 1947. PMID- 14779919 TI - Cause of illness among males and females. PMID- 14779921 TI - The Navy builds a medical center. PMID- 14779920 TI - Morbidity among males and females at specific ages--Eastern Health District of Baltimore. PMID- 14779922 TI - Osteochondritis of the spine. PMID- 14779923 TI - Topical anesthesia of the intact skin. PMID- 14779925 TI - Histopathological study of simple gingivitis. PMID- 14779924 TI - Spinal anesthesia using 2-inch 25-guage needle minimizing headaches: report of 1,000 cases. PMID- 14779926 TI - A new staining technic for vaginal smears in the study of exfoliative cytology. PMID- 14779927 TI - Sojourn in Zamboanga. Chapter VII. Typhoons, tourists, and crocodiles. PMID- 14779928 TI - The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology: its role in American medicine. PMID- 14779929 TI - Airborne medicine. PMID- 14779930 TI - Two-stage fibular transplant for persistent nonunion and with gross loss of tibia; a report of five cases. PMID- 14779931 TI - The role of muscle flaps in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. PMID- 14779932 TI - Managing fatigue. PMID- 14779933 TI - A simple method of treatment for recent mallet finger. PMID- 14779934 TI - Frostbite. PMID- 14779935 TI - Sogourn in Zamboanga; earthquakes, visiting dignitaries, torchlight weddings. PMID- 14779936 TI - Medical arrangements for prisoners of war en Masse. PMID- 14779937 TI - Psychiatry in the Korean war. PMID- 14779938 TI - Practical preventive medicine. PMID- 14779939 TI - A unit system for U.S. Marine Hospitals. PMID- 14779940 TI - "Key slot" repair of Achilles tendon. PMID- 14779941 TI - Dramamine for prevention of airsickness in airborne troops. PMID- 14779942 TI - Osteomyelitis of the maxilla and mandible. PMID- 14779943 TI - A proposed new cancer treatment. PMID- 14779944 TI - Sojourn in Zamboanga, Chapter IX. Honeymoon cruise, a little Spanish town, sudden death. PMID- 14779945 TI - SALT in shock treatments. PMID- 14779946 TI - [Biopathorhythms]. PMID- 14779947 TI - [Chloruremia in 24 hours and its relation to morphological constitutional types]. PMID- 14779948 TI - [Comparative study between the rhythms of chloruremia and cholesterin in normal subjects over a 24-hour period]. PMID- 14779949 TI - [The electrocardiogram over a 24-hour period]. PMID- 14779950 TI - [Modifications of blood cholinesterase in normal subjects over a 24 hour period]. PMID- 14779951 TI - [Cholesterin in normal subjects over a 24-hour period]. PMID- 14779952 TI - [Polarographic curve of blood over a 24-hour period]. PMID- 14779953 TI - [Phosphoremia over a 24-hour period]. PMID- 14779954 TI - [Neuroendocrine periodicity]. PMID- 14779955 TI - [Biological rhythm of the blood over a 24-hour period]. PMID- 14779956 TI - [Importance of phlogistic involvement of the biliary tract in catarrhal jaundice]. PMID- 14779957 TI - [Autoallergic hepato-biliary manifestations]. PMID- 14779958 TI - [Surgery of the innervation of the biliary tract]. PMID- 14779959 TI - [The Montecatini thermal cure following cholecystectomy]. PMID- 14779960 TI - [Anatomy, pathology and clinical aspects of the forms of cholecystostasis and dyskinesia of the bile ducts]. PMID- 14779961 TI - [The emotional component of certain types of cholecystalgias]. PMID- 14779962 TI - [Semantic language and logical language and intelligence tests]. PMID- 14779963 TI - [Lorenzini-Gradenigo-Stefanini individual inhalator in the history of aerosol therapy; Italian and Marchigian priority in the conception of aerosol therapy]. PMID- 14779964 TI - [An enemy and rival of Dante and his destiny: Cecco d'Ascoli, poor poet and unsuccessful physician]. PMID- 14779965 TI - [Activity of progesterone in large doses in chronic lymphadenosis]. PMID- 14779966 TI - [Homage to Giuliano Vanghetti on the tenth anniversary of his death]. PMID- 14779968 TI - [Perfusion of the stomach in treatment of chronic uremia]. PMID- 14779967 TI - [Therapeutic synergism of lipotropic factors in the treatment of hepatic diseases]. PMID- 14779969 TI - [Trial use and possibilities of penicillin diapneumotherapy of syphilis in an inhalation chamber]. PMID- 14779970 TI - [Therapeutic applications of simultaneously administered calcium and bile]. PMID- 14779971 TI - [New procedure for formation of aerosol]. PMID- 14779972 TI - [Legislation and regulation of the Corsorzi Provinciali Antitubercolari in the health organization of Italy]. PMID- 14779973 TI - [Druid medicine]. PMID- 14779974 TI - [Further contribution to caverno-actinotherapy]. PMID- 14779975 TI - [First clinical researches on the treatment of acute articular rheumatism with sodium gentisate]. PMID- 14779976 TI - [Treatment of grave uremia of renal origin; description of technic, clinical and theoretic considerations on a case treated with peritoneal dialysis]. PMID- 14779977 TI - [Present possibilities of medical treatment of adnexal forms of gonorrhea]. PMID- 14779978 TI - [Treatment of caverns of the lower lobe]. PMID- 14779979 TI - [Chloramphenicol in Malta fever]. PMID- 14779980 TI - [Adonis vernalis]. PMID- 14779981 TI - [Russian surgery in the first half of the 19th century]. PMID- 14779982 TI - [Influence of artificial pyrexia and progesterone on the adrenal cortex in chronic rheumatism]. PMID- 14779983 TI - [Naphthylamine compounds in the treatment of severe hemolymph diseases; a further clinical contribution]. PMID- 14779984 TI - [Congenital dextrocardia with stenosis of the pulmonary artery, defect of the interventricular septum and endocarditis lenta]. PMID- 14779985 TI - [Trisodium citrate in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders during PAS therapy]. PMID- 14779986 TI - [Case of stomach cysts]. PMID- 14779987 TI - [Arthropathy and thyroid dysfunction; new treatment with n-hexyl-butyrate and bismuth]. PMID- 14779988 TI - [Novocleaner: an underwater intestinal bath (apparatus patented by Tecnomed]. PMID- 14779989 TI - [Problem of erythematodes or the so-called lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 14779990 TI - [Splenic anemia of the Griesinger type; a case controlled by splenectomy]. PMID- 14779991 TI - [Serological research during the influenza epidemic of autumn-winter 1948-49]. PMID- 14779992 TI - [Case of Q fever in Turin]. PMID- 14779993 TI - [Q fever; first cases confirmed in Florence and province]. PMID- 14779994 TI - [Gynecomastia in the course of treatment with massive doses of vitamin D2]. PMID- 14779995 TI - [Alphabetic review of famous naturalists, especially botanists, physicians or not, notable in medicine]. PMID- 14779996 TI - [International medical sessions at Verona, 20-30 July 1950]. PMID- 14779997 TI - [Science and medicine in the service of man toward a better life]. PMID- 14779998 TI - [Radiological picture of carotid-cavernous aneurysm]. PMID- 14779999 TI - [Personal experience with prefrontal leucotomy]. PMID- 14780001 TI - [Treatment of incontinence of urine by means of the psoas]. PMID- 14780000 TI - [Problems of auto-activity and endo-allergy in neuropathology]. PMID- 14780002 TI - [First International Congress of Internal Medicine, Paris 11-14 September 1950]. PMID- 14780003 TI - [Problem of cancer in modern pathology]. PMID- 14780004 TI - [Biological problem of cancer]. PMID- 14780005 TI - [Clinical and radiological diagnosis of tumors of the apex of the thorax]. PMID- 14780006 TI - [Angiocardiopneumography in the clinical diagnosis of lung tumors]. PMID- 14780007 TI - [Case of reticulosarcoma of the stomach]. PMID- 14780008 TI - [General criteria for gathering, presenting and evaluating statistics on results of therapy of malignant tumors. I. Theoretical aspects]. PMID- 14780009 TI - [Possible action of several corticosteroids on the reticulohistiocytary system, particularly in relation to neoplastic diseases]. PMID- 14780010 TI - [Radiotherapy of malignant periocular tumors; with cases from 15 years of radium therapy]. PMID- 14780011 TI - [4 Cases of infectious dermato-stomatoconjunctivitis or Steven-Johnson syndrome]. PMID- 14780012 TI - [General criteria for gathering, presenting and evaluating statistics on results of therapy of malignant tumors. II. General applicative aspects]. PMID- 14780013 TI - [Mechanism of action of nitrogen mustard compounds; experimental study of the behavior of oxidase-peroxidase reactions in the leucocytes of peripheral blood]. PMID- 14780014 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis and syphilis]. PMID- 14780015 TI - [Treatment of multiple sclerosis with BAL]. PMID- 14780016 TI - [Research on the genesis of microerythrocytosis. III. Erythroblastometric study on the parents of patients with Cooley's disease]. PMID- 14780017 TI - [Clinical contribution to the study of leukemoid reaction in children]. PMID- 14780018 TI - [Chylous and pseudochylous pleurisy in children]. PMID- 14780019 TI - [Agglutinin titer in typhoid fever in children treated with oral and rectal chloramphenicol]. PMID- 14780020 TI - Medical practice on level four. PMID- 14780021 TI - Surgical treatment of mitral heart disease. PMID- 14780022 TI - The significance of the isolated pulmonary nodule. PMID- 14780023 TI - Clinical detection of pulmonary emphysema from respiratory tracings. PMID- 14780024 TI - Respiratory allergies in children. PMID- 14780025 TI - Cancer of the large bowel. PMID- 14780026 TI - Berylliosis; brief discussion and presentation of a case with pulmonary, digital and axillary node involvement. PMID- 14780027 TI - Benign tumors, nevi and precanceroses. PMID- 14780028 TI - The Emergency Maternity and Infant Care Program in Minnesota (EMIC). PMID- 14780029 TI - Medicine and its practitioners in Olmsted County prior to 1900. PMID- 14780031 TI - The management of status asthmaticus. PMID- 14780032 TI - The roentgen diagnosis of silicosis. PMID- 14780030 TI - Milk-borne brucellosis in Minnesota. PMID- 14780033 TI - The prediction and prevention of coronary thrombosis in the younger age groups, a suggestion for further study. PMID- 14780034 TI - The heart in Friedreich's ataxia. PMID- 14780036 TI - Ciliary action and atelectasis. PMID- 14780035 TI - Chronic leukemic infiltration of the gastric wall simulating peptic ulcer. PMID- 14780037 TI - Transfusion problems. PMID- 14780038 TI - Medicine and its practitioners in Olmsted County prior to 1900. PMID- 14780039 TI - Controlled respiration in thoracic and upper abdominal operations. PMID- 14780040 TI - Chronic constrictive pericarditis. PMID- 14780041 TI - Rehabilitation and cardiovascular disease. PMID- 14780042 TI - [Significance and value of serodiagnosis of syphilis in practice, with special reference to the antigenic use of cardiolipin]. PMID- 14780043 TI - [Terminal technic of the suction drainage of pulmonary caverns]. PMID- 14780044 TI - [Indications and complications in local therapy of pulmonary caverns]. PMID- 14780045 TI - [Intracavitary treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14780046 TI - [Tuberculosis of the rectum and conteben therapy]. PMID- 14780047 TI - [Pointers on the practical application of research findings on erythroblastosis]. PMID- 14780048 TI - [Maternal sensitization in Rh incompatibility]. PMID- 14780049 TI - [Pyloric spasm in infants]. PMID- 14780050 TI - [Effect of ultrasonic waves on biologic tissue, and effects possible under usual therapeutic conditions]. PMID- 14780051 TI - [Ultrasonics in practice]. PMID- 14780052 TI - [New method of preventing anaphylactic shock]. PMID- 14780053 TI - [Use of sionon chocolate in diabetes]. PMID- 14780054 TI - [Anesthetization of the mucosa in treatment of peptic ulcer and gastritis]. PMID- 14780055 TI - [Successful progesterone therapy of vulvar pruritus]. PMID- 14780056 TI - [Experiences with irgapyrin Geigy, a new, highly effective pyrazole derivative for injection use]. PMID- 14780057 TI - Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost (1715-1794). PMID- 14780058 TI - [Indications and technic in retrograde pyelography]. PMID- 14780059 TI - [Main symptom: vomiting]. PMID- 14780060 TI - [Lymphogranulomatosis and pregnancy]. PMID- 14780061 TI - [Problem of induced abortion, with special reference to practices in the East Zone]. PMID- 14780062 TI - [Follow-up study of cases in which a request for abortion was refused]. PMID- 14780063 TI - [So-called secondary or thyroid-resistant myxedema]. PMID- 14780064 TI - [The Sjogren syndrome]. PMID- 14780065 TI - [Problem of the traumatic etiology of lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 14780066 TI - [Clinical aspects and therapy of chylothorax and chyloperitoneum in lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 14780067 TI - [Beryllium injuries of the lungs and basic principles of treatment]. PMID- 14780068 TI - [Experience in general practice with ladogal, a liquid sulfonamide]. PMID- 14780069 TI - [Treatment of autonomic disorders associated with gynecologic diseases]. PMID- 14780070 TI - [Helpful instructions for self-employed professional workers on the completion of income-tax returns]. PMID- 14780071 TI - [Surgical therapy of uterine carcinoma]. PMID- 14780072 TI - [Hormone therapy of prostate hypertrophy and carcinoma]. PMID- 14780073 TI - [Application of modern physics to the therapy of cancer]. PMID- 14780074 TI - [Surgery or radiotherapy in uterine cancer]. PMID- 14780075 TI - [Balneology and physical therapy]. PMID- 14780076 TI - [Biologic nutrition]. PMID- 14780077 TI - [New methods in the treatment of epilepsy]. PMID- 14780078 TI - [Main symptom: loss of weight]. PMID- 14780079 TI - [Coli-meningitis in the adult]. PMID- 14780080 TI - [Bioclimatology and medicine]. PMID- 14780081 TI - [Clinical experiences with hibernon, a new antihistamine, with special reference to its use in salvarsan allergy]. PMID- 14780082 TI - [Fermentative therapy in helminthiasis]. PMID- 14780083 TI - [Clinical experience with a new test for morphine]. PMID- 14780084 TI - RHEOLOGICAL problems in biology; international colloquium. PMID- 14780085 TI - Prof. A. W. Conway, F.R.S. PMID- 14780086 TI - Dr. L. O. Howard. PMID- 14780087 TI - Post-tetanic potentiation of responses of motoneurones. PMID- 14780088 TI - Orally administered antibiotics and the venereal diseases. PMID- 14780089 TI - Role of tryptophane and other amino-acids in the metabolism of nicotinic acid by humans. PMID- 14780090 TI - Fiftieth anniversary celebrations of the discovery of radium. PMID- 14780091 TI - SOUTH African Association for the Advancement of Science; annual congress. PMID- 14780092 TI - Zoology in relation to agriculture. PMID- 14780093 TI - O-H absorption in chelate compounds. PMID- 14780094 TI - Structure of dimethyltriacetylene. PMID- 14780095 TI - Raman effect of the isomers of benzene hexachloride. PMID- 14780096 TI - A new Strychnos alkaloid. PMID- 14780097 TI - Filter-paper chromatography: extraction of sugars from the paper at room temperature. PMID- 14780098 TI - Interrelationship between natural pigments and the mechanism of conversion of carbohydrate into fat. PMID- 14780099 TI - Fermentation in the rumen of the sheep. PMID- 14780101 TI - Use of hyaluronidase in microtechnique. PMID- 14780100 TI - Isolation of sodium hyaluronate. PMID- 14780102 TI - Enzymic formation of a new riboflavin derivative. PMID- 14780103 TI - Anticoagulant activity of the Indian cattle leech. PMID- 14780104 TI - Dielectric properties of the human body for wave-lengths in the 1-10 cm. range. PMID- 14780105 TI - A reaction for the study of the kinetics of electron transfer. PMID- 14780106 TI - Graticules as guides in electron-microscope metallography. PMID- 14780107 TI - Occurrence of a network in the excrement from the larva of the clothes moth. PMID- 14780108 TI - A localized effect of light on the protoplasmic viscosity of plant cells. PMID- 14780109 TI - Malaria eradication in Ceylon. PMID- 14780110 TI - An improved method for mounting mosquito larvae. PMID- 14780111 TI - Deposition of air-borne particles on trap surfaces. PMID- 14780112 TI - A biochemical approach to viruses. PMID- 14780113 TI - Folding and unfolding of protein molecules in relation to cytoplasmic streaming, amoeboid movement and osmotic work. PMID- 14780114 TI - PRESENTATION of technical information. PMID- 14780115 TI - Experimental work with atomic piles. PMID- 14780116 TI - Management behaviour and foreman attitude. PMID- 14780117 TI - Habits and life-cycle of Culicoides nubeculosus Mg. PMID- 14780118 TI - Reaction of methaemoglobin with hydrogen peroxide. PMID- 14780119 TI - Partial protection by cortisone against renal lesions produced by hypolipotropic diets. PMID- 14780120 TI - Toxic factor from agenized proteins: infrared examination. PMID- 14780121 TI - Reduction in lethal effect of x-radiation by pretreatment with thiourea or sodium ethane dithiophosphonate. PMID- 14780122 TI - Metabolism of acetate and propionate in the ruminant. PMID- 14780123 TI - Additional transaminations by insoluble particle preparations of rat liver. PMID- 14780124 TI - Stabilization of edible fats by condiments or spices. PMID- 14780125 TI - Effect of aeration on the absorption of glucose by a green alga. PMID- 14780126 TI - A probable deletion in a human Rh chromosome. PMID- 14780127 TI - Separation and identification of sugars using paper chromatography. PMID- 14780128 TI - Use of paper partition chromatography in the identification of the volatile fatty acids. PMID- 14780129 TI - Deformations in the crystal structures of antiferromagnetic compounds. PMID- 14780131 TI - Ammodytes immaculatus, a new species of sand-eel found in European seas. PMID- 14780130 TI - Preparation of deoxyanisoin and some stilbenes: reducing action of sodium glycollate in glycols. PMID- 14780132 TI - A new strain of Leptospira in Israel. PMID- 14780133 TI - Elimination of kappa particles from 'killer' strains of Paramecium aurelia by treatment with chloromycetin. PMID- 14780134 TI - Strength and fatigue. PMID- 14780135 TI - INDUSTRIAL application of atomic energy. PMID- 14780136 TI - Climatic limits of vegetation. PMID- 14780137 TI - Freshly fractured surface theory of silicosis. PMID- 14780138 TI - Influence of temperature on the micellary size of salt aerosols. PMID- 14780139 TI - Fungus diseases of animals. PMID- 14780140 TI - Intra-cellular distribution of vitamin C in the adrenal cortex. PMID- 14780141 TI - A reported photosynthesis in vitro. PMID- 14780142 TI - Uracil deoxyriboside. PMID- 14780143 TI - Autoxidation of oleic (or other monoethenoid long-chain) esters. PMID- 14780144 TI - Structure of uranediol. PMID- 14780145 TI - Absorption spectra of the sodium peruranates. PMID- 14780147 TI - Rotation-vibration spectrum of the HD molecule. PMID- 14780148 TI - A new type of X-ray scattering. PMID- 14780146 TI - Hydrothermal synthesis of potash feldspar in the range 195-200 degrees C. PMID- 14780149 TI - Passage of phosphorus-32 from dried yeast into amphibian gastrula ectoderm. PMID- 14780150 TI - Effect of bee venom on colchicine-induced tumours. PMID- 14780151 TI - Methionine content of cereals and legumes. PMID- 14780152 TI - Polysaccharide polysulphuric acids as antihyaluronidases. PMID- 14780153 TI - Estimation and separation of the pectin-esterase and polygalacturonase of micro fungi. PMID- 14780154 TI - An antibiotic, thermophillin, from Lenzites thermophila. PMID- 14780155 TI - Behaviour of Plasmodium berghei in some rodents. PMID- 14780156 TI - Upper limit of frequency for human hearing. PMID- 14780157 TI - Finger prints and disease. PMID- 14780158 TI - Prof. H. S. Reed. PMID- 14780159 TI - Prof. W. J. Dilling. PMID- 14780160 TI - Mr. C. W. Parsons. PMID- 14780161 TI - CHEMISTRY of muscular contraction. PMID- 14780162 TI - Scientific interests of adults. PMID- 14780163 TI - Photosynthesis and respiration: a reinterpretation of recent work with radioactive carbon. PMID- 14780164 TI - Cinematographic recording of the velocity of arterial blood-flow. PMID- 14780165 TI - Some observations on biological noise. PMID- 14780166 TI - An absolute method for measuring the activity of radioactive isotopes. PMID- 14780167 TI - Photo-oxidation of water by ceric ions. PMID- 14780168 TI - Changes in the histology of the honey-bee ventriculus associated with the ingestion of certain insecticides. PMID- 14780169 TI - Functions of haemoglobin in Daphnia. PMID- 14780170 TI - Supersensitivity of denervated organs to chemical stimuli. PMID- 14780171 TI - Deoxyribonucleic acid content of ovarian cells in Artemia salina. PMID- 14780172 TI - Polymely in a frog. PMID- 14780173 TI - Suckling antidiuresis in rabbits. PMID- 14780174 TI - Preservation of fish by the use of nitrite ice. PMID- 14780175 TI - Availability of the magnesium of grass to the ruminant. PMID- 14780176 TI - Effect of temperature on the consolidation of soils. PMID- 14780177 TI - Chemical composition of newly born mammals. PMID- 14780178 TI - Estimation of radioactive hydrogen (tritium). PMID- 14780179 TI - Chemical action of ionizing radiations on nucleic acids in aqueous systems. PMID- 14780180 TI - Kinetics and mechanism of diazotization. PMID- 14780181 TI - Is muscular relaxation an active process? PMID- 14780182 TI - Active relaxation of unstriated muscle. PMID- 14780183 TI - Effects of hypo- and mild hyper-thyroidism on fleece-growth in sheep. PMID- 14780184 TI - Uptake of phenothiazine labelled with sulphur-35 by the tissues of nematode parasites and their hosts. PMID- 14780185 TI - Synthesis of serine by micro-organisms. PMID- 14780186 TI - The gram complex in Clostridium welchii. PMID- 14780187 TI - Vitamin B 12 and antihistamine activity. PMID- 14780188 TI - Occurrence of eburicoic acid. PMID- 14780189 TI - The de Haas-van Alphen effect. PMID- 14780190 TI - Survival of spermatozoa at low temperatures. PMID- 14780191 TI - Production and utilization of chemical energy. PMID- 14780192 TI - FUNCTIONS of the skin of vertebrates. PMID- 14780193 TI - State of haemoglobin in sickle-cell anaemia. PMID- 14780194 TI - Walden inversion in unimolecular reactions of secondary and tertiary alkyl halides. PMID- 14780195 TI - Walden inversion in the acid hydrolysis of carboxylic esters by unimolecular alkyl fission. PMID- 14780196 TI - EIGHTEENTH Internation Physiological Congress. PMID- 14780197 TI - Role of the thyroid in sexual development in the male. PMID- 14780198 TI - Effect of acetoacetic acid on reduced glutathione content of blood in rabbits. PMID- 14780199 TI - A possible correlation between the zinc content of liver and blood and the cancer problem. PMID- 14780200 TI - Dextrorotatory acids of tubercle bacilli lipids. PMID- 14780201 TI - Fibrin clots. PMID- 14780203 TI - Order of genes in the 5th linkage group of the house mouse. PMID- 14780202 TI - A symmetrodont tooth from the Rhaeto-Lias. PMID- 14780204 TI - A new cholinesterase in swine serum. PMID- 14780205 TI - Alkaline hydrolysis of trichothecin. PMID- 14780206 TI - Histochemical demonstration of lipase. PMID- 14780207 TI - Artificial feeding of Culicoides nubeculosus in the laboratory. PMID- 14780208 TI - The Harwell Nuclear Physics Conference, 1950. PMID- 14780209 TI - The concept of culture. PMID- 14780210 TI - NERVE fibre; structure and function. PMID- 14780211 TI - HORMONES of the digestive tract. PMID- 14780212 TI - Prof. E. A. Milne, M.B.E., F.R.S. PMID- 14780213 TI - Kinetics and equilibria of ion exchange. PMID- 14780214 TI - Marine biology research in Great Britain. PMID- 14780215 TI - Fifth International Congress for Microbiology. PMID- 14780216 TI - Rachitogenicity of green oats. PMID- 14780217 TI - Significance of the silent period of muscles. PMID- 14780219 TI - Physiological action of the toxin of the Egyptian scorpion. PMID- 14780218 TI - Effect of indole and some indolic compounds on muscle sensitivity to acetylcholine and potassium. PMID- 14780220 TI - Determination of rate of secretion of thyroxine in the male rabbit. PMID- 14780221 TI - Mechanism of epinephrine-induced tachycardia in the frog. PMID- 14780222 TI - Gonadotrophin from the neural region of Ascidians. PMID- 14780223 TI - Acute action of goitrogenous agents on the body temperature and oxygen consumption of the rat. PMID- 14780224 TI - Hydroxytyramine in mammalian heart. PMID- 14780225 TI - Phenol oxidases of the cultivated mushroom Psalliota bispora f. albida. PMID- 14780226 TI - High toxicity of pure botulinum type D toxin. PMID- 14780227 TI - A unit of penicillinase. PMID- 14780228 TI - Crystal structure of syn p-chlorobenzaldoxime. PMID- 14780229 TI - Cross-linkage formation in keratin. PMID- 14780230 TI - An improved method of detecting sugars on paper chromatograms. PMID- 14780231 TI - C18 unsaturated acids of butterfat. PMID- 14780232 TI - Instantaneous electron transfer and interaction absorption. PMID- 14780233 TI - Dating the past by radioactive carbon. PMID- 14780234 TI - New discoveries of the Australopithecinae. PMID- 14780235 TI - Quality in grassland. PMID- 14780236 TI - Cytology, genetics and classification. PMID- 14780237 TI - Chemistry of the cell and its nucleus. PMID- 14780238 TI - Protection of enzymes by anticholine-oxidases against inactivation by nitrogen mustard. PMID- 14780239 TI - Ion exchange; Gordon Research Conference. PMID- 14780240 TI - Statistical methods in biological and chemical experiments. PMID- 14780241 TI - TSETSE fly in East Africa. PMID- 14780242 TI - Cell specificity of histones. PMID- 14780243 TI - Carbohydrate and adenosinetriphosphate in sea-urchin semen. PMID- 14780244 TI - Gluconokinase and the oxidative path for glucose-6-phosphate utilization. PMID- 14780245 TI - Structure of the mycolic acids of Mycobacteria. PMID- 14780246 TI - Cytochemical localization of -glucuronidase. PMID- 14780247 TI - Inhibition of chymotrypsin by diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate. PMID- 14780248 TI - Beta- and gamma-globulin tetanus antitoxin of the hyperimmune horse. PMID- 14780249 TI - Connective tissue permeability and the mode of action of hyaluronidase. PMID- 14780250 TI - Phosphorylation and absorption of sugars in the rat. PMID- 14780251 TI - Bacteriostatic substances in the unsaponifiable fraction of cod-liver oil. PMID- 14780252 TI - The xylan of Rhodymenia palmata. PMID- 14780253 TI - Action of perbenzoic acid on diphenylene diazomethane. PMID- 14780254 TI - Synthesis of kawain. PMID- 14780255 TI - A new colour reaction for methylthiouracil. PMID- 14780256 TI - Chromatographic separation of the saturated C2-C8 fatty acids from a single small sample. PMID- 14780257 TI - Tropolone. PMID- 14780258 TI - South African fossil hominoids. PMID- 14780259 TI - Emanating power and the age of complex silica gels. PMID- 14780260 TI - X-ray and neutron diffraction by graphite layers. PMID- 14780261 TI - Haploid plants of Solanum demissum. PMID- 14780263 TI - Optical investigations in molecular and in cell structure. PMID- 14780262 TI - Polyhaploids of Solanum demissum. PMID- 14780264 TI - Population studies of Great Britain. PMID- 14780265 TI - The International Council of Scientific Unions. PMID- 14780266 TI - Water conservation in terrestrial arthropods. PMID- 14780267 TI - Sir William Benham, K.B.E., F.R.S. PMID- 14780268 TI - Biochemical and biological effects of diethanolamine. PMID- 14780269 TI - Applications of isotopes in scientific research. PMID- 14780271 TI - The retinal receptors. PMID- 14780270 TI - Is parthenogenesis sexual or asexual reproduction? PMID- 14780272 TI - Genetical reduction of a reproductive unit in relation to the male-female ratio. PMID- 14780273 TI - Sexual season of the ewe and daylight environment. PMID- 14780274 TI - Experimental rearing of the British harvest mite to the adult stage. PMID- 14780275 TI - An inhibitor of salt absorption in root tissue of red beet. PMID- 14780276 TI - Incidence of Salmonellae in faces of dogs suffering from distemper. PMID- 14780277 TI - Measurement of gamma-ray energies with the scintillation counter. PMID- 14780278 TI - Crystal structure of the dimer of parabromonitrosobenzene. PMID- 14780279 TI - Solubilities of the alpha II- and beta-forms of synthetic polypeptides: evidence for and alpha II-beta transformation in the amorphous phase. PMID- 14780280 TI - A new powerful blood anticoagulant. PMID- 14780281 TI - Preparation and biological activity of adrenoerythrin (? adrenalinquinone). PMID- 14780282 TI - Nucleic acid content of tumour cells. PMID- 14780283 TI - Role of zinc in metabolism. PMID- 14780284 TI - The golden age of medicine. PMID- 14780285 TI - Should we prolong suffering? PMID- 14780286 TI - Pain in the neck and shoulder. PMID- 14780287 TI - Infection and gangrene in the diabetic extremity. A critical review of surgical management over a seventeen-year period. PMID- 14780288 TI - Chronic ulcer of the urinary bladder; remnant of urachus. PMID- 14780289 TI - Nupercaine poisoning. PMID- 14780290 TI - [Bronchial perforation as cause of a weak positive sputum in tuberculosis of the hilar glands]. PMID- 14780291 TI - [Prognosis in tetanus]. PMID- 14780292 TI - [Encephalomyelitis following infection with cowpox]. PMID- 14780293 TI - [One year's thrombosis service]. PMID- 14780294 TI - Vagitus uterinus. PMID- 14780295 TI - [Sixteenth international ophthalmologic congress]. PMID- 14780296 TI - [Controlling head lice]. PMID- 14780297 TI - [Incidence of communicable diseases, as reported for 23-9 July 50]. PMID- 14780298 TI - [Dislike of one's own nose; reflections on man and his body, and the province of plastic and cosmetic surgery]. PMID- 14780299 TI - [Postvaccinal poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14780300 TI - [Treatment of otogenous abscess of the brain]. PMID- 14780301 TI - [Disinfection of superficial skin lesions]. PMID- 14780302 TI - [Psychotherapy in a case of pruritus vulvae]. PMID- 14780303 TI - [Incidence of communicable diseases, as reported for 30 July to 2 September 50]. PMID- 14780304 TI - [Congenital defects of the heart]. PMID- 14780305 TI - [Surgical therapy of congenital defects of the heart]. PMID- 14780307 TI - [Duration of intrapleural pneumothorax therapy]. PMID- 14780306 TI - [Lead poisoning]. PMID- 14780308 TI - [Familial occurrence of cystic kidney and spina bifida]. PMID- 14780309 TI - [Clinical, parasitologic and serologic observations on a case of congenital toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 14780310 TI - [Processus supracondyloideus humeri]. PMID- 14780311 TI - [Clinical value of cytologic examination as a method of diagnosis]. PMID- 14780312 TI - [Incidence of communicable diseases, as reported for 3-9 September 50]. PMID- 14780313 TI - [Epithelial metaplasia in the great respiratory passages, and the diagnosis of carcinoma of the lungs]. PMID- 14780314 TI - [Present extent of the demonstration of anatomical evidence in anomalies of cerebral function]. PMID- 14780315 TI - [Inability to keep the eyes closed; apraxia or compulsion?]. PMID- 14780316 TI - [Reflex epilepsy; case reports]. PMID- 14780317 TI - [Hyperventilation as a function test in neurology]. PMID- 14780318 TI - [Role of blood vessels in diseases of the peripheral nerves]. PMID- 14780319 TI - [Disorders of cerebral function in eleudron poisoning]. PMID- 14780320 TI - [Symptomatic psychoses during sulfonamide therapy]. PMID- 14780321 TI - [Observations on addiction]. PMID- 14780322 TI - [Temperate psychology]. PMID- 14780323 TI - [Observations on the problem of a non-medical psychotherapy in the United States]. PMID- 14780324 TI - [Problem of the clinical practice of psychology; intuitive knowledge of men, and objectification methods]. PMID- 14780325 TI - Chronic relapsing febrile nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis (Weber-Christian disease); relation to rheumatic fever and allied diseases. PMID- 14780326 TI - Postoperative potassium deficit and metabolic alkalosis. PMID- 14780327 TI - Needs in the field of psychologic appraisal of children with cerebral palsy. PMID- 14780328 TI - Mid-century trends in cesarean section. PMID- 14780329 TI - Tuberculosis. PMID- 14780330 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; meningioma, region of cauda equina. PMID- 14780331 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; diverticulitis of rectosigmoid, with abscess formation; generalized peritonitis. PMID- 14780332 TI - Pneumoperitoneum in the treatment of pulmonary emphysema. PMID- 14780333 TI - An adverse effect of BAL in a case of subacute arsenical polyneuritis, with observations on porphyrin metabolism. PMID- 14780334 TI - Cervical osteomyelitis and urinary-tract infection caused by Escherichia coli. PMID- 14780335 TI - Fungous diseases in the Boston area. PMID- 14780336 TI - Tuberculosis. PMID- 14780337 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; rheumatic heart disease, mitral and aortic stenosis; embolus of abdominal aorta, with superimposed thrombosis extending into renal arteries. PMID- 14780338 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; tuberculoma of lung. PMID- 14780339 TI - Maternal pulmonary embolism by amniotic fluid; report of three cases and discussion of the literature. PMID- 14780340 TI - The pathogenesis of amniotic-fluid embolism. I. Possible placental; aberrant squamous cells in placentas. PMID- 14780341 TI - The pathogenesis of amniotic-fluid embolism. II. Uterine factors. PMID- 14780342 TI - The pathogenesis of amniotic-fluid embolism. III. Coagulant activity of amniotic fluid. PMID- 14780343 TI - Portal hypertension. PMID- 14780344 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; rupture of chordae tendineae of mitral valve; cardiac hypertrophy, marked; sarcoidosis of mediastinal lymph nodes and lung. PMID- 14780345 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; malignant lymphoma, Hodgkin-sarcoma type, retroperitoneal. PMID- 14780346 TI - The results of the Boston chest x-ray survey. PMID- 14780347 TI - Obliteration of pain at the site of reference by intradermal infiltration anesthesia in first-stage labor; preliminary report. PMID- 14780348 TI - Ferrous sulfate toxicity; report of a fatal case. PMID- 14780350 TI - Diabetic coma. PMID- 14780349 TI - The anti-pitressin factor in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. PMID- 14780351 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; plasma-cell myeloma, first, second and third cervical vertebras. PMID- 14780352 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; rupture of spleen, probably through splenic cyst. PMID- 14780353 TI - Simulation of cardiac disease by adrenocortical failure in infants. PMID- 14780354 TI - The rehabilitation of the hemiplegic patient. PMID- 14780355 TI - Effect of ACTH on induced fever. PMID- 14780356 TI - SUGGESTIONS for first-aid treatment of casualties from atomic bombing. PMID- 14780357 TI - Deafness. PMID- 14780358 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; renal-cell carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis. PMID- 14780359 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercise; ruptured pyosalpinx, with pelvic peritonitis. PMID- 14780360 TI - Physiology as a guide to combating tropical stress. PMID- 14780361 TI - The role of the non-teaching hospital in medical education. PMID- 14780362 TI - Some contributions of anesthesiology to the general practice of medicine. PMID- 14780363 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis caused by Gaffkya tetragena; report of a case. PMID- 14780364 TI - The evaluation of cardioactive agents by human bioassay. PMID- 14780365 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: normal laboratory values. PMID- 14780366 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: obstruction of main-stem bronchus to lingula (left upper lobe) by caseous focus, probably tuberculous. PMID- 14780367 TI - Surgical trends since the turn of the century. PMID- 14780368 TI - Plasmacytic leukemia; report of a case. PMID- 14780370 TI - The effect of water-soluble preparations of vitamin K in dicumarol-induced hypoprothrombinemia. PMID- 14780369 TI - Aureomycin in the treatment of the common cold. PMID- 14780371 TI - Nutrition and disease of the liver. PMID- 14780372 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: cerebral hemorrhage; rheumatic heart disease; hypertensive heart disease; coronary-artery disease. PMID- 14780373 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: acute and chronic osteomyelitis of right humerus. PMID- 14780374 TI - An evaluation of aureomycin therapy in primary atypical pneumonia. PMID- 14780375 TI - Experiences with dicumarol in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 14780376 TI - Splenomegaly with hypersplenism due to sarcoidosis; report of a case. PMID- 14780377 TI - The importance of recognizing post-infarctional shoulder-hand syndrome. PMID- 14780378 TI - Laboratory diagnosis of polycythemia and anemia. PMID- 14780379 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; thyrotoxicosis and angina pectoris treated with radioactive iodine; nodular goiter, with involution; coronary occlusion, with old and recent myocardial infarction. PMID- 14780380 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises; leiomyosarcoma, retroperitoneal, with invasion of tail of pancreas, hilus of spleen and splenic vein. PMID- 14780381 TI - The electrocardiogram and disturbance of potassium metabolism. PMID- 14780382 TI - Episacroiliac lipoma as a cause of low-back pain. PMID- 14780383 TI - Tracheoesophageal fistula unassociated with atresia or stenosis: difficulties in diagnosis and suggestions for greater accuracy. PMID- 14780384 TI - Evaluation of the peritoneal-button operation for ascites; report of 17 cases. PMID- 14780385 TI - Laboratory diagnosis of polycythemia and anemia. PMID- 14780386 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: congenital heart disease, intra-auricular septal defect; dilatation of right ventricle, severe; cirrhosis of liver, cardiac type, mild. PMID- 14780387 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14780388 TI - The effect of the rice-fruit diet on the composition of the body. PMID- 14780389 TI - Cardiac arrest. PMID- 14780390 TI - Life expectancy and probable disability in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 14780391 TI - Rickettsialpox; report of a serologically proved case occurring in a resident of Boston. PMID- 14780392 TI - Syphilis. PMID- 14780393 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: miliary tuberculosis; nephrosclerosis and pyelonephritis, hypertensive heart disease, mild. PMID- 14780394 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: small-bowel obstruction due to adhesive band, secondary to spontaneous appendectomy years previously. PMID- 14780395 TI - Myasthenia gravis associated with adrenocortical insufficiency; report of a case with post-mortem findings and a review of the literature. PMID- 14780396 TI - March hemoglobinuria in a woman. PMID- 14780397 TI - Psychiatry in general practice--some aspects of fear. PMID- 14780398 TI - Successful post-mortem cesarean section following death from pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14780399 TI - Syphilis. PMID- 14780400 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: metastatic carcinoma of liver; ulcerative colitis with superimposed carcinoma in a twelve-year-old girl. PMID- 14780401 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: leiomyoma, first portion of duodenum. PMID- 14780402 TI - Farm injuries. PMID- 14780403 TI - Urethane toxicity; report of a case of hepatic necrosis apparently due to urethane. PMID- 14780404 TI - Aneurysms of the splenic artery. PMID- 14780405 TI - The early treatment of common colds with an antihistamine--histadyl. PMID- 14780406 TI - Serologic tests in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. PMID- 14780407 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: polyarteritis and vasculitis, generalized severe; acute and chronic glomerulitis; myocarditis, severe; rheumatoid arthritis; amyloidosis of kidney. PMID- 14780408 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: carcinoma, common bile duct; choledocholithiasis. PMID- 14780409 TI - Recent advances in diabetic therapy. PMID- 14780410 TI - The rational treatment of diabetes mellitus and diabetic coma. PMID- 14780411 TI - Refraction of the diabetic patient. PMID- 14780412 TI - The differential diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. PMID- 14780413 TI - The value of lumbar sympathectomy in arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease; analysis of 64 cases. PMID- 14780414 TI - Factors influencing the choice of antibiotics in therapy. PMID- 14780415 TI - Current management of actinomycosis. PMID- 14780416 TI - Chorionepithelioma. PMID- 14780417 TI - The use of dicumarol in office practice. PMID- 14780418 TI - PUBLIC Law No. 779. PMID- 14780419 TI - The treatment of burns after an explosion of an atomic bomb. PMID- 14780420 TI - A clinical study of the Gottlieb impregnation technic for caries control. PMID- 14780421 TI - Sodium fluoride dental caries prophylaxis. PMID- 14780422 TI - The role of ammonia in caries control. PMID- 14780423 TI - Aureomycin; report of clinical use in 90 cases of bacterial infection in the oral cavity. PMID- 14780424 TI - Administration of the New York State Accreditation Program. PMID- 14780425 TI - A method of eliminating checked teeth on dentures. PMID- 14780426 TI - Rehabilitation: the otolaryngologist and audiology. PMID- 14780427 TI - Use of the superior rectus in operations for blepharoptosis. PMID- 14780428 TI - Topical medication in otology. PMID- 14780429 TI - Ocular manifestations of aneurysms of the circle of Willis. PMID- 14780430 TI - The causes of blindness in New York State in the years 1946, 1947, and 1948. PMID- 14780431 TI - Some practical uses of sutures in ophthalmic surgery. PMID- 14780432 TI - Lupus erythematosus-physiologic aspects. PMID- 14780434 TI - Blood factor in acute disseminated lupus erythematosus; the "L.E." test. PMID- 14780433 TI - Lupus erythematosus-serologic and chemical aspects. PMID- 14780435 TI - The effect of cortisone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on disseminated lupus erythematosus and the mesenchymal tissues. PMID- 14780437 TI - Vitamin, antibiotic, and gold therapy for lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14780436 TI - Bismuth sodium triglycollamate, sodium para-amino-benzoate, and the tocopherols vitamin E. PMID- 14780438 TI - Relationship of chronic discoid and disseminated lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14780439 TI - Lupus erythematosus disseminatus acutum: report and comment on two unusual cases. PMID- 14780441 TI - Physical and laboratory findings preceding a case of sudden cardiac death. PMID- 14780440 TI - Modification of digitoxin action by sodium carboxymethylcellulose. PMID- 14780442 TI - Civilian medical battalions. PMID- 14780443 TI - [Chemotherapeutics and antibiotics in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14780444 TI - [Primary thoracoplasty]. PMID- 14780445 TI - [Complications of primary thoracoplasty]. PMID- 14780446 TI - [Complications of thoracoplasty and their significance in primary thoracoplasty]. PMID- 14780447 TI - [Occurrence of roentgen demonstrable primarily tuberculous lesions as late manifestations of change in the tuberculin reaction]. PMID- 14780448 TI - [Artificial pneumothorax in primary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14780449 TI - [Two years' experience with tuberculin tests and BCG vaccination in a rural district]. PMID- 14780450 TI - [Grid for registration of respiratory movements in two phases on the same film]. PMID- 14780451 TI - [Reliability of negative results in gastric lavage]. PMID- 14780452 TI - [Determination of streptomycin concentration in the spinal fluid in tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14780453 TI - [Prophylactic vasectomy in tuberculosis of the genitourinary tract]. PMID- 14780454 TI - [Familial occurrence of pulmonary geotrichosis]. PMID- 14780455 TI - [Air embolism]. PMID- 14780456 TI - [Bronchial gland perforation]. PMID- 14780457 TI - [Treatment of tuberculous abscesses]. PMID- 14780458 TI - [Unusual case of muscular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14780459 TI - [Possibility of determining the effect of mass BCG vaccination]. PMID- 14780460 TI - [Trichloroethylene as an analgetic in labor]. PMID- 14780462 TI - [Transplantation of the ovary by Cotte's method]. PMID- 14780461 TI - [Normal unipolar extremital electrocardiogram leads according to Goldberger]. PMID- 14780463 TI - [Treatment of depression with acroagonin]. PMID- 14780464 TI - [Phylogenetic and ontogenetic considerations on erythrocyte formation]. PMID- 14780465 TI - [Infection following hysterosalpingography]. PMID- 14780466 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14780467 TI - [Intravenous iron therapy (ferronascin) of anemia in dyspeptic infants]. PMID- 14780468 TI - [Qualitative determination of reducing sugars in the urine]. PMID- 14780469 TI - [Experimental studies on wound healing]. PMID- 14780470 TI - [Diagnosis of nervous disorders of the stomach and intestines]. PMID- 14780471 TI - [Significance of gastric motility in nausea]. PMID- 14780472 TI - [The bicarbonate test]. PMID- 14780473 TI - [Complete prolapse of the rectum]. PMID- 14780474 TI - [Surgical therapy of ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 14780475 TI - [Extraperitonealization of the duodenal stump in palliative resection for duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14780476 TI - [Spontaneous perforation of the transverse colon in the newborn]. PMID- 14780477 TI - [Polyposis of the colon]. PMID- 14780478 TI - [The drop tonator and its clinical use]. PMID- 14780480 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14780479 TI - [Pasteurellosis of following cat bite]. PMID- 14780481 TI - Address by the president of the F.D.I. at the formal session of the 50th anniversary of the F.D.I. PMID- 14780482 TI - [Meeting of the American Dental Society of Europe, Amsterdam, 19-22 July 1950]. PMID- 14780483 TI - A Washington viewpoint on health legislation. PMID- 14780484 TI - Physician-hospital relations. PMID- 14780485 TI - A mid-century review of public health activities in North Carolina. PMID- 14780486 TI - Treatment of discharges from the vagina in private practice. PMID- 14780487 TI - The incidence of cervical diseases seen in private practice, and the results of treatment. PMID- 14780488 TI - Genital smears in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the uterus. PMID- 14780489 TI - Some recent developments in drug therapy. PMID- 14780490 TI - Parathyroid gland transplantation; report of a case. PMID- 14780491 TI - William Peter Mallett, 1819-1889. PMID- 14780492 TI - Clinicopathologic conference; generalized arteriosclerosis with arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries and the occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery. PMID- 14780493 TI - Seroresistance, treatment failures, and false positive serologic tests in syphilis. PMID- 14780494 TI - Breathlessness, palpitation, and dizziness as psychosomatic symptoms. PMID- 14780495 TI - The role of the physician in the diagnosis of breast carcinoma. PMID- 14780496 TI - The use of insulin and amytal in the treatment of certain functional gastrointestinal complaints, with particular reference to nausea and vomiting. PMID- 14780497 TI - A practical method of handling a paralyzed urinary bladder. PMID- 14780498 TI - Surgical lesions of the esophagus. PMID- 14780499 TI - Studies on experimental leptospirosis (Weil's disease). PMID- 14780500 TI - Prevention and treatment of hemorrhage in the third and fourth stages of labor. PMID- 14780501 TI - The non-surgical treatment of endometriosis. A preliminary report on the use of methyl testosterone. PMID- 14780503 TI - Jaundice and coma in pregnancy. PMID- 14780502 TI - Complications of duodenal ulcer requiring surgical treatment. PMID- 14780504 TI - Cardiac arrest incident to surgical anesthesia. PMID- 14780505 TI - Interpulmonary breathing, a sign of bronchial obstruction. PMID- 14780506 TI - Food-borne typhoid outbreak, with rapid dissemination of cases through air transportation. PMID- 14780507 TI - Treatment of typhoid carrier state. PMID- 14780508 TI - Typhoid fever treated with chloromycetin, sulfathalidine and penicillin. PMID- 14780509 TI - [Case of osteomyelitis of the maxilla with orbital complications in an infant]. PMID- 14780510 TI - [First results with aureomycin in infections in infants]. PMID- 14780511 TI - [Case of true allergy to cow's milk]. PMID- 14780512 TI - Radiation microbiology: problems and procedures. PMID- 14780513 TI - Dosimetry of thin polonium sources. PMID- 14780514 TI - Gamma-ray spectroscopy with crystals of NaI(T1). PMID- 14780515 TI - Techniques in the use of C14 as a tracer. I. Apparatus and technique for wet combustion of nonvolatile samples. PMID- 14780516 TI - II. Preparation of BaCO3 plates by centrifugation. PMID- 14780517 TI - III. Semi-micro synthesis of C14-labeled acetic acid. PMID- 14780518 TI - Chemical syntheses of radioisotope-labeled compounds--I. PMID- 14780519 TI - Measuring solid samples of low-energy beta emitters. PMID- 14780520 TI - COSTS of radiation protection. PMID- 14780521 TI - Response of G-M counters and photographic emulsions to high-energy photons. PMID- 14780522 TI - The Birmingham proton synchrotron. PMID- 14780523 TI - Chemical syntheses of radioisotope-labeled compounds--II. PMID- 14780524 TI - Advances in radiobiology between 1937 and 1950. PMID- 14780525 TI - Report of "symposium on radiation chemistry". PMID- 14780526 TI - Protection against radiation hazards. PMID- 14780527 TI - The betatron in cancer therapy. PMID- 14780528 TI - Sterility and allied conditions; clinical investigation. PMID- 14780529 TI - HORTON General Hospital, Banbury, serving three counties. PMID- 14780530 TI - Congenital meconium peritonitis; a case history. PMID- 14780531 TI - Hydrotherapy through the ages. PMID- 14780532 TI - HENLEY-on-Thames day nursery. PMID- 14780533 TI - Sterility and allied conditions; treatment. PMID- 14780534 TI - BELGRAVE Hospital for Children; a training school in South London for sick children's nurses. PMID- 14780535 TI - Family welfare in France; a report of the Summer School in Paris. PMID- 14780536 TI - Bush nursing in New South Wales. PMID- 14780537 TI - Thrombosis and embolism. PMID- 14780538 TI - NORTHERN Ireland Orthopaedic Hospital, Greenisland. PMID- 14780539 TI - QUEEN Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps; depot and training establishment. PMID- 14780540 TI - UNUSUAL hospital, serving the hop-pickers in Kent. PMID- 14780541 TI - Prevention is better than cure: an account of the Army School of Hygiene in the field. PMID- 14780543 TI - Heart failure; explaining causation. PMID- 14780542 TI - ST. Catherin's Hospital, Cawnpore. PMID- 14780544 TI - WESTMINSTER Hospital Maternity Unit and district service. PMID- 14780545 TI - SOCIAL worker and rehabilitation; some opinions and recommendations. PMID- 14780546 TI - HISTORY of nursing: a pageant at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore; a modern hospital portrays the changing scenes in medical and nursing progress. PMID- 14780547 TI - GOING to press, the printing of the Nursing Times. PMID- 14780548 TI - Heart failure; symptoms and treatment. PMID- 14780549 TI - HAMMERSMITH Hospital Nursing School gains a new and unusual building. PMID- 14780550 TI - Oesophagectomy and anastomosis. PMID- 14780551 TI - The invention of spectacles. PMID- 14780552 TI - A district nurse in Orkney. PMID- 14780553 TI - Cortisone and A.C.T.H.; recent advances in adrenal physiology and medicine. PMID- 14780554 TI - NEW Spanish hospital. PMID- 14780555 TI - AT the Chelsea Babies' Club. PMID- 14780556 TI - EDIBLE fungi. PMID- 14780557 TI - Provision for the aged and infirm; a student's group thesis. PMID- 14780558 TI - General practice and the training of the general practitioner. PMID- 14780559 TI - A special hospital for mental defectives. PMID- 14780560 TI - Pernicious anaemia. PMID- 14780561 TI - Hospitals of earlier days in Europe; the care of the sick in former times. PMID- 14780562 TI - Nurses and the World Federation for Mental Health. PMID- 14780563 TI - PUBLIC health administration; report of a conference for superintendent public health nurses. PMID- 14780564 TI - Campaign against tuberculosis in North Africa. PMID- 14780565 TI - Provision for the aged and infirm. PMID- 14780567 TI - COMPARATIVE niacin metabolism. PMID- 14780568 TI - VARIATIONS in nutritional requirements with the chemical environment. PMID- 14780566 TI - The Thai diet. PMID- 14780569 TI - RESTRICTION of dietary protein in the liver. PMID- 14780570 TI - FACTORS influencing the occurrence of neonatal tetany. PMID- 14780571 TI - GROWTH-PROMOTING effects of antibiotics in animals. PMID- 14780572 TI - LYMPH as a pathway for fat transport. PMID- 14780573 TI - ROLE of vitamin B12 in metabolism of methionine. PMID- 14780574 TI - FOLACIN requirement of hens. PMID- 14780575 TI - DIET and hypertension. PMID- 14780576 TI - OXALATES in the prevention of dental caries in Syrian hamsters. PMID- 14780577 TI - ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC hormone and gastric secretory function. PMID- 14780578 TI - MASSIVE liver necrosis induced with yeast diets in rats. PMID- 14780579 TI - VITAMIN supplements and performance capacity. PMID- 14780580 TI - UTILIZATION of phytin by chicks. PMID- 14780581 TI - A practical nutrition program for Puerto Rico. PMID- 14780582 TI - TOXICITY of vitamin B12. PMID- 14780583 TI - UTILIZATION of various forms of vitamin A. PMID- 14780584 TI - EFFECT of high calcium and phosphorus feeding upon bone formation in the rat. PMID- 14780585 TI - AMINO acid formula of an enzyme: lysozyme. PMID- 14780586 TI - PATHOLOGY of tryptophan deficiency in the rat. PMID- 14780587 TI - NUTRITIONAL melalgia. PMID- 14780588 TI - ANTIBIOTICS and comparative nutrition. PMID- 14780589 TI - NUTRITIONAL requirements in India. PMID- 14780590 TI - ENVIRONMENTAL temperature and the riboflavin requirement of pigs. PMID- 14780591 TI - BERIBERI in Japan. PMID- 14780592 TI - SERUM cholesterol levels in human beings fed egg yolk and cholesterol. PMID- 14780593 TI - SYNTHESIS of polysaccharides without intervention of phosphates. PMID- 14780594 TI - MASTICATORY function and dental caries. PMID- 14780595 TI - LIPOTROPIC effect of liver extract in liver injury in rats. PMID- 14780596 TI - TISSUE calcification and wrist stiffness in guinea pigs. PMID- 14780597 TI - FAT absorption in the premature infant. PMID- 14780598 TI - Nutrition of premature infants. PMID- 14780599 TI - [Treatment of acute abdomen from suppurative inflammation in puerperium]. PMID- 14780600 TI - [Alternate hermaphroditism or true gynandromorphus (hermaphrodismus verum alternans)]. PMID- 14780601 TI - [Obstetrical amnesia, analgesia and anesthesia: analgerol]. PMID- 14780602 TI - [Spontaneous hematoma of the anterior rectus abdominis in pregnancy]. PMID- 14780603 TI - [Results of treatment of genital tuberculosis]. PMID- 14780604 TI - [Umbilical cord as cause of dystocia; 2 cases]. PMID- 14780605 TI - [Influence of antibiotics in the choice and results of treatment of late gestosis of pregnancy]. PMID- 14780606 TI - [Use of roentgen irradiation in the treatment of dental granuloma]. PMID- 14780608 TI - [Diagnosis of periodontal disease]. PMID- 14780607 TI - [Critical examination of the conservative therapy of dead teeth in the light of the rheumatism problem]. PMID- 14780609 TI - [Root canal therapy in the light of focal infection]. PMID- 14780610 TI - [Critical observations on the addition of medicinal substances to dentifrices]. PMID- 14780611 TI - [Studies on the significance of Treponema vincentii in the etiology of certain diseases of the gums]. PMID- 14780612 TI - [Rudimentary mesiodens]. PMID- 14780613 TI - [Parodontosis and its treatment]. PMID- 14780614 TI - [Vitamin E therapy of periodontal disease]. PMID- 14780615 TI - [Prosthodontic therapy]. PMID- 14780616 TI - [Benign hypothyreosis and its relation to chronic marginal paradentitis]. PMID- 14780617 TI - [Determination of metallic sulfides in the gingival border for diagnostic or forensic purposes]. PMID- 14780618 TI - [Basic principles in present day orthodontic practice]. PMID- 14780619 TI - [The physiological, balanced position of the mandible and its relation to central occlusion]. PMID- 14780620 TI - Mild hypothyroidism: a common disease. PMID- 14780621 TI - Benign nervousness. PMID- 14780622 TI - Leiomyoma of the esophagus: report of a case with successful resection. PMID- 14780623 TI - A plan of annual examination for men. PMID- 14780624 TI - Uterine fibroids as a cause for postmenopausal bleeding. PMID- 14780625 TI - The immediate supportive treatment of the severely burned patient. PMID- 14780626 TI - Intestinal obstruction caused by spasm of colon; a case report. PMID- 14780627 TI - Inguinal herniation of stomach : case report. PMID- 14780628 TI - Development of dermatology in Ohio. PMID- 14780629 TI - Hemangioma of the choroid. PMID- 14780630 TI - [Minute volume of the human anterior chamber in normal state and in primary glaucoma]. PMID- 14780631 TI - [Familial macular degeneration]. PMID- 14780632 TI - [Azulenol]. PMID- 14780633 TI - [Clinical measurement of the color of the optic disk]. PMID- 14780634 TI - Relation between Jensen's chorioretinitis and toxoplasma infections. PMID- 14780635 TI - Keratoconus. PMID- 14780636 TI - General medical aspects of keratoconus. PMID- 14780637 TI - Hypertensive choroiditis and vascular necrosis. PMID- 14780638 TI - An interpretation of some visual phenomena on the basis of the quantum theory. PMID- 14780639 TI - Simultaneous surgical correction of vertical and horizontal deviations. PMID- 14780640 TI - [Permeability of crystalline lens to infra-red]. PMID- 14780641 TI - Ring abscess of the cornea treated with sulfadiazine and penicillin. PMID- 14780642 TI - [Certain histologic data of interest on mixed tumors of the lacrimal gland]. PMID- 14780643 TI - [Practical importance of disorders of equilibrium of the eye muscles]. PMID- 14780645 TI - Corrosive lesions of the cornea. PMID- 14780644 TI - A movable artificial eye. PMID- 14780646 TI - Goldmann's new contact lens with three mirrors. PMID- 14780647 TI - A case of periphlebitis retinae treated with streptomycin. PMID- 14780648 TI - Clouding of the cornea caused by drying and similar conditions. PMID- 14780649 TI - The development of resistance to penicillin and streptomycin by micro-organisms during treatment. PMID- 14780650 TI - The treatment of certain forms of detachment of the retina. PMID- 14780652 TI - Simple methods of measurement with the slitlamp. PMID- 14780651 TI - Megalocornea-cataract. PMID- 14780653 TI - Orbital tension in some cases of Cushing's disease. PMID- 14780654 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of salivary cysts and stones. PMID- 14780655 TI - Improving mandibular ridge form by means of surgery and drug implantation. PMID- 14780656 TI - Principles and technique of exodontia. PMID- 14780657 TI - Congenital malformations of the ear and mandible. PMID- 14780659 TI - The relation of the inner border of subgingival calculus to the zone of disintegrating epithelial attachment cuticle. PMID- 14780658 TI - Postoperative dental extraction hemorrhage associated with liver damage. PMID- 14780660 TI - Hypersensitive dentine. PMID- 14780661 TI - Aleucemic leucemia. PMID- 14780662 TI - Contact allergy due to mint chewing gum. PMID- 14780663 TI - Topical application of aureomycin for the treatment of the acute phase of ulcerative necrotizing gingivitis (Vincent's infection). PMID- 14780664 TI - Distribution of the inferior alveolar nerve in fetuses. PMID- 14780665 TI - Demerol premedication in the ambulatory patient. PMID- 14780666 TI - Significance of extraoral roentgenography of the mandible in general practice. PMID- 14780667 TI - Virus disease of the mouth. PMID- 14780668 TI - Metastatic dysgerminoma of the mandible. PMID- 14780669 TI - The histologic changes of the gingival tissues in health and periodontal disease; a preliminary report. PMID- 14780670 TI - A method of counting oral bacteria. PMID- 14780672 TI - Jaw fractures and methods of treatment. PMID- 14780671 TI - Bilateral occurrence of dental caries; a study in Oregon State College freshman students. PMID- 14780673 TI - Principles and technique of exodontia. PMID- 14780674 TI - Trifacial neuralgia. PMID- 14780675 TI - Chemotherapeutics and antibiotics and dentistry. PMID- 14780676 TI - Rickettsialpox--a new rickettsial disease with oral manifestations; review of literature and case report. PMID- 14780677 TI - Ethyl chloride: its use at the Forsyth Dental Infirmary for Children. PMID- 14780678 TI - A report of a case of hypoplasia of the dentine characterized largely by the relative failure in the formation of the dentinal matrix. PMID- 14780679 TI - Case reports of congenital hypoplasia and hypocalcification of the enamel. PMID- 14780680 TI - Chloromycetin-streptomycin therapy in endodontics; a preliminary report. PMID- 14780681 TI - Histochemical observations on enamel and dentine undergoing carious destruction. PMID- 14780682 TI - Oral aspect of vitamin B complex deficiency. PMID- 14780683 TI - [Therapy of tuberculous serositis with streptomycin]. PMID- 14780684 TI - [Experimental research on revascularization of homoplastic testicular grafts with prior lumbar sympathectomy]. PMID- 14780685 TI - [Etiopathogenic and clinical study of indurative edema and ulcers of the leg]. PMID- 14780686 TI - [Acute intestinal invagination from Meckel's diverticulum and aberrant pancreas]. PMID- 14780687 TI - [Meckel's diverticulum causing a rare form of intestinal occlusion following appendectomy]. PMID- 14780689 TI - [Histopathologic study on the relation between paradentomas and the paradental tissue]. PMID- 14780688 TI - [Convalescence in geriatrics]. PMID- 14780690 TI - [Measurement of dental mobility as a diagnostic and prognostic aid in paradontology]. PMID- 14780691 TI - Proof of the presence of auto-antibodies in cases of inflammatory periodontal disease. PMID- 14780692 TI - [Discussion on instruction in parodontal disease at university dental schools in Switzerland]. PMID- 14780693 TI - [Local hemostasis]. PMID- 14780694 TI - [Nature and action of topostasin]. PMID- 14780695 TI - [Topostasin in dentistry; clinical results]. PMID- 14780696 TI - [Gum massage and masticotherapy]. PMID- 14780697 TI - [Responsibility of pharmacists]. PMID- 14780698 TI - [Anesthesia and responsibility]. PMID- 14780699 TI - [Recollections of a medical student of the last century]. PMID- 14780700 TI - [The Thorn test and its technic]. PMID- 14780701 TI - [Treatment of asthma attacks]. PMID- 14780702 TI - [Dementia praecox; different appellations]. PMID- 14780703 TI - [Intestinal tuberculosis; new therapeutics]. PMID- 14780704 TI - [Neurologic manifestations of acute porphyria; attempted clinical synthesis]. PMID- 14780705 TI - [Acute abdominal manifestations of porphyria]. PMID- 14780706 TI - [Porphyrinuria during acute porphyria; recent biological data]. PMID- 14780707 TI - [Sixth International Congress of Pediatrics, Zurich, 24-28 July 1950]. PMID- 14780708 TI - [Therapeutic action and biologic effect of polyvinyl-pyrrolidone in a case of lipoid nephrosis]. PMID- 14780709 TI - [Case of dry lipoid nephrosis]. PMID- 14780710 TI - [Professor Emile Jeanbrau]. PMID- 14780711 TI - [Treatment of nasal and bronchial diseases and migraine by aerosols]. PMID- 14780712 TI - [Bone tumors and acute monocytic leukemia]. PMID- 14780713 TI - [Can one dissolve a urinary calculus?]. PMID- 14780714 TI - [Surgical responsibility and the position of hospital physicians]. PMID- 14780716 TI - [First World Congress of Cardiology]. PMID- 14780715 TI - [Medical diseases of the kidneys from 1948-1950]. PMID- 14780717 TI - [Heart and blood vessels in 1950]. PMID- 14780718 TI - [Continuous thyroid murmur, characteristic sign of Graves-Basedow disease]. PMID- 14780719 TI - [Pulmonary embolism and infarction]. PMID- 14780720 TI - [Dietetics and nutrition of infant; breast feeding]. PMID- 14780721 TI - [Post-vaccinal encephalitis]. PMID- 14780722 TI - [Foerster's atonic-astasic syndrome]. PMID- 14780723 TI - [Extrameningeal treatment of suppurative meningitis in children]. PMID- 14780724 TI - [Importance of cereals in feeding of children]. PMID- 14780725 TI - [Protective value of BCG vaccination; review of the literature]. PMID- 14780726 TI - [Simple hypertrophy of the thymus]. PMID- 14780727 TI - [Unusual initial forms of rheumatic fever in children]. PMID- 14780728 TI - [Weaning of Cuban infants]. PMID- 14780729 TI - [Asphyxia neonatorum; sequels]. PMID- 14780730 TI - [Gargoylism of Hurler's syndrome]. PMID- 14780731 TI - [Etiology of diarrhea in children]. PMID- 14780732 TI - [Role of Bacillus pyocyaneus in infantile diarrhea]. PMID- 14780733 TI - [Coli bacteria in the etiology of infantile diarrhea]. PMID- 14780734 TI - [Bronchial pneumonia in the course of toxic diarrhea in infants]. PMID- 14780735 TI - [Significance of proctologic examination in children]. PMID- 14780736 TI - [Prolonged malnutrition in infants and its treatment]. PMID- 14780737 TI - [Vitamins and nutritional disorders]. PMID- 14780738 TI - [Acidified milk formulas in infant feeding]. PMID- 14780739 TI - [Prematurity; causes and incidence]. PMID- 14780740 TI - [Anti-diarrheal campaign conducted by the Ministry of Health in 1949]. PMID- 14780741 TI - [Maternal- and child welfare in the Six Year Plan]. PMID- 14780743 TI - [Case of fetal universal hydrops with the absence of antibodies in maternal blood]. PMID- 14780742 TI - [Child welfare in the Five Year Plan in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14780745 TI - [Case of craniopharyngioma in a child 1 year of age]. PMID- 14780744 TI - [Carrot puree in treatment of diarrhea in a premature]. PMID- 14780746 TI - [Organization of field branches of the Central Provincial Consultations of the Maternal and Child Welfare]. PMID- 14780747 TI - [Control of rabies in humans]. PMID- 14780748 TI - [Control of rabies in humans]. PMID- 14780749 TI - [Control of infant and child mortality in maternity homes and nurseries]. PMID- 14780751 TI - [Organization of seasonal nursery homes 1950]. PMID- 14780752 TI - [Organization of nursery homes in collectivized villages]. PMID- 14780750 TI - [Enforcement of regulation in state, province and municipally controlled homes for maternal and child welfare]. PMID- 14780753 TI - [Epidemiology of influenza]. PMID- 14780754 TI - [Effect of indiscriminate use of chemotherapeutics and antibiotics]. PMID- 14780755 TI - [Stigmata of congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14780756 TI - [Antibiotics and sulfonamide therapy of suppurative meningitis in children]. PMID- 14780757 TI - [Epidemiology of scarlet fever, meningitis and dysentery in Krakow, 1934-47]. PMID- 14780758 TI - [Terminology of acute diarrhea in infants]. PMID- 14780759 TI - [Clinical forms of diphtheria]. PMID- 14780760 TI - [Chylothorax in a 3-year old girl]. PMID- 14780761 TI - [Case of rheumatic meningitis]. PMID- 14780762 TI - [Case of miliary pulmonary tuberculosis with typhoid in a child aged 2 years and 7 months]. PMID- 14780763 TI - [Case of appendicitis in an infant aged 8 months]. PMID- 14780764 TI - [Medical supervision of maternity homes by pediatric clinics of medical academies]. PMID- 14780765 TI - [Organization of physical examination for personnel in maternity homes]. PMID- 14780766 TI - [Health centers for children]. PMID- 14780768 TI - [Central sport medicine consultation center]. PMID- 14780767 TI - [Increase of number of maternity consultation centers in cities]. PMID- 14780769 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14780770 TI - [Anterior acute poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14780771 TI - [Monofocal pneumonia in young children]. PMID- 14780772 TI - [Complications in scarlet fever treated with penicillin, sulfonamides and symptomatically]. PMID- 14780773 TI - [Transionization in the course of infectious diseases]. PMID- 14780774 TI - [Control of acute infectious diseases in closed institutions for children]. PMID- 14780775 TI - [Recurrent cerebrospinal meningitis of pneumococcal origin]. PMID- 14780776 TI - [Two cases of acute suppurative pericarditis due to pneumonia]. PMID- 14780777 TI - [Certain duties of the Central Provincial consultation Centers of Maternal, Infant and Child Welfare in the field of maternal of infant up to 3 years of age welfare]. PMID- 14780778 TI - [Organization and installation of centers for collection of human milk]. PMID- 14780779 TI - [Organization and installation of Central Provincial Consultation Centers for Detection of Diseases of the Thyroid (Goiter)]. PMID- 14780780 TI - [Professional supervision of nursery homes]. PMID- 14780781 TI - [Cooperation of Central Provincial Consultation Centers of Maternal, Infant and Child Welfare with the Mother and Child Institute]. PMID- 14780782 TI - [Anorectal atresia with rectovaginal fistula; case report and review of literature]. PMID- 14780783 TI - [Incidence of meningococcic meningitis in children up to 11 years]. PMID- 14780784 TI - [Meningococcic meningitis in Rio Grande do Sul]. PMID- 14780785 TI - Weight in relation to fetal and newborn mortality; influence of sex and color. PMID- 14780786 TI - Precocious puberty. PMID- 14780787 TI - Studies on the gelatin-liquefying properties of certain bacteria with particular reference to the laboratory diagnosis of cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. PMID- 14780788 TI - Aortic-pulmonary communication due to localized congenital defect of the aortic septum. PMID- 14780789 TI - Effect of infusions of citrated plasma on the plasma citrate level of infants. PMID- 14780790 TI - Hydranencephaly; clinical diagnosis; presentation of 7 cases. PMID- 14780791 TI - Congenital tuberculosis. PMID- 14780792 TI - Results of therapy in 265 cases of tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 14780793 TI - Self-demand feeding in the first week of life. PMID- 14780794 TI - Glycogen storage disease of the heart. I. Report of 2 cases in siblings with chemical and pathologic studies. PMID- 14780795 TI - Growth and development of Negro infants. I. Analysis of birth weights of 11,818 newly born infants. PMID- 14780796 TI - Incubator care of the premature infant; discussion of optimal conditions and the current methods for their provision. PMID- 14780797 TI - Erythroblastosis fetalis. II. Prognosis in relation to history, maternal titer and length of fetal gestation. PMID- 14780798 TI - Kernicterus; etiologic study based on an analysis of 55 cases. PMID- 14780799 TI - The future of nursing and nursing education. PMID- 14780800 TI - WHO reports first results of mass vaccination with BCG. PMID- 14780801 TI - Role of the public health nurse in the prevention of infant mortality. PMID- 14780802 TI - Pathogenesis and onset symptoms of poliomyelitis. PMID- 14780803 TI - AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Better medical care for children. PMID- 14780804 TI - Clinical experience with mercurital, an oral mercurial diuretic, in ambulatory patients. PMID- 14780805 TI - Progress report on American medicine. PMID- 14780806 TI - Skin diseases in children. PMID- 14780807 TI - The diagnosis of cancer; an evaluation of some of the newer techniques. PMID- 14780808 TI - Syphilitic aortitis; diagnosis by means of ascending aortic calcification. PMID- 14780809 TI - Clinical aspects of congenital heart disease. PMID- 14780810 TI - Recent advances in anesthesia for thoracic surgery; some uses of procaine hydrochloride. PMID- 14780811 TI - Malignant lesions of the mouth, lips, and jaw. PMID- 14780812 TI - Hemochromatosis; a review of the literature. PMID- 14780813 TI - Congenital anomalies of the urinary tract in infants and children. PMID- 14780814 TI - Modern treatment of actinomycosis. PMID- 14780815 TI - Thrombophlebitic edema of the legs and its control by a flexible laced stocking. PMID- 14780816 TI - [Use of paper chromatography in the separation and identification of organic acids of plants, with special reference to acids occurring in Aconitum septentrionale Koelle]. PMID- 14780817 TI - [Paper chromatography as a qualitative method in the phytochemical analysis of organic acids; comparative study on the identification of organic acids in the root of Angelica archangelica L. with paper chromatography and the ester hydrazide method]. PMID- 14780818 TI - [Experiments on heteroploidy in medicinal plants. 11. Effect of polyploidy on the alkaloid content of Lobelia syphilitica]. PMID- 14780819 TI - [Studies of digitalis glycosides with paper chromatography]. PMID- 14780820 TI - [Isolation of new substances from the tuber of the meadow saffron, Colchicum autumnale L]. PMID- 14780821 TI - [Effect of heat sterilization upon steroid hormones]. PMID- 14780822 TI - [Studies on the preparation and properties of granulae. I. Pharmaceutical granulae]. PMID- 14780823 TI - [Lurenine, a new crystallized alkaloid from Lobelia urens]. PMID- 14780824 TI - [Studies on the preparation and properties of granulates. 2. Methods of granulation and resulting granulae]. PMID- 14780825 TI - [Anthraquinones and anthraquinone glycosides. 10. Experiments on nuclear synthesis using 1-oxy-3-methylanthraquinone glucoside]. PMID- 14780826 TI - [17 alpha-ethinylestradiol]. PMID- 14780827 TI - [Studies on the composition and structure of the mucins of Tamus communis L]. PMID- 14780828 TI - [A new falsification of saffron]. PMID- 14780829 TI - [Galenicals from Primula]. PMID- 14780830 TI - [Experimental basis of the use of d-l-methionine in the treatment of liver disease]. PMID- 14780831 TI - [Antibiotics other than penicillin. V. Antibiotics from the Actinomyces]. PMID- 14780832 TI - [Toxicity of different fractions of hexachlorocyclohexane in different animals]. PMID- 14780833 TI - [Measurements of the absorption of solutions of red and yellow dyes. 3. Plant dyes]. PMID- 14780834 TI - [Tea substitutes. 1. Development, taste and composition]. PMID- 14780835 TI - [The Peru balsam. 2. Parent stock; morphology, anatomy, physiology]. PMID- 14780836 TI - [Slugs as a cause of damage to stored drugs]. PMID- 14780837 TI - [History of the pharmacy students at Krummhubel]. PMID- 14780838 TI - [History of carbo coffee]. PMID- 14780839 TI - [Therapeutic use and pharmacology of emetine]. PMID- 14780840 TI - [Fate of physostigmine in the organism]. PMID- 14780841 TI - [Hemolytic effect of polyatomic alcohols]. PMID- 14780842 TI - [Steroids in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 14780843 TI - [Trichloroethylene, an inhalation anesthetic]. PMID- 14780844 TI - [Volatility of cardiazol]. PMID- 14780845 TI - [Sulfathiazole in the Deutsches Arzneibuch VII]. PMID- 14780846 TI - [Bactericidal action of hydrogen peroxide, peroxides, and oxidizing compounds]. PMID- 14780847 TI - [Colchicum autumnale, the wild saffron; botany, extraction, chemistry and use]. PMID- 14780849 TI - [Tea-like products. 2. Their names]. PMID- 14780850 TI - [The Peru balsam. 3. Peru balsam; commercial names, history, extraction and preparation]. PMID- 14780848 TI - [Photometric determination of the alkaloids of the poppy. 2. Fluoro-photometric determination of papaverine]. PMID- 14780852 TI - [The stationary Stadatrator]. PMID- 14780851 TI - [Daphnia tests of cardiac glycosides]. PMID- 14780853 TI - [Cation filter for instruction and analysis; simplified methods of analysis using the cation filter]. PMID- 14780854 TI - Physical medicine and rehabilitation in geriatrics. PMID- 14780855 TI - Daily activity inventories of cerebral palsied children in experimental classes. PMID- 14780856 TI - Erbs palsy with special reference to physical medicine; a case report. PMID- 14780857 TI - Crutch balancing. PMID- 14780858 TI - The use of iliac bone in the repair of facial and cranial defects. PMID- 14780859 TI - Carved cancellous bone grafts in rhinoplasty. PMID- 14780860 TI - Use of the tubed pedicle transplant in reconstruction of surgical defects in the head and neck. PMID- 14780861 TI - Successful primary repair of severed parotid duct. PMID- 14780862 TI - Monocular blindness as a complication of the treatment of malar fracture. PMID- 14780863 TI - Skin grafting: technical improvement. PMID- 14780864 TI - Sandwich method for immobilization of skin graft for loss of penile skin. PMID- 14780865 TI - Importance of physiognomy in esthetic rhinoplasty. PMID- 14780866 TI - Rhytidoplasty. PMID- 14780867 TI - Repair of necrotic cutaneous lesions, secondary to tangential traumatism over detachable zones. PMID- 14780868 TI - A problem of diagnosis and treatment of a lesion on the lips. PMID- 14780869 TI - Disintegration due to endarteritis obliterans of a Reverdin skin graft covering total avulsion of the scalp. PMID- 14780870 TI - Restoration of facial contour by bone grafts introduced through the oral cavity. PMID- 14780871 TI - Nasopharyngeal atresia. PMID- 14780872 TI - Polyisobutelene; a two year review of a case. PMID- 14780873 TI - The open reduction of fractured mandibles. PMID- 14780874 TI - Scalp avulsions; report of early homo and zoo-grafting and recent split scalp grafting. PMID- 14780875 TI - Impressions of plastic and maxillo-facial surgery in the Palestine war. PMID- 14780876 TI - Traumatic avulsion of skin of the male external genitalia; coverage with local remnants of genital skin. PMID- 14780877 TI - [Lung tumors]. PMID- 14780878 TI - [Research on the osmotic resistance of the erythrocytes in leukemia]. PMID- 14780879 TI - [Possibility of correlations between the agalactosuria of pernicious anemia and galactolipid metabolism]. PMID- 14780880 TI - [Bronchography with a water soluble opaque substance (ioduron B)]. PMID- 14780882 TI - [Case of intravesical ureterocele]. PMID- 14780881 TI - [Bronchial foreign bodies; external tube of tracheal cannula in right large bronchus]. PMID- 14780883 TI - [Some surgical diseases and Selye's general adaptation syndrome]. PMID- 14780884 TI - [Two cases of hemorrhagic syndrome due to circulating anticoagulants]. PMID- 14780885 TI - [Ancient Chinese pharmacopoeia]. PMID- 14780886 TI - [Use of retarded penicillin in medical practice]. PMID- 14780887 TI - [Comparison of the values of basal metabolism calculated with Benedict's apparatus and with Read's formula]. PMID- 14780888 TI - [Pure anemic variety of duodenal cancer]. PMID- 14780889 TI - [Para-aminosalicylic acid therapy of tuberculosis of the urinary tract; clinical and bacteriological study]. PMID- 14780890 TI - [Strangulated spigelian hernia containing the stomach]. PMID- 14780891 TI - [Rectification of an incorrect concept and nomenclature of gastric ulcer]. PMID- 14780892 TI - [Behavior of the pyruvicemia of glucose load in liver disease]. PMID- 14780893 TI - [Non-surgical therapy of acute juvenile osteomyelitis]. PMID- 14780894 TI - [Morphology of the face and its significance]. PMID- 14780895 TI - [Present state and trends in work physiology]. PMID- 14780897 TI - [Functional disorders of the large intestine (spasm of the colon)]. PMID- 14780896 TI - [Treatment of bronchial asthma with novocaine]. PMID- 14780898 TI - [Libman-Sacks syndrome]. PMID- 14780899 TI - [Two cases of plastic surgery of the larynx]. PMID- 14780900 TI - [Latest achievements in surgery of the heart and great vessels]. PMID- 14780901 TI - [Criticism of idealism in psychiatry]. PMID- 14780902 TI - [Reagins in the spleen of the guinea pig vaccinated with BCG]. PMID- 14780903 TI - [Renal rickets]. PMID- 14780904 TI - [Frontal internal hyperostosis]. PMID- 14780905 TI - [Pentothal anesthesia]. PMID- 14780906 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14780907 TI - [Plan for infectious diseases control]. PMID- 14780908 TI - [Pathogenesis and significance of certain symptoms in Graves-Basedow's disease]. PMID- 14780909 TI - [Frontal internal hyperostosis]. PMID- 14780910 TI - [Spontaneous amputation of the appendix]. PMID- 14780911 TI - [Cardiology (First Polish Scientific Congress)]. PMID- 14780912 TI - [Tuberculous allergy and pathogenesis of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14780913 TI - [Differentiation of shadows in renal and urinary radiology]. PMID- 14780914 TI - [Value of radiological examination in the diagnosis of paranephritis]. PMID- 14780915 TI - [Case of thallium poisoning with cerebral manifestations]. PMID- 14780916 TI - [Case of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]. PMID- 14780917 TI - [Intraoral administration of p-aminosalicylic acid]. PMID- 14780918 TI - Sialography in diagnosis. PMID- 14780919 TI - The pathogenesis and treatment of the megaloblastic anaemias. PMID- 14780920 TI - Acute infectious lymphocytosis. PMID- 14780921 TI - English domestic medicine in the eighteenth century--I. From the letters of Josiah Wedgwood. PMID- 14780922 TI - UNUSUAL case of dysphagia. PMID- 14780923 TI - A case of fibrosarcoma of the hand. PMID- 14780924 TI - A new stomach clamp. PMID- 14780925 TI - Disturbances of gastrointestinal function following partial gastrectomy. PMID- 14780926 TI - Carcinoma of the large bowel. PMID- 14780928 TI - Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis. PMID- 14780927 TI - The prognosis in coronary heart disease. PMID- 14780929 TI - The ulcer problem. PMID- 14780930 TI - Uses of pentobarbital intravenously. PMID- 14780931 TI - Radiant energy as a probable cause of seasonal changes in specificity of nonhemolytic streptococci. PMID- 14780932 TI - An improved vaginal cream in the practice of gynecology. PMID- 14780933 TI - The management of heart disease in children. PMID- 14780934 TI - Treatment of tuberculosis in children. PMID- 14780935 TI - Treatment of chickenpox. PMID- 14780936 TI - The control of cancer in childhood. PMID- 14780937 TI - Treatment of urinary infections. PMID- 14780938 TI - Herpetic lesions of the oral cavity. PMID- 14780939 TI - Lymphedema of the extremities. PMID- 14780940 TI - A gifted and inspiring teacher. PMID- 14780941 TI - The electrocardiogram in potassium disturbance. PMID- 14780942 TI - Surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 14780943 TI - Hysterosalpingography. Its dangers and their prevention. PMID- 14780944 TI - Diverticulitis of the colon. PMID- 14780946 TI - Surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14780945 TI - Commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. PMID- 14780947 TI - Sublingual or buccal administration of steroidal hormones. PMID- 14780949 TI - Progress in the care of crippled children. PMID- 14780948 TI - Oral administration of chlorophyll fractions for body deodorization. PMID- 14780950 TI - Management of the asthmatic attack in childhood. PMID- 14780951 TI - Treatment of scarlet fever. PMID- 14780952 TI - Treatment of leukemia. PMID- 14780953 TI - Treatment of fingertip amputation. PMID- 14780954 TI - Treatment of epilepsy. PMID- 14780955 TI - Treatment of acute secondary peritonitis. PMID- 14780957 TI - [Modern therapy in psychiatry]. PMID- 14780956 TI - Men of medicine. "You must do everything with love.". PMID- 14780958 TI - [Ischias and handedness]. PMID- 14780959 TI - [General practitioner's views on iodized salt]. PMID- 14780960 TI - [Homeopathy in daily practice]. PMID- 14780961 TI - [A contribution to the problem of rheumatism]. PMID- 14780962 TI - [Relationship between appendicitis and oxyuriasis and their treatment]. PMID- 14780963 TI - [Peridural anesthesia]. PMID- 14780964 TI - [Naturopathic methods of treatment]. PMID- 14780965 TI - [Report from the International Seminar on Remedial Gymnastics, 23-9 July 1950, Vienna]. PMID- 14780966 TI - [Significance of electroencephalography in neurologic and psychiatric diagnosis]. PMID- 14780968 TI - [Psychic exhaustion]. PMID- 14780967 TI - [Contribution of neurosurgery to diagnosis and treatment of certain medical diseases]. PMID- 14780970 TI - [Disorders of bone growth during the school age]. PMID- 14780969 TI - [Particular forms of shock therapy, with special reference to modern methods of controlled shock]. PMID- 14780971 TI - [Present status of sexual psychology]. PMID- 14780973 TI - [Problem of non- and slightly anemic iron deficiency disease]. PMID- 14780972 TI - [Bacitracin]. PMID- 14780974 TI - [Hypertrophy of the pylorus in infants. II. Pathologic anatomy and pathogenesis]. PMID- 14780975 TI - [Certain aspects of primary tuberculous infection of the adolescent and young adult]. PMID- 14780977 TI - [Amyloidosis and rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 14780976 TI - [Eticyclin therapy of acne vulgaris]. PMID- 14780978 TI - [Morphogenesis of the substratum of cerebrospinal drainage system in the first phases of its development]. PMID- 14780979 TI - [Treatment of alcoholism; new considerations on the use of antabuse (tetraethylthiuramdisulfide)]. PMID- 14780980 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of mammary dysplasias]. PMID- 14780981 TI - [Boeck sarcoid]. PMID- 14780982 TI - [Fractures of the maxilla; splint]. PMID- 14780983 TI - [Progressive bulbar paralysis; anatomo-clinical considerations of a case]. PMID- 14780984 TI - [Cerebral angiography; technical data]. PMID- 14780985 TI - [Recent discoveries in treatment of leprosy]. PMID- 14780987 TI - [Methodology in clinical medicine]. PMID- 14780986 TI - [Management of labor; bidigital artificial dilatation of the cervix with amnion intact, under action of sedative-antispasmodic-analgesic medication]. PMID- 14780989 TI - [Androgen therapy in women]. PMID- 14780988 TI - [Bone metastases in stomach cancer]. PMID- 14780990 TI - [Local application of antihistamines in allergic rhinitis and other respiratory disorders]. PMID- 14780991 TI - [Meningeal permeability to acid fuchsin]. PMID- 14780992 TI - [Progress in therapeutics in internal medicine during 1949; kidney diseases]. PMID- 14780993 TI - [Folic acid antagonists in the treatment of leukemia]. PMID- 14780994 TI - [Atomic research in medicine]. PMID- 14780995 TI - [Plan of campaign against epilepsy]. PMID- 14780996 TI - [Diverticular sigmoiditis; its relations with cancer]. PMID- 14780997 TI - [Right pulmonary pedicles; topographic studies]. PMID- 14780998 TI - [Acute neurologic abdomen]. PMID- 14780999 TI - [Acute benign pericarditis]. PMID- 14781000 TI - [Pollen vaccination and antihistamines]. PMID- 14781001 TI - [Streptomycin per os in enteritis of children]. PMID- 14781002 TI - [Complete course of allergic diseases given in the Allergy Service of the Hospital Rivadavia; treatment of asthma; I]. PMID- 14781003 TI - [Technic of minimal operation of intervertebral disk]. PMID- 14781004 TI - [Gastric cytology]. PMID- 14781005 TI - [Aneurysm of the ascending aorta and the right flexure]. PMID- 14781006 TI - [Complete course of allergic diseases presented in the Allergy Service of the Hospital Rivadavia; treatment of bronchial asthma. II]. PMID- 14781007 TI - [Retropneumoperitoneum in visualization of the excluded gallbladder]. PMID- 14781008 TI - [Methionine in the treatment of purpura haemorrhagica and severe anemia]. PMID- 14781009 TI - [Bicolor flocculation micro-reaction in diagnosis of syphilis]. PMID- 14781010 TI - [Practical form for evaluation of lumbar and lumbosciatic pain disabilities in industrial accidents]. PMID- 14781011 TI - [Neurosurgical apparatus; serum equipment; thermoregulator tank and its use]. PMID- 14781012 TI - [Interns and residents in the U.S]. PMID- 14781013 TI - [Amino acids and antibiotics in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14781014 TI - [Results of BCG vaccination in students of the University of Buenos Aires]. PMID- 14781015 TI - [Infectious catarrh as a chronic general disease]. PMID- 14781016 TI - [Tuberculosis of the trachea and bronchi]. PMID- 14781017 TI - [Pre- and post-operative care in obstruction of the biliary tract]. PMID- 14781018 TI - [Dejerine-Sottas hypertrophic interstitial neuritis and von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis]. PMID- 14781019 TI - [Surgery of mitral stenosis; local treatment; direct correction]. PMID- 14781020 TI - [Tetanus toxoid precipitated by potassium alum]. PMID- 14781021 TI - [Rh sensitization in a general hospital]. PMID- 14781022 TI - [Interrelations between surgery and radiotherapy]. PMID- 14781023 TI - [Analgesic effect of thiamine in obstetrics]. PMID- 14781024 TI - [Psychosomatic medicine; dynamic integral criteria]. PMID- 14781025 TI - [Generalized scleroderma]. PMID- 14781026 TI - [Premenstrual articular tension; pathogenic correlation between premenstrual tension and rheumatic physio-pathology]. PMID- 14781027 TI - [Human myiasis; histo-pathologic studies]. PMID- 14781028 TI - [Thromboangiitis; medico-social importance]. PMID- 14781029 TI - [Case of pseudo-fracture of the tibia]. PMID- 14781030 TI - [Treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder by the Gallie-Lemesurier technic]. PMID- 14781031 TI - [Contrast angiography of the pulmonary artery]. PMID- 14781032 TI - [Vitamin E and gastric secretion]. PMID- 14781033 TI - [Intestinal tuberculosis; modern therapy and its results]. PMID- 14781034 TI - [Aneurysms of the intrapericardial ascending aorta]. PMID- 14781035 TI - [Complete course of allergic diseases given in the Allergy Service of Hospital Rivadavia; migraine and other manifestations of angiospastic diathesis; I]. PMID- 14781036 TI - [Melanotic whitlow]. PMID- 14781037 TI - [Pathology of thromboangiitis]. PMID- 14781038 TI - [Health planning]. PMID- 14781039 TI - [Treatment of acute brucellosis with terramycin]. PMID- 14781040 TI - [Experimental treatment with oral emetine; 50 cases of trichocephaliasis and 14 cases of uncinariasis]. PMID- 14781041 TI - [Pneumothorax following pulmonary infarction; case]. PMID- 14781042 TI - [Clinico-pathologic section; vesicointestinal fistula]. PMID- 14781043 TI - [Effect of the papaconic Gnaphallium oxyphyllum in clinical chlorhydria]. PMID- 14781044 TI - [Unusual clinical picture of trichocephaliasis; presentation of a case]. PMID- 14781045 TI - [Diagnosis of acute appendicitis]. PMID- 14781046 TI - [Clinicopathological conference; chorionepithelioma with metastases to lungs, liver, stomach, jejunum and right kidney]. PMID- 14781048 TI - [Dolichomega-artery]. PMID- 14781047 TI - [Variations of total water, free water and water bound to erythrocyte proteins in the course of various pathological states]. PMID- 14781049 TI - [New case of benign multirecurrent endothelio-leukocytic meningitis]. PMID- 14781050 TI - [Trip to North Africa or a mission of the Alliance Francaise]. PMID- 14781051 TI - [Recent acquisitions on Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 14781052 TI - [Treatment of parotid tumors]. PMID- 14781053 TI - [Acute mesenteric adenitis in children]. PMID- 14781054 TI - [Improving the systematic radiological case finding of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781055 TI - [Hypotonic syndrome of the biliary tract; results of surgical therapy]. PMID- 14781056 TI - [Therapy of infectious jaundice with streptomycin]. PMID- 14781057 TI - [Summary of indications of the parasiticide properties of current antimalarial drugs]. PMID- 14781058 TI - [Technic of pelvic phlebography by perosseous injection]. PMID- 14781059 TI - [High axillary pleural puncture in sloping position; presentation of a universal position table for pneumological use]. PMID- 14781060 TI - [Problem of relapses in typhoid and paratyphoid treated with chloromycetin]. PMID- 14781061 TI - [Infectious mononucleosis in adults; penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14781062 TI - [Coronary involvement in the course of mitral stenosis]. PMID- 14781063 TI - [Gastrectomy with gastrojejunal anatomosis crosswise of the loop]. PMID- 14781064 TI - [French expedition to the Himalayas. I. Medical preparation for the expedition]. PMID- 14781065 TI - [Experimental bases and clinical use of antibiotics]. PMID- 14781066 TI - [Adrenocorticotropic hormone and its therapeutic applications]. PMID- 14781067 TI - [Present status of H-365, para-oxypropiophenone, synthetic pituitary inhibitor]. PMID- 14781068 TI - [Value of splenectomy in the treatment of Chauffard-Still and Felty syndromes]. PMID- 14781069 TI - [Results of the examination of 15 malignant thyroid tumors with radioactive iodine]. PMID- 14781070 TI - [Basic truths regarding sprue; introduction to a systematic study of the disease; general pathology]. PMID- 14781071 TI - [Evolution of our concept of the pathogenesis of diabetes]. PMID- 14781073 TI - [Flexible catheter for intrabronchial injections]. PMID- 14781072 TI - [The gesture of Pinel]. PMID- 14781074 TI - [Diagnosis of breast tumors]. PMID- 14781075 TI - [Enzymatic hydrolysis of aspirin in clinical practice]. PMID- 14781076 TI - [In vitro heparin tolerance test in the control of di-coumarol therapy]. PMID- 14781077 TI - [Acute tuberculous cholecystitis]. PMID- 14781078 TI - [Catheterization of renal and supra hepatic veins, a procedure for functional investigation]. PMID- 14781079 TI - [Maurice Robineau (1870-1950)]. PMID- 14781080 TI - [An approach to the surgical treatment of valvular insufficiency of the heart with artificial valvulae]. PMID- 14781081 TI - [Arterial calcifications; mechanism and therapy]. PMID- 14781082 TI - [Action of streptomycin in the guinea pig on resistant and sensitive strains of tubercle bacilli]. PMID- 14781083 TI - [Lobectomy and pneumonectomy in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781084 TI - [Hyperplastic tumors of the jaws with sarcomatous aspect]. PMID- 14781085 TI - [Streptomycin and tuberculosis of the aged]. PMID- 14781086 TI - [Delayed deaths during tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin and their prevention]. PMID- 14781087 TI - [Simultaneous aortic and mitral stenosis]. PMID- 14781088 TI - [Biliary radiomanometry with graphic recording]. PMID- 14781089 TI - [Therapeutic arteriovenous anastomosis; experimental study]. PMID- 14781090 TI - [Retroperitoneal sympathetic ganglioneuroma with malignant development]. PMID- 14781091 TI - [Roentgenotherapy in osteosarcoma of long bones in children, with the exception of Ewing's tumors]. PMID- 14781092 TI - [Histological appearance of the liver in diabetes; its theoretical importance]. PMID- 14781093 TI - [Therapeutic malaria with Plasmodium falciparum in Negroes and mulattoes]. PMID- 14781094 TI - [Ocular disturbances during trophopenia (hunger edema) and the pellagra epidemic of 1941-4; superficial trophopenic keratitis (epithelial keratopathy)]. PMID- 14781096 TI - [Radiography of acute abdomen without preparation]. PMID- 14781095 TI - [Radiological study of primary atypical pneumonia; a recent epidemic]. PMID- 14781097 TI - [Intra medullary nailing in veterinary practice]. PMID- 14781098 TI - [Effect of smoking on the female organism]. PMID- 14781099 TI - [Notes of J. V. Valvasor on the state of health in Slovenia]. PMID- 14781100 TI - [Stomach surgery]. PMID- 14781101 TI - [Zoogenous diseases]. PMID- 14781103 TI - [Care of health]. PMID- 14781102 TI - [Hygiene in Ljubljana]. PMID- 14781104 TI - [Hygiene of pig-pens]. PMID- 14781105 TI - [Tuberculosis as a disease of civilization and longevity]. PMID- 14781106 TI - [Control of rabies in Slovenia]. PMID- 14781107 TI - [Observations on teaching speech to the deaf and hard-of-hearing]. PMID- 14781108 TI - [Diagnosis of deaf-mutism]. PMID- 14781109 TI - [International Congress on the Care of the Deaf-Mute, 5-11 June 1950, Groningen]. PMID- 14781110 TI - [Contribution of psychiatry to education of the mentally deficient]. PMID- 14781112 TI - [Special schools and child psychiatry]. PMID- 14781111 TI - [The mentally deficient child and his environment]. PMID- 14781113 TI - [A new type of arithmetic book for special classes and institutional schools]. PMID- 14781114 TI - [Schools for the deaf in Norway]. PMID- 14781115 TI - [Effect of rhythm and functional music on the mentally deficient]. PMID- 14781116 TI - [Reorganization of public health units to improve control of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781117 TI - [Therapy of acute tuberculosis based on Pavlov's theory of the physiology of the nervous system]. PMID- 14781118 TI - [Para-aminosalicylic acid in tuberculosis therapy]. PMID- 14781119 TI - [Immediate results of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment with paraaminosalicylic acid alone and combined with streptomycin]. PMID- 14781120 TI - [PAS therapy of tuberculosis of the upper respiratory tract, mouth, trachea, bronchi and lungs]. PMID- 14781121 TI - [Clinical test of streptomycin of Russian production in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781122 TI - [Use of streptomycin in osteo-articular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781123 TI - [Small-dose streptomycin therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781124 TI - [Experimental effect of PAS on tubercle bacilli]. PMID- 14781125 TI - [Clinical observations of therapeutic effect of tubin in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781126 TI - [Experimental effect of combined p-acetaminobenzal-thiosemicarbazone and streptomycin in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781127 TI - [Importance of open pneumonolysis in collapse therapy]. PMID- 14781128 TI - [Phrenicectomy in pulmonary tuberculosis of young children]. PMID- 14781129 TI - [Bronchial lavage as a method of early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781130 TI - [Simplified method of artificial pneumoperitoneum]. PMID- 14781131 TI - [Conference on streptomycin therapy of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14781132 TI - [ALEKSANDR Evgrafovich Prozorov]. PMID- 14781133 TI - Discussion on the present position of the newer antibiotics. PMID- 14781134 TI - Discussion on conservative resection in carcinoma of the rectum. PMID- 14781135 TI - Surgery and prostheses. PMID- 14781136 TI - Eosinophilic granuloma. PMID- 14781137 TI - Discussion on the use of oestrogen therapy in gynaecology. PMID- 14781138 TI - Oestrogen therapy in relation to functional uterine bleeding. PMID- 14781139 TI - Oestrogen therapy in pregnancy. PMID- 14781140 TI - Oestrogen therapy in primary dysmenorrhoea. PMID- 14781141 TI - Sinusoidal dilatation occurring in livers of mice with a transplanted testicular tumor. PMID- 14781142 TI - Development of hypertension in the adrenalectomized nephritic rat maintained on NaCl. PMID- 14781143 TI - Conjugated linoleic acid in rat tissue lipids after ingestion as free acid and as triglyceride. PMID- 14781144 TI - Competitive elution of pertussis hemagglutinin. PMID- 14781145 TI - Effect of 3-hydroxy-2-phenylcinchoninic acid on renal secretion of phenyl red and penicillin. PMID- 14781146 TI - Desoxycorticosterone acetate and adenohypophyseal content of adrenocorticotrophic hormone. PMID- 14781147 TI - Cortisone acetate and terramycin in polyarthritis of rats. PMID- 14781148 TI - Blood and packed cell volume of the adult rat as measured by tagged cells. PMID- 14781149 TI - Isoimmunization in the pig following multiple transfusions of incompatible blood. PMID- 14781150 TI - An improved assay for "strepogenin" based on essential nature of material for Lactobacillus bulgaricus 09. PMID- 14781151 TI - Distribution of radioactive silver colloids in tissues of rodents following injection by various routes. PMID- 14781152 TI - Experimental pulmonary edema. IV. Pulmonary edema accompanying trauma to the brain. PMID- 14781153 TI - Prolytic changes in chicken erythrocytes exposed to Micrococcus aureus toxins. PMID- 14781154 TI - Glutathione potentiation of cortisone-induced glycosuria in the rat. PMID- 14781155 TI - Chemoprophylactic effectiveness of aureomycin and terramycin in murine bartonellosis. PMID- 14781156 TI - Chemotherapy of leukemia. V. Effects of 2,4,6-triethylenimino-S-triazine and related compounds on transplanted mouse leukemia. PMID- 14781157 TI - Inactivation of estradiol by the hepatic tissues of mice. PMID- 14781158 TI - Ethylene-dinitrilotetraacetic acid as a solvent for urinary calculi. PMID- 14781159 TI - Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow during mannitol loading in hydropenic dogs. PMID- 14781160 TI - Electron microscope studies on structure of mitotic figure. PMID- 14781161 TI - Influence of rice and purified diets upon cardiac behavior of thiamine. PMID- 14781162 TI - Production of Quellung antisera in chickens. PMID- 14781163 TI - Effect of phosphorus 32 on the hamster. PMID- 14781164 TI - Agglutination of bacteria by lymphoid cell in vitro. PMID- 14781165 TI - Prevention of chemotherapeutic effects of 4-amino-N10-methyl-pteroylglutamic acid on mouse leukemia by citrovorum factor. PMID- 14781166 TI - Pressure gradients in the atria and pulmonary veins in man. PMID- 14781167 TI - Effect of choline chloride on development of atherosclerosis in the rabbit. PMID- 14781168 TI - Effect of convulsant and anticonvulsant agents on the activity of cytochrome oxidase. PMID- 14781169 TI - Effect of heparin and of vitamin K on the life span of Daphnia magna. PMID- 14781170 TI - The Shwartzman phenomenon. I. Inhibitory action of nitrogen mustard (HN2). PMID- 14781171 TI - Effects of x-rays on size of yeast cells. PMID- 14781172 TI - Survival of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal discharge. PMID- 14781173 TI - Relation of cortisone pretreatment to mobilization of lipids to liver by pituitary extracts. PMID- 14781174 TI - Possible usefulness of substituted amino acids for tumor growth inhibition. PMID- 14781175 TI - Some factors influencing enzymic activities of Corynebacterium creatinovorans. PMID- 14781176 TI - An antichylomicronemic substance produced by heparin injection. PMID- 14781177 TI - 'Benemid', p-(di-n-propylsulfamyl)-benzoic acid: inhibition of glycine conjugative reactions. PMID- 14781178 TI - Labelling in the glucose deposited as starch during photosynthesis. PMID- 14781179 TI - Effects of x-irradiation and urethane treatment on chicken bone marrow enzymes. PMID- 14781180 TI - Mucolytic enzyme systems. XIV. Effect of certain quinolines on hyaluronidase and its serum inhibitor. PMID- 14781181 TI - Age and sex differences in weight of pituitary gland in dogs. PMID- 14781183 TI - Culture of Brown-Pearce carcinoma in the embryonated egg. PMID- 14781182 TI - Effect of insulin hypoglycemia on eosinophiles and lymphocytes of psychotics. PMID- 14781184 TI - Use of antipyrine in measurement of total body water in animals. PMID- 14781186 TI - Effect of purified hyaluronidase on growth of sarcoma 37 in the mouse. PMID- 14781185 TI - Infection and immunity in offspring of mice inoculated during gestation with murine poliomyelitis virus. PMID- 14781187 TI - Growth retardation of lymphosarcoma implants in pyridoxine deficient rats by testosterone and cortisone. PMID- 14781188 TI - Studies on the early phase of induced fibrosarcoma in the hamster. PMID- 14781189 TI - Paper chromatography of protein mixtures and blood plasmas. PMID- 14781190 TI - Comparative study of morphine and dromoran as antidiuretic agents in the dog. PMID- 14781191 TI - Dual antibody response to coxsackie and poliomyelitis viruses in patients with paralytic poliomyelitis. PMID- 14781192 TI - Effect of 17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone (compound E) and of ACTH on arthus reaction and antibody formation in the rabbit. PMID- 14781193 TI - Development of chloramphenicol-resistant and chloramphenicol-dependent variants of a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. PMID- 14781194 TI - Hemorrhagic skin lesions produced by intradermal meningococcus toxin in rabbits following treatment with ACTH or cortisone. PMID- 14781195 TI - A method for visualization of kidney blood vessels applied to studies of the crush syndrome. PMID- 14781196 TI - Production of acute pancreatitis with ethionine and its prevention by methionine. PMID- 14781197 TI - Plasminogen purification by acid extraction. PMID- 14781198 TI - Observations on pain and temperature perception within the sternal marrow cavity. PMID- 14781199 TI - Metabolites of pamaquine in urine. PMID- 14781200 TI - Histochemical alterations revealed by tetrazolium chloride in hypertensive kidneys in relation to renal VEM Mechanisms. PMID- 14781201 TI - Procarcinogenic effect of vitamin B12 on p-dimethylaminoazobenzene-fed rats. PMID- 14781202 TI - Life maintaining activity of delta1 desoxycorticosterone acetate. PMID- 14781203 TI - Growth requirements of Streptococcus mitis and sulfonamide resistance. PMID- 14781204 TI - Effect of method of homogenization of beef muscle tissue on activity of succinic dehydrogenase system. PMID- 14781205 TI - Normal hemoglobin clearances in chronic proteinuria. PMID- 14781206 TI - Alkaline tide of the alligator. PMID- 14781207 TI - Destruction of pancreatic acinar tissue by DL-ethionine. PMID- 14781208 TI - Passive transfer of atopic hypersensitiveness in man by means of leucocytes. PMID- 14781209 TI - Adrenal cortex and lipid metabolism: effects of cortisone and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) on serum lipids in man. PMID- 14781210 TI - Positive inotropic action of ouabain on rat ventricle strips. PMID- 14781211 TI - Band-pass filter action of the cochlea during membutal anesthesia. PMID- 14781212 TI - Therapeutic effect of aureomycin in pernicious anemia. PMID- 14781213 TI - Traumatic arthritis of the hip with deformity: results of mold arthroplasty and report of case. PMID- 14781214 TI - Eosinophilic granuloma of bone. PMID- 14781215 TI - Concepts of therapy. PMID- 14781216 TI - Meningiomas of the cerebellopontine angle: report of case. PMID- 14781217 TI - Annual report for 1949 of the section on anesthesiology: including data and remarks concerning blood transfusion and the use of blood substitutes. I. PMID- 14781218 TI - Annual report for 1949 of the section on anesthesiology: including data and remarks concerning blood transfusion and the use of blood substitutes. II. PMID- 14781219 TI - Report on surgery of the stomach and duodenum for 1949. PMID- 14781220 TI - Surgical aspects of mesenteric vascular occlusion. PMID- 14781221 TI - Report on radium therapy for 1949. PMID- 14781222 TI - The use of phenurone for convulsive disorders of children; preliminary report. PMID- 14781223 TI - Papillomas of the larynx, trachea and bronchi: report of case. PMID- 14781224 TI - [Phytopharmacy in twelve plants; Quassias and Simarubaceae]. PMID- 14781225 TI - [Chemistry and biology of carnosine; physiologic study]. PMID- 14781226 TI - [Antimalarial drugs]. PMID- 14781227 TI - [Protection of pharmaceutic trade marks]. PMID- 14781228 TI - [Present treatment of cancer of the esophagus]. PMID- 14781229 TI - [The psychosis of J. J. Rousseau]. PMID- 14781230 TI - [Jacques de Fourmestraux]. PMID- 14781231 TI - [Philosophy of surgery]. PMID- 14781232 TI - [Present treatment of tuberculous meningitis of children]. PMID- 14781233 TI - [Exudative radiotherapy for cancer of the breast]. PMID- 14781234 TI - [Local intolerance to endobronchial instillation of penicillin]. PMID- 14781235 TI - [Claude Bernard according to his correspondence]. PMID- 14781236 TI - [Philosophy of surgery]. PMID- 14781237 TI - [Present aspects of treatment of Bouillaud's disease]. PMID- 14781238 TI - [Figures in psychiatry]. PMID- 14781239 TI - [Disorders of optic perception and of the sense of space and time]. PMID- 14781240 TI - [Indications and contraindications in cistern and lumbar puncture]. PMID- 14781241 TI - [Salicylic-acid reaction in neurologic disease]. PMID- 14781243 TI - [Statistical evaluation of Rorschach tests]. PMID- 14781242 TI - [Remedial training of criminal psychopaths. II. Psychiatric observations and experiences from 1929-33]. PMID- 14781244 TI - [Report on the meeting of the Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists at Gottingen, 22-5 September 1949]. PMID- 14781245 TI - [Reflections on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia]. PMID- 14781246 TI - [Clinical value of pathological reflexes of the hand]. PMID- 14781247 TI - [Encephalitis in rabbits and guinea-pigs following intracerebral inoculation with a new pneumonia virus]. PMID- 14781248 TI - [The patient's experience in electroshock therapy]. PMID- 14781249 TI - Propaganda and mass insecurity. PMID- 14781250 TI - The themes of heroism and weakness in the structure of Freud's thought. PMID- 14781251 TI - The illusion of personal individuality. PMID- 14781252 TI - Outdoor group therapy with preadolescent boys. PMID- 14781253 TI - Some effect of the derogatory attitude towards female sexuality. PMID- 14781254 TI - A clinical appraisal of frontal lobotomy in the treatment of the psychoses. PMID- 14781255 TI - The organization of action in Chinese culture. PMID- 14781256 TI - Some observations on the relationship between genetics and social science. PMID- 14781257 TI - Screening patients for nasal plastic operations; some sociologic and psychiatric considerations. PMID- 14781258 TI - Possible etiologic relevance of personality factors in arterial hypertension. PMID- 14781259 TI - Electrical resistance of the skin during induced emotional stress; a study of normal individuals and of patients with internal disease. PMID- 14781260 TI - Psychologic conflict and neuromuscular tension. I. Preliminary report on a method, as applied to rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14781261 TI - Psychosomatic aspects of salivary activity. II. Psychoanalytic observations concerning hypersalivation. PMID- 14781262 TI - Some aspects of epidemiology. PMID- 14781263 TI - Preventive psychiatry. PMID- 14781264 TI - The hampshire preventive mental health community care scheme. PMID- 14781265 TI - Disturbances in body mechanics during pregnancy. PMID- 14781266 TI - A new simple blood test for syphilis: procedure for collecting specimens. PMID- 14781267 TI - Relationship of clerk and nurse in the local health department. PMID- 14781268 TI - Field instruction in public health nursing. PMID- 14781269 TI - The 1950 census of nurses in public health work. PMID- 14781270 TI - Organizing for the newer public health programs. PMID- 14781271 TI - A community plans for its aged and chronically ill. PMID- 14781272 TI - Arthritis as a public health problem. PMID- 14781273 TI - Multiple screening and specialized programs. PMID- 14781274 TI - National Conference on Aging. PMID- 14781275 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States; reports from states for week ended September 30, 1950. PMID- 14781276 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports; Canada, Japan, Jamaica, New Zealand. PMID- 14781277 TI - REPORTS of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever, and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14781278 TI - Rural health cooperatives. PMID- 14781279 TI - The cancer program in medical schools. PMID- 14781280 TI - Studies on mass control of dental caries through fluoridation of the public water supply. PMID- 14781281 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States, reports from states for week ended October 7, 1950. PMID- 14781282 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports, Canada. PMID- 14781283 TI - WORLD distribution of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever, and yellow fever. PMID- 14781284 TI - A controlled investigation of streptomycin treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14781285 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States; reports from states for week ended October 14, 1950. PMID- 14781286 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports; Canada, Finland, Jamaica. PMID- 14781287 TI - REPORTS of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever, and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14781288 TI - Hospital beds in the United States, 1950. PMID- 14781289 TI - The alkalescens-dispar group. PMID- 14781290 TI - Laboratory tests on the rapidity of molluscacidal action of copper sulfate in high concentration. PMID- 14781291 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States; reports from states for week ended October 21, 1950. PMID- 14781292 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports; Canada, Norway. PMID- 14781293 TI - REPORTS of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever, and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14781294 TI - HEALTH resources in defense of the nation; a selective report on the 1950 Conference of the State and Territorial Health Officers Association; civil defense; personnel adjustment; current problems; scientific developments; health and the child. PMID- 14781295 TI - INCIDENCE of disease; United States, reports from states for week ended October 28, 1950. PMID- 14781296 TI - INCIDENCE of disease; foreign reports; Canada, Madagascar, Norway. PMID- 14781297 TI - REPORTS of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever, and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14781298 TI - Control of Norway rats with residual rodenticide warfarin. PMID- 14781299 TI - Industrial sickness absenteeism; males and females, 1949, and males, first and second quarters, 1950. PMID- 14781300 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States, reports from states for week ended November 4, 1950. PMID- 14781301 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports; Canada, Madagascar. PMID- 14781302 TI - WORLD distribution of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever and yellow fever. PMID- 14781303 TI - Community-wide chest x-ray survey. II. Nursing. PMID- 14781305 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States, reports from states for week ended November 11, 1950. PMID- 14781304 TI - The bactericidal effect of surface-active agents on tubercle bacilli. PMID- 14781306 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports, Canada, Cuba, Jamaica. PMID- 14781307 TI - REPORTS of cholera, plague, smallpox typhus fever, and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14781308 TI - DEFENSE and world health. PMID- 14781310 TI - ENVIRONMENTAL health. PMID- 14781309 TI - PUBLIC health practice. PMID- 14781311 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States, reports from states for week ended November 18, 1950. PMID- 14781312 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign report; Canada, Finland, New Zealand. PMID- 14781313 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports; reports of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever, and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14781314 TI - CHRONIC disease. PMID- 14781315 TI - CHILD health. PMID- 14781316 TI - EPIDEMIOLOGY. PMID- 14781317 TI - MEDICAL care. PMID- 14781318 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States; reports from states for week ended November 25, 1950. PMID- 14781319 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports, Canada; reported cases of certain diseases. Week ended November 11, 1950. PMID- 14781320 TI - REPORTS of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14781322 TI - Toward better training and services in medical nutrition. PMID- 14781321 TI - The anthrone blood sugar method adapted to diabetes case finding in a multiple screening program. PMID- 14781323 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, United States. Reports from states for week ended December 2, 1950. PMID- 14781324 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign report, Canada. PMID- 14781325 TI - INCIDENCE of disease, foreign reports. Reports of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever, and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14781326 TI - Causes of absenteeism in New Haven schools. Follow-up after 21 years. PMID- 14781327 TI - REPORTED incidence of communicable diseases in the United State, third quarter, 1950. PMID- 14781329 TI - INCIDENCE of disease. Foreign reports. PMID- 14781328 TI - INCIDENCE of disease. United States. Reports from states for week ending December 9, 1950. PMID- 14781330 TI - WORLD distribution of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever, and yellow fever. PMID- 14781331 TI - [Conditions of liver function in pregnancy toxemia]. PMID- 14781332 TI - [Methylene blue and labor]. PMID- 14781333 TI - [Puerperal tetanus and curare]. PMID- 14781334 TI - [Action of some drugs on uterine contractions]. PMID- 14781335 TI - Nutrition and phylogeny in the water molds. PMID- 14781336 TI - Cytochemical reactions of nucleic acids. PMID- 14781337 TI - Development and medusa-bud formation in the Hydromedusae. PMID- 14781338 TI - Roentgen findings in tumors of the skull. PMID- 14781340 TI - Cerebral aerography. PMID- 14781339 TI - Cerebral angiography. PMID- 14781341 TI - Role of radiation therapy in the control of malignant neoplasms of the brain and brain stem. PMID- 14781342 TI - Biophysical studies of methods utilizing fluorescein and its derivatives to diagnose brain tumors. PMID- 14781343 TI - Localization of intrathoracic lesions by means of the postero-anterior roentgenogram; the silhouette sign. PMID- 14781344 TI - Effects of internal irradiation of mice with P32. I. Spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, bone and bone marrow. PMID- 14781345 TI - Upper lobe bronchial abnormalities simulating significant pulmonary tuberculosis; with seven illustrative cases. PMID- 14781346 TI - Benign gastric ulcer of the greater curvature. PMID- 14781347 TI - Accessory sacroiliac articulations with arthritic changes. PMID- 14781348 TI - Pseudo-cystic shadows of the right pulmonary base due to diaphragmatic omental hernia. PMID- 14781349 TI - Congenital defect in the diaphragm; a case report. PMID- 14781350 TI - Calcified gastric leiomyoma. PMID- 14781351 TI - Pirie's bone. PMID- 14781352 TI - Some observations with 1,000-kv., 400-kv., and 200-kv. x-ray therapy. PMID- 14781353 TI - Radiation dosimetry in the treatment of functional thyroid carcinoma with I131. PMID- 14781354 TI - Cephalohematoma in the newborn. PMID- 14781355 TI - Roentgen diagnosis of lipoma of the corpus callosum; report of a case. PMID- 14781356 TI - Radiographic changes in the lungs during recovery from drowning. PMID- 14781357 TI - Tuberous sclerosis, a neurocutaneous syndrome; report of a case. PMID- 14781358 TI - Traumatic and related types of diaphragmatic hernia. PMID- 14781359 TI - Skeletal metastases in carcinoma. PMID- 14781360 TI - Double-contrast studies of the colon with special reference to preparation and fictitious polyps. PMID- 14781361 TI - Roentgenographic findings in Schonlein-Henoch's purpura; a case report. PMID- 14781362 TI - Small intestinal abnormalities in anaphylactoid purpura; report of two cases. PMID- 14781363 TI - Cortical fissuring in osteomyelitis complicating sickle-cell anemia. PMID- 14781364 TI - Effects of internal irradiation of mice with P32. II. Gonads, kidneys, adrenal glands, digestive tract, spinal cord, lungs, and liver. PMID- 14781365 TI - Deposition of radiogallium (Ga72) in proliferating tissues. PMID- 14781366 TI - Radiation-induced mutations in mammals. PMID- 14781367 TI - Telognosis. PMID- 14781368 TI - Clinical cinefluorography. PMID- 14781369 TI - The nasopharyngeal applicator. PMID- 14781370 TI - [Syndrome of the hyperfolliculin state]. PMID- 14781371 TI - [Contributions of enzymology to modern pharmacological research]. PMID- 14781372 TI - [Transurethral prostatectomy in surgical practice]. PMID- 14781373 TI - [New concept on the intestinal absorption and excretion of fats; steatorrhea]. PMID- 14781374 TI - [Mixed syndrome of hyperhemolysis and hyposiderosis; contribution to the study of combined hemolytic anemias]. PMID- 14781375 TI - [Relations between the liver and the metabolism of cerebrosides and phospholipids; galactose and glucose tolerance curves in normal subjects and in liver disease]. PMID- 14781376 TI - [Hyperglycemia factor of the pancreas]. PMID- 14781377 TI - [Modifications of the glycogen content of the liver, myocardium and muscle of albino rats following introduction of serum of normal and binephrectomized rats]. PMID- 14781378 TI - [The etiopathogenetic problem of appendicitis; microbiologic research]. PMID- 14781379 TI - [Orientation of antibiotic therapy in accordance with bacteriologic examination in urinary infections]. PMID- 14781380 TI - [Bronchial asthma]. PMID- 14781381 TI - [Surgery of retropericardial bronchiogenic cysts]. PMID- 14781382 TI - [Clinically primary extra-articular rheumatism with localizations in left pleura, coronary vessels and left external carotid artery]. PMID- 14781383 TI - [Recollections of Bassini]. PMID- 14781384 TI - [New orientations in the treatment of infectious diseases; antibrucellina, the first synthetic antagonist complex]. PMID- 14781385 TI - [Advantages of the intradermal administration in streptomycin therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in children]. PMID- 14781386 TI - [Theory and practice of therapy with lysates]. PMID- 14781387 TI - [Present status of surgery of arteriovenous aneurysm]. PMID- 14781388 TI - [Behavior of coagulation time of blood in normal and pathological subjects following intravenous administration of heparin (De Takats test)]. PMID- 14781390 TI - [Microscopic research on the virus of lymphogranuloma inguinale]. PMID- 14781389 TI - [Vitamin E. in internal medicine]. PMID- 14781391 TI - [Serology and diagnosis of cancer: an agglutination reaction]. PMID- 14781392 TI - [Associated vaccine-antibiotic therapy of typhoid]. PMID- 14781393 TI - [Gastroptosis and enteroptosis]. PMID- 14781394 TI - [Leonardo Bianchi, 1848-1927]. PMID- 14781395 TI - [Renal ptosis from the medico-legal viewpoint]. PMID- 14781396 TI - [Phenylaminopropane in asthenic states of convalescence]. PMID- 14781397 TI - [Activity of the Geriatrics Center of Bari]. PMID- 14781398 TI - [Consultations in cardiology: aortic aneurysm or mediastinal tumor?]. PMID- 14781399 TI - [Concepts and limits of rheumatism]. PMID- 14781400 TI - [Periarthritis of the shoulder, with particular reference to etiopathogenesis]. PMID- 14781401 TI - [Carlo Gamna (1886-1950)]. PMID- 14781402 TI - [Determination of blood protein fractions in surgery by a simple colorimetric method]. PMID- 14781403 TI - [Post-sanatorium assistance and resumption of work by subjects with clinically cured tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781404 TI - [Physiopathologic and medicosocial aspects of women in industry]. PMID- 14781405 TI - [Influence of radiant heat on climatic conditions in foundries and forges]. PMID- 14781406 TI - [Action of hypothalamus extracts on induced diuresis in animals]. PMID- 14781407 TI - [Head's zones in chronic fronto-basilar hyperergic phlogosis]. PMID- 14781408 TI - [Graphic study on the motility of the stomach in hyperthyroidism; action of dihydroergotamine]. PMID- 14781409 TI - [Effect of associated acetylcholine-atropine and acetylcholine-ergotamine on essential hypotension]. PMID- 14781410 TI - [Effect of associated acetylcholine-atropine and acetylcholine-ergotamine in essential hypertension]. PMID- 14781411 TI - [Thiourea and acute histamine intoxication; relation between sensitivity to anaphylactic shock and to histamine shock during functional variations of the thyroid]. PMID- 14781412 TI - [Lesions of the nervous system and gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14781413 TI - [Vitamin A therapy of hyperthyroidism; incidents of excessive dosage of vitamin A]. PMID- 14781414 TI - [Congenital hypotrichosis with absence of teeth and horns, and macroglossia in a calf]. PMID- 14781415 TI - [Treatment of acute pneumopathies of horses and bovines by digalactoside P.P' diaminodiphenyl-sulfone]. PMID- 14781416 TI - [Streptococcosis of swine in Morocco]. PMID- 14781417 TI - [Coding of veterinary practice; non-transmissibility to the heirs of the coding party of the obligation not to practice]. PMID- 14781418 TI - [Streptomycin: its indications in veterinary medicine]. PMID- 14781419 TI - [Hydrocephalus of the colt]. PMID- 14781420 TI - [Intestinal invagination and secondary volvulus in the horse]. PMID- 14781421 TI - [Bovine grippe: sinusitis]. PMID- 14781422 TI - [Action of iodized casein on the organism and on the milk secretion of heifers with lactation provoked by synthetic estrogens]. PMID- 14781423 TI - Ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14781424 TI - Some pertinent factors in cholelithiasis. PMID- 14781425 TI - Problems of acute intestinal obstruction. PMID- 14781426 TI - Surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer: a comparison of the results of treatment with and without vagotomy. PMID- 14781427 TI - The abdominal incision. PMID- 14781428 TI - Surgical diseases of the pancreas. PMID- 14781431 TI - Significance of the gastrointestinal tract in emotional maturation. PMID- 14781430 TI - Corticodiencephalic gastrointestinal syndromes in epileptics. PMID- 14781429 TI - Gastrojejunocolic fistula. PMID- 14781432 TI - Destructive forms of hepatitis. PMID- 14781433 TI - Gastric analysis: practical or useless? PMID- 14781434 TI - The gastric ulcer problem. PMID- 14781435 TI - Double gallbladder. PMID- 14781436 TI - "Angina dyspeptica" sine abdominalis and "obstipatio senilis". PMID- 14781437 TI - Masquerading esophageal lesions; clinical phenomena of transferred abnormal effects possibly due to vagovagal reflexes. PMID- 14781438 TI - Postoperative prevention of anal stenosis. PMID- 14781439 TI - Corticodiencephalic gastrointestinal syndromes in epileptics. PMID- 14781440 TI - The measurement of rates of flow of gases by wet test meters. PMID- 14781441 TI - A recording polarimeter. PMID- 14781442 TI - High pressure ionization chamber counters and their use. PMID- 14781443 TI - The Chalk River single crystal neutron spectrometer. PMID- 14781444 TI - Ring focus in a thin magnetic-lens beta-ray spectrometer. PMID- 14781445 TI - Lens tester for photographic lenses. PMID- 14781446 TI - Improvements in mass spectrometers for the measurement of small differences in isotope abundance ratios. PMID- 14781447 TI - Boron trifluoride proportional counters. PMID- 14781448 TI - The design of a magnetic focusing coincidence spectrometer. PMID- 14781449 TI - A high-low temperature microscope stage. PMID- 14781450 TI - Absolute determination of the emission rate of beta-rays. PMID- 14781451 TI - Electronic pile simulator. PMID- 14781452 TI - An infra-red micro-spectrometer for biological research. PMID- 14781453 TI - Modification of the apparatus used for the Baldes thermoelectric method of measuring osmotic pressure. PMID- 14781454 TI - Voltage stabilizer for 200 kv acceleration. PMID- 14781455 TI - A mass indicator. PMID- 14781456 TI - SPECTROGRAPH and excitation unit. PMID- 14781457 TI - GAS flow counter. PMID- 14781458 TI - EXPOSURE photometer. PMID- 14781459 TI - [A case of rupture of the esophagus with mediastinitis; total gastric resection and partial esophagectomy]. PMID- 14781460 TI - [Conservative surgery in cancer of the larynx]. PMID- 14781461 TI - [Pulmonary decortication; comments on a case of chronic collapse with late satisfactory functional results]. PMID- 14781462 TI - [Frequency of specific lesions of the spleen in pulmonary tuberculosis in adults; study of 200 autopsies]. PMID- 14781463 TI - [Bone grafts in fractures of the tuberosities of the tibia]. PMID- 14781464 TI - [Post-appendectomy stercoraceous fistula; comments on 10 observations]. PMID- 14781465 TI - [Posterior approach to the hip for arthrodesis]. PMID- 14781466 TI - [Sympathetic chemical transmitters]. PMID- 14781467 TI - [Use of ultrafilters in the extraction of gonadotropic factors from the urine]. PMID- 14781468 TI - [Arthritis in adrenalectomized rats treated with desoxycorticosterone]. PMID- 14781469 TI - [Study of the value of histidinuria in the diagnosis of pregnancy; value compared with Friedman and Galli-Mainini reactions]. PMID- 14781470 TI - [Vasomotor test with tetraethylammonium chloride]. PMID- 14781471 TI - [Mechanism of the therapeutic action of sulfone derivatives in lepromatous leprosy]. PMID- 14781472 TI - [Regional leprosy dispensaries; 5 years at the Bededouro Dispensary]. PMID- 14781473 TI - [Treatment of ulnar neuralgia and sciatica in leprosy with ammonium sulfate in combination with procaine]. PMID- 14781474 TI - [Action of aureomycin in treatment of buba (frambesia, pian, yaws)]. PMID- 14781475 TI - [Cardiac catheterization in diagnosis of congenital heart disease]. PMID- 14781476 TI - [Miracles of the human body; the case of Mirin Dajo]. PMID- 14781477 TI - [Recapitulation of herpes zoster]. PMID- 14781478 TI - [Pantotropic virus. IV. Rift Valley fever virus]. PMID- 14781479 TI - [Transference, neurotic phenomenon]. PMID- 14781480 TI - [Eternal psychosomatic vocation of medicine]. PMID- 14781481 TI - [Vitamins B1 and C in the treatment of epidemic parotitis]. PMID- 14781482 TI - [Infestation by ascarides]. PMID- 14781483 TI - [Galli-Mainini reaction; deficiency of chorial hormone]. PMID- 14781484 TI - [Periodontal pocket; etiopathogenesis, histopathology and treatment]. PMID- 14781485 TI - [Resistance to trituration and palmar manipulation of silver amalgams]. PMID- 14781486 TI - [Genesis of dentin in the pulp chamber; application to operative dentistry]. PMID- 14781487 TI - [Dry BCG]. PMID- 14781488 TI - [Radiologic aspects of pulmonary histoplasmosis]. PMID- 14781489 TI - [Results of antituberculous vaccination in 384 families]. PMID- 14781490 TI - [Present status of tuberculosis therapy with conteben, a substance of the thiosemicarbazones group]. PMID- 14781491 TI - [Coagulation of blood in the newborn]. PMID- 14781492 TI - [Infantile gangrenous dermatitis]. PMID- 14781493 TI - [New tests in the intensive treatment of syphilis in child; oxiarsolan]. PMID- 14781494 TI - [Retinal hemorrhages in the newborn]. PMID- 14781495 TI - [Statistical study of the degree of correlation between hematocrit values and mean corpuscle volume in groups of children from less than 1 year to 7 years of age. Communication IV]. PMID- 14781496 TI - [Preventive vaccination of children. II. Typhoid, small pox, tuberculosis and rabies vaccines]. PMID- 14781497 TI - [Bullus emphysema in primary tuberculosis in children]. PMID- 14781499 TI - [Heart catheterization in normal children]. PMID- 14781498 TI - [Source of contagion in primary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781500 TI - [Tricuspid atresia and right ventricular hypoplasia]. PMID- 14781501 TI - [New child welfare in Chile; cooperation of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund]. PMID- 14781502 TI - [Superior retrograde aortography from the common carotid artery in child and adult]. PMID- 14781503 TI - [Opacification of the thoracic aorta by catheterization of the humeral artery]. PMID- 14781504 TI - [Prolapse of gastric mucosa in the duodenal bulb]. PMID- 14781505 TI - [Treatment of peptic ulcer; results obtained with extracts of the stomach and small intestine]. PMID- 14781506 TI - [Multiple diverticulosis of the digestive tract]. PMID- 14781507 TI - [Gastric syphilis]. PMID- 14781508 TI - [Hydatid cyst of the gallbladder simulating carcinoma]. PMID- 14781509 TI - [Diagnostic value of gastroscopy]. PMID- 14781510 TI - [Studies of acute experimental parathyroid insufficiency. I. Blood plasma levels of calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the various forms of insufficiency]. PMID- 14781511 TI - [Personal experience with the technic of estimation of the antidiuretic powder of body fluids]. PMID- 14781512 TI - [Codeine hypotension]. PMID- 14781513 TI - [Recovery of conditioned reflexes by the action of electroshock and other therapeutic measures]. PMID- 14781514 TI - [Curves of fractionation with sodium sulfite and hyposulfite of blood proteins. I. Normal human serums]. PMID- 14781515 TI - [Modifications of the EEG produced by the tetraethylammonium ion]. PMID- 14781516 TI - [Effect of concentration on the intestinal absorption of glucose]. PMID- 14781517 TI - [Grave anemias in pregnancy]. PMID- 14781518 TI - [Breech presentation]. PMID- 14781519 TI - [Artificial insemination]. PMID- 14781520 TI - [Vaginal lacerations in labor]. PMID- 14781521 TI - [Cystic uterine leiomyoma]. PMID- 14781522 TI - [Tuberculosis of the uterine cervix]. PMID- 14781523 TI - [Papyraceous fetus compressus simulating tumor praevia of pregnancy during last days of gestation]. PMID- 14781524 TI - [Nutrition in school age]. PMID- 14781525 TI - [Hepatic cirrhosis in a child; case in a 3 year old child following acute hepatitis]. PMID- 14781527 TI - [Answer to an American opinion on mongolism]. PMID- 14781526 TI - [Birth rate and infant mortality among natives in Spanish Continental Guinea]. PMID- 14781529 TI - [Malaria in Vigo and Pontevedra]. PMID- 14781528 TI - [Cerebrospinal fluid in tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14781530 TI - [Case of parotid encephalitis]. PMID- 14781531 TI - [Present state of treatment of diphtheria]. PMID- 14781532 TI - [Clinical, etiologic and therapeutic aspects of diarrhea in children]. PMID- 14781533 TI - [Streptomycin in diarrhea]. PMID- 14781535 TI - [Development of Sporotrichum schencki in pus obtained from sporotrichotic gummas; data on its evolutive cycle]. PMID- 14781534 TI - [Intestinal flora of the infant during the first year of life; clinical, epidemiologic, and bacteriologic study, preliminary report]. PMID- 14781536 TI - [Comparative study of life expectancy in 1930 and 1940 in the states and territories of the Mexican Republic. III. Central zone]. PMID- 14781537 TI - [Study of intestinal bacterial flora during the first year of life. III. Classification of coliform bacteria according to the Kauffmann-Knipschildt-Vahlne scheme]. PMID- 14781538 TI - [Aureomycin the treatment of human relapsing fever caused by Spirochaeta turicatae]. PMID- 14781539 TI - [Pumpkin seeds in the treatment of tapeworm infection]. PMID- 14781540 TI - [Subgenera of Aedes; Downsiomyia n. subgen. (Diptera: Culicidae)]. PMID- 14781541 TI - [Protozoan parasites of rats in Mexico City]. PMID- 14781542 TI - [Use of full-thickness skin in treatment of hernia & eventration; application to military surgery]. PMID- 14781543 TI - [Medical aspects of nuclear physics]. PMID- 14781544 TI - [Carcinoma of the gallbladder; case report]. PMID- 14781545 TI - [Oxidase and whooping-cough; its study in treatment by high altitude flying]. PMID- 14781546 TI - [Theory of pharmacodynamic action phenomenon of competition in chemotherapy]. PMID- 14781548 TI - [Studies on agglutination in brucellosis]. PMID- 14781547 TI - [Preliminary studies on grave anemias in pregnancy]. PMID- 14781549 TI - [Pathology and therapy of the lesions caused by the atomic bomb]. PMID- 14781550 TI - [Blood collection program of the North American Red Cross]. PMID- 14781551 TI - [Surgery of pterygium]. PMID- 14781552 TI - [Coagulant and anti-coagulant properties of snake venom]. PMID- 14781553 TI - [Treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans of the lower extremities]. PMID- 14781554 TI - [Effect of chloramphenicol in venereal diseases]. PMID- 14781555 TI - [Sacrococcygeal cyst; technic of radical surgery]. PMID- 14781556 TI - [Radiology of acute abdomen]. PMID- 14781557 TI - [Blood group incompatibility in mother and fetus; methods for its prevention and therapy]. PMID- 14781558 TI - [Use of potassium bromide in production of bread in Argentina]. PMID- 14781559 TI - [Comparative studies on Wassermann-Sordelli, Kahn and cardiolipin reactions]. PMID- 14781560 TI - [Danger of resistance to streptomycin in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781561 TI - [First anniversary of the death of Luciano Abeille]. PMID- 14781562 TI - [Epilepsy in relation to military service; psychiatric and legal military aspects]. PMID- 14781563 TI - [Military traumatology; prevention of injuries in the ary]. PMID- 14781564 TI - [Pagniez's technic of dosimetric microreaction and differential diagnosis of syphilis, of syphilitic serologic sequels and of biologic pseudosyphilis]. PMID- 14781565 TI - [Arsenite and orthotolidine in chlorination of water]. PMID- 14781566 TI - [Rapid determination of total blood proteins]. PMID- 14781567 TI - [Entomological epidemiology]. PMID- 14781568 TI - [Ultrasonic therapy]. PMID- 14781569 TI - [Health General (r.) Dr. Alvaro J. Luna April 9, 1950]. PMID- 14781570 TI - [Effect of human serum of benign tumor patients on fibroblasts cultivated in vitro]. PMID- 14781571 TI - [Effect of hyaluronidase on fibroblasts in vitro]. PMID- 14781572 TI - [Modifications of metabolism of water and salt in hypertensive rats]. PMID- 14781573 TI - [Adrenalin and noradrenalin in the suprarenal of the normal and hypophysectomized frog]. PMID- 14781574 TI - [Pituitary tumors produced by a synthetic estrogen]. PMID- 14781575 TI - [Reciprocal effect of injections of their pituitaries on Bufo arenarum and Rana pipiens]. PMID- 14781577 TI - [Effect of pancreas and hypophysis on glucose tolerance in the frog]. PMID- 14781576 TI - [Arterial hypertension obtained by excitation of the spinal cord with potassium salts or sodium citrate]. PMID- 14781578 TI - [Mechanism of renal regression in hypophysectomized rats]. PMID- 14781579 TI - [Effects of prolonged administration of desoxycorticosterone and corticotropin on the ascorbic acid of the adrenals and of the pituitary]. PMID- 14781580 TI - [Survival of hypophysectomized frogs with forced feeding]. PMID- 14781581 TI - [Effect of some purine and pyrimidine compounds on alloxan diabetes]. PMID- 14781582 TI - [Juxtamediastinal echinococcosis]. PMID- 14781583 TI - [Breast tuberculosis, streptomycin therapy]. PMID- 14781584 TI - [Two cases of death following bronchoscopy]. PMID- 14781585 TI - [Angiopneumographic study of various pathologic processes of the lung]. PMID- 14781586 TI - [Relations of the autonomic nervous system and labyrinth]. PMID- 14781587 TI - [Aural vertigo treated by Portmann's operation 12 years ago]. PMID- 14781588 TI - [Osteomas of pericranial sinuses; frontal sinuses, ethmoid cells, sphenoid sinuses; diagnosis of osseous craniofacial tumors]. PMID- 14781589 TI - [Case of Romberg's facial hemiatrophy]. PMID- 14781590 TI - [Pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis]. PMID- 14781591 TI - [Recuperation of failures in the treatment of fractures of the upper end of the femur]. PMID- 14781592 TI - [Pott's operation for congenital cardiopathy; presentation of patients with tricuspid atresia and Fallot's tetralogy]. PMID- 14781593 TI - [Public health service in Great Britain]. PMID- 14781594 TI - [Trismus]. PMID- 14781595 TI - [Pathogenesis of certain heterotopic reflex pains in dentistry]. PMID- 14781596 TI - [Diagnosis of chronic cervical adenopathy]. PMID- 14781597 TI - [Attempts at cutaneous heterografts from animal to man]. PMID- 14781598 TI - [Resection of the frenum of the upper lip: indications and technic]. PMID- 14781599 TI - [Primary tuberculosis infection of the gingiva]. PMID- 14781600 TI - [Granuloma of the palatine papilla]. PMID- 14781601 TI - [Basic bibliography on cutaneous autoplasty]. PMID- 14781602 TI - [Reflections on treatment of sinusitis]. PMID- 14781603 TI - [Case of glossodynia]. PMID- 14781605 TI - [Impression taking in maxillo-facial prosthesis]. PMID- 14781604 TI - [Stimulating effect of radiothorin, radioactive filling of root canals in periapical complications and in parodontosis]. PMID- 14781606 TI - [Deep subdural abscess of the falci-tentorial angle with pyographic picture at right angles; excision; recovery]. PMID- 14781607 TI - [Probable carbon disulfide diplopia]. PMID- 14781608 TI - [Retrobulbar optic neuritis and osteoma of the frontal sinus]. PMID- 14781609 TI - [Probable case of toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 14781610 TI - [Case of acute infectious optic neuritis]. PMID- 14781611 TI - [Papillary edema in juxtaposed choroiditis]. PMID- 14781612 TI - [Ophthalmoscopic findings in two cases of temporal arteritis]. PMID- 14781613 TI - [Third case of temporal arteritis]. PMID- 14781614 TI - [Case of post-hemorrhagic amaurosis]. PMID- 14781615 TI - [Ophthalmoscopic and tonometric modifications in Fiamberti's treatment]. PMID- 14781616 TI - [Effect of light on the electroencephalogram of certain psychoneurotics]. PMID- 14781617 TI - [Intracanalicular optic arachnoiditis in a syphilitic]. PMID- 14781618 TI - [Subacute syphilitic retrobulbar neuritis: pathogenic role of optic meninx]. PMID- 14781619 TI - Asthma in infancy. PMID- 14781620 TI - Osteoid osteoma of the astragalus. PMID- 14781621 TI - Sympathetic nerve block. PMID- 14781622 TI - Removal of a malignant kidney tumor through a thoraco-abdominal incision. PMID- 14781623 TI - Cutaneous changes associated with pregnancy. PMID- 14781624 TI - Perforated peptic ulcer. Five hundred cases in retrospect. PMID- 14781625 TI - [Urinary elimination of thymoid substances in Pende's syndrome (constitutional hyperthymization)]. PMID- 14781626 TI - [Action of theophylline-ethylenediamine on the pressure of the bile ducts]. PMID- 14781627 TI - [Mechanical intestinal occlusion due to ectopic spleen twisted on the peduncle]. PMID- 14781628 TI - [P. Marie's hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy; recent views on pathogenesis and relation to hippocratic finger]. PMID- 14781629 TI - [Therapeutic action of small doses of intravenous aureomycin]. PMID- 14781630 TI - [Favism; morphologic and functional research on myelograms in favism]. PMID- 14781631 TI - [Intestinal occlusion syndrome due to hydronephrosis of an ectopic kidney]. PMID- 14781632 TI - [Associated testosterone-vitamin E therapy and experimental arteriosclerosis of the rabbit]. PMID- 14781633 TI - [Vasculo-dyscrasic plethora]. PMID- 14781634 TI - [A year's clinical experience with Tb 1/698]. PMID- 14781635 TI - [Weil-Felix proteus agglutination in murine typhus]. PMID- 14781636 TI - [Immediate and late clinical results of local penicillin therapy in acute hematogenous osteomyelitis]. PMID- 14781637 TI - [Therapy of tetanus of the newborn with intravenous drip]. PMID- 14781638 TI - [Contribution to the knowledge of endarterial therapy with penicillin-novocaine]. PMID- 14781639 TI - [Study of streptomycin resistance of the bacterial flora of the tuberculous meningitis departments and its relation with the insurgence of supervening meningitis during streptomycin therapy]. PMID- 14781640 TI - [Prophylaxis of measles with gamma-globulin]. PMID- 14781641 TI - [Elements of infantile neuropsychology. V. Intelligence tests]. PMID- 14781642 TI - [Commemoration of Prof. Maurizio Pincherle]. PMID- 14781643 TI - [Value of the threshold of sensitivity to algesiogenic stimuli in Head's zones]. PMID- 14781644 TI - [Antianemic action of duodenal mucosa]. PMID- 14781645 TI - [Contribution to the study of the action exerted by vitamin E]. PMID- 14781646 TI - [Etiopathogenesis of Werlhof's syndrome and its inclusion among the myelo inhibiting splenopathies]. PMID- 14781647 TI - [Primary pulmonary carcinoma diagnosed by needle biopsy]. PMID- 14781648 TI - [A case of cerebral cysticercosis]. PMID- 14781649 TI - [First observation of the therapeutic position of a lysate of the adrenal cortex (lysocorticone) in some diseases, with special reference to rheumatic states]. PMID- 14781650 TI - [Inositol; its value in hepatoprotective therapy and its relation to amino acids and lipocaic]. PMID- 14781651 TI - [Constitution and social protection]. PMID- 14781652 TI - [Industrial accidents and occupational diseases in jurisprudence and doctrine]. PMID- 14781653 TI - [Legal procedure for settling controversies arising from industrial accidents]. PMID- 14781654 TI - [Cutaneous epitheliomas on burn scars]. PMID- 14781655 TI - [Safety measures in the use of chemical fertilizers and anticryptogamic and antiparasitic substances]. PMID- 14781656 TI - The management of acute hemorrhage from gastric or duodenal ulcer. PMID- 14781657 TI - Venous thrombosis with special reference to the phlebothrombotic type. PMID- 14781658 TI - Some points of common ground to internist and eye physician. PMID- 14781659 TI - Diabetes mellitus; factors to be considered in the etiology and aggravation. PMID- 14781660 TI - Use of alidase in prevention of painful arm in accidental perivascular injection of neoarsphenamine and mapharsen. PMID- 14781661 TI - Intestinal obstruction. PMID- 14781662 TI - Alcoholism; problems of treatment and research. PMID- 14781663 TI - The relief of intractable pain by roentgenotherapy. PMID- 14781664 TI - The prevention of mumps in adults; preliminary report. PMID- 14781665 TI - The thyroid and menstrual bleeding. PMID- 14781666 TI - Foot problems in young children. PMID- 14781667 TI - Presidential address. PMID- 14781668 TI - President's address. PMID- 14781669 TI - Ambulatory treatment of syphilis; case holding experiences in outpatient management of ambulatory patients treated with penicillin. PMID- 14781670 TI - Newer concepts of recognition and prevention of congenital dislocation of the hip. PMID- 14781671 TI - Accidental transmission of malaria by blood bank transfusion. PMID- 14781672 TI - [Surgery for grave ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 14781673 TI - [Therapy by sex hormones and pituitary inhibition]. PMID- 14781674 TI - [The XII Congress of the International Society of the History of Medicine, Amsterdam, 14-21 August 1950]. PMID- 14781676 TI - [Results of artificial insemination of cattle in the irrigated Zona Padana of Lombardy]. PMID- 14781675 TI - [Clinical aspects and therapy of puerperal infections in cattle with the newer sulfonamides and penicillin]. PMID- 14781677 TI - [Nomenclature, symptomatology and therapy of brucellosis; a comparative study of the disease in man and beast]. PMID- 14781678 TI - [Effect of oil of turpentine on the surviving bovine uterus]. PMID- 14781679 TI - [Treatment with syntestrin of undesirable lactation occurring in pseudo-pregnancy or in the normal puerperium of the bitch]. PMID- 14781680 TI - [Final report of the Expert Commission on Vaccination against Bovine Tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781681 TI - [Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with auriculoventricular block]. PMID- 14781682 TI - [Vascular diencephalopathy]. PMID- 14781683 TI - [Italian viewpoints on Banti's disease and allied syndromes]. PMID- 14781684 TI - [Sequels of hypersplenia]. PMID- 14781685 TI - [Nature of congestive splenomegaly]. PMID- 14781686 TI - [Nature and significance of so-called chronic or lipid nephrosis]. PMID- 14781687 TI - [Study of experimental nephritis provoked by nephrotoxic serum (Masugi's nephritis)]. PMID- 14781689 TI - [Physiopathology of the ileocecal valve and adjacent regions]. PMID- 14781688 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of renal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781690 TI - [Experimental study of the functions of bone marrow]. PMID- 14781691 TI - [A study of alkaptonuria]. PMID- 14781692 TI - [Studies of amino acid metabolism by means of venous catheterization of the liver]. PMID- 14781693 TI - [Physiopathology of the arterial pulmonary circulation]. PMID- 14781694 TI - [New antibiotics in the service of the surgeon]. PMID- 14781695 TI - [Aureomycin therapy of Bang's disease (successful therapy of brucellar osteomyelitis, strumitis and hepatitis)]. PMID- 14781696 TI - [Insulin myocardosis]. PMID- 14781697 TI - [Cytochemical demonstration of the behavior of nucleoproteins in myorhabdoid cells of experimentally tetanized animals]. PMID- 14781698 TI - [Causality and acausality; comments on O. Franz's article; predictability, causality and determination in legal medicine; is there need for a revision of our definition of causality?]. PMID- 14781699 TI - [Acausality; answer to preceding article]. PMID- 14781700 TI - [Severity and significance of acoustic disorders in prolonged dihydrostreptomycin therapy]. PMID- 14781701 TI - [Antibiotic therapy of brucellosis]. PMID- 14781702 TI - [Treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid carriers]. PMID- 14781703 TI - [Chronic hepatonephritis]. PMID- 14781704 TI - [Human and experimental diabetes]. PMID- 14781706 TI - [Neurohumoral action in the etiology of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 14781705 TI - On the interrelation of vitamin E to substances having a common cyclopentenophenanthrene nucleus like cholesterol, with introduction to a new hormone, the "cholesterol degrading hormone", and its relation to the problem of carcinogenesis. PMID- 14781707 TI - Malignant tumors of the gastro-intestinal tract in the young. PMID- 14781708 TI - The history of regional enteritis. PMID- 14781709 TI - [Problem of the crush syndrome]. PMID- 14781710 TI - [Experiments on extraction of preserved osseous tissue]. PMID- 14781711 TI - [Morphology and function of the athletic heart]. PMID- 14781712 TI - [Status of modern anesthetic technic in France]. PMID- 14781713 TI - [Experiences with hicoseen cough syrup (Hommel)]. PMID- 14781714 TI - [Experiences with HH 106 Hommel (hicoseen)]. PMID- 14781715 TI - [Allergy in stomatology]. PMID- 14781716 TI - [Experimental investigations of auto-polymerizing methylmethacrylates, with special reference to their physicochemical properties and biologic effects]. PMID- 14781717 TI - Coverage of scientific personnel in American Men of Science, eighth edition. PMID- 14781718 TI - The biological synthesis of "labile methyl group". PMID- 14781719 TI - Selective inhibition of brain respirations by benadryl. PMID- 14781720 TI - Ammoniated dentifrices and hamster caries: the effect of ingestion. PMID- 14781721 TI - Chloromycetin in the treatment of "red leg". PMID- 14781722 TI - A diploid form of Medicago sativa L. PMID- 14781723 TI - Quantitative aspects of the action of insulin on the glucose and potassium metabolism of the isolated rat diaphragm. PMID- 14781724 TI - A method for silver staining of nerve fibers in whole-mount preparations of blood vessels. PMID- 14781725 TI - Molluscan shells as a practical source of uroporphyrin I. PMID- 14781726 TI - On the persistence of 2,4-D in plant tissue. PMID- 14781727 TI - Concept of complementarities. PMID- 14781728 TI - Self-awareness and scientific method. PMID- 14781729 TI - Clifford Dobell, F.R.S.: 1886-1949. PMID- 14781730 TI - The influence of ACTH and cortisone on certain factors of blood coagulation. PMID- 14781731 TI - The nucleus-dependence of P32 uptake by the cell. PMID- 14781732 TI - The use of a radioactive isotope in determining the retention and initial distribution of airborne bacteria in the mouse. PMID- 14781733 TI - The intracellular distribution in rabbit liver of injected antigens labeled with I131. PMID- 14781734 TI - The differential induction of lethal mutations by formalin in the two sexes of Drosophila. PMID- 14781735 TI - Lethal mutation rate in Drosophila treated with 20-methylcholanthrene. PMID- 14781736 TI - Arylcycloalkylamines. PMID- 14781737 TI - Crystalline + chromogen obtained from Bombyx mori. PMID- 14781738 TI - Built-up poultry-house litter as a growth-promoting supplement for chicks on an all-vegetable vitamin B12-deficient diet. PMID- 14781739 TI - Preliminary results on the crystal structure of some ammonium salts with substituted aliphatic chains. PMID- 14781740 TI - Growth layers on the teeth of Pinnipedia as an indication of age. PMID- 14781741 TI - A commentary on structural variation in conifer wood. PMID- 14781742 TI - Maximal consumption of ethyl alcohol. PMID- 14781743 TI - A method for the investigation of somatic response mechanisms in psychoneurosis. PMID- 14781744 TI - Penetration of trypsin through Formvar films. PMID- 14781745 TI - On the interaction of protein films. PMID- 14781746 TI - The cytological effects of low-intensity radiation. PMID- 14781747 TI - A comparison of the response of normal and hypothyroid mice to acute whole body roentgen radiation. PMID- 14781748 TI - Biological studies on cortisone in mice. PMID- 14781749 TI - Summer growth of the American oyster in Florida waters. PMID- 14781750 TI - A micromacerator. PMID- 14781751 TI - Relationship between glomerular filtration rate and urine flow in the rabbit. PMID- 14781752 TI - Electrometric correlates of the hypnotic state. PMID- 14781753 TI - Are nonflying sings functionless? PMID- 14781754 TI - The Systema Naturae of the 20th century. PMID- 14781755 TI - Scientists and mobilization. PMID- 14781756 TI - Charles Taylor Vorhies: 1879-1949. PMID- 14781757 TI - Gregory B. Mathews, S.V.D.: 1903-1949. PMID- 14781758 TI - Vitamin B12: the identification of vitamin B12 as a cyano-cobalt coordination complex. PMID- 14781759 TI - Vitamin B12: reactions of cyano-cobalamin and related compounds. PMID- 14781760 TI - Preliminary report of z-ray effects on the nematode Rhabditis strongyloides. PMID- 14781761 TI - The order of utilization of phosphorus compounds in the egg by the chick embryo. PMID- 14781762 TI - A paper chromatographic study of ferritin and apoferritin hydrolysates. PMID- 14781763 TI - Mass mortality of fish associated with the protozoan Gonyaulax in the Gulf of Mexico. PMID- 14781764 TI - The synthesis of l-ascorbic acid uniformly labeled with C14. PMID- 14781765 TI - Statement on Atomic Energy Commission Fellowship. PMID- 14781766 TI - Nomenclature of the Rh-CDE system. PMID- 14781767 TI - Chelating agents and urinary calculi. PMID- 14781768 TI - Steric effects in bimolecular eliminations. PMID- 14781769 TI - The residues of malnutrition and starvation. PMID- 14781770 TI - Instrumentation for radioactivity. PMID- 14781771 TI - The reflecting microscope. PMID- 14781772 TI - Amplifying and intensifying the fluoroscopic image by means of a scanning x-ray tube. PMID- 14781773 TI - The relations between symbolic logic and large-scale calculating machines. PMID- 14781774 TI - The traveling-wave linear accelerator. PMID- 14781775 TI - Preparation of radioactive glass beads. PMID- 14781776 TI - Convenient method of mounting sintered glass filters. PMID- 14781777 TI - A miniature pressure-recording device. PMID- 14781778 TI - The use of thick paper for chromatography. PMID- 14781779 TI - Preparation of thin films of crystalline DDT and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane in celloidin. PMID- 14781780 TI - X-radiation from electron microscopes. PMID- 14781781 TI - A low-temperature incubator. PMID- 14781782 TI - London conference on optical instruments. PMID- 14781784 TI - The coxsackie viruses. PMID- 14781783 TI - Chronic remote nerve stimulation technique in physiological investigation. PMID- 14781785 TI - Quaternary ammonium salts as antibacterial agents. PMID- 14781786 TI - Two antifungal agents produced by a soil actinomycete. PMID- 14781787 TI - Ortho-alkoxy derivatives of procaine as local anesthetics. PMID- 14781788 TI - Interaction of beryllium with enzymes. PMID- 14781789 TI - Maximum oxygen consumption for work periods of six minutes' duration in normal and pathological subjects. PMID- 14781791 TI - A mechanism for the origin of cancer foci. PMID- 14781790 TI - The significance and prevalency of subclinical amebiasis. PMID- 14781792 TI - Newer curarelike compounds. PMID- 14781793 TI - A new class of living microchemical reagents: the chrysomonads. PMID- 14781794 TI - Synthetic speech: a study of the auditory perception of complex sounds. PMID- 14781795 TI - The effect of large cortical lesions on learned behavior in monkeys. PMID- 14781796 TI - Effectiveness of cortisone administered orally. PMID- 14781797 TI - Cytological changes in human hypophyses after cortisone and ACTH treatment. PMID- 14781798 TI - On the pigments of Allescheria boydii. PMID- 14781799 TI - Molybdenum deficiency in Dunkirk silty clay loam. PMID- 14781800 TI - Preparation of nonprotein fractions possessing adrenocorticotropic activity from fresh sheep pituitary glands. PMID- 14781802 TI - Anodic decalcification of mineralized tissue. PMID- 14781801 TI - Simple calibrator for Warburg respirometers. PMID- 14781804 TI - A comparison of light microscope and electron microscope images of identical surface areas. PMID- 14781803 TI - Measurement of the intensities of x-ray reflections from single crystals using a geiger counter x-ray spectrometer; application to beryllium oxide. PMID- 14781805 TI - Isothermal rate of solidification of mercury droplets. PMID- 14781806 TI - An approximate crystal structure for the beta phase of uranium. PMID- 14781807 TI - Direct probability sequential analysis; unified foundation for finite or infinite universes and the Poisson binomial limit. PMID- 14781808 TI - Stalk formation in Dictyostelium. PMID- 14781809 TI - Demonstration of new processes of blood collection and separation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; protein glycoprotein, lipoprotein, and other components of plasma. PMID- 14781810 TI - Studies on Euglena and vitamin B12. PMID- 14781811 TI - The hemolytic and antihemolytic activities of various centrifugally separated fractions of adult and fetal liver cells. PMID- 14781812 TI - Methanol precipitation of influenza virus. PMID- 14781813 TI - A sex-linked lethal gene in the fowl. PMID- 14781814 TI - A precision method of counting radioactive liquid samples. PMID- 14781815 TI - Effects of ultrasonic waves and nitrous acid on the production of colloidal sulfur. PMID- 14781816 TI - A simplified recording bubble flow meter. PMID- 14781817 TI - Molecular configuration and biological activity of substances resembling acetylcholine. PMID- 14781818 TI - The photochemical action of ultraviolet light on the absorption spectra of nucleic acid and related substances. PMID- 14781819 TI - Improved technique for weighing tissues with the Cartesian diver. PMID- 14781820 TI - On the structure of morphine and its derivative Metopon. PMID- 14781821 TI - Streaming birefringence of denatured ovalbumin. PMID- 14781822 TI - Taste reactions to antithyroid substances. PMID- 14781823 TI - [Nephro-omentopexy and its therapeutic results]. PMID- 14781824 TI - [Bronchoscopic topography and catheterization of the bronchial orifices]. PMID- 14781825 TI - [The role of capillary hyper-permeability and its treatment in localized post traumatic reflex syndromes]. PMID- 14781826 TI - [Anglo-Saxon concepts of the pathogenesis of recurrent shoulder dislocations and their therapy]. PMID- 14781827 TI - [The irritation and adaptation syndromes]. PMID- 14781828 TI - [Shock and collapse]. PMID- 14781829 TI - [Curare and nicotine simulants in the search for an ideal treatment of lethal autonomic disorders]. PMID- 14781830 TI - [Considerations of the sympathetic nerve impulse]. PMID- 14781831 TI - [Treatment of tuberculous caverns of the lung]. PMID- 14781832 TI - [Research on the function of normal and diseased kidneys]. PMID- 14781833 TI - [Experimental research on oculogyric pathways]. PMID- 14781834 TI - [Pathogenic mechanism of the origin of cancer; the role of carcinogenopexy and carcinogenemia]. PMID- 14781835 TI - [General working hypothesis on variations in human body weight]. PMID- 14781836 TI - [Questions of public health organization in Hungary]. PMID- 14781837 TI - [Dupuytren's disease; knuckle pads]. PMID- 14781838 TI - [Preliminary note on the preparation of a pituitary corticostimulin]. PMID- 14781839 TI - [Method of determining the corticotropic activity of pituitary corticostimulin preparations]. PMID- 14781840 TI - [Critical study of Thorn's corticostimulin and adrenalin tests]. PMID- 14781841 TI - [Importance of observing eosinophilia during treatments with ACTH]. PMID- 14781842 TI - [Clinical and biological study of 29 patients treated with corticostimulin]. PMID- 14781843 TI - [First International Congress of Internal Medicine]. PMID- 14781844 TI - [From the sulfonamides to the sulfones]. PMID- 14781845 TI - [Streptomycin and neomycin: approach towards a chemotherapy of tuberculosis by antibiotics]. PMID- 14781846 TI - [Clinical studies on streptomycin]. PMID- 14781847 TI - [The choice of sulfonamides for combined administration]. PMID- 14781848 TI - [Observations collected during a test of treatment of tuberculous meningitis carried out since November 1946]. PMID- 14781849 TI - [Streptomycin and the treatment of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14781850 TI - [Relapse and recurrence of tuberculous meningitis in a patient treated successfully with streptomycin]. PMID- 14781851 TI - [Indications and limitations of streptomycin therapy in chronic pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781852 TI - [Aureomycin and chloromycetin in the treatment of human brucellosis due to Br. melitensis]. PMID- 14781853 TI - [Study of the movements of sodium in the human body by means of radioactive sodium (Na24)]. PMID- 14781854 TI - [Electroencephalography in Addison's disease]. PMID- 14781855 TI - [Adrenal pathology of Cushing's syndrome]. PMID- 14781856 TI - [Pituitary myxedema; report on 14 cases with 7 autopsies]. PMID- 14781857 TI - [Myxedematous nanism secondary to a chromophobe pituitary adenoma; biological study before and after ablation]. PMID- 14781858 TI - [Action of A.C.T.H. on adhesions due to injections of talc into the peritoneal cavity of rats]. PMID- 14781859 TI - [Critical study of the concept of spasmophilia in adults and adolescents]. PMID- 14781860 TI - [Therapeutic contraction of the spleen]. PMID- 14781861 TI - [Homologous serum jaundice]. PMID- 14781862 TI - [Alcoholic steatosis of the liver; anatomo-clinical and biological comparisons]. PMID- 14781863 TI - [Bilirubinemia: defensive mechanism in natural immunity, infections and rheumatic diseases]. PMID- 14781864 TI - [Splenomegalic cirrhosis]. PMID- 14781865 TI - [Mechanism of flocculation reactions in jaundice]. PMID- 14781866 TI - [Observations made on 19 patients given Ascoli's treatment]. PMID- 14781868 TI - [Clinical and anatomic aspects of primary epitheliomas of the liver]. PMID- 14781867 TI - [Fibro-congestive splenomegaly and Banti's syndrome]. PMID- 14781869 TI - [Post-abortion anuria]. PMID- 14781870 TI - [Alkaline therapy of renal acidosis]. PMID- 14781871 TI - [Physio-pathology of renal circulation]. PMID- 14781872 TI - [Considerations on the treatment of acute nephritis with anuria; 50 personal observations]. PMID- 14781873 TI - [Clinical valve of the sodium hyposulfite test for segmental functional estimation of the nephron (glomerulus and tubule)]. PMID- 14781874 TI - [Action of theophyllinethanoate of diethylene diamine (T.D.D.) on renal biochemistry]. PMID- 14781875 TI - [Bronchial suppurations; etiology, clinical forms and treatment]. PMID- 14781876 TI - [Atelectasis due to compression and invasion of the primary bronchus during malignant lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin-Sternberg disease)]. PMID- 14781877 TI - [Early bilateral extension during pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781878 TI - [Surgical production of a femoral arterio-venous communication in the treatment of arteritis obliterans of the lower extremities and in the treatment of arterial hypertension with high diastolic pressure]. PMID- 14781879 TI - [Left intracardiac electrocardiography]. PMID- 14781880 TI - [Postural syndrome with obesity and pulmonary emphysema resulting in coronary and cerebral vascular insufficiency]. PMID- 14781881 TI - [Treatment of intermittent claudication and gangrene of the lower extremities with carbogene; method of Professors Castex and Di Cio]. PMID- 14781882 TI - [Electrocardiography in cases of ventricular aneurysms]. PMID- 14781883 TI - [Psychological influences on blood pressure]. PMID- 14781884 TI - [Therapy of heart failure with digitalis glucosides]. PMID- 14781885 TI - [Difficulties in the diagnosis of acute malaria]. PMID- 14781886 TI - [Human leukemias in the class of virus diseases]. PMID- 14781887 TI - [Trials on treatment of acute leukemias]. PMID- 14781888 TI - [Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to iso-immunization to the group A antigen; role of the agglutinins of milk]. PMID- 14781889 TI - [So-called rheumatoid purpura; sympathetic irritation syndrome]. PMID- 14781890 TI - [The semicarbazone of adrenochrome]. PMID- 14781891 TI - [Study of the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins in Paget's disease]. PMID- 14781892 TI - [Sarcomatous degeneration in Paget's disease of the bone]. PMID- 14781893 TI - [New problems in rheumatism doctrine; clinical and experimental study of the necessity of a serious orientation in therapeutic management by the internist]. PMID- 14781894 TI - [The problem of rheumatism; unitary concepts and control by modern methods]. PMID- 14781895 TI - [An experiment with cortisone in rheumatology; limitations of the treatment]. PMID- 14781896 TI - [Ornithosis; etiology, symptomatology and diagnosis]. PMID- 14781897 TI - [Gonorrhea with intracellular inclusions; value of aureomycin]. PMID- 14781898 TI - [New treatment of diarrhea by emulsions of Bacillus subtilis]. PMID- 14781899 TI - [Nervous manifestations of porphyria]. PMID- 14781900 TI - [Phenacetylurea in epilepsy and personality disorders]. PMID- 14781901 TI - [Muscular cramps; clinical and therapeutic study]. PMID- 14781903 TI - [Neurologic manifestations of Hodgkin's disease; deductions on the sensitive nerve routes by which the pruritus travels]. PMID- 14781902 TI - [Myographic study on the effects of diethylamino-ethyl-N-thiodiphenylamine chlorhydrate on the hypertonia of Parkinson's disease]. PMID- 14781904 TI - [Hyperostosis frontalis interna; pathogenesis and treatment]. PMID- 14781905 TI - [Use of succinic dinitrile in psychiatry]. PMID- 14781906 TI - [Vitamin pre-deficiencies, inapparent dystrophies and paravitaminoses]. PMID- 14781907 TI - [Pyruvic acid in various forms of acidosis and its regulation]. PMID- 14781908 TI - [Is treatment with vitamin D carcinogenic]. PMID- 14781909 TI - [Syndrome of late poly-deficiencies in gastrectomized patients]. PMID- 14781910 TI - [The psychic factor in obesity]. PMID- 14781911 TI - [Cutaneous absorption of nicotinic esters]. PMID- 14781912 TI - [Clinical, biological and histological study of steatosis of the liver in alcoholics; 82 cases]. PMID- 14781913 TI - [Evolution of alcoholic steatosis of the liver verified by puncture biopsies]. PMID- 14781914 TI - [Physio-pathologic ideas on alcoholic steatosis of the liver]. PMID- 14781915 TI - [Facial pain and headache; mechanism, causes, treatment]. PMID- 14781916 TI - [Reflections on internal medicine]. PMID- 14781917 TI - [Clinical studies on streptomycin resistance in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14781918 TI - [The medico-social problem of infantile epilepsy]. PMID- 14781919 TI - [Treatment of grave diarrhea of the infant with chloramphenicol (chloromycetin)]. PMID- 14781920 TI - [Clinical and nosological study of acute familial hemolysis]. PMID- 14781921 TI - [Original study of a large hemophilic family; 22 hemophiliacs in the same line]. PMID- 14781922 TI - [Viral neuralgias (herpes zoster encephalitis); amputation stump pains]. PMID- 14781923 TI - [On the origin of Aesculapius]. PMID- 14781924 TI - [Study of the perilesional contour of the mucosa by combined pharma coradiography and measured compression; diagnosis of cancer of the stomach at its onset]. PMID- 14781925 TI - [Case of incipient cancer of the stomach, re-relatively extensive on the surface but not in depth]. PMID- 14781926 TI - [Etiological varieties of glove finger pyloric antra]. PMID- 14781927 TI - [Radiological considerations on the anatomy of the esophago-cardiotuberosity region]. PMID- 14781928 TI - [Cancer of the upper part of the lesser curvature of the stomach, revealed by Biermer's anemia and masked by a diaphragmatic hernia]. PMID- 14781929 TI - [Cardiac rheumatism]. PMID- 14781930 TI - [Secondary cancer of the bones]. PMID- 14781931 TI - [Fibromyoma of the uterus and sterility; two interesting cases]. PMID- 14781932 TI - [Synthetic antihistamines in surgery]. PMID- 14781933 TI - [Specialties and American centers of thoracic surgery]. PMID- 14781934 TI - [Introduction to the classification of hemopathies]. PMID- 14781935 TI - [Present concept of blood coagulation]. PMID- 14781936 TI - [Statistical study of 459 cases of hemorrhagic syndromes]. PMID- 14781937 TI - [The hemorrhagic syndrome of acute leukemias]. PMID- 14781938 TI - [Hemorrhagic syndromes with isolated attacks of capillary resistance]. PMID- 14781939 TI - [Study of thrombosis; indications and use of anticoagulants in the treatment of thrombosis]. PMID- 14781940 TI - [Heparin tolerance test in vitro in hemorrhagic syndromes and thrombosis]. PMID- 14781941 TI - [Hydrocephalic psychoembryopathy]. PMID- 14781942 TI - [Psychoembryopathy from rubeola]. PMID- 14781943 TI - [Psychoembryopathy from toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 14781944 TI - [Dermato-rheumatismal syndromes; excluding psoriasis]. PMID- 14781945 TI - [Malignant retroperitoneal tumor of the wolffian epithelioma type]. PMID- 14781947 TI - [Dolichomegacolon and its acute painful crises]. PMID- 14781946 TI - [Considerations on infectious mononucleosis; discussion on the entity; atypical clinical forms]. PMID- 14781948 TI - [Pott's disease]. PMID- 14781949 TI - [Rheumatic diseases from the neurological viewpoint]. PMID- 14781950 TI - [Personal test for the study of disorders of glucose metabolism; 250 cases]. PMID- 14781951 TI - [Frigidity in women]. PMID- 14781952 TI - [Minor contribution to plastic surgery of the cranium]. PMID- 14781953 TI - [Treatment of localized infectious processes by auto- and hetero-hemotherapy at the site of infection]. PMID- 14781954 TI - [Cushing syndrome; therapy]. PMID- 14781955 TI - [Allergy and pregnancy; critical study]. PMID- 14781956 TI - [Right branch block in bronze diabetes]. PMID- 14781957 TI - [Use of aerosols in treatment of asthma attacks]. PMID- 14781958 TI - [Radiomanometry of the biliary tract]. PMID- 14781960 TI - [Nephrotic syndromes, concept and systematization]. PMID- 14781959 TI - [Harelip]. PMID- 14781961 TI - [Remote neuropsychiatric sequels of erythroblastosis fetalis (residual kernicterus)]. PMID- 14781962 TI - [Precocious malignant syphilis (Bazin-Queyrat)]. PMID- 14781963 TI - [Water from the volcanic crater lake and mud from the hot springs of Copahue in the treatment of psoriasis]. PMID- 14781964 TI - [Plastic surgery of the nose]. PMID- 14781965 TI - [Conservative surgery in obstetrics]. PMID- 14781966 TI - [Congenital heart diseases]. PMID- 14781967 TI - [Acute pulmonary abscess and penicillin]. PMID- 14781968 TI - [Technological medicine]. PMID- 14781969 TI - [Digestive symptoms in neurologic diseases; diagnostic errors]. PMID- 14781970 TI - [Surgery of adenoma of the prostate]. PMID- 14781971 TI - [Genital prolapse]. PMID- 14781972 TI - [Surgery for pulmonary echinococcosis]. PMID- 14781973 TI - [Echinococcosis of the female genitals]. PMID- 14781974 TI - [Endonasal rhinoplasty; technic, results]. PMID- 14781975 TI - [Endocrine allergy; general aspects]. PMID- 14781976 TI - [Goiter]. PMID- 14781977 TI - [Surgical hysterosalpingography]. PMID- 14781978 TI - [Treatment of deep and superficial burns]. PMID- 14781979 TI - [Terramycin]. PMID- 14781980 TI - [Postpartum amenorrhea (Chari-Frommel syndrome) with hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 14781981 TI - [Oxygen therapy in arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14781982 TI - [Face presentation in the Maternity Institute of Alvear Hospital]. PMID- 14781983 TI - [Suggestion for treatment of tuberculous meningitis in children]. PMID- 14781984 TI - [Total situs inversus]. PMID- 14781985 TI - [Seminar of pathology, clinical medicine and surgical technic; cirrhosis of the liver]. PMID- 14781987 TI - [Struma simplex and its therapy]. PMID- 14781986 TI - [Plan for health protection in heavy industry]. PMID- 14781988 TI - [Treatment of hyperthyroidism at Stos mineral baths]. PMID- 14781989 TI - [Activity of prenatal consultation and its criteria]. PMID- 14781990 TI - [Zoonosis and its prevention]. PMID- 14781991 TI - [Focal infections of dental origin and dental health]. PMID- 14781992 TI - [Progress in malariology and its preventive-epidemiological significance]. PMID- 14781993 TI - [Tasks of plastic surgeons]. PMID- 14781994 TI - [Disorders of consciousness]. PMID- 14781995 TI - [Newer methods in early diagnosis of genital cancer in women]. PMID- 14781997 TI - [Problem of postgraduate education]. PMID- 14781996 TI - [Typing of Salmonella typhi abdominalis by means of Vi bacteriophage in Slovakia]. PMID- 14781998 TI - [Legislation on training of physicians]. PMID- 14781999 TI - [Detection and treatment of syphilis]. PMID- 14782000 TI - [Health policy in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14782001 TI - [Problem of detecting active carriers in food industries]. PMID- 14782002 TI - [Control of absenteeism and recent legal regulations]. PMID- 14782003 TI - [Dermatomycosis in Slovakia]. PMID- 14782004 TI - [Birth rate in Slovakia]. PMID- 14782005 TI - [Physical medicine in the Soviet Union]. PMID- 14782006 TI - [Variability of the clinical aspect in the primary stage of rheumatic fever in children]. PMID- 14782007 TI - [Treatment of rheumatic fever in children]. PMID- 14782008 TI - [Organization of public health services]. PMID- 14782009 TI - Placental implants in ophthalmology. PMID- 14782010 TI - Stevens-Johnson syndrome; report of two cases treated with aureomycin. PMID- 14782011 TI - Recurrent non-specific urethritis associated with respiratory catarrh, stomatitis, conjunctivitis and an erythematous vesicular eruption of the legs and forearms. PMID- 14782012 TI - The myth of the dropping kidney. PMID- 14782013 TI - A comparison of the action of decamethonium iodide C10 & d-tubocurarine chloride in anaesthesia. PMID- 14782014 TI - Case of painless repeated gastrointestinal bleeding. PMID- 14782015 TI - Small-intestinal volvulus in the Bantu. PMID- 14782016 TI - Double plating of fractured bones. PMID- 14782017 TI - The toxicity of bitter-tasting cucurbitaceous vegetables (vegetable marrow, watermelons, etc.) for man. PMID- 14782018 TI - A new treatment for polyneuritis. PMID- 14782019 TI - Industrial dermatoses. PMID- 14782020 TI - Periarteritis nodosa; report of a case with a review of the disease. PMID- 14782021 TI - Rehabilitation of the industrial worker. PMID- 14782022 TI - Common medical syndromes in physical exertion. PMID- 14782023 TI - [Genital prolapse in the Bantu]. PMID- 14782024 TI - Arthrodesis of the wrist joint; an analysis of 48 operations. PMID- 14782025 TI - Brachial plexus block with amethocaine hydrochloride; a report on 1,000 cases. PMID- 14782026 TI - Weight-age and height-age; a comparison of normal Cape coloured children in the municipal area of Cape Town with the accepted standards for European children. PMID- 14782027 TI - The electrocardiographic changes in the syndrome of malignant malnutrition; a preliminary report. PMID- 14782028 TI - A suggested method of examination for diaphragmatic hernia in the upright position. PMID- 14782029 TI - SYMPOSIUM on the eczemas. PMID- 14782030 TI - [Unusual etiology in a case of chronic cough]. PMID- 14782031 TI - Suppurative disease of the lungs in the Bantu; surgical aspects. PMID- 14782032 TI - Lung abscess. PMID- 14782033 TI - Primary amyloidosis; report of a case and a review of the literature. PMID- 14782034 TI - Mixed tumours (botryoid sarcomata) of the uterus; with 3 case reports. PMID- 14782035 TI - The significance of haematuria. PMID- 14782036 TI - Osteoporosis circumscripta (Paget's disease). PMID- 14782037 TI - MEDICO-LEGAL section. Testamentary capacity: aphasia. Lewin versus Lewin. PMID- 14782038 TI - Neuritis. PMID- 14782040 TI - Postoperate wound dihiscence and eventration. A report of twenty-eight cases. PMID- 14782039 TI - The pharmacist of the future. PMID- 14782042 TI - Diverticula of the small intestine. PMID- 14782041 TI - Purpura hemorrhagica. Current knowledge concerning blood coagulation and its relation to various hemorrhagic diatheses with emphasis on idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. PMID- 14782043 TI - Current trends in antibiotic therapy. PMID- 14782044 TI - CARE of hand injuries. VII. Traumatic amputations. PMID- 14782045 TI - X-ray differential diagnosis of malignancy in the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 14782046 TI - P. D. Peabody, M. D. (1878-1950). PMID- 14782047 TI - Functional disturbances of the digestive tract from the point of view of the general practitioner. PMID- 14782048 TI - Psychotherapeutic management of essential hypertension. PMID- 14782049 TI - Postoperative cholangiography. PMID- 14782050 TI - The mechanism of the gram reaction. II. The function of iodine in the gram stain. PMID- 14782051 TI - Dye exchange in bacterial cells, and the theory of staining. PMID- 14782052 TI - A simple histochemical reaction for aldehydes. PMID- 14782053 TI - The new domestic cresyl echt violet. PMID- 14782054 TI - A chrome-alum preparation for delicate and difficult fixations. PMID- 14782055 TI - Spectrophotometric characteristics and assay of biological stains. III. The xanthenes. PMID- 14782056 TI - The corneal epithelium as a source of mammalian somatic mitoses. PMID- 14782057 TI - Foot focusing device for binocular dissecting microscope. PMID- 14782058 TI - Mounting large series of single sections on few slides. PMID- 14782059 TI - Decreasing the time required for making an alizarin skeleton preparation. PMID- 14782060 TI - A rapid one-step Mallory-Heidenhain stain for connective tissue. PMID- 14782061 TI - Modified drop-plate method for penicillin and streptomycin assay. PMID- 14782062 TI - Mammoth obesity; an anthropometric study. PMID- 14782063 TI - Circulatory effects of sparteine. PMID- 14782064 TI - Recent insecticides: entomological and pharmacological aspects. PMID- 14782065 TI - The adrenals and experimental constrictive renal hypertension. PMID- 14782066 TI - Cortisone acetate in thirty-two cases; preliminary clinical observations. PMID- 14782067 TI - Phenobarbital administered continuously with and without deficient diets. PMID- 14782068 TI - The nature of the antipepticulcer dietary factor. PMID- 14782069 TI - Wilms' tumor; review of the literature and report of a case. PMID- 14782070 TI - [Histology of giant cell tumors of the jaw as a basis of treatment]. PMID- 14782071 TI - [Experimental investigations on the determination of water-extractible fluorine in bound silicate]. PMID- 14782072 TI - [Causes of residual contraction of steel castings in prosthetic dentistry, with special reference to the pyrophan investment compound]. PMID- 14782073 TI - [Results in the treatment of malignant genital tumors at the Gynecological Clinic of the University of Gottingen, 1937-1944]. PMID- 14782074 TI - [Medical justification and practical feasibility of a simplification and standardization of method in radiotherapy of uterine cancer]. PMID- 14782075 TI - [Results in radiotherapy of tumors of the hypophysis]. PMID- 14782076 TI - [Neurohormonal regulation of growth, with special reference to the problem of tumors]. PMID- 14782077 TI - [Radium therapy of papillomatosis of the male urethra]. PMID- 14782078 TI - [Beta ray permeation of human tissues]. PMID- 14782079 TI - [Actual dosage of scattered irradiation to which x-ray laboratory personnel are exposed]. PMID- 14782080 TI - [History of roentgenotherapy in dermatology]. PMID- 14782081 TI - [Observations on the use of ultraviolet light in surgery]. PMID- 14782082 TI - [Physiochemical studies on the biologic effects of ultrasonic waves. I. Effect of ultrasonic waves on hydrogen ion concentration in healthy tissue]. PMID- 14782083 TI - [Physiochemical studies on the biologic effects of ultrasonic waves. II. Effect of ultrasonic waves on hydrogen ion concentration in inflamed tissue]. PMID- 14782084 TI - [Histologic modifications of tissue due to the effects of ultrasonic waves]. PMID- 14782085 TI - [Mechanism of biologic reactions to ultrasonic waves. V. Effect of frequency in ultrasonic hemolysis]. PMID- 14782086 TI - [Ultrasonic provocation; an experiment in the diagnosis of dental focal infection]. PMID- 14782087 TI - [Injuries due to ultrasonic waves]. PMID- 14782088 TI - [Problem of ultrasonic diagnosis]. PMID- 14782089 TI - [Fifty years of medicine]. PMID- 14782090 TI - [Indications for surgery of the sympathetic nerve]. PMID- 14782091 TI - [Problem of the pathogenesis of edema in hepatic diseases]. PMID- 14782092 TI - [Chloromycetin therapy during the recent paratyphoid B epidemic]. PMID- 14782093 TI - [Aspects of the practical joke; case study]. PMID- 14782094 TI - [Indications for crenotherapy in the treatment of respiratory diseases]. PMID- 14782095 TI - [Vitamin-K in urticaria]. PMID- 14782096 TI - Chloromycetin and aureomycin in experimental gas gangrene. PMID- 14782097 TI - An evaluation of aureomycin and chloromycetin in experimental Clostridium welchii infection. PMID- 14782098 TI - Myomatous tumors of the rectum (leiomyomas and myosarcomas). PMID- 14782099 TI - Adenomas of the colon and rectum. PMID- 14782100 TI - Carcinoma of the colon perforating onto the anterior abdominal wall. PMID- 14782101 TI - The problem of diagnosis at the time of operation in tumors of the head of the pancreas. PMID- 14782102 TI - Carcinoma of the stomach following surgery for chronic duodenal ulcer. PMID- 14782103 TI - Observations on chronic obstruction of the abdominal aorta; Leriche's syndrome. PMID- 14782104 TI - The clinical physiology of the human bronchi. I. Pain of tracheobronchial origin. PMID- 14782105 TI - Blood volume studies in the depleted surgical patient; clinical applications. PMID- 14782106 TI - The effects of abdominal surgery upon renal clearance. PMID- 14782107 TI - Presacral neurectomy in the treatment of dysmenorrhea; a report of 125 cases. PMID- 14782108 TI - Plateau fractures of the tibia. PMID- 14782109 TI - Nail design; an important safety factor in intramedullary nailing. PMID- 14782110 TI - Malleable ligature carrier designed for use in the surgery of patient ductus arteriosus. PMID- 14782111 TI - Osteoid osteoma; a case report. PMID- 14782112 TI - Extragenital chorioepithelioma in the male; a case report. PMID- 14782113 TI - The Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal crises. PMID- 14782114 TI - Mikulicz's disease of parotid glands; report of a case. PMID- 14782115 TI - One-stage multiple approach operation for cancer of the upper and mid-thoracic esophagus. PMID- 14782116 TI - The surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis. PMID- 14782117 TI - The effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the contractions of the human uterus. PMID- 14782118 TI - The effect of adrenergic blockade with a benzodioxane derivative, 933F, on hypertension of toxemia of pregnancy. PMID- 14782119 TI - The use of methoxamine for maintenance of the circulation during spinal anesthesia. PMID- 14782120 TI - The effect of edema on the tensile strength of the incised wound. PMID- 14782121 TI - Experimental scoliosis; the role of the epiphysis. PMID- 14782122 TI - Streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis of the rectosigmoid region and anus. PMID- 14782123 TI - Blood volume determination in surgery; an analysis of 100 cases. PMID- 14782124 TI - Benign tumors of bone. PMID- 14782125 TI - The mucosa and skin saving technique of hemorrhoidectomy. PMID- 14782126 TI - Porphyria; a consideration in surgical diagnosis. PMID- 14782127 TI - Studies on burns. V. Experimental study of the effect of heparinization and gravity on tissue loss resulting from third degree burns. PMID- 14782128 TI - The factors involved in the management of the surgical complications of polycystic disease of the kidney; a report of 21 cases. PMID- 14782129 TI - Fractures of tarsal and metatarsal bones. PMID- 14782130 TI - Adenolymphoma (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum). PMID- 14782131 TI - Construction of a substitute bladder and urethra. PMID- 14782132 TI - Brain tumors. PMID- 14782133 TI - The grave spinal cord paralyses caused by spinal anesthesia. PMID- 14782134 TI - Prolongation of occlusion of the cavae in dogs by diversion of the circulation. I. Cannulation of the superior vena cava. PMID- 14782135 TI - The solitary gallstone. PMID- 14782136 TI - The selection of an operative procedure for patients with medically intractable ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14782137 TI - The effects of sodium and chloride lack on intestinal motility and their significance in paralytic ileus. PMID- 14782138 TI - Colostomy, indications, technique, and management. PMID- 14782139 TI - Gastrojejunocolic fistulas; postoperative complications in 19 cases. PMID- 14782140 TI - Experimental anastomoses of the common duct. PMID- 14782141 TI - The use of radioactive iodinated plasma protein in the study of blood volume. PMID- 14782142 TI - Malignant blood vessel tumors; a report of 56 cases of angiosarcoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. PMID- 14782143 TI - Coarctation of the aorta and its treatment. PMID- 14782144 TI - The problem of bronchiogenic carcinoma. PMID- 14782145 TI - The clinical and pathologic aspects of tuberculoma of the lung; an analysis of eighteen cases. PMID- 14782146 TI - Surgical considerations in the treatment of bronchiectasis. PMID- 14782147 TI - Primary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 14782148 TI - Plastic surgical procedures on the face for improvement of function and appearance. PMID- 14782150 TI - A simple, direct, method of reducing a fracture-dislocation of the zygoma. PMID- 14782149 TI - The treatment of burns by plastic surgery. PMID- 14782151 TI - Surgical repair of hypospadias. PMID- 14782152 TI - Neurosurgical relief of intractable pain. PMID- 14782153 TI - Psychogenic factors in surgery. PMID- 14782154 TI - The intravenous infusion of large amounts of an amino acid mixture; report of two cases. PMID- 14782155 TI - The clinical significance of the cervical fascial planes. PMID- 14782156 TI - The palliative treatment of advanced mammary cancer. PMID- 14782157 TI - A new method for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the absence of localization. PMID- 14782158 TI - Acute pancreatitis: questions and answers. PMID- 14782159 TI - Venous shunts in portal hypertension. PMID- 14782160 TI - A technic for open end-to-end intestinal anastomosis. PMID- 14782161 TI - Diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon with perforation; report of three cases. PMID- 14782162 TI - Epidural analgesia; its value in general surgery. PMID- 14782163 TI - Bladder substitution after pelvic evisceration. PMID- 14782164 TI - Ureteral splinting; an experimental evaluation of prolonged ureteral splinting. PMID- 14782165 TI - [Observations on the operation of the pharmacy]. PMID- 14782166 TI - [Photometric determination of lobeline and acetophenone]. PMID- 14782167 TI - [Medicine bottles; economical aspects and sealing problems]. PMID- 14782168 TI - [Photometric determination of lobeline and acetophenone]. PMID- 14782169 TI - [Problem of oxidation of fat in the pharmacy]. PMID- 14782170 TI - [Problem of oxidation of fat in the pharmacy]. PMID- 14782171 TI - [Problem of the oxidation of fat in the pharmacy]. PMID- 14782172 TI - [Problem of oxidation of fat in the pharmacy]. PMID- 14782173 TI - [Amalgam condensation using ultrasonic vibration]. PMID- 14782174 TI - [Phonetic-prosthetic study of congenital palatal defects]. PMID- 14782175 TI - [Stress problems of the partial prosthesis]. PMID- 14782176 TI - [Pathogenesis, clinical aspects and treatment of perimylolysis]. PMID- 14782177 TI - [Xylocain, a new local anesthetic]. PMID- 14782178 TI - [Materials and their use; casting sprues]. PMID- 14782180 TI - [Dental materials and their use; soldering]. PMID- 14782179 TI - [Dislocation of the dental root into Highmore's antrum]. PMID- 14782181 TI - [Repair of prostheses with auto-polymerizing acrylics]. PMID- 14782182 TI - [New method of preparing cavities (the airdent unit)]. PMID- 14782183 TI - [Perspectives on hospital organization]. PMID- 14782184 TI - [Evolution of public assistance in Paris; realizations and projects]. PMID- 14782185 TI - [The role of departmental directors of health in matters which concern hospitals]. PMID- 14782186 TI - [Opening of the Leopold-Bellan Center for epileptics at Bry-sur-Marne, Seine]. PMID- 14782187 TI - [The hospital director and his civil responsibilities]. PMID- 14782188 TI - [Social and rehabilitation service of the medico-surgical sanatorium of Cambo (Beaulieu-Lorraine and Franclet)]. PMID- 14782189 TI - Some advances in obstetrics in the past decade. PMID- 14782190 TI - Observations on pathology of spontaneous abortion; preliminary report of 500 cases. PMID- 14782191 TI - Conservative surgery in gynecology. PMID- 14782193 TI - Functional uterine bleeding. PMID- 14782192 TI - Analysis of cesarean sections in private hospital from 1938 to 1948. PMID- 14782194 TI - Harris County Maternal Mortality Committee; organization, aims, and results. PMID- 14782195 TI - Glucose tolerance tests; relative validity of four different types of tests. PMID- 14782196 TI - Intercapillary glomerulosclerosis; Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome. PMID- 14782197 TI - Retinal changes in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14782198 TI - Case report of twin premature infants. PMID- 14782199 TI - [Intravenous anesthesia with kemithal]. PMID- 14782200 TI - [Slight disorders of blood chemistry and their clinical sequels]. PMID- 14782201 TI - [Problem of carbon dioxide poisoning]. PMID- 14782202 TI - [Serum iron]. PMID- 14782203 TI - [Indications for roentgen irradiation of the autonomic nervous system]. PMID- 14782204 TI - [Primary hyperinsulinism with a contribution on the treatment of hypoglycemic states]. PMID- 14782205 TI - [Combined desoxycorticosterone acetate and ascorbic acid in the treatment of chronic disease of the joints]. PMID- 14782206 TI - [Causes and treatment of gynecological hemorrhage]. PMID- 14782207 TI - [Treatment of fever in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14782208 TI - [Bactericidal action, compatibility and applications of therapogen forte]. PMID- 14782209 TI - [Fifty-sixth meeting of the German Society for Internal Medicine, Wiesbaden]. PMID- 14782210 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic use of radioactive isotopes]. PMID- 14782211 TI - [Injuries due to radioactive substances]. PMID- 14782212 TI - [Pyretotherapy of acute poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14782213 TI - [Internal medication in the treatment of essential hypertension]. PMID- 14782215 TI - [Urethography in genital tuberculosis in the male]. PMID- 14782214 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14782216 TI - [Mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema; case report]. PMID- 14782217 TI - [Carcinoma of the mouth, tonsils and epipharynx]. PMID- 14782218 TI - [Supporting vest for use in the management of fractured ribs]. PMID- 14782219 TI - [Artificial radioactive isotopes in medicine; a review]. PMID- 14782220 TI - [Can one with training succeed in increasing the capacity of the skeletal muscles to endure physical exertion in a standing position]. PMID- 14782221 TI - [Seropositive syphilis in pregnancy]. PMID- 14782222 TI - [Traumatic pneumothorax following injection of novocaine in treating overstrain]. PMID- 14782223 TI - [Carcinoma of the esophagus]. PMID- 14782224 TI - [Transfusion hemolysis with lesion of the kidneys (lower nephron nephrosis]. PMID- 14782225 TI - [Growth disorders in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 14782226 TI - [Organization of military psychiatry in wartime]. PMID- 14782227 TI - [Poisoning with crude animal oil]. PMID- 14782228 TI - [Prophylactic vaccination against whooping cough]. PMID- 14782229 TI - [Attempted criminal abortion--a new method?]. PMID- 14782230 TI - [Malignant tumors of the pancreas, bile ducts and liver]. PMID- 14782232 TI - Preliminary reports on prefrontal lobotomy; the physiological aspects. PMID- 14782231 TI - Peripheral nerve war wounds. PMID- 14782233 TI - A follow-up study of 500 herniotomies. PMID- 14782234 TI - A prosthesis in superior monoplegia. PMID- 14782235 TI - Analysis of departmental morbidity and mortality statistics for the period 1 July 30 September, 1949. PMID- 14782236 TI - [Plastic surgery today]. PMID- 14782237 TI - [Cerebral tuberculoma treated by surgery]. PMID- 14782238 TI - [Cancer of the head of the pancreas evolving without jaundice]. PMID- 14782239 TI - [Resection of the pancreas]. PMID- 14782240 TI - [Surgical amelioration of cranial fracture and cerebral contusion with aphasia and right hemiplegia]. PMID- 14782241 TI - [Peculiarities in kymography of exudative or adhesive pericarditis]. PMID- 14782242 TI - [Surgery in two cases of tumor of the central nervous system; tuberculomas of the cerebrum and cerebellum]. PMID- 14782243 TI - [Treatment of otitis media]. PMID- 14782244 TI - [Vinylether and vinylether-ether anesthesia in adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy]. PMID- 14782245 TI - [Homologous serum hepatitis in patients treated with dried serum]. PMID- 14782246 TI - [Functional training in flatfoot]. PMID- 14782247 TI - [Case of beriberi]. PMID- 14782248 TI - [Otorhinolaryngology in London, February 1950]. PMID- 14782249 TI - [Specialization in surgery, etc.; discussion at the 14 January 1950 meeting of the Danish Surgical Society]. PMID- 14782251 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14782250 TI - [Internal medicine, epidemiology and physical medicine in the second report of the Young Physicians Committee on Hospitals]. PMID- 14782252 TI - [Investigations of penicillin preparations and dosage schedules]. PMID- 14782253 TI - [Industrial poisoning with nitrochlorobenzene]. PMID- 14782254 TI - [Penicillin therapy of infectious tenosynovitis]. PMID- 14782255 TI - [Lactic acid therapy of arthrosis]. PMID- 14782256 TI - [Experimental surgery in the study of cardiovascular disease]. PMID- 14782257 TI - [The medical film]. PMID- 14782258 TI - [Report on central laboratories of the Young Physicians Committee on Hospitals]. PMID- 14782259 TI - [Annual medical report of the Koloni Filadelfia, 1948-49]. PMID- 14782260 TI - [Investigations of penicillin preparations and dosage]. PMID- 14782261 TI - [Effect of a single daily dose of dipenicillin in the treatment of acute otitis media, with special reference to bacteriology]. PMID- 14782262 TI - [Clinical study of terramycin, a new antibiotic]. PMID- 14782263 TI - [Specialization in surgery, etc.; discussion at the 14-5 January 1950 meeting of the Danish Surgical Society]. PMID- 14782264 TI - [Clinical significance of pantothenic acid]. PMID- 14782265 TI - [A method for the treatment of radiation-resistant warts]. PMID- 14782266 TI - [Case of retroperitoneal lipoma with marked displacement of the abdominal viscera]. PMID- 14782267 TI - [Nestargel therapy of habitual vomiting]. PMID- 14782268 TI - [Familial occurrence of necrosis adiposa neonatorum]. PMID- 14782269 TI - [Congenital atresia of the sigmoid colon; case report]. PMID- 14782270 TI - [Medical statistics for 1948-49]. PMID- 14782271 TI - [Education of practicing physicians in England]. PMID- 14782272 TI - [Anesthesia in the second report of the Young Physicians Committee on Hospitals]. PMID- 14782273 TI - [Local and conduction anesthesia of the oral cavity]. PMID- 14782274 TI - [BCG complications observed at tuberculosis stations in Randers County (Denmark)]. PMID- 14782275 TI - [Executive Committee's annual report to the society]. PMID- 14782276 TI - [Changes in disability compensation]. PMID- 14782277 TI - [Average values for the weight-height-age ratio in boys and girls of school age]. PMID- 14782278 TI - [Chronic dislocation of the temporomandibular joint]. PMID- 14782279 TI - [Retinopathy in premature infants (retrolental fibrosis of fibroplasia)]. PMID- 14782280 TI - [Spontaneous extrusion of unresorbed catgut]. PMID- 14782281 TI - [Nylon as surgical suture]. PMID- 14782282 TI - [Reducing action of streptomycin]. PMID- 14782283 TI - [New Norwegian curriculum]. PMID- 14782284 TI - [Anticoagulants in the treatment of coronary occlusion]. PMID- 14782285 TI - [Preliminary experience with anticoagulant therapy of acute cardiac infarct]. PMID- 14782286 TI - [Acute infectious lymphocytosis]. PMID- 14782287 TI - [Taking blood for potassium determination]. PMID- 14782288 TI - [Potassium therapy of diarrhea]. PMID- 14782289 TI - [Delayed thrombopenic hemorrhagic diathesis with cerebral hemorrhage following sanocrysin therapy]. PMID- 14782290 TI - [BAL therapy of hematologic complications of sanocrysin therapy]. PMID- 14782291 TI - [Bronchopulmonary lithiasis]. PMID- 14782292 TI - [Lancet for taking capillary blood]. PMID- 14782294 TI - [Departmental appointments in the second report of the Young Physicians Committee on Hospitals]. PMID- 14782293 TI - [Socio-economic aspects of the home treatment of brucellosis (Band's undulant fever) with aureomycin and paradryl]. PMID- 14782295 TI - Detection of early carcinoma of the uterus. PMID- 14782296 TI - Treatment of tinea capitis with local medication. PMID- 14782297 TI - The clinical use of antibiotics. III. Treatment of dental infections. PMID- 14782298 TI - The care of premature infants. PMID- 14782299 TI - Efficient full denture service. PMID- 14782300 TI - Paraaminosalicylic acid resistant "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" incidence in cases treated at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. PMID- 14782301 TI - Bone grafting in saddle nose. PMID- 14782302 TI - Prosthodontia in diastema. PMID- 14782303 TI - Exfoliative cytology service in an Army hospital. PMID- 14782304 TI - Penicillin, an allergic hazard. PMID- 14782305 TI - Spontaneous pneumothorax; observations on 26 cases. PMID- 14782306 TI - Pediatric excretory pyelography. PMID- 14782307 TI - Treatment of intolerance to quinacrine. PMID- 14782309 TI - Meningococcemia. PMID- 14782308 TI - The early diagnosis of trachoma. PMID- 14782310 TI - Mesenteric cyst, report of a case. PMID- 14782311 TI - A portable x-ray view box. PMID- 14782312 TI - Acute ruptured appendicitis and peritonitis with urinary symptoms. PMID- 14782313 TI - Air pollution. PMID- 14782314 TI - Panorama of naval medical research. PMID- 14782315 TI - Specialist training of the Medical Officer, Royal Army Medical Corps. PMID- 14782316 TI - "Operation Portrex". I. A Medical Officer on "Operation Portrex". PMID- 14782317 TI - About the Army Medical Service; Medical Service Civilian Consultant Program, fiscal year 1951. PMID- 14782318 TI - Medical history of the Berlin Airlift. PMID- 14782319 TI - Infant diarrhea. PMID- 14782320 TI - The clinical use of antibiotics. IV. Treatment of infectious processes. PMID- 14782321 TI - Aneurysm of the coronary artery; report of a case. PMID- 14782322 TI - Field trial of "Shigella flexneri III" vaccine. PMID- 14782323 TI - The isolation of three "Shigella paradysenteriae" serotypes from one patient. PMID- 14782324 TI - Mental reactions of the airborne soldier. PMID- 14782325 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the second portion of the duodenum. PMID- 14782326 TI - Isolated fat replacement of body and tail of pancreas; report of a case. PMID- 14782327 TI - Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the skull; report of a case. PMID- 14782328 TI - Complications of Meckel's diverticulum; report of 9 cases. PMID- 14782329 TI - Amebiasis and the complement-fixation test. PMID- 14782330 TI - Medical Service Field Research Laboratory. PMID- 14782331 TI - The British Army divisional medical organization. PMID- 14782332 TI - Female staffing program in an Army hospital. PMID- 14782333 TI - About the Army Medical Service. I. Draft of doctors of medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. PMID- 14782334 TI - The atomic energy program of the people of the United States. PMID- 14782335 TI - The clinical importance of spontaneous retinal venous pulsation. PMID- 14782336 TI - EIGHTEENTH annual gynecology tumor conference report, 1931-1949. PMID- 14782337 TI - Vasectomy: the doctor and the law. PMID- 14782338 TI - Serous cysts of the kidney and their differentiation from other cystic diseases of the kidneys. PMID- 14782339 TI - Carcinoma of the penis. PMID- 14782340 TI - The injection techniques for hydroceles and spermatoceles and its present status among the members of the Western Section of the American Urological Association. PMID- 14782341 TI - Seminal vesiculitis. PMID- 14782342 TI - Intestinal distention. PMID- 14782343 TI - Ureterosigmoidostomy in the older age group; report of 2 cases. PMID- 14782344 TI - Recent improvements of the Hecht complement fixation test for syphilis using active sera. PMID- 14782345 TI - [War damage suffered by Viennese hospitals and the present status of reconstruction]. PMID- 14782346 TI - [Observations and general principles concerning the duties of the chief surgeon]. PMID- 14782347 TI - [Marxism in philology]. PMID- 14782348 TI - [Progress in evolution]. PMID- 14782349 TI - [About pragmatism of certain American paleontologists]. PMID- 14782350 TI - [German Academy of Science in Berlin]. PMID- 14782351 TI - [Meeting on the problems of hydrobiology of inland water reservoirs in SSSR]. PMID- 14782352 TI - [Second All-Union congress of physicochemical analysis]. PMID- 14782353 TI - [Meeting on electro-chemical methods of analysis]. PMID- 14782354 TI - [Meeting on the problems of natural rubber and guttapercha (elastic)]. PMID- 14782355 TI - [Meeting on ethnography of Soviet Baltic States]. PMID- 14782356 TI - [Unpublished letter of Lomonosov to Leonard Eiler]. PMID- 14782357 TI - [Outstanding Russian scientist A. M. Teriaev and first history of mineralogy]. PMID- 14782358 TI - [Jubilee of L. I. Prasolov]. PMID- 14782359 TI - [Jubilee of A. P. Barannikov]. PMID- 14782360 TI - [Central nervous system and glaucoma]. PMID- 14782361 TI - [Glaucoma and aqueous veins]. PMID- 14782362 TI - [Bio-microscopical picture of glaucoma]. PMID- 14782363 TI - [Venous blood pressure in glaucoma]. PMID- 14782364 TI - [Headache in glaucoma]. PMID- 14782365 TI - [Clinical observations of perforating cyclo-diathermocoagulation in glaucoma]. PMID- 14782366 TI - [Surgery in almost absolute glaucoma]. PMID- 14782367 TI - [Pilocarpine and glucose synergism in treatment of glaucoma]. PMID- 14782368 TI - [Erroneous view points in certain articles of the journal Vestnik oftalmologii]. PMID- 14782369 TI - Reproductive failure in the bull, its diagnosis and prognosis. PMID- 14782370 TI - Mastitis in bull. PMID- 14782371 TI - Toxic reactions following the use of phenamidine (May and Baker) in the dog. PMID- 14782372 TI - Infertility in cattle with special reference to trichomoniasis; the clinical aspect and diagnosis of trichomoniasis, with particular reference to the bull. PMID- 14782373 TI - Infertility in cattle with special reference to trichomoniasis; the host-parasite relationship between the female bovine and Trichomonas foetus. PMID- 14782375 TI - Infertility in cattle with special reference to trichomoniasis; non-specific infertility. PMID- 14782374 TI - Infertility in cattle with special reference to trichomoniasis; infertility from the point of view of an officer in charge of an artificial insemination centre. PMID- 14782376 TI - The treatment of bowel oedema in pigs. PMID- 14782377 TI - Thiouracil in the treatment of hyper-thyroidism in a dachshund bitch. PMID- 14782378 TI - Infectious canine hepatitis (hepatitis contagiosa canis [Rubarth]). PMID- 14782379 TI - Viral hepatitis of dogs (Rubarth's disease). I. Clinical and pathological observations on a spontaneous epidemic. PMID- 14782380 TI - Hepatitis contagiosa canis (Rubarth). PMID- 14782381 TI - A further case of deafness following coal gas poisoning in a dog. PMID- 14782382 TI - Enzootic abortion in ewes; an investigation into the naturally occurring disease. PMID- 14782383 TI - Tick-borne fever as a cause of abortion in sheep. PMID- 14782384 TI - Distaquaine (procaine penicillin G) suspension: blood levels in cattle. PMID- 14782385 TI - A review of fifty cases of rumenotomy. PMID- 14782386 TI - The occurrence of Vibrio foetus in aborted material derived from cows inoculated with S. 19 Br. abortus vaccine. PMID- 14782387 TI - War-time experiences with the R.A.V.C. and remarks on some of the diseases encountered. PMID- 14782388 TI - Aujeszky's disease--sporadic case in a fox terrier bitch. PMID- 14782389 TI - Rickets in sheep: field trials in East Anglia. PMID- 14782390 TI - Frictional acanthosis in dachshunds. PMID- 14782391 TI - Verminous parasites and veterinary practice. PMID- 14782393 TI - The effect of reducing the quantity of egg yolk in bovine semen diluents. PMID- 14782392 TI - Simplified version of the Kirschner-Ehmer splint. PMID- 14782394 TI - Pregnancy diagnosis tests in farm animals (using the common Indian toad, Bufo melanostictus Schneid). PMID- 14782396 TI - FUNGOUS diseases of animals. PMID- 14782395 TI - Studies on the avian leukosis complex. PMID- 14782397 TI - A note on the history of British horses in the light of recent investigations. PMID- 14782398 TI - The treatment of retained placenta and septic metritis of the bovine. PMID- 14782399 TI - [Clinical aspects of obesity]. PMID- 14782400 TI - [Malaria: prophylaxis and treatment]. PMID- 14782401 TI - [Treatment of acute artificial eczema by mineral water therapy at Moligt-les Bains]. PMID- 14782402 TI - [Treatment of chronic evolutive arthritis]. PMID- 14782403 TI - [Subacute inflammatory lesions of athlete's foot and plantar epidermophytosis]. PMID- 14782404 TI - The differential diagnosis of medical and surgical jaundice. PMID- 14782406 TI - Psychiatric implications in gereology. PMID- 14782405 TI - Antibiotics and chemotherapy in surgical disease. PMID- 14782407 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of ruptured cervical disk. PMID- 14782408 TI - Psychosomatic medicine: mechanisms common to some gastrointestinal dysfunctions. PMID- 14782409 TI - The use of the male sex hormone in the inhibition and suppression of lactation. PMID- 14782410 TI - Clinical pathologic conference; cardiac complications following general injuries due to accidents; 17 years follow-up resulting in death. PMID- 14782411 TI - Clinical pathological conference; case of undiagnosed death. PMID- 14782412 TI - JOSEPH Price (1853-1911). PMID- 14782413 TI - [New principles in feeding of soldiers]. PMID- 14782414 TI - [Importance of daily sickness statistics to the regimental surgeon]. PMID- 14782415 TI - [Pulmonary pressure-injury caused by a tangential gunshot wound of the thoracic wall]. PMID- 14782416 TI - [Treatment of old dislocations of semilunar bone]. PMID- 14782417 TI - [Non-specific epididymitis]. PMID- 14782419 TI - [So-called war neuroses]. PMID- 14782418 TI - [Brodie's abscess of the femur]. PMID- 14782420 TI - [Intravenous anesthesia]. PMID- 14782421 TI - [Cystic disease of the kidneys]. PMID- 14782422 TI - [Development of Pavlov's theory]. PMID- 14782423 TI - [Foundation of the Military Medical Academy of the Yugoslavian Army]. PMID- 14782424 TI - [Application of skin tunnel grafts]. PMID- 14782425 TI - [Surgical treatment of wounds with loss of tissue]. PMID- 14782426 TI - [Treatment of pulmonary abscess by endotracheal injection of penicillin]. PMID- 14782427 TI - [Etiological factors and clinical aspects of tuberculosis in the Yugoslavian Army]. PMID- 14782428 TI - [Heparin and dicumarol, and control of possible complications]. PMID- 14782429 TI - [Epilepsy in armed services]. PMID- 14782430 TI - [Two cases of atypic pneumonia]. PMID- 14782431 TI - [Case of infectious mononucleosis with clinical manifestations of abdominal disease]. PMID- 14782432 TI - [Giemsa's method of staining]. PMID- 14782433 TI - [Use and care of medical electric appliances]. PMID- 14782434 TI - [Environment and nutrition from the physiologic standpoint]. PMID- 14782435 TI - [Vitamins and their importance in nutrition]. PMID- 14782436 TI - [Vegetables; alphabetic order in relation to vitamins]. PMID- 14782437 TI - [Hygiene in collective kitchens]. PMID- 14782438 TI - [Feeding of children in summer]. PMID- 14782439 TI - [70th anniversary of Vilem Hons]. PMID- 14782440 TI - [Drinking of tea in summer]. PMID- 14782441 TI - [Nutritional value of milk in school feeding]. PMID- 14782442 TI - [Importance and use of wild fruit]. PMID- 14782443 TI - [Tomatoes]. PMID- 14782444 TI - [Drying of eggs]. PMID- 14782445 TI - [Curds]. PMID- 14782446 TI - [Legislations of the Ministry of Food on the quality of food]. PMID- 14782447 TI - [Electric refrigerators and preserving vitamins]. PMID- 14782448 TI - [Feeding of infants and children with milk preparations]. PMID- 14782449 TI - [Meat contamination]. PMID- 14782450 TI - Medical freedom and how to keep it. PMID- 14782451 TI - The broadening front against state socialism. PMID- 14782452 TI - Retrobulbar injection of alcohol. PMID- 14782453 TI - A step toward dictatorship. PMID- 14782454 TI - The psychiatric aspects of epilepsy. PMID- 14782455 TI - A method of treating fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine, employing suboccipital skeletal traction. PMID- 14782456 TI - Deciduation and massive hemorrhage of the omentum in the final month of pregnancy. PMID- 14782457 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of chronic spontaneous pneumothorax. PMID- 14782458 TI - The physiology of the estrogenic hormones. PMID- 14782459 TI - The chemistry and metabolism of the estrogens. PMID- 14782460 TI - The clinical usefulness of estrogens. PMID- 14782461 TI - Estrogen imbalance and uterine cancer. PMID- 14782462 TI - The story of the Professorship of Obstetrics at the University of California. PMID- 14782463 TI - Hysterosalpingography in the study of sterility. PMID- 14782464 TI - A comparison of elder and younger primiparas. PMID- 14782465 TI - Intussusception in infancy and early childhood; a ten year review of the cases at the Doernbecher Memorial Hospital for Children. PMID- 14782466 TI - Studies in vitamin C and protein metabolism in surgical patients on a routine hospital diet. PMID- 14782467 TI - Bilateral Wilms' tumor; a case report. PMID- 14782468 TI - Pelvic girdle mobility during menstruation. PMID- 14782469 TI - The story of the Professorship of Obstetrics at the University of California. PMID- 14782470 TI - [Suitable coordination of surgery and internal medicine in the roentgen and radium therapy of cancer]. PMID- 14782471 TI - [Occurrence of unusual types of Salmonella in Austria, with a note on Kauffmann and Edward's simplified, rapid blood test for the diagnosis of Salmonella infection]. PMID- 14782472 TI - [The thymol test in syphilis]. PMID- 14782473 TI - [Electroshock therapy of psychoses]. PMID- 14782474 TI - [Present problems of tuberculosis control in Switzerland]. PMID- 14782475 TI - Max Eugling. PMID- 14782476 TI - [Roentgenotherapy of osteosarcoma]. PMID- 14782477 TI - [Significance of nutritional prophylaxis in early childhood]. PMID- 14782478 TI - [Penicillin therapy of subacute bacterial endocarditis]. PMID- 14782479 TI - [Significance of the follicular hormone in the etiology of uterine carcinoma]. PMID- 14782480 TI - [Narcoanalysis. II]. PMID- 14782481 TI - [Pheochromocytoma; pathophysiology, clinical aspect and significance in the explanation of cardiovascular pathology]. PMID- 14782482 TI - [Determination of prothrombin time]. PMID- 14782484 TI - [Diagnostic significance of hyperperistalsis of the stomach]. PMID- 14782483 TI - [Hemorrheologic angiography]. PMID- 14782485 TI - [Case of right endocarditis lenta]. PMID- 14782486 TI - [Treatment of endocarditis lenta]. PMID- 14782487 TI - [Pituitary implantation]. PMID- 14782488 TI - [Clinical aspect of autonomic dysfunction, with special reference to functional disorders of individual organic systems]. PMID- 14782489 TI - [Clearance tests with sodium thiosulfate in man]. PMID- 14782490 TI - [Contribution to vectocardiography]. PMID- 14782491 TI - [Electron microscope studies of the thrombocytes in essential thrombopenia and acute leukemia]. PMID- 14782492 TI - [Timely diagnosis of incipient decompensation in high blood pressure by means of the discordant levogram]. PMID- 14782493 TI - [Method of determining the unit work performance in cardiovascular function tests in man]. PMID- 14782494 TI - [Use of Maclagan's thymol turbidity test in examination of parenchymous hepatitis]. PMID- 14782496 TI - Should the general hospital provide psychiatric services? PMID- 14782495 TI - [Investigations on electrocardiographic determination of cardiac position]. PMID- 14782497 TI - The subcutaneous administration of mercuhydrin (meralluride sodium solution). PMID- 14782498 TI - The Massachusetts vision test--two years in Fond du Lac. PMID- 14782500 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of syphilis. PMID- 14782499 TI - The clinical differentiation of acute appendicitis and regional enteritis. PMID- 14782501 TI - Retroperitoneal lipomata; report of 2 cases. PMID- 14782502 TI - The vaginal smear: its value in general practice. PMID- 14782503 TI - CLINICOPATHOLOGIC conference; metastatic chorioepithelioma to pulmonary artery and branches; multiple pulmonary infarctions; hypertrophy of right heart. PMID- 14782504 TI - Treatment of communicable diseases in general hospitals. PMID- 14782505 TI - The medical journal was born. PMID- 14782506 TI - YELLOW-FEVER panel; report on the first session. PMID- 14782507 TI - JOINT ILO/WHO Committee on the Hygiene of Seafarers. PMID- 14782508 TI - EXPERT committee on professional and technical education of medical and auxiliary personnel; report on the first session. PMID- 14782509 TI - EXPERT committee on nursing; report on the first session Geneva, 20-26 February 1950. PMID- 14782510 TI - EXPERT committee on health statistics; report on the second session, Geneva, 18 21 April 1950. PMID- 14782511 TI - EXPERT committee on antibiotics; report on the first session, Geneva, 11-15 April 1950. PMID- 14782512 TI - EXPERT committee on rabies; report on the first session, Geneva, 17-22 April 1950. PMID- 14782514 TI - EXPERT committee on the unification of pharmacopoeias; report on the sixth session, New York City, N.Y. , 20-29 April 1950. PMID- 14782513 TI - EXPERT group on prematurity; final report, Geneva, 17-21 April 1950. PMID- 14782515 TI - Some endocrine influences on skeletal growth and differentiation. PMID- 14782516 TI - The effect of antihistaminics on mice hypersensitive to H. pertussis vaccine. PMID- 14782517 TI - The role of epinephrine in the secretion of the adrenal cortex. PMID- 14782518 TI - Mechanism of control of adrenocorticotrophic hormone. PMID- 14782519 TI - [Dental parafunction, with special reference to Karolyi's involuntary parafunction]. PMID- 14782520 TI - [Anesthesia in conservative dentistry]. PMID- 14782521 TI - [Problem of infection with the anthrax bacillus]. PMID- 14782522 TI - [Professor Dr. Dr. Adolf Klughardt, MD, PhD]. PMID- 14782523 TI - [Paradentopathy in childhood and puberty]. PMID- 14782524 TI - [Dental parafunction, with special reference to Karolyi's involuntary parafunction]. PMID- 14782525 TI - [Functions of the skin in relation to maxillary and dental development]. PMID- 14782526 TI - [Is there a practical necessity for modification of the present usual method of polymerization in order to achieve a better quality in the finished material?]. PMID- 14782527 TI - [Acrylic crowns in one sitting]. PMID- 14782528 TI - [Drugs from the Leguminosae used in dentistry]. PMID- 14782529 TI - [The dentist and his occupational weak foot]. PMID- 14782530 TI - [Leonhard Koecker (1785-1850), a pioneer of modern dentistry]. PMID- 14782531 TI - [Clinical experience with penicillin, especially in septic maxillary surgery]. PMID- 14782532 TI - [J. J. Muller's universal matrix retainer]. PMID- 14782533 TI - [Caries and pregnancy]. PMID- 14782534 TI - [Method of rapid electric decalcification of osseous tissue]. PMID- 14782535 TI - [Actinomycosis and its treatment]. PMID- 14782536 TI - [Experience with Imprex K 4]. PMID- 14782537 TI - [Manufacturer's comments on Dr. Vonberg's remarks]. PMID- 14782538 TI - [Economy of effort]. PMID- 14782539 TI - [Income of the American dentist]. PMID- 14782540 TI - [Civilian dental care in the USSR]. PMID- 14782541 TI - [Introduction to the problems of school dental service]. PMID- 14782542 TI - [The Grand Old Man of dentistry]. PMID- 14782543 TI - [It happened thus]. PMID- 14782544 TI - [Histological studies of the gingiva at injection points in infiltration anesthesia]. PMID- 14782545 TI - [Observation on the significance and purpose of the functional development of the oral cavity]. PMID- 14782546 TI - [Movements of the mandible and their reproduction in the articulator]. PMID- 14782547 TI - [Problem of retrusive occlusion]. PMID- 14782548 TI - [Dependence of the horizontolateral angle of the condyle path (Gysi's angle) upon sliding displacement factors]. PMID- 14782549 TI - [Points in esthetics adaptable from natural to artificial dentition]. PMID- 14782550 TI - [Causes of untoward results in pulp capping]. PMID- 14782551 TI - [Organization of public health in the Soviet Union]. PMID- 14782552 TI - [Basic problems of hygiene in relation to Pavlov's theories]. PMID- 14782553 TI - [Problems and role of contemporary dentistry]. PMID- 14782554 TI - [Preventive sanitation]. PMID- 14782555 TI - [Progress in medical care]. PMID- 14782556 TI - [Role of city parks in national health]. PMID- 14782557 TI - [Immediate problems of statistics on sanitation]. PMID- 14782558 TI - [Development of Pavlov's theories, resolution of the conference of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR on Pavlov's physiologic theories]. PMID- 14782559 TI - [Personnel policy in health service]. PMID- 14782561 TI - [Physical education of school children]. PMID- 14782560 TI - [Consultations for diabetics]. PMID- 14782562 TI - [Regulation of charges for state institutions]. PMID- 14782563 TI - [Distribution of material on hygiene and health]. PMID- 14782564 TI - [Postgraduate education for practicing physicians]. PMID- 14782565 TI - [Training of auxiliary medical workers in 1950]. PMID- 14782566 TI - [Revision of fees for personnel engaged in meat inspection]. PMID- 14782567 TI - [Sale of proprietary drugs in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14782568 TI - [Project of the construction of septic tanks in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14782569 TI - [Quarterly financial statements of medical state institutions]. PMID- 14782570 TI - [Measures undertaken for confiscation of certain drugs]. PMID- 14782572 TI - [Treatment of poliomyelitis in children]. PMID- 14782571 TI - [State action on antabuse]. PMID- 14782573 TI - [Administration of penicillin]. PMID- 14782574 TI - [State of hospitals in the Brno area]. PMID- 14782575 TI - [Progress in Public Health administration in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14782576 TI - [Balneotherapy of skin disease]. PMID- 14782577 TI - [Sea coast climate and skin disease in childhood]. PMID- 14782578 TI - [Balneotherapy of dermatoses and specific systemic disease at the resort]. PMID- 14782579 TI - [Late secondary syphilis]. PMID- 14782580 TI - [Ulcerating gummas of the thigh, before and after penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14782581 TI - [Tertiary syphilis; extensive tubero-serpiginous syphilid]. PMID- 14782582 TI - [Psychotherapy in dermatology]. PMID- 14782583 TI - [Problem of salvarsan encephalitis]. PMID- 14782584 TI - [Centennial of the birth of Paul Gerson Unna]. PMID- 14782585 TI - [Psoriasis and Kobner's phenomenon]. PMID- 14782586 TI - [External treatment with penicillin salves]. PMID- 14782587 TI - [Injuries of the human hair due to cold permanent waving]. PMID- 14782588 TI - [Allergic exanthema following BCG vaccination]. PMID- 14782589 TI - [Bone modifications of congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14782590 TI - [Conjugal lymphogranulomatosis inguinalis]. PMID- 14782591 TI - [Etiology of scarlet fever]. PMID- 14782592 TI - [Effect of serum from patients treated with TB I on multiplication of the tubercle bacillus]. PMID- 14782594 TI - [Amebiasis of the urinary tract]. PMID- 14782593 TI - [Results of further investigations on the nature of the antibiotic substance produced by the streptococci of human saliva]. PMID- 14782595 TI - [Positive paternity tests]. PMID- 14782596 TI - [Is the C fraction of the enterococci group- or type-specific?]. PMID- 14782597 TI - [Preparation and use of bovine anti-O serum]. PMID- 14782598 TI - [Investigations on increased erythrocyte agglutination produced by the enzymes of viral and bacterial cultures]. PMID- 14782599 TI - [Investigations of the nature of, and sources of error in, Sabin and Feldman's blood-staining test for toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 14782600 TI - [Penicillin in emulsion]. PMID- 14782601 TI - [Minute volume in myocardial infarction]. PMID- 14782602 TI - [Studies in the interpretation of the precordial electrocardiogram]. PMID- 14782603 TI - [Disorders of circulatory function following sympathectomy in arteriosclerotic hypertension]. PMID- 14782604 TI - [Forms of hypotension]. PMID- 14782605 TI - [Sphygmographic determination of circulation minute volume in sudden modifications of circulatory function]. PMID- 14782606 TI - [Etiology of pneumatocele of the frontal sinus]. PMID- 14782607 TI - [Necessity of surgical intervention in tertiary tumorous syphilis of the sinuses and orbit]. PMID- 14782608 TI - [Histologic studies on the development of the palatine tonsils, with special consideration of the epithelium]. PMID- 14782609 TI - [Delayed labyrinthitis following radical operation]. PMID- 14782610 TI - [A new method of objectifying Weber's test]. PMID- 14782611 TI - [The basal view in roentgen diagnosis of disease of the frontal sinus]. PMID- 14782612 TI - [Erythrocyte sedimentation reaction in otorhinolaryngeal disease]. PMID- 14782613 TI - [Treatment of neck wounds which lay open or transect the hypopharynx]. PMID- 14782614 TI - [Neutralization of milk]. PMID- 14782615 TI - [Extraneous water content of sausage meat in natural and artificial casings]. PMID- 14782616 TI - [Counting bacteria and yeast cells in dough and bread with Thoma's counter]. PMID- 14782617 TI - [Effect of heat upon taste, proteolytic inhibitors and biologic valency in leguminous plants]. PMID- 14782618 TI - [Investigations on the damage to water-poor food substances caused by osmophilic microorganisms. I. Damage caused by osmophilic yeast]. PMID- 14782619 TI - [Carbohydrates of Helianthus tuberosus, and their hibernal modification]. PMID- 14782620 TI - [New dulcigens. II. Identification and determination of l-n-propoxy-2-amino-4 nitrobenzene]. PMID- 14782622 TI - [Qualitative analysis of certain polyatomic alcohols, with special reference to 1,3-butylene glycol]. PMID- 14782621 TI - [Synoptic classification of ready-to-eat foods and food preparations]. PMID- 14782623 TI - [Toxicologic determination of methyl alcohol by the production of the methyl ester of p-bromobenzoic acid]. PMID- 14782624 TI - [Pathophysiology of muscular rheumatism]. PMID- 14782625 TI - [Herniation of the lumbar disks]. PMID- 14782626 TI - [Phlebologic treatment of rheumatid arthritis]. PMID- 14782627 TI - [Spectrographic examination of various oxydative transformations of ascorbic acid]. PMID- 14782628 TI - On the lipolytic capacity of some laboratory animals; graphic registration of the monomolecular velocity constant of lipase-activity. PMID- 14782629 TI - The effect of insulin on food intake and selection of mice. PMID- 14782630 TI - [Effect of development accelerants upon the hibernating larvae of Anopheles]. PMID- 14782631 TI - [Effect of local anesthetics of different structure upon cholinesterase activity in human serum]. PMID- 14782632 TI - [Relation between induction of convulsions and the inhibitory effect of certain drugs upon the enzymolysis of the activator substance of the sensory nerves]. PMID- 14782633 TI - [Prepuberal hormonal regulation of body heat. II. Effect of thymectomy and thymus extracts upon the effect of warm serum]. PMID- 14782634 TI - [Investigations of the effect of hormones on the estrous cycle of Lebistes reticulatus Pet]. PMID- 14782635 TI - [Inhibitory effect of ergot alkaloids and their dihydro derivatives upon metabolic increase due to adrenalin]. PMID- 14782636 TI - [Antipernicious action of extracts of autolyzed mammalian liver; investigations in the pathogenesis and treatment of pernicious anemia]. PMID- 14782637 TI - [Anti-pernicious substances in urine; investigations in the pathogenesis and treatment of pernicious anemia]. PMID- 14782638 TI - Synthesis of 3-methyl-4-amino-1-naphthol hydrochloride (vitamin K7) and related vitamin-K-active compounds. PMID- 14782639 TI - [Humoral regulation of normal erythropoiesis]. PMID- 14782640 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14782641 TI - [Malformation of the lobus quadratus of the liver in a two-day old child]. PMID- 14782642 TI - [Cerebrospinal aracnothelioma]. PMID- 14782644 TI - [Pseudomyxoma of appendicular origin]. PMID- 14782643 TI - [Sclerosis of the intracranial branch of the internal carotid caused by pressure of a meningioma]. PMID- 14782645 TI - [New rapid method of decalcifying bony tissue for histologic examination at the operating table]. PMID- 14782646 TI - [Clinically significant myomas of the duodenum and their different growth forms, including so-called primary and secondary diverticular myomas]. PMID- 14782647 TI - [Culpability and admissibility in clinical autopsies]. PMID- 14782648 TI - [A deformity in the chick]. PMID- 14782649 TI - [Description of a monosymmetric thoracocephalopagus]. PMID- 14782650 TI - [Occurrence of aortal, pericardial and intracardiac accessory thyroids]. PMID- 14782651 TI - [Organoid formations of the peripheral autonomic reticulum as an expression of the failure of supraordinate regulatory centers]. PMID- 14782652 TI - [Phlorhizin diabetes and alkaline phosphatase]. PMID- 14782653 TI - [Progress in industrial microbiology]. PMID- 14782654 TI - [Recent findings on lipoid formation in the mycobacteria]. PMID- 14782655 TI - [New viewpoints on the microbiology of soil]. PMID- 14782656 TI - [Anthrax in the leather industry]. PMID- 14782657 TI - [Problem of virotic potato blight]. PMID- 14782658 TI - [Indole formation]. PMID- 14782659 TI - [Parasitology and serology of toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 14782660 TI - [Chemical nature of the animal growth factor, and conditions prerequisite to the development of mesotrophy (semi-nutrition)]. PMID- 14782661 TI - [Protein auto-antibodies]. PMID- 14782662 TI - [Mode of action of certain chemotherapeutics]. PMID- 14782663 TI - [Bacteriostatic properties of thiocarbamic acid derivatives]. PMID- 14782664 TI - [Effect of serum from tuberculosis patients treated with Tb1/698 upon the growth of the tubercle bacillus]. PMID- 14782665 TI - [Gelatine conglutination test in Rh determination]. PMID- 14782666 TI - [Third means of infection in oxyuriasis, retorfection]. PMID- 14782667 TI - [For further development of Pavlov's theory]. PMID- 14782669 TI - [Phenomenon of polarity in plant cells]. PMID- 14782668 TI - [Pathophysiological origin of chronic tympanites in gray lambs and new data on rumenal digestion in sheep]. PMID- 14782671 TI - [Autolysis and lysis of bacterial cell]. PMID- 14782670 TI - [Metabolic rate and size of crustaceans]. PMID- 14782672 TI - [Chronic avitaminosis B2 (ariboflaminosis)]. PMID- 14782673 TI - Liver steatosis in undernourished Chilean children. I. Its evolution as followed by serial puncture biopsies. PMID- 14782674 TI - Liver steatosis in undernourished Chilean children. II. Study on some liver function tests. PMID- 14782675 TI - Liver steatosis in undernourished Chilean children. III. Evaluation of choline treatment with repeated liver biopsies. PMID- 14782676 TI - Dysentery due to sulfonamide-resistant Shigella sonnei controlled with chloromycetin. PMID- 14782677 TI - Effect of the National Health Service of Great Britain on child care in England, Scotland and Wales. PMID- 14782678 TI - Enrichment of milk vitamin A in normal lactating women. A comparison following administration of vitamin A in aqueous and oily mediums. PMID- 14782679 TI - Plasma prothrombin in infantile diarrhea. PMID- 14782680 TI - Duration of acute leukemia in children. Review of the literature and report of a case of unusually long survival. PMID- 14782681 TI - Ependymoma of lateral ventricle. Report of a case of more than twelve years' survival. PMID- 14782682 TI - Multiple subdural hematomas in an infant. PMID- 14782684 TI - Immature cell erythremia. PMID- 14782683 TI - Addison's disease in a five and one-half year old boy. PMID- 14782685 TI - Bipartite navicular bone as a cause of flatfoot. PMID- 14782686 TI - Large ovarian cyst in a newborn infant. PMID- 14782687 TI - Studies on the L. E. phenomenon. PMID- 14782688 TI - Pemphigus vulgaris; a clinicopathological study of 100 cases. PMID- 14782689 TI - Formaldehyde in the treatment of warts. PMID- 14782690 TI - Abnormalities in the chemical composition of the skin surface film in psoriasis. PMID- 14782692 TI - Dryness of the mouth. PMID- 14782691 TI - Cheilitis glandularis; a manifestation of emotional disturbance. PMID- 14782693 TI - Macrocytic anemia and impaired liver function in eczematous and certain other dermatoses. PMID- 14782694 TI - Hidradenoma of the vulva. PMID- 14782695 TI - Multiple glomus tumors. PMID- 14782696 TI - Chloromycetin for eczema and pruritus of the ear canal. PMID- 14782698 TI - Perleche from penicillin dust. PMID- 14782697 TI - Use of aureomycin ointment in sycosis vulgaris; report of a case. PMID- 14782699 TI - Alopecia from hair straightening. PMID- 14782700 TI - Topical use of neomycin; preliminary report. PMID- 14782701 TI - Squamous cell epithelioma, ten years after treatment. PMID- 14782702 TI - Chronic lymphedema of the face. PMID- 14782704 TI - A case for diagnosis: acanthosis nigricans, juvenile type? PMID- 14782703 TI - Atrophic changes in the hands resembling sclerodactylia, associated with myocardial infarction. PMID- 14782705 TI - Congenital defect of the scalp and left eye. PMID- 14782706 TI - Generalized nevoxantho-endothelioma. PMID- 14782707 TI - A case for diagnosis: lichen planus keloidiformis? PMID- 14782708 TI - Poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare. PMID- 14782709 TI - Trichinosis. PMID- 14782710 TI - Cutaneous manifestations of lymphoma. PMID- 14782711 TI - Paraffinoma of the arms with granulomatous lesions over the elbows. PMID- 14782712 TI - Dermatopathic lymphadenitis (lipomelanotic reticulosis of lymph node in a case of generalized dermatitis). PMID- 14782713 TI - Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. PMID- 14782714 TI - Chronic granuloma. PMID- 14782715 TI - Poikiloderma of Civatte. PMID- 14782716 TI - Depigmentation following application of modified benzyl benzoate lotion. PMID- 14782717 TI - Histoplasmosis involving tongue, larynx, lungs and probably liver. PMID- 14782718 TI - Blastomycosis of skin and prostate. PMID- 14782719 TI - A case for diagnosis: lupus erythematosus? dermatomyositis? parapsoriasis en plaque (pathologic diagnosis of the thigh lesion). PMID- 14782720 TI - Progeria. PMID- 14782721 TI - Bowen's disease of the glans penis. PMID- 14782722 TI - Gumma of the right side of the face; noduloulcerative syphilis of the arms; asymptomatic neurosyphilis. PMID- 14782723 TI - Bowen's disease. PMID- 14782724 TI - Stack disposal of chemical waste. PMID- 14782725 TI - Significance of sickness disability laws as social legislation. PMID- 14782726 TI - Relationships of sickness disability insurance to workmen's compensation and unemployment insurance. PMID- 14782727 TI - Underwriting principles in sickness disability insurance. PMID- 14782728 TI - Probable future developments in sickness disability insurance. PMID- 14782729 TI - Problems encountered in inaugurating New York State's disability benefits law. PMID- 14782730 TI - Attitudes of organized labor toward sickness disability insurance. PMID- 14782731 TI - Effects of sickness disability legislation on employee relations. PMID- 14782732 TI - Sickness disability insurance and preventive medicine. PMID- 14782733 TI - Identification of particles in Los Angeles smog by optical and electron microscopy. PMID- 14782734 TI - Toxicity of sulfuric acid mist. PMID- 14782735 TI - A dust study of the building brick industry in Indiana. PMID- 14782736 TI - Acute pulmonary complications following inhalation of chromic acid mist; preliminary observations of 2 patients who inhaled massive amounts of chromic acid. PMID- 14782737 TI - ACTH and cortisone in active infections. PMID- 14782738 TI - Radioactive iodine in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 14782739 TI - Diagnostic and therapeutic use of radioactive iodine. PMID- 14782740 TI - Recession of neuroretinopathy during the course of malignant hypertension; its occurrence in 15 patients who did not receive directed therapy. PMID- 14782741 TI - Primary thrombocytopenic purpura and acquired hemolytic anemia; evidence for a common etiology. PMID- 14782742 TI - Aureomycin in the treatment of bacterial endocarditis; report of 9 cases together with a study of the synergistic action of aureomycin and penicillin in 1 case. PMID- 14782743 TI - Essential hyperlipemia. PMID- 14782744 TI - Gastric changes in pernicious anemia; a review. I. Pathology. PMID- 14782745 TI - Gastric changes in pernicious anemia; a review. II. Physiology. PMID- 14782746 TI - Insulin-resistant diabetes precipitated by cortisone and reversed by nitrogen mustard. PMID- 14782747 TI - Infectious diseases; 16th annual review of significant publications. PMID- 14782748 TI - Capacity of reinnervated muscles to function efficiently after prolonged denervation. PMID- 14782749 TI - The syndrome of anosognosia. PMID- 14782750 TI - One operation cures three people; effect of prefrontal leukotomy on a case of folie a deux et demie. PMID- 14782751 TI - Some biochemical changes observed during agene-induced convulsions. PMID- 14782752 TI - Cecile and Oskar Vogt. PMID- 14782753 TI - Petit mal epilepsy occurring in status. PMID- 14782754 TI - Temperature regulation in schizophrenia. I. Comparison of schizophrenic and normal subjects. II. Analysis by duration of psychosis. PMID- 14782755 TI - Effect of stimulation of area 4s on fasciculations. PMID- 14782756 TI - Brain revascularization after carotid-jugular anastomosis assessed by angiography. PMID- 14782757 TI - Further experiences in treatment of septic meningitis with bacitracin. PMID- 14782758 TI - Adolf Meyer; M. D. 1866-1950. PMID- 14782759 TI - C. Charles Burlingame, M. D. 1885-1950. PMID- 14782760 TI - Treatment of painful phantom limb by removal of the postcentral cerebral cortex. PMID- 14782761 TI - Fibrous dysplasia of the skull. PMID- 14782762 TI - Psychiatric aspects of rehabilitation. PMID- 14782763 TI - Poliomyelitis. IV. A study of the midbrain. PMID- 14782764 TI - Neurological complications of rabies vaccine; report of two cases. PMID- 14782766 TI - Motivations in the rehabilitation of paraplegics. PMID- 14782765 TI - Cerebral circulation in postencephalitic paralysis agitans. PMID- 14782767 TI - Testing visual fields by flicker fusion. PMID- 14782768 TI - Lobotomy and psychopathology. PMID- 14782769 TI - Value of convulsive therapy in juvenile schizophrenia. PMID- 14782770 TI - Pneumoencephalographic changes following prefrontal leukotomy (Freeman-Watts technic). PMID- 14782771 TI - Visual function in preimetrically blind fields. PMID- 14782772 TI - Unselected cases of spina bifida in the newborn treated surgically. PMID- 14782773 TI - Topectomy: Its application in the relief of pain. PMID- 14782774 TI - The struggle for equilibrium. PMID- 14782775 TI - Nerve regeneration in grafts. PMID- 14782776 TI - Clinical use of radioactive diiodofluorescein in diagnosis and localization of tumors of the central nervous system in 105 consecutive patients. PMID- 14782777 TI - Recent contributions to knowledge of the cerebellum. PMID- 14782778 TI - Regeneration of the cauda equina through nerve grafts: An experimental study in monkeys. PMID- 14782779 TI - Topectomy: A surgical procedure for the treatment of mental illnesses. PMID- 14782780 TI - Surgical treatment of intracerebral hematomas. PMID- 14782781 TI - Cases of abortive schizophrenia. PMID- 14782782 TI - Pseudocyesis. A clinical endocrine study. PMID- 14782783 TI - Pseudocyesis: A psychiatric study. PMID- 14782784 TI - Visceral pain: electrocerebral shock therapy as an aid in differentiating structural and psychological causes, with a report of four verified cases. PMID- 14782785 TI - Clinical uses of an evaluation of the Szondi test. PMID- 14782786 TI - Clinical evaluation of mesantoin in treatment of epilepsy. PMID- 14782787 TI - Fissular region of the otic capsule in relation to otosclerosis. PMID- 14782788 TI - Incidence, location and extent of otosclerotic lesions. PMID- 14782789 TI - Otosclerosis; hypothesis of its origin and progress. PMID- 14782790 TI - Influence of systemic and local factors on the development of otosclerosis. PMID- 14782791 TI - Postnatal rebuilding and otosclerotic bone formation in the region of the otic capsule. PMID- 14782792 TI - Critical evaluation of antihistaminic drugs in the common cold. PMID- 14782793 TI - Classification of chronic diseases of nose and accessory sinuses. PMID- 14782794 TI - Streptomycin therapy in oral tuberculosis. PMID- 14782795 TI - Tympanomeatal membrane in the fenestration operation; its relation to bony closure of the fenestra. PMID- 14782796 TI - Use of vinegar as an antibiotic in the treatment of chronic middle ear disease. PMID- 14782797 TI - Rhabdomyosarcoma of the maxillary antrum; 7 year survival following surgical excision and radiation therapy. PMID- 14782798 TI - Histamine treatment of Bell's palsy; report of 5 cases. PMID- 14782799 TI - An operation for relief of stenosis of the stoma following total laryngectomy. PMID- 14782800 TI - A skin resistance audiometer. PMID- 14782801 TI - Infraction of the inferior turbinates. PMID- 14782803 TI - A new nasal splint. PMID- 14782802 TI - Tooth guard for use with Davis mouth gag. PMID- 14782804 TI - Progress in otolaryngology. Summaries of the bibliographic material available in the field of otolaryngology for 1947 and 1948; plastic surgery. PMID- 14782805 TI - HEARING aids accepted by the Council on Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, the American Medical Association as of November 1, 1950. PMID- 14782806 TI - [Use of methyl polymethacrylate as material for bone prosthesis]. PMID- 14782807 TI - [Technic and immediate and remote results of endarteriectomy; conclusions regarding indications]. PMID- 14782808 TI - [Restorative surgery in arteritis]. PMID- 14782809 TI - [Value of cutaneous thermometry in endarteritis obliterans]. PMID- 14782810 TI - [Thermometric examination in the diagnosis of peripheral vascular diseases]. PMID- 14782811 TI - [Direct and retrograde aortography]. PMID- 14782812 TI - [Eosinophilic granuloma of bone; case report]. PMID- 14782813 TI - [Inguinal hernia and a new surgical method]. PMID- 14782814 TI - [Experimental research on the so-called filtrative cholecystitis]. PMID- 14782815 TI - [Isolated pseudotumoral lymphadenitis of the posterior mediastinum]. PMID- 14782816 TI - [Contributions to experimental cardiovascular surgery]. PMID- 14782817 TI - [Plastic surgery of the trachea with homoplastic grafts of segments of preserved trachea; experimental research]. PMID- 14782818 TI - [In memory of Bo Tarras-Wahlberg]. PMID- 14782819 TI - [Calciferol therapy of lupus vulgaris]. PMID- 14782820 TI - [Calciferol therapy of Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]. PMID- 14782821 TI - A survey of the normal and pathological occurrence of mucinous substances and mast cells in the dermal connective tissue in man. PMID- 14782822 TI - On the histaminolytic activity of fungi. PMID- 14782823 TI - Penicillin-arsenoxide-bismuth treatment of early syphilis; follow-up examinations with up to 2 years observation time. PMID- 14782824 TI - Results of single and multiple injection schedules for the treatment of early syphilis with procaine penicillin in oil and aluminum monostearate. PMID- 14782825 TI - Moniliid. PMID- 14782826 TI - Lupus erythematosus disseminatus acutus (illustration). PMID- 14782827 TI - Pseudoxanthoma elasticum lipodystrophica faciei. PMID- 14782828 TI - Porokeratosis mibelli (illustration). PMID- 14782829 TI - Herpes gestationis (illustration). PMID- 14782830 TI - Radiodermatitis following treatment of congenital plantar keratoderma. PMID- 14782831 TI - Hister (Saprinus seneus) as the cause of a skin lesion. PMID- 14782832 TI - Xanthelasma areolare multiplex (Rihl-Arzt), Xanthomatosis cutis. PMID- 14782833 TI - Treatment of a patient for sanocrysin dermatitis with BAL. PMID- 14782834 TI - [Contribution to the study of steroid hormones derived from pregnene in the female rabbit. I. Metabolism of progesterone and of desoxycorticosterone of endogenous origin]. PMID- 14782835 TI - [Contribution to the study of steroid hormones derived from pregnene in the female rabbit. II. Metabolism of progesterone and of desoxycorticosterone of exogenous origin]. PMID- 14782836 TI - The action of human chorionic gonadotrophin preparations on the adrenals and testicles of hypophysectomized immature rats. PMID- 14782837 TI - Abruptio placentae in guinea pigs following treatment with oestrogen. PMID- 14782838 TI - [Function of the adrenal cortex with special reference to the glomerular zone; adrenal cortex and skin pigmentation]. PMID- 14782839 TI - Dermatomyositis (poikilodermatomyositis) treated with ACTH and aureomycin. PMID- 14782840 TI - Hematological changes in a case of rheumatoid arthritis treated with adrenocorticotropic hormone. PMID- 14782841 TI - [Hyperglobulinemic purpura; morphologic peculiarities and pathogenic investigations]. PMID- 14782842 TI - Contribution to the knowledge of hypersplenism. PMID- 14782843 TI - [Method of determining prothrombokinase concentration in the blood]. PMID- 14782844 TI - The American literature on hematology of 1949. PMID- 14782845 TI - [Role of lymphatic vessels in the origin of edema]. PMID- 14782846 TI - Influence of experimental local medullary hypoxia on the number of red blood corpuscles. PMID- 14782847 TI - Additional data to the blood supply of the bone-marrow in dogs. PMID- 14782848 TI - Mechanism of erythrocytosis developed through experimental local medullary hypoxia. PMID- 14782849 TI - [Physical allergy; physical allergodermatoses]. PMID- 14782850 TI - Effect of vagus exclusion on the atophan (cinchophen) ulcer of dogs. PMID- 14782851 TI - [Bone marrow and anaphylaxis]. PMID- 14782852 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14782853 TI - Histoplasmin and tuberculin sensitivity among Filipino medical and nursing students. PMID- 14782854 TI - Some clinical aspects of shock. PMID- 14782855 TI - Congenital neurosyphilis. PMID- 14782856 TI - Surgery of congenital heart diseases with a case report. PMID- 14782857 TI - Vitamin D2 in cutaneous tuberculosis; (progress report). PMID- 14782858 TI - Poisoning in children. PMID- 14782859 TI - Glucose-tolerance test in the diagnosis of dysfunction vegetativa digestiva (preulcer syndrome). PMID- 14782860 TI - Polycythaemia vera. Course and prognosis. PMID- 14782861 TI - The distribution of congo red in the tissues. PMID- 14782862 TI - Experimental variations in the T-wave of the electrocardiogram. PMID- 14782863 TI - The relationship between the heart frequency and the S-T level of the electrocardiogram. PMID- 14782864 TI - Determination of serum prothrombin with a two-stage method, using alcohol to block antithrombin activity. PMID- 14782865 TI - Observations on prothrombin consumption during clotting of normal blood in glass. PMID- 14782866 TI - Studies on serum prothrombin in hemophilia. PMID- 14782867 TI - [On the toxicity of lithium chloride]. PMID- 14782868 TI - Polycythaemia vera; coexisting with malignant tumours (particularly hypernephroma). PMID- 14782869 TI - On the artificial kidney XV. Fluid balance between blood and saline during dialytic treatment. PMID- 14782870 TI - Arachnodactyly--status dysraphicus--gliosis. PMID- 14782871 TI - Diabetes and pregnancy. PMID- 14782872 TI - Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14782873 TI - The role of skeletal muscles in the pathogenesis of diseases. PMID- 14782874 TI - Punctate basophilia in the erythrocyte with especial reference to Rietti-Greppi Micheli's anemia. PMID- 14782875 TI - Sulfonamide hematuria; frequency of injury to the urinary tract as estimated on the basis of 6,084 cases treated with different sulfonamide preparations. PMID- 14782876 TI - The roentgen treatment of bronchial asthma. PMID- 14782877 TI - Proceedings of the XXI Scandinavian Congress for Internal Medicine held in Copenhagen from 28th June to 30th June 1948. PMID- 14782878 TI - The effect of blood-transfusions on the kidney function of chronic nephritis with anemia. PMID- 14782879 TI - Some experiences and problems in treating renal insufficiency: I. Extracorporeal dialysis of the blood in vivo in cases of uremia; 22 treatments on 18 cases. II. Fluid balance problems in cases of acute oliguria; anuria due to acute nephritis, incompatible blood transfusions lower-nephron nephrosis and so on i. a. illustrating the risks of excessive electrolyte-fluid supply and the i. a. illustrating the risks of the modern electrolyte; fluid therapy and the importance of continual weight control. PMID- 14782880 TI - On the effect of plasma transfusions in cases of nephrogenic hypoproteinemia. PMID- 14782881 TI - On the mechanism of glycosuria. II. Factors affecting the appearance and duration of glycosuria. PMID- 14782882 TI - New experiences with regard to the development of the red blood corpuscles. PMID- 14782883 TI - Chronic anaemia caused by autoagglutinins. PMID- 14782884 TI - Megaloblastic non-pernicious anemias. PMID- 14782886 TI - Liver cases from Aker Hospital 1945-48. PMID- 14782885 TI - Decrease of renninogenuria; determinated with a new method in pernicious anemia, and its diagnostic value in liver-treated patients. PMID- 14782887 TI - The differential-diagnostic importance of liver biopsy with special regard to operation. PMID- 14782889 TI - Hepatitis in Copenhagen; on the cause of the frequency of chronic hepatitis during the epidemic in the forties. PMID- 14782888 TI - Steroid hormones in hepatitis. PMID- 14782890 TI - Behavior of isolated serum proteins in the sublimate and thymol reactions. PMID- 14782891 TI - The cephalin-cholesterol reaction; an account of the value of the reaction as an adjuvant in liver diagnosis. PMID- 14782893 TI - Spontaneous precipitation of crystalline globulin in myeloma serums. PMID- 14782892 TI - Size of the lymphocytes in the circulating blood under normal, and some pathological conditions. PMID- 14782894 TI - A case of plasmocytoma treated with urethane. PMID- 14782895 TI - Argentaffine cells and pernicious anemia; occurrence of Castle's intrinsic factor and argentaffine cells in fundus, pylorus and duodenum of man and the pig. PMID- 14782896 TI - On the amount of urobilin excreted in urine and faeces in pernicious tape-worm anaemia and its relation to the reticulocyte crisis. PMID- 14782897 TI - Megaloblastic hemolytic anemia. PMID- 14782898 TI - Intravenous iron therapy. PMID- 14782899 TI - The influence of anisotonic salines on thrombocytes from normal and anemic persons. PMID- 14782900 TI - Phagocytic activities of various types of leucocytes. PMID- 14782901 TI - Antistreptolysin and antistaphylolysin titres in polyarthritis, pleurisy and pulmonary tuberculosis as compared with peptic ulcer and asthma. PMID- 14782902 TI - On Reiter's syndrome, with special reference to cardiac complications and familial occurrence of the syndrome. PMID- 14782904 TI - Diagnostic significance of the cold agglutination. PMID- 14782903 TI - The treatment of Pfeiffer's meningitis. PMID- 14782905 TI - 6 Cases of prostatic cancer treated with stilboestrol. PMID- 14782906 TI - Malignant lymphoma. PMID- 14782907 TI - Determination of the cardiac output and the blood volume in the lungs and in the right and left heart by means of dye dilution curves. PMID- 14782908 TI - Death from degenerative cardio-vascular diseases in Norway during the last war. PMID- 14782909 TI - A simple formula for clinical interpretation of the QT interval. PMID- 14782910 TI - Calcification of the left annulus fibrosus (230 cases). PMID- 14782911 TI - On the pathogenesis of the WPW syndrome. PMID- 14782912 TI - On the frequency of benign, paroxysmal cardiac affections. PMID- 14782913 TI - Paroxysmal auricular fibrillation; a follow-up study of 68 patients. PMID- 14782914 TI - Obesity and its treatment. PMID- 14782915 TI - Does butter fatten? PMID- 14782916 TI - Some aspects on causes of death of diabetics. PMID- 14782917 TI - The insulin-sensitivity of diabetics. PMID- 14782918 TI - Investigations of the bone chemistry in man. PMID- 14782919 TI - Intravenous iron loadings of patients with infections. PMID- 14782920 TI - Determination of ascorbic acid in blood by the dinitrophenylhydrazine method. PMID- 14782921 TI - Method for quantitative estimation of pepsin in gastric contents. PMID- 14782922 TI - On the value of gastroscopy as a routine examination. PMID- 14782923 TI - The relation between gastric and duodenal ulcer and cancer of the stomach. PMID- 14782924 TI - Ulcus diseases in the aged. PMID- 14782925 TI - Cachexia and other complications of peptic ulcer diagnosed erroneously. PMID- 14782926 TI - Criteria for surgical intervention in bleeding peptic ulcer. PMID- 14782927 TI - The effect of dimethylaminoethyl benzhydryl ether hydrochloride (amidryl) on gastric secretion in peptic ulcer patients. PMID- 14782928 TI - On heart catheterization, with special reference to the diagnosis of congenital malformations of the heart. PMID- 14782929 TI - Measuring of the intra-arterial blood pressure during exercise. PMID- 14782930 TI - Heart catheterization in persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. PMID- 14782931 TI - A comparison between the direct Fick and the Grollman methods for determination of the cardiac output in man. PMID- 14782932 TI - Heart symptoms in adolescent girls. PMID- 14782933 TI - Circulatory changes in pregnancy. PMID- 14782934 TI - Cardiac functional test in effort syndrome. PMID- 14782935 TI - The influence of age, sex, nourishment and heredity on the results of some clinical laboratory tests. PMID- 14782936 TI - The correlation serum-ascorbic-acid serum-iron in infections. PMID- 14782937 TI - Determination of salicylic acid in serum and toxic blood changes in intensive treatment with salicylic acid. PMID- 14782938 TI - Treatment of diabetes mellitus by mixtures of regular insulin and protamine insulin. PMID- 14782939 TI - Renal excretion of ketone bodies. PMID- 14782940 TI - Osteomalacia columnae; a follow-up study. PMID- 14782941 TI - Bacteriological examination of the duodenal content with the aid of a special tube. PMID- 14782942 TI - Hunger diarrhea. PMID- 14782943 TI - Symptomatology of neurasthenia. PMID- 14782944 TI - Mobilizing treatment of thrombo-phlebitis. PMID- 14782945 TI - On changes in the blood coagulation time immediately after mental irritation and physical exercise. PMID- 14782947 TI - Bronchostenosis of presumably unspecific inflammatory origin. PMID- 14782946 TI - Osteo-dermatopathia hypertroficans. PMID- 14782948 TI - Recrystallized insulin for diabetics with insulin allergy. PMID- 14782949 TI - On the significance of exposure and provocation tests in allergic diagnostics. PMID- 14782950 TI - Provocation tests through inhalation of allergen extracts; experiments with objective registration of the discomforts. PMID- 14782951 TI - Control studies on the specificity of specific desensitization. PMID- 14782952 TI - The testing of pulmonary function. PMID- 14782953 TI - The respiratory changes during attacks of bronchial asthma. PMID- 14782954 TI - On registration of peripheral vascular responses. PMID- 14782955 TI - Peripheral vascular reactions during smoking tobacco. PMID- 14782956 TI - The prognosis of eclamptic toxemia of pregnancy. PMID- 14782957 TI - Tonoscillography after exercise as an early diagnostic method in organic peripheral arterial disease. PMID- 14782958 TI - Treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure by sodium chloride poor diet. PMID- 14782959 TI - A comparison of the retinal vessels in elderly persons with normal blood pressure with those in patients with chronic hypertension; preliminary report. PMID- 14782960 TI - Follow-ups of electrocardiograms for 264 non-treated hypertonics. PMID- 14782961 TI - Effect on blood pressure of tetraethyl ammonium bromide. PMID- 14782962 TI - Hypogonadism in young women; pathogenetic considerations and experiments of treatment with chorionic gonadotrophin (physex Leo). PMID- 14782963 TI - A critical estimation of the effect of chorionic gonadotropic hormone treatment on male hypogonadism by prostatic production of acid phosphatase. PMID- 14782964 TI - Is proportioned dwarfism of pituitary origin? PMID- 14782965 TI - Hyperparathyroidism in two sisters. PMID- 14782966 TI - The clinical use of methyl or propyl thiouracil. PMID- 14782967 TI - The effect of thiouracil-derivatives on itching dermatoses in some non-thyrotoxic patients. PMID- 14782968 TI - Dehydration in thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 14782969 TI - The influence of blood pressure and body weight on the atherosclerosis of aorta. PMID- 14782970 TI - On the significance of bed rest for the development of the acute attack of gout. PMID- 14782971 TI - Periocular hyper-pigmentation (masque biliaire) and its relation to biliary and genitourinary tract diseases. PMID- 14782972 TI - On the adrenalin concentration in blood. PMID- 14782973 TI - Seasonal variations in the choline content of human serum. PMID- 14782974 TI - On the reproduction of dental articulation by means of articulators. PMID- 14782975 TI - Central retinal vein thrombosis and hemorrhagic glaucoma. PMID- 14782976 TI - [Mass vaccination for diphtheria; results in Spain]. PMID- 14782977 TI - [Surgery of heart diseases]. PMID- 14782978 TI - [Personal observations on anterior acute poliomyelitis in the last 3 years]. PMID- 14782979 TI - [Prophylaxis of hypoprothrombinemic hemorrhages in newborn; obligatory application of the measures]. PMID- 14782980 TI - [Hematologic studies of whooping cough]. PMID- 14782981 TI - [Post-encephalitic syndrome with preferential localization in the cerebello rubrospinal system]. PMID- 14782982 TI - [Observations on Greig's disease (ocular hypertelorism)]. PMID- 14782983 TI - [Skin tuberculosis]. PMID- 14782984 TI - [Poliomyelitis; epidemiologic studies; prophylaxis and therapy]. PMID- 14782985 TI - [Prematures and vitamin E]. PMID- 14782986 TI - [Whooping cough and nervous system]. PMID- 14782987 TI - [Infantile pulmonary atelectasis]. PMID- 14782988 TI - [Congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14782989 TI - [Anoxic syndrome in newborn]. PMID- 14782990 TI - [Use and abuse of chloromycetin in typhoid fever]. PMID- 14782991 TI - [Base binding in muscle]. PMID- 14782992 TI - Variable-capacity apparatus for rapid electrodialysis. PMID- 14782993 TI - [Suitability of actomyosin filaments for a model of muscles]. PMID- 14782994 TI - The adrenalin reversal reaction of the uterus muscle. PMID- 14782995 TI - Psychogenic elevation of body temperature in healthy persons. PMID- 14782996 TI - The adrenolytic and sympathicolytic efficiency of ergot alkaloids. PMID- 14782997 TI - The pregnancy test with male frogs. PMID- 14782998 TI - Morphin-prostigmin synergismus. PMID- 14782999 TI - [Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (Armstrong) diseases in Hungary]. PMID- 14783000 TI - Antigenic behaviour of fibrinogen. PMID- 14783001 TI - Classification of Sh. flexneri. PMID- 14783002 TI - Haemorrhagic gastric erosions and duodenum-pigmentation in rats following parenteral administration of solutions of tannic acid. PMID- 14783003 TI - [Indications for physiotherapy in cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 14783004 TI - [Sex hormones and epiphyseal cartilage]. PMID- 14783005 TI - [Practical use of ultrasonics]. PMID- 14783006 TI - [Creno-climatic treatment in cardiovascular disease of endocrine origin]. PMID- 14783007 TI - [New data on the therapy of leg ulcers due to circulatory and other causes]. PMID- 14783008 TI - [Treatment of angina pectoris by injections of thermal gas]. PMID- 14783009 TI - [Considerations of the clinical, pathogenic and therapeutic aspects of tuberculosis of the bronchi]. PMID- 14783010 TI - [Decongestive action of streptomycin in evolutive pulmonary tuberculosis; radiologic study]. PMID- 14783011 TI - [B.C.G vaccination campaign in a mixed community in Brussels]. PMID- 14783012 TI - [Biological question on the agenda of the XI Conference of the Internation Union against Tuberculosis: Tubercle bacilli and chemotherapeutic agents (antibiotics, etc.); sensitivity, resistance and dependence]. PMID- 14783013 TI - [Notes on the antituberculosis campaign in the colonies]. PMID- 14783014 TI - [Surgical exeresis in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14783015 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis in the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg from 1945 to 1949]. PMID- 14783016 TI - [The difficulties of "placement" of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis therapy]. PMID- 14783017 TI - Bovine tuberculosis in man in Amsterdam before, during and after the war. PMID- 14783018 TI - Second part of mass-examination for tuberculosis in the municipality of Copenhagen, 1947/48. PMID- 14783019 TI - Collective results of mass-examinations for tuberculosis in the municipality of Copenhagen, 1946 and 1947/48. PMID- 14783020 TI - Streptomycin-sensitivity determination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in deep primary culture using liquid ascitic medium. PMID- 14783021 TI - [First experiences and results with Michetti's disinsertion]. PMID- 14783022 TI - Continued investigations into the treatment and prognosis of non-cavitating tuberculous chest lesions. PMID- 14783023 TI - Preliminary results of 248 thoracoscopies with 150 adhesion sections. PMID- 14783024 TI - Intermittent excretion of bacilli in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14783025 TI - [Pulmonary hemorrhage and the diurnal rhythm; studies in clinical rhythmology. III]. PMID- 14783026 TI - Is an increased tuberculin reaction in a person with B.C.G. indicative of infection with virulent tubercle bacilli? PMID- 14783027 TI - Some clinical features of tuberculosis. 1. Incubation period. PMID- 14783028 TI - [Thiosemicarbazone therapy of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14783029 TI - Primary pulmonary tuberculosis in two children in association with a fall into sewage contaminated water. PMID- 14783030 TI - Arterial oxygen saturation in pulmonary tuberculosis before and after thoracoplasty. PMID- 14783031 TI - The significance of erythema nodosum tuberculosum. PMID- 14783032 TI - Applications in the carbohydrate field of reductive desulfurization by Raney nickel. PMID- 14783033 TI - Enzymatic synthesis of sucrose and other disaccharides. PMID- 14783034 TI - Principles underlying enzyme specificity in the domain of carbohydrates. PMID- 14783035 TI - Enzymes acting on peptic substances. PMID- 14783036 TI - The relative crystallinity of celluloses. PMID- 14783037 TI - The commercial production of crystalline dextrose. PMID- 14783038 TI - The methyl ethers of D-glucose. PMID- 14783039 TI - Anhydrides of the pentitols and hexitols. PMID- 14783040 TI - Action of certain alpha amylases. PMID- 14783041 TI - Xylan. PMID- 14783042 TI - Dislocation of the patella; case report. PMID- 14783043 TI - Obstetrical anaesthesia. PMID- 14783044 TI - Constrictive pericarditis. PMID- 14783046 TI - Alberta mental health activities. PMID- 14783045 TI - Studies on the mammary gland. PMID- 14783047 TI - A report on frog tests in pregnancy. PMID- 14783048 TI - An analysis of 90 consecutive cases of surgical disorders of the biliary tract. PMID- 14783049 TI - Medical economics of 1950. PMID- 14783050 TI - Some observation after 25 years in the combined practice of radiology and dermatology. PMID- 14783051 TI - Management of the bladder following spinal injuries. PMID- 14783052 TI - Simplified physiotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14783053 TI - [Lipoid nephrosis and hepatic steatosis]. PMID- 14783054 TI - [Pulmonary echinococcosis and Pierre Marie's hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy]. PMID- 14783055 TI - [Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (epidemic nummular keratitis, shipyard conjunctivitis)]. PMID- 14783056 TI - [Practical notes on the treatment of permanent arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14783057 TI - [Action of aureomycin in two cases of sluggish pneumonia]. PMID- 14783058 TI - [Aureomycin in two cases of amebic suppurative hepatitis]. PMID- 14783059 TI - [Megaloblastic anemia probably due to deficiency]. PMID- 14783060 TI - [Primary epithelioma of the liver with massive necrosis]. PMID- 14783061 TI - An appreciation of Frank N. Wilson, M.D. PMID- 14783062 TI - The left intraventricular potential of the human heart. I. Method. PMID- 14783063 TI - The left intraventricular potential of the human heart. II. Criteria for diagnosis of incomplete bundle branch block. PMID- 14783064 TI - The superiority of the Wilson leads and the value of unipolar limb and precordial derivations in clinical electrocardiography. PMID- 14783065 TI - The aV limb leads in the diagnosis of ventricular strain. PMID- 14783066 TI - Water and electrolyte balance during recovery from severe congestive failure on a 50 milligram sodium diet. PMID- 14783067 TI - Presystolic pulsations of the liver in the absence of tricuspid disease. PMID- 14783068 TI - Electrocardiographic changes associated with patchy myocardial fibrosis in the absence of confluent myocardial infarction; an anatomic correlative study. PMID- 14783069 TI - The incidence of rheumatic heart disease in native school children of Dade County, Florida. PMID- 14783070 TI - A simply prepared, standardized, and relatively stable thromboplastin extract for estimation of prothrombin time. PMID- 14783071 TI - Calcification of the left atrium in rheumatic heart disease. PMID- 14783072 TI - Mercumatilin (cumertilin); a new mercurial diuretic for the treatment of congestive heart failure. PMID- 14783073 TI - Nontraumatic aortic perforations into gastrointestinal tract; review of the literature and report of an unusual case. PMID- 14783074 TI - Rupture of an abdominal aneurysm associated with massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. PMID- 14783075 TI - Spontaneous hyperpotassemia as a cause of death in diabetic acidosis. PMID- 14783076 TI - The clinical value of theophylline in heart disease. PMID- 14783077 TI - Cytologic examination of breast secretions. PMID- 14783078 TI - Experimental production of "L.E." cells. PMID- 14783079 TI - Pathologic findings in premature infants. PMID- 14783080 TI - Serum prothrombin time, a composite effect. PMID- 14783081 TI - Efficiency of slide culture of tubercle bacilli. PMID- 14783082 TI - The counting of blood cells by phase microscopy. PMID- 14783083 TI - Myocardial lesions in disseminated coccidioidomycosis. PMID- 14783084 TI - Hypokalemic myocarditis; report of 2 cases. PMID- 14783085 TI - Acute hemolytic anemia complicating infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 14783086 TI - The use of control charts in the clinical laboratory. PMID- 14783087 TI - Use of red cells modified by papain for detection of Rh antibodies. PMID- 14783088 TI - Metallo-penicillins; plasma concentrations of penicillin after oral administration. PMID- 14783089 TI - In vitro susceptibility of human pathogenic actinomycetes to chloramphenicol (chloromycetin). PMID- 14783090 TI - A time-saving device for the counting of reticulocytes. PMID- 14783091 TI - A simple method of simulating Bence Jones protein. PMID- 14783092 TI - The dubos medium in routine cultivation of tubercle bacilli. PMID- 14783093 TI - Production of hydrogen sulfide by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PMID- 14783094 TI - A card file for keeping blood bank records. PMID- 14783095 TI - Vascular changes in the decidua associated with eclamptogenic toxemia of pregnancy. PMID- 14783096 TI - Studies on the anticoagulant action of heparin. PMID- 14783097 TI - Taenial proglottides in the appendix; possible association with appendicitis; report of cases. PMID- 14783098 TI - Hyperplasia of epithelium of renal tubules and glomerular capsules. PMID- 14783099 TI - The gastrointestinal syndrome of chronic brucellosis. PMID- 14783100 TI - Peptic ulcer perforation into the lesser peritoneal sac. 1. A statistical study of 57 collected cases. PMID- 14783101 TI - Successful management of infantile diarrhea in a general hospital. PMID- 14783102 TI - The cholagogic and choleretic effect of sodium nicotinate. PMID- 14783103 TI - Anti-anemic agents and cholinesterase activity. PMID- 14783104 TI - Chloromycetin and aureomycin in proctology. PMID- 14783105 TI - Ten cases of amoebiasis with arthritic complaints. PMID- 14783106 TI - Idiopathic pneumoperitoneum; a review of the literature and report of one case. PMID- 14783107 TI - The influence of vagotropic and sympathicotropic stimuli on the secretion of gastric mucin and its fractions in man. PMID- 14783108 TI - A resin-gastric mucin mixture in the medical management of peptic ulcer. PMID- 14783109 TI - Effect of shock upon the mortality rate of perforated peptic ulcer. PMID- 14783110 TI - The effects of variable intervals of cooling upon the responses of the lapin intestine and uterus and the feline intestine to histamine, acetylcholine, pituitrin and barium chloride. PMID- 14783111 TI - Activity of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nutshell oil in human ancylostomiasis. PMID- 14783112 TI - Differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. PMID- 14783113 TI - Diverticula of the stomach. PMID- 14783114 TI - A post-operative analysis of the gastric chemistry in cases following gastroenterostomy and partial gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer; inferences on faulty surgery in relation to postoperative symptomatology. PMID- 14783115 TI - A study of dietary factors, alcoholic consumption and laboratory findings in 100 patients with hepatic cirrhosis and 200 non-cirrhotic controls. PMID- 14783116 TI - Parkinsonian tremor, manic-depressive psychosis and servomechanisms. PMID- 14783117 TI - Effect of desoxycorticosterone and ascorbic acid on rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14783118 TI - Studies of palmar hand sweat in healthy subjects and in patients with neurocirculatory asthenia (anxiety neurosis, neurasthenia, effort syndrome) with a description of a simple quantitative method. PMID- 14783119 TI - The effect of aureomycin on certain liver function tests and blood coagulation. PMID- 14783120 TI - Spirometry as a means for studying ventilatory function of patients in mechanical respirators. PMID- 14783122 TI - Familial hemochromatosis; with comments on adrenal function in hemochromatosis. PMID- 14783121 TI - Single cell autographs of bone marrow and blood from rats using radioactive phosphorus. PMID- 14783123 TI - Clot retraction. Its physiological and clinical significance. PMID- 14783124 TI - Treatment of potassium retention in anuria with cation exchange resin; a preliminary report. PMID- 14783125 TI - Colloidal iron; a well tolerated, effective oral hematinic. PMID- 14783126 TI - Inconclusive results of parathormone treatment for essential thrombopenic purpura. PMID- 14783127 TI - Acute barbiturate poisoning; analysis and evaluation of current therapy. PMID- 14783128 TI - Pituitary tumors. PMID- 14783129 TI - Biologic and immunologic properties of tubercle bacilli. PMID- 14783130 TI - Native and acquired resistance to tuberculosis. PMID- 14783131 TI - Pathogenetic concepts of tuberculosis. PMID- 14783132 TI - Course and prognosis of tuberculosis in children. PMID- 14783133 TI - Effects of antimicrobial agents on the tubercle bacillus and on experimental tuberculosis. PMID- 14783134 TI - Antimicrobial therapy in human tuberculosis. PMID- 14783135 TI - Fundamental principles of treatment of tuberculosis, including the use of antibiotics. PMID- 14783136 TI - Changing pattern of tuberculosis control. PMID- 14783137 TI - Tubular transport mechanisms. PMID- 14783138 TI - Myasthenia gravis; review of the literature and report of a case of malignant thymoma. PMID- 14783139 TI - Meningitis due to Pasteurella other than Pasteurella tularensis and Pasteurella pestis. PMID- 14783140 TI - Scleroderma. PMID- 14783141 TI - The new social security law and the nurse. PMID- 14783142 TI - Antibiotics. PMID- 14783143 TI - TO improve the care of the patient. PMID- 14783144 TI - SCHOOL is born on Formosa. PMID- 14783145 TI - A visiting nurse service in industry. PMID- 14783146 TI - The workshop at work for legislation. PMID- 14783148 TI - American nursing on the roof of the world. PMID- 14783147 TI - 1951 Inventory of professional registered nurses. PMID- 14783149 TI - Tidal drainage--its present status. PMID- 14783150 TI - Inservice staff education. PMID- 14783151 TI - A plan for better health. PMID- 14783152 TI - The nurse-leader in group psychotherapy. PMID- 14783153 TI - The nurse as an active member of the psychiatric team. PMID- 14783154 TI - Red Cross nurse's aides. PMID- 14783155 TI - State labor legislation. PMID- 14783156 TI - Whooping Cough. PMID- 14783157 TI - Medical records course for nurses. PMID- 14783158 TI - Streamlining tray service. PMID- 14783159 TI - Nursing in Germany. PMID- 14783160 TI - Nursing in Austria. PMID- 14783161 TI - Gout. PMID- 14783162 TI - An insulin therapy cart. PMID- 14783163 TI - Care of the patient after death. PMID- 14783164 TI - Is this part of your antepartal program? PMID- 14783165 TI - Integration of body mechanics and posture in nursing. PMID- 14783166 TI - Student advisers. PMID- 14783167 TI - State-approved schools 1950. PMID- 14783168 TI - Fun for all. PMID- 14783169 TI - Team work builds school spirit. PMID- 14783170 TI - Proposed handbook of ceramics techniques for use in occupational therapy. PMID- 14783171 TI - A suggested treatment in occupational therapy for patients with multiple sclerosis. PMID- 14783172 TI - The emotional problems of behavior in the spastic, athetoid and ataxic type of cerebral palsy child. PMID- 14783173 TI - Daily activity inventory and progress record for those with atypical movement. PMID- 14783174 TI - The integration of occupational therapy and physical therapy at the Rehabilitation Center of San Francisco, Inc. PMID- 14783175 TI - Twelve consecutive case reports from the contact lens clinic. PMID- 14783176 TI - Disturbances of vision in mental disease. PMID- 14783177 TI - The zone of clear single vision at the upper levels of accommodation and convergence. PMID- 14783178 TI - Industrial visual care. PMID- 14783179 TI - The development of the dentition of Macaca mulatta; its difference from the human pattern. PMID- 14783181 TI - Timesaving technique for processing retainers. PMID- 14783180 TI - Anthropometric method of facial analysis in orthodontics. PMID- 14783182 TI - Orthodontics; case report. PMID- 14783183 TI - Orthodontics; case report. PMID- 14783184 TI - ANNUAL report of the Public Relations Committee of the American Association of Orthodontists, 1950. PMID- 14783185 TI - REPORT of the Nomenclature Committee of the American Association of Orthodontists, 1950. PMID- 14783186 TI - REPORT of the Public Health Committee of the American Association of Orthodontists, 1950. PMID- 14783187 TI - COMMITTEE report on Certification of Specialists, American Association of Orthodontists, 1950. PMID- 14783188 TI - President's address. American Association of Orthodontists. PMID- 14783189 TI - The importance of the tongue in the development of normal occlusion. PMID- 14783190 TI - Anatomy and physiology of head and neck musculature. PMID- 14783191 TI - A restatement of the myofunctional concept in orthodontics. PMID- 14783192 TI - An instrument for measuring muscular forces acting on the teeth. PMID- 14783193 TI - Variations of the temporomandibular joint as revealed by cephalometric laminagraphy. PMID- 14783194 TI - Heredity, growth, and observation as related to extraction procedures. PMID- 14783195 TI - Unerupted or impacted maxillary cuspid; report of a case. PMID- 14783196 TI - Clinical studies in the development of the dental height. PMID- 14783198 TI - The preoperative management of the proctologic patient. PMID- 14783197 TI - Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. PMID- 14783199 TI - Skin covering of the stoma following resection of the rectum. PMID- 14783200 TI - Diverticulosis-diverticulitis of the colon. PMID- 14783201 TI - Rectal or anal fistula. PMID- 14783202 TI - Rectal symptoms and their importance. PMID- 14783203 TI - What public health needs from psychiatry. PMID- 14783204 TI - What psychiatry needs from public health. PMID- 14783205 TI - Psychiatry in public health. PMID- 14783206 TI - Systematic psychiatry. PMID- 14783207 TI - Examination of the accused in Massachusetts (1921-1949). PMID- 14783208 TI - Problems of war neuroses in the light of experiences in other countries. PMID- 14783209 TI - Treatment in the absence of pensioning for psychoneurotic veterans. PMID- 14783210 TI - Observations in treatment of patients with psychosomatic disorders using subshock insulin in a group setting. PMID- 14783211 TI - Thyroid function measured by serum precipitable iodine determinations in schizophrenic patients. PMID- 14783212 TI - An experimental Rorschach diagnostic aid for some forms of schizophrenia. PMID- 14783213 TI - A central action of some antihistamines. Correction of forced circling movements and of seizure brain waves produced by the intracarotid injection of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). PMID- 14783214 TI - A psychodynamic study of topectomy patients. Preliminary report. PMID- 14783215 TI - The gag reflex and fellatio. PMID- 14783216 TI - Electroconvulsive therapy following multiple fractures. PMID- 14783217 TI - Subdural hematoma developing during hospitalization. PMID- 14783218 TI - Psychiatry and the present military emergency. PMID- 14783219 TI - C. Charles Burlingam, M.D. 1885-1950. PMID- 14783221 TI - A roentgenographic aid in the diagnosis of retinoblastoma. PMID- 14783220 TI - Roentgenological diagnosis; generalized subserous emphysema through a single puncture. PMID- 14783222 TI - Roentgenologic aspects of diffuse miliary granulomatous pneumonitis of unknown etiology; report of 12 cases with 18 months' follow-up. PMID- 14783223 TI - Pulmonary calcifications; tuberculosis? histoplasmosis? PMID- 14783224 TI - Gastric ulcer in childhood. PMID- 14783225 TI - End-to-end anastomosis of the colon following resection; a roentgen study of 42 cases. PMID- 14783226 TI - The prone position in the roentgenological diagnosis of free intra-abdominal gas. PMID- 14783227 TI - Roentgenological diagnosis of sponge in the abdomen. PMID- 14783228 TI - Pyopneumohepatitis; a case report. PMID- 14783229 TI - Melorheostosis Leri; review of literature and report of a case. PMID- 14783230 TI - Radiology in the medical school. PMID- 14783231 TI - Roentgen therapy of osteomyelitis of the fingers. PMID- 14783232 TI - Complications following the use of neo-iopax in cerebral angiography. PMID- 14783233 TI - Multiple myeloma. II. Variability of roentgen appearance and effect of urethane therapy on skeletal disease. PMID- 14783234 TI - An experimental study of the cardiovascular effects of diodrast. PMID- 14783235 TI - In vivo localization of radioactive silver at predetermined sites in tissues; preliminary report. PMID- 14783236 TI - A method for improving roentgenograms of the colon after colostomy. PMID- 14783237 TI - Robert Hervey Lafferty; 1878-1950. PMID- 14783238 TI - Alfred Rosselet 1887-1950. PMID- 14783239 TI - Leukemia, polycythemia and related diseases. PMID- 14783240 TI - Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 14783241 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of lymphoblastoma and leukemia from the standpoint of the radiologist. PMID- 14783242 TI - The diagnosis of early intestinal cancer. PMID- 14783243 TI - Submucosal gastric lipoma; report of a case presenting an interesting roentgen sign. PMID- 14783244 TI - Intra-abdominal hernia; discussion with report of a case of incarceration of jejunum into transverse mesocolon. PMID- 14783245 TI - Visualization of the abdominal aorta and its branches following intravenous injection of contrast medium; a report of four cases. PMID- 14783246 TI - The roentgenological aspect of infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 14783247 TI - Intestinal gas patterns as a diagnostic aid. PMID- 14783248 TI - Biological evaluation of 20 million volt roentgen rays. PMID- 14783249 TI - Use of precision cones in preoral irradiation. PMID- 14783250 TI - Experimental neurography. PMID- 14783251 TI - Isodose measurements of linear radium sources in air and water by means of an automatic isodose recorder. PMID- 14783252 TI - Clinical isodose curves. PMID- 14783253 TI - Radium needle therapy in cancer of the cervix uteri; description of a new instrument. PMID- 14783254 TI - The cast syndrome. PMID- 14783255 TI - Wall structure and closing mechanisms of the bovine teat. PMID- 14783256 TI - The relation of feed to an outbreak of bovine hyperkeratosis. PMID- 14783257 TI - The binding of blood serum gamma globulin by sulfadiazine. PMID- 14783258 TI - Research on foot-and-mouth disease. II. The cultivation of the virus in explanations of tongue epithelium of bovine animals. PMID- 14783259 TI - Preliminary studies on the effect of streptomycin and other agents on Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. PMID- 14783260 TI - Toxicologic studies of aldrin (compound 118) on large animals. PMID- 14783261 TI - Studies on johnin. VIII. Preliminary studies on the specificities of acid-fast allergens. PMID- 14783262 TI - Experimental therapy of brucellosis in swine with streptomycin and sulfadiazine. PMID- 14783263 TI - Studies on the hematology of the thoroughbred horse. II. Weanlings. PMID- 14783264 TI - Studies on the hematology of the thoroughbred horse. III. Stallions. PMID- 14783265 TI - A quantitative investigation of some mineral components of wheat plants. PMID- 14783266 TI - Studies of canine leptospirosis. I. Evaluation of laboratory diagnostic procedures. II Serologic determination of the incidence of latent infection in the Lansing, Michigan area. PMID- 14783267 TI - A study of food intake, activity, and digestive efficiency in different type dogs. PMID- 14783268 TI - The prophylactic and therapeutic properties of sulfamerazine in fowl cholera. PMID- 14783269 TI - The prophylactic and therapeutic properties of sulfamerazine in fowl typhoid. PMID- 14783270 TI - Search for virus in eggs laid during recovery postinoculation with Newcastle disease virus. PMID- 14783271 TI - Studies in avian leucosis. V. An investigation of the possible relationship of sex hormones to visceral lymphonatosis. PMID- 14783273 TI - Electronarcosis. PMID- 14783272 TI - Reinfection of chickens vaccinated by the intranasal method with live B1 Newcastle disease virus. PMID- 14783274 TI - A new principle in circle absorption anaesthetic machines. PMID- 14783275 TI - Muscular relaxants; a comparison of decamethonium iodide and d-tubocurarine chloride in anaesthesia. PMID- 14783276 TI - Respiratory failure of the newborn. PMID- 14783277 TI - Atelectasis. PMID- 14783278 TI - Intravenous procaine hydrochloride. PMID- 14783279 TI - Anaesthesia in the surgery of retropulsed vertebral discs. PMID- 14783280 TI - Pressures in the extra-dural space. PMID- 14783282 TI - An improved jaw support in anaesthesia. PMID- 14783281 TI - New inventions. 1. Some useful anaesthetic accessories. PMID- 14783283 TI - [The role of adventitia in the genesis of arteritis; experimental study]. PMID- 14783284 TI - [Cerebro-meningeal mycoses]. PMID- 14783285 TI - [Action of colchicine on allergic reactions]. PMID- 14783286 TI - [The external environment and the internal environment in the evolution of the organized world]. PMID- 14783287 TI - [Study of the mode of action of intravenous administration of procaine]. PMID- 14783288 TI - [Marfan syndrome (arachnodactylia and ectopia lentis) with special reference to ocular symptoms and heredity]. PMID- 14783289 TI - [Jensen's retinochoroiditis; clinical contribution]. PMID- 14783290 TI - [Curvature of cornea in peripheral leukoma]. PMID- 14783291 TI - Effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone in pneumonia: clinical, bacteriological and serological studies. PMID- 14783292 TI - A clinical appraisal of neomycin. PMID- 14783293 TI - Involvement of the nervous system in infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 14783294 TI - Cation exchange resins in the treatment of congestive heart failure. PMID- 14783295 TI - Patterns of pulmonary fibrosis as related to pulmonary function. PMID- 14783296 TI - Cytology of sputum and bronchial secretions: studies on 588 patients with miscellaneous pulmonary lesions. PMID- 14783297 TI - Criteria for and interpretation of normal glucose tolerance tests. PMID- 14783298 TI - The association of Laennec's cirrhosis with diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14783299 TI - The liver biopsy; an analysis of pathological findings in 75 cases. PMID- 14783300 TI - Clinical experiences with a new mercurial diuretic for subcutaneous administration. PMID- 14783301 TI - Studies relative to the chemotherapy of bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 14783302 TI - The effects of various physical procedures on the circulation in human limbs. PMID- 14783303 TI - The changing nature of pneumonia. PMID- 14783304 TI - The inheritance of spondylitis rhizomelique (ankylosing spondylitis) in the K. family. PMID- 14783305 TI - Frank hematuria as a manifestation of infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 14783306 TI - Idiopathic thrombophlebitis migrans with unusual manifestations. PMID- 14783307 TI - Neutropenia in a patient treated with a mercurial diuretic and its response to BAL. PMID- 14783308 TI - A case of polycythemia vera associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. PMID- 14783309 TI - Mycosis fungoides with tumor d'emblee; report of a case treated with nitrogen mustard. PMID- 14783310 TI - Generalized primary lymphangiomas of bone: report of case associated with congenital lymphedema of forearm. PMID- 14783311 TI - PRESENT status of electrocardiography. PMID- 14783312 TI - Introduction. PMID- 14783313 TI - Mycological research and the progress of medicine. PMID- 14783314 TI - Public health aspects of fungus infections. PMID- 14783315 TI - Evaluation of classification of pathogenic fungi. PMID- 14783316 TI - Future developments in mycological investigative methods. PMID- 14783317 TI - Superficial dermatomycoses caused by Trichophytons, Microsporums, and Epidermophytons. PMID- 14783318 TI - Chromoblastomycosis. PMID- 14783319 TI - Histoplasmosis and pulmonary calcification. PMID- 14783320 TI - Cryptococcosis and blastomycosis. PMID- 14783321 TI - The nutritional requirements of the faviform trichophytons. PMID- 14783322 TI - New insight gained in general pathology and practical medicine by the study of sporotrichoses. PMID- 14783323 TI - Growth requirements of dermatophytes. PMID- 14783325 TI - Practical applications of immunologic principles in the diagnosis and treatment of fungus. PMID- 14783324 TI - Fungus antigens and their importance as sensitizers in the general population. PMID- 14783326 TI - Histoplasmin skin test. PMID- 14783327 TI - Some biochemical implications from a study of growth of pathogenic fungi on media containing single amino acids. PMID- 14783328 TI - Introduction. PMID- 14783329 TI - Antimicrobial agents from natural sources. PMID- 14783330 TI - The chemical and physical properties of terramycin. PMID- 14783331 TI - Pharmacology of terramycin in experimental animals. PMID- 14783332 TI - The pharmacology of terramycin in animals and man with reference to its clinical trial. PMID- 14783333 TI - Absorption, excretion, and distribution of terramycin. PMID- 14783334 TI - The antimicrobial action of terramycin. PMID- 14783335 TI - The susceptibility of gram-positive cocci gram-negative bacilli, and clostridia to terramycin. PMID- 14783336 TI - Patterns of resistance to antimicrobial agents. PMID- 14783337 TI - Clinical studies on terramycin. PMID- 14783338 TI - In vitro studies on terramycin. PMID- 14783339 TI - The effect of terramycin on post-irradiation infection in mice. PMID- 14783340 TI - The tuberculostatic action of terramycin in vitro and in the experimental animal. PMID- 14783341 TI - Terramycin in peritonitis: experimental and clinical. PMID- 14783342 TI - Effects of terramycin on fecal flora. PMID- 14783343 TI - Chemotherapy of brucellosis. PMID- 14783344 TI - The place of antibiotics in the field of surgery. PMID- 14783345 TI - Experimental studies on the antirickettsial properties of terramycin. PMID- 14783346 TI - Terramycin as a rickettsiostatic agent and its usefulness in patients with scrub typhus. PMID- 14783347 TI - The experimental and clinical evaluation of terramycin against Rickettsia akari (rickettsialpox). PMID- 14783348 TI - Clinical and experimental observations with terramycin in certain rickettsial and bacterial infections. PMID- 14783350 TI - Terramycin in influenza viral infections. PMID- 14783349 TI - The action of terramycin on the growth of strains of influenza, herpes simplex, and rabies viruses in chick embryos and mice. PMID- 14783351 TI - Terramycin in pertussis: clinical and laboratory studies. PMID- 14783352 TI - Laboratory and clinical observations on the effect of terramycin in the treatment of amebiasis. PMID- 14783353 TI - Terramycin in the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. PMID- 14783354 TI - Terramycin in the treatment of pneumococcic and other bacterial infections. PMID- 14783355 TI - Terramycin in the treatment of primary atypical pneumonia. PMID- 14783356 TI - Terramycin in the treatment of pneumococcal and mixed bacterial pneumonias. PMID- 14783357 TI - Some bacteriologic, pharmacologic, and clinical observations on terramycin. PMID- 14783358 TI - Terramycin in the control of venereal diseases. PMID- 14783359 TI - Chronic absorptive arthritis or opera-glass hand: report of 8 cases. PMID- 14783360 TI - Experiments in gold-testing in gold treatment of polyarthritis. PMID- 14783361 TI - A study of the interrelations of rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14783362 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis in sisters. PMID- 14783363 TI - A further anatomical check on the accuracy of intra-articular hip injections in relation to the therapy of coxarthritis. PMID- 14783364 TI - Investigations of the creatine excretion in the urine of 38 untreated ambulant male patients with fibrositis, and in 2 healthy men. PMID- 14783365 TI - The diagnosis and management of Hirschsprung's disease. PMID- 14783366 TI - Benign swellings of the breast. PMID- 14783367 TI - Observations on the behaviour of the transplanted kidney in dogs. PMID- 14783368 TI - Cancer of the stomach. PMID- 14783369 TI - EXHIBITION of anaesthetic apparatus. PMID- 14783370 TI - Eye symptoms and signs caused by intra-cranial lesions. PMID- 14783371 TI - The role of the liver in atherosclerosis. PMID- 14783372 TI - The liver in the atheromatous syndrome; experimental and clinical investigations. PMID- 14783373 TI - Recent trends in the management of parotid tumors; a report of 100 cases. PMID- 14783374 TI - Investigation on the care and treatment of poliomyelitis patients. II. Physiological studies of various treatment procedures and mechanical equipment. PMID- 14783375 TI - Treatment of non-specific ulcerative colitis with aureomycin. PMID- 14783376 TI - Precancerous and cancerous lesions in the lower bowel; incidence in 500 asymptomatic patients. PMID- 14783377 TI - Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. PMID- 14783378 TI - Clinico-pathologic conference. PMID- 14783379 TI - Varicose veins. III. Current therapy. PMID- 14783380 TI - Patella cubiti with fracture. PMID- 14783381 TI - Retrolental fibroplasia; recent advances and recommendations. PMID- 14783382 TI - Report on chest tumor suspects from the Los Angeles County mass chest x-ray survey by the Cancer committee of the Los Angeles County Medical Association. PMID- 14783383 TI - Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. PMID- 14783384 TI - [Nutrition of certain of the myxomycetes in pure and associated cultures, and their antibiotic properties]. PMID- 14783385 TI - [Adrenalin and work. X. Effect of pervitin, luminal and alcohol on the adrenalin level of the blood]. PMID- 14783386 TI - The efficiency of anaerobical work. PMID- 14783387 TI - Steady-state, O2-deficit and O2-debt at severe work. PMID- 14783388 TI - Heart rate and body temperature as indices of metabolic rate during work. PMID- 14783389 TI - [Fatigue and the action potential of isometric muscle contraction in man]. PMID- 14783390 TI - [Pulse-index of performance as a measure of capacity]. PMID- 14783391 TI - [Variation in ascorbic acid secretion in physical work; contribution to the problem of Donaggio's fatigue reaction]. PMID- 14783392 TI - Physiology of skiing. PMID- 14783393 TI - [Physiology and pathology of night and shift workers]. PMID- 14783394 TI - [Unusual malformation complicating delivery]. PMID- 14783395 TI - [Copper in mother and child]. PMID- 14783396 TI - [Tocologia nova; labor from a new viewpoint]. PMID- 14783397 TI - [Changes in the average weight of the newborn during the last decades]. PMID- 14783398 TI - [Observations on the development of the lutein cells]. PMID- 14783399 TI - [Spasmolytics in the treatment of premature rupture of the membranes; report on 2782 cases]. PMID- 14783400 TI - [A critical examination of prolonged pregnancies]. PMID- 14783401 TI - [Critical examination of prolonged pregnancies; reply to an article of like title by K. Freudenberg]. PMID- 14783402 TI - [Problem of the elective lesion of germinal layers in the etiology of idiopathic osteopsathyrosis and related constitutional anomalies]. PMID- 14783403 TI - [Virus pneumonia in infants; clinical aspects, epidemiology and pathogenesis]. PMID- 14783404 TI - [Comparative studies on the determination of heart size in children, with a contribution on the use of the thoracic rectangle]. PMID- 14783406 TI - [Cortical and epiphyseal hyperostosis in an infant]. PMID- 14783405 TI - [Determination of heart size in children with congenital cardiac defects]. PMID- 14783407 TI - [Problem of headache, especially that following spinal anesthesia and lumbar puncture]. PMID- 14783408 TI - [Disorders of stomach secretion in patients with surgical tuberculosis]. PMID- 14783409 TI - [Etiology of intestinal pneumatosis in man]. PMID- 14783410 TI - [Thoughts on hypoproteinemia in surgery]. PMID- 14783411 TI - [Effect of androgenic and estrogenic substances on vesicular tonus in prostatism]. PMID- 14783412 TI - [Justification and technic in transsacral excision of the rectum in cancer]. PMID- 14783413 TI - [Substitute methods and material in surgery made necessary by stringent times]. PMID- 14783414 TI - [Experimental investigations with Kramer's photoelectric method on the physiology of the sympathectomized arm]. PMID- 14783415 TI - [Cytodiagnosis of malignant tumors; cytologic symptomatology of malignancy]. PMID- 14783416 TI - [Cytologic observations following nitrogen mustard therapy in five cases of carcinomatous pleurisy]. PMID- 14783417 TI - [Contribution on the clinical aspect of snapping finger]. PMID- 14783418 TI - [Rh complications in blood transfusion; report of 24 cases from the author's experience]. PMID- 14783419 TI - [Technic and results in second operations on the kidney]. PMID- 14783420 TI - [The first offense]. PMID- 14783421 TI - [Unusual arteriographic aspect of a meningioma of the posterior cranial fossa]. PMID- 14783422 TI - [Speech as motion]. PMID- 14783423 TI - [Psychoses of the aged]. PMID- 14783424 TI - [Differential diagnosis of genuine and so-called traumatic epilepsy]. PMID- 14783425 TI - [Investigations of picture-series thinking]. PMID- 14783426 TI - [Functional circulatory disorders of the central nervous system and the problem of post-vaccinal encephalitis]. PMID- 14783427 TI - [Neuropsychiatric disease among German prisoners of war in the United States in the light of statistics]. PMID- 14783428 TI - A syndrome resembling progeria: A review of two cases. PMID- 14783429 TI - Progeria (Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome). Report of a case and review of the literature. PMID- 14783430 TI - A case of sporadic congenital goiter. PMID- 14783431 TI - Chylothorax in the newborn. PMID- 14783432 TI - Red cell and plasma volume in newborn infants. PMID- 14783433 TI - Technical problems in metabolic investigations in childhood. PMID- 14783434 TI - A method of collecting total excreta in infants. PMID- 14783435 TI - Gonococcal vulvovaginitis in infants and children: A study of 240 cases. PMID- 14783436 TI - Osteomyelitis in the newborn. PMID- 14783437 TI - Staphylococcal pyaemia with pulmonary and cold subcutaneous abscesses. PMID- 14783438 TI - The prognosis of pneumonia in infancy and childhood. PMID- 14783439 TI - Hepatitis associated with infantile diarrhoea. PMID- 14783440 TI - Excretion and intake of B vitamins in newborn infants. PMID- 14783441 TI - Lead poisoning in infancy. PMID- 14783442 TI - A review of infantile acrodynia ('pink disease'). PMID- 14783443 TI - Studies on aerosols. X. A study of therapeutic aerosols in connection with some critical characteristics of small aerosol generators and their relation to the administration of aleudrine. PMID- 14783444 TI - The sensitivity of frog muscle to potassium and acetylcholine. II. Effect of quinidine on thiocyanate--potassium sensitization. PMID- 14783445 TI - Temperature and convulsive activity. PMID- 14783446 TI - [Leukopenia due to podophillin]. PMID- 14783447 TI - Comparison of the cardiac action of neriifolin, mono- and diacetylneriifolin, and thevebioside with thevetin. PMID- 14783448 TI - [Observations on reaction time following administration of digilanides]. PMID- 14783449 TI - The testing of certain organic compounds for estrogenic activity. PMID- 14783450 TI - [Puncture-biopsy of liver in pediatrics]. PMID- 14783451 TI - [Liver in toxicoses; clinical and histopathological study by biopsy of liver; 43 cases]. PMID- 14783452 TI - [Treatment of infant dyspepsia with streptomycin]. PMID- 14783453 TI - [Plasma and spinal fluid sodium and potassium in dehydrated infants; practical importance of determination]. PMID- 14783454 TI - [Rendu-Fiessinger ectodermosis erosiva pluriorificialis]. PMID- 14783455 TI - [Curable epidemic diabetes insipidus]. PMID- 14783456 TI - [Importance of maternal milk to the premature infant]. PMID- 14783457 TI - [Albumin milk for premature infants]. PMID- 14783458 TI - [Feeding of premature infants]. PMID- 14783459 TI - [Pituitary in asphyxia neonatorum]. PMID- 14783460 TI - [A new anti-epileptic: dimethyl-dithio-hydantoin]. PMID- 14783461 TI - [Intrapleural teratoma; surgery; cure]. PMID- 14783462 TI - [Acute glomerulonephritis with progressive uremia in an infant; double renal decapsulation; exchange-transfusion; recovery]. PMID- 14783464 TI - [Hurler's polydystrophy]. PMID- 14783463 TI - [Hurler's polydystrophy; results of pneumoencephalography]. PMID- 14783465 TI - [French medicine today]. PMID- 14783466 TI - [Therapeutic action of hypophyseal extracts on various ocular diseases]. PMID- 14783467 TI - [Subconjunctival injections of streptomycin in ocular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14783468 TI - [Contribution to the study and treatment of vascularization of the cornea]. PMID- 14783469 TI - [Retinal adaptation and perimetry in subdued light]. PMID- 14783470 TI - [Study of ocular anomalies in dolichostenomelia]. PMID- 14783471 TI - [Frequent cause of heterophoria]. PMID- 14783473 TI - Physical medicine in the treatment of shoulder disabilities. PMID- 14783472 TI - Temperatures produced in bone marrow, bone and adjacent tissues by ultrasonic diathermy; an experimental study. PMID- 14783474 TI - Orthopedic aspects of shoulder disabilities. PMID- 14783475 TI - Suction socket prosthesis for the above knee amputee. PMID- 14783476 TI - An evaluation of various methods of heating vaginal and adjacent tissues. PMID- 14783477 TI - [Tracheobronchial epistoma or pleiomorphic adenoma of the lower respiratory system]. PMID- 14783478 TI - [Pharyngoesophageal diverticulectomy with transverse resection and suture in one stage]. PMID- 14783479 TI - [Vasomotor modifications from nicotinic acid in normal nasal mucosa]. PMID- 14783480 TI - [Nasal vasomotor modifications from nicotinic acid in simple atrophic rhinitis and in ozenous atrophic rhinitis]. PMID- 14783481 TI - [Therapeutic efficacy of nicotinic acid in simple atrophic rhinitis and in ozenous atrophic rhinitis]. PMID- 14783482 TI - [Comparative bacteriologic research on secretion withdrawn from the larynx in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14783483 TI - [Karyology of normal, inflammatory and neoplastic tissue; first data in otorhinolaryngology]. PMID- 14783484 TI - [Antihistaminic power of folic acid]. PMID- 14783485 TI - [Does adaptation tonsillitis exist?]. PMID- 14783486 TI - [Hypogenitalism syndrome, polycythemia and nasopharyngeal fibroma]. PMID- 14783487 TI - [Modern orientations of the etiology of rhinitis, pharyngo-tonsillitis and laryngotracheitis in the light of recent discoveries about virus diseases]. PMID- 14783488 TI - [Statistical and antomo-radiologic study of the degree of mastoid pneumatization according to Odd-Opheim's classification]. PMID- 14783489 TI - [Cysts of thyroglossal tract fistulized to the tongue]. PMID- 14783490 TI - [Pigmented tumors; melanosarcoma of ethmoid]. PMID- 14783492 TI - [Visceral complications in closed wounds of the thorax; relation between sternal fractures and cardiac lesions]. PMID- 14783491 TI - [Fractures of the odontoid process of the axis by posterior dislocation of the atlas]. PMID- 14783493 TI - [Osteomyelitis of the clavicle and its treatment]. PMID- 14783494 TI - [Angioendothelioma of the clavicle]. PMID- 14783495 TI - [Vertebral lesions of convulsive therapy]. PMID- 14783496 TI - [Dorsal dislocation of the semilunar bone; pathogenetic considerations]. PMID- 14783497 TI - [Late surgical reconstruction of the medial collateral ligament of the knee]. PMID- 14783498 TI - [Right sacroileitis with Ascaris lumbricoides following abscess of the right iliac fossa due to acute appendicitis]. PMID- 14783499 TI - [Rare case of congenital malformation of the dorsal segment of the spine with spastic paraplegia]. PMID- 14783500 TI - [Isolated fracture of the lesser trochanter]. PMID- 14783501 TI - [Case of Parkes Weber syndrome]. PMID- 14783502 TI - [Adamantinomas]. PMID- 14783503 TI - [Epitheliomas of the sweat glands]. PMID- 14783504 TI - [Spontaneous fractures of the tarsus of tumoral appearance]. PMID- 14783505 TI - [Fundamental principles for the hydration of the surgical patient]. PMID- 14783506 TI - [Diagnosis of diseases of the peripheral arteries]. PMID- 14783507 TI - [Syphilitic meningoencephalitis; anatomo-clinical study of 4 cases]. PMID- 14783508 TI - [Case of ampulloma]. PMID- 14783509 TI - [Appendiceal carcinoid; report of a case]. PMID- 14783510 TI - [Case of ascites and pregnancy]. PMID- 14783511 TI - [Amebic colitis and cirrhosis of the liver; case report]. PMID- 14783512 TI - [Lipoma of the scrotum; case report]. PMID- 14783513 TI - [Clinico-pathological session: malaria with gastrointestinal disorder]. PMID- 14783514 TI - [Treatment of alcoholism]. PMID- 14783515 TI - [Partial excision of nose and ganglionectomy for squamous cell epithelioma]. PMID- 14783516 TI - [Biography of Jose Bonaba]. PMID- 14783517 TI - [Post-vaccinal encephalopathy]. PMID- 14783519 TI - [Examination of the thyroid gland in 1000 school children]. PMID- 14783518 TI - [Association of congenital cardiac and ocular lesions; angiocardiography and death]. PMID- 14783521 TI - [Premature]. PMID- 14783520 TI - [Chloro mycetin therapy of typhoid fever in children]. PMID- 14783522 TI - [Apophyseal fractures of the elbow in children]. PMID- 14783523 TI - [Impressions from visit to European milk banks]. PMID- 14783524 TI - [Intestinal occlusion of the first jejunal loop from mesenteric adenitis in an infant of 18 months]. PMID- 14783525 TI - [Chloromycetin therapy of typhoid fever in children]. PMID- 14783526 TI - [Dermatosis in the course of chloromycetin therapy]. PMID- 14783527 TI - [Tuberculous meningitis; treatment and 2 years observation]. PMID- 14783528 TI - [Doctor Adrian J. Bengolea (1887-1950)]. PMID- 14783529 TI - [Chromodiagnosis in plastic surgery of fallopian tubes]. PMID- 14783530 TI - [Blood proteins in normal male adults in Uruguay]. PMID- 14783531 TI - [Distribution of blood groups in 11.704 voluntary donors]. PMID- 14783532 TI - [Simple x-ray of diagnosis of breast tumors]. PMID- 14783533 TI - [Oligo-anuric syndrome in surgery]. PMID- 14783534 TI - [Superficial cancer of the stomach, comments on a case]. PMID- 14783535 TI - [Myeloma; observations on 3 cases]. PMID- 14783536 TI - [Infiltrating cancer of the stomach; 3 anatomo-topographic types]. PMID- 14783537 TI - [Prof. J. H. Zaaijer, M.D]. PMID- 14783538 TI - Solitary brain metastases. PMID- 14783539 TI - [Resection of the rectum in cancer]. PMID- 14783540 TI - [Cancer of the rectum]. PMID- 14783542 TI - Polyarthritis (osteomyelitis) variolosa. PMID- 14783541 TI - Post-operative shock is not attended by haemoconcentration. PMID- 14783543 TI - Stenosing peptic oesophagitis. PMID- 14783544 TI - Late and fatal complication after oesophago-gastrostomy. PMID- 14783545 TI - Congenital stricture of trachea and oesophagus by double aortic arch. PMID- 14783546 TI - [Stenosing tenosynovitis (Quervain's disease)]. PMID- 14783547 TI - [A method for determining absorption of antigens or toxins through the skin; general intoxication and death of animals from percutaneous application of diphtheria or tetanus toxin]. PMID- 14783549 TI - [Neuromeningeal and cerebrospinal fluid alterations from suboccipital introduction of streptomycin]. PMID- 14783548 TI - [Method for associated streptomycin-paraaminosalicylic acid therapy]. PMID- 14783551 TI - [Diagnosis of the site of brain tumors]. PMID- 14783550 TI - [Grave pernicious anemia and vitamin B12]. PMID- 14783552 TI - [The PQ/RR relation in coronary disease and myocardial infarct]. PMID- 14783553 TI - [A-V conduction in coronary disease and myocardial infarct]. PMID- 14783554 TI - [Studies on the interference between metabolism of glucides, lipids and proteins. Note I. Lipemic curve of glyceride ingestion in normal subjects]. PMID- 14783555 TI - [Studies on the interference between metabolism of glucides, lipids and proteins. Note II. Effect of lipid ingestion on the behavior of the blood sugar level in normal subjects]. PMID- 14783556 TI - [Studies on the interference between metabolism of glucides, lipids and proteins. Note III. Modifications of the ketonemia curve following lipid ingestion in normal subjects]. PMID- 14783557 TI - [Studies on the interference between metabolism of glucides, lipids and proteins. Note IV. Effect of ingestion of proteins on lipemia of normal subjects]. PMID- 14783558 TI - [Studies on the interference between metabolism of glucides, lipids and proteins. Note V. Variations of glycemia following protein ingestion in normal subjects]. PMID- 14783559 TI - [Studies on the interference between metabolism of glucides, lipids and proteins. Note VI. Ketogenic action of proteins in normal subjects]. PMID- 14783560 TI - [Remarks on the use of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis in children]. PMID- 14783561 TI - [Intestinal absorption of hemolysin in suckling animals]. PMID- 14783562 TI - [Transplants of homologous and heterologous placenta in loss of substance of hollow organs; experimental research]. PMID- 14783563 TI - [Action of cold in amputations]. PMID- 14783564 TI - [Arteriography; localization of embolus of common iliac artery by means of retrograde abdominal aortography, embolectomy; restored permeability of the iliac artery]. PMID- 14783565 TI - [Histologic controls of the absorption of stains, applied percutaneously, according to D'Antona's method]. PMID- 14783566 TI - [Experimental studies on the effect of nicotinic acid on the lipase power of the blood]. PMID- 14783567 TI - [Research on uricase; action of x-ray and short waves on the uricase of hog liver]. PMID- 14783568 TI - [Respiratory physiopathology in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14783569 TI - [Genesis of pulmonary anthracosis]. PMID- 14783570 TI - [Case of very severe lymphogranuloma treated with nitrogen mustard]. PMID- 14783571 TI - [Relations between pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14783572 TI - [Interference between enlarged left auricle and pictures of right insufficiency]. PMID- 14783573 TI - [Unusual case; liver abscess from suppurative cancer of the stomach; with statistics on gastric tumors, their suppurative abdominal complications and on liver abscess in the district of Siena]. PMID- 14783574 TI - [Statistical contribution to the study of sudden death in Italy]. PMID- 14783575 TI - [Primary tubercular mastoiditis]. PMID- 14783576 TI - [Behavior of the platelets in the tonsillar test]. PMID- 14783577 TI - [Occupational perforating ulcer of the nasal septum in glass workers]. PMID- 14783578 TI - [Behavior of the sedimentation rate in relation to the tonsillar test and to tonsillectomy]. PMID- 14783579 TI - [Effect of adrenal cortex hormone on salt metabolism in cases of extrarenal uremia]. PMID- 14783580 TI - [Presence of glycogen in the olfactory mucosa; can the nasal glycogen have a relation with the olfactory function?]. PMID- 14783581 TI - [Considerations on 163 operations for prostatic obstruction]. PMID- 14783582 TI - [Nitrogen metabolism in some cases of extrarenal uremia]. PMID- 14783583 TI - [Testosterone and kidney disease]. PMID- 14783584 TI - [Relatively frequent presence of the tendon of the supernumerary muscle abductor hallucis longus in so-called essential pes cavus]. PMID- 14783585 TI - [A case of giant subacute ulcer of the lesser curvature of the stomach (vertical tract)]. PMID- 14783587 TI - [Two cases of pure adenoma of the breast]. PMID- 14783586 TI - [Diuresis and antidiuresis: reciprocal effect of DOCA in single dose and a mercurial diuretic on water and salt diuresis provoked by ingestion of physiological solution]. PMID- 14783588 TI - [Light and lighting of the environment. III. Lighting in offices and houses]. PMID- 14783589 TI - [Pathological anatomy of paratyphoid; acute ulcerative catarrhal proctitis as only intestinal morphological expression of paratyphoid B]. PMID- 14783590 TI - [Documentation of an 18th century polemic on the presumed atheism of Hippocrates]. PMID- 14783591 TI - [Anatomic specimens preserved in the Museo dell'Accademia di Storia dell'Arte Sanitaria]. PMID- 14783592 TI - [Pharmaceutical teaching and practice of pharmacy in the laws of the principality and duchy of Lucca (1805-1847)]. PMID- 14783593 TI - [Critical note on specimens preserved in the Museo dell'Accademia di Storia dell'Arte Sanitaria]. PMID- 14783594 TI - [Necrologue: Prassitele Piccinini]. PMID- 14783595 TI - The George Adlington Syme Oration: medicine and humanities. PMID- 14783596 TI - Cerebral angiography in neurosurgery. I. The angiographic appearances in cerebral tumours. PMID- 14783597 TI - Cerebral angiography in neurosurgery. II. The angiographic appearances in intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 14783598 TI - Gas cysts of the intestine. PMID- 14783599 TI - The treatment of traumatic ulnar neuritis; mobilization of the ulnar nerve at the elbow by removal of the medial epicondyle and adjacent bone. PMID- 14783601 TI - Hypospadias. PMID- 14783600 TI - Ocular palsies associated with general diseases. PMID- 14783602 TI - Surgery of the inferior oblique at its scleral insertion. PMID- 14783603 TI - The treatment of carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 14783604 TI - The operation for undescended testes in the superficial inguinal pouch. PMID- 14783605 TI - Four unusual complications of partial gastrectomy. PMID- 14783606 TI - Bacterial endocarditis: report of end results in thirty-nine patients. PMID- 14783607 TI - Reflex peripheral vasoconstriction. I. Its use in the evaluation of patients for limb sympathectomy. PMID- 14783608 TI - Haynes Memorial; the Department of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts Memorial Hospitals. PMID- 14783609 TI - Gastrointestinal adenomatosis with oral pigmentation. PMID- 14783610 TI - Functioning pancreatic islet cell adenomas. PMID- 14783611 TI - The ballistocardiogram in clinical research and diagnosis. PMID- 14783612 TI - Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (essential brown induration of the lungs). PMID- 14783613 TI - Acute serofibrinous pericarditis of undetermined cause. PMID- 14783614 TI - [Ludolph Brauer on his 85th birthday]. PMID- 14783615 TI - [Copper-iron antagonism in the blood plasma, and its clinical significance as a nonspecific humoral defense mechanism in tuberculous infections]. PMID- 14783616 TI - [Experiences and observations on the streptomycin therapy of meningeal and miliary tuberculosis in adults]. PMID- 14783617 TI - [Pericavernous atelectasia and constitution]. PMID- 14783618 TI - [Facts with practical importance concerning the pathogenesis and epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14783619 TI - [Communicating pneumothorax]. PMID- 14783620 TI - [Broadening the indicational scope of thoracoplasty by means of the principle of limited rigid collapse]. PMID- 14783621 TI - [Experiences with BCG vaccination in Schleswig-Holstein]. PMID- 14783622 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies on secretory and motor function of the stomach in advanced pulmonary tuberculosis, primarily exudative and for the most part complicated by specific intestinal disease]. PMID- 14783623 TI - [Mental hygiene in sanatoria]. PMID- 14783624 TI - [Primary tuberculous focus in the apex of the left lung]. PMID- 14783625 TI - [Tuberculosis following gunshot wound; contribution to the problem of traumatic tuberculosis]. PMID- 14783626 TI - [In vitro increase of the tubercle bacillus' resistance to TB VI]. PMID- 14783627 TI - [Experiences with streptomycin in collapse therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14783628 TI - [Allergometric studies following BCG vaccination]. PMID- 14783629 TI - [Comparison of clinical and autopsy findings in cases of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14783630 TI - [Mental health activities in a public health department]. PMID- 14783631 TI - Public health significance of cancer. PMID- 14783632 TI - [Recent developments in the use of biologic products]. PMID- 14783633 TI - A summary of polluted irrigation water studies. PMID- 14783634 TI - [Influence of a penicillin prophylactic program on the incidence of venereal diseases]. PMID- 14783635 TI - [Individual instruction; program to develop aptitude for teaching of public health nurses and supervisors]. PMID- 14783636 TI - [Eradication of smallpox in the Americas]. PMID- 14783637 TI - [Prevention of Chagas' disease in Uruguay by means of gammexane; experiments undertaken; plan of campaign against Triatoma infestans]. PMID- 14783638 TI - [Sensitivity to histoplasmin and coccidioidin in Honduras; report on 300 cases]. PMID- 14783639 TI - [Statistics and health education in Uruguay]. PMID- 14783640 TI - [Carriers of S. typhi in Peru; summary; study of 1781 cases]. PMID- 14783641 TI - [Attempt at control of Aedes aegypti by application of DDT in water tanks]. PMID- 14783642 TI - [Clinical teaching and apprenticeship]. PMID- 14783643 TI - [Materno-infantile hygiene consultant in the hospital program]. PMID- 14783644 TI - [Third Interamerican Congress on Brucellosis]. PMID- 14783645 TI - [Psychogenic activation of the neurologic syndrome]. PMID- 14783646 TI - [Membranectomy as a supplementary prophylactic and therapeutic measure in vascular disease of the lower extremities]. PMID- 14783647 TI - [Advances in the treatment of eclampsism]. PMID- 14783648 TI - [Treatment of neurocirculatory dystonia and working ability]. PMID- 14783649 TI - [Present state of hyperthyreosis therapy with special reference to thiouracil derivatives]. PMID- 14783650 TI - [Abdominoperineal excision of the rectum and sigmoid in rectal cancer]. PMID- 14783651 TI - [When to operate cleft palate]. PMID- 14783652 TI - [Significance of endoaural surgery]. PMID- 14783654 TI - [Lambert's method of surgical treatment of otosclerosis]. PMID- 14783653 TI - [Primary suture following mastoidectomy]. PMID- 14783655 TI - [Penicillin in seroresistant syphilis]. PMID- 14783656 TI - [Significance of manometric and radiologic control during bile ducts operations]. PMID- 14783657 TI - [Pernicious anemia in the course of progressive chronic polyarthritis]. PMID- 14783658 TI - [Case of Fallot's tetralogy in an adult]. PMID- 14783659 TI - Prognosis in carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 14783660 TI - The technique of radical mastectomy; with special reference to the management of the skin short case and the prevention of functional disability. PMID- 14783661 TI - The influence of diet on the Walker rat carcinoma 256, and its response to x radiation; cytological and histological investigations. PMID- 14783662 TI - A sex differential for chemically induced fibrosarcoma associated with litter seriation. PMID- 14783663 TI - The effects of a graded series of restricted diets on epidermal mitotic activity in the mouse. PMID- 14783664 TI - Mitotic activity and carcinogenesis. PMID- 14783665 TI - The absorption of urethane from mouse skin. PMID- 14783666 TI - The effect of urethanes and di (2-chloroethyl) methylamine hydrochloride on the autoxidation of dopa. PMID- 14783667 TI - The distribution of visual defects. PMID- 14783668 TI - Vision: A psychological interpretation. PMID- 14783669 TI - The making and fitting of acrylic resin artificial eyes. PMID- 14783670 TI - Haloes: their differential diagnosis. PMID- 14783671 TI - WILLIAM Boulton Barker. PMID- 14783672 TI - John Reissberg Wolfe, M. D., F.R.C.S.E. (1823-1904). PMID- 14783673 TI - The blood-vessels in skin tubes and flaps. PMID- 14783674 TI - A plea for the co-operation of the plastic surgeon and the orthodontist in the treatment of cleft lip and palate. PMID- 14783675 TI - A-bomb casualties and arrangements for their care. PMID- 14783676 TI - Fluid replacement in burnt children. PMID- 14783677 TI - Distant results of an immediate bone graft and autogenous condylar graft in a case of adamantinoma of the mandible. PMID- 14783678 TI - A case of bilateral cleft of the face. PMID- 14783679 TI - An early pollicisation. PMID- 14783680 TI - Cleft palate: Pharyngo-staphyline fixation; as a complement to a push-back operation. PMID- 14783681 TI - Non-medical aspects of medical radiology. PMID- 14783682 TI - P32 autoradiographs of mouse testis; preliminary observations of the timing of spermatogenic stages. PMID- 14783683 TI - Dosage calculator for linear gamma-ray sources with uneven distribution of active material. PMID- 14783684 TI - A note on the use of wedge filters in transparent ended x-ray therapy applicators. PMID- 14783685 TI - An X-ray tube mounting for convergent beam therapy giving high percentage depth dose. PMID- 14783686 TI - Radiological appearances in pancreatic cancer. PMID- 14783687 TI - A case of neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) illustrating most of the characteristic bone lesions. PMID- 14783688 TI - The diagnosis of minimal atlanto-axial subluxation. PMID- 14783689 TI - Infantile cortical hyperostoses. PMID- 14783690 TI - Leiomyoma of the stomach. PMID- 14783691 TI - A case of gastric carcinoma simulating benign submucosal tumour. PMID- 14783692 TI - THIRTY-THIRD Annual Hospital Standardization Report, including list of approved hospitals in the United States and Canada, as of December 31, 1950. PMID- 14783693 TI - GRADUATE training in surgery. PMID- 14783694 TI - INSTITUTIONS conducting cancer clinics which are approved by the college. PMID- 14783695 TI - CANCER detection centers which are approved by the college. PMID- 14783696 TI - INDUSTRIAL establishments conducting medical services which are approved by the college. PMID- 14783697 TI - MEDICAL motion picture films. PMID- 14783698 TI - Aneurysmal bone cyst. PMID- 14783699 TI - Synovial osteochondromatosis of the shoulder. PMID- 14783700 TI - Sarcoma in Paget's disease of bone. PMID- 14783701 TI - Paget's disease complicated by multiple myeloma. PMID- 14783702 TI - Transverse dorsal approach for triple arthrodesis of the foot. PMID- 14783703 TI - The rationale of the therapy of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. PMID- 14783704 TI - Colles' fracture. PMID- 14783705 TI - Fracture of a spinous process. So-called "clay-shoveller's fracture". PMID- 14783706 TI - Parameniscal and meniscal cysts of the knee. PMID- 14783707 TI - Stenosing tendovaginitis at the radial styloid involving an accessory tendon sheath. PMID- 14783708 TI - Surgical approach to the plantar digital nerves. PMID- 14783709 TI - My trip to Great Britain and Europe. PMID- 14783710 TI - Introduction to series of papers on studies on ACTH and cortisone. PMID- 14783711 TI - The effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone on drug hypersensitivity reactions. PMID- 14783712 TI - The effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone on the course of chronic bronchial asthma. PMID- 14783713 TI - Observations on changes taking place in the upper respiratory tract of patients under ACTH and cortisone therapy. PMID- 14783714 TI - The effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone on the course of disseminated lupus erythematosus and peri-arteritis nodosa. PMID- 14783715 TI - The effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone on certain diseases of the eye in which hypersensitivity plays a role. PMID- 14783716 TI - The action of ACTH and cortisone on experimental ocular inflammation. PMID- 14783717 TI - Cortisone in experimental syphilis; a preliminary note. PMID- 14783718 TI - Cellular changes in the chick chorio-allantoic membrane infected with herpes simplex and vaccinia; a study with thin sections for the electron microscope. PMID- 14783719 TI - The effect of cortisone upon the experimental cardiovascular and renal lesions produced by anaphylactic hypersensitivity. PMID- 14783720 TI - The prevalence of scurvy at autopsy during the first two years of age. PMID- 14783721 TI - Renal rickets and osteitis fibrosa in children and adolescents. PMID- 14783722 TI - Observations of the effects of the autonomic blocking agent, bis trimethylammonium pentane dibromide (C5) in normal subjects and in patients with peripheral vascular disease and hypertension, and comparison with tetraethylammonium chloride. PMID- 14783723 TI - [Septicopyemia due to Bacillus funduliformis of intestinal origin]. PMID- 14783724 TI - [Gonococcal meningitis]. PMID- 14783725 TI - [Endocarditis and septicemia from Friedlander's pneumobacillus]. PMID- 14783726 TI - [Laboratory examinations in typhoid fever since the discovery of chloromycetin]. PMID- 14783727 TI - [Treatment of frontal sinusitis]. PMID- 14783728 TI - [Treatment of burns of the esophagus]. PMID- 14783729 TI - [Surgical treatment of cancer of the cervical lymph node in otorhinolaryngology]. PMID- 14783730 TI - [Respective indications for the operations of Jacques and of De Lima in the surgical therapy of chronic pansinusitis of the adult]. PMID- 14783731 TI - [Surgery of laryngeal paralysis]. PMID- 14783732 TI - Differential diagnosis of the major types of arthritic disease. PMID- 14783733 TI - PROCEEDINGS of the Second Annual Convention of the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association, September 7, 8 and 9, 1950, Windsor Hotel, Montreal, Quebec. PMID- 14783734 TI - Some problems in the education of public health personnel. PMID- 14783736 TI - Traffic accident investigation--The next phase. PMID- 14783735 TI - Experience with oral immunization against diphtheria and tetanus in human subjects. PMID- 14783737 TI - Sanitation problems in areas. PMID- 14783738 TI - The relationship between changes in cerebrospinal fluid and the phase and activity of neurosyphilis. PMID- 14783739 TI - Entozoa of children in two Regina institutions. PMID- 14783740 TI - Incidence of cancer in American males; 15,000,000 man-years of aggregate experience, United States Army, 1944-1945. PMID- 14783741 TI - Epidemiological aspects of cancer of the cervix. II. Hereditary and environmental factors. PMID- 14783742 TI - Carcinoma of the cervix uteri in identical twins. PMID- 14783743 TI - Partial and complete pelvic exenteration; a progress report based upon the first 100 operations. PMID- 14783744 TI - The technique of radical hysterectomy for carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 14783745 TI - The biological half-life of radioactive phosphorus in the blood of patients with leukemia. I. Whole blood, with deviations of observations from predicted values and an estimate of total-phosphorus turnover rate. PMID- 14783746 TI - The biological half-life of radioactive phosphorus in the blood of patients with leukemia. II. Plasma; with deviations of observations from predicted values and an estimate of total-phosphorus turnover rate. PMID- 14783747 TI - The biological half-life of radioactive phosphorus in the blood of patients with leukemia. III. Erythrocytes; with deviations of observations from predicted values. PMID- 14783748 TI - The biological half-life of radioactive phosphorus in the blood of patients with leukemia. IV. Leukocytes; radioactive phosphorus content and the relation to plasma-P32 levels. PMID- 14783749 TI - Thyroid cancer in childhood and adolescence; a report on 28 cases. PMID- 14783750 TI - The ameboid motility of human and animal neoplastic cells. PMID- 14783751 TI - Jejunal leiomyosarcoma in a newborn. PMID- 14783752 TI - The carcinogenicity of fat "browned" by heating. PMID- 14783753 TI - Use of the Ehrlich ascites tumor of mice for quantitative studies on the growth and biochemistry of neoplastic cells. PMID- 14783754 TI - Cytotoxic effects of a nitrofuran on the rat testis. PMID- 14783755 TI - Susceptibility of suckling-infant, and resistance of adult, mice of the C3H and of the C57 lines to inoculation with Ak leukemia. PMID- 14783756 TI - Carcinoma of the gallbladder; an attempt at experimental production. PMID- 14783757 TI - The Youden index: letters to the editor. PMID- 14783759 TI - A transplantable functional ovarian tumor occurring spontaneously in a rat. PMID- 14783758 TI - The use of labeled amino acids in the study of the protein metabolism of normal and malignant tissues: a review. PMID- 14783760 TI - Heterologous growth of sarcoma 180 with progression to death of hosts. PMID- 14783761 TI - Estrone conversion capacity of blood of postmenopausal women with carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 14783762 TI - The polysaccharide content of serum fractions in carcinoma, arthritis, and infections. PMID- 14783763 TI - Attempts to produce gastric carcinoma experimentally in a gastric ulcer. PMID- 14783764 TI - The effect of xanthopterin and related agents on the proliferation of rabbit marrow cells in vitro. PMID- 14783765 TI - Cytoplasmic proteins; a partial physical and chemical characterization of the cytoplasmic proteins. PMID- 14783766 TI - The urinary excretion of mercapturic acids after administration of bromobenzene and 3,4-benzpyrene. PMID- 14783767 TI - Bilateral ovarian teratomas in a mouse. PMID- 14783768 TI - The effect of storage at low temperature on the viability of several avian lymphoid tumor strains. PMID- 14783769 TI - The growth potentialities of induced skin tumors in mice; the effects of different methods of chemical carcinogenesis. PMID- 14783770 TI - Response of transplanted skin of newborn and suckling mice to application of 20 methylcholanthrene. PMID- 14783771 TI - The effect of low temperature on the morphology and transplantability of sarcoma 37. PMID- 14783772 TI - [Incidence of endocarditis verrucosa in pigs hyperimmunized against erysipeloid]. PMID- 14783773 TI - [Effect of yatren autovaccines on polybacterial infections in hogs]. PMID- 14783774 TI - [Role of veterinarians in dairies]. PMID- 14783775 TI - [Two unusual abnormalities in young animals]. PMID- 14783776 TI - [Quantitative investigation of syphilis]. PMID- 14783777 TI - [Quantitative seroreaction in syphilis]. PMID- 14783778 TI - [Statistics on the results of penicillin therapy of venereal diseases]. PMID- 14783779 TI - [Certain aspects in epidemiology of venereal diseases]. PMID- 14783780 TI - [Methods in syphilis therapy based on the dermatologic school of Brno]. PMID- 14783781 TI - [Prenatal and congenital and syphilis]. PMID- 14783782 TI - [Progress in the therapy of venereal diseases]. PMID- 14783783 TI - [Treatment of syphilis with massive doses of mapharsen and bismuth]. PMID- 14783784 TI - [Objectives for workers of medical institutions for 1950]. PMID- 14783785 TI - [Reorganization of the health ministry]. PMID- 14783786 TI - [Plans for medical institutions in the Prague region]. PMID- 14783787 TI - [Roentgenography in surgical wards in hospitals of the II type]. PMID- 14783789 TI - [Fees for services in state medical institutions]. PMID- 14783788 TI - [Interesting features of foreign hospitals]. PMID- 14783790 TI - [Regulation of the Ministry of Health on medical care in state institutions for persons not covered by previous regulations]. PMID- 14783791 TI - [Obligatory birth reporting]. PMID- 14783792 TI - [Organization of the Ministry of Health]. PMID- 14783793 TI - Annual increment norms for ten measures of physical growth on children four to eight years of age. PMID- 14783794 TI - A study of toys for hospitalized children. PMID- 14783795 TI - The acetylcholinesterase activity of erythrocytes of growing children. PMID- 14783797 TI - A comparative study of the ascendant behavior of northern and southern nursery school children. PMID- 14783796 TI - Children's ethnic attitudes. II. Relationship to parental beliefs concerning child training. PMID- 14783798 TI - Studies on an epidemic of influenza in Peking. PMID- 14783799 TI - Notes on Salmonella cholerae suis-Kunzendorf infection; report of a case treated with chloromycetin. PMID- 14783800 TI - Epithelial changes in human ariboflavinosis; a histological study. PMID- 14783801 TI - Mediterranean (Cooley's) anemia with marked bone changes in a Chinese female of 16 1/2 years; report of a case. PMID- 14783802 TI - Mixed tumors occurring in regions unassociated with salivary glands; a report of 7 cases. PMID- 14783804 TI - Some rare forms of human parasitic infection of interest to the physician in China. PMID- 14783803 TI - Signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer. PMID- 14783805 TI - [Fistulas of the cerebrospinal cavity and pneumatocele in cranial injury and disease]. PMID- 14783806 TI - [Mass occurrence of spontaneous fractures of the anterior ends of the ribs in alimentary dystrophy]. PMID- 14783807 TI - [Experiences and observations on intratracheal anesthesia with special reference to the use of curare]. PMID- 14783808 TI - [Chemical and clinical aspects of the present surgical use of penicillin, preponderately in depot form]. PMID- 14783809 TI - [Supramid as an intestinal suture in animal experiments]. PMID- 14783810 TI - [A standard operation for the relief of habitual dislocation of the shoulder]. PMID- 14783811 TI - [Use of tubular skin transplants in closure of bone cavities]. PMID- 14783812 TI - [Operative treatment of limited rotation of the lower arm; with a contribution to Knupper's article on arthroplasty of the distal radioulnar joint]. PMID- 14783813 TI - [Operative treatment of pertrochanteric fractures]. PMID- 14783814 TI - [Fistulas of the small intestine in acute postoperative ileus]. PMID- 14783815 TI - [Perforation of the colon following administration of contrast medium in stenosing carcinoma of the sigmoid]. PMID- 14783816 TI - [Peridural anesthesia with meningitis]. PMID- 14783817 TI - Some aspects of the pulmonary circulation in normal man and in chronic cardiopulmonary diseases. PMID- 14783818 TI - A synthetic anticoagulant: a polysulfuric acid ester of polyanhydromannuronic acid (paritol); experience with its use in man. PMID- 14783819 TI - Increasing bacterial resistance to the antibiotics; a study of 46 cases of streptococcus endocarditis and 18 cases of staphylococcus endocarditis. PMID- 14783820 TI - Spatial vector electrocardiography; a method for calculating the spatial electrical vectors of the heart from conventional leads. PMID- 14783821 TI - Diet, serum cholesterol and coronary artery disease. PMID- 14783822 TI - Production of experimental cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in chicks with minimal hypercholesterolemia and organ lipidosis. PMID- 14783823 TI - Effect of choline and inositol on plasma and tissue lipids and atherosclerosis in the cholesterol-fed chick. PMID- 14783824 TI - Effect of choline and inositol on plasma and tissue lipids and on spontaneous and stilbestrol-induced atherosclerosis in the chick. PMID- 14783825 TI - Fifteen years of progress in cardiovascular disease; the role of the American Heart Association in research. PMID- 14783826 TI - The American Heart Association as a national voluntary public health agency. PMID- 14783827 TI - The action of cardiac glycosides on experimental auricular flutter. PMID- 14783828 TI - The renal excretion of digitoxin in the normal subject after single and continuous administration of the drug. PMID- 14783829 TI - An empiric approach to the interpretation of the low frequency, critically damped ballistocardiogram. PMID- 14783830 TI - Analysis of H wave of ballistocardiogram. PMID- 14783831 TI - Cardiac performance capacity and the effect of exercise on renal plasma flow in aortic insufficiency. PMID- 14783832 TI - The present status of treatment of subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 14783833 TI - Electrical impedance plethysmography; a physical and physiologic approach to peripheral vascular study. PMID- 14783834 TI - The effect of posture and of congestion of the head on sodium excretion in normal subjects. PMID- 14783835 TI - Experimental and clinical evaluation in man of hexamethonium (C6), a new ganglionic blocking agent. PMID- 14783836 TI - The subcutaneous use of heparin; a summary of observations. PMID- 14783838 TI - The effect of smoking upon blood flow in the sympathectomized limb. PMID- 14783837 TI - Oxygen tension of tissues by the polarographic method. II Detection of right to left shunts by changes in skin oxygen tension resulting from inhalation of oxygen. PMID- 14783839 TI - Myocarditis in acute infectious diseases; a clinical and electrocardiographic study. PMID- 14783840 TI - Therapy of paroxysmal pulmonary edema by antifoaming agents. PMID- 14783841 TI - Congenital aortic septal defect with communication between aorta and pulmonary artery. PMID- 14783842 TI - Stokes-Adams attacks induced by rectal stimulation in a patient with complete heart block. PMID- 14783843 TI - The ventricular electrokymogram. PMID- 14783844 TI - Correlation of simultaneously recorded electrokymograms and pressure pulses of human heart and great vessels; a preliminary report. PMID- 14783845 TI - Aortography in infants. PMID- 14783846 TI - Aortic length: angiocardiographic measurements. PMID- 14783847 TI - The nature of the RS-T segment displacement as studied with esophageal leads. III. the effects of digitalis. PMID- 14783848 TI - The modern treatment of coronary thrombosis with myocardial infarction. PMID- 14783849 TI - [Periodic degeneration and regeneration of the synaptic endings in the spinal cord of the adult rabbit]. PMID- 14783850 TI - [Effect of choline on the amanita-poisoned rat]. PMID- 14783851 TI - [First results of the study of Sticker's venereal sarcoma transplanted in puppies]. PMID- 14783852 TI - [Carcinogenic power of the thymonucleoproteins extracted from Sticker's sarcoma]. PMID- 14783853 TI - [Polar variations of apparent resistance of the membrane of the nerve fiber under the action of a continuous current]. PMID- 14783854 TI - [Resumption of respiration after primary anoxic apnea]. PMID- 14783855 TI - [Coagulation of fibrinogen by thrombin; action of some antagonists in the absence and in the presence of ionized calcium]. PMID- 14783856 TI - [Absence of reciprocal antagonism between sulfamides and free or esterized ortho- and meta-aminobenzoic acid]. PMID- 14783857 TI - [Vascular chronaxia in vasomotor actions]. PMID- 14783858 TI - [Biometric techniques applied to the histophysiology of the thyroid gland in the mouse embryo]. PMID- 14783859 TI - [Anti-spherocytic action of certain synthetic substances derived from phenothiazine]. PMID- 14783860 TI - [Sedimentation rate of umbilical cord blood and its relations with the fibrinogen level and the minimal blood sediment]. PMID- 14783861 TI - [Effect of methionine and choline on the cholestero overload of the liver in experimental steatosis of the liver in the rat]. PMID- 14783862 TI - [Neuro-sympathetic effects on hormonal sensitivity]. PMID- 14783863 TI - [Effect of folliculin on the histamine content of the serum, liver and lung of the guinea pig]. PMID- 14783864 TI - [Electroshock by brief rectangular currents]. PMID- 14783865 TI - [Non-linearity of the electric characteristics of the skin in low-frequency sinusoidal current for sufficiently strong intensities]. PMID- 14783866 TI - [Variations with the intensity of skin resistance in low-frequency alternating current]. PMID- 14783867 TI - [Production of exophthalmos by thiourea in a marine teleost: Dentex vulgaris Cuv]. PMID- 14783868 TI - [Effect of increased salinity on the thyroid activity of various fresh water teleosts]. PMID- 14783870 TI - [Streptomycin and respiratory metabolism of tubercle bacilli]. PMID- 14783869 TI - [Myeloid metaplasia in the adrenal cortex of burned subjects]. PMID- 14783871 TI - [Simple method of titration of penicillinemia by diffusion without error-serum]. PMID- 14783872 TI - [New data in favor of the existence of the factor of general predisposition to cancer (factor no)]. PMID- 14783873 TI - [Mode of secretion of the corpora incerta of Bacillus rossii Fabr.)]. PMID- 14783874 TI - [Glycogen content of the liver of adult salmon (Salmo salar L.) at various stages of migration]. PMID- 14783875 TI - [Intervention of the hypophysis in the modifications of the erythrocyte count following injection of adrenalin]. PMID- 14783876 TI - [Fractionation of erythrocytes according to age. Centrifugation of erythrocytes labelled by radioiron]. PMID- 14783877 TI - [Contribution to the morphologic study of the homogenous bodies found in the lungs of rabbits infected with experimental typhus]. PMID- 14783878 TI - [Vasomotor properties of the blood. Presence of a vasodilator substance in the erythrocytes]. PMID- 14783879 TI - [Vitamin A activity of fresh or frozen muscles of Gadus morrhus in the presence of lard]. PMID- 14783880 TI - [Contribution to the study of conglutinins and auxilysins. Toxicity of human serum and bovine serum for leukocytes of guinea pig]. PMID- 14783881 TI - [Effect of K and Ca ions on the automatism of the dorsal vessel of the caterpillar of Galleria mellonella L]. PMID- 14783882 TI - [Action of total concentration of solutions on the automatism of the dorsal vessel of the caterpillar of Galleria mellonella L]. PMID- 14783883 TI - [Enzymatic reamination of inosic acid]. PMID- 14783884 TI - [Presence of glucose-6-phosphate in glycogen]. PMID- 14783885 TI - [Limits of action of carbon dioxide in the nerve function of batracians]. PMID- 14783886 TI - [Effect of Mg ion on the automatism of the dorsal vessel of Gryllus domesticus L]. PMID- 14783887 TI - [Antagonist actions of magnesium and of alkaline ions on the automatism of the dorsal vessel of Gryllus domesticus L]. PMID- 14783888 TI - [Effect of barium on cardiac automatism of the caterpillar of Galleria mellonella L. and of Gryllus domesticus L]. PMID- 14783889 TI - [Study of the electrolytic introduction of ions by means of radioactive isotopes]. PMID- 14783890 TI - [Some properties of supraliminal currents of medium frequency]. PMID- 14783891 TI - [A physiologic test usable for the study of the absorption rate of a drug]. PMID- 14783892 TI - [Effect of hyaluronidase on the absorption rate of eserine administered subcutaneously in the rat]. PMID- 14783893 TI - [Protein anabolism of the muscle atrophied in period of growth]. PMID- 14783894 TI - [Effect of various antithyroids on the thyroid gland of the selaceans Scyllium stellare Flem. and Scyllium canicula L]. PMID- 14783895 TI - [Hoorweg laws of the three kinds of fasciao of normal striped muscle of man (brachial biceps)]. PMID- 14783896 TI - [Hyperglycemic effect of tyrosine and methionine in the rat]. PMID- 14783897 TI - [Effect of 4-4 dihydroxy alpha beta diethylstilbene on the serum calcium of various male and female mammals]. PMID- 14783898 TI - [Spectrum study of blood during progressive anoxia. Absorption spectra of the hemoglobin in the erythrocytes and in solution after hemolysis]. PMID- 14783899 TI - [Note on the effect of a lysate of Trypanosoma cruzi on a transplanted cancer of the rat]. PMID- 14783900 TI - [Modification of the vasomotor action of various substances by anoxemia in the dog]. PMID- 14783901 TI - [Effect of various heavy cations on the reactivity of the vascular muscle to vasomotor substances]. PMID- 14783902 TI - [Research in vitro on the present sensitivity of gonococcus to penicillin G]. PMID- 14783903 TI - [Determination of the sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro]. PMID- 14783904 TI - [Functional structure of the visceral nerves and of their branches in the cuttlefish in accordance with their action on the branchial hearts]. PMID- 14783905 TI - [Cardio-accelerator tonus]. PMID- 14783906 TI - [Comparison of effects of inhalation of tobacco smoke by the upper respiratory passages and by the lungs in the dog]. PMID- 14783907 TI - [Senotainia tricuspis Meid., larval parasite of the adult bee (Apis mellifica)]. PMID- 14783908 TI - [Effect of synthetic estrogens on human calcemia. Study of 4-4 dihydroxy alpha beta diethyl-diphenylethane (dihydrodiethylstilbestrol)]. PMID- 14783909 TI - [Study of the mode of action of yperite (dichlorodiethyl sulfide) on the cardiovascular system. Effects of the products of oxidation of yperite]. PMID- 14783910 TI - [Heightening of the hypoprothrombinemic action of some vitamin K antagonists by simultaneous ingestion of esculoside]. PMID- 14783911 TI - [Level of arterial carbon dioxide in the rabbit after parenteral injection of a gas mixture rich in carbon dioxide]. PMID- 14783912 TI - [Behavior of the hematoencephalic barrier towards stains during mustard gas poisoning]. PMID- 14783913 TI - The doctor and the social revolution. PMID- 14783914 TI - The clinical diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart beat. PMID- 14783915 TI - Treatment of urinary tract infections. PMID- 14783916 TI - "Screening" in the doctor's office. PMID- 14783917 TI - "Let the state do it". PMID- 14783918 TI - Prostatism then and now in New Haver Hospital--1878-1948. PMID- 14783919 TI - Child health needs. PMID- 14783920 TI - Psychiatry in its relations with religion. PMID- 14783921 TI - Resume of anesthetic experience in 1037 intrathoracic operations. PMID- 14783922 TI - Diagnostic and therapeutic nerve blocks; a two year review. PMID- 14783923 TI - Saddle-block anesthesia at Chicago Lying-In Hospital. PMID- 14783924 TI - Control of bleeding during fenestration and similar operations by sympathetic block anesthesia. PMID- 14783925 TI - Preoperative treatment and premedication for thoracic operations. PMID- 14783926 TI - Survey of spinal anesthesias. PMID- 14783928 TI - Status thymicolymphaticus; presentation and discussion of a case. PMID- 14783927 TI - First Italian studies on a new local anesthetic: xylocaine. PMID- 14783929 TI - A papyrographic micro-method for a determination of the organic acid make-up of fermented beers. PMID- 14783930 TI - On the temperature dependence of counter characteristics in self-quenching G. M. counters. PMID- 14783931 TI - "Joshi effect" in iodine vapour under x-rays. PMID- 14783932 TI - Dielectric constants of cane sugar. PMID- 14783933 TI - A new species of Azotobacter isolated from the acid peats (Kari soils) of Travancorecochin. PMID- 14783934 TI - Effect of nicotine, quinoline, 3-3'-dipyridyl and beta-picoline on the biosynthesis of nicotinic acid in animals. PMID- 14783935 TI - Kinetics of acetone and iodine reaction. PMID- 14783936 TI - Sensitivity of patchouli to manganese deficiency in soils. PMID- 14783937 TI - Position of double bonds in the aliphatic side chain of the monophenol from commercial cashew nut shell liquid. PMID- 14783938 TI - Direct computation of orientation polarisation from dilute solution data. PMID- 14783939 TI - Investigations on pyrophosphato complex of zinc in solution. PMID- 14783940 TI - The Fries migration of the aryl esters of alpha and beta naphthoic acids. PMID- 14783941 TI - Essential oil from the flowers of camphire or henna plant. PMID- 14783942 TI - The influence of dietary protein on the cystine and methionine contents of liver protein. PMID- 14783943 TI - Influence of methionine and cystine on the metabolism of rats. PMID- 14783944 TI - On a new ciliate Nyctotherus kalii nov. sp. found in the tadpoles of the Indian frog; Rana curtipes Jerdon. PMID- 14783945 TI - Effect of storage on the vitamin C content of canned foods. PMID- 14783946 TI - An 'in vitro' study on the action of acridine biguanide derivatives upon some pathogenic micro-organisms. PMID- 14783947 TI - [The significance and jurisdictions of folk-medicine]. PMID- 14783948 TI - [Discovery of the cecum and appendix in a hernial sac in a case of right strangulated hernia]. PMID- 14783949 TI - Guardians of the world's sight. PMID- 14783950 TI - Recent contributions of organic chemistry to medicine. PMID- 14783951 TI - [Intestinal obstruction from gallstones]. PMID- 14783952 TI - [Late results of prefrontal leucotomy in therapy of psychic disorders]. PMID- 14783953 TI - [Nephrectomy in cure of pain from a scar in ureter]. PMID- 14783954 TI - [Traumatic rupture of the spleen in a seven year old boy]. PMID- 14783955 TI - [Studies on purity tests. V. Limit test for barium]. PMID- 14783956 TI - [Method for the biologic evaluation of the laxative effect of anthraquinone compounds]. PMID- 14783957 TI - Postgraduate training of the general practitioner. PMID- 14783958 TI - Report of one year's experience as neuropsychiatric consultant to a general hospital. PMID- 14783959 TI - Congenital Stenosis of the Ileum. PMID- 14783960 TI - Nerve blocking--a review. PMID- 14783961 TI - More research on tuberculosis. PMID- 14783962 TI - Practice management. PMID- 14783963 TI - Relines, rebases or transfers and repairs. PMID- 14783964 TI - Immediate restorations for complete dentures. PMID- 14783966 TI - DENTAL materials. PMID- 14783965 TI - The New Zealand experiment in dental services. PMID- 14783967 TI - [Histopathogenesis of exogenous allergic reactions of the skin]. PMID- 14783968 TI - The incidence of skin and venereal diseases in Greece; effect of World War II. PMID- 14783969 TI - Remarks on cell-diagnostics in normal and some pathological conditions of the skin. PMID- 14783970 TI - Findings in a case of extra-mammary Paget's disease. PMID- 14783971 TI - On the problem of the relation between the innervation of the sweat-glands and of other organs of the human skin. PMID- 14783972 TI - [So-called erythematous cells and their occurrence in the pleural punctate of a patient with fatal lupus erythematodes disseminatus acutus (subacutus)]. PMID- 14783973 TI - [Unusual modification of a case of keratosis palmo-plantaris following irradiation]. PMID- 14783974 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14783975 TI - Various tropical dermatoses; a review of the literature of 1948 and part of the literature of 1949. PMID- 14783976 TI - [Public health aspects of the five year plan]. PMID- 14783977 TI - [Homonymic and heteronymic sex hormone therapy of breast and prostate carcinoma, and an attempt to explain their mode of action with reference to carcinogenesis]. PMID- 14783978 TI - [Periarterial tuberculosis of the abdominal lymphatic glands in adults]. PMID- 14783979 TI - ["Reflex therapy" in apoplectice paralysis of the legs]. PMID- 14783980 TI - [Palpation of epigastrium]. PMID- 14783981 TI - [Brachialgia]. PMID- 14783982 TI - [Frequency, nature, and prevention of poisoning in the chemical industry]. PMID- 14783983 TI - [First provisions pursuant to the ordinance of 5 October 1949 concerning the regulation and control of commerce in drugs in the Russian sponsored German Democratic Republic]. PMID- 14783984 TI - [Analysis of pointing tests]. PMID- 14783985 TI - [Problem of early operation in diseases of the gallbladder]. PMID- 14783986 TI - [Familial syphilis in Vorpommern]. PMID- 14783987 TI - [Athletics and the skin]. PMID- 14783989 TI - [Therapeutic use of diiodotyrosine]. PMID- 14783988 TI - [History of the Rh factor and its significance for infant and maternal hemopathy]. PMID- 14783990 TI - [World public health]. PMID- 14783991 TI - [Chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis with Tb 1/698]. PMID- 14783992 TI - [Blood picture and blood proteins following injury of the skull]. PMID- 14783993 TI - [Non-surgical therapy of rectal prolapse with injections of B 611 Knoll; report of author's experience 1945-49]. PMID- 14783994 TI - [Definitions of basic concepts in the study of focal infection]. PMID- 14783995 TI - Extraperiosteal temporary plombage in thoracoplasty: a preliminary report. PMID- 14783996 TI - Preliminary report of clinical experience with p-aminosalicylic acid. PMID- 14783997 TI - Studies on the behavior of para-aminosalicylic acid in tuberculous pleural effusions. PMID- 14783998 TI - Aerosols. II. The role of particle size in inhalation therapy by atomization and by penicillin dusts. PMID- 14784000 TI - Non-bacterial pneumonias. PMID- 14783999 TI - Aspiration of pleural fluid. PMID- 14784001 TI - Medical management of acute lung abscess; report of 12 cases. PMID- 14784003 TI - Tuberculosis control in institutions for the mentally ill. PMID- 14784002 TI - The BCG controversy. PMID- 14784004 TI - [The physician's job and medical ethics]. PMID- 14784005 TI - [Notes on internal medicine]. PMID- 14784006 TI - [Effect of roentgen and radium rays on living cells]. PMID- 14784007 TI - [Cystectomy in urogenital tuberculosis]. PMID- 14784008 TI - [Comparison of results obtained with VDRL, MKR II, Wassermann, cholesterol Wassermann and Kahn tests]. PMID- 14784009 TI - [Carbon tetrachloride toxicosis]. PMID- 14784010 TI - [Contribution to problem of toxoplasmosis, with case report]. PMID- 14784011 TI - [Panophthalmitis due to Clostridium welchi]. PMID- 14784012 TI - [Contamination of milk supplied by a breast milk center]. PMID- 14784013 TI - [Apparatus to improve clarity in percussion]. PMID- 14784014 TI - [Central medical library in the Meilahti hospital area]. PMID- 14784015 TI - [Aureomycin therapy in a case of Brill-Symmers disease]. PMID- 14784017 TI - Recent advances in diseases of the thyroid gland. PMID- 14784016 TI - [Notes on a study trip to England during the summer of 1949]. PMID- 14784018 TI - Hepatitis in the African; a clinical investigation of an outbreak of acute jaundice, June 1948-November 1949. PMID- 14784019 TI - A case of pellagrous neuropathy. PMID- 14784020 TI - The treatment of gonorrhoea. PMID- 14784021 TI - [Surgical treatment of gastro-duodenal ulcers]. PMID- 14784022 TI - [Antibiotics associated with sodium salicylate in the treatment of acute rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 14784023 TI - [So-called exertion thrombophlebitis of the upper extremity]. PMID- 14784024 TI - [Measure of prothrombin time (Russell method) in the diagnosis and treatment of venous thromboses]. PMID- 14784025 TI - [Note on the origins of writing function; from the blot to the line]. PMID- 14784026 TI - [The graphic gesture and the structuralization of space]. PMID- 14784027 TI - [Characteristics of the development of drawing by age groups according to different authors]. PMID- 14784028 TI - [Test of drawing the figure of a man as a simple and rapid periodic control of mental growth]. PMID- 14784029 TI - [Factorial study of mental growth curves; experimental contribution to the study of Ribot's law of regression]. PMID- 14784030 TI - [Drawing in childhood; first representations of humans]. PMID- 14784031 TI - [Transparent drawings and level of development]. PMID- 14784032 TI - [Elements of actual experiences in some drawings of children and adolescents]. PMID- 14784033 TI - [True to life portraits]. PMID- 14784034 TI - [Critical bibliography on writing and drawing of children up to 1949]. PMID- 14784035 TI - The comparative physiology of the neurohypophysis. PMID- 14784036 TI - The chemistry of biphenyl. PMID- 14784037 TI - [Effect of aluminum lithium hydride on lactams]. PMID- 14784038 TI - The total synthesis of dl-rubremetinium bromide. PMID- 14784039 TI - Chemical action of ionizing radiations of steroid compounds; substances produced by the action of x-rays on cholesterol and on delta 5-pregnene-ol-one in aqueous systems. PMID- 14784040 TI - The structure of NaPt3O4. PMID- 14784041 TI - [Optic interpretation of the cross membrane in Ranvier's nodes]. PMID- 14784042 TI - [Globular particles as submicroscopic elements of animal cytoplasm]. PMID- 14784043 TI - [Tissue mast cells and heparin; study with the phase microscope]. PMID- 14784044 TI - [Biochemical action of the polyphosphoric amidic esters of thiamine and the polyphosphates of sodium]. PMID- 14784045 TI - [Enzymatic degradation products of pteroylglutamic acid]. PMID- 14784046 TI - [Effect of colchicine in vivo on the alkali phosphatase of the rat liver]. PMID- 14784047 TI - [Comparative effect on the respiration of intraventricular and intracarotid injection of solutions containing varying amounts of carbon dioxide]. PMID- 14784048 TI - [Effect of catechin on the distribution of iron in the viscera of the albino rat]. PMID- 14784049 TI - [Hemostatic properties of two indole derivatives of adrenochrome]. PMID- 14784050 TI - [Carbon dioxide fertilizing, humus and maximal yield]. PMID- 14784051 TI - [Symposium on behavioral psychology at the Max-Planck-Institute]. PMID- 14784052 TI - Nasal solutions with combined therapeutic effects. PMID- 14784053 TI - The surgery of the inferior oblique muscle. II Surgical anatomy and operative techniques. PMID- 14784054 TI - A physiological study of refractive errors. PMID- 14784055 TI - Epistaxis. PMID- 14784056 TI - [An interesting biuret type reaction provided by 2-2'-disuccinylamino diphenyldisulfide]. PMID- 14784057 TI - [Research on insulinase. 1. Insulinase activity of the homogenate of steatotic liver of the rat]. PMID- 14784058 TI - [Antibacterial activity of derivatives of quinoline. Note I. Antibacterial activity in vitro of some esters of quinoline-6-carbonic acid]. PMID- 14784059 TI - [Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of triiodotriethylamine]. PMID- 14784060 TI - [Determination of paraaminosalicylic acid in urine by bromization]. PMID- 14784061 TI - [Practical modification of the Quaife and Rauramo methods for the determination of alpha-tocopherol in the blood]. PMID- 14784062 TI - [Chemistry of yohimbine]. PMID- 14784063 TI - [Recent acquisitions on the metabolism of vitamin E]. PMID- 14784064 TI - [Technical characteristics of a new still]. PMID- 14784065 TI - [New phenolic antioxidants]. PMID- 14784066 TI - [Recent acquisitions in the field of steroid hormone therapy. IV. Folliculin and folliculin-like substances in the treatment of extra-gynecologic diseases]. PMID- 14784067 TI - The Coxsackie viruses. PMID- 14784069 TI - Isolation and differentiation of the Coxsackie group of viruses. PMID- 14784068 TI - Complement-fixation tests with some of the viruses in the Coxsackie group. PMID- 14784070 TI - Diverse manifestations of infection with a strain of Coxsackie virus. PMID- 14784071 TI - Differentiation of immunological types among the Coxsackie viruses. PMID- 14784072 TI - Evaluation of the symptoms and signs of deficiency diseases. PMID- 14784073 TI - Evaluation of dietary survey methods. PMID- 14784074 TI - STANDARDIZATION of definitions and symbols in respiratory physiology. PMID- 14784075 TI - [I. P. Pavlov's theory-basis for the development of contemporary medical science]. PMID- 14784076 TI - [New concepts in painless labor]. PMID- 14784077 TI - [Penicillin therapy of scarlet fever in children]. PMID- 14784078 TI - [Lambliasis in children]. PMID- 14784080 TI - [Prevention and therapy of infectious toxic diseases of the newborn]. PMID- 14784079 TI - [Regimen of the patient]. PMID- 14784081 TI - Professor N. A. Bogoraz. PMID- 14784082 TI - [Page from the history of the discovery of quinine]. PMID- 14784083 TI - [Role of medical workers in rural hygiene and sanitation]. PMID- 14784084 TI - [Experimental work with question and answer consultation of the Saratov's Institution of education in sanitation]. PMID- 14784085 TI - [Method of instruction in desmology]. PMID- 14784086 TI - [Educational work in the school for laboratory technicians during practical studies]. PMID- 14784087 TI - [Smoking--a conditioned reflex]. PMID- 14784088 TI - [Treatment of echinococcosis of the liver]. PMID- 14784090 TI - [I. P. Pavlov's teaching as the principle in the development of modern medical science]. PMID- 14784089 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14784091 TI - [The origin of parasites]. PMID- 14784092 TI - [Modern therapy of varicose ulcers]. PMID- 14784093 TI - [Actinomycosis]. PMID- 14784094 TI - [Tissue transplantation in outpatient department]. PMID- 14784095 TI - [First aid in frostbite and freezing]. PMID- 14784096 TI - [New system of irrigation and control of malaria]. PMID- 14784097 TI - [The Soviet Red Cross]. PMID- 14784098 TI - [Life and work of A. N. Radishchev]. PMID- 14784099 TI - [A midwife from the village of Tatgorenki]. PMID- 14784100 TI - [Prevention of inhibition of the knee reflex]. PMID- 14784101 TI - [Results of practice of minor surgery at the outpatient polyclinic department of the municipal polyclinic]. PMID- 14784102 TI - [Communist-political education in the Ural feldsher-obstetric school]. PMID- 14784103 TI - [Medicinal plants with sedative and hypotensive effect]. PMID- 14784104 TI - [Shostakovskii's balsam]. PMID- 14784105 TI - [Legal consultation]. PMID- 14784106 TI - Testicular morphology in eunuchoidal and infertile men. PMID- 14784107 TI - What constitutes a normal semen? PMID- 14784108 TI - Hormonal changes following low dosage irradiation of pituitary and ovaries in anovulatory women. PMID- 14784109 TI - Genital tuberculosis of the female and sterility. PMID- 14784110 TI - The relative infrequency of unsuspected genital tuberculosis as a cause of tubal occlusion. PMID- 14784111 TI - Amino acids in cervical mucus. PMID- 14784112 TI - The male frog (Rana pipiens) compared to the female rat as a pregnancy test animal. PMID- 14784113 TI - Danger in securing vaginal temperatures. PMID- 14784114 TI - [Parietal aneurysms of the heart]. PMID- 14784115 TI - [Indications for iron therapy in anemia]. PMID- 14784116 TI - [Treatment of furuncle with iodized distillates of cod liver oil and peanut oil]. PMID- 14784117 TI - [Banti's disease]. PMID- 14784118 TI - [Present surgical treatment of coxarthritis]. PMID- 14784119 TI - [Physiopathologic aspects of ascites in hepatic cirrhosis]. PMID- 14784121 TI - Postoperative bowel distention. PMID- 14784120 TI - Spinal anesthesia for vaginal delivery. PMID- 14784122 TI - Practical hints in dermatology. PMID- 14784123 TI - Aches in the abdominal and thoracic walls. PMID- 14784124 TI - Early symptoms of acute appendicitis. PMID- 14784125 TI - Treatment of congestive heart failure. PMID- 14784126 TI - Let the bank handle your investment details. PMID- 14784127 TI - Insurance case history of doctor X. PMID- 14784128 TI - The subtle art of stealing patients. PMID- 14784129 TI - Benign gastric polyps and their relation to carcinoma of the stomach. PMID- 14784130 TI - Surgical aspects of Meckel's diverticulum; report of 64 operative and 11 autopsy cases. PMID- 14784131 TI - Early roentgenologic evaluation in patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage; report of 58 cases. PMID- 14784132 TI - Ulcerative colitis; a study of 173 cases. PMID- 14784133 TI - The effect of protein hydrolysate solutions on gastric acidity of peptic ulcer patients. PMID- 14784134 TI - Effect of aureomycin on the stomach; a gastroscopic study. PMID- 14784135 TI - Dysphagia caused by exostoses on the cervical spine. PMID- 14784136 TI - Tuberculosis of the stomach; a case report. PMID- 14784137 TI - Amebiasis of the colon simulating obstructing carcinoma. PMID- 14784138 TI - Co-existence of duodenal ulcer with independent gastric carcinoma. PMID- 14784139 TI - Roentgenologic demonstration of a Meckel's diverticulum. PMID- 14784140 TI - The pancreas: Contributions of clinical interest in 1949. PMID- 14784141 TI - Serum alkaline phosphatase in liver disease: A concept of its significance. PMID- 14784142 TI - Adenoma of the rectum and sigmoid colon; incidence revealed by proctosigmoidoscopic examination of a group of patients free of complaints referable to the colon and rectum. PMID- 14784143 TI - Clinical and roentgenographic observations on constipation in patients with peptic ulcer. PMID- 14784144 TI - Post-bulbar duodenal obstruction in carcinoma of the pancreas. PMID- 14784145 TI - Studies of lysozyme in ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14784146 TI - A study of the alleged deficiency of gastric mucin in the stomach of humans with peptic ulcer. PMID- 14784147 TI - Emergency medical treatment in bleeding esophageal varices. PMID- 14784148 TI - Partial gastric resection for peptic ulcer of the esophagus; case report, review of literature, remarks on pathogenesis and treatment. PMID- 14784149 TI - The serum calcium in acute pancreatitis. PMID- 14784150 TI - The acid reducing mechanisms of the normal human duodenum and an observation on duodenal ulcer. PMID- 14784151 TI - Clinical studies in human strongyloidiasis. I Semeiology. PMID- 14784152 TI - Amino acid excretion in patients with gastro intestinal disease during ingestion of various protein supplements. PMID- 14784153 TI - A permanent gastrostomy. PMID- 14784154 TI - Megacolon a complication of ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14784155 TI - Giant hypertrophy of the gastric rugae (Menetrier's disease) associated with severe hypoproteinemia relieved only by total gastrectomy; report of case. PMID- 14784157 TI - Is susceptibility to peptic ulcer inherited. PMID- 14784156 TI - High phthalylsulfathiazole (sulfathalidine) level associated with granulocytopenia; case report. PMID- 14784158 TI - Heredity and peptic ulcer. PMID- 14784159 TI - [Cosmobiologic factors of simultaneous hemoptyses in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14784160 TI - [Syndrome of spinal compression by cervical disk hernia]. PMID- 14784161 TI - [Leukorrhea due to Trichomonas vaginalis]. PMID- 14784162 TI - [Cancer of the uterus]. PMID- 14784163 TI - [New therapeutics]. PMID- 14784164 TI - [Medico-social and economic problems of alcoholism, in reference to the work of Professor Perrin]. PMID- 14784165 TI - [Proposed law on the repression of alcoholism]. PMID- 14784166 TI - [Medicaments for chronic alcoholism]. PMID- 14784167 TI - [Obstetrical significance of congenital toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 14784168 TI - [Morphologic pathogenesis of massive fibroadenoma of the ovary]. PMID- 14784169 TI - [Gynecologic significance of vertebral osteochondrosis]. PMID- 14784170 TI - [Experimental tests on the reaction in gestational toxemia to the intradermal injection of diluted solutions of semen]. PMID- 14784171 TI - [Observations on the effect of the semen upon the autonomic nervous system of the female]. PMID- 14784172 TI - [A new type of floating mount for the colposcope]. PMID- 14784173 TI - [Etiology and forensic significance of laqueate cervico-vaginal fistulas]. PMID- 14784174 TI - [Surgical therapy of puerperal mastitis]. PMID- 14784175 TI - [Experiences with penicillin therapy of puerperal mastitis]. PMID- 14784176 TI - [Comments on Effkemann's article on the course of allergic disease during pregnancy]. PMID- 14784177 TI - [Significance of postclimacteric hemorrhage among the patients of the gynecological clinic of the University of Rostock during the last ten years]. PMID- 14784178 TI - A study of the influence of the social field on individual behavior: As revealed in the expression of hostility and warmth by neurotics and paranoid schizophrenics in discussion group situations. PMID- 14784179 TI - An experimental study of avoidance. PMID- 14784180 TI - [Education and training as part of a complete plan for the welfare of physically handicapped children; resolution of the congress on physically handicapped children, Geneva, 20-5 February 1950]. PMID- 14784181 TI - [Report on the annual meeting of the Swiss Society for Hygiene, 2-4 June 1950, at Vevey]. PMID- 14784182 TI - [Social organization of the Nestle industries]. PMID- 14784183 TI - [Preserved food and public health]. PMID- 14784184 TI - [Infant foods and public hygiene]. PMID- 14784185 TI - [Problem of caries prophylaxis, with reference to the use of fluorides]. PMID- 14784186 TI - [Physiological evaluation and normalization of general vibration]. PMID- 14784187 TI - [Effect of petroleum products on the growth of lower water plants]. PMID- 14784188 TI - [Efficacy of measures for the control of dust in measuring and mixing free flowing materials]. PMID- 14784189 TI - [Ocular ergography in luminescent lighting]. PMID- 14784190 TI - [Method of intravenous injections of staphylococcal toxin to adult cats in study of food poisoning]. PMID- 14784191 TI - [Stabilizing effect of nutritional elements on vitamin C in cooking of food]. PMID- 14784193 TI - [First Russian journal on hygiene of work]. PMID- 14784192 TI - [Simple method for determination of size of a desk and height of a table according to height of the pupil]. PMID- 14784194 TI - [Methods of using DDT preparations and other stable contact insecticides for houseflies]. PMID- 14784196 TI - [Scientific research work of the Leningrad scientific research Institute of hygiene of work and occupational diseases]. PMID- 14784195 TI - [Photocolorimetric methods of ammonia determination in drinking and waste water]. PMID- 14784197 TI - [Cause of atypical growth of Escherichia coli on membrane filters]. PMID- 14784198 TI - [Newest DDT and hexochlorine insecticides in control of insect pests]. PMID- 14784199 TI - [Effect of ferrum bisulfuratum on dermatomyces]. PMID- 14784200 TI - [Anniversary of the Great October Socialistic Revolution and the problems of hygienists and epidemiologists]. PMID- 14784201 TI - [Resolution of the bureau of hygiene, microbiology and epidemiology of the Academy of Science of SSSR on the state of hygienic science]. PMID- 14784202 TI - [Great construction projects in SSSR]. PMID- 14784203 TI - [Sanitary contraepidemic measures on construction projects]. PMID- 14784204 TI - [Ultraviolet irradiation as a factor increasing physiological activity in subterranean work]. PMID- 14784205 TI - [Comparative evaluation of certain construction and technical materials in relation to their permeability and adsorption of mercuric vapors]. PMID- 14784206 TI - [Basic hygienic principles in dyeing of food products]. PMID- 14784207 TI - [Methods of determination of the general content of vitamin B1 in milk]. PMID- 14784208 TI - [History of school hygiene in Russia in the XVIII century]. PMID- 14784209 TI - [A. F. Shafonskii--one of pioneers in sanitation in Russia]. PMID- 14784210 TI - [Field apparatus for the selection of water samples and a funnel for the collection of gases in reservoirs]. PMID- 14784211 TI - [Futile efforts in control of the pollution of atmospheric air in the cities of England and U.S.A]. PMID- 14784212 TI - [Working conditions on traction electric substations with mercuric rectifiers on the Sverdlovsk railroad]. PMID- 14784213 TI - [Sanitary hygienic principles in planning of communal kitchens]. PMID- 14784215 TI - [Second All-Union Congress of industrial sanitation chemistry]. PMID- 14784214 TI - [Principles in planning of communal kitchens]. PMID- 14784216 TI - [The stone desert in the great plan of nature transformation]. PMID- 14784217 TI - [Pollution and autopurification of soil and of subsoil water in relation to cesspools]. PMID- 14784218 TI - [Loss of moisture in man during rest at various temperatures]. PMID- 14784219 TI - [Molybdenum as an industrial poison]. PMID- 14784220 TI - [History of factory legislation and supervision in Russia]. PMID- 14784221 TI - [Use of medical records of dispensaries by health inspectors]. PMID- 14784222 TI - [Evaluation of the efficacy of methods in application of DDT against mosquitoes in control of malaria]. PMID- 14784223 TI - [Refrigerator, air conditioned]. PMID- 14784224 TI - [Sanitation and hygiene of the Moscow subway of the name L. M. Kaganovich]. PMID- 14784225 TI - [Economical shower]. PMID- 14784226 TI - [Angiomatosis; attempted unitary nosologic conception]. PMID- 14784227 TI - [Potassemic curve, Thorn test and determination of 17-ketosteroids in investigation of adrenal function]. PMID- 14784228 TI - [Primary neoplasm of the spleen with slight leukemoid reaction]. PMID- 14784229 TI - [Functional lability and instability of the sino-auricular center and extra sinusal cardiac automatism; latest contribution to the study of sinusal arrhythmia]. PMID- 14784230 TI - [Presumed therapeutic efficacy of transfusion of ascitic fluid and blood in toto in hepatic cirrhosis]. PMID- 14784232 TI - [Pharyngoesophageal disorders from osteoarthritis of the cervical spine]. PMID- 14784231 TI - [Practical considerations on the use of streptomycin and PAS in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14784233 TI - [Latest research on a filterable element isolated from so-called pseudobotryomycoma. II. Histologic study of the inoculated chorio-allantois membrane]. PMID- 14784234 TI - [Rapid initial course of typical guttate parapsoriasis terminating in leukomelanoderma]. PMID- 14784235 TI - [Research on the relation of plasma staphylocoagulase and of humoral antibodies in pyogenic dermatosis]. PMID- 14784236 TI - [Rare case of epithelioma of external layer of skin]. PMID- 14784237 TI - [Value of streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of cutaneous tuberculosis]. PMID- 14784238 TI - [Treatment of psoriasis with vitamin H1; clinicocasuistic contribution]. PMID- 14784239 TI - [Congenital syphilis conference]. PMID- 14784240 TI - [Rorschach test applied to 103 juvenile delinquents]. PMID- 14784241 TI - [Cerebellar ataxia syndrome (Pierre-Marie type) from congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14784242 TI - [Cerebral localizations of Vaquez-Leconte subacute venous septicemia (thrombophlebitis migraas)]. PMID- 14784243 TI - [Characteristics of the handwriting of epileptics]. PMID- 14784244 TI - Simmonds' disease: Report of three cases, with particular reference to laboratory diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14784246 TI - The treatment of varicose veins of the lower limb with particular reference to the location of the communicating veins. PMID- 14784245 TI - A case of generalized scleroderma simulating oesophageal carcinoma. PMID- 14784247 TI - A case of ball thrombus of the heart. PMID- 14784248 TI - The surgical approach to peptic ulceration. PMID- 14784249 TI - Diseases of the liver: a retrospect. PMID- 14784250 TI - Some historical aspects of iron therapy. PMID- 14784251 TI - Iron metabolism: a review of recent literature. PMID- 14784252 TI - External rectus paralysis: an unusual complication of spinal puncture. PMID- 14784253 TI - GEORGE Allison Allan. PMID- 14784254 TI - Dr. James Carslaw. PMID- 14784255 TI - SIR John Strathearn. PMID- 14784256 TI - The Rhesus factor. PMID- 14784257 TI - Haemolytic disease of the newborn. PMID- 14784258 TI - Richard Bright--a bio-bibliography. PMID- 14784259 TI - Our emblem the serpent. PMID- 14784260 TI - The pathological physiology of gangrene of the limbs. PMID- 14784261 TI - Pulmonary atresia and the collateral circulation to the lungs. PMID- 14784262 TI - Benign neurogenic tumours of the stomach. PMID- 14784263 TI - The value of clinical laboratory tests. II. The excretion of total neutral 17 ketosteroids in disease. PMID- 14784264 TI - The heart in arachnodactyly. PMID- 14784265 TI - [Case of acute erythremic myelosis, clinical and hemato-histological study]. PMID- 14784266 TI - [Cathepsin of the spleen in hyperhemolysis]. PMID- 14784268 TI - [Method for counting platelets after centrifugation of the erythrocytes]. PMID- 14784267 TI - [New research on the behavior of the leukocyte picture in typhoid and other infectious diseases]. PMID- 14784269 TI - [Comparative cytometric research on the eosinophil series of normal human bone marrow and of bone marrow in pernicious anemia]. PMID- 14784270 TI - [Principal varieties of Di Guglielmo's disease; personal contribution to the acute erythremic manifestations of peculiar aspect]. PMID- 14784271 TI - [Liver principle and embryonal megaloblastosis]. PMID- 14784272 TI - [Anti-cell and anti-organ sera (experimental research) Part I]. PMID- 14784273 TI - Public health in Hawaii, 1950. PMID- 14784274 TI - Primary anorectal abscess. A modern concept of pathogenesis and treatment. PMID- 14784275 TI - [Phlebography]. PMID- 14784276 TI - [On the therapy of Dupuytren's contracture]. PMID- 14784277 TI - [Fate of the freely transplanted bone chip in habitual dislocation of the hip joint]. PMID- 14784278 TI - [Experimental and clinical data on the treatment of infection pseudoarthrosis]. PMID- 14784279 TI - [Segmental resection in treatment of bronchiectases]. PMID- 14784280 TI - [Results with transfusion of bovine plasma free of anaphylactic antibodies]. PMID- 14784281 TI - [Dextran as blood substitute]. PMID- 14784282 TI - [Dumping-syndrome and iron deficiency]. PMID- 14784283 TI - [Improvement of operative results of old cases of congenital dislocation of the hip joint]. PMID- 14784284 TI - [Gigantic diverticulum of the ureter]. PMID- 14784285 TI - [Kidney diseases with abdominal symptomatology]. PMID- 14784286 TI - [Method for facilitating early ambulation by preoperative irradiations]. PMID- 14784287 TI - [Development of degenerative states of the vertebral column]. PMID- 14784288 TI - [Pathogenesis of degenerative diseases of the spine]. PMID- 14784289 TI - [Conservative therapy of discal hernias]. PMID- 14784290 TI - [Allergy in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14784291 TI - [Effect of emotion on normal ocular tension]. PMID- 14784292 TI - [Diaphragmatic hernia]. PMID- 14784293 TI - [Study on chronic post-diphtheria syndromes]. PMID- 14784294 TI - [Case of megaesophagus with cardiospasm; surgery or homeopathy?]. PMID- 14784295 TI - [Extreme dilutions of homeopathic remedies]. PMID- 14784296 TI - [Indications for Pyrogenium in veterinary homeopathy]. PMID- 14784297 TI - [Silicea and its complementary substances]. PMID- 14784298 TI - AHA speakers emphasize need for expanded hospital facilities in case of bombing. PMID- 14784299 TI - SMALL hospital problems probed by AHA panel. PMID- 14784300 TI - EXAMINE operation of Hill-Burton Act; evaluate small hospital construction. PMID- 14784302 TI - MacEACHERN Citations awarded public relations competition winners at annual session. PMID- 14784301 TI - ACHA strengthens administrator-board status. PMID- 14784303 TI - WINNERS announced in HM contests for public relations, annual reports. PMID- 14784304 TI - START now to win those bronze plaques for excellent public relations and annual reports one year from now. PMID- 14784305 TI - AHA approves proposal to carry on Hospital Standardization Program when and if ACS relinquishes it. PMID- 14784307 TI - HOW to build the hospital to fit the patients. PMID- 14784306 TI - How much is 'enough' in the reimbursement of hospitals? PMID- 14784308 TI - What effects has defense on the economy of hospitals? PMID- 14784309 TI - BITTER battles over oleo forecast in many states. PMID- 14784311 TI - A.H.A. speakers suggest solutions for hospital money quandaries. PMID- 14784310 TI - Helicopter brings patient to hospital at opening of $1,000,000 addition. PMID- 14784312 TI - LET nurse education meet needs, Hummel tells AHA session. PMID- 14784313 TI - Pharmacists demand clarification of prescription refilling rule. PMID- 14784314 TI - Starting the day with a good breakfast is a help to patient's convalescence. PMID- 14784315 TI - GENERAL menus for November. PMID- 14784316 TI - PROBLEMS in hospital finance with relation to accounting--a convention report. PMID- 14784317 TI - How to tell your financial story clearly and completely. PMID- 14784318 TI - Improved high humidity rooms prove value in treatment of patients' breathing ills. PMID- 14784319 TI - HOW Montefiore interiors were redesigned with improved patient morale in mind. PMID- 14784320 TI - A chief engineer does some cogitating on a new hospital. PMID- 14784321 TI - The "Salt Lake" fire evacuation drill. PMID- 14784322 TI - Medical social service as a part of total medical care. PMID- 14784323 TI - Medical social service; some case studies. PMID- 14784324 TI - Setting up a social service department. PMID- 14784325 TI - The catholicity of the Catholic hospital; inculcating Catholic objectives. PMID- 14784326 TI - The catholicity of the Catholic hospital; the medical staff of the Catholic hospital. PMID- 14784327 TI - Applications and limitations of antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism. PMID- 14784328 TI - Playground in the sky; St. Clare's Hospital, New York, finds clean air and sunshine for its pediatric patients. PMID- 14784329 TI - Nomina brevia. PMID- 14784330 TI - Practical house staff achievement record. PMID- 14784331 TI - The hospital becomes a militant force for peace. PMID- 14784332 TI - Another viewpoint on the psychology of personality development. PMID- 14784333 TI - A Holy Year pilgrimage. PMID- 14784335 TI - CHRONIC, convalescent and rehabilitation unit in Peoria, Ill. PMID- 14784334 TI - The status of British Catholic hospitals. PMID- 14784336 TI - Notes on the life of a hospital chaplain. PMID- 14784337 TI - Catholicism in the out-patient department. PMID- 14784338 TI - P. R. for the small hospital. PMID- 14784339 TI - One way of putting the patient at ease. PMID- 14784341 TI - SHARE-the-nurse plan at St. Vincent's Hospital, New York City. PMID- 14784340 TI - Rating scales for the nursing staff. PMID- 14784342 TI - Therapeutic abortions. PMID- 14784343 TI - [Problem of nutrition and psychoanalysis]. PMID- 14784344 TI - [Further data on physiologic medicine]. PMID- 14784345 TI - [Rheumatism in children and rheumatic carditis]. PMID- 14784347 TI - [Respiratory passages]. PMID- 14784346 TI - [Non-osteogenic fibroma of the femur]. PMID- 14784348 TI - [Treatment and prevention of disease aboard merchant vessels]. PMID- 14784349 TI - [Evolution and progress of public health services in Rio Grande do Sul]. PMID- 14784350 TI - [Dictionary of medical terms; notes for a new edition; additions and emendations]. PMID- 14784351 TI - [Benign subacute adenitis of undetermined nature]. PMID- 14784352 TI - [Concept of hospital construction]. PMID- 14784353 TI - Volvulus of the small intestine. PMID- 14784354 TI - Ileo-colic tuberculosis and non-specific ulceration. PMID- 14784355 TI - Treatment of bone cavities in chronic osteomyelitis. PMID- 14784356 TI - The pylorus, and its influence on gastric operations. PMID- 14784357 TI - A review of lymph node biopsies examined in the Department of Pathology, Medical College, Madras. PMID- 14784358 TI - Mastoid disease. PMID- 14784359 TI - Review of progress in urology in 1949. PMID- 14784360 TI - Chordoma. PMID- 14784361 TI - Sprue syndrome in India. PMID- 14784362 TI - Shock and its treatment. PMID- 14784363 TI - RECENT developments in hormone therapy, sensations and dangers. PMID- 14784364 TI - Pollutions in the male. PMID- 14784365 TI - Hemoptysis. PMID- 14784366 TI - Routine electrocardiography in industry. PMID- 14784367 TI - Coronary heart disease and the employee. PMID- 14784368 TI - Acute coronary artery disease, and effort. PMID- 14784370 TI - Occlusive disease of the arteries. PMID- 14784369 TI - Rheumatic heart disease and employment. PMID- 14784371 TI - The treatment of causalgia and allied disorders in employed persons. PMID- 14784372 TI - Placement of the employee with cardiac and vascular disease in industry. PMID- 14784373 TI - Psychological considerations in the rehabilitation of the cardiac patient in industry. PMID- 14784374 TI - Management of the employee with hypertensive cardiovascular disease. PMID- 14784376 TI - THE nation's center of industrial hygiene research: Cincinnati. PMID- 14784375 TI - Toxicological and metabolic effects of fluorine-containing compounds. PMID- 14784377 TI - Preliminary report on 4:4' diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) treatment of leprosy. PMID- 14784378 TI - The intramuscular administration of sulphetrone in the treatment of leprosy. PMID- 14784379 TI - Studies of the absorption, excretion, and distribution in the body of the sulfones used in the treatment of leprosy. PMID- 14784381 TI - Visceral tuberculoid leprosy. PMID- 14784380 TI - Effects of sulphetrone treatment in Fiji. PMID- 14784382 TI - Leprosy and leprosy work in East Africa. PMID- 14784383 TI - A note on leprosy in Liberia. PMID- 14784385 TI - Allergic reactions to sulfones. PMID- 14784384 TI - Reactions to tuberculins in leprosy, a review. PMID- 14784386 TI - Early tenderness of median nerves. PMID- 14784387 TI - "Pretuberculoid," "subtuberculoid," "fruste.". PMID- 14784388 TI - Coarctation of the aorta: A new technique. PMID- 14784389 TI - The basic concepts of biology. PMID- 14784391 TI - Mind, body and the hypothalamus. PMID- 14784390 TI - Plasmacell mastitis. PMID- 14784392 TI - Gastrojejunocolic fistula. PMID- 14784393 TI - A case of post-hepatitis cirrhosis. PMID- 14784394 TI - Studies on the reliability of mass x-ray surveys. PMID- 14784395 TI - Urethro-vesical injuries. PMID- 14784396 TI - The scope and limitations of modern physical methods of treatment in psychological medicine. PMID- 14784397 TI - Hepatic disease, with chronic oedema as sole clinical feature. PMID- 14784398 TI - Fatal agranulocytosis with methyl-thiouracil. PMID- 14784399 TI - Robert Boyle and the humane blood. PMID- 14784400 TI - [Silicosis, as occupational disease, in relation to Portuguese labor laws]. PMID- 14784402 TI - [Public health in Italy in 1949; the 24th Italian Congress of Stomatology; stomatological prophylaxis and Italian health organizations]. PMID- 14784401 TI - [Psychotherapeutic studies of the Ernst Kretschmer school]. PMID- 14784403 TI - [Occupational therapy in psychiatry; historical introduction]. PMID- 14784404 TI - [Outline of a medical topography of the district of Mafra]. PMID- 14784405 TI - Changes in the denture supporting tissues. PMID- 14784406 TI - A study of centric relation as recorded in a supine rest position. PMID- 14784407 TI - General anesthesia in pediatric dentistry. PMID- 14784408 TI - Methods and costs of water fluoridation. PMID- 14784409 TI - Cleft palate: dentistry's opportunity. PMID- 14784410 TI - Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone. PMID- 14784411 TI - Bone regeneration after cyst removal. PMID- 14784412 TI - REVISED principles of ethics of the American Dental Association. PMID- 14784413 TI - COUNCIL announces classification of additional products. PMID- 14784415 TI - ADDITIONAL dental internship and residency programs approved. PMID- 14784414 TI - COUNCIL classifies oral dosage forms of aureomycin hydrochloride in group A and ointment and troches in group B. PMID- 14784416 TI - DENTAL laboratory issue: V. The meaning of accreditation. PMID- 14784417 TI - Therapeutic problems in general practice. PMID- 14784418 TI - The age of anxiety. PMID- 14784419 TI - Rheumatic fever control. PMID- 14784420 TI - A laboratory study of twenty drugs on normal human beings with comments on their symptomatology and therapeutic use. PMID- 14784421 TI - The injection treatment of hernia. PMID- 14784422 TI - Supplementary nutritive values between the proteins of some common foods. PMID- 14784423 TI - Psychiatric aspects of hospital practice. PMID- 14784424 TI - Progress in physiology. PMID- 14784425 TI - Recent advances in pediatrics. PMID- 14784426 TI - How can a doctor make a good witness? PMID- 14784427 TI - Medical women in Italy. PMID- 14784428 TI - A medical outpost in the land of the midnight sun. PMID- 14784429 TI - Opportunities for women in medicine. Hospital administration. PMID- 14784430 TI - Florence Rena Sabin, M. D. PMID- 14784432 TI - World public health problems. PMID- 14784431 TI - Neoarsphenamine in acute eperythrozoonosis of swine. PMID- 14784433 TI - Kuentscher's medullary nailing in femur fractures of the dog. PMID- 14784434 TI - Aureomycin in the treatment of bovine mastitis. PMID- 14784435 TI - Effects of aureomycin on Staphylococcus pyogenes in the bovine mammary gland. PMID- 14784436 TI - Sulphone and penicillin separately and combined in the treatment of streptococcic mastitis. PMID- 14784437 TI - A technique for the slow infusion of fluids. PMID- 14784438 TI - Persistence of agglutinins against Pasteurella tularensis in serums of naturally infected sheep. PMID- 14784439 TI - Transmission of Rickettsia conjunctivae to goats. PMID- 14784440 TI - Antibacterial drugs in bovine mastitis. PMID- 14784441 TI - Pathogenesis of canine glaucoma. PMID- 14784442 TI - Influence of various environmental temperatures on the cold and warmth thresholds. PMID- 14784443 TI - Auricular flutter studied in direct leads from the human heart. PMID- 14784444 TI - Effect of high and low oxygen levels and intermittent positive pressure breathing on oxygen transport in the lungs in pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. PMID- 14784445 TI - Normal values for serum cholesterol and basal metabolic rates and their correlation in normal man. PMID- 14784446 TI - Physiological effects and possible methods of reducing the symptoms produced by rapid changes in the speed and direction of airplanes as measured in actual flight. PMID- 14784447 TI - Spontaneous equilibration of inspired CO2 with mixed venous blood: some theoretical considerations. PMID- 14784448 TI - An aptitude test for veterinary medicine. PMID- 14784449 TI - Minnesota Psycho-Analogies Test. PMID- 14784450 TI - A note on norms for the Purdue Industrial Mathematics Test and the Adaptability Test. PMID- 14784451 TI - Measurement of a complex psychomotor performance by means of a printed test. PMID- 14784453 TI - The myth of chronological age. PMID- 14784452 TI - Visual skill and performance in a meat packing plant. PMID- 14784454 TI - Reading ease of commonly used tests. PMID- 14784455 TI - How readable are occupational information booklets? PMID- 14784456 TI - Validity of an emotional key on a short industrial personality questionnaire. PMID- 14784457 TI - Overall job success as a basis for employee ratings. PMID- 14784458 TI - A comparison of the Terman-Miles M-F Test and the Mf Scale of the MMPI. PMID- 14784459 TI - A follow-up study on satisfaction with nursing. PMID- 14784460 TI - Attitudes of veterans toward vocational guidance services. PMID- 14784461 TI - Upper versus lower case copy as a factor in typesetting speed for linotype trainees. PMID- 14784462 TI - Design complexity as a determiner of visual attention among artists and non artists. PMID- 14784463 TI - Verbal and pictorial questionnaires in market research. PMID- 14784464 TI - An exploratory study of linear interpolation. PMID- 14784465 TI - Inhibition of growth of Aerobacter aerogenes; the mode of action of phenols, alcohols, acetone, and ethyl acetate. PMID- 14784466 TI - The beta-d-galactosidase of Escherichia coli, strain K-12. PMID- 14784467 TI - Metabolic studies on T2 Escherichia coli bacteriophage. PMID- 14784468 TI - Ion antagonisms in microorganisms; interference of normal magnesium metabolism by nickel, cobalt, cadmium, zinc, and manganese. PMID- 14784469 TI - The periodic acid-Schiff stain for the demonstration of fungi in animal tissue. PMID- 14784470 TI - The cytology of an avian strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis studied with the electron and light microscopes. PMID- 14784471 TI - Influence of the pyruvate oxidation factor on the oxidative metabolism of glucose by Streptococcus faecalis. PMID- 14784472 TI - The oxidative dissimilation of amino acids and related compounds by Brucella abortus. PMID- 14784473 TI - The in vitro effect of analogs of vitamin K on Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis, strain H37Rv. PMID- 14784474 TI - The relationship between immobilizing and spirocheticidal antibodies against Treponema pallidum. PMID- 14784475 TI - Evaluation of the coagulase test in the study of staphylococci associated with food poisoning. PMID- 14784476 TI - Further studies on the biotin coenzyme. PMID- 14784477 TI - The relation of the concentration of unadapted and adapted influenza virus in the mouse lung to the death or survival of the infected host. PMID- 14784478 TI - The relation of the gram stain to the cell wall and the ribonucleic acid content of the cell. PMID- 14784479 TI - Nonfiltrability of the agents of genetic recombination in Escherichia coli. PMID- 14784480 TI - Detection of rough dissociants of Pasteurella pestis with tetrazolium chloride. PMID- 14784481 TI - Induced mutants of Thiobacillus thiooxidans requiring organic growth factors. PMID- 14784482 TI - Surgical treatment of fresh injuries to the major ligaments of the knee. PMID- 14784483 TI - Experimental and clinical use of oxidized cellulose and cortisone in the prevention of excess of bone and fibrous-tissue formation. PMID- 14784484 TI - Changes in the scoliotic spine after fusion. PMID- 14784485 TI - Legg-Perthes disease; a method for the measurement of the roentgenographic result. PMID- 14784486 TI - Sling procedure for correction of splay-foot metatarsus primus varus, and hallux valgus. PMID- 14784487 TI - The well-legraising test of Fajersztajn in the diagnosis of ruptured lumbar intervertebral disc. PMID- 14784488 TI - Sympathetic ganglionectomy and limb length in poliomyelitis. PMID- 14784489 TI - Longitudinal growth of the human vertebra; a contribution to human osteogeny. PMID- 14784490 TI - Granuloma resulting from the use of talc in orthopaedic surgery. PMID- 14784491 TI - Embryological development of the tendinous apparatus of the fingers; relation to function. PMID- 14784492 TI - Clubfoot; an embryological study of associated muscle abnormalities. PMID- 14784493 TI - Spurs of the calcaneus in Strumpell-Marie disease; report of fifteen cases. PMID- 14784494 TI - Further experience in the management of osteitis condensans ILII. PMID- 14784495 TI - Marie-Strumpell arthritis; follow-up study of roentgenographic, physical, and orthopaedic therapy. PMID- 14784496 TI - A study of the gross anatomy of the arteries supplying the proximal portion of the femur and the acetabulum. PMID- 14784497 TI - Vascular foramina and arterial supply of the distal end of the femur. PMID- 14784498 TI - Tenotomy in the treatment of spastic paraplegia; with special reference to tenotomy of the iliopsoas. PMID- 14784500 TI - Skeletal changes in sickle-cell anaemia; report of an unusual case. PMID- 14784499 TI - Blastomycosis of bone; report of a case. PMID- 14784501 TI - Non-tuberculous thoracic kyphosis with paraplegia; a case report. PMID- 14784502 TI - Arthrodesis of the hip for instability and pain in poliomyelitis. PMID- 14784503 TI - Influence of progressive resistance exercises on knee function following femoral fractures. PMID- 14784504 TI - Osteitis pubis with involvement of the hip joint. PMID- 14784505 TI - Chronic osteomyelitis; primary closure following saucerization; a preliminary report. PMID- 14784506 TI - Vacuum pneumoarthrography and the spontaneous occurrence of gas in the joint spaces. PMID- 14784507 TI - Chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita; case report with autopsy findings. PMID- 14784508 TI - A simplified drill for the Bankart operation. PMID- 14784509 TI - Internal prosthesis for upper portion of femur; a case report. PMID- 14784510 TI - Congenital absence of the odontoid process; report of a case. PMID- 14784511 TI - A Table attachment for the electric saw. PMID- 14784512 TI - Simple adapter for mounting head of x-ray tube to fracture table. PMID- 14784513 TI - Bamboo staff for deltoid paralysis. PMID- 14784514 TI - The use of overshoe buckles in braces. PMID- 14784515 TI - The rate and mode of regeneration of intraepithelial nerves in the cornea of the guinea pig. PMID- 14784516 TI - Histochemical studies on the phosphatase of the nervous system. PMID- 14784517 TI - On the presence of sensory nerve cells on the hypoglossal nerve. PMID- 14784518 TI - Roles of anterior commissure and thalamus in interhemispheric spread of after discharge in the opossum. PMID- 14784520 TI - Hypertrophy of nerve fibers to functionally overloaded muscles. PMID- 14784519 TI - Regeneration in the spinal cord of the cat and dog. PMID- 14784521 TI - Myotypic specificity in teleost motoneurons. PMID- 14784522 TI - The visual cells of Ericymba buccata (Cope). PMID- 14784523 TI - Variations in the external configuration of the olfactory and parol-factory regions in brains of whites and Negroes. PMID- 14784524 TI - The relation between duration and reaction time difference to fixed duration and response terminated stimuli. PMID- 14784525 TI - Individual differences in somatic response patterns. PMID- 14784526 TI - Behavior of rats in continuous conflict. PMID- 14784527 TI - Taste and solubility of toxic compounds in poisoning of rats and man. PMID- 14784528 TI - The effect of a lactose-free diet on problem solving behavior in rats. PMID- 14784529 TI - The relation between reaction time and the duration of the auditory stimulus. PMID- 14784530 TI - Note of depression of spontaneous running activity by the appetite depressant gossypol in rats. PMID- 14784531 TI - Learning a second response to a cue as a function of the magnitude of the first. PMID- 14784532 TI - Establishment of a nonpositional drive discrimination. PMID- 14784533 TI - An easy way to produce convulsions in rats: carbon disulfide. PMID- 14784534 TI - Studies on the virulence of tubercle bacilli; the relationship of the physiological state of the organisms to their pathogenicity. AB - On the basis of earlier observations dealing with the relation of a petroleum ether-soluble material (cord factor) obtained from young cultures of virulent tubercle bacilli to the pathogenicity of these organisms, it was expected that young cultures yielding more cord factor than older ones of the same strain would also be more virulent for susceptible animals. By infecting mice with equal numbers of bacteria from 3 day and 3 week old cultures, significant differences in the character of disease produced were observed. The mice infected with the younger cultures died of a rapid, septicemic infection with tuberculous lesions in many organs including the heart. A tuberculous myocarditis was probably the immediate cause of death. Mice infected with the older bacteria died of a chronic disease corresponding to the well known mouse tuberculosis. In these cases, the heart was completely free of lesions. No histologic tissue reactions typical of tuberculosis were seen in the animals dying from the acute type of the disease. A similar rapidly progressing infection was observed in rabbits infected with bacteria from young cultures. The symptoms corresponded to the ones seen in the disease known as the Yersin type of tuberculosis. It seems that the pathology of this latter can be produced with every type of pathogenic mycobacteria, human as well as bovine and avian, provided the cultures used are young. Thus it may be inferred that the acute type of tuberculosis is more frequent than commonly accepted both in experimental infection and in the naturally occurring disease. It is proposed to explain the mechanism of this acute infection within the framework of the cord factor hypothesis. PMID- 14784535 TI - Studies on bacteriophage. II. Inhibition of lysis of Escherichia coli B by the somatic antigen of Phase II Shigella sonnei. AB - By serological means it has been shown that E. coli B contains an antigen closely related to the protein-lipocarbohydrate complex of Phase II Sh. sonnei. Lysis of E. coli B by three of the T viruses, T(3), T(4), and T(7), can be inhibited by the Phase II dysentery antigen. It has been suggested that the receptor of E. coli B with which these viruses combine is this newly described antigenic component. Two variants of the virus T(3) have also been described, in stocks which have been treated with the Phase II antigen. One of these variants infects both Phase II Sh. sonnei and E. coli B, and the other infects only the latter microorganism; neither of the two variants is inhibited by concentrations of the Phase II antigen of 1 mg. per cc. The distinctive properties of the variants are not hereditary. PMID- 14784536 TI - Pressor substances in arterial hypertension. II. Demonstration of pherentasin, a vasoactive material procured from blood. AB - Pherentasin, a highly active pressor substance producing a prolonged effect in the rat, has been obtained in a fairly pure form from the arterial blood of patients with hypertension. Its presence has been demonstrated by two biological methods. It was rarely found in normotensive blood. The blood of patients with renal or nephrogenic hypertension, either primary or secondary, consistently yielded this material. The blood of patients exhibiting neurogenic hypertension and the endocrine hypertensive syndrome had smaller amounts of it. Little or none was found in malignant hypertension. Perhaps pherentasin has a causal relation to the existence of arterial hypertension. PMID- 14784537 TI - Pressor substances in arterial hypertension. III. Chemical studies on pherentasin. AB - Pherentasin, a material producing a prolonged pressor response in rats, has been procured from the arterial blood of hypertensive patients and purified. Pherentasin is of small molecular size, non-protein in nature, dialyzable, soluble in water and 90 per cent ethanol, and extractable into organic solvents from alkaline solution. It contains an amino group essential to activity, which is probably primary, and also contains an active carbonyl group. It has been found in concentrations up to approximately 20 gamma per liter of blood. PMID- 14784538 TI - Studies on entry and egress of poliomyelitis infection. III. Excretion of the virus during the presymptomatic period in parenterally inoculated monkeys. AB - Excretion of poliomyelitis virus has been demonstrated in monkeys after four different parenteral routes of inoculation. Virus has been found in both the pharyngeal secretions and the stools after infraorbital nerve dip and after inoculation of the Gasserian ganglion; in the pharyngeal secretions after intrathalamic inoculation; and in the stools after inoculation of the celiac ganglion. Excretion began as early as the 2nd and as late as the 7th day after inoculation, in all instances before the onset of symptoms. The immediate source of the excreted virus appeared to be infected peripheral ganglia with neural connections to the mucous membranes of the upper and lower portions of the alimentary tract, notably the pharynx. Primary infection of the body surfaces was excluded in the experiments and therefore could not account for the excretion of virus. The mode of elimination was probably by centrifugal spread through axons of peripheral nerve fibers and not by way of the blood stream or lymphatics. Evidence was obtained that when excretion of virus has once occurred, reinvasion from the implicated surface to other, previously uninfected peripheral ganglia ensues, thus providing new sources for excretion and other potential pathways for invasion of the CNS. It is suggested that such reinvasion may occur serially until the immunological defenses come into play. Our experiments lend support to the view that during the initial stage of poliomyelitis, and perhaps throughout its course in some cases, e.g. the asymptomatic and the mild cases without central nervous symptoms, infection is confined to the peripheral nervous system. Involvement of the CNS when it occurs is a secondary phase of the infective process and is not a necessary prelude to elimination of the virus. Excretion is explainable on the basis of the established neurocytotropism and axonal conduction of the virus without resort to the hypothesis of extraneural infection. PMID- 14784539 TI - Hereditary osteopetrosis of the rabbit. III. Pathologic observations; skeletal abnormalities. AB - Gross and microscopic observations on the skeleton of rabbits with hereditary osteopetrosis have been described. All the bones were invariably and similarly affected. The outstanding abnormalities included the persistence of spongy bone and the presence of fibrous tissue together with the failure of development of a marrow cavity and medullary marrow. The amount of hemopoietic tissue, which was present only in comparatively small foci, was greatly reduced. The character of the lesions and their development as determined by examination of material at various stages of the disease suggested that the essential defect concerned the mesenchymal cell. The pathologic features observed generally resembled those of human osteopetrosis as did the manifestations of the disease during life (1, 2). PMID- 14784540 TI - Hereditary osteopetrosis of the rabbit. IV. Pathologic observations; general features. AB - The results of postmortem examination of cases of hereditary osteopetrosis of the rabbit together with histologic observations on organs and tissues other than the skeleton have been described. The principal findings were, first, those associated with the characteristic progressive anemia of the disease, such as extramedullary foci of hemopoietic tissue, lymphoid hyperplasia, and the occurrence of hemosiderin in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. There was a widespread tissue distribution of intense phosphatase staining and of fine calcium deposition, as would be expected in the circumstances of the profound skeletal abnormality (3). In advanced cases with established growth retardation, malnutrition, and deterioration, the tissues generally showed a decreased glycogen content. The large amount of parathyroid tissue found in both early and late cases suggested a state of hyperparathyroidism. Low serum calcium, high serum phosphorus and phosphatase levels (2), and a predominately osteoblastic reaction (3) were suggestive of hypoparathyroidism. The possibility that an involvement of the parathyroid glands was a basic or primary condition of the disease is discussed. Evidence of a disturbance of other endocrine glands was shown by the predominately acidophilic staining reaction of the colloid of the thyroid, an enlargement of the adrenals in which both cortex and medulla participated, and the tendency toward a basophilia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. It was pointed out that before an explanation of the part played by the parathyroid glands in this disease could be made, other data, including particularly embryological studies, must be available. Similarly, an interpretation of other endocrine gland changes must await additional information. PMID- 14784541 TI - A method for rapid measurement of intrarenal and other tissue pressures. AB - A rapid method for measuring tissue pressures has been designed. A pressure of 250 mm. Hg is imposed on a manometer. Then the system is allowed to discharge into a needle cannula inserted in the tissue. The manometer forces out fluid (about 10 c.mm.) until the pressure within it is the same as that within the tissue. Records of the pressure changes are made. Each observation takes about a minute. The method gives results that are closely comparable with other reports of tissue pressures. With this method, the pressure in the following organs of dogs was found to be: kidney, 26 mm. Hg, cerebral cortex, 0 to 5 mm., muscle, 1 to 10 mm., spleen, S to 16 mm., subcutaneous tissue, 0 to 3 mm., and liver -2 to 14 mm. The reliability of the method was tested on the kidneys of decerebrate dogs. Measurements were found to be the same within narrow limits over a period of an hour; they were the same when taken simultaneously in different regions of the same kidney or in opposite kidneys. They were independent of the volume of fluid forced into the tissue. Similar pressures were observed with 1 or 5 or 10 holes bored in the shaft of the cannulating needle. The intrarenal pressure was also measured by inserting a needle cannula into the tissue and then allowing the pressure to reach equilibrium passively with a manometer. This method gave similar results. The intrarenal pressure has now found to be the same when measured by three different technics. PMID- 14784542 TI - The intrarenal pressure; its relation to age, weight, blood pressure, and sex. AB - 1. The intrarenal pressure of dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital averages 26 mm. Hg, and ranges from 10 to 58 mm.; that of decerebrate dogs is 25 mm., and that of unanesthetized dogs with explanted kidneys is 25 mm. Tests of a few cats and rabbits indicate that their intrarenal pressure has about the same magnitude. 2. There is a slight positive correlation between intrarenal pressure and both body weight and kidney weight, but intrarenal pressure is not related to sex, blood pressure, or age. PMID- 14784543 TI - A study of simple learning under irrelevant motivational-reward conditions. PMID- 14784544 TI - An experimental investigation of transposition as a function of the difference between training and test stimuli. PMID- 14784545 TI - The effect upon generalized drive strength of emotionality as inferred from the level of consummatory response. PMID- 14784546 TI - Response latency at zero drive after varying numbers of reinforcements. PMID- 14784547 TI - The effect of remote anchoring points upon the judgment of lifted weights. PMID- 14784548 TI - Proactive inhibition as a function of response similarity. PMID- 14784549 TI - Reactive inhibition as a function of number of response evocations. PMID- 14784550 TI - The influence of the inter-trial interval on the Humphreys' 'random reinforcement' effect during the extinction of a verbal response. PMID- 14784551 TI - The relationship between length of interval separating two learning tasks and performance on the second task. PMID- 14784552 TI - Absence of reminiscence in the serial rote learning of adjectives. PMID- 14784553 TI - Transfer of verbal training to a motor task. PMID- 14784555 TI - The relationship between order and frequency of occurrence of restricted associative responses. PMID- 14784554 TI - Shifting of distribution of practice in mirror drawing. PMID- 14784557 TI - Some effects of shape on apparent brightness. PMID- 14784556 TI - Retention of pursuit rotor skill after one year. PMID- 14784558 TI - Accuracy of visual interpolation between scale markers as a function of the number assigned to the scale interval. PMID- 14784559 TI - The visual discrimination of geometric forms. PMID- 14784561 TI - Roentgen examination in acute surgical conditions within the abdomen. PMID- 14784560 TI - Diagnosis in heart disease. PMID- 14784562 TI - Differential diagnosis of low back pain based on a study of two hundred and eighty-one cases. PMID- 14784563 TI - Parathion poisoning. PMID- 14784564 TI - Two medicolegal case reports: Cerebromalacia following puncture wound of neck with anomaly of circle of willis; pulmonary air embolus from attempted self abortion. PMID- 14784565 TI - Health insurance in the United States 1910-1920. PMID- 14784566 TI - Daniel Whistler and the English disease; a translation and biographical note. PMID- 14784567 TI - Sir Thomas Browne's embryological theory. PMID- 14784568 TI - Francois Ranchin, contributor of an early chapter in geriatrics. PMID- 14784569 TI - The story of quarantine. PMID- 14784570 TI - On Jewish medical students of Padua. PMID- 14784571 TI - Brassavola's "Examination of Medicinal Simples.". PMID- 14784573 TI - DENTISTRY in Scotland. PMID- 14784572 TI - Items of medico-historical interest from Scotland. PMID- 14784574 TI - A note on the "Doctors' Mob.". PMID- 14784575 TI - First use of the laryngoscope in the United States. PMID- 14784576 TI - Anuria resulting from sulfonamide therapy. PMID- 14784577 TI - Seborrheic dermatitis. PMID- 14784578 TI - Axillary metastasis as the first sign of malignancy of the breast. PMID- 14784579 TI - Pentothal sodium in urological procedures; report of 1,000 cases. PMID- 14784580 TI - Acrodynia following the use of bichloride of mercury diaper rinse; report of 2 cases. PMID- 14784581 TI - The responsibility of the hospital for the educational stimulation of the general practitioner. PMID- 14784582 TI - Lipoma and liposarcoma; report of 3 cases. PMID- 14784583 TI - Congenital prognathism: its surgical treatment. PMID- 14784584 TI - Echoes of the past. III. William E. Henley, the hospital poet. PMID- 14784585 TI - Intracanalicular tumors of the mammary gland; clinical diagnosis and histopathologic picture. PMID- 14784586 TI - The outlook for patients with leiomyomas of the stomach. PMID- 14784587 TI - Immediate ambulation after celiotomy. PMID- 14784588 TI - Fourteen-year survival following partial gastrectomy for pyloric carcinoma. PMID- 14784589 TI - Culdoscopy with spinal anesthesia. PMID- 14784590 TI - Subdiaphragmatic perforation of the esophagus; importance of jejunal alimentation in delayed surgical treatment. PMID- 14784591 TI - Local asphyxia and chemotherapy for clinical tumors. PMID- 14784592 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the jejunum. PMID- 14784593 TI - The use of oxidized cellulose to control hepatic bleeding. PMID- 14784594 TI - Surgical management of concomitant strabismus. PMID- 14784595 TI - Secondary gastric diverticula and gastroduodenal fistulas. PMID- 14784596 TI - A suction feeding tube employed in gastrointestinal surgery. PMID- 14784597 TI - Vagotomy; experimental work, research, clinical application and results. PMID- 14784598 TI - Analgesia, anesthesia and amnesia in obstetrics. PMID- 14784600 TI - Phrenic nerve crush as an adjunct to vagotomy in the treatment of peptic ulcer. PMID- 14784599 TI - Study and treatment of spasmodic paraplegia following Pott's disease. PMID- 14784602 TI - Positional anomalies of the large intestine: their clinical significance. PMID- 14784601 TI - Uterotubal studies using lipiodol. PMID- 14784603 TI - Rhinoplastic approach to the cleft lip problem. PMID- 14784604 TI - A new suction curet for use in endometrial biopsies. PMID- 14784605 TI - IN MEMORIAM: Assadour Aram Altounyan. PMID- 14784606 TI - Effectiveness of antihistaminic compounds introduced into normal human skin by iontophoresis. PMID- 14784607 TI - Effect of thallium on sulfhydryl compounds in vitro. PMID- 14784608 TI - Failure of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) in the treatment of a case of mycosis fungoides. PMID- 14784609 TI - A new antifungal principle produced by Streptomyces fradiae. PMID- 14784610 TI - A comparison of the inhibitory effect of Castellani's paint and of gentian violet solution on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans. PMID- 14784611 TI - The effects of estrogen administration upon epidermal proliferation. PMID- 14784612 TI - Procaine penicillin administered orally: comparison with sodium penicillin. PMID- 14784613 TI - The use of testosterone in elderly women; a preliminary report. PMID- 14784614 TI - An experimental study of antibiotics for their activity in the Shwartzman phenomenon. PMID- 14784615 TI - Percutaneous absorption of sodium in cases of exfoliative dermatitis. PMID- 14784616 TI - Cancer of the colon and its early diagnosis. PMID- 14784617 TI - Fracture of the distal end of the radius. PMID- 14784618 TI - Early diagnosis of congenital dislocation of the hip. PMID- 14784619 TI - Mixed tumors of the salivary glands. PMID- 14784620 TI - Multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia: Case report. PMID- 14784621 TI - CLINICAL pathologic conference; burns, severe, skin of left side of trunk and back. PMID- 14784623 TI - The indeterminate chest lesion. PMID- 14784622 TI - Lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14784624 TI - Fibrosarcoma. PMID- 14784625 TI - Abdominal aneurism-presentation of a case of upper and lower aortic aneurism of different etiology. PMID- 14784626 TI - CLINICAL pathological conference: chorionepithelioma diagnosed late. PMID- 14784627 TI - Surgical aspects of scout films of the abdomen. PMID- 14784628 TI - Medical problems of older people. PMID- 14784629 TI - Procaine amide (pronestyl) in the treatment of disorders of cardiac rhythm. PMID- 14784630 TI - Controversial points in the management of tumors of bone. PMID- 14784631 TI - The painful upper abdomen. PMID- 14784632 TI - Experimental production of nutritional macrocytic anemia in swine. III. Further studies on pteroylglutamic acid deficiency. PMID- 14784633 TI - Further investigation on the effect of vitamin B12 concentrate upon hepatic injury produced by carbon tetrachloride. PMID- 14784634 TI - Studies of liver function tests. I. A combined intravenous bromsulphalein hippuric acid-galactose test. PMID- 14784635 TI - Observations on the influence of intravenous histamine on qualitative platelet activity in coagulation. PMID- 14784636 TI - Serum potassium in uremia; report of sixteen cases, some with paralysis. PMID- 14784637 TI - Renin sensitivity and renin substrate levels in adrenalectomized dogs. PMID- 14784638 TI - Amino acids in plasma and urine of patients with hepatitis before and after a single infusion of protein hydrolysate. PMID- 14784639 TI - Laboratory observations on the actions of aureomycin, circulin, polymyxins B, D, and E on endamoeba histolytica. PMID- 14784640 TI - The treatment of various infections with terramycin. PMID- 14784641 TI - Human infection with the virus of vesicular stomatitis. PMID- 14784642 TI - Two-hour versus three-hour administration of crystalline penicillin G; the treatment of early syphilis. PMID- 14784643 TI - A new glass atomizer for flame photometers. PMID- 14784644 TI - A technique for hemolyzing erythrocytes and erythrocytic debris in the bloody vaginal smear. PMID- 14784645 TI - A simple, continuous, liquid-liquid extraction apparatus suitable for the removal of steroids from urine at low temperatures. PMID- 14784646 TI - A simple guard for the vim-silverman needle. PMID- 14784647 TI - A general method for preparing histologic sections with a water-soluble wax. PMID- 14784648 TI - An improved method for the extraction of heparin from blood. PMID- 14784649 TI - A simplified pipette washer. PMID- 14784650 TI - A lucite syringe shield for protection against irradiation during intravenous administration of beta-emitting radioisotopes. PMID- 14784651 TI - The spatial vectorcardiogram in right bundle branch block. PMID- 14784652 TI - Electrolyte and water content of cardiac and skeletal muscle in normals, ventricular hypertrophy and infarction. PMID- 14784653 TI - Homologous serum jaundice and its relationship to methods of plasma storage. PMID- 14784654 TI - Observations on the relationship between bone marrow activity and thyroid function. PMID- 14784655 TI - Application of an ear oximeter to estimation of cardiac output by the dye method in man. PMID- 14784656 TI - Erythrocyte values in the leucemias. PMID- 14784657 TI - Increase in basal oxygen consumption produced by cortisone in patients with untreated myxedema. PMID- 14784658 TI - Effect of radiophosphorus on rats with cobalt-induced polycythemia. PMID- 14784659 TI - Cold hemagglutinins against normal and trypsinized red blood cells; a study in normal individuals and hemolytic anemias. PMID- 14784660 TI - Treatment of hypotension accompanying myocardial infarction; use of a pressor substance. PMID- 14784661 TI - Physiologic studies of chronic cardiac compression: results of pericardectomy in sixty-one cases. PMID- 14784663 TI - Determination of protein bound thyroid iodine by neutron activation. PMID- 14784662 TI - Remission in Hodgkin's disease following colchicine, desoxycorticosterone, and ascorbic acid. PMID- 14784664 TI - Vascular responses to ACTH and alteration in sodium intake. PMID- 14784665 TI - The microdetermination of inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase activity by a modification of the King-Armstrong and Bodansky methods. PMID- 14784666 TI - An investigation of the mode of action of benadryl as an antihistaminic. PMID- 14784667 TI - Observations of the effect of cortisone acetate on patients with hepatic disease. PMID- 14784668 TI - The effect of exercise on circulatory dynamics as a criterion for cardiac competence. PMID- 14784669 TI - The effect of a new cation exchange resin on edematous states and electrolyte balance. PMID- 14784670 TI - Normal standards in esophageal electrocardiography. PMID- 14784671 TI - A case of intercapillary glomerulosclerosis confirmed during life and followed for four years. PMID- 14784672 TI - Clinical and hematologic results following splenectomy in pancytopenic states. PMID- 14784673 TI - The clinical application of the acid-anoxia-endocrine theory of allergy. PMID- 14784674 TI - The acid-anoxia-endocrine theory of allergy. PMID- 14784675 TI - Calculation of vascular volume by intracardiac and by intravenous dye injection. PMID- 14784676 TI - Metabolic and clinical effects of corticosterone (compound B) in man. PMID- 14784677 TI - A study of the hemorrhagic state in dogs after a lethal dose of two million volt X-rays. PMID- 14784678 TI - The effect of repeated bleeding in Hemochromatosis. PMID- 14784679 TI - Para-amino-hippuric acid synthesis in free anxiety and in thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 14784680 TI - Urinary excretion of a choline metabolite in normals and in patients with liver diseases. PMID- 14784681 TI - The micro-stress as an indicator of postoperative trauma. PMID- 14784682 TI - The response of the clotting equilibrium to postoperative stress. PMID- 14784683 TI - The control of anticoagulant therapy by a sensitized clotting time. PMID- 14784684 TI - Studies on the pathogenesis of serum sickness using the ear chamber technique, with preliminary results of cortisone treatment. PMID- 14784685 TI - A method for the photoelectric study of the coagulation of whole blood. PMID- 14784686 TI - Peripheral vascular responses in patients with atopic dermatitis. PMID- 14784687 TI - The effect of ACTH on patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14784688 TI - Hemodynamic studies in a case of primary amyloidosis. PMID- 14784689 TI - The treatment of chronic liver diseases with pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). PMID- 14784690 TI - Bone marrow studies in lupus erythematosus before and after ACTH and cortisone therapy. PMID- 14784691 TI - Follow-up study of 310 cases of pernicious anemia. PMID- 14784692 TI - Three dimensional vector ballistocardiography. PMID- 14784693 TI - The clinical, hematologic, and therapeutic evaluation of 48 cases of idiopathic hypoplastic anemia. PMID- 14784694 TI - Effect of ACTH and cortisone in experimental streptococcal and pneumococcal infections. PMID- 14784695 TI - Aureomycin in the treatment of hepatic failure. PMID- 14784696 TI - Medical and surgical decortication of the pleura in chronic pleural effusions. PMID- 14784697 TI - Adrenal stimulation by intravenous ACTH. PMID- 14784698 TI - The influence of atropine on the blood pressure and heart rate responses to tilting in normal subjects. PMID- 14784699 TI - Practical evaluation of trypsinated red cells in detecting incomplete antibodies. PMID- 14784700 TI - Bio-assay of pressor substance in the blood of hypertensive dogs. PMID- 14784701 TI - Action of alloxan on a hypoglycemic infant. PMID- 14784702 TI - Clinical and physiologic studies of patients with pulmonic stenosis and auricular septal defect. PMID- 14784703 TI - A successful two-week penicillin schedule for subacute bacterial endocarditis caused by penicillin-sensitive streptococcus viridans. PMID- 14784704 TI - Mechanism of removal of transfused lymphocytes. PMID- 14784705 TI - An extracorporeal electronic bypass of the A-V node. PMID- 14784706 TI - Effects of nitrogen mustard injections on the embryos of pregnant rats. PMID- 14784707 TI - The effect of cortisone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) on the peripheral circulation and blood pressure in scleroderma. PMID- 14784708 TI - Whole blood creatine values in heart failure. PMID- 14784709 TI - The serum esterified fatty acids with fat tolerance tests in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14784710 TI - A comparison of the anticoagulant properties of a polyhexuronic acid ester with sodium heparin. PMID- 14784711 TI - Long-term therapeutic regimes with ACTH and cortisone in chronic nonendocrine dyscrasias and the control of side reactions by intermittent and alternate low dosage with these pharmaceuticals. PMID- 14784712 TI - Observations in argyria. PMID- 14784713 TI - Effects of protoveratrine on the circulation in hypertension. PMID- 14784714 TI - Prophylaxis of acute rheumatic fever by treatment of the preceding streptococcal infection with various amounts of penicillin. PMID- 14784715 TI - Simultaneous measurement of vascular volumes, thiocyanate space, and total body water before and after the removal of edema. PMID- 14784716 TI - Improvement of pulmonary function following the administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in chronic beryllium poisoning. PMID- 14784717 TI - Mycomycin: a new antibiotic with tuberculostatic properties. PMID- 14784718 TI - The speed of the pulse wave in coarctation of the aorta. PMID- 14784719 TI - Dramatic respiratory symptoms induced by sudden withdrawal of ACTH. PMID- 14784720 TI - Some effects of cortisone on the metabolic disturbance associated with glomerulonephritis with edema. PMID- 14784721 TI - Studies of renal function in patients receiving adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisone. PMID- 14784722 TI - The presence of carbonic anhydrase in the media of the human aorta. PMID- 14784723 TI - The ACTH-like effect of fever in man. PMID- 14784724 TI - ACTH and cortisone in chronic ulcerative colitis: a comparison of clinical effects. PMID- 14784725 TI - Use of cytologic methods in the detection of carcinoma of the colon. PMID- 14784726 TI - The diagnosis of ventricular aneurysm; a study of certain clinical and dynamic features. PMID- 14784728 TI - The surgeon's approach to the problem of alimentary tract malignancy. PMID- 14784727 TI - In vitro differences in behavior of sickle cell anemia and trait erythrocytes produced by variations in O2 tension and pH. PMID- 14784729 TI - Significance of tumors of the neck. PMID- 14784730 TI - The present status of surgery in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 14784731 TI - Suppurative diseases of the lungs-advances in surgical management. PMID- 14784732 TI - The use of anesthesia in general practice. PMID- 14784733 TI - Polypoid adenomas of rectum and colon in children. PMID- 14784734 TI - A brief account of the evolution of antiseptic surgery. PMID- 14784735 TI - Attic suppuration. PMID- 14784736 TI - Bilateral external laryngocoele ventricularis. PMID- 14784738 TI - Report of three cases of naso-alveolar cysts. PMID- 14784737 TI - The operation for relief of bilateral vocal cord paralysis. PMID- 14784739 TI - A case of petrositis in childhood reviewed fourteen years later. PMID- 14784740 TI - Infections of the mastoid cavity. PMID- 14784741 TI - The medical treatment of Meniere's disease. PMID- 14784742 TI - Observations on the pathological mechanism of conductive deafness in certain cases of neuroma of the VIIIth nerve. PMID- 14784743 TI - Acute laryngo-tracheo bronchitis. PMID- 14784744 TI - Anaesthetic in fenestration operations. PMID- 14784745 TI - A review of the diagnostic problem in 100 cases of chronic maxillary sinusitis. PMID- 14784746 TI - Attic suppuration. PMID- 14784747 TI - Attic suppuration. PMID- 14784748 TI - Voice strain. PMID- 14784749 TI - Abnormalities of the upper respiratory tract in Kartagener's syndrome. PMID- 14784750 TI - Herpes laryngis. PMID- 14784751 TI - Deafness and erythroblastosis foetalis. PMID- 14784752 TI - Radiotherapy in cancer of the larynx; observations on the choice of treatment. PMID- 14784753 TI - Achalasia of the cricopharyngeal sphincter; a record of case, with profile pharyngograms. PMID- 14784754 TI - The rehabilitation of patients following surgical removal of the larynx. PMID- 14784755 TI - A case of carcinoma of the larynx. PMID- 14784756 TI - Tuberculosis of the oesophagus. PMID- 14784757 TI - Transantral neurotomy and sealing of the foramen rotundum for neuralgia. PMID- 14784758 TI - Laryngoceles in the human; report of 5 cases. PMID- 14784759 TI - Retention cysts of the larynx. PMID- 14784760 TI - The diagnosis of intestinal obstruction. PMID- 14784761 TI - Reflex respiratory and circulatory disturbances in anesthetized patients. PMID- 14784763 TI - The significance to the physician of gingival bleeding. PMID- 14784762 TI - NPH insulin. PMID- 14784764 TI - Statistical review of abortions. PMID- 14784765 TI - Roentgen therapy of inflammatory lesions and non-malignant diseases. PMID- 14784766 TI - Clinicopathological exercise. PMID- 14784767 TI - [Medical Days of Bordeaux]. PMID- 14784768 TI - [The Ecole de Sante Navale; some historic notes]. PMID- 14784769 TI - [The first steps in tropical medicine of the Faculty of Medicine and its students: Alexandre Le Dantec]. PMID- 14784770 TI - [Considerations on pituitary-adrenal hormone therapy of rheumatism]. PMID- 14784771 TI - [Unrecognized autonomic abdominal syndromes]. PMID- 14784772 TI - [Cancer of the rectum and preservation of the sphincter]. PMID- 14784773 TI - [Use of anticoagulants in cardiology]. PMID- 14784774 TI - [Hydromineral cures; some leading ideas on their indications and contraindications]. PMID- 14784775 TI - [Duodenal intubation in obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 14784776 TI - [Peritoneo-cellular drainage (subcutaneous) in cirrhotic ascites]. PMID- 14784777 TI - [The pressure of retinal vessels; clinical value]. PMID- 14784778 TI - [Penicillin in the treatment of acquired primo-secondary syphilis]. PMID- 14784779 TI - [Streptomycin in the treatment of osseous and fistulized osteo-articular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14784780 TI - [Treatment of undulant fever by new antibiotics (aureomycin-chloromycetin); biological controls]. PMID- 14784781 TI - [Tuberculous meningitis appearing after primary infections treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14784782 TI - [Enervation of the stubborn cystitis]. PMID- 14784784 TI - [Biological diagnosis of rickettsiasis]. PMID- 14784783 TI - [Radiologic examination in acute amebic hepatitis]. PMID- 14784785 TI - [Current prophylaxis and treatment of human trypanosomiasis]. PMID- 14784786 TI - [Notes on the nutrition of sailors and colonial troops in certain overseas colonies; enriching foods with vitamins]. PMID- 14784787 TI - [Allergic manifestations in various parasitoses and in particular in tropical parasitoses]. PMID- 14784788 TI - [Pernicious malarial chill and medical shock]. PMID- 14784789 TI - [Let's not let ourselves be drawn toward unnatural obstetrics]. PMID- 14784790 TI - [Uncertainties and difficulties in the diagnosis of Bouillaud's disease]. PMID- 14784791 TI - [Three surgical cases of constrictive pericarditis]. PMID- 14784792 TI - [How to examine and treat a case of scoliosis]. PMID- 14784793 TI - [Biologic diagnosis of pregnancy by means of Rana esculenta (530 cases)]. PMID- 14784794 TI - [Statistics of gastrectomy for ulcer]. PMID- 14784795 TI - [Rheumatism of intestinal origin; Fiessinger-Leroy syndrome; Reiter's syndrome]. PMID- 14784796 TI - [Treatment of Malta fever]. PMID- 14784797 TI - [Temporal epilepsy; clinical and electroencephalographic study]. PMID- 14784798 TI - [Etiologic and clinical study of cervico-brachial neuralgias]. PMID- 14784799 TI - [Some recent works concerning the connections and histo-physiology of the prefrontal lobes]. PMID- 14784800 TI - Management of traumatic rupture and stricture of the membranous urethra complicating fracture of the pelvis. PMID- 14784801 TI - Horizons of modern plastic surgery. PMID- 14784802 TI - The treatment of fractures of the middle third of the face. PMID- 14784803 TI - Early signs and symptoms of brain tumors. PMID- 14784804 TI - The relief of distressing pain by interrupting nerve pathways. PMID- 14784805 TI - The use of antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism. A preliminary report of 27 cases. PMID- 14784806 TI - Doctors and the public. PMID- 14784807 TI - Problems of gastric carcinoma. PMID- 14784809 TI - Observations on indications and results in splenectomy. PMID- 14784808 TI - Diseases of thyroid in children. With a case presentation. PMID- 14784810 TI - Psychiatry today. PMID- 14784812 TI - American medicine looks ahead. PMID- 14784811 TI - Pediatric case reports; pyloric stenosis. PMID- 14784813 TI - President's address. PMID- 14784814 TI - Ten percent N-ethyl-o-crotono-toluide ointment in treatment of scabies infestations. PMID- 14784815 TI - Psychiatry and the driver; all types of vehicles--land, sea and air. PMID- 14784816 TI - Impressions of gout. PMID- 14784817 TI - Does uterine myoma always mean operation. PMID- 14784818 TI - A new antispasmodic: Bentyl hydrochloride; a preliminary experience. PMID- 14784819 TI - Incapacity; case report. PMID- 14784820 TI - Recent concepts of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14784821 TI - Carcinoma of the urinary bladder; an evaluation of present trends of treatment. PMID- 14784822 TI - The use of calcibronat in the relief of annoying symptoms associated with various skin conditions. PMID- 14784824 TI - Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 14784823 TI - The genesis of homosexuality. PMID- 14784825 TI - A method of bile collection from "T" tube drainage of the common bile duct. PMID- 14784826 TI - Recent advances in the treatment of congestive heart failure. PMID- 14784827 TI - CLINICAL pathological conference; amoebic abscess of the left lobe of the liver; amoebic ulcerations of cecum and ascending colon; fibrinous pericarditis; acute splenitis; bilateral atelectasis of lower lobes. PMID- 14784828 TI - Acute pancreatic necrosis associated with xanthomatosis and diabetes. PMID- 14784829 TI - Hyaluronidase inhibitor of human blood serum in health and disease. PMID- 14784830 TI - Bacteriological aspects of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. PMID- 14784831 TI - The effects of the single and double two-step exercise tests upon the electrocardiograms of 200 normal persons. PMID- 14784832 TI - Amyloid disease of the urinary bladder. PMID- 14784834 TI - ALFRED Meyer, M.D. 1854-1950. PMID- 14784833 TI - Carcinoid of the duodenum. PMID- 14784835 TI - The proximal relationship of obscure body disturbances to locomotor imbalance. PMID- 14784836 TI - Health is everybody's business. PMID- 14784837 TI - Intractable Morton's toe (neuroma) Review of the literature and report of cases. PMID- 14784838 TI - Effects of ionizing radiations on a transplanted lymphosarcoma. PMID- 14784839 TI - Host and extraneous factors in heterologous tumor transplantation. PMID- 14784840 TI - An evaluation of the antiproteolytic reaction of serum as a test for malignant neoplasia. PMID- 14784841 TI - An induced adaptation in a transplantable tumor of mice. PMID- 14784842 TI - Blood pentolysis in rats bearing induced sarcomata. PMID- 14784843 TI - Attempt to detect a mammary tumor-agent in strain C mice by estrogenic stimulation. PMID- 14784844 TI - Influence of thymectomy, splenectomy, and gonadectomy on incidence of radiation induced lymphoid tumors in strain C57 black mice. PMID- 14784845 TI - Distribution of radioactivity in tissues of normal and tumor-bearing mice following intravenous administration of radio-iodotetrazolium salt. PMID- 14784846 TI - Complement fixation in animal neoplasia. I. A study of techniques for measurement of the reaction in rabbit serum with special reference to the temperature of inactivation. PMID- 14784847 TI - Influence of ovarian function on incidence of radiation-induced ovarian tumors in mice. PMID- 14784848 TI - Survival, body weights, and lymphoid-tissue weights following adrenalectomy in CBA mice. PMID- 14784849 TI - The occurrence of tumors of the forestomach in mice after parenteral administration of methylcholanthrene: a histopathologic and genetic analysis. PMID- 14784850 TI - Report of two cases of identical primary tumors involving spinal nerve roots and meninges in strain NHO mice. PMID- 14784851 TI - Chromatographic studies on the separation of the virus from chicken tumor I. I. Effect of salt concentration on adsorption, elution, and purification. PMID- 14784852 TI - Chromatographic studies on the separation of the virus from chicken tumor I. II. Zoning, purification, and recovery of the agent from the column. PMID- 14784853 TI - Chromatographic studies on the separation of the virus from chicken tumor I. III. Titration curve of the agent. PMID- 14784854 TI - Medulloblastoma. PMID- 14784855 TI - Meningiomas of the sphenoidal ridge: a clinicopathologic study. PMID- 14784856 TI - Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis. PMID- 14784857 TI - Neuropathological changes in nitrogen trichloride intoxication of dogs. PMID- 14784858 TI - The effect of streptomycin on tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 14784859 TI - Capillary resistance studies in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 14784860 TI - Cortico-cortical connections of the cortex buried in the intraparietal and principal sulci of the monkey (Macaca mulatta). PMID- 14784861 TI - The effect of intravenous urea on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in monkeys. PMID- 14784862 TI - Meningothelial meningioma of the fourth ventricle. PMID- 14784863 TI - The elementary vestibulo-ocular reflex arc. PMID- 14784864 TI - Trigeminal neurotomy and blood pressure responses from stimulation of lateral cerebral cortex of Macaca mulatta. PMID- 14784865 TI - Field of retinal induction and optical illusion. PMID- 14784866 TI - Biochemical and physiological differentiation during morphogenesis. X. Onset of electrical activity in developing cerebral cortex of fetal guinea pig. PMID- 14784867 TI - Termination of spinal afferents to inferior olive in cat. PMID- 14784868 TI - Some functional connections between hypothalamus and medulla. PMID- 14784869 TI - Spike discharges of single units in the cerebellar cortex. PMID- 14784870 TI - Dendritic potential of cortical neurons produced by direct electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. PMID- 14784871 TI - An observation on the effect of strychnine on local cortical potentials. PMID- 14784872 TI - Function of medullated small-nerve fibers in mammalian ventral roots; efferent muscle spindle innervation. PMID- 14784873 TI - Role of acetylcholine in nerve activity. PMID- 14784874 TI - Effects of combined destruction of frontal and posterior associative areas in monkeys. PMID- 14784875 TI - Limitations of method of strychnine neuronography. PMID- 14784876 TI - The treatment of certain common skin diseases. PMID- 14784877 TI - The acute abdomen-outside looking in. PMID- 14784878 TI - Newer methods of cholecystography. PMID- 14784879 TI - What the family medical adviser should know about fenestration surgery. PMID- 14784880 TI - Personal experiences with ACTH and cortisone therapy. PMID- 14784881 TI - Anesthetic emergencies. PMID- 14784882 TI - The role of the oral surgeon in a general hospital in war. PMID- 14784883 TI - An allergic reaction to a local anesthetic. PMID- 14784885 TI - Alveoloplasty. PMID- 14784884 TI - A lymphosarcoma with metastasis. PMID- 14784886 TI - Immediate prosthesis following radical resection in advanced primary malignant neoplasm of the mandible. PMID- 14784888 TI - Spread of injected materials in the head and neck of the monkey. PMID- 14784889 TI - An objective method of recording the healing rate of cysts of the jaws. PMID- 14784887 TI - The role of nuclear physics in medicine and dentistry. PMID- 14784890 TI - Resection of tumor of the mandible and repair of the deformity report of case. PMID- 14784891 TI - Thrombosis of ranine vein; report of case. PMID- 14784892 TI - Paget's disease; report of case. PMID- 14784893 TI - Tooth transplantation; report of case. PMID- 14784894 TI - The significance of oral diagnosis. PMID- 14784895 TI - The dynamics of parenchymatous embolism in relation to the dissemination of malignant tumours. PMID- 14784896 TI - The significance of the tissue pressure of normal testicular and of neoplastic (Brown-Pearce carcinoma) tissue in the rabbit. PMID- 14784897 TI - Clusters of granules in human neurones. PMID- 14784898 TI - Perihepatitis and adhesive peritonitis in mice following the intraperitoneal injection of mercurial preparations. PMID- 14784899 TI - The histogenesis of granular-cell myoblastoma (? granular-cell perineural fibroblastoma). PMID- 14784900 TI - The use of chicks in the evaluation of antituberculous agents. PMID- 14784901 TI - Nonspecific shock in experimental poliomyelitis. PMID- 14784902 TI - Mitotic activity in the parathyroid glands of the rat following bilateral nephrectomy. PMID- 14784903 TI - A study of the pox viruses by complement fixation and inhibition of complement fixation methods. PMID- 14784904 TI - Primary melanomatosis of the leptomeninx. PMID- 14784905 TI - The development of giant-celled tendon-sheath tumours and related conditions (chronic villo-nodular synovitis and cutaneous histiocytoma). PMID- 14784906 TI - Experimental investigations on local changes in the white blood cell picture following perforating injury to blood vessels (veins). PMID- 14784907 TI - Experimental pyelonephritis in the rabbit produced by staphylococcal infection. PMID- 14784908 TI - Turbidimetric measurement of natural antitoxin to Clostridium welchii alpha toxin. PMID- 14784909 TI - Inhibition of quartz-induced fibrosis of the liver by aluminum. PMID- 14784910 TI - Dissecting aneurysm due to giant-cell aortitis. PMID- 14784911 TI - A micro-technique for precipitin tests. PMID- 14784912 TI - Safety screen for protection against splash during the inoculation of small animals. PMID- 14784913 TI - Some tumours of wild animals. PMID- 14784914 TI - A convenient method for producing embolic pulmonary lesions in rabbits. PMID- 14784915 TI - Sebaceous glands in the cervix uteri. PMID- 14784916 TI - A case of cerebral infarction due to neoplastic embolism. PMID- 14784917 TI - Experiments on the cultivation of trachoma virus in the chick embryo. PMID- 14784918 TI - Theodore Shennan 9th March 1869-21st October 1948. PMID- 14784919 TI - Philip Bruce White. PMID- 14784920 TI - Harrie Leslie Hugo Schutze. PMID- 14784921 TI - Some practical aspects of allergy. PMID- 14784922 TI - Relations of hyaluronidase to salicylates and rheumatic fever. PMID- 14784923 TI - Postvaccinal encephalitis in infancy. PMID- 14784924 TI - Feeding of premature infants; use of simple formula. PMID- 14784925 TI - Sensitivity of diphtheria bacilli and related organisms to nine antibiotics. PMID- 14784926 TI - Use of neo-synephrine in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. PMID- 14784927 TI - The effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone in epilepsy. PMID- 14784928 TI - Testosterone in progressive pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy. PMID- 14784929 TI - The treatment of colic in infancy by use of the pacifier. PMID- 14784930 TI - Acute thallotoxicosis; report of two cases treated with BAL. PMID- 14784931 TI - Prenasal and preoral auscultation. PMID- 14784932 TI - Ammonia dermatitis; treatment with diaparene chloride ointment. PMID- 14784933 TI - Fatal paroxysmal tachycardia in a newborn infant with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. PMID- 14784934 TI - A case report of the use of combined DOCA and ascorbic acid in a 12-year-old child with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14784935 TI - Addison's disease in a negro child. PMID- 14784936 TI - CLINICAL conference. Ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14784937 TI - CLINICAL conference. Bronchial asthma treated by psychotherapy. PMID- 14784938 TI - Counseling service for parents of young children. PMID- 14784939 TI - [Properties of the saponins]. PMID- 14784940 TI - [A process of hydrocarbonic fermentation observed in a prescription prepared with syrup of Tolu]. PMID- 14784942 TI - [Preparation of an emulsive ointment of the oil/water type]. PMID- 14784941 TI - [Analytic characteristics of some synthetic antihistamines]. PMID- 14784943 TI - [A new albumin reaction; determination in urine]. PMID- 14784944 TI - [Contribution to the analytic study of para-aminosalicylic acid]. PMID- 14784945 TI - [Toxicology of thallium]. PMID- 14784946 TI - [Units of measure and their symbols]. PMID- 14784947 TI - Pharmacological and toxicological studies on 2-(N-p-tolyl-N-(m-hydroxyphenyl) aminomethyl)-imidazoline (C-7337), a new adrenergic blocking agent. PMID- 14784948 TI - Addiction liabilities of morphinan, 6-methyldihydromorphine and dihydrocodeinone. PMID- 14784949 TI - Local antihistaminic action. PMID- 14784950 TI - An estimation of the activity of analgetic materials. PMID- 14784951 TI - The antiaccelerator cardiac action of quinine and quinidine. PMID- 14784953 TI - The histochemical differentiation of types of cholinesterases and their localizations in tissues of the cat. PMID- 14784952 TI - A comparison of the anticonvulsant actions of some phenylhydantoins and their corresponding phenylacetylureas. PMID- 14784954 TI - The effect of inhibition of specific and non-specific cholinesterase on the motility of the isolated ileum. PMID- 14784955 TI - Conversion of acetylsulfonamides to the unconjugated form by the chicken kidney. PMID- 14784956 TI - Evaluation of curarizing drugs in man. IV. Tri-(diethylaminoethoxy)-1,2,3,benzene (Flaxedil). PMID- 14784957 TI - The renal clearance and plasma protein binding of aureomycin in man. PMID- 14784958 TI - The rate of penetration of barbituric acid derivatives into the brain. PMID- 14784959 TI - Studies on the interrelationship of certain cholinergic compounds. IV. Anti curare action in anesthetized man. PMID- 14784960 TI - The action of Veriloid upon the isolated mammalian heart. PMID- 14784961 TI - The effects of mercurial compounds on invertase. PMID- 14784962 TI - Blackouts. PMID- 14784963 TI - A short account of the pre-parachuting selection course at airborne forces depot, with special reference to the part played by the Depot Medical Officer. PMID- 14784964 TI - An improved Wassermann technique. The value of dilute antigen suspension assessed in a series of 14,952 tests. PMID- 14784965 TI - The national tuberculin survey and the Army. PMID- 14784966 TI - Health congress the Royal Sanitary Institute's meeting at Eastbourne. PMID- 14784967 TI - Lessons on operations Malaya. PMID- 14784968 TI - Granuloma inguinale in Southern Rhodesia and its treatment with antibiotics. PMID- 14784969 TI - AT random. I. Individual hygiene. Everyone his/her own hygienist. PMID- 14784970 TI - A portable anaesthetic apparatus for F.S.T. work. PMID- 14784971 TI - Progress in malaria research. PMID- 14784972 TI - Allergy in children with report of a syndrome of gastrointestinal allergy. PMID- 14784973 TI - Oral streptomycin therapy in acute and chronic gastro-enteritis. PMID- 14784974 TI - A preliminary report on the single-dose therapeutic value of the antimalarial; drugs in cases of benign tertian malaria together with a note on the prophylactic action of the same compounds. PMID- 14784975 TI - A possible relation between irradiated para-amino-benzoic acid and rheumatic fever. Part I. PMID- 14784976 TI - A preliminary report on the effect of irradiated para-amino-benzoic acid in rheumatic conditions. Part II. PMID- 14784977 TI - Synovial sarcomesothelioma. PMID- 14784978 TI - Miracil D. The new anti-bilharzial treatment, study of toxicity-Antitoxic action of atropine. PMID- 14784979 TI - Liberation of histamine during muscular contraction in man. PMID- 14784980 TI - The effect of generalised convulsions on the blood histamine in man. PMID- 14784981 TI - Observations on the side-effects of miracil D. PMID- 14784982 TI - Chronic relapsing pancreatitis with calcification of the pancreas. PMID- 14784983 TI - Aureomycin in intestinal amoebiasis. A preliminary report. PMID- 14784984 TI - Experimental tests with the new schistosomiasis remedy miracil. PMID- 14784985 TI - Post typhoid necrosis. PMID- 14784986 TI - Acriviolet as a new drug in treatment of buccal ulcerations and pyorrhea alveolaris. PMID- 14784988 TI - Co-ordination of the work of the sanitary inspector and the borough surveyor. PMID- 14784987 TI - Haemorrhage. PMID- 14784989 TI - Rural planning. PMID- 14784990 TI - Some aspects of sanitary administration in a holiday resort. PMID- 14784991 TI - The prevention and control of the rheumatic diseases. PMID- 14784992 TI - Hygiene in communal feeding. PMID- 14784993 TI - Some research problems in the field of stored products entomology. PMID- 14784994 TI - The public analyst and the public health. PMID- 14784995 TI - The fishing industry of Great Yarmouth. PMID- 14784996 TI - [Hypoglycemic action of PAS]. PMID- 14784997 TI - [Mitral stenosis and persistence of Botallo's foramen, with small aorta-large pulmonary complex]. PMID- 14784998 TI - [Severe barbituric coma]. PMID- 14784999 TI - [Treatment of pelvic pains, particularly of dysmenorrhea, by curare]. PMID- 14785000 TI - [Brief history of French neurosurgery]. PMID- 14785001 TI - [Intracranial pneumatocele]. PMID- 14785002 TI - [Occlusion from a rare cause: covered perforation of gastric ulcer]. PMID- 14785003 TI - [Clinical transposition of the general adaptation syndrome; initial stages of several adaptation diseases]. PMID- 14785004 TI - Fetal salvage in the late toxemias of pregnancy. PMID- 14785005 TI - Intestinal obstruction in the infant and newborn. PMID- 14785006 TI - Surgery in advanced age groups. PMID- 14785007 TI - UNIVERSITY of Tennessee College of Medicine, surgical ward rounds; masculinizing adrenal hyperplasia. PMID- 14785008 TI - METHODIST Hospital clinical pathological conference, Memphis, Tenn.; arteriosclerotic aneurysm dissecting the wall of the aorta. PMID- 14785009 TI - Have the doctors not always been patriotic in previous wars? Why be drafted? PMID- 14785010 TI - Congenital atresia of the esophagus with tracheoesophageal fistula. PMID- 14785011 TI - Congenital atresia of the esophagus; antethoracic placement of the stomach followed by intrathoracic transplantation. PMID- 14785012 TI - Reconstruction of esophagus. PMID- 14785013 TI - Use of the Burns valve as a simple respirator for intrathoracic surgery in the dog. PMID- 14785014 TI - The development of, and certain clinical applications for, a portable mass spectrometer. PMID- 14785015 TI - The surgical treatment of giant emphysematous blebs and pulmonary tension cysts. PMID- 14785016 TI - Treatment of giant cysts of the lung. PMID- 14785017 TI - Experimental tuberculosis. II. Effects of ligation of pulmonary arteries on tuberculosis in monkeys. PMID- 14785018 TI - Pulmonary function before and after extrapleural pneumothorax; a comparison with other forms of collapse and resection. PMID- 14785019 TI - Pulmonary tuberculomas; pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. PMID- 14785020 TI - The healing of surgical wounds of the lung with particular reference to segmental lobectomy. PMID- 14785021 TI - Report of series of single-stage thoracoplasties. PMID- 14785022 TI - Further experiences with segmental resection in tuberculosis. PMID- 14785024 TI - Lobectomy and pneumonectomy in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; a ten year survey. PMID- 14785023 TI - Resection in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14785025 TI - Pulmonary resection in tuberculosis; its hazards, indications, and results. PMID- 14785026 TI - Pulmonary resection for tuberculosis with streptomycin. PMID- 14785027 TI - Primary neurofibrosarcoma of the diaphragm; report of two cases. PMID- 14785029 TI - Ciliated epithelial cyst of the esophagus; report of a case. PMID- 14785028 TI - The complications of stellate and thoracic sympathetic nerve blocks. PMID- 14785030 TI - Surgical correction of a double aortic arch. PMID- 14785031 TI - The blood flow through an atelectatic lung. PMID- 14785032 TI - Wound healing following limited resection of the parietal pleura. PMID- 14785033 TI - Alveolar-cell tumors of the lung. PMID- 14785034 TI - Obstructing intrabronchial Hodgkin's disease; case report. PMID- 14785035 TI - A technique for the surgical treatment of congenital eventration of the diaphragm in infancy; report of a case. PMID- 14785036 TI - Respiratory and circulatory studies in patients after bilateral lobectomy. PMID- 14785037 TI - [Submucosal retropubic prostatectomy; technic and results]. PMID- 14785038 TI - [Some obstructive sequels of prostatectomy]. PMID- 14785039 TI - [Case of aneurysm of the renal artery]. PMID- 14785040 TI - [Action of BPAS (sodium salt of benzoyl-orthoxy-para-aminobenzoic acid) in renal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14785041 TI - [Difficulties of diagnosis of malignant tumors of the kidney]. PMID- 14785042 TI - [Gigantic unilateral hydronephrosis]. PMID- 14785043 TI - [Papillary cancer of the kidney in a 6-month old infant]. PMID- 14785044 TI - [Postoperative pubic osteoporosis]. PMID- 14785045 TI - [Uretero-intestinal implantation; technic, results]. PMID- 14785046 TI - [Paravertebral injections and their applications in urology]. PMID- 14785047 TI - [Two cases of juxta-calycial renal cavities]. PMID- 14785049 TI - [Late results of a prolonged intravenous urography]. PMID- 14785048 TI - [Presentation of a patient with left renal and genital tuberculosis treated with massive and repeated vitamin therapy; cure checked after a year]. PMID- 14785050 TI - [Estrogen treatment of cancer of the prostate]. PMID- 14785051 TI - [Juxta-calycial cystic cavity; hypertension, nephrectomy]. PMID- 14785052 TI - [Cure by simple methods of 4 cases of acute retention of urine in boys less than three years old]. PMID- 14785053 TI - [False image of kidney calculi]. PMID- 14785054 TI - [Renal tuberculosis with favorable course despite two successive pregnancies]. PMID- 14785055 TI - [Apparatus for vesical irrigation, siphonage and manometry]. PMID- 14785057 TI - [Polar nephrectomy for ectopic orifice of a supernumerary ureter]. PMID- 14785056 TI - [Medical treatment of renal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14785058 TI - [One case of eclamptic anuria. Two cases of sulfonamide anuria, importance of vasomotor manifestations and of the oscillometric index]. PMID- 14785059 TI - [Case of endometrioma of the bladder]. PMID- 14785060 TI - [Entero-urinary syndrome maintained by a calculus left in the site of the kidney after nephrectomy; removal of the calculus; extensive resection of the remaining ureteral stump]. PMID- 14785061 TI - [Malignant nephritis with acute lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 14785062 TI - [Renal Besnier-Boeck]. PMID- 14785063 TI - [Kidney function test]. PMID- 14785064 TI - [Diuretic action of an antihistamine in various types of edema]. PMID- 14785065 TI - [Action of a synthetic antihistamine on blood composition]. PMID- 14785066 TI - [Do antihistamines act on the renal filter?]. PMID- 14785067 TI - [Pharmacodynamic mechanism of an antihistamine in edematous retention]. PMID- 14785068 TI - [Continuous aspiration in nephrostomized kidneys; action on renal function]. PMID- 14785069 TI - Studies on nature of urinary calcium; its role in calcium urolithiasis. PMID- 14785070 TI - Hyperparathyroidism and urolithiasis. PMID- 14785071 TI - Treatment of ureterocele in adults. PMID- 14785072 TI - Cyto-dynamic properties of urinary neoplasms. I. Cultivation in vitro of transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter. PMID- 14785073 TI - Bladder tumors; a survey of 373 cases. PMID- 14785074 TI - Adenomatoid tumors of the bladder reproducing renal structures (nephrogenic adenomas). PMID- 14785075 TI - The treatment of carcinoma of the prostate. PMID- 14785076 TI - Sarcoma of prostate in children with report of a case of rhabdomyosarcoma in a four year old boy. PMID- 14785077 TI - The clinical findings in 127 cases of teratoma of the testis. PMID- 14785078 TI - Double penis associated with supernumerary kidney. PMID- 14785079 TI - Painful malignant tumor of testis with and without hemorrhage. PMID- 14785080 TI - Carcinoma of the female urethra. PMID- 14785082 TI - Multiple fibroma of the tunica vaginalis; case report. PMID- 14785081 TI - Hereditary diabetes insipidus: unusual urinary tract changes. PMID- 14785084 TI - [Organization of traumatological service in SSSR]. PMID- 14785083 TI - Phenolsulfonphthalein determination in the presence of gross hematuria. PMID- 14785085 TI - [Muscle tissue therapy of bone defects]. PMID- 14785086 TI - [Osteosynthesis and osteoplasty in pseudoarthrosis and defects of long tubular bones following gunshot fractures]. PMID- 14785087 TI - [Stump and the amputee]. PMID- 14785088 TI - [Surgical treatment of dangling joints (elbow and knee) of gunshot origin]. PMID- 14785089 TI - [Fractures of the clavicle, treatment and remote results]. PMID- 14785090 TI - [Functional therapy of clavicular fractures]. PMID- 14785091 TI - [Anatomical bases of the position of the forearm in treatment of its fractures in relation to pronation and supination]. PMID- 14785092 TI - [Plastic surgery in total and partial defects of fingers and wrist]. PMID- 14785093 TI - [Nailing of the femoral neck with the aid of a new appliance in fractures]. PMID- 14785094 TI - [Treatment of closed fractures of the diaphysis of the femur by the method of intraosseous fixation]. PMID- 14785095 TI - [Reposition and fixation of condylar fractures of the femur]. PMID- 14785096 TI - [Pathological modifications in flail knee-joint after resection]. PMID- 14785097 TI - [Operation, securing weight-bearing of the stump]. PMID- 14785098 TI - [Method and practice in evaluation of remote therapeutic results of injuries]. PMID- 14785099 TI - [Treatment of fresh traumatic wounds of the wrist]. PMID- 14785100 TI - [Technic of Pirogov's operation]. PMID- 14785101 TI - [Differential diagnosis of hemiplegia in childhood]. PMID- 14785102 TI - [Note on heart disease following articular rheumatism in children and adolescents]. PMID- 14785103 TI - [General aspect of occult mastoiditis]. PMID- 14785104 TI - [Mother and child]. PMID- 14785105 TI - [A case of disordered esophageal deglutition]. PMID- 14785106 TI - [Modern treatment of endocarditis lenta in children]. PMID- 14785107 TI - [Traces of mercury in the appendix after swallowing piece of a broken thermometer]. PMID- 14785108 TI - [Differential diagnosis of hematuria in childhood]. PMID- 14785109 TI - [Continuous graphic registration of renal function (the difference curve)]. PMID- 14785110 TI - [Periodicity in adolescence]. PMID- 14785111 TI - [Multiple roentgenographic aspects of miliary and pseudomiliary-reticular affections of the lungs]. PMID- 14785112 TI - [The orthostatic electrocardiogram in childhood]. PMID- 14785113 TI - [Modern treatment of tuberculosis in children]. PMID- 14785114 TI - [Unusual congenital strictures of the small intestines]. PMID- 14785115 TI - [Diagnosis and clinical aspects of congenital defects of the heart]. PMID- 14785116 TI - [Congenital defects of the heart]. PMID- 14785117 TI - [Primary myocarditis in childhood]. PMID- 14785119 TI - [Problem of periarteritis nodosa in childhood]. PMID- 14785118 TI - [Tetany and the electrocardiogram]. PMID- 14785120 TI - [Libellus Aegritudinum Puerorum (Childhood Diseases), 1485, by Dr. Cornelius Roelans of Mecheln]. PMID- 14785121 TI - [Mechanism of the whooping cough seizure, and expiratory apnea]. PMID- 14785122 TI - [Treatment and prophylaxis of congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14785123 TI - [Combined penicillin-spirocid therapy of congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14785124 TI - [Prophylaxia and therapy of congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14785125 TI - [Treatment of congenital syphilis with penicillin, spirocid and bismuth]. PMID- 14785126 TI - [Penicillin therapy of congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14785127 TI - [Therapy and prophylaxis of congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14785128 TI - [Scientific thinking in pediatrics]. PMID- 14785129 TI - [Recent experiences with the use of sulfonamides in pediatrics]. PMID- 14785131 TI - [Penicillin therapy of scarlet fever]. PMID- 14785130 TI - [Pharmacology of mercury inunction]. PMID- 14785132 TI - [Penicillin therapy of scarlet fever]. PMID- 14785133 TI - [Efficacy and limitations of karyoklastic therapy of leukosis, lymphogranulomatosis, and malignant tumors in childhood]. PMID- 14785134 TI - [Organization and operation of a blood donor center]. PMID- 14785135 TI - [Exchange transfusion]. PMID- 14785136 TI - [Streptomycin dosage in meningeal and miliary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14785137 TI - [Treatment with streptomycin and Tb 1/698]. PMID- 14785138 TI - [Therapeutic use of streptomycin and conteben in childhood]. PMID- 14785139 TI - [Importance of encephalography in chronic tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14785140 TI - [Investigations on the effect of encephalography on capillary resistance of the skin; a contribution on the problem of autonomic regulation]. PMID- 14785142 TI - [Treatment of celiac disease]. PMID- 14785141 TI - [Problem of vigantol therapy of tuberculosis in childhood]. PMID- 14785143 TI - [Significance of otogenous focal toxicosis in the pathogenesis of nutritional disorders of infancy]. PMID- 14785144 TI - [Nipples, bottles and milk pumps]. PMID- 14785145 TI - [Nutrition of the premature infant]. PMID- 14785146 TI - [Differential diagnosis of intestinal gangrene in infancy]. PMID- 14785147 TI - [Need of official supervision in the care of myxedematous children]. PMID- 14785148 TI - [Age distribution of rheumatic infection in childhood]. PMID- 14785149 TI - [Ward endemic with neurotropic virus]. PMID- 14785150 TI - [Lipoidocalcinosis]. PMID- 14785151 TI - [Combined streptomycin-PAS therapy of aspirated tuberculous cavities]. PMID- 14785152 TI - [The significance of the initial tonic disposition in autonomic therapy]. PMID- 14785153 TI - [Are false pregnancy and phantom limb evidence in favor of Speransky's neurismus?]. PMID- 14785154 TI - [Peripheral arterial embolism]. PMID- 14785155 TI - [Photographing luminescence due to Wood's light]. PMID- 14785156 TI - [Stalactitic coagulation in intrathoracic hemorrhage following thoracocautery]. PMID- 14785157 TI - [Lingual goiters]. PMID- 14785158 TI - [Infection with micro-mycetes; analysis of work hitherto done]. PMID- 14785159 TI - [Modifications of bone marrow in carcinoma]. PMID- 14785160 TI - [Difficult diagnosis of a case of carcinoma of the choledochus]. PMID- 14785161 TI - [Glomus tumor of the trachea]. PMID- 14785162 TI - [Simple localized lymphoma (lymphocytoma) of the breast]. PMID- 14785163 TI - [Seminoma and trauma (in the broad sense)]. PMID- 14785164 TI - [Results of investigations on the use of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride in the diagnosis of carcinoma]. PMID- 14785165 TI - [Radical surgery in recurrent carcinoma of the rectum]. PMID- 14785166 TI - [Thyroid carcinoma in pregnancy]. PMID- 14785167 TI - AFTER gastrectomy. PMID- 14785168 TI - A liquorice extract with deoxycortone-like action. PMID- 14785169 TI - Diagnostic value of increased urinary output of pheochromocytoma. PMID- 14785170 TI - Refractory hypochromic anaemia and steatorrhoea. Treatment with intravenous iron. PMID- 14785171 TI - Enhancing effect of cortisone on tuberculosis in the mouse. PMID- 14785172 TI - Treatment of fibrositis with adrenaline, ephedrine, and belladonna creams. PMID- 14785173 TI - An interpretation of histamine and insulin tests in patients with peptic ulceration. PMID- 14785174 TI - HERBERT Morley Fletcher. PMID- 14785175 TI - CHARLES Claud Twort. PMID- 14785176 TI - FLORENCE Louis. PMID- 14785177 TI - Propagation of the unfit. PMID- 14785178 TI - Potentiation of sulphonamide by "L substance.". PMID- 14785179 TI - The feeding of school-children. PMID- 14785180 TI - Action of proguanil on P. berghei. Inhibition by p-aminobenzoic acid. PMID- 14785181 TI - Ileojejunal insufficiency arising from faulty anastomosis. PMID- 14785182 TI - Ileojejunal insufficiency. An unusual case of tropical sprue. PMID- 14785183 TI - Composition of liquor amnii in haemolytic disease of newborn. PMID- 14785184 TI - ERNEST Bosdin Leech. PMID- 14785185 TI - JOHN Calderwood Strathearn. PMID- 14785186 TI - GILBERT Smith. PMID- 14785187 TI - FRANCIS James Strong Heaney. PMID- 14785188 TI - DOCTOR Morley Fletcher. PMID- 14785189 TI - HAEMAGGLUTINATION test for tuberculosis. PMID- 14785190 TI - ELECTROPHRENIC respiration. PMID- 14785191 TI - Effects of cortisone in the rheumatic diseases. PMID- 14785192 TI - NUTRITION and antibodies. PMID- 14785193 TI - MEDICAL man-power. PMID- 14785194 TI - KIDNEY and cardiac oedema. PMID- 14785195 TI - The surgery of the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 14785196 TI - RICE diet in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 14785197 TI - Viraemia in smallpox. PMID- 14785198 TI - Laboratory investigation of smallpox patients with particular reference to infectivity in the early stages. PMID- 14785199 TI - Effect of cortisone on early fibrosis of the liver in rats. PMID- 14785200 TI - A walking-plaster appliance. PMID- 14785201 TI - Serum factor in rheumatoid arthritis agglutinating sensitized sheep red cells. PMID- 14785202 TI - Tubal palpator for salpingography. PMID- 14785203 TI - B.C.G. vaccination of nurses and students in Edinburgh. PMID- 14785204 TI - ERNEST Gordon Graham-Little. PMID- 14785205 TI - DOUGLAS Stuart Stevenson. PMID- 14785206 TI - GEORGE Allison Allan. PMID- 14785207 TI - RINGLAND Gilmore Boyd. PMID- 14785208 TI - Suppurative pneumonia. PMID- 14785209 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis. Partial rehabilitation by interval therapy with A.C.T.H. and cortisone. PMID- 14785210 TI - Incidence of toxoplasma infection in north-west England. Transmission of antibody from mother to foetus. PMID- 14785211 TI - Congenital toxoplasmosis. Report of two cases in twins. PMID- 14785212 TI - Toxoplasmosis complicated by chickenpox and smallpox. PMID- 14785213 TI - Simplified procedure for determining the renal clearance of inulin and diodone. PMID- 14785214 TI - Actions and clinical assessment of drugs which produce neuromuscular block. PMID- 14785215 TI - Colorimetric estimation of p-acetamidobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone in blood. PMID- 14785216 TI - PHYSICAL and biological effects of atomic explosions. PMID- 14785217 TI - JOHN Hubback Anderson. PMID- 14785218 TI - SAMUEL Thompson Rowling. PMID- 14785219 TI - FREDERICK Henry Dodd. PMID- 14785220 TI - FLORENCE Louis. PMID- 14785221 TI - Study of delinquency. PMID- 14785222 TI - Suppurative pneumonia. PMID- 14785223 TI - Q fever in Great Britain. Epidemiology of an outbreak. PMID- 14785224 TI - Q fever in Great Britain. The causative agent. PMID- 14785225 TI - Immediate retropubic prostatectomy in acute retention. PMID- 14785226 TI - Resistance to chloramphenicol developing during treatment of typhoid fever. PMID- 14785227 TI - Flame photometry. PMID- 14785228 TI - RESEARCH on burns. An American symposium from a correspondent. PMID- 14785229 TI - QUESTION of diagnosis. PMID- 14785230 TI - NEIL Frederick Sinclair. PMID- 14785231 TI - STEPHEN Roodhouse Gloyne. PMID- 14785232 TI - WILLIAM Glen Liston. PMID- 14785233 TI - MATTHEW Burrow Ray. PMID- 14785234 TI - AMY Florence Wakley. PMID- 14785235 TI - [Postoperative tetany]. PMID- 14785236 TI - [Primary mental confusions treated in open service]. PMID- 14785237 TI - [Application of various treatments in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14785238 TI - [Continuous infiltration of the splanchnic nerve by peridural route]. PMID- 14785240 TI - [Infantile toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 14785239 TI - [Chloromycetin and aureomycin]. PMID- 14785241 TI - [The personality of the psychotherapist]. PMID- 14785242 TI - [Contribution to the study of creatine metabolism]. PMID- 14785243 TI - [Cortisone and ACTH]. PMID- 14785245 TI - [Acute tuberculous meningitis in the adult and dihydrostreptomycin]. PMID- 14785244 TI - [Therapeutic failure in a case of meningitis from Pfeiffer's bacillus]. PMID- 14785247 TI - [Treatment of angina pectoris]. PMID- 14785246 TI - [Alcoholic solution of vitamin D2 in the treatment of cutaneo-osseous tuberculosis]. PMID- 14785248 TI - [Early ambulation in obstetrics]. PMID- 14785249 TI - [Normal electrocardiogram; (standard leads, unipolar limb leads, precordial leads): study of 200 cases]. PMID- 14785250 TI - [Gastroduodenal ulcer therapy with extracts of animal nerve tissue]. PMID- 14785252 TI - [Adenoma of the prostate]. PMID- 14785251 TI - [Use of blood plasma in modern therapy]. PMID- 14785253 TI - [Role of electrovectocardiography in the diagnosis of diseases of the heart]. PMID- 14785254 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of pertussis]. PMID- 14785255 TI - [Pneumolymphocytic syndrome in pertussis]. PMID- 14785256 TI - [Labor complications due to cervical myoma]. PMID- 14785257 TI - [Diisopropylfluorophosphate therapy of glaucoma]. PMID- 14785258 TI - [Surgical treatment of trichiasis and ditrichiasis]. PMID- 14785259 TI - [Syphilitic tumor of the larynx]. PMID- 14785260 TI - [New method in treatment of exsudative pleurisy]. PMID- 14785261 TI - [Bibliographic and statistics data on epidemics of infectious diseases in Dalmatia]. PMID- 14785262 TI - [Tumors of the mediastinum; exeresis by extensive thoracotomy; cure]. PMID- 14785263 TI - [Ligation of the inferior vena cava for embolic phlebitis; 4 cases]. PMID- 14785264 TI - [Cardio-respiratory syncope; resuscitation by transdiaphragmatic heart massage and intracardiac injection of adrenalin; secondary death due to cerebral complications]. PMID- 14785265 TI - [Indications and results of topectomy and leucotomy in surgery of pain]. PMID- 14785266 TI - [Juxta-cardial cancer treated by esophagogastric resection followed by esophagogastrostomy; 3 personal cases]. PMID- 14785267 TI - [A case of cancer of the appendix]. PMID- 14785268 TI - [Laryngeal complications of a thyroidectomy for cancer of the thyroid]. PMID- 14785269 TI - [Paralysis of the dilatators of the glottis by attempted suicide; cordopexy]. PMID- 14785270 TI - [Intestinal implantation of the remaining ureter for incontinence of tuberculous origin]. PMID- 14785271 TI - [Treatment of tuberculous cystitis by P.A.S. instillation into the bladder]. PMID- 14785272 TI - [Peri-colic pelvic stricture of adnexal origin simulating cancer]. PMID- 14785273 TI - [Origin of certain acute mesenteric adenopathies of children]. PMID- 14785274 TI - [Strangulated diaphragmatic hernia; cure after thoraco-phreno-laparotomy]. PMID- 14785275 TI - [Loss of ejaculation after bilateral lumbar sympathectomy]. PMID- 14785276 TI - [General assembly, 30 May 1950]. PMID- 14785277 TI - [Campaign against cancer in the U.S. in 1950]. PMID- 14785278 TI - [The place of radium in cancer therapy 50 years after its discovery]. PMID- 14785279 TI - [Indications and results of treatment of malignant tumors of the bladder]. PMID- 14785280 TI - [Surgical treatment of essential hypertension]. PMID- 14785281 TI - [Experimental study on abrupt interruption of portal circulation]. PMID- 14785282 TI - [Intestinal occlusion by Meckel's diverticulum]. PMID- 14785283 TI - [Sacro-iliac dislocation and fracture of the fifth lumbar vertebra due to exertion]. PMID- 14785284 TI - [Straightening of congenital curvatures of the tibia]. PMID- 14785285 TI - [Medullary nailing in resection of the knee]. PMID- 14785286 TI - [Total thoracic esophagectomy for high cancer of the thoracic esophagus; esophagogastro-anastomosis at the neck]. PMID- 14785287 TI - [Considerations on 11 cases of total cystectomy]. PMID- 14785288 TI - [Variation of blood volume in surgery measured by means of radioactive phosphorus]. PMID- 14785289 TI - [Considerations on the results of 200 gastrectomies]. PMID- 14785290 TI - [Application of radioactive isotopes in surgical diagnosis]. PMID- 14785291 TI - [Simultaneous determination of extra-cellular fluid volume and glomerular clearance without taking urine]. PMID- 14785292 TI - [Mastoid pains following acute otitis treated by penicillin]. PMID- 14785293 TI - [Foreign body of the esophagus unrecognized after radioscopic examination with opaque cachet and opaque meal]. PMID- 14785294 TI - [Orthobiotic serum therapy of various diseases and in particular of hematologic diseases]. PMID- 14785295 TI - [Functional disorders of the small intestine and vitamin B deficiencies]. PMID- 14785296 TI - [Recurrent pseudo-phlegmon of the larynx of gouty origin; repeated tracheotomy]. PMID- 14785297 TI - [Late meningoencephalitis, complication of a previous, unrecognized fracture of the frontal sinus]. PMID- 14785298 TI - [Amelioration of resistant asthma by placental graft (Filatov's method) instituted because of ophthalmologic indications]. PMID- 14785299 TI - [Histamine and cancer]. PMID- 14785300 TI - [Cryptomacrocytary Biermer's disease; value of the Price-Jones curve in detecting macrocytosis and following it during treatment with vitamin B12]. PMID- 14785301 TI - [Arnold-Chiari malformation; clinical and diagnostic considerations of two cases]. PMID- 14785302 TI - [Pleural, parapleural, sub-pleural and hemithoracic infiltration in the treatment of chronic dyspnea in patients with pleural adhesions]. PMID- 14785303 TI - [Use of phenergan cream in dermatology]. PMID- 14785304 TI - [Gonorrhea and masculine sterility (with statistics on 88 cases)]. PMID- 14785305 TI - [Fibrotuberculoma of the nasal fossa; Charpy's treatment; cure]. PMID- 14785306 TI - [Bilateral and symmetrical laryngeal sarcoma (metastasis of a renal tumor)]. PMID- 14785307 TI - [Surgery for laryngeal stenosis from recurrent papillomatosis; cure]. PMID- 14785308 TI - [Subacute myositis of the sterno-cleidomastoid, probably specific]. PMID- 14785309 TI - [Anatomoclinical observation of a pellagroid syndrome with porphyrinuria associated with polyneuritis and hepatic cirrhosis]. PMID- 14785310 TI - [Labyrinthitis and penicillin]. PMID- 14785311 TI - [Suppurative submaxillitis and phlegmon of the subcutaneous cellular tissue of the floor of the mouth, due to Neisseria flava, in a seven day old premature twin]. PMID- 14785312 TI - [Cancer and tuberculosis of the larynx; diagnostic value of experimental treatment with streptomycin]. PMID- 14785313 TI - [Neurosurgical aspects of the treatment of acute and chronic meningitis]. PMID- 14785314 TI - [Urinary excretion of amino acids in scurvy]. PMID- 14785315 TI - [Terminal intramural ureteral stenosis in children]. PMID- 14785316 TI - [Stenosis of the bladder neck in the young child]. PMID- 14785317 TI - [Observations on the eczemas of infants and children, and their treatment]. PMID- 14785318 TI - [Case of acute poisoning due to a local anesthetic]. PMID- 14785319 TI - [Significance of the pathogenesis of the tuberculous infection for the course of tuberculous meningitis in children treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14785320 TI - [Experiences with aminopterin in the treatment of leukemia]. PMID- 14785321 TI - [A case of psittacosis (ornithosis)]. PMID- 14785322 TI - [Unusual case of neurofibromatosis in an infant]. PMID- 14785323 TI - [Medical study of patients with iridocyclitis]. PMID- 14785324 TI - [The normal third stage of labor in general practice]. PMID- 14785325 TI - [An English doctor on the National Health Service]. PMID- 14785327 TI - [Communication from the Association of Hospitals in Copenhagen]. PMID- 14785326 TI - [The doctor's post-graduate education]. PMID- 14785328 TI - Presidential address. PMID- 14785329 TI - Melanomata. PMID- 14785330 TI - The sedimentation rate. PMID- 14785331 TI - Trigeminal neuralgia. PMID- 14785333 TI - Blood groups and anthropology. PMID- 14785332 TI - Recent advances in internal medicine. PMID- 14785334 TI - Banti's disease and the pathologist. PMID- 14785335 TI - Tularemia in Manitoba. PMID- 14785336 TI - Queen's Hotel and Winnipeg doctors. PMID- 14785337 TI - Rehabilitation of the disabled. PMID- 14785338 TI - Medicine, then and now. PMID- 14785339 TI - [The social and scientific role of the pharmacist]. PMID- 14785340 TI - [The role of the pharmacist in the biological laboratory]. PMID- 14785341 TI - [The medical biochemical laboratory and the teaching of pharmacy]. PMID- 14785342 TI - [Antibiotics]. PMID- 14785343 TI - [Cultivation of medicinal plants; possibilities in Morocco]. PMID- 14785344 TI - [New perspectives of phytopharmacy]. PMID- 14785345 TI - [Emission of radiations from living organisms]. PMID- 14785346 TI - [Darmous]. PMID- 14785347 TI - [Manganese poisoning in Morocco]. PMID- 14785348 TI - [The problem of quality in preserved Moroccan food]. PMID- 14785349 TI - [Pharmaceutical legislation in Morocco]. PMID- 14785350 TI - [Personal statistics on one-stage operations in surgery of the left colon]. PMID- 14785351 TI - [Surgical treatment of inguinal ectopic testis: surgical eunuchs]. PMID- 14785352 TI - [Statistical study of operations for excision of gastric cancer]. PMID- 14785353 TI - [Treatment of venous thrombo-embolisms of the extremities by heparin]. PMID- 14785354 TI - [Value of endo-uterine aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of cancer of the uterus]. PMID- 14785355 TI - [Camille Juge (1869-1949)]. PMID- 14785356 TI - [Remarks of a historical point concerning "The present treatment of nerve wounds"; reminder of the works of Prof. Ed. Delorme]. PMID- 14785357 TI - [Advantages and disadvantages of tracheal intubation]. PMID- 14785358 TI - [Treatment of defective callus of the ankle by ankylosing wedge-shaped resection]. PMID- 14785359 TI - [Cirrhotic ascites cured by omentopexy; procedure of sub-peritoneal tunnel]. PMID- 14785360 TI - [Value of free cutaneous grafts as dressings]. PMID- 14785361 TI - [Note concerning homoplastic implants of cancellous bone]. PMID- 14785362 TI - [Humeral pseudoarthrosis associated with a loss of substance of the radius, treated by intramedullary nailing and tendon transplant]. PMID- 14785363 TI - [Osteomyelitis of the pelvis]. PMID- 14785364 TI - [Contusion of the humeral artery at the bend of the elbow; gas gangrene of the upper extremity; cure]. PMID- 14785365 TI - [Remote results of brain wounds treated at the Centre de Neuro-Chirurgie of T.F.E.O]. PMID- 14785366 TI - [Recurrent submylohyoid cellulitis due to an impacted tooth]. PMID- 14785367 TI - [Foreign bodies of the abdomen]. PMID- 14785368 TI - [Cure of a large eventration with nylon net]. PMID- 14785369 TI - [The concept of "surgical pathology" and present social legislation]. PMID- 14785370 TI - [Twenty cases of temporal glioblastoma]. PMID- 14785371 TI - [The concept of "surgical pathology" in its evolution with social life]. PMID- 14785372 TI - [Typhoid abscess of liver]. PMID- 14785373 TI - [Prognosis of typhoid perforations]. PMID- 14785374 TI - [Meigs' syndrome; fibroma of the ovary; metrorrhagia; arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14785375 TI - [Unfortunate history of a trans-femora Kirschner wire; thigh amputation]. PMID- 14785376 TI - [Tibio-tarsal resection; some modifications in technic]. PMID- 14785377 TI - [Use of acrylic balls in extra-periosteal pneumothorax]. PMID- 14785378 TI - [Arthroplasty of the hip for osteomyelitic dislocation]. PMID- 14785379 TI - [Malignant dysembryoma of the kidney; cure continuing for eight years]. PMID- 14785380 TI - [Arthroplasty of the hip with vitallium cup]. PMID- 14785381 TI - [New theories on the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcers and their applications in therapy]. PMID- 14785383 TI - [Post-operative peptic ulcer]. PMID- 14785382 TI - [Medical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 14785384 TI - [Remote results of gastrectomy for ulcer]. PMID- 14785385 TI - [Pseudo-cancerous forms of chronic gastritis]. PMID- 14785386 TI - [Treatment of gastrorrhagia]. PMID- 14785387 TI - [Human onchocerciasis in Negroes in French Africa; social disease]. PMID- 14785388 TI - [Chloromycetin treatment of scrub typhus in Indochina]. PMID- 14785389 TI - [Distribution and fixation time of conessine in the organs of the monkey]. PMID- 14785390 TI - [Plague and streptomycin; treatment used in Indochina]. PMID- 14785391 TI - [Considerations on the mode of action of trypanocides]. PMID- 14785392 TI - [Voluminous aneurysm of the aortic arch in a native of Haut-Oubangui, French Equatorial Africa]. PMID- 14785393 TI - [Use of pyrethrine solutions against Anopheles larvae]. PMID- 14785394 TI - [Hours of activity of Anopheles gambiae in French Occidental Africa]. PMID- 14785395 TI - [Leishmaniasis]. PMID- 14785396 TI - [Liver abscess in Vietnam]. PMID- 14785397 TI - [Recent acquisitions on saponosides]. PMID- 14785398 TI - [Notes on simulated diseases in use among the prisoners of Maroni]. PMID- 14785399 TI - [Fibro-cystic disease of the pancreas in the infant; based on a case confirmed by anatomo-pathologic examination]. PMID- 14785400 TI - [Infantile acrodynia and colibacillosis; case of acrodynia syndrome probably of colibacillary origin]. PMID- 14785401 TI - [Two cases of untoward effects of sulfonamide therapy]. PMID- 14785402 TI - [Unusual case of glioma of the retina]. PMID- 14785403 TI - [Plague]. PMID- 14785405 TI - Advance in pneumonia therapy. PMID- 14785404 TI - [Helminthiasis]. PMID- 14785406 TI - Standard methods in aeroallergen research. PMID- 14785407 TI - Potassium metabolism. PMID- 14785408 TI - A comparison of powdered soybean milk with powdered cow's milk. PMID- 14785409 TI - Benzodioxane as a diagnostic test for pheochromocytoma. PMID- 14785410 TI - The law of life. PMID- 14785411 TI - Hypokalaemia complicating sodium para-amino-salicylate therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14785412 TI - The surgical pathology of Meniere's symptom complex. PMID- 14785413 TI - Treatment of syphilis with penicillin at the government venereal diseases clinic, Sydney; Preliminary report. PMID- 14785414 TI - Barbiturate idiosyncrasy following lumbar puncture: A case report. PMID- 14785415 TI - Polycythaemia treated by radioactive phosphorus. PMID- 14785416 TI - DISEASES notified in each state and territory of Australia for the week ended September 30, 1950. PMID- 14785417 TI - "Before and after.". PMID- 14785419 TI - Indications for splenectomy. PMID- 14785418 TI - The indications for splenectomy: A discussion of some mechanisms involved in splenopathies. PMID- 14785420 TI - Corpulence or obesity in childhood and adolescence. PMID- 14785421 TI - Diverticulum of the third part of the duodenum. PMID- 14785422 TI - DISEASES notified in each state and territory of australia for the week ended october 7, 1950. PMID- 14785423 TI - Recent developments in the under-standing and treatment of thyreotoxicosis. PMID- 14785424 TI - A simple method for estimation of 17-ketosteroids in urine. PMID- 14785426 TI - Therapeutic Diagnosis in pediatrics. PMID- 14785425 TI - A Review of shark attacks in Australian waters since 1919. PMID- 14785428 TI - DISEASE notified in each state and territory of Australia for the week ended October 14, 1950. PMID- 14785427 TI - The use of streptokinase in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 14785429 TI - A survey of human brucellosis in Queensland. PMID- 14785430 TI - Some veterinary aspects of the prevention of brucellosis. PMID- 14785431 TI - The incidence of tuberculous infection. Report of an epidemiological survey of the Australian capital territory and Queanbeyan. PMID- 14785432 TI - The Australian leptospiroses. PMID- 14785433 TI - DISEASES notified in each state and territory of Australia for the week ended October 21, 1950. PMID- 14785434 TI - Modern trends in the diagnosis and treatment of influenza. PMID- 14785435 TI - Haemophilia. PMID- 14785436 TI - Diagnosis and modern treatment of glaucoma. PMID- 14785437 TI - Common skin diseases in children. PMID- 14785438 TI - The aetiology and modern treatment of thyroid enlargement. PMID- 14785439 TI - The role of the orthoptist. PMID- 14785440 TI - Infective pulmonary disease in miners. PMID- 14785441 TI - Traumatic neuroses. PMID- 14785442 TI - The medical soldier as a morale booster. PMID- 14785443 TI - The medical department representative. PMID- 14785444 TI - A method for the removal of brains from mice. PMID- 14785445 TI - Enuresis in the comatose patient. PMID- 14785446 TI - Linear diffusion method for assaying antibiotics in blood. PMID- 14785447 TI - Visual aid for first-aid lectures. PMID- 14785449 TI - [Pulmonary carcinoma]. PMID- 14785448 TI - Digestion block for micro-Kjeldahl determination of protein nitrogen. PMID- 14785450 TI - [Radiological findings in a group of acute pneumonias]. PMID- 14785451 TI - [Action of podophyllin on experimental sarcoma]. PMID- 14785452 TI - [Chronic duodenitis]. PMID- 14785453 TI - [Macrocytic hemolytic anemia; splenectomy; recovery]. PMID- 14785454 TI - [Neurology]. PMID- 14785455 TI - [Bili-digestive anastomosis; choledochoduodenostomy]. PMID- 14785456 TI - [Urine incontinence]. PMID- 14785457 TI - [Giardia lambia as etiologic factor in cholecystopathies]. PMID- 14785459 TI - [Studies on paludism; prophylaxis and immunity]. PMID- 14785458 TI - [Anesthetic properties of progesterone and of desoxycorticosterone acetate]. PMID- 14785460 TI - [Vesical physiology]. PMID- 14785461 TI - [Symptomatology of urinary retention]. PMID- 14785462 TI - [Chemical tests in determination of malignancy of tumors]. PMID- 14785463 TI - [Sociology is primarily psychology]. PMID- 14785464 TI - [Q fever in Mexico; preliminary note]. PMID- 14785465 TI - [Evolution and recent progress in the therapy of diphtheria]. PMID- 14785466 TI - [Information on tuberculous allergy]. PMID- 14785467 TI - [Recurrent bronchitis in children]. PMID- 14785468 TI - [Sanitation, progress in Mexico]. PMID- 14785469 TI - [Facilities for teaching of preventive medicine]. PMID- 14785470 TI - [History of tropical medicine, parasitology and hygiene in Colombia (1526-1944)]. PMID- 14785471 TI - [Unpublished application of muscle relaxants]. PMID- 14785473 TI - [Studies on Q wave through the standard and unipolar leads]. PMID- 14785472 TI - [Tissular-bacterial allergy of the nasal sinuses]. PMID- 14785474 TI - [Works of Monaldi; endocavernous aspiration]. PMID- 14785475 TI - [Clinical medical note; suppurative diphtheric otitis media]. PMID- 14785476 TI - [Clinical surgical note; gastroduodenal ulcer with cholelithiasis]. PMID- 14785477 TI - [Effect of intrathecal streptomycin on gold and colloidal benzoin curves]. PMID- 14785478 TI - [Chapot Prevost]. PMID- 14785479 TI - [Influence of medicine and disease in social evolution of Brazil]. PMID- 14785480 TI - [Brazilian scientific thought in the 18th century]. PMID- 14785481 TI - [Does the degree of alcohol concentration in the blood have an absolute value in the diagnosis of intoxication of motorists involved in traffic accidents?]. PMID- 14785482 TI - [Is case-finding of latent tuberculosis premature at the present time?]. PMID- 14785483 TI - [New concept of the hepatic lobule]. PMID- 14785484 TI - [Pulmonary form of Lutz disease in Ceara]. PMID- 14785485 TI - [Egas Moniz]. PMID- 14785486 TI - [Hernia of the diaphragmatic vault]. PMID- 14785487 TI - [Recent acquisitions in the treatment of acute leukemia]. PMID- 14785488 TI - [Mesenteric vascular occlusion]. PMID- 14785489 TI - [Case of right posterior sternoclavicular dislocation; surgical therapy]. PMID- 14785490 TI - [Studies on ancylostomiasis; immunity against parasitic diseases; complement fixation reaction]. PMID- 14785491 TI - [Dehydrated culture media; their use in bacteriological diagnosis]. PMID- 14785492 TI - [Observations on a case of malignant edema]. PMID- 14785493 TI - [Coronary embolism with cardiac rupture]. PMID- 14785494 TI - [Vagotomy in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14785495 TI - [Ischemic syndromes of the extremities]. PMID- 14785496 TI - [Acute pulmonary syndrome due to arc-welding]. PMID- 14785497 TI - [The P.R.U. densitometer: new apparatus for the measurement of dust content of the air]. PMID- 14785498 TI - [Modifications of respiratory power in silicosis]. PMID- 14785500 TI - [Financial and inventory records in pharmacies]. PMID- 14785499 TI - [Adrenal cortex function in silicosis]. PMID- 14785501 TI - [Suspension of production of plantakod]. PMID- 14785502 TI - [Instructions to hospitals and other medical institutions, on the use of certain products]. PMID- 14785503 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14785504 TI - [Preservation of used and broken syringes]. PMID- 14785505 TI - [Examinations for pharmacists and pharmacy assistants]. PMID- 14785507 TI - [Identification of certain reagents in the new Yugoslavian Pharmacopeia II]. PMID- 14785506 TI - [Reporting on short materials]. PMID- 14785508 TI - [Pharmaceutic nomenclature in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14785509 TI - [Use of neoarsphenamine]. PMID- 14785510 TI - [Thyrotoxicoses and their treatment]. PMID- 14785511 TI - [Bites and poisoned wounds]. PMID- 14785512 TI - [Control of scarlet fever]. PMID- 14785513 TI - [Care of patients with scarlet fever following burns]. PMID- 14785514 TI - [Treatment of ascariasis and enterobiasis]. PMID- 14785515 TI - [Role of the nurse in physical therapy of wounded and sick]. PMID- 14785516 TI - [Preparation of the system of tubes for blood transfusion]. PMID- 14785517 TI - [Work of the nurses in the Filatov Hospital]. PMID- 14785518 TI - [V. D. Shervinskii; distinguished Russian physician]. PMID- 14785519 TI - [Dicumarin poisoning]. PMID- 14785520 TI - [Sodium chloride excretion in polyarthritis]. PMID- 14785521 TI - [Clinical aspects and therapy of toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 14785523 TI - [Results of clinical examination of cliradon, a new analgetic]. PMID- 14785522 TI - [Experience with dilatol in the surgical clinic]. PMID- 14785524 TI - [Oestrodien, an estrogen compound for effective peroral administration]. PMID- 14785525 TI - [Clinical experience with a new apparatus for use in neurologic electrotherapy]. PMID- 14785526 TI - [Studies on the metabolism of salicylamide and its therapeutic use]. PMID- 14785527 TI - [Nocturnal acroarthropathy]. PMID- 14785528 TI - [Roentgen irradiation in syringomyelia]. PMID- 14785529 TI - [Treatment of vegetative dystonia (and hypertonia with Homburg's multisaccharide]. PMID- 14785530 TI - [Nitrogen mustard therapy of lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 14785531 TI - [A machine to enable the blind to read printed material]. PMID- 14785532 TI - [The Leipzig Autumn Fair 1950]. PMID- 14785534 TI - [New splint to eliminate use of the cast in management of fractures of the lower leg]. PMID- 14785533 TI - [New apparatus for use in closed medullary nailing of femoral fractures]. PMID- 14785535 TI - [Electrically heated carts for use in fangotherapy]. PMID- 14785536 TI - [Special electric syringe sterilizer]. PMID- 14785537 TI - [Orthoplast, a new thermoplastic material]. PMID- 14785538 TI - [Equilibrate contact prosthesis. II. Ordinary or equilibrate contact prosthesis?]. PMID- 14785539 TI - [Mechanism for use in static construction of artificial limb]. PMID- 14785541 TI - [Zoonotic diseases, transmissible to man]. PMID- 14785540 TI - [Effect of roentgen irradiation on heparinemia, blood coagulation and leukergy]. PMID- 14785542 TI - [Hog cholera virus carriers]. PMID- 14785543 TI - [Infectious enterohepatitis of turkeys in the province of Wroclaw]. PMID- 14785544 TI - [Etiologic aspect and anatomico-pathologic modifications in swine influenza]. PMID- 14785545 TI - [Types of Salmonella bacilli isolated by the District Veterinary Hygiene Station in Gdansk]. PMID- 14785546 TI - [Thermoprecipitation test in the diagnosis of infections caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathise; preliminary report]. PMID- 14785547 TI - [Experiments with appliances for removal of papillomas]. PMID- 14785548 TI - [Two cases of foreign body in the thoracic esophagus in dogs]. PMID- 14785549 TI - [Torsion of the pregnant uterus]. PMID- 14785550 TI - [Abnormal expansion of the rumen in cattle caused by tuberculous lesions of lymph nodes of the mediastinum]. PMID- 14785551 TI - [Anatomo-pathologic casuistics]. PMID- 14785552 TI - [Practical methods of determination of nutritive value state of various hay]. PMID- 14785553 TI - [Basis of organization of veterinary services in Poland]. PMID- 14785555 TI - [Study of the tobacco mosaic disease in the SSSR beginning with Ivanovskii to the present time]. PMID- 14785554 TI - [Dmitrii I. Ivanovskii, botanist, thirtieth year since his death]. PMID- 14785557 TI - [Ivanovskii's theories concerning evolution]. PMID- 14785558 TI - [Development of D. I. Ivanovskii's concept in investigation of viruses affecting man and animals]. PMID- 14785556 TI - [D. I. Ivanovskii as a plant physiologist]. PMID- 14785559 TI - [Data on tomato blight in the Crimea; biological data on the vector Hyalesthes obsoletus]. PMID- 14785560 TI - [Polyhedric disease of the moth Galleria mellonella L. and significance of the blood factor in virus diseases of insects]. PMID- 14785561 TI - [The developing plant and the formation of humus]. PMID- 14785562 TI - [Study of the microflora of the rhizosphere of the oak]. PMID- 14785563 TI - [Physiology of actinomyces]. PMID- 14785564 TI - [Resection of the preaortic plexus as treatment of angina pectoris; anatomo surgical study]. PMID- 14785566 TI - [Behavior of the serum isoagglutinin level in the course of infectious diseases]. PMID- 14785565 TI - [Behavior of some retard substances with respect to the elimination of water and indigo carmine]. PMID- 14785567 TI - [First results of a new treatment for oxyuriasis]. PMID- 14785568 TI - [Tuberculous stenosis of the jejunum]. PMID- 14785569 TI - [Last words of the dying; the psychology of the agonal state]. PMID- 14785570 TI - [Medical aspects of the causes and prevention of criminality and of the treatment of delinquents]. PMID- 14785571 TI - [Pelger-Huet anomaly]. PMID- 14785572 TI - [General criteria for gathering, presenting and evaluating statistics on results of therapy of malignant tumors. III. Practical and normative aspects]. PMID- 14785573 TI - [Para-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of laryngeal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14785574 TI - [Clinico-radiological considerations on cysts of pulmonary echinococcosis]. PMID- 14785575 TI - [Biological nomenclature of digitalis preparations]. PMID- 14785576 TI - [Treatment of pulmonary suppurations]. PMID- 14785577 TI - [Chloromycetin in the treatment of pulmonary suppurations]. PMID- 14785578 TI - [Bronchial and pulmonary topography; guided endobronchial catheterization]. PMID- 14785579 TI - [Bronchoscopy in pulmonary suppurations]. PMID- 14785580 TI - [Bacterial flora of pulmonary suppurations]. PMID- 14785581 TI - [Sero-immunological picture in pulmonary suppurations]. PMID- 14785582 TI - [Allergic pneumopathy of penicillin]. PMID- 14785583 TI - Hospital standardization. PMID- 14785584 TI - Metabolic laboratory helps to solve another health problem. PMID- 14785585 TI - Courtesy is a special project. PMID- 14785586 TI - An approach to the problem of long-term care. PMID- 14785587 TI - A primer of public relations for the hospital field. PMID- 14785588 TI - OBJECTIVE accomplished: to keep costs to a minimum. PMID- 14785589 TI - How to handle special charges. PMID- 14785590 TI - St. Vincent's slogan, "share-the-nurse", meets with everybody's approval. PMID- 14785591 TI - Community relations can be improved if Blue Cross and hospitals work together. PMID- 14785592 TI - What it costs to educate nurses in liberal arts colleges. PMID- 14785593 TI - Don't start a rooming-in program unless you are prepared to continue it. PMID- 14785594 TI - Two-bed unit simplifies operation. PMID- 14785595 TI - A study of personnel practices in New York State hospitals. PMID- 14785596 TI - They made hospital history: Sir William Osler. PMID- 14785597 TI - Rates and charges established by small hospitals are the concern of the whole community. PMID- 14785598 TI - Who is responsible for medical and hospital care? PMID- 14785600 TI - Successful operation of the pharmacy depends upon cooperation with staff and administration. PMID- 14785599 TI - As the lawyer sees hospital-specialist relationships. PMID- 14785601 TI - Procaine. PMID- 14785602 TI - Current advances in food processing; packaging, preparation and storage. PMID- 14785603 TI - What makes a modern kitchen. PMID- 14785604 TI - Menus for December 1950. PMID- 14785605 TI - Conductive flooring reduces the hazard of anesthetic gas explosions. PMID- 14785606 TI - Time and motion studies increase efficiency and reduce worker fatigue. PMID- 14785607 TI - [Double athetosis with marble state in a brother and sister of the Van Hoe family, with a note on the development of our knowledge concerning double athetosis]. PMID- 14785608 TI - Contribution to the clinic and psychopathology of the non-epileptic poriomany. PMID- 14785609 TI - [Structure and pathophysiology of the thalamic syndrome]. PMID- 14785610 TI - Primitive melanoma of the cauda equina. PMID- 14785611 TI - [Relation of necrotizing myelopathy to multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 14785612 TI - Larvate (masked) encephalitis and a new extrapyramidal syndrome. PMID- 14785613 TI - [The Kinsey Report]. PMID- 14785614 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14785615 TI - [Effects of intravenous adrenalin in menometrorrhagia]. PMID- 14785616 TI - [Intradermal hormone reactions as expression of a specific sensitization]. PMID- 14785617 TI - [Bone metastasis in carcinoma of the uterus]. PMID- 14785618 TI - [Psammocarcinoma of the ovary]. PMID- 14785619 TI - [Behavior of lipoids in the fetal lung]. PMID- 14785620 TI - [Clinical study of combined intra and extra-uterine pregnancies]. PMID- 14785621 TI - [Professor Emile Jeanbrau]. PMID- 14785622 TI - [Use of Coleoptera in therapeutics]. PMID- 14785623 TI - [New experimental tests and pharmacodynamics of digitalic preparations]. PMID- 14785624 TI - [Lymphoblastosis associated with cancer of the lung; use of lung puncture biopsy in diagnosis]. PMID- 14785625 TI - [Early complete paroxysmal tachyarrhythmia]. PMID- 14785626 TI - [Hodgkin's cirrhosis]. PMID- 14785627 TI - [Success and failure of streptomycin used in combatting persistent lesional activity in thoracoplasty]. PMID- 14785628 TI - [Immediate results of aureomycin therapy of human brucellosis due to Brucella melitensis; 32 cases]. PMID- 14785629 TI - [Herpes corneae and aureomycin]. PMID- 14785630 TI - [Effects on right ventricular pressure of 2-methyl-6-amino-2 heptanol hydrochloride (RP 2831)]. PMID- 14785631 TI - [Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis with myxedema (Leschke syndrome)]. PMID- 14785633 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 14785632 TI - [Clinical aspects of apparently primary edema of the optic nerves]. PMID- 14785634 TI - [Pathogenesis of salvarsan-polyneuritis]. PMID- 14785636 TI - [Main symptom: obesity]. PMID- 14785635 TI - [New methods in the treatment of epilepsy]. PMID- 14785637 TI - [Classification and terminological description of types of dust and pathological modifications caused by dust]. PMID- 14785638 TI - [Clinical experiences with Hoechst's avil, a new antihistamine]. PMID- 14785639 TI - [Experiences with therapeutic use of vitamin T in infancy]. PMID- 14785640 TI - [Armin von Tschermak-Seysenegg on his 80th birthday]. PMID- 14785641 TI - Ape or man? PMID- 14785642 TI - BRITISH Empire Cancer Campaign annual report for 1949. PMID- 14785643 TI - A plant virus that multiplies in its insect vector. PMID- 14785644 TI - Physiological mechanism of milk secretion. PMID- 14785645 TI - INDUSTRIAL radiology. PMID- 14785646 TI - FIFTH International Anatomical Congress, 1950. PMID- 14785647 TI - Structure within polyhedra associated with insect virus diseases. PMID- 14785648 TI - Infra-red spectra of films of native and denatured pepsin. PMID- 14785649 TI - Alteration of collagen structure by irradiation with electrons. PMID- 14785650 TI - Oxidation by photochemical electron transfer excitation. PMID- 14785651 TI - Enzymatic dephosphorylation of ovalbumin and plakalbumin. PMID- 14785652 TI - Protein activation of streptolysin 'O'. PMID- 14785654 TI - Foveal hue discrimination in the presence of a white surround. PMID- 14785653 TI - Biological oxidation of iron in soil. PMID- 14785655 TI - Diapause and photoperiodism in the fruit tree red spider mite (Meta-tetranychus ulmi Koch). PMID- 14785656 TI - Factors influencing diapause in the European red mite. PMID- 14785657 TI - Dietetic education of the diabetic. PMID- 14785658 TI - The management of the rural diabetic. PMID- 14785659 TI - Treatment of diabetic coma. PMID- 14785660 TI - Juvenile diabetes. PMID- 14785661 TI - Bladder tumor. Advances in surgical treatment with particular reference to bilateral ureterosigmoidostomy and total cystectomy. PMID- 14785662 TI - Management of premature labor. PMID- 14785664 TI - The practical application of psychology in gynecic practice. PMID- 14785665 TI - Acute poliomyelitis. Epidemiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis. PMID- 14785663 TI - "STUDY of child health services in Nebraska.". PMID- 14785666 TI - Purpura hemorrhagica in gynecology and obstetrics. PMID- 14785667 TI - Massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage of undetermined origin. PMID- 14785668 TI - "STUDY of child health services in Nebraska." Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics. PMID- 14785669 TI - [Low backache]. PMID- 14785670 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of respiratory obstruction due to insufficiency of the nasal vestibule]. PMID- 14785671 TI - [Clinical manifestations of double aortic arch]. PMID- 14785672 TI - [Treatment of skin disease with undiluted coal tar]. PMID- 14785673 TI - [Case of scrub typhus]. PMID- 14785674 TI - [Organization, scope and a few of the results of the activity of the Psychosomatic Section of the Wilhelmina-Gasthuis in Amsterdam]. PMID- 14785675 TI - [Electric irritation of the eye]. PMID- 14785676 TI - [The electroretinogram in glaucoma]. PMID- 14785677 TI - [The electroretinogram in thrombosis of the central retinal vein]. PMID- 14785678 TI - [Interpreting the patterns of light movement in skiascopy]. PMID- 14785679 TI - [Retrolental fibroplasia and congenital falciform ablation, two related conditions]. PMID- 14785680 TI - [Experimental scleral transplant]. PMID- 14785681 TI - [(Par) amyloid degeneration of the conjunctiva]. PMID- 14785683 TI - [Neuritis chiasmatis]. PMID- 14785682 TI - [Variola vaccines]. PMID- 14785684 TI - [The stereoptic film]. PMID- 14785685 TI - [Free skin transplant to the eyelids]. PMID- 14785686 TI - [Restoration of ruptured lacrimal duct]. PMID- 14785687 TI - [Quantitative and topographic perimetry]. PMID- 14785688 TI - [Buphthalmus]. PMID- 14785689 TI - [Facial neurofibromatosis with skeletal modifications]. PMID- 14785690 TI - [Food poisoning due to Salmonella oregon]. PMID- 14785691 TI - [Further tests with diphtheria phosphate-toxoid]. PMID- 14785692 TI - [Panhematopenia and splenectomy]. PMID- 14785693 TI - [Choice of medication in bacterial infections]. PMID- 14785694 TI - [International congress for the history of the natural sciences]. PMID- 14785695 TI - [Puerperal hygiene in 1950]. PMID- 14785696 TI - [Reported cases of communicable disease, 10-6 September 1950]. PMID- 14785697 TI - [The acetobacters]. PMID- 14785698 TI - [Use of an egg-agar medium in determining the tubercle bacillus' resistance to streptomycin]. PMID- 14785699 TI - [Observations on the origin of cowpox]. PMID- 14785700 TI - [Microbiologic determination of different elements with the help of Aspergillus niger]. PMID- 14785702 TI - [A thermophil bacteria which can cause spoiling of potted meat]. PMID- 14785703 TI - [Lysogenesis as a basis of type classification of S. paratyphi B, and Felix's method of phagotyping; bacterium and bacteriophage as a biologic unit]. PMID- 14785701 TI - [Relation of the colicines and the bacteriophages of the T1-T7 group]. PMID- 14785704 TI - [Resuscitation]. PMID- 14785705 TI - [Atelectasis or obstructive pneumonia]. PMID- 14785706 TI - [Tuberculous modifications of the pectoral segments of the upper lobes]. PMID- 14785707 TI - [Chemotherapy of the infected biliary tract]. PMID- 14785708 TI - [pH of ointments]. PMID- 14785709 TI - [History of the concept of disease. III. The London manuscript]. PMID- 14785710 TI - [Numbers xi, 31-3, in the light of modern medical science and the medieval commentators]. PMID- 14785711 TI - [In memorian prof. dr. W. A. P. Schuffner]. PMID- 14785712 TI - [Chronic malaria seen from the viewpoint of hypersplenia]. PMID- 14785713 TI - [Deep-seated mycoses]. PMID- 14785714 TI - [The human body and human movement; by way of introduction to "A General Theory of Human Posture and Movement, &c." by Prof. Dr. F. J. J Buytendijk]. PMID- 14785715 TI - [The significance of psychology for man and society]. PMID- 14785716 TI - [School marks, a short graphologic analysis, and a written test in preliminary selection]. PMID- 14785717 TI - [The Behn-Rorschach choice test]. PMID- 14785718 TI - [Studies on the effect of glutamic acid on psychic functions]. PMID- 14785719 TI - [Development of the children of eclamptic mothers]. PMID- 14785720 TI - [Intermittent anoxemization in the treatment of traumatic aphasia]. PMID- 14785721 TI - [Anoxemization as a method of provoking pathologic variations in the thitherto normal electroencephalogram in cases of cerebral trauma]. PMID- 14785722 TI - [Treatment of pyocyaneous meningitis]. PMID- 14785723 TI - [Neurofibrils of the cerebral cortex and their modifications in schizophrenia and epilepsy]. PMID- 14785724 TI - [Problem of ambulatory shock therapy]. PMID- 14785726 TI - [Observations on phantom limb and its psychophysiologic significance]. PMID- 14785725 TI - [Ambulatory electroshock therapy malpractice?]. PMID- 14785727 TI - [Tactile figural perception and Conrad's principle of ideational patterns]. PMID- 14785728 TI - [Studies of semi-narcosis in psychiatry]. PMID- 14785729 TI - [Identity of depression states in twins]. PMID- 14785730 TI - [Effect of electroshock therapy on the pathologic electrocardiogram]. PMID- 14785731 TI - [Two cases of canicola fever with recurrent pleocytosis and unusual ocular complications]. PMID- 14785732 TI - [Pathogenesis of paroxysmal paralysis]. PMID- 14785733 TI - [Effect of autogenous substances in the treatment of pyramidal spasm]. PMID- 14785734 TI - [The new concept of ideational patterns and cerebral pathology; a reply to Conrad's article: The principle of ideational patterns]. PMID- 14785735 TI - [Final remarks on the concept of ideational patterns]. PMID- 14785736 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from Mexico. PMID- 14785737 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from Argentina. PMID- 14785738 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from Brazil. PMID- 14785739 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from Sweden. PMID- 14785740 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from Norway. PMID- 14785741 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from Denmark. PMID- 14785742 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from Finland. PMID- 14785743 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from England. PMID- 14785744 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from Holland. PMID- 14785745 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from Spain. PMID- 14785746 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from Poland. PMID- 14785747 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from South Africa. PMID- 14785748 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from India. PMID- 14785749 TI - Mental health of children in the world of today; report from New Zealand. PMID- 14785750 TI - The care of the cerebral palsied child in the U.S.A. PMID- 14785751 TI - The past, present and future of neurology in the United States. PMID- 14785752 TI - Cerebellopallidal anisosthenia. PMID- 14785753 TI - Pendulousness of the legs as a diagnostic test. PMID- 14785754 TI - The electroencephalogram in intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 14785755 TI - Spinal cord tumors with minimal neurologic findings. PMID- 14785756 TI - Role of birth injury and asphyxia in idiopathic epilepsy. PMID- 14785757 TI - Polycythemia vera and the nervous system. PMID- 14785758 TI - Newer drugs in the treatment of parkinsonism. PMID- 14785759 TI - Practical considerations in the treatment of head injuries. PMID- 14785760 TI - CLINICAL pathologic conference; case record from the Division of Neurology, Boston City Hospital: chronic cerebrospinal meningitis. PMID- 14785761 TI - [Giliarovskii, V. A.; 75th anniversary]. PMID- 14785762 TI - [Pervushin, V. P.; 80th anniversary]. PMID- 14785763 TI - [Protopopov, V. P.; 70th anniversary]. PMID- 14785764 TI - [Man'kovskii, B. N.; 40 years of his work]. PMID- 14785765 TI - [Pavlov's physiological theories and neurologic diagnostics]. PMID- 14785766 TI - [I. P. Pavlov's theories and neuropathology]. PMID- 14785767 TI - [Treatment of manic depressive subjects with lumbar novocain block]. PMID- 14785768 TI - [Sleep therapy in diseases of the nervous system]. PMID- 14785769 TI - [Narcotherapy of schizophrenia by intravenous drip of alcohol containing fluid]. PMID- 14785770 TI - [On the problem of narcolepsy]. PMID- 14785771 TI - [Sleep following an epileptic seizure and syndrome of protracted sleep]. PMID- 14785772 TI - [Distortion of I. P. Pavlov's role in the development of Russian physiology and medicine]. PMID- 14785773 TI - Epidemic poliomyelitis. PMID- 14785774 TI - Abscess formation in myocardial infarction. PMID- 14785775 TI - The effects of cortisone on the course of acute glomerulonephritis; report of a case. PMID- 14785776 TI - Meckel's diverticulum as an abdominal emergency. PMID- 14785777 TI - Serologic tests in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. PMID- 14785778 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: carcinoma, bronchogenic, with extension to pericardium, myocardium and vena cava, and with metastases to antrum, orbital floor and nasopharynx. PMID- 14785779 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: eosinophilic granuloma of mandible. PMID- 14785780 TI - The auscultatory signs in rheumatic valvular disease; a phonocardiographic correlation. PMID- 14785781 TI - The protection of personnel engaged in roentgenology and radiology; final report. PMID- 14785783 TI - Rhinolith as a cause of suppurative rhinitis; report of a case. PMID- 14785782 TI - Urinary diastase in mumps. PMID- 14785784 TI - The science and the art. PMID- 14785785 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: tuberculosis of vertebras, kidneys, liver and adrenal (left), active. PMID- 14785786 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: metastatic teratoma of mediastinal lymph nodes from testis removed fourteen years previously. PMID- 14785787 TI - The value of trace evidence. PMID- 14785788 TI - Erythroblastosis fetalis. VII. Treatment with exchange transfusion. PMID- 14785789 TI - Occurrence of convulsive seizures during treatment of asthma with cortisone acetate. PMID- 14785791 TI - Medicine as a science: biochemistry. PMID- 14785790 TI - Suppurative pylethrombophlebitis and multiple liver abscesses following acute appendicitis; report of a case with recovery. PMID- 14785792 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercises: healed subacute bacterial endocarditis, mitral valve; rheumatic endocarditis, aortic valve, chronic; coronary arteriosclerosis, marked; myocardial infarction, left ventricle, recent massive. PMID- 14785793 TI - WEEKLY clinicopathological exercise: congenital solitary cyst of liver. PMID- 14785794 TI - The heart in pregnancy and labor. PMID- 14785795 TI - Management of climacteric. PMID- 14785796 TI - Evaluation of operations for peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum. PMID- 14785797 TI - Neurosurgical aspects of upper abdominal pain. PMID- 14785798 TI - Diagnosis of upper abdominal pain. PMID- 14785799 TI - Surgical indications of upper abdominal pain. PMID- 14785800 TI - Utilization of the transthoracic approach in abdominal surgery. PMID- 14785801 TI - Multiple malignancies of major importance occurring in the same individual. PMID- 14785802 TI - The treatment of burns after an explosion of an atomic bomb. Part II. PMID- 14785803 TI - DOCTORS' Emergency Service. PMID- 14785804 TI - Medical planning for disaster in the city of New York. PMID- 14785805 TI - SAMUEL Joseph Kopetzky, M.D. 1876-1950. PMID- 14785806 TI - An evaluation of present day surgical procedures in diseases of the lower bowel. PMID- 14785807 TI - Metabolic diseases of the jaw bones. PMID- 14785808 TI - Dentistry in a national health program by community planning. PMID- 14785809 TI - Surgical treatment of osteomyelitis with metal implant; report of a case. PMID- 14785810 TI - Ineffectiveness of sodium copper chlorophyllin in prevention of experimental dental caries. PMID- 14785811 TI - Silver nitrate therapy in Vincent's stomatitis. PMID- 14785812 TI - Overnight cure of deafness by the removal of an impacted lower bicuspid. PMID- 14785813 TI - Extensive mandibular cyst. PMID- 14785814 TI - Orthodontics for an adult. PMID- 14785815 TI - Jumping the bite with a malposed tooth. PMID- 14785816 TI - The early diagnosis and treatment of early cancer of the cervix. PMID- 14785817 TI - The effect of treatment on the incidence of abortion. PMID- 14785818 TI - Management of the pregnant cardiac patient. PMID- 14785819 TI - Pregnancy with tuberculosis--Management and prognosis. PMID- 14785820 TI - The role of a sterilizing solution in the cauda equina syndrome following spinal anesthesia. PMID- 14785821 TI - The effect of early ambulation on the recurrence rate of McVay hernioplasty. PMID- 14785822 TI - Concerning neurologic complications following spinal anesthesia. PMID- 14785824 TI - A needle for use in general surgery. PMID- 14785823 TI - Patella advancement for spastic flexion contracture of the knee. PMID- 14785826 TI - Dicumarol and the sedimentation rate. PMID- 14785827 TI - MEDICAL management of hypertension. PMID- 14785825 TI - Surveys of ragweed pollination in the New York metropolitan district in 1948 and 1949. PMID- 14785828 TI - Steven-Johnson syndrome treated with aureomycin. PMID- 14785829 TI - A traction diverticulum of the thoracic esophagus caused by suppurative lung abscess. PMID- 14785830 TI - Trichinosis simulating sinusitis. PMID- 14785831 TI - Unilateral massive varicosities of the vulva in a twenty-one-year-old virgin. PMID- 14785832 TI - MALPRACTICE protection for members on active duty with armed forces. PMID- 14785833 TI - The Manhattan Dermatological Society--its first fifty years (1900 to 1950). PMID- 14785834 TI - Treatment of skin cancer. PMID- 14785835 TI - Practical application of genetics to dermatology. PMID- 14785836 TI - Recent advances in dermatologic therapy. PMID- 14785837 TI - The treatment of psoriasis as a disturbance of lipid metabolism. Further observations on lipotropic therapy based on a ten-year clinical study. PMID- 14785838 TI - Some facts and fallacies relating to superficial fungous disease. PMID- 14785839 TI - The role of the antihistaminic drugs in producing cross-sensitization dermatitis. PMID- 14785840 TI - Fifty years' progress in the treatment of syphilis. PMID- 14785841 TI - Hysterography and hysterosalpingography. An evaluation of 2,500 cases. PMID- 14785842 TI - Rising incidence of cesarean section and effect on maternal and infant mortality. PMID- 14785843 TI - Sepsis following incomplete abortion. PMID- 14785844 TI - Technic of circumcision with a special clamp. PMID- 14785845 TI - Protean nature of scleroderma--with a note on pulmonary changes. PMID- 14785846 TI - Transient bundle branch block. PMID- 14785847 TI - Unusual sequela of a scorpion sting. PMID- 14785848 TI - Hematometra following postpartum gynatresia in a uterus septate duplex with a single vagina. PMID- 14785849 TI - Tolserol in tetanus. PMID- 14785850 TI - Coccidioidomycosis. PMID- 14785851 TI - [Closed mouth technic in taking impressions of the toothless lower jaw]. PMID- 14785852 TI - [Indications and technic in electrosurgical gingivectomy]. PMID- 14785853 TI - [Surgical instruments for use in dental practice]. PMID- 14785854 TI - [Meeting of the FDI in Paris, 23-9 July 1950]. PMID- 14785855 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14785856 TI - Trends in neurologic teaching. PMID- 14785857 TI - The role of psychiatric institutions in the teaching of psychiatry. PMID- 14785859 TI - Integrating the teaching of neurosurgery with allied specialties. PMID- 14785858 TI - Neuropathology in the teaching of the neurologic specialties. PMID- 14785860 TI - The teaching of neurology and psychiatry in pediatric medicine in North Carolina. PMID- 14785861 TI - Recent developments in the teaching of comprehensive medicine. PMID- 14785862 TI - Medical education in psychiatry. A proposal to raise the standards of psychiatric treatment in North Carolina. PMID- 14785863 TI - The rediscovery of psychosomatic medicine. PMID- 14785864 TI - The concept of multiphasic screening for chronic diseases. PMID- 14785865 TI - Subluxation of the head of the radius. PMID- 14785866 TI - Prolapse of an edematous scrotum in a breech presentation with disproportion, simulating engagement and imminent vaginal delivery. PMID- 14785867 TI - Term tubal pregnancy. A case report. PMID- 14785868 TI - America's challenge. PMID- 14785869 TI - Samuel Dace McPherson, M. D.: An appreciation. PMID- 14785870 TI - The cost of tuberculosis in 1950. PMID- 14785871 TI - Recent advances in surgery. PMID- 14785872 TI - Mikulicz's syndrome in chronic leukemia. PMID- 14785873 TI - Transthoracic esophagogastrostomy in achalasia. PMID- 14785874 TI - Bilateral ligation of ureters during hysterectomy. PMID- 14785875 TI - QUEEN Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. PMID- 14785876 TI - Provision for the aged and infirm--III. PMID- 14785877 TI - FRIERN Hospital centenary. PMID- 14785878 TI - An introduction to public health. PMID- 14785880 TI - PUBLIC health problems; report of a conference for superintendent public health nurses. PMID- 14785879 TI - NURSES Chapel in Westminster Abbey. PMID- 14785881 TI - International Congress on Paediatrics, Zurich; Nurses Section. PMID- 14785882 TI - 'Natural childbirth' experiment at University College Hospital. PMID- 14785883 TI - Dynamics of human relations in nursing: a workshop. PMID- 14785884 TI - Out of Korea, across the sea and into Japan. PMID- 14785885 TI - College of nursing moves into the community. PMID- 14785886 TI - Antabuse therapy helps to "bring home" some of the country's 95,000 alcoholics. As mariners who are lost at sea. PMID- 14785887 TI - Nursing care for the glaucoma patient. PMID- 14785888 TI - The right kind of leadership. PMID- 14785889 TI - A novel plan of individualized nursing care for infants. Demand feeding. PMID- 14785891 TI - Nurses' plant tours sell safety. PMID- 14785890 TI - Planned clinical instruction promotes integration of students' experiences. The correlated program. PMID- 14785892 TI - Evaluation of leanness-fatness in man; a survey of methods. PMID- 14785893 TI - [Modern surgical treatment of bucco-nasal and bucco-sinal perforations]. PMID- 14785894 TI - [Root fractures unexpectedly well tolerated]. PMID- 14785896 TI - [Report presented to the Commission on Nomenclature of the International Dental Federation]. PMID- 14785895 TI - [Delayed impression and rebasing considered as normal method of execution of lower full dentures; technic facilitated by use of alginates]. PMID- 14785897 TI - [Pathogenesis of periodontal follicular cyst]. PMID- 14785898 TI - Macroscopic observations on the formation of the sub-pulpal wall. PMID- 14785899 TI - [Problem of the articulator]. PMID- 14785900 TI - Some possible uses for acrylic resins in dentistry. PMID- 14785901 TI - Observations on the pulpal reaction to direct resinous filling materials. PMID- 14785902 TI - [Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis of the maxillary region]. PMID- 14785903 TI - [Vasodentin]. PMID- 14785904 TI - [A case of sclerosing osteitis of the maxilla]. PMID- 14785905 TI - [Basic principles in present orthodontic practice]. PMID- 14785906 TI - The problem of the cross-eyed child. PMID- 14785907 TI - Relation of blood cholesterol to basal metabolic rate. PMID- 14785908 TI - Psychosocial factors in the pathogenesis of a peptic ulcer in an 89-year old man. PMID- 14785909 TI - Posture--its role in obstetrics and gynecology. PMID- 14785910 TI - Aneurysm of left common ilian artery producing thrombosis of spermatic artery and vein. With a review of the literature. PMID- 14785911 TI - Solitary nonparasitic cyst of the liver. PMID- 14785912 TI - Control of diabetes: Glycosuria an unreliable index to glycemia. PMID- 14785913 TI - Pericarditis complicating pregnancy: Case Report. PMID- 14785914 TI - Acute fibrinous bronchitis with massive atelectasis. PMID- 14785915 TI - The physician and privileged communications as they relate to mental state. PMID- 14785916 TI - Development of dermatology in Ohio. Part II. PMID- 14785917 TI - Trifocals, fitting possibilities and problems. PMID- 14785918 TI - Procedure in visual training-IX. PMID- 14785919 TI - Binocular brightness summation. PMID- 14785920 TI - Trifocals, fitting possibilities and problems. PMID- 14785921 TI - Points in practical optics. PMID- 14785922 TI - Procedure in visual training-X. Anomalies of reading, comprehension and learning. PMID- 14785923 TI - Observations on optical conditions abroad. PMID- 14785924 TI - SURVEY among refractionists shows slight effect of television on vision-types of difficulties-aids to viewing prescribed. PMID- 14785925 TI - Fundamental principles of refractive eye care. 1. Neglected hyperopia. PMID- 14785926 TI - Procedure in visual training. XI. Post-operative, recurrent squints. PMID- 14785927 TI - Lens aberration and marginal astigmatism. PMID- 14785928 TI - Professional myopia, nonrefractive. PMID- 14785929 TI - NEW Jersey ban on displays upheld-branch offices limited to two-examination records held property of prescribing optometrist. PMID- 14785930 TI - Practice building (build-as-you-go-along style). PMID- 14785931 TI - The clinical handling of anisometropia. PMID- 14785932 TI - Demonstrating marginal astigmatism in lenses. PMID- 14785933 TI - Fundamentals of refractive eyecare--II. PMID- 14785934 TI - Headaches of refractive origin. PMID- 14785935 TI - Fundamentals of refractive eyecare-III. PMID- 14785936 TI - Observations on fluidless contact lenses. PMID- 14785937 TI - Ophthalmoscopy by one-eyed practitioners. PMID- 14785938 TI - Principles and technique of exodontia. PMID- 14785939 TI - Mixed tumors of the pterygomaxillary space; operative removal; oral approach. PMID- 14785940 TI - Ectopically placed parotid gland in the mandible; report of a case. PMID- 14785941 TI - Hemophiliac: the pre and postoperative treatment; a case report. PMID- 14785942 TI - Hemangiofibroma (pregnancy tumor); report of a case. PMID- 14785943 TI - Technique for closure of antraoral openings. PMID- 14785944 TI - A sialolith in the submaxillary duct; report of a case. PMID- 14785945 TI - A case of oral tuberculosis associated with cheesy conglomerate tuberculosis of the prostate terminating in miliary dissemination. PMID- 14785946 TI - Folic acid treatment of a case of prolonged acute gingival hemorrhage. PMID- 14785947 TI - Spread of infection of dental origin; anatomic and surgical considerations. PMID- 14785949 TI - Report of 7 cases of anodontia partialis. PMID- 14785948 TI - Some basic physiological aspects of anesthesia. PMID- 14785950 TI - Carcinoma in situ; diagnosis and study of a case. PMID- 14785951 TI - An ultraviolet device for the destruction of bacteria on contaminated dental hand piece surfaces. PMID- 14785952 TI - The effect of irradiation on the developing dental system of the Syrian hamster. PMID- 14785953 TI - [Clinical and histological aspects of malignant mesenchymoma of the naso maxillary region; contribution to the problem of the so-called granuloma gangraenescens]. PMID- 14785954 TI - [Tumors of mesenchymal origin of the tonsils]. PMID- 14785955 TI - [Effect of considerable removal of perilymph on the function of the cochlea in defective hearing]. PMID- 14785956 TI - [Purpose and technic of acouphenometry]. PMID- 14785957 TI - [Case of benign plasmocytoma of the larynx]. PMID- 14785958 TI - [Behavior of the differential threshold for intensity in bone conduction]. PMID- 14785959 TI - [Pier Giuseppe Cantelle: July 2, 1903 - May 12, 1950]. PMID- 14785960 TI - An experimental study of east coast fever in Uganda. I. A study of the type of east coast fever reactions produced when the number of infected ticks is controlled. PMID- 14785961 TI - An experimental study of east coast fever in Uganda. II. The durability of immunity in east coast fever. PMID- 14785962 TI - On the behaviour and sensory physiology of the house-fly larva, Musca domestica L. I. Feeding stage. PMID- 14785963 TI - Observations on the behaviour of land-leeches (genus Haemadipsa). PMID- 14785964 TI - The penetration of the host tissue by the harvest mite, Trombicul autumnalis Shaw. PMID- 14785965 TI - Mortality of Laemophloeus (Coleoptera, Cucujidae) infected with Mattesia dispora Naville (protozoa, schizogregarinaria). PMID- 14785966 TI - The plerocercoid larva of Grillotia heptanchi (Vaullegeard). PMID- 14785967 TI - The differentiation of the eggs of Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia species of the sheep and a note on the relative generic egg-laying rates. PMID- 14785968 TI - Two dichelesthiid copepods from Madras fish. PMID- 14785969 TI - Spermatophore production and egg-laying behaviour in Rhodnius prolixus Stal. (Hemiptera; Reduviidae). PMID- 14785970 TI - Malaria survey of the Arakan region of Bengal and Burma. PMID- 14785971 TI - Notes on parasitic mites. I. Some remarks on the family Laelaptidae (Sensu Vitzthum 1943) with descriptions of three new species from African rodents. PMID- 14785972 TI - Abnormal material bearing on the development of the terminalia of male Calypterate Cyclorrhaphous Diptera. PMID- 14785973 TI - Note on Lintonium vibex (Linton, 1899) (Digenea--Trematoda). PMID- 14785974 TI - Crithidia familiaris N.SP. in Cenaeus carnifex Fabr. (Hemiptera). PMID- 14785975 TI - Blood parasites of east African vertebrates, with a brief description of exo erythrocytic schizogony in Plasmodium pitmani. PMID- 14785976 TI - The excystation of Entamoeba histolytica without bacteria in microcultures. PMID- 14785977 TI - An experimental study of Entamoeba muris (Grassi, 1879); its morphology, affinities and host-parasite relationship. PMID- 14785978 TI - The mites (Acarina) parasitic on mammals, birds and reptiles. PMID- 14785979 TI - [Aminic diabetes]. PMID- 14785980 TI - [Clinical significance of cold agglutinins in children]. PMID- 14785981 TI - [Glycogenosis; familial mixed form in two sisters]. PMID- 14785982 TI - [Malignant lymphogranuloma in child]. PMID- 14785983 TI - [Modifications in blood proteins in erythroderma and seborrhoeic dermatitis and their relation to biotin deficiency]. PMID- 14785984 TI - [Endochondral dysostosis epiphysaria in twins]. PMID- 14785985 TI - [Care of premature infants in the lowest birth weight group]. PMID- 14785986 TI - [Polarographic examination of the cerebrospinal fluid]. PMID- 14785987 TI - [Unusual causes of suffocation in infants]. PMID- 14785988 TI - [Significance of hematocrit values in classification of anemias in children]. PMID- 14785989 TI - [Simplified individual incubator for premature infants]. PMID- 14785990 TI - [Tuberculin tests in school children]. PMID- 14785991 TI - [Ward for prematures at the Prague-Podla University Children Hospital]. PMID- 14785992 TI - [Mother and infant institute in Ostrava]. PMID- 14785993 TI - [Measuring and weighting of children]. PMID- 14785994 TI - [50th anniversary of Emilia Lukasova]. PMID- 14785995 TI - Effect of the patent ductus arteriosus on the pulmonary blood flow, blood volume, heart rate, blood pressure, arterial blood gases and pH. PMID- 14785996 TI - Situs inversus, bronchiectasis and sinusitis; report of a family with two cases of Kartagener's triad and two additional cases of bronchiectasis among six siblings. PMID- 14785997 TI - Poliomyelitis; six year study of cases at Children's Hospital, San Francisco. PMID- 14785998 TI - Effect of pancreatin on plasma vitamin A curves in the celiac syndrome. PMID- 14785999 TI - Duodenitis in childhood. PMID- 14786000 TI - Glycogen storage disease of the heart. II. Critical review of the literature. PMID- 14786001 TI - Anesthetic management of infants and children during endoscopy. PMID- 14786002 TI - Erythroblastosis fetalis. III. Prognosis in relation to clinical and serologic manifestations at birth. PMID- 14786003 TI - Candida Krusei as a pathogen; case report of an unusual infection of the tonsils. PMID- 14786004 TI - Absorption of fat and vitamin A in premature infants. II. Effect of particle size on the absorption of these substances. PMID- 14786005 TI - Present day concepts of allergy. PMID- 14786006 TI - Present day attitudes towards breast feeding. PMID- 14786007 TI - Payment for physicians' services under Crippled Children's Programs. PMID- 14786008 TI - Who reports first results of mass vaccination with BCG. PMID- 14786009 TI - Public health, nursing and medical social work. PMID- 14786010 TI - Duodenal ulcer in infancy with presentation of a case. PMID- 14786011 TI - [I. P. Pavlov's theory of the role of the nervous system and its importance for pediatrics]. PMID- 14786013 TI - [Invagination in children]. PMID- 14786012 TI - [Pathology of birth injuries]. PMID- 14786014 TI - [Gastro-intestinal diseases in infants one month of age]. PMID- 14786015 TI - [Use of thyreiodin in treatment of premature and hypotrophic infants]. PMID- 14786016 TI - [Spirometry as one of the methods of determination of the function of external respiration in children suffering from bronchial asthma]. PMID- 14786017 TI - [Tissue therapy in pediatrics]. PMID- 14786018 TI - [Pneumonia in infants]. PMID- 14786019 TI - [Penicillin inhalation therapy]. PMID- 14786020 TI - [Medical practice of students of pediatrics taking the six-year course]. PMID- 14786021 TI - [Gramicidin therapy of chickenpox]. PMID- 14786022 TI - [Tellurite test as quick and early diagnosis of diphtheria]. PMID- 14786023 TI - [Case of pygopagus]. PMID- 14786024 TI - Courage in medicine. PMID- 14786025 TI - Clinical and surgical considerations of intrathoracic tumors. PMID- 14786026 TI - Human leukemia, with emphasis upon recent therapeutic experiences. PMID- 14786027 TI - An experiment in the Maintenance of positive health. PMID- 14786028 TI - Diagnosis and non-operative treatment of low back pain. PMID- 14786029 TI - [Tests for new anthelmintics]. PMID- 14786030 TI - [Drosophila test of toxapin, chlordan and chlorobenzene homologues]. PMID- 14786031 TI - [Ortho-oxyquinoline as a preservative]. PMID- 14786032 TI - [Critical observations on the homeopathic pharmacopeia]. PMID- 14786033 TI - [Examination of wadding and bandage made of staple fibre]. PMID- 14786034 TI - [Advances in the use of ultrasonics]. PMID- 14786035 TI - [Investigations of the volatile oil content of wilting plants]. PMID- 14786036 TI - [Qualitative determination of tannin in drugs extracted from leafy and woody plants]. PMID- 14786037 TI - [Improved method for extraction and quantitative determination of solanine-t, the glycoalkaloid of the potato plant]. PMID- 14786038 TI - [The Peru balsam. 4. Products of the Peru balsam tree: Peru balsam, the balsam of the husks, the wood]. PMID- 14786039 TI - [Experiments on fertilization of Atropa belladonna and Valeriana officinalis]. PMID- 14786040 TI - [Galenic studies on frangula bark, with synthetic experiments on derivatives]. PMID- 14786041 TI - [Culture of officinal plants in clear-cuttings]. PMID- 14786042 TI - [Fish and anura as test animals]. PMID- 14786044 TI - Caudal and cephalic influences of the brain stem reticular formation. PMID- 14786043 TI - Action of ultraviolet radiation on protoplasm. PMID- 14786045 TI - Multiple embolism of the lung and rapid shallow breathing. PMID- 14786046 TI - Alternative metabolic pathways. PMID- 14786047 TI - Nutrition and goiter. PMID- 14786048 TI - Significance of glutamic acid for the metabolism of nervous tissue. PMID- 14786049 TI - Differential inhibition and modification of echinoderm development by methylene blue. PMID- 14786050 TI - Experimental studies on the effect of external agencies on the sexuality of a marine copepod. PMID- 14786051 TI - Oxygen uptake of intact embryos, their homogenates, and intracellular constituents. PMID- 14786052 TI - A cytological and cytochemical study of the testicular cyst-cells in the Japanese beetle. PMID- 14786053 TI - Diurnal variations of response to light in the fiddler crab, Uca. PMID- 14786054 TI - Chromatophorotropins in the central nervous system of Uca pugilator, with special reference to their origins and actions. PMID- 14786055 TI - Nutrition of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis (Hbn.). II. Some effects of diet on larval growth characteristics. PMID- 14786056 TI - Social dominance and receptivity in the domestic fowl. PMID- 14786057 TI - Preliminary report on the development of neuromuscular junctions in cases of facial paralysis followed by masseter muscle transplantations. PMID- 14786058 TI - Experimental and clinical study of histopathology and pathogenesis of graduated thermal burns in man and their clinical implication. PMID- 14786059 TI - Total helix reconstruction with tubed pedicles following loss by burns. PMID- 14786060 TI - The bleeding nipple, and operation for pendulous breast. PMID- 14786061 TI - The use of composite tube pedicle in the reconstruction of breast defect with subsequent cosmetic repair of the donor breast. PMID- 14786062 TI - Neo-areoloplasty with labial transplant; symmetrical correction of the shape and volume of the breast. PMID- 14786063 TI - Anew method for correction of stenosis following esophagoplasty. PMID- 14786064 TI - [Bone marrow in microcytemia of normal subjects and subjects with constitutional microcytic anemia]. PMID- 14786065 TI - [Experimental hypersplenism; effect of pathological human spleen extracts on rabbits]. PMID- 14786066 TI - [Normal colloidal proteins after nitrogen mustard therapy; albumin-globulin ratio]. PMID- 14786067 TI - [Remote results with synthetic antithyroid therapy]. PMID- 14786068 TI - [Vitamin therapy and etiopathogenesis of the Lichtheim syndrome]. PMID- 14786069 TI - [Post-serum tetanus and tetanus prophylaxis]. PMID- 14786070 TI - [Peculiarities of behavior of lymphatics in pulmonary scissura]. PMID- 14786071 TI - [Guglielmo Romiti]. PMID- 14786072 TI - [Treatment of herpes recurrens with repeated smallpox vaccinations]. PMID- 14786073 TI - [Demonstration of auto-antibodies with the Coombs test in acute hemolytic anemia in the course of virus pneumonia]. PMID- 14786074 TI - [Prejudice and fact in the medical treatment of urinary calculi]. PMID- 14786075 TI - [Spontaneous pneumothorax in the course of Q fever]. PMID- 14786076 TI - [Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis]. PMID- 14786077 TI - [Case of primary cerebral thromboangiitis obliterans]. PMID- 14786078 TI - [Two cases of talcum granuloma]. PMID- 14786079 TI - [Results and conclusions of the 1st European Congress on Allergy and of the 2d International Congress on Asthma]. PMID- 14786080 TI - The milk drip. PMID- 14786081 TI - Vagotomy and pyloroplasty. PMID- 14786082 TI - Sigmoidoscopy. PMID- 14786083 TI - Colostomy: The patient's point of view. PMID- 14786084 TI - The relief of pain. PMID- 14786085 TI - Diet and the milk drip. PMID- 14786086 TI - English domestic medicine in the eighteenth century--II. From the letters of Josiah Wedgwood. PMID- 14786088 TI - ABDOMINAL tuberculosis in middle life. PMID- 14786087 TI - MALIGNANT teratoma of the ovary. PMID- 14786089 TI - Alternans: Report of a case associated with acute pericarditis. PMID- 14786090 TI - Intravenous procaine, an evaluation of some of its uses. PMID- 14786091 TI - Surgical problems in breast cancer. PMID- 14786092 TI - Differential diagnosis of enlargements of the kidney. PMID- 14786093 TI - Treatment of kraurosis vulvae. PMID- 14786094 TI - Terminal ileum duplex. PMID- 14786095 TI - Clinical safety of polysorb. A new hydrophilic absorption base. PMID- 14786096 TI - Treatment of acute laryngotracheobronchitis. PMID- 14786097 TI - Treatment of meningitis. PMID- 14786098 TI - Management of breast lesions. PMID- 14786099 TI - Management of pulmonary embolism. PMID- 14786100 TI - Treatment of thermal burns. PMID- 14786101 TI - Laboratory procedures in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 14786102 TI - Indexing of medical literature. PMID- 14786103 TI - A heart hospital for Minnesota. PMID- 14786104 TI - Medicine in public affairs. PMID- 14786105 TI - Progress against coronary thrombosis. PMID- 14786106 TI - The clinical use of histamine. PMID- 14786107 TI - Ulcerative colitis, pregnancy and delivery. PMID- 14786108 TI - Indications for therapeutic abortion. PMID- 14786109 TI - Operations or suction in bowel obstruction. PMID- 14786110 TI - Massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with Rh negative type blood. PMID- 14786111 TI - Multiple sclerosis. PMID- 14786113 TI - Local subcutaneous atrophy due to protamine zinc insulin sensitivity. PMID- 14786112 TI - Hydrocele of canal of Nuck with retroperitoneal extension. PMID- 14786114 TI - Parenteral fluid therapy in acute illness in infancy and childhood. PMID- 14786115 TI - Treatment of tetanus in children. PMID- 14786116 TI - Treatment of infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 14786117 TI - PROGRESS in diabetes. PMID- 14786118 TI - Treatment of parkinson's disease. PMID- 14786119 TI - Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14786120 TI - The gingiva in pregnancy. PMID- 14786121 TI - Treatment of ankle sprain, with special reference to the use of ethyl chloride spray. PMID- 14786122 TI - Adequate treatment for the diabetic of today. PMID- 14786123 TI - Parkinsonism. PMID- 14786124 TI - Expansion of the United States Public Health Service. PMID- 14786125 TI - The reluctant surgeon. PMID- 14786126 TI - I wish I knew-or an analysis of hobbies (scientific and otherwise) or the advantage of multiple hobbies or isn't work easier? PMID- 14786127 TI - [Ultrasonic therapy of trigeminal neuralgia, based upon experimental neurohistologic studies]. PMID- 14786128 TI - [Suppurative pyramidal petrositis]. PMID- 14786129 TI - [Solitary osseous cysts of the fronto-ethmo-orbital region]. PMID- 14786130 TI - [Unusual transmission pathway and endocranial complications following a furuncle of the upper lip]. PMID- 14786131 TI - [Clinical manifestations of bronchial tumors]. PMID- 14786132 TI - Advances in medicine. PMID- 14786133 TI - Advances in surgery. PMID- 14786134 TI - Advances in obstetrics and gynaecology. PMID- 14786135 TI - Advances in paediatrics. PMID- 14786136 TI - Advances in psychological medicine. PMID- 14786137 TI - Advances in the treatment of respiratory diseases. PMID- 14786138 TI - Advances in dermatology. PMID- 14786140 TI - Advances in the treatment of tropical diseases. PMID- 14786139 TI - Recent advances in the treatment of venereal diseases. PMID- 14786141 TI - Advances in oto-rhinolaryngology. PMID- 14786142 TI - Advances in ophthalmology, keratoplasty. PMID- 14786143 TI - Advances in physical medicine. PMID- 14786144 TI - Recent advances in public health and social medicine. PMID- 14786145 TI - Advances in general practice. PMID- 14786147 TI - The treatment of sinusitis. PMID- 14786146 TI - XXXIV. The management of Parkinsonism and allied extrapyramidal diseases. PMID- 14786148 TI - Chapped hands. PMID- 14786149 TI - Cancer of the breast. PMID- 14786150 TI - The painful nodular breast. PMID- 14786151 TI - The endocrine therapy of cancer of the breast. PMID- 14786152 TI - The endocrine control of the breast. PMID- 14786154 TI - Skin lesions of the breast. PMID- 14786153 TI - Diseases of the lactating breast. PMID- 14786155 TI - Abnormalities of the breast in men. PMID- 14786156 TI - Oesophageal and intestinal obstructions. A comparison. PMID- 14786157 TI - Recent advances in the treatment of squint in children. PMID- 14786158 TI - The doctor's house and surgery. The future of its freehold and leasehold including rating. PMID- 14786160 TI - Current therapeutics. XXXV. Anthelmintics. PMID- 14786159 TI - Medical interviewing committees. PMID- 14786161 TI - [Observations and therapeutic and prophylactic use of anticoagulants]. PMID- 14786162 TI - [Radioactive baths and constitution]. PMID- 14786163 TI - [Hypertension and the general practitioner]. PMID- 14786164 TI - [Modifications of the blood picture due to the injurious effects of roentgen rays]. PMID- 14786165 TI - [External use of sulfathiazole in industrial medicine, especially in pyoderma]. PMID- 14786166 TI - [Laryngotracheobronchial tuberculosis and present therapeutic development]. PMID- 14786167 TI - [Physical performance and capacity in man and its limits]. PMID- 14786169 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of congenital defects of the heart]. PMID- 14786168 TI - [Prophylaxis of thrombosis with tromexan in closed fractures of the leg]. PMID- 14786170 TI - [Carotid sinus compression test in the analysis of certain electrocardiograms]. PMID- 14786171 TI - [Cardiology in the U.S.A]. PMID- 14786172 TI - [Psychic disorders during treatment with cortisone]. PMID- 14786173 TI - [Case of fatal ascariasis]. PMID- 14786174 TI - [Treatment of external allergic inflammations of the eye with a new histamine antagonist, Geigy's Synopen]. PMID- 14786175 TI - [Anesthesia]. PMID- 14786176 TI - [Emphysematoalveolar form of broncho-pulmonary cancer]. PMID- 14786177 TI - [Use of supplementary thoracic leads in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 14786178 TI - [Heart murmurs and rheumatic cardiopathies]. PMID- 14786179 TI - [Migraine and other manifestations in angiospastic diathesis]. PMID- 14786180 TI - [Symptomatology in thromboangiitis obliterans; importance of early diagnosis]. PMID- 14786181 TI - [Nevoid-carcinoma]. PMID- 14786182 TI - [Advances in the field of therapeutics in internal medicine in 1949; parasitology]. PMID- 14786183 TI - [Essay on the chemical constitution of tetanic toxin]. PMID- 14786184 TI - [Evaluation of the masculine factor in the study of sterility in marriage]. PMID- 14786185 TI - [Non tropical sprue]. PMID- 14786186 TI - [Tuberculosis of the male breast]. PMID- 14786187 TI - [Observations on sarcoidosis; Boeck's sarcoid, Schaumann's and Kissmeyer's erythematosis with sarcoid iridocyclitis]. PMID- 14786188 TI - [Endothoracic complications in amebiasis]. PMID- 14786189 TI - [Psychic factor in asthma]. PMID- 14786190 TI - [Determination of streptomycin resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the Pryce technic]. PMID- 14786191 TI - [Treatment of partial auriculoventricular block; digitalis therapy of Morgagni Adams-Stokes syndrome]. PMID- 14786193 TI - [Use of sodium citrate]. PMID- 14786192 TI - [Syndrome of the lingual base; lingual tonsils]. PMID- 14786194 TI - [Surgical treatment of arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14786196 TI - [Actual aspect of Jacobaeus operation]. PMID- 14786195 TI - [Chronic glomerulonephritis of the solitary kidney due to renal aplasia]. PMID- 14786197 TI - [Gastric syphilis]. PMID- 14786198 TI - [Weil's disease; neurologic forms]. PMID- 14786199 TI - [Auriculoventricular dissociation due to complete organic block of probable congenital origin]. PMID- 14786200 TI - [Thrombosis of inferior vena cava]. PMID- 14786202 TI - [Roentgenotherapy of hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 14786201 TI - [Enzymatic activity of tetanic toxin]. PMID- 14786203 TI - [Progress in the therapy in internal medicine in 1949; hematology]. PMID- 14786204 TI - [Sliding hernia of the right colon]. PMID- 14786205 TI - [Simple depressor mechanical test for studies of variations of arterial pressure]. PMID- 14786206 TI - [Epidemiology of psittacosis in Argentina]. PMID- 14786207 TI - [Visceral lesion in thromboangiitis]. PMID- 14786208 TI - [Arterial vasomotor disorders and sequelae in chronic vascular diseases]. PMID- 14786209 TI - [Progress in the treatment in internal medicine in 1949; hematology]. PMID- 14786210 TI - [Medical treatment of thromboangiitis]. PMID- 14786211 TI - [Clinical aspect of psittacosis]. PMID- 14786212 TI - [Leads in discriminative electrocardiography; a new method of electrocardiographic diagnosis]. PMID- 14786213 TI - [Effect of fagarine on digitalized rabbits]. PMID- 14786214 TI - [Roentgenotherapy of myeloplaxoma]. PMID- 14786215 TI - [Vertical postero-external incision of the flexure of the knee joint for approach to the popliteal vein]. PMID- 14786216 TI - [Fluorescent fragments in human atrophic testicle]. PMID- 14786217 TI - [Radiologic exploration of the gastric fundus]. PMID- 14786218 TI - [Varicocele; results in 370 cases treated by Bernardi's method]. PMID- 14786219 TI - [Hemolytic activity of tetanic toxin]. PMID- 14786220 TI - [Syndrome of hypertonia of the bile ducts; disease of the cystic duct; disease of Oddi's sphincter; results of surgical therapy]. PMID- 14786221 TI - [Orally intravenous and intramuscular administration of French sulfones (retarded sulfones) in the treatment of leprosy]. PMID- 14786222 TI - [Breakdown of poliomyelitis; necessity and criteria for reclassification]. PMID- 14786223 TI - [French expedition to the Himalayas. II. Medical experiences during the climb]. PMID- 14786224 TI - [Treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid fever with chloromycetin]. PMID- 14786225 TI - [Abnormalities of the lumbosacral joint]. PMID- 14786226 TI - [Physiology of menstruation]. PMID- 14786227 TI - [Aspects of modern psychiatry]. PMID- 14786228 TI - [Non-operative treatment of perforated gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 14786229 TI - [Thrombogenesis; orientation of the study of thrombosis]. PMID- 14786230 TI - [Laboratory diagnosis of syphilis: the Nelson Treponema immobilization reaction]. PMID- 14786231 TI - [Geographic pathology of cancer]. PMID- 14786232 TI - [Erotic encephalitis]. PMID- 14786233 TI - [A pre-, per-, and post-operative anesthetic record form]. PMID- 14786234 TI - [A voyage to North Africa or a mission of the Alliance Francaise]. PMID- 14786235 TI - [Angioma of the petrosa and its radiographic appearance]. PMID- 14786236 TI - [Cytology and histology: 2 complementary methods for the diagnosis of uterine cancer]. PMID- 14786237 TI - [Two palliative prethoracic esophagoplasties for cancer of the esophagus]. PMID- 14786238 TI - [Benign lymphomas of the rectum]. PMID- 14786239 TI - [Favorable action of phenothiazine derivatives on the preservation of blood]. PMID- 14786240 TI - [Radio-clinical elements in the diagnosis of Ewing's tumor]. PMID- 14786241 TI - [Use of water-soluble iodine products in bronchography; technical remarks]. PMID- 14786242 TI - [Sublingual lithiasis confirmed by sialography]. PMID- 14786243 TI - [Case of multiple congenital malformations]. PMID- 14786244 TI - [Case of spontaneous bulbar hematoma of infectious origin]. PMID- 14786245 TI - [French expedition to the Himalayas. III. The return]. PMID- 14786247 TI - [Acquired hemolytic anemia]. PMID- 14786246 TI - [Cardiotonic, coronary dilator, diuretic and right hypotensive (pulmonary artery and right ventricle) properties of 2-methyl-6 amino-2 heptanol hydrochloride (2831 RP)]. PMID- 14786248 TI - [Emergency excision in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786249 TI - [Diagnosis of asbestosis in expert testimony]. PMID- 14786250 TI - [Radiological examination of the gallbladder]. PMID- 14786251 TI - [Last lectures of Claude Bernard in Medicine at the College de France. 1877-8]. PMID- 14786252 TI - [Ergotherapy in angina pectoris in simultaneous combination with trinitrin]. PMID- 14786253 TI - [The alleged hepatic insufficiency in pediatrics]. PMID- 14786254 TI - [Poliomyelitis and river bathing]. PMID- 14786255 TI - [Bronchometric method for the study of the bronchial caliber]. PMID- 14786256 TI - [Contribution to the study of leptospirosis due to Leptospira grippotyphosa; marsh and mud fever; a summer epidemic of 77 cases among military personnel]. PMID- 14786257 TI - [Treatment of Vaquez' disease by radiophosphorus]. PMID- 14786258 TI - [Spontaneous chronic hypoglycemia]. PMID- 14786259 TI - [Metabolic disorders of experimental pancreatic diabetes]. PMID- 14786260 TI - [Lung and vascular action of adenosin triphosphate]. PMID- 14786261 TI - [Treatment of hydatid cysts of the liver; intracavitary omentoplasty]. PMID- 14786262 TI - [Breakdown of poliomyelitis. II. Fundamental human poliomyelitic diseases]. PMID- 14786263 TI - [Surgical treatment of phlebitis]. PMID- 14786264 TI - [Etienne Curtillet (1906-1950)]. PMID- 14786265 TI - [Trocar for transmedullary phlebography]. PMID- 14786266 TI - [Pathological physiology of thrombophlebitis of the lower extremity]. PMID- 14786267 TI - [Kline reaction applied to spinal fluid]. PMID- 14786268 TI - [Breakdown of poliomyelitis. III. Human borderline poliomyelitic diseases]. PMID- 14786269 TI - [Ventricular fibrillation in electrocution; effect of electric counter-shock]. PMID- 14786270 TI - [Descartes and the modern scientific spirit]. PMID- 14786271 TI - [Problem of heredity in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786272 TI - [Clinical pathology of the gastrointestinal tract in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786273 TI - [Combined therapy of laryngo-pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786274 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis of the lower lobe in relation to primary tuberculosis and local immunity]. PMID- 14786276 TI - [Problems of surgical technic for effective pneumothorax]. PMID- 14786275 TI - [Collapse therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in older children]. PMID- 14786277 TI - [In answer to M. E. Ladyzhenskii's article, Problems of surgical technic for effective pneumothorax]. PMID- 14786278 TI - [Combined tuberculosis and diphtheria vaccination]. PMID- 14786279 TI - [Control of tuberculosis in the Sverdlovsk region]. PMID- 14786280 TI - [Possibility of diagnosing tuberculosis of the tracheo-bronchial glands]. PMID- 14786281 TI - [Tuberculin reaction in cutaneous application to different regions of the skin]. PMID- 14786282 TI - [Effect of pneumoperitoneum on certain indices of the functional state of the respiratory organs and cardiovascular system]. PMID- 14786283 TI - [Complications in pneumoperitoneum]. PMID- 14786284 TI - [Nocturnal aerotherapy at the seashore]. PMID- 14786285 TI - [Choice of active therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786286 TI - [Diagnostic value of fistulography in treatment of fistular forms of osteoarticular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786287 TI - [Application of physical therapy following thoracic surgery in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786288 TI - [Physical therapy of prevalent forms of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786289 TI - [Physical therapy of osteoarticular tuberculosis in children]. PMID- 14786291 TI - DISCUSSION on the action of local hormones. PMID- 14786290 TI - [Differential diagnosis of kidney diseases in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786292 TI - Action of local hormones: introduction. PMID- 14786293 TI - On the origin and function of the acetylcholine in the intestinal wall. PMID- 14786294 TI - The action of local hormones. PMID- 14786295 TI - Action of local hormones. PMID- 14786296 TI - On the concept of local hormones. PMID- 14786297 TI - Action of local hormones: excitatory and inhibitory effects of the chemical mediators. PMID- 14786298 TI - Action of local hormones: remarks on chemical specificity. PMID- 14786299 TI - Cholinesterase activity and the innervation of peripheral tissues. PMID- 14786300 TI - Action of local hormones. PMID- 14786301 TI - Action of local hormones. PMID- 14786302 TI - The development of the active state of muscle during the latent period. PMID- 14786303 TI - A note on the heat of activation in a muscle twitch. PMID- 14786304 TI - The application of phasecontrast to the ultra-violet microscope. PMID- 14786305 TI - Amoebicidal action and chemical constitution. PMID- 14786306 TI - Experimental studies on amphibian oocyte nuclei. I. Investigation of the structure of the nuclear membrane by means of the electron microscope. PMID- 14786307 TI - Osmoregulation in surviving slices from the kidneys of adult rats. PMID- 14786308 TI - Action of nitrogen trichloride on certain proteins. I. Isolation and identification of the toxic factor. PMID- 14786309 TI - Discussion on the role of physiotherapy in the prevention and treatment of post natal disorders. PMID- 14786310 TI - Symposium: the treatment of facial paralysis. PMID- 14786311 TI - The electrodiagnostic aspect of facial paralysis. PMID- 14786312 TI - Some applications of the newer antibiotics; the scope of the new antibiotics. PMID- 14786313 TI - Chloromycetin in the treatment of typhus and typhoid. PMID- 14786314 TI - Chloromycetin in infantile gastro-enteritis. PMID- 14786315 TI - The present status of cortisone and ACTH in general medicine. PMID- 14786316 TI - [Pathogenesis and treatment of postoperative venous thrombosis of the lower extremity]. PMID- 14786317 TI - [Bronchiectasis and its treatment]. PMID- 14786318 TI - [Electroencephalography in the diagnosis of nervous crises]. PMID- 14786319 TI - [Varieties of chronic insomnia and their treatment]. PMID- 14786320 TI - [Of what value are the psychiatric indications for prefrontal leucotomy?]. PMID- 14786321 TI - [Neurological disorders among professional boxers]. PMID- 14786322 TI - [Modernity of Bossuet; Bossuet the psycho-physiologist]. PMID- 14786323 TI - [Pathogenetic identity of true hemophilia and sporadic hemophilia substantiated by in vivo and in vitro action of anti-hemophilic globulin substance]. PMID- 14786324 TI - [Bronchodynamic aerosols in the study of various types of dyspnea]. PMID- 14786325 TI - [A new blood colloid lability test]. PMID- 14786326 TI - [Pararenal tumor with acute symptomatology]. PMID- 14786327 TI - [Leukocyte picture in suppurations and blastomas of the respiratory tract]. PMID- 14786328 TI - [Frontopolar lobotomy]. PMID- 14786329 TI - [Causes of deficient ventricular insufflation in encephalography]. PMID- 14786330 TI - [Seventy-fifth anniversary of the Mental Hospital at Bernburg; retrospect and prospect]. PMID- 14786331 TI - [Productive care of patients with brain injury; from a socio-hygienic work written for the examination of public health physicians]. PMID- 14786332 TI - [Clay-modeling test; contribution to the problem of testing the intelligence of abnormal children]. PMID- 14786333 TI - [Psychic trauma and neurology]. PMID- 14786334 TI - [Effect of electroshock on pilo-erection and dermographism]. PMID- 14786335 TI - [Remission in schizophrenia and its dependence on heredity, constitution, and the prepsychotic character]. PMID- 14786336 TI - Recent research on pain perception. PMID- 14786337 TI - Statistical techniques in present-day psychodiagnostics. PMID- 14786338 TI - Rorschach validation: some methodological aspects. PMID- 14786339 TI - Critique of Hornell Hart's "Social Science and the Atomic Crisis.". PMID- 14786340 TI - Rejoinder to Gundlach's critique. PMID- 14786341 TI - The Midcentury White House Conference on Children and Youth. PMID- 14786342 TI - The health of Florida's Seminoles. PMID- 14786343 TI - Body mechanics in pregnancy: nursing responsibilities. PMID- 14786344 TI - Nursing is news. PMID- 14786345 TI - The human side of eating. PMID- 14786346 TI - Field instruction in public health nursing. PMID- 14786347 TI - Employment of handicapped in industry. PMID- 14786348 TI - The relationship between tuberculin reaction and tuberculous infection. PMID- 14786349 TI - Failure of streptomycin to enhance the infectivity of Histoplasma capsulatum in mice. PMID- 14786350 TI - INCIDENCE of disease; United States. Reports from states for week ended December 16, 1950. PMID- 14786351 TI - INCIDENCE of disease; foreign reports. PMID- 14786352 TI - INCIDENCE of disease; foreign reports, reports of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever, and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14786353 TI - Experimental study on the use of homonymous transplants of esophagus in dogs. PMID- 14786354 TI - Dried smallpox vaccine. PMID- 14786355 TI - Inhibition of a strain of Brucella abortus by medium filtered through cotton. PMID- 14786356 TI - INCIDENCE of disease. United States. Reports from states for week ended December 23, 1950. PMID- 14786357 TI - INCIDENCE of disease; foreign reports, Panama. PMID- 14786358 TI - INCIDENCE of disease; reports of cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus fever, and yellow fever received during the current week. PMID- 14786359 TI - [Neonatal hydrops]. PMID- 14786360 TI - [Modifications of the intradermal diffusion of hyaluronidase during pregnancy]. PMID- 14786361 TI - [Leukocytes and the menstrual cycle]. PMID- 14786362 TI - [Medical treatment of labor with aerosols]. PMID- 14786363 TI - [Frequency of carcinoma of uterus in the Instituto Anatomo Patologico di Parma]. PMID- 14786365 TI - HEALTH for the helpless. PMID- 14786364 TI - There's danger in that uniform. PMID- 14786366 TI - Let's look at your hair. PMID- 14786367 TI - Vitamin ABC's. PMID- 14786368 TI - She makes furniture for fun. PMID- 14786369 TI - Nurses get into the hospital act. PMID- 14786370 TI - HOSPITALS air nursing plight. PMID- 14786371 TI - Can we insure nursing? PMID- 14786372 TI - Amino acids. PMID- 14786374 TI - Rh TYPING, a necessity. PMID- 14786373 TI - Love that pressure cooker, but. PMID- 14786375 TI - UNIFORM poll. PMID- 14786376 TI - UNIFORM review. PMID- 14786377 TI - The value of supplementary views in radiography. PMID- 14786379 TI - Detection of faults in chocolates. PMID- 14786378 TI - Radiography in the Sudan 1930-1950. PMID- 14786380 TI - Technique for foreign bodies in eye. PMID- 14786381 TI - [Effect of ultrasound on coagulation of the blood plasma]. PMID- 14786382 TI - [Histamenemia following roentgen irradiation]. PMID- 14786383 TI - [Data on irradiation of organic solutions]. PMID- 14786384 TI - [Roentgenotherapy of cancer of the breast]. PMID- 14786385 TI - [On hormone therapy of cancer of the breast]. PMID- 14786386 TI - [Demonstration of pulmonary and diaphragmatic roentgenograms]. PMID- 14786387 TI - [On pseudoneoplastic roentgenograms of the pyloric antrum]. PMID- 14786388 TI - [Normal and pathologic dimensions of the sella turcica]. PMID- 14786389 TI - [Radiological examination of a case with Vernet's syndrome]. PMID- 14786390 TI - [Anatomico-radiologic aspects of ankylosing spondylarthritis]. PMID- 14786391 TI - [On a new hereditary skeletal affection of the osteogenesis imperfecta group]. PMID- 14786392 TI - [Multiple arteriovenous pulmonary aneurysm in Osler's disease (telangiectasia haemorrhagica hereditaria)]. PMID- 14786393 TI - [Roentgen examination of the thorax in lateral position]. PMID- 14786394 TI - [Positoscope]. PMID- 14786395 TI - [Clinical aspect and therapy of gigantofollicular lymphoblastoma]. PMID- 14786396 TI - [Radiographic aspects of tuberculosis of the ilium]. PMID- 14786397 TI - [Case of aberrant pancreas of the gastric antrum; radiologic contribution]. PMID- 14786398 TI - [The respiratory movements of the apices of the lungs (experimental contribution)]. PMID- 14786399 TI - [Clinical-statistical report on the carcinomas of the mouth and of the pharynx treated from 1928 to 1945. IV. Results of radiotherapy in carcinomas of the tonsillo-glosso-palatine region and of the walls of the mesopharynx (139 cases)]. PMID- 14786400 TI - Primary reticulum-cell sarcoma of bone; summary of 37 cases. PMID- 14786401 TI - Significance of intracranial calcification in the roentgenologic diagnosis of intracranial neoplasms. PMID- 14786402 TI - Pulmonary adenomatosis; a report of 4 cases. PMID- 14786403 TI - Pulmonary adenomatosis: Further roentgen observations. PMID- 14786404 TI - Hamartoma of the lung; the improbability of preoperative diagnosis. PMID- 14786405 TI - Surgical experience with asymptomatic intrathoracic growths. PMID- 14786406 TI - The pathologist's approach to pulmonary neoplasms. PMID- 14786407 TI - Aberrant pancreatic tissue in the first portion of the duodenum. PMID- 14786408 TI - Extreme retardation of epiphyseal growth from roentgen irradiation; a case study. PMID- 14786409 TI - Value of hysterography in the diagnosis of large submucous uterine fibroids. PMID- 14786410 TI - Gastric ulcer in childhood; report of a case. PMID- 14786411 TI - Lymphosarcoma of the kidney; a case report and description of roentgen findings. PMID- 14786412 TI - Bilateral fracture of the humeral heads; case with fractures of the anatomical and surgical necks of the humeri due to convulsion. PMID- 14786413 TI - Priodax and pseudoalbuminuria. PMID- 14786414 TI - Dosage units for high-energy radiation. PMID- 14786415 TI - A nomogram for dose determinations in diagnostic roentgenology. PMID- 14786416 TI - In memoriam: Robert Hervey Lafferty. PMID- 14786417 TI - A roentgen study of skeletal and intrathoracic metastases from salivary gland cancer. PMID- 14786418 TI - The fallacy in the diagnosis of microcolon in the newborn. PMID- 14786419 TI - Tissue dose in irradiation of the breast. PMID- 14786420 TI - Treatment of cancer of the breast. PMID- 14786421 TI - Nephrography; simplified technic. PMID- 14786422 TI - Right heart catheterization of anomalous pulmonary veins emptying into the right atrium. PMID- 14786423 TI - Disseminated bone tuberculosis (so-called multiple cystic tuberculosis); with case report. PMID- 14786424 TI - Primary hepatoma with metastasis to a long bone. PMID- 14786425 TI - Radiation-induced squamous-cell metaplasia and hyperplasia of the normal mucous glands of the oral cavity. PMID- 14786426 TI - Intraventricular glioblastoma multiforme with the pneumographic characteristics of intraventricular epidermoids; a case report with a critical analysis. PMID- 14786427 TI - Pheochromocytoma with calcification simulating cholelithiasis; report of a case. PMID- 14786428 TI - Annular pancreas; a case report. PMID- 14786429 TI - Traumatic liver cyst. PMID- 14786430 TI - Sulfhydryl-containing agents and the effects of ionizing radiations. 1. Beneficial effect of glutathione injection on X-Ray induced mortality rate and weight loss in mice. PMID- 14786431 TI - The combined effect of a tumor inhibitor (5-amino 7-hydroxy-1 H-V-triazolo (d) pyrimidine) and X-Ray therapy. PMID- 14786432 TI - Protective action of anoxic anoxia against total body roentgen irradiation of mammals. PMID- 14786433 TI - Tilt table attachment for chest planigraphy in upright and recumbent positions. PMID- 14786434 TI - Electronic timer for developing rooms and physiotherapy. PMID- 14786435 TI - Percy Brown, M.D. PMID- 14786436 TI - Fred S. O'Hara, M.D. PMID- 14786437 TI - [Enterogastrone in therapy of gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14786438 TI - [Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis; 7 case reports]. PMID- 14786439 TI - [Is there a specific immunity to alkaloids and glucosides]. PMID- 14786440 TI - [Value of Takata-Dohomoto and Gros reactions in clinical and anatomopathologic interpretation of hepatocholangiopathy]. PMID- 14786441 TI - [Turning points of medicine and the medico-legal phase of clinical practice]. PMID- 14786442 TI - [Histochemistry of lipids in the human adrenal cortex]. PMID- 14786444 TI - [Case of fulminating gangrene of the genitals]. PMID- 14786443 TI - [Value of the hemogram and of relative biological leukocyte curves in clinical medicine]. PMID- 14786446 TI - [Problem of acute yellow atrophy of the liver; total progressive hepatargia]. PMID- 14786445 TI - [Scientific organization of the National Cancer Institute of the United States Public Health Service]. PMID- 14786448 TI - [Heart catheterization; technic and indications]. PMID- 14786447 TI - [Present status of penicillin therapy of syphilis]. PMID- 14786449 TI - [Migraine syndromes]. PMID- 14786450 TI - [Nosological autonomy of essential migraine and its pathogenesis]. PMID- 14786451 TI - [Abdominal reoperations]. PMID- 14786452 TI - [Treatment of acute renal insufficiency]. PMID- 14786453 TI - [Leonardo Bianchi and the doctrine of cerebral localizations]. PMID- 14786454 TI - [Forms of hyperergic dysergia of the leptomeninges and choroid plexuses; pathogenetic interpretation of Quinck's serous meningitis]. PMID- 14786455 TI - [Urinary tract in carcinoma of the cervix]. PMID- 14786456 TI - [Case of tuberculosis of the parotid gland]. PMID- 14786457 TI - [Clinical documentation, research and observations on familial primary keratodermia of the congenital ichthyosiform hyperkeratosic type]. PMID- 14786458 TI - [Variations of the complement activity of the blood serum of patients submitted to therapeutic applications of radium and roentgen rays]. PMID- 14786459 TI - [A case of pseudo pigmentary facial mask with histologic findings of elastosis]. PMID- 14786461 TI - [Interocurrence between diabetes and tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786460 TI - [Behavior of antitreponemic and antilipoidic antibiotics in various stages of syphilis]. PMID- 14786462 TI - [Treatment of para-pneumothorax pleurisy and failure of local PAS therapy]. PMID- 14786463 TI - [Complications and reactions of the spinal fluid due to antibiotics in the treatment of meningitis]. PMID- 14786466 TI - [Findings on the blood and bone marrow picture in cirrhosis of the liver]. PMID- 14786465 TI - [Use of modification of the Takata reaction]. PMID- 14786464 TI - [Undecylenic acid in psoriasis]. PMID- 14786467 TI - [Importance of stratigraphic examination in the etiopathogenetic interpretation of spontaneous pneumothorax]. PMID- 14786468 TI - [Atypical case of thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus with recovery]. PMID- 14786469 TI - [Treatment of human brucellosis with p-aminosalicylic acid]. PMID- 14786470 TI - [Treatment of amebiasis and the importance of rhythmic therapy]. PMID- 14786471 TI - [Trigonorraphy and urethrorraphy with transposition of the urinary meatus by the Colombino method as a typical procedure for urethral incontinence]. PMID- 14786472 TI - [Gastroduodenal ulcer and work]. PMID- 14786473 TI - [Accessory urethral canals]. PMID- 14786474 TI - [Roentgenotherapy of tumors of the bladder]. PMID- 14786475 TI - [Roentgenotherapy, chemotherapy and antibiotics in tuberculosis of the male genitals]. PMID- 14786476 TI - [Results of the Millin retropubic prostatectomy]. PMID- 14786477 TI - [Treatment of peripheral sclerosis by surgery of the sympathetic nervous system]. PMID- 14786478 TI - [Case of intradiaphragmatic cysts of echinococcosis]. PMID- 14786479 TI - [Acute abdomen]. PMID- 14786480 TI - [Menstrual asthma]. PMID- 14786481 TI - [Surgical therapy of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 14786482 TI - [Remote results and work capacity of subjects operated for gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14786483 TI - [Aplasia and marked reduction of the nasal bones in man; anatomical and radiographic study]. PMID- 14786484 TI - [Research on lysozyme in the normal puerperal cycle]. PMID- 14786485 TI - [The endocrine glands in diphtheria in children]. PMID- 14786486 TI - [Results of probable surgery on a medieval Sardinian skull; anatomical and radiographic study]. PMID- 14786487 TI - [Study of osmotic erythrocyte resistance in erythremic myelosis]. PMID- 14786488 TI - [Leukemia with remissions]. PMID- 14786489 TI - [Diagnostic significance of behavior before and after electroshock]. PMID- 14786490 TI - [Indications and limits of prefrontal lobotomy in habitual criminality]. PMID- 14786492 TI - [Psychosurgery]. PMID- 14786491 TI - [The will in the determinism of the habitual criminal conduct of the amoral]. PMID- 14786493 TI - [Bactericidal power of cerebrospinal fluid of patients subjected to electroshock]. PMID- 14786494 TI - [Influence of subnarcosis on organic amnesia following electroshock therapy, by the annihilation method]. PMID- 14786495 TI - [Recent views on the heredity of schizophrenia]. PMID- 14786496 TI - [Indications, utility and development of electroencephalography]. PMID- 14786497 TI - [Labyrinth lesions induced by experimental intoxication with thallium]. PMID- 14786498 TI - [Prefrontal lobotomy and so-called alterations of personality]. PMID- 14786499 TI - [Units, metrica and norms of intelligence; critical essay on the fundamental elements of psychometry]. PMID- 14786500 TI - [Blood acetaldehyde curve of ingestion of alcohol after treatment with tetra thiuramdisulfide in normal subjects, in alcoholics and in alcoholics treated by the Lecoq method]. PMID- 14786501 TI - [Diuresis and antidiuresis; reciprocal antagonism of a mercurial diuretic (neptal) and a total postpituitary extract (post-hypophysan) in a water diuresis test]. PMID- 14786502 TI - [Psychosomatic medicine]. PMID- 14786503 TI - [Legal status of physicians of psychiatric hospitals after the approval of official regulations of the Ospedale Psichiatrico di Firenze]. PMID- 14786504 TI - Photocopying processes for the research worker. PMID- 14786505 TI - The Merck Research Laboratories. PMID- 14786506 TI - Characterization of d-glucosamine. PMID- 14786507 TI - A new virus affecting mangolds, sugar-beet and related plants. PMID- 14786508 TI - Commentary: specialized scientific training and citizenship. PMID- 14786509 TI - The ultracentrifuge. PMID- 14786510 TI - Ion exchange resins in chromatography. PMID- 14786511 TI - Carotenoids and vitamin A. PMID- 14786512 TI - Commentary: scientific views of man. PMID- 14786513 TI - Recent advances in estimation of vitamins A. PMID- 14786515 TI - Recent advances in knowledge of wool structure. PMID- 14786514 TI - Stereochemistry of cyclohexane. PMID- 14786516 TI - Transition between laminar and turbulent flow in various liquids. PMID- 14786517 TI - Adsorption of cobalt naphthenate by cellulose fibres. PMID- 14786518 TI - The dielectric properties of copper oxide rectifiers. PMID- 14786519 TI - A simple method for measuring the movement of insoluble monolayers at air water interface. PMID- 14786520 TI - A machine for synthesizing two-dimensional Fourier series in the determination of crystal structures. PMID- 14786521 TI - The scintillation efficiency of anthracene for low energy electrons. PMID- 14786522 TI - A microtome specimen holder advanced by thermal expansion. PMID- 14786523 TI - A differential vectorcardiograph. PMID- 14786524 TI - Expansion valve for triggered cloud chambers. PMID- 14786525 TI - A self-triggering cloud-chamber counter. PMID- 14786526 TI - Note on reduction of background fog in nuclear emulsion plates. PMID- 14786527 TI - INFRA-RED detector. PMID- 14786528 TI - VENTILATION meter. PMID- 14786529 TI - FREQUENCY standard. PMID- 14786530 TI - MICRO burette. PMID- 14786531 TI - RADIATION monitor. PMID- 14786532 TI - PLATINUM thermometer. PMID- 14786533 TI - MICRO-photometer. PMID- 14786534 TI - PHOTOGRAPHIC exposure computer. PMID- 14786535 TI - MICHELSON interferometer. PMID- 14786536 TI - ELECTRICALLY controlled camera. PMID- 14786537 TI - ZIRCONIUM in surgery. PMID- 14786538 TI - STATIC elimination. PMID- 14786539 TI - PLASTIC products. PMID- 14786540 TI - FLAME-RETARDANT insulation. PMID- 14786541 TI - A system for the collection and purification of radon by remote control. PMID- 14786542 TI - A magnetic analyzer for charged-particles from nuclear reactions. PMID- 14786543 TI - Vibrating probe electrometer for the measurement of bioelectric potentials. PMID- 14786544 TI - Stark effect absorption cells for microwave spectroscopy. PMID- 14786545 TI - A high speed short resolving time coincidence circuit for use with scintillation counters. PMID- 14786546 TI - Ultraviolet photon counting with an electron multiplier. PMID- 14786547 TI - Preparation of carbon targets. PMID- 14786549 TI - Volumetric displacement flask. PMID- 14786548 TI - A scintillation counter for fast neutrons. PMID- 14786550 TI - LABORATORY coating unit. PMID- 14786551 TI - R-F mass spectrometer tuber. PMID- 14786553 TI - 2000-M.P.H. timing equipment. PMID- 14786552 TI - SPRING motor. PMID- 14786554 TI - ELECTRONIC flowmeter. PMID- 14786555 TI - OSCILLOSCOPE camera. PMID- 14786557 TI - [Transthoracic approach in renal surgery]. PMID- 14786556 TI - ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION camera. PMID- 14786558 TI - [Sclerogenous thrombosis of the anterior pampiniform plexus]. PMID- 14786559 TI - [Results of the treatment of renal polycystic diseases]. PMID- 14786560 TI - [Surgical treatment of prostatic adenoma]. PMID- 14786562 TI - [Vesical tumor, probably caused by aniline]. PMID- 14786561 TI - [Hypertension and unilateral nephropathy]. PMID- 14786563 TI - [Renal adenoma]. PMID- 14786564 TI - [Testicular infarction simulating cancer]. PMID- 14786565 TI - [Perforation of colon following adenomectomy]. PMID- 14786566 TI - [Metaplastic cystadenoma of the female urethra]. PMID- 14786567 TI - [Renal hydatid cyst, cystectomy with renal resection]. PMID- 14786568 TI - [Hemangioma of the renal papilla]. PMID- 14786569 TI - [Traumatic pelvic ectopic kidney; intra- and extraperitoneal nephrectomy]. PMID- 14786570 TI - [Technic of one stage prostatectomy with only urethral drainage]. PMID- 14786571 TI - [Formation of the glomerulus in kidneys]. PMID- 14786572 TI - [Spermatogenic modifications caused by occupational factors]. PMID- 14786573 TI - [Radical mastectomy]. PMID- 14786574 TI - [Conservative resection of cancer of the rectum]. PMID- 14786575 TI - [Primary papilliferous adenocarcinoma of the appendix and secondary adenocarcinoma of the cecum]. PMID- 14786576 TI - [Autotransplant of splenic tissue in the peritoneal cavity]. PMID- 14786577 TI - [Social service in a general hospital]. PMID- 14786578 TI - [Asthma and diabetes: two antagonistic diseases]. PMID- 14786579 TI - [Topical use of a new synthetic antibiotic in traumatic orthopedics]. PMID- 14786580 TI - [Treatment of whooping cough with aureomycin]. PMID- 14786581 TI - [Infectious or epidemic pleurodynia: Bornholm disease]. PMID- 14786582 TI - [Pantropic viruses. V. Yellow fever virus]. PMID- 14786583 TI - [Sedimentation of blood]. PMID- 14786584 TI - [A physician's migraine]. PMID- 14786586 TI - [The question of eye banks]. PMID- 14786585 TI - [Small intestine and psychosomatic medicine]. PMID- 14786587 TI - [Nutritional value of biologically acidified milk (yogurt)]. PMID- 14786588 TI - [Recent acquisitions in the treatment of amebiasis]. PMID- 14786589 TI - [Food tests in the diagnosis of allergy]. PMID- 14786590 TI - [Experience with transplantation of the great omentum for covering peritoneal defects]. PMID- 14786591 TI - [Epidemic of typhoid fever]. PMID- 14786592 TI - [Treatment of malaria with camoquin]. PMID- 14786593 TI - [Pantropic viruses. 5. Yellow fever virus]. PMID- 14786594 TI - [Jaundice in pregnancy]. PMID- 14786595 TI - [Gallstones; auto-observation]. PMID- 14786597 TI - [Importance of genital primacy]. PMID- 14786596 TI - [Small intestine and psychosomatic medicine]. PMID- 14786598 TI - [Asthma, allergy and psychosomatic medicine]. PMID- 14786599 TI - [Phantom tumor of the stomach]. PMID- 14786600 TI - [Erythropoiesis in adults]. PMID- 14786601 TI - [Report on the epidemiology of typhoid fever in infants]. PMID- 14786602 TI - [Transplacental transmission of antibodies against pertussis in newborn]. PMID- 14786603 TI - [Epidemiology and hygiene in poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14786604 TI - [Osseous lesions in leukemia in children]. PMID- 14786605 TI - [Tuberculomas of the central nervous system in a children's hospital (1939-49)]. PMID- 14786606 TI - [Cystic lymphangioma of the neck]. PMID- 14786607 TI - [Xeroderma pigmentosum; presentation of a case and review of the literature]. PMID- 14786608 TI - [Dermatitis seborrheica; etiology and pathogenesis]. PMID- 14786609 TI - [Hydrocephalic syndrome in tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14786611 TI - [Sedimentation rate in congenital syphilis in infancy]. PMID- 14786610 TI - [Frequent diagnostic errors in pediatric dermatology]. PMID- 14786612 TI - [Acute miliary tuberculosis in 7-weeks-old infant treated with streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid. Cure]. PMID- 14786613 TI - [Vitamin B12]. PMID- 14786614 TI - [Tetanus in the Canaries; clinical and therapeutic comments on my statistics of 90 cases]. PMID- 14786615 TI - [Combined action of common bile duct ligature and nephrectomy on lipid fractions of blood]. PMID- 14786616 TI - [Electrocardiographic exploration of the posterior face of the heart. II. Signs of auricular and ventricular hypertrophy in esophageal dorsal leads]. PMID- 14786617 TI - [Permeability of the cornea]. PMID- 14786618 TI - [Finding of so-called L E cells in a pneumonitis focus before death from acute lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 14786619 TI - [Blood proteins and lymphosarcoma]. PMID- 14786620 TI - [A case of metastatic sacroiliac arthritis during bacterial endocarditis]. PMID- 14786621 TI - [Neuronitis]. PMID- 14786622 TI - [Association of hepatic cirrhosis and gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14786623 TI - [Indications for various anesthesias]. PMID- 14786624 TI - [Strumitis]. PMID- 14786625 TI - [Rheumatic splenomegaly]. PMID- 14786626 TI - [Infantile kala-azar treated by splenectomy]. PMID- 14786627 TI - [Osteosclerotic hepatosplenomegalic leukaemia and glioblastoma]. PMID- 14786628 TI - [Acute infectious lymphocytosis; review and 3 cases]. PMID- 14786629 TI - [Etiopathogenesis of biliary lithiasis]. PMID- 14786630 TI - [Electrocardiographic exploration of the posterior face of the heart. III. Semeiology of the ST interval and the T wave in esophageal and dorsal leads, with other observations on this type of tracing]. PMID- 14786631 TI - [Hydatid cysts of the kidney; 4 cases]. PMID- 14786632 TI - [Rheumatic disease in temperate climates; personal experiences in Tenerife, Canary Islands]. PMID- 14786633 TI - [Stellate ganglion block in pulmonary diseases]. PMID- 14786634 TI - [Marfan syndrome; presentation of a case]. PMID- 14786635 TI - [Mechanism of torsion in tubo-ovarian volvuli]. PMID- 14786636 TI - [Diverticulum of jejunum]. PMID- 14786637 TI - [Utilization of bacterial antagonism in the treatment of diarrheas]. PMID- 14786638 TI - [Spontaneous pneumothorax and pulmonary atelectasis; therapy]. PMID- 14786639 TI - [Fibro-congestive splenomegaly]. PMID- 14786640 TI - [Myocardial anoxia and objectivation of the signs]. PMID- 14786641 TI - [Neurosurgical aspects of non-traumatic subarachnoid and cerebral hemorrhages]. PMID- 14786642 TI - [Intermediary bodies in the diazo reaction of bile pigments]. PMID- 14786643 TI - [Action of vitamin B1 (aneurin) on the first phases of the development of the chicken embryo]. PMID- 14786644 TI - [Negative balance of iodine; its significance in thyroid pathology]. PMID- 14786645 TI - [New horizon in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 14786646 TI - [Preliminary note on a future communication on obstetrical analgesia with trichloroethylene(trilene)]. PMID- 14786648 TI - [BAL in acute mercurial intoxication; clinical case]. PMID- 14786647 TI - [A case which recalls the so-called bradystrophy or arthritic diathesis of Bouchard]. PMID- 14786649 TI - [A case of post-chloromycetin exanthema]. PMID- 14786650 TI - [Emergency treatment of acute convulsive crises]. PMID- 14786651 TI - [ACTH and corticosteroids]. PMID- 14786652 TI - [Normal topography of capillary resistance]. PMID- 14786653 TI - [Surgical lesions of the bile ducts in medical resection for duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14786654 TI - [Two cases of partial atrophy of thenar eminence]. PMID- 14786655 TI - [Reflex of anal pyramid; new therapeutic orientation]. PMID- 14786656 TI - [Two cases of ulcus simplex of small intestine]. PMID- 14786657 TI - [Atypical neurologic manifestations of cervical spinal cord lesions]. PMID- 14786658 TI - [Case of Heerfordt's syndrome]. PMID- 14786659 TI - [Hepato-splenomegalic cirrhosis with hemeralopia in a child]. PMID- 14786660 TI - [Treatment of uremic coma]. PMID- 14786661 TI - [Methods of inducing epileptic phenomena and their clinical evaluation]. PMID- 14786662 TI - [Monocytic leukemia; comments on 7 cases]. PMID- 14786663 TI - [Regional variations of capillary resistance in certain infections]. PMID- 14786664 TI - [Gun-shot wounds of the extrahepatic biliary tract]. PMID- 14786665 TI - [First results of the treatment of intractable asthma with nitrogen mustards]. PMID- 14786666 TI - [Tuberculoma of cervical spinal cord]. PMID- 14786667 TI - [Two renal hydatid cysts]. PMID- 14786668 TI - [Gigantic congenital sacrococcygeal chordoma operated with success]. PMID- 14786669 TI - [Two cases of tonsillar polypi]. PMID- 14786670 TI - [Treatment of paroxysmal headache]. PMID- 14786671 TI - [Restrictive concept of diagnosis of hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 14786672 TI - [Clinical aspect of pseudohyperthyroidism]. PMID- 14786673 TI - [Evaluation of blood loss in surgery]. PMID- 14786674 TI - [One-year study of fungi content of atmosphere in Cadiz; relation to certain meteorologic factors]. PMID- 14786675 TI - [Neurologic myocarditis (cardiopathy in Friedreich's disease)]. PMID- 14786676 TI - [Treatment of coryza with 2-phenylbenzylaminomethyl-imidazoline hydrochloride]. PMID- 14786677 TI - [Ten years of malaria control]. PMID- 14786679 TI - [Cancer of the thyroid]. PMID- 14786678 TI - [Case of gastric filling defect]. PMID- 14786680 TI - [Rheumatic fever and aureomycin]. PMID- 14786681 TI - [First impressions on the use of "antagonist complexes" with reference to two cases of typhoid fever treated with mogrebin A. O. 4.574]. PMID- 14786682 TI - [Crenoclimatic therapy in cardiovascular diseases of endocrine origin]. PMID- 14786683 TI - [Disorders of vitamin metabolism in hepatic diseases; therapeutic importance]. PMID- 14786684 TI - [Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with nitrogen mustards]. PMID- 14786685 TI - [Transorbital leukotomy]. PMID- 14786686 TI - [Study of species and genera of fungi existing in the atmosphere of Cadiz and influences which determine their presence]. PMID- 14786687 TI - [Case of pronounced pulmonary hypoplasia with oxycephalia and oligophrenia]. PMID- 14786688 TI - [Prognosis and prophylaxis of intestinal hemorrhages in typhoid-paratyphoid group]. PMID- 14786689 TI - [Pseudoarthrosis with avascular necrosis of the carpal scaphoid]. PMID- 14786690 TI - [Streptomycin in intestinal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786691 TI - [Lobectomy for suppurative hydatid cyst in pregnancy]. PMID- 14786692 TI - [Surgical extraction of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica) from the common bile duct]. PMID- 14786694 TI - [Nuclear icterus (kernicterus)]. PMID- 14786693 TI - [Surgery of heart diseases]. PMID- 14786695 TI - [Technic of microprecipitin reaction]. PMID- 14786696 TI - [Importance of tuberculous adenopathies in etiopathogenesis and in treatment of chronic tuberculous nodular vasculitis (Bazin's syndrome)]. PMID- 14786698 TI - [Frequency of asymptomatic and multiple tumors in old age]. PMID- 14786697 TI - [Accidental lead poisoning]. PMID- 14786699 TI - [Statistical data on 1,267 cases of acute appendicitis operated during 7 years in the Hospital Provincial de Madrid]. PMID- 14786701 TI - [Syndromes of right iliac fossa; report of a case]. PMID- 14786700 TI - [Cases of ascariasis of the bile ducts]. PMID- 14786702 TI - [Case of anxiety depression cured following a slight stroke]. PMID- 14786703 TI - [Treatment of pulmonary abscess]. PMID- 14786704 TI - [Erythrocytes cold autoagglutination]. PMID- 14786705 TI - [Angiomatous form of hepatic insufficiency]. PMID- 14786706 TI - [Functional anisocoria]. PMID- 14786707 TI - [Proteins and antibodies]. PMID- 14786708 TI - [Mortality in subtotal gastrectomy for gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14786709 TI - [Endocrine etiology of affections of the calcaneus and dental caries]. PMID- 14786710 TI - [Rupture of hepatic hydatid cyst into the biliary tract]. PMID- 14786711 TI - [Marfan's syndrome in brother and sister]. PMID- 14786712 TI - [Delayed hemorrhage in accidental surgical wound of the carotid sinus treated by lateral suture]. PMID- 14786713 TI - [Acute tuberculous cholecystitis]. PMID- 14786714 TI - [New therapeutic methods in the treatment of rheumatic disease]. PMID- 14786715 TI - Disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism in infantile malnutrition. PMID- 14786716 TI - [Use of bacitracin in the treatment of enterocolitis due to Balantidium coli]. PMID- 14786717 TI - [Familial brachydactylia followed through 5 generations]. PMID- 14786718 TI - [Symposium on the milk problem]. PMID- 14786719 TI - [Infantil asthma and endoscopy]. PMID- 14786720 TI - [Retrolental fibroplasia or Terry's disease; clinical case report]. PMID- 14786721 TI - [Modern aspects of the treatment of whooping cough]. PMID- 14786722 TI - [Hydrocephalus and therapy; study of 50 cases]. PMID- 14786723 TI - [Use of evaporated skimmed milk fortified with non-fermentable sugars in infant nutrition]. PMID- 14786724 TI - [Non-specific gastric granulomas]. PMID- 14786725 TI - [Results of the therapeutic use of vitamin B12]. PMID- 14786726 TI - [Niches of the greater curvature of the stomach]. PMID- 14786727 TI - [Jejunal traumatic ulcer]. PMID- 14786728 TI - [Case of gastric fibroma]. PMID- 14786729 TI - [Grave gastric hemorrhages in the aged caused by peptic ulcer]. PMID- 14786730 TI - [Emotions and colonopathy]. PMID- 14786731 TI - [New aspects in the biochemistry of digestive ferments]. PMID- 14786732 TI - [Liver pathology in the child and the problem of cirrhosis]. PMID- 14786733 TI - [Chronic form of idiopathic hemolytic anemia in a child]. PMID- 14786734 TI - [Mesenteric lymphadenitis in children]. PMID- 14786735 TI - [Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis]. PMID- 14786736 TI - [Chloromycetin and typhoid fever]. PMID- 14786737 TI - [Infantile Mediterranean anemia (Cooley's disease)]. PMID- 14786738 TI - [Congenital atresia of the tricuspid valve]. PMID- 14786739 TI - [Treatment of psychoses in children]. PMID- 14786740 TI - [Ancient history of rickets]. PMID- 14786741 TI - [Tuberculosis of the endometrium; studies on 55 cases]. PMID- 14786743 TI - [Extrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 14786742 TI - [National campaign of antituberculosis vaccination]. PMID- 14786745 TI - [Summary of achievements of the Sanatorio Maratimo Nacional de Pedrosa (Santander) for the last two years]. PMID- 14786744 TI - [Studies on the Di Maria's flocculation reaction in clinical aspect of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786746 TI - [Dexiocardia and visceral inversion]. PMID- 14786747 TI - [Veritol test in thoracic surgery]. PMID- 14786749 TI - [Benda-Urquia granulogram in experimental tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786748 TI - [Extrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 14786750 TI - [New observation of para-coccidioidal granuloma]. PMID- 14786751 TI - [Cervicofacial actinomycosis and sulfones]. PMID- 14786752 TI - [Practical device for creating a carbon dioxide atmosphere in culture mediums]. PMID- 14786753 TI - [Endovenous novocaine as an obstetric antispasmodic and analgesic]. PMID- 14786754 TI - [Submental fistula from paradental cyst]. PMID- 14786755 TI - [Principal anatomic knowledge of teeth]. PMID- 14786756 TI - [Modern rationalization of the radiologic activity in the Department of Clinical Pediatrics of the University]. PMID- 14786757 TI - [Dr. Vincente J. Bertola]. PMID- 14786758 TI - [Breech presentation in primiparas over 30 years old]. PMID- 14786759 TI - [Use of intravenous iron in treatment of hypochromic anemias of pregnancy]. PMID- 14786760 TI - [Solid vaginal teratoma]. PMID- 14786762 TI - [Our experience with the Friedmann reaction]. PMID- 14786761 TI - [Heterospecific pregnancy]. PMID- 14786763 TI - [Two food habit surveys at the Bahia Maternal Welfare Clinic; preliminary note]. PMID- 14786764 TI - [Chloroquine in the treatment of intestinal ulcerations from Endamoeba histolytica]. PMID- 14786765 TI - [Treatment of strongyloidiasis with hetrazan]. PMID- 14786766 TI - [Taeniasis and hetrazan]. PMID- 14786767 TI - Chloroquine for amoebic liver abscess. PMID- 14786768 TI - [Use polyvinyl alcohol of medium viscosity as a medium for the mounting of larvae, pupae and masculine terminalia of mosquitoes]. PMID- 14786769 TI - [Simple method for the exact determination of fields of special interest in microscopic preparations]. PMID- 14786770 TI - [Observations relative to the mechanism of action of benzene hexachloride or 666 on Triatoma]. PMID- 14786771 TI - [Parasitic appendicitis]. PMID- 14786772 TI - [Tuberculoid leprotic reaction; extract of a case with colliquative nodular neuritis treated with diasone]. PMID- 14786773 TI - [Impressions on the 7th International Congress of Surgery held 1-5 August in Buenos Aires, Argentina]. PMID- 14786775 TI - [Flight and its use as a therapeutic agent]. PMID- 14786774 TI - [Chromometric evaluation of chloramphenicol]. PMID- 14786776 TI - [Case of tuberculous ulcer of the left bronchus]. PMID- 14786777 TI - [Impressions of the 6th International Congress on Radiology]. PMID- 14786778 TI - [Clinical and laboratory study of obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 14786779 TI - [Acute non-tuberculous diseases of the lung, with special reference to pneumonia]. PMID- 14786780 TI - [Contribution to the study of salicyl compounds]. PMID- 14786781 TI - [Neurological complications of smallpox vaccination in Santiago, Chile]. PMID- 14786782 TI - [Urobilin in normal blood and blood in hepatobiliary diseases]. PMID- 14786783 TI - [Primary cancer of the liver]. PMID- 14786784 TI - [Vascular complications in the brain]. PMID- 14786785 TI - [Subcutaneous protomin-zinc-insulin implants in diabetics; review of results and general discussion of the problem]. PMID- 14786786 TI - [Artificial pneumothorax in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; late results]. PMID- 14786787 TI - [Streptomycin, and chemotherapy in tuberculosis: streptomycin, PAS, promine, TB I]. PMID- 14786788 TI - [Acute infectious lymphocytosis (Carl Smith's disease)]. PMID- 14786789 TI - [High phosphatase level in non-icteric diseases]. PMID- 14786790 TI - [Effect of drug modifiers of neurovegetative tonus on the electrocardiogram]. PMID- 14786791 TI - [Kendall's ACTH, compound E and compound F; present concepts and clinical applications]. PMID- 14786792 TI - [Apparatus for separating proteins from blood plasma or blood serum; original technic]. PMID- 14786793 TI - [Pseudo-cancer of the stomach due to hyperplastic gastritis]. PMID- 14786794 TI - [Vasomotor nerves]. PMID- 14786795 TI - [Penetrasol-benedryl as local antipruritic]. PMID- 14786796 TI - [Therapy of pharmacodynamic action. IV. Transformation of the group of phenylalkylamine (adrenalin, for example) in relation to the theory of the phenomenon of competition]. PMID- 14786797 TI - [Contribution to the etio-pathologic study of asthma and its application to treatment]. PMID- 14786798 TI - [Typhoid and chloromycetin; report of 4 cases]. PMID- 14786799 TI - Adamantinomas. PMID- 14786800 TI - [Spontaneous fracture of the tarsus resembling a tumor]. PMID- 14786801 TI - [Epithelioma of the sweat glands]. PMID- 14786802 TI - [Intervention of the phenomena of ion disequilibrium in the phenomena of biologic disequilibrium and possibly in biologic mutations]. PMID- 14786803 TI - [Epitheliomas of the sweat glands]. PMID- 14786804 TI - [Hypersplenism]. PMID- 14786805 TI - [Epitheliomas of the sweat glands; benign tumors of the sweat glands of atypic, nevic or carcinomatous histology]. PMID- 14786806 TI - [Osteomyelitis of the frontal bone following sinusitis]. PMID- 14786807 TI - [Atabrine therapy of taeniasis]. PMID- 14786808 TI - [Surgical aspects of diseases of the spleen]. PMID- 14786809 TI - [Dr. Raul Sanchez Diaz]. PMID- 14786810 TI - [Use of ethyl ether in the treatment of obliterating arterial diseases of the extremities]. PMID- 14786811 TI - [Intraperitoneal foreign body ingested per. os]. PMID- 14786812 TI - [Neurodocitis of the ulnar nerve due to osteoarthritis of the elbow]. PMID- 14786813 TI - [Standardization of the treatment of recently acquired syphilis; treatment with penicillin-arsenosan-bismuth]. PMID- 14786814 TI - [Rectal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14786816 TI - [Rheumatic diseases from the neurologic point of view]. PMID- 14786815 TI - [Female frigidity]. PMID- 14786817 TI - [Comparative study of colloidal gold reaction, Hanger's and cadmium turbidity test]. PMID- 14786818 TI - [Comparative study of uretero-sigmoidostomies performed in the Archbishopric Hospital of Loayza]. PMID- 14786819 TI - [Study of the third ureter]. PMID- 14786820 TI - [Diagnosis in the Department of Lambayeque of first cases of murine typhus in Peru]. PMID- 14786821 TI - [Minor details of great importance in gastric surgery]. PMID- 14786822 TI - [Fractures of the frontal bone]. PMID- 14786823 TI - [New method of control of diabetes mellitus; hypothesis on its pathogenesis]. PMID- 14786824 TI - [Thrombophlebitis, phlebothrombosis]. PMID- 14786825 TI - [Original test to determine the integrity of the placenta]. PMID- 14786826 TI - [Abdominal pregnancy]. PMID- 14786827 TI - [Gynecological diseases and operations preceding hysterectomy]. PMID- 14786829 TI - [Intermenstrual syndrome]. PMID- 14786828 TI - [Implantation of folliculin crystals in secondary amenorrhea; excellent results in a case of 10 years duration]. PMID- 14786830 TI - [Artificial kidney; technic, indications and results of its application]. PMID- 14786831 TI - [Mercurial nephrosis; clinical therapy and use of artificial kidney]. PMID- 14786832 TI - [Plastic reconstruction of areola with labia minora graft; symmetrical reconstruction of breast contour and size]. PMID- 14786833 TI - [Treatment of the duodenum in gastroduodenectomy]. PMID- 14786834 TI - [Current data on the distribution of Triatoma and Chagas' disease in the State of Sao Paulo]. PMID- 14786836 TI - [Recommendations and conclusions of the First Brazilian Congress of Hematology and Hemotherapy held at Petropolis 21-26 May 1950]. PMID- 14786835 TI - [Sympathectomy by transpleurodiaphragmatic approach in the surgical treatment of arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14786838 TI - [DR. Vital Brazil]. PMID- 14786837 TI - [Treatment of hyperthyroidism; symposium]. PMID- 14786839 TI - [Intracardial catheterization]. PMID- 14786841 TI - [Functional examination of the lungs by spirography]. PMID- 14786840 TI - [Intermittent claudication without peripheral artery obstruction and its organic substratum]. PMID- 14786842 TI - [Jacobaeus operation and subpleural tuberculous lesions]. PMID- 14786843 TI - [Otogenous meningitis due to Escherichia coli]. PMID- 14786844 TI - [Case of hemorrhagic diathesis simulating acute appendicitis]. PMID- 14786845 TI - [First results with a new French curare simulant, flaxedil (3697 R. P.)]. PMID- 14786846 TI - [Treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer; symposium]. PMID- 14786847 TI - [Determination of bismuth in oily injectable preparations]. PMID- 14786848 TI - [Mechanism of herbicide selectivity of 2,4-D or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid]. PMID- 14786849 TI - [Survival of adrenalectomized albino rats]. PMID- 14786850 TI - [Coombs test]. PMID- 14786851 TI - [Large scale production of 4,4-diaminodiphenylsulfone and derivatives for the antileprosy campaign in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil]. PMID- 14786852 TI - [Preparation of new derivatives of tyrothricin]. PMID- 14786853 TI - [Hospital pharmacy; organization of services (outline)]. PMID- 14786854 TI - [Sulfonamides as antagonists of p-aminobenzoic acid]. PMID- 14786855 TI - [Hospital pharmacy; organization of services in the navy]. PMID- 14786856 TI - [Quinones as protective substances against dental caries]. PMID- 14786857 TI - [Antibiotics, zeal of men of science]. PMID- 14786858 TI - [Pulp capping]. PMID- 14786859 TI - [Fracture of the mandible and modern treatment]. PMID- 14786860 TI - [Importance of dental etiology in uveitis]. PMID- 14786861 TI - [Simple but effective method of taking impressions for the full prosthesis]. PMID- 14786862 TI - [Caries balance]. PMID- 14786863 TI - [Permeable structures of the normal enamel]. PMID- 14786864 TI - [Problem of dental and condylar articulation; the basic helicoid principle and also diagonal factors]. PMID- 14786865 TI - [Pathology and surgery of the temporomandibular joint]. PMID- 14786866 TI - [Restorative function of the surgical prosthesis]. PMID- 14786868 TI - [President's opening address]. PMID- 14786867 TI - [Masticatory and mandibular movement]. PMID- 14786869 TI - [The sense of pain]. PMID- 14786871 TI - [Conservation of teeth in treatment of cysts of the jaw]. PMID- 14786870 TI - [Bone and cartilage implantation in maxillofacial surgery]. PMID- 14786872 TI - [Medicinal treatment of granulomas, with radiographic and histologic verification of results]. PMID- 14786873 TI - [Pathology of dental malocclusion]. PMID- 14786874 TI - [Dental prosthesis from scientific viewpoint]. PMID- 14786875 TI - [Novocain injections in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia]. PMID- 14786876 TI - [Prosthetic treatment of speech disorders in palatoschisis]. PMID- 14786877 TI - [Observations on the treatment of incisor malocclusion]. PMID- 14786878 TI - [Prosthetic and logopedic treatment of cleft palate]. PMID- 14786879 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14786880 TI - [Louis Portes (1891-1950)]. PMID- 14786881 TI - [Series of 90 cases of neoplasms of the uterine body; diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 14786882 TI - [Traumatism and cancer of ovaries]. PMID- 14786883 TI - [Technics for interruption of pregnancy]. PMID- 14786884 TI - [Treatment of puerperal mastitis]. PMID- 14786885 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of a chylous cyst of mesentery]. PMID- 14786886 TI - [A case of lipoma of the uterus]. PMID- 14786887 TI - SIXTEENTH International Congress of Ophthalmology, London, July 1950; International Organization against Trachoma. PMID- 14786888 TI - The initial signs of trachoma. PMID- 14786889 TI - [Sensitivity of the trachomatous cornea]. PMID- 14786890 TI - [Results of diathermo-coagulation on 137,200 cases of trachoma in Iran]. PMID- 14786891 TI - The criteria of cure in therapeutic research on trachoma; the effect of sulphanilamide and aureomycin on the infectivity of trachomatous subjects. PMID- 14786892 TI - [Aureomycin in trachoma]. PMID- 14786893 TI - [Campaign against trachoma in Serbia]. PMID- 14786894 TI - [Labial inoculation of trachoma in man]. PMID- 14786895 TI - [Every collyrium, regardless of biochemical composition, should be prepared in isotonic solution in order to be fast-acting, curative and painless]. PMID- 14786896 TI - [Drilling of the tarsus]. PMID- 14786897 TI - [New method of campaigning against trachoma in Poland; shock action]. PMID- 14786898 TI - [Proceedings of the First International Gerontological Conference, Liege, July 10 12, 1950]. PMID- 14786899 TI - [Arteriosclerosis as a normal process of ageing]. PMID- 14786900 TI - Pathogeny of arteriosclerosis. PMID- 14786901 TI - Plasmatic dyscolloidity as cause of atherosclerosis. PMID- 14786902 TI - [Inhibition of experimental cholesterol arteriosclerosis in the rabbit]. PMID- 14786903 TI - [Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis]. PMID- 14786904 TI - [Combined treatment: testosterone propionate-vitamin E and induced atherosclerosis in the rabbit]. PMID- 14786906 TI - Report on post-mortem findings of 1836 inmates of the Old Age Hospital Basle. PMID- 14786905 TI - [Arteriosclerosis within the framework of modern gerontology]. PMID- 14786907 TI - [Relation between calcified valvular stenosis and endocarditis]. PMID- 14786908 TI - Calcification of the left annulus fibrosus (230 cases). PMID- 14786909 TI - [Mortality from cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 14786910 TI - [Vascular disturbances of the ear in senility]. PMID- 14786911 TI - [Physiotherapy in the cardiovascular diseases of the aged]. PMID- 14786912 TI - Renal function of the aged hypertensives and nephrosclerotics. PMID- 14786913 TI - Age changes in renal function. PMID- 14786914 TI - Glossitis as indicator of nutritional deficiency in the aged. PMID- 14786915 TI - [Blood protein changes in old age; research by the methods of "constellations" of reactions and of electrophoresis]. PMID- 14786916 TI - [Metabolic aspects of thrombophilic diathesis]. PMID- 14786917 TI - Organization of an experiment on the influence of nutrition on senescence and on resistance against Koch bacillus in the mouse. PMID- 14786918 TI - [Study of the muscle and serum proteins of mice according to age]. PMID- 14786919 TI - Vitamin C and achromotrichia. PMID- 14786920 TI - The necessity of Vitamin D in old age. PMID- 14786921 TI - [Senescence and rate of wound healing in the rat]. PMID- 14786922 TI - Observations on the nature of the changes in senile skin. PMID- 14786923 TI - [Quantitative data on senescence of the crystalline lens]. PMID- 14786924 TI - [Nutrition and longevity of erythrocytes]. PMID- 14786925 TI - [Bone marrow and peripheral blood in senility]. PMID- 14786926 TI - [New hypothesis on the physiogenesis of old age]. PMID- 14786927 TI - Rejuvenative, or eliminative and preventive treatment of senility, as suggested by experiments on rats. PMID- 14786928 TI - [Study of post-menopause vaginal smears]. PMID- 14786929 TI - [The menopause as the starting point of vascular dyscrasic plethora]. PMID- 14786930 TI - [Senile osteoporotic kyphosis]. PMID- 14786931 TI - [Purely vegetative survival in cerebrosclerosis; euthanasia, dysthanasia, orthothanasia]. PMID- 14786932 TI - [Medico-social problems in terms of disability and old age]. PMID- 14786933 TI - [Increase in mortality among individuals over 65 years old (1936-1948) with particular consideration of certain characteristic diseases]. PMID- 14786934 TI - [Senility and work]. PMID- 14786935 TI - [Disability and old age]. PMID- 14786936 TI - The influence of parental age on the expectation of life. PMID- 14786937 TI - [Cancer in infants and children and relative frequency of sarcomas according to age]. PMID- 14786939 TI - [Activities of the Geriatrics Center at Bari]. PMID- 14786938 TI - [Longevity and the factor of work]. PMID- 14786940 TI - [In memoriam: Andre Gratia]. PMID- 14786942 TI - [Laboratory examinations in a case of generalized infection]. PMID- 14786941 TI - [Advisability of eating preserved vegetables]. PMID- 14786943 TI - [Aureomycin therapy of whooping cough]. PMID- 14786944 TI - [Grave reactions to Hymenoptera stings]. PMID- 14786945 TI - [Virus pneumonia]. PMID- 14786946 TI - [Primary tuberculosis complex in children]. PMID- 14786947 TI - [Malignant tumors of the adrenal cortex with cerebral metastases]. PMID- 14786948 TI - [Blood proteins in high blood pressure]. PMID- 14786949 TI - [National Health Service; administration of hospitals]. PMID- 14786950 TI - [Lorraine epidemic of tularemia; clinical study]. PMID- 14786951 TI - [Partial exchange transfusion for a toxic syndrome following removal of exophthalmic goiter]. PMID- 14786952 TI - [Isolated pericarditis, initial form of Bouillaud's disease]. PMID- 14786953 TI - [Serological tests of hepatic insufficiency in migraine; 50 cases]. PMID- 14786954 TI - [Total monomelic malformation of the leg during Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis; electroencephalographic considerations]. PMID- 14786955 TI - [30 Cases of simplified prostatectomy]. PMID- 14786956 TI - [Cheyne-Stokes dyspnea in cardiac patients; role of slowing of circulation in its production]. PMID- 14786957 TI - [Sodium thiomalate therapy of a post-arsenical erythroderma]. PMID- 14786958 TI - [Physiotherapy in the treatment of chronic rheumatism]. PMID- 14786959 TI - [Antirheumatism action of synthetic estrogens]. PMID- 14786960 TI - [Paraplegia of neuro-anemic appearance with acute onset following massive hemorrhage during pneumonectomy]. PMID- 14786961 TI - [Hirsutism and adrenal tumor]. PMID- 14786962 TI - [Auriculoventricular dissociation improved by mercuric cyanide in the absence of syphilitic etiology]. PMID- 14786964 TI - [Louis Exchaquet]. PMID- 14786963 TI - [Healers of Lorraine in the 17th century]. PMID- 14786965 TI - [Congo red elimination test in clinical practice]. PMID- 14786966 TI - [Surgical therapy of hypospadias]. PMID- 14786967 TI - [Congenital malformations and rickets]. PMID- 14786968 TI - [Lathyrism]. PMID- 14786969 TI - [Fatal late diphtheritic paralysis in adults]. PMID- 14786971 TI - [General therapy of allergic diseases]. PMID- 14786970 TI - [Enterococcic endocarditis cured with penicillin]. PMID- 14786972 TI - [Classification of diseases of the spleen based on indications or contraindications for splenectomy]. PMID- 14786973 TI - [Cell life outside the organism]. PMID- 14786974 TI - [A family of hemophiliacs in central Valais]. PMID- 14786975 TI - [Choice of antibiotics in the treatment of infections]. PMID- 14786976 TI - [Phytotherapy of liver disease]. PMID- 14786977 TI - [Spasmophilia of the gallbladder]. PMID- 14786978 TI - [Liver and vitamins]. PMID- 14786979 TI - [Natural springs of Vichy from antiquity to the present]. PMID- 14786980 TI - [Corticography]. PMID- 14786981 TI - [Electroencephalogram of sleep in children]. PMID- 14786982 TI - [Peroperative corticographic recording of epileptogenic foci and control of the area of the necessary excision]. PMID- 14786983 TI - [Electrocorticography (ECG) in 5 cases of cerebral tumor]. PMID- 14786984 TI - [Discussion on corticography]. PMID- 14786985 TI - [Localizing value of clinical symptoms in temporal epilepsy in relation to electroencephalographic signs]. PMID- 14786986 TI - [Study of the localization of electric anomalies during epileptic seizures presenting conjugated deviation of the head and eyes]. PMID- 14786987 TI - [Interpretation of the extinction phenomenon during the initial phase of focal cortical seizures]. PMID- 14786988 TI - [Study of the rapid rhythmic hypersynchronism during epileptic focal cortical seizures]. PMID- 14786989 TI - [Electroencephalographic aspect of epileptic cataplexy]. PMID- 14786990 TI - [Foci of positive point-waves in E.E.G]. PMID- 14786991 TI - [Anatomic and bioelectric study of 10 meningiomas]. PMID- 14786992 TI - [E.E.G. localization of frontal tumors]. PMID- 14786993 TI - [Electrographic signs of tumors of the posterior fossa]. PMID- 14786994 TI - [Electroencephalographic study of sleep epilepsies]. PMID- 14786995 TI - [Epileptic seizures followed by sleep; activation of E.E.G. by hyperpnoea and sleep]. PMID- 14786996 TI - [Electrocorticography of the seizure of focal epilepsy]. PMID- 14786997 TI - [Electroencephalogram of hemiplegia of vascular origin; modification of walking and narcotic states by 245 R. P]. PMID- 14786998 TI - [Electroencephalographic modifications observed in various cardiovascular states, spontaneously and following excitation of the carotid sinus and investigation of the oculo-cardiac reflex]. PMID- 14786999 TI - [Four cases of electroencephalographic study of thromboses of the internal carotid artery]. PMID- 14787000 TI - [Advantage of electroencephalography in certain ocular affections; particularly in sympathetic ophthalmia]. PMID- 14787001 TI - [Light stimulation]. PMID- 14787002 TI - [Diagnostic value of intermittent light stimulation]. PMID- 14787003 TI - [Utilization of injectable trimethadion in electroencephalography]. PMID- 14787004 TI - [Electromyographic study of mercurial tremor]. PMID- 14787005 TI - [Contribution to the study of the mechanism of synchronization of motor units in sequels of poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14787006 TI - [Measurement of myoclonic threshold in hysteria]. PMID- 14787007 TI - [Modifications of the electroencephalogram caused by Rorschach tests in neuropathy]. PMID- 14787008 TI - [Rorschach test in relation to the evolution of E.E.G. in certain epileptic children]. PMID- 14787009 TI - [Electroencephalographic study of anxiety in the normal waking unanesthetized dog]. PMID- 14787010 TI - [On the electric activity of the rabbit brain and a particular electromotor correlation]. PMID- 14787011 TI - [The releasing electronic circuit of H. Shipton and W. Grey Walter; its application in clinical electroencephalography]. PMID- 14787012 TI - [Preparation technique of a deep polygraphic needle]. PMID- 14787014 TI - [Physiologic bases of electroencephalography]. PMID- 14787013 TI - [Nickel as a source of artifact in E. E. G. and E. C. G]. PMID- 14787015 TI - [Electroencephalography in neurosurgery]. PMID- 14787016 TI - [Electroencephalographic conception of psychomotor epilepsy]. PMID- 14787017 TI - [Electromyography in diagnosis of centran and peripheral lesions of the nervous system]. PMID- 14787018 TI - [Actual problems of the anatomy of the thalamus]. PMID- 14787019 TI - [Physiology of the thalamus]. PMID- 14787020 TI - [Pathology of the optic thalamus]. PMID- 14787021 TI - [Clinical study of the thalamic syndrome]. PMID- 14787022 TI - [Diseases of filterable virus; introductory remarks]. PMID- 14787024 TI - [Etiology, epidemiology and diagnosis of epidemic encephalitis]. PMID- 14787023 TI - [Virus infections of human nervous system; classification and general considerations]. PMID- 14787025 TI - [Problem of poliomyelitic virus]. PMID- 14787026 TI - [Virus of herpes, herpes zoster choriomeningitis & rabies]. PMID- 14787027 TI - [Surgery of cords and pain routes in medulla and brain stem]. PMID- 14787028 TI - [Prefrontal leucotomy and topectomy for the treatment of irreducible pain]. PMID- 14787029 TI - [Treatment of pain by sympathectomy]. PMID- 14787030 TI - [Surgery of migraine]. PMID- 14787031 TI - [Balint type psychic paralysis during the evolution of Balo type leuko encephalitis]. PMID- 14787032 TI - [Anatomo-evolutive study of Bourneville's phacomatosis treated to topectomy]. PMID- 14787033 TI - [Complex progressive neurological syndrome in children explained partly by an ensemble of cervico-cranial articulation malformations with basilar impression]. PMID- 14787034 TI - [2 Cases of post-anesthetic encephalopathy]. PMID- 14787035 TI - [Progressive scleroderma; muscular dystrophy; endocrine syndrome]. PMID- 14787036 TI - [A peculiar form of progressive polymyositis]. PMID- 14787037 TI - [Effort dystonia with torsion spasm, probable retarded sequel of fetal-maternal iso-immunization]. PMID- 14787038 TI - [A new physiological method of examining human striated muscle]. PMID- 14787039 TI - [2 Recent cases of pupillotonia with tendon areflexia: the Weill-Ryes or Adie syndrome]. PMID- 14787040 TI - [Semeiological value of paravertebral faradic cutaneous hyperalgesia]. PMID- 14787041 TI - [Diagnosis of non-traumatic facial asymmetry; indications and technics of treatment by maxillo-facial surgery]. PMID- 14787043 TI - [Extractions in orthodontics]. PMID- 14787042 TI - [New method of buried suture in esthetic surgery]. PMID- 14787044 TI - [A case of generalized fibrogeodic osteitis of von Recklinghausen type without hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 14787045 TI - [Residual sublocations of the hip after orthopedic treatment of congenital dislocations]. PMID- 14787046 TI - [Posterior subastragalar osteoarthritis; new clinical and therapeutic notes]. PMID- 14787047 TI - [Slight tibial dysplasia; result of transplantation of the internal malleolus and removal of periosteum of tibia for lengthening]. PMID- 14787048 TI - [Two cases of carpal boss]. PMID- 14787049 TI - [Myeloplax tumors of spine]. PMID- 14787050 TI - [Osseous fibroma of mastoid region]. PMID- 14787051 TI - [Treatment of pseudoarthrosis of bones of the forearm]. PMID- 14787052 TI - [Subtrochanterian osteotomycin in the treatment of inveterate congenital dislocation of the hip]. PMID- 14787053 TI - [Dislocations of the patella with the exception of recent traumatic dislocations]. PMID- 14787054 TI - [Antibiotics and chemotherapy of bone and joint tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787056 TI - [Treatment of pseudoarthrosis of neck of femur]. PMID- 14787055 TI - [Ischiofemoral arthrodesis (18 cases)]. PMID- 14787057 TI - [Treatment of laxity of the knee]. PMID- 14787058 TI - [Treatment of laxity of the knee]. PMID- 14787059 TI - [Vertebral block]. PMID- 14787060 TI - [Treatment of pseudoarthrosis of the humerus]. PMID- 14787061 TI - [Prosthetic reconstruction of femur after resection of its upper half for osteosarcoma]. PMID- 14787062 TI - [Case of para-articular coxalgia cured in 7 months by streptomycin]. PMID- 14787063 TI - [Osteoarticular tuberculosis and streptomycin]. PMID- 14787064 TI - [Little's disease in two monozygotic twins]. PMID- 14787065 TI - [Critical study of Stoffel operation in spastic paralysis of upper extremities]. PMID- 14787066 TI - [Arthroplasty of hip for coxalgia]. PMID- 14787067 TI - [Technic and instrumentation of resection-reconstruction of hip]. PMID- 14787069 TI - [Some cases of amputation pain treated by psychotherapy]. PMID- 14787068 TI - [Boring of femoral head and cotyloid cavity during arthroplasty of hip]. PMID- 14787070 TI - [Radiologic study of grafts after vertebral osteosynthesis]. PMID- 14787071 TI - [Technic of vertebral osteosynthesis]. PMID- 14787072 TI - [Streptomycin and surgical tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787074 TI - [Physiopathology of dehydration and hyperhydration states]. PMID- 14787073 TI - [Biological and clinical aspects of the circulation, fixation and liberation of water in man]. PMID- 14787075 TI - [Phenomena of hydration and dehydration in domestic animals]. PMID- 14787076 TI - [Sweat, metabolism and disintoxication]. PMID- 14787077 TI - [Limits of efficient diuresis]. PMID- 14787078 TI - [Diuresis and kidney physiology]. PMID- 14787079 TI - [Process of graphic representation of diuresis]. PMID- 14787080 TI - [Rhythm of the diuresis and of the neuro-vegetative activity; etiology of certain forms of oliguria and opsiuria]. PMID- 14787081 TI - [Hepatic edema]. PMID- 14787082 TI - [Experimental research on certain mineral waters]. PMID- 14787083 TI - [Increased life expectancy and its influence on the aging of the population]. PMID- 14787084 TI - [Surgical forms of non-tuberculous sacroiliac arthralgia and arthritis]. PMID- 14787085 TI - [Sacroiliac joints in spondylitis ankylopoietica; radiology of normal sacroiliac joints]. PMID- 14787086 TI - [Involvement of sacroiliac joints in so-called Reiter's syndrome]. PMID- 14787087 TI - [Cycle of tuberculous infection and several points regarding phthisiogenesis]. PMID- 14787088 TI - [Influence of the number of inoculated bacilli on the development of experimental tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787089 TI - [Exogenous reinfection in cured tuberculous patients; comparative frequency of relapse among former tuberculous physicians treating tuberculosis and those not treating tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787090 TI - [Complications of pulmonary resections for tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787091 TI - [Present status of tuberculosis therapy with thiosemicarbazones]. PMID- 14787092 TI - [BCG vaccination of allergic subjects]. PMID- 14787093 TI - [Dry BCG vaccination of young miners]. PMID- 14787094 TI - [Caverns of the base of the lung and pseudo-cavitary images during primary and tertiary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787095 TI - [Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis by plaster immobilization]. PMID- 14787096 TI - [Closed and healed caverns; diagnostic elements]. PMID- 14787097 TI - [Closed and healed caverns; case report]. PMID- 14787098 TI - [Apparent healing of caverns with persistance of the cavity]. PMID- 14787099 TI - [Use of antibiotics in the course of treatment by speleostomy]. PMID- 14787100 TI - [Cutaneo-mucosal accidents due to streptomycin]. PMID- 14787101 TI - [Absence of infection among 33 vaccinated subjects in contact with tuberculosis in the family]. PMID- 14787102 TI - [Primary infections of adults simulating tertiary lesions and pseudo-reversal of allergy]. PMID- 14787103 TI - [Multiple localizations, articular, pleural, pulmonary, otitic and mastoid, in the course of secondary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787104 TI - [Use of pneumo-dilator drugs in the treatment of suppurative pleurisy of pneumothorax]. PMID- 14787105 TI - [Atelectasis followed by bronchogenic dissemination by lymph node fistula in the course of primary infection]. PMID- 14787106 TI - [Current prognosis and treatment of primary infection in infants]. PMID- 14787107 TI - [Simultaneous presence in sputum of streptomycin-resistant and streptomycin sensitive Koch bacilli]. PMID- 14787108 TI - [Pleural effusions appearing during streptomycin therapy]. PMID- 14787109 TI - [Chest wound complicated by pleural tuberculosis after 35-year latent period]. PMID- 14787110 TI - [Febrile, cutaneous and renal manifestations of intolerance in a patient treated with PAS]. PMID- 14787111 TI - [Case-history of a lymph node perforation in the course of primary infection of an adult]. PMID- 14787112 TI - [Bulletin of the National Committee on the Fight against Tuberculosis; standard internal organization of public pulmonary tuberculosis sanatoria]. PMID- 14787113 TI - [Pneumoperitoneum performed separately without surgery on the phrenic nerve in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787114 TI - [Importance of the hemagglutination reaction in diagnosis of tuberculosis and control of BCG vaccination]. PMID- 14787115 TI - [Streptomycin-resistance of Koch's bacillus in cavitary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787116 TI - [Relation between the virulence of Koch's bacillus and the clinical forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. II]. PMID- 14787117 TI - [Surgical pneumolysis of the base of the lung; indications for operation]. PMID- 14787118 TI - [Volumetric quotient in the study of pulmonary ventilation]. PMID- 14787119 TI - [Apico-dorsal zonectomy for an isolated cavern in the upper left lobe]. PMID- 14787120 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis surgery in a sanatorium; 500 consecutive interventions without mortality]. PMID- 14787121 TI - [Return of the lung to the wall in extrapleural pneumothorax; reflections on the maintenance of the gas pockets]. PMID- 14787122 TI - [Collapsotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis among Moslems in Morocco]. PMID- 14787123 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis with aspect of secondary neoplastic nuclei]. PMID- 14787124 TI - [50 Borderline cases of pulmonary tuberculosis treated with extrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 14787125 TI - [Dramatic asphyxial complication on the 10th day following estrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 14787126 TI - [Extraperiosteal pneumothorax in two stages; 3 years experience]. PMID- 14787127 TI - [Effects of intercurrent acute lobar pneumonia on the evolution of silicotuberculosis]. PMID- 14787128 TI - [Prognosis of tuberculous stenosis of the bronchus of the right upper lobe]. PMID- 14787129 TI - [Extraperiosteal substitution pneumothorax in pleuropulmonary perforation]. PMID- 14787130 TI - [Intolerance to para-amino-salicylic acid, including 3 cases of purpura]. PMID- 14787131 TI - [Abridgement and complication of the evolutive cycle of tuberculosis infection in a North African native]. PMID- 14787132 TI - [Use of acrylic resin balls in thoracoplasty]. PMID- 14787133 TI - [Bulletin of the National Committee of Tuberculosis Control; standard internal organization of public pulmonary tuberculosis sanatoriums]. PMID- 14787134 TI - [Diet for pulmonary tuberculosis treated in the sanatorium]. PMID- 14787136 TI - Felty's syndrome: clinical and therapeutic remarks. PMID- 14787135 TI - Herniation of the lumbar intervertebral disc and its relationship to other diseases of the spine. PMID- 14787137 TI - On the pathomechanism and therapy of the low back syndrome with special reference to osteoporosis of the spine. PMID- 14787138 TI - Gold treatment of rheumatoid arthritis at Aso and at Sodersjukhus (762 treatments) in 1932-46. PMID- 14787139 TI - Osteo-arthritis of the hip-joint. PMID- 14787140 TI - Metastatic Krukenberg tumor of the ovary, primary in the breast; with six year survival. PMID- 14787141 TI - Use of testosterone in breast tumor; a case report. PMID- 14787142 TI - Serum protein cephalin flocculation, and thymol turbidity alterations in lupus erythematosus disseminatus; a case report. PMID- 14787143 TI - [Pains of the back; diagnosis and surgical treatment of lumbo-sacral pains]. PMID- 14787144 TI - [Pains of the back; diagnosis and treatment of dorsal pains in the adult]. PMID- 14787145 TI - [Sciatica; etiology and pathogenesis]. PMID- 14787146 TI - [Clinical examination of a patient with sciatic pains]. PMID- 14787147 TI - [Clinical diagnosis of sciatica]. PMID- 14787148 TI - [Radiologic examination of sciatica]. PMID- 14787149 TI - [Localized traumatic lesions]. PMID- 14787150 TI - [Surgical technic and indications for radio-carpo-metacarpal arthrodesis by graft]. PMID- 14787151 TI - [Vascular factor in determinism of Werlhof's disease]. PMID- 14787152 TI - [Clinical and experimental research on hexanitromesoinositol in arterial hypertension and vascular spasm]. PMID- 14787153 TI - [Surgical indications in bronchiectasis on the basis of its etiopathogenesis, anatomy and pathological physiology]. PMID- 14787154 TI - [Toxoplasmosis in man]. PMID- 14787155 TI - [5 Cases of typhoid treated with chloromycetin]. PMID- 14787156 TI - [Carlo Gamna]. PMID- 14787157 TI - [Findings on the postoperative syndrome in extrapleural pneumothorax and apical thoracoplasty]. PMID- 14787158 TI - [Residual prothrombin in hematic diseases]. PMID- 14787159 TI - [Tetraethylthiuram disulfide and method of applying it in the treatment of chronic alcoholism]. PMID- 14787160 TI - [Pathergometric findings in mental diseases and arthropathies treated with Lewin and Wassen therapy]. PMID- 14787161 TI - [The anesthetic chart in surgery]. PMID- 14787162 TI - [Diagnosis of the nature of intracranial tumors]. PMID- 14787163 TI - [Bronchial carcinoma in a case of cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis, with rapid succession of mediastinal emphysema, subcutaneous emphysema, lobar atelectasis and right pulmonary atelectasis]. PMID- 14787164 TI - [Neurovegetative reactions and metabolism of adrenalin in the intravenous adrenalin load test; immediate behavior of the glycemic level]. PMID- 14787165 TI - [Farewell, dear old clinical medicine]. PMID- 14787166 TI - [Treatment of herpes zoster with liver extracts]. PMID- 14787167 TI - [Brief statistical data on venereal diseases in women]. PMID- 14787168 TI - [Dystrophy of diencephalon-pituitary origin]. PMID- 14787169 TI - [Pathology, clinical aspects and therapy of essential hypertension]. PMID- 14787170 TI - [Ophthalmological signs in essential arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14787171 TI - [Current orientations in the surgical therapy of essential hypertension]. PMID- 14787172 TI - [Diagnosis of primary cancer of the lung]. PMID- 14787174 TI - [Radiological diagnosis and therapy of pulmonary cancer]. PMID- 14787173 TI - [Pathological anatomy of primary carcinoma of the lung]. PMID- 14787175 TI - [Cancer of the lung]. PMID- 14787176 TI - [Surgical treatment of cancer of the rectum]. PMID- 14787178 TI - [The great omentum considered in accordance with biological, medical and practical surgical criteria]. PMID- 14787177 TI - [Surgical and hormonal therapy of cryptorchidism]. PMID- 14787179 TI - [Sport medicine and its present trend in Italy]. PMID- 14787180 TI - [Anemia due to malpositions of the stomach]. PMID- 14787181 TI - [Findings on the action of streptomycin in leprosy]. PMID- 14787182 TI - [Behavior of lymphoid tissue of guinea pigs subjected to iodine therapy]. PMID- 14787183 TI - [ACTH and cortisone in clinical medicine and therapy]. PMID- 14787184 TI - [Indications and limitations of heparin therapy in specific serositis]. PMID- 14787185 TI - [Anemia and hemolysis in malignant lymphogranuloma]. PMID- 14787186 TI - [Amniotic hernia]. PMID- 14787187 TI - [International Congress of Hematology, Cambridge, 21-26 August 1950]. PMID- 14787188 TI - [Regressive phenomena of the sympathetic ganglia in peripheral arteritis]. PMID- 14787189 TI - [Neoplasms of the reticuloendothelial system of the uterus]. PMID- 14787190 TI - [Cytokaryologic research on the cells of the "germinative center" of the lymphatic follicle, in conditions of hyperplasia]. PMID- 14787191 TI - [Cytokaryologic study of glioma; karyologic diagnosis of glioma]. PMID- 14787192 TI - [Multiple cutaneous and visceral metastases with very rapid evolution following duodenal carcinoma]. PMID- 14787193 TI - [A case of Brenner tumor]. PMID- 14787194 TI - [Contribution to the cytokaryologic study of glioma. Note II. Karyology of some tumoral cytotypes of glioma and of the hyperplastic astrocytary glia]. PMID- 14787195 TI - [Further contribution to the study of subependymal nodular gliomatosis]. PMID- 14787196 TI - [Contribution to the study of cutaneous metastases of gastric carcinoma and their routes of dissemination]. PMID- 14787197 TI - [Etiopathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer (experimental contribution)]. PMID- 14787198 TI - [Myxoglobulosis of the vermiform appendix]. PMID- 14787199 TI - [Cytokaryologic study of cerebral tumors. Note III. Spongioneuroblastoma]. PMID- 14787200 TI - [Lymphatic cysts of the pharyngo-laryngeal region]. PMID- 14787201 TI - [Anatomopathological contribution to the study of encapsulating chronic peritonitis]. PMID- 14787202 TI - [Factors determining development of cancer]. PMID- 14787203 TI - [Ectopic pinealoma with malformation of pineal body]. PMID- 14787204 TI - [Vascular hyalinosis of the brain]. PMID- 14787205 TI - [Dissociation and heredity in bacteria]. PMID- 14787206 TI - [Considerations and hypotheses on the secretory processes of the endocrine glands]. PMID- 14787207 TI - [Resumption of contractility in fatigued muscles]. PMID- 14787208 TI - [Genetic aspects of some problems of sex]. PMID- 14787209 TI - [Regeneration of the spinal cord of larvae of anurous amphibians and its relations with the notochord]. PMID- 14787210 TI - [Hormone stimulation of rooting]. PMID- 14787211 TI - [Nature of the Timofeew-Sala apparatus]. PMID- 14787212 TI - [Germinability of the conidia of Oidium moniloides Link]. PMID- 14787213 TI - [Nucleic acids and phosphatases in the development of Lymnaea]. PMID- 14787214 TI - [Experimental research on a strain of Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis isolated from a pigeon]. PMID- 14787215 TI - [Presence in the cerebrospinal fluid of a reticulocytogenic factor]. PMID- 14787216 TI - [Research on catalase (Spirito's oxyphore) in the blood of various animal species]. PMID- 14787217 TI - [Study of a bacteriophage active on Bacillus megatherium]. PMID- 14787218 TI - [Larval forms of the Multiceps type in Mus musculus v. albinus]. PMID- 14787219 TI - [Fibrocystic disease of the pancreas; synthetic review and personal contribution]. PMID- 14787220 TI - [Streptomycin treatment of acute tuberculosis of children]. PMID- 14787221 TI - [Diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis and of miliary tuberculosis in infants]. PMID- 14787222 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of acute tuberculosis of children; general posology and treatment]. PMID- 14787223 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of acute tuberculosis of children; route of administration of the antibiotic in tuberculous meningitis (spinal, suboccipital, ventricular, subdural)]. PMID- 14787224 TI - [Determination of streptomycin in body fluids]. PMID- 14787225 TI - [Neurosurgical treatment of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14787226 TI - [Role of neurosurgery in tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14787227 TI - [Cerebrospinal fluid and intraspinal treatment of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14787228 TI - [Elements of prognosis of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14787229 TI - [Prognosis of tuberculous meningitis based on the cerebrospinal fluid curve]. PMID- 14787230 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of acute tuberculosis of children; data on ophthalmologic examination]. PMID- 14787231 TI - [Electroencephalography and tuberculous meningitis in infants]. PMID- 14787232 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of acute tuberculosis of children; bacteriologic data]. PMID- 14787233 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of acute tuberculosis of children; bacteriology]. PMID- 14787234 TI - [Untoward effects of streptomycin]. PMID- 14787235 TI - [Sequels of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14787236 TI - [Modifications of pathologic anatomy of tuberculous lesions due to administration of streptomycin]. PMID- 14787237 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of acute tuberculosis of children; treatment of miliary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787238 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of acute tuberculosis of children; associated therapy]. PMID- 14787239 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of acute tuberculosis of children; treatment of tuberculous meningitis; general conclusions]. PMID- 14787240 TI - [Psychologic tests in phrenasthenia treated with glutamic acid and pyridoxine]. PMID- 14787241 TI - [Use of PAS in therapy of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14787242 TI - [New technic of the diffusion index with para-aminosalicylic acid in the local therapy of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14787243 TI - [Methods of diagnosis of spasmophilic diathesis and their clinical evaluation]. PMID- 14787244 TI - [Endopleural streptomycin therapy of primary infantile pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787245 TI - [Elements of infantile neuropsychology. VI. Character examination]. PMID- 14787246 TI - [Our experience with the streptomycin therapy of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, with special reference to osteo-articular localizations]. PMID- 14787247 TI - [Elements of child neuropsychology. VII. Abnormalities of intelligence and character]. PMID- 14787248 TI - [Functional significance of Cytronberg test and its diagnostic importance in diseases of the stomach]. PMID- 14787249 TI - [A case of cystic pneumatosis of the small intestine]. PMID- 14787250 TI - [Bile salts and the blood protein picture]. PMID- 14787251 TI - [Erminio Carlinfanti, 1911-1950]. PMID- 14787252 TI - [General pathology of virus infections]. PMID- 14787253 TI - [Method of microbiologic determination of penicillin in fluid substrated]. PMID- 14787254 TI - [Effect of administration of cholesterol on bactericidal power against E. typhi and on lysozyme of rabbit serum]. PMID- 14787255 TI - [Action of rutin on histamine, acetylcholine and anaphylactic shock]. PMID- 14787256 TI - [Climatic child welfare colonies on the Rimini coast (1949); data and review]. PMID- 14787257 TI - [Incidence of tuberculosis in the San Marino Republic. I. Mortality from tuberculosis in the forty year period 1908-1947]. PMID- 14787258 TI - [Virulence by subcutaneous route of fixed rabies virus added to the saliva of normal dogs]. PMID- 14787259 TI - [Bactericidal action of some organic derivatives of the mercury]. PMID- 14787260 TI - [Skin reaction with Petragnani's anatuberculin (anatest) in sanatorial practice]. PMID- 14787261 TI - [Dental caries in territories with water lacking in fluorine]. PMID- 14787262 TI - [Experimental research in vitro on the resistance of bacteria to sulfamides and penicillin in conservative dentistry]. PMID- 14787263 TI - [Technical details on anesthesia of the inferior dental nerve through the mouth]. PMID- 14787264 TI - [Neo-Hysomor tooth brush: new type for children in schools and social organizations]. PMID- 14787265 TI - [Class I malocclusions]. PMID- 14787266 TI - [Forms and uses of compound cushions and elastic bands in orthodontics]. PMID- 14787267 TI - [Further contribution to the study of granulomatous cheilitis]. PMID- 14787268 TI - [Social dentistry, with particular reference to pedodontia]. PMID- 14787269 TI - [Pulp changes due to filling with self-polymerizing resin; experimental research]. PMID- 14787270 TI - [Fractures of the coronoid process of the mandible]. PMID- 14787271 TI - [Removable partial prosthesis]. PMID- 14787272 TI - Simplified, handy and economical construction of an automatic siphon sluice for the control of stream-breeding anopheles, vector of malaria. PMID- 14787273 TI - [Present concepts on the development of Plasmodium in vertebrates]. PMID- 14787274 TI - [Research on relation between anoxia and insular function of pancreas]. PMID- 14787275 TI - [Usefulness of the helicopter in medical field]. PMID- 14787276 TI - [War and ocular diseases]. PMID- 14787277 TI - [Psychoneurotic type disorders in aviators in wartime; contribution to nosographic picture of war psychoneuroses]. PMID- 14787278 TI - [International Convention for Aerial Navigation of 1944; considerations on the concept of medical supervision applied in the extensive manner proposed by the convention; airport organization in actual practice in Italy]. PMID- 14787279 TI - [Trilene and analgesia in labor]. PMID- 14787280 TI - [Vitamin B in the mechanism of hepatic inactivation of estrogens; experimental research]. PMID- 14787281 TI - [Rupture of the uterus due to criminal abortion with fatal result' importance of the histological examination in medical jurisprudence]. PMID- 14787282 TI - [Afebrile phlegmasia alba dolens in pregnancy]. PMID- 14787283 TI - [Streptomycin in several cases of specific adnexitis]. PMID- 14787284 TI - [PAS in treatment of tuberculous adnexitis and pelvic peritonitis]. PMID- 14787285 TI - [Epithelioma of the cervix in pregnancy]. PMID- 14787286 TI - [Soskin test for the early diagnosis of pregnancy and treatment of accidental amenorrhea with prostigmine]. PMID- 14787287 TI - [New orientations in the treatment of syphilis with special reference to pregnancy and congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14787288 TI - [Brief note on placenta praevia]. PMID- 14787289 TI - [Etiology of chorionepithelioma not preceded by a hydatid mole; present aspects of the diagnostic problems]. PMID- 14787290 TI - [Contribution to gynecological urology: bladder function in abnormalities of site and position of female internal genitals]. PMID- 14787291 TI - [Pregnancy in adolescents and older women]. PMID- 14787292 TI - [Adolescent primiparae; a clinico-statistical study]. PMID- 14787293 TI - [Alkalizing solutions by hypodermoclysis in obstetrics and gynecology; experimental and clinical research]. PMID- 14787294 TI - [Case of spontaneous rupture of the uterus in labor]. PMID- 14787295 TI - [The physician and the Ogino method]. PMID- 14787296 TI - [Transfusion service and blood banks with particular reference to hospital exigencies]. PMID- 14787297 TI - [Icterus following gastric resection]. PMID- 14787298 TI - [Shock and circulatory collapse]. PMID- 14787299 TI - [Structure and innervation of the pineal gland of mammals]. PMID- 14787300 TI - [Blood and cerebrospinal fluid quotient of urea]. PMID- 14787301 TI - [Lipodystrophy associated with diabetes insipidus]. PMID- 14787302 TI - [Study of the medullary pyramidal tracts in cerebral hemiplegia due to capsular lesions]. PMID- 14787303 TI - [Diencephalo-pituitary syndrome as sequel to tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14787304 TI - [Blood cholinesterase in schizophrenia]. PMID- 14787305 TI - [Amentia and the general adaptation syndrome]. PMID- 14787306 TI - [Variations of erythrosedimentation rate induced by electroshock]. PMID- 14787307 TI - [From a hysterical convulsive reaction to paranoia: a clinical case]. PMID- 14787308 TI - [Changes in erythrocyte resistance induced by electroshock]. PMID- 14787309 TI - [Preventive vitamin therapy and cardiazol shock]. PMID- 14787310 TI - [Excitability of cerebral cortex in nicotinic acid and riboflavin therapy]. PMID- 14787311 TI - [Theoretical view of Baruk on mental syndromes]. PMID- 14787312 TI - [Associated autohemo-pyretotherapy]. PMID- 14787313 TI - [Contribution to the pathological morphology of the middle cerebral artery]. PMID- 14787314 TI - [Effect of autohemopyretherapy on the neurovegetative components of various diseases]. PMID- 14787315 TI - [Abnormal hunger due to brain lesion: pituitary tumor and paroxystic bulimia]. PMID- 14787316 TI - [Sensitivity of extrinsic eye muscles]. PMID- 14787317 TI - [Association of sympathicomimetic amines to barbiturics in narcoanalysis]. PMID- 14787318 TI - [Effect of electroshock on the histopathologic picture produced by thiourea derivatives in the rabbit]. PMID- 14787319 TI - [Psychic symptomatology of so-called lipo-fibro-calcareous myopathy]. PMID- 14787320 TI - [Vaccine pyretotherapy of focal brain lesions of probable inflammatory nature]. PMID- 14787321 TI - [Acetylcholine-cholinesterase system in epilepsy]. PMID- 14787322 TI - [The "little insulin"; clinical considerations on a hypoglycemia therapy adopted in neuropsychiatric practice]. PMID- 14787323 TI - [Rare mode of transmission of hereditary spastic spinal paralysis in a family]. PMID- 14787324 TI - [Osvaldo Bumke, 1877-1950]. PMID- 14787325 TI - The American Medical association and the war. PMID- 14787326 TI - Presidential address. PMID- 14787327 TI - A rational approach to the problem of thrombo-embolic disease. PMID- 14787328 TI - Leio-myoma of the terminal ileum. PMID- 14787329 TI - The treatment of ocular tuberculosis with streptomycin. PMID- 14787330 TI - [Success of a blood transfusion with silicone-treated syringe in a case of hemorrhagic thrombocytopathy: importance of silicone for survival of platelets after transfusion]. PMID- 14787331 TI - [Pernicious anemia]. PMID- 14787332 TI - [Research on the blood groups of the PQ system]. PMID- 14787333 TI - [Cold autoagglutination and transfusion. VI drop test in determination of blood groups (with note on priority concerning the V drop test)]. PMID- 14787334 TI - [Effect of dilution on coagulation of plasma in vitro (normal coagulation, retarded coagulation and hemophilic coagulation]. PMID- 14787335 TI - [New studies on sodium citrate in vivo]. PMID- 14787336 TI - [Menstruation; hormonal and neurovascular determinism]. PMID- 14787337 TI - [Existence of a hemorrhagic thrombocytopenic purpura in the course of uremic nephritis]. PMID- 14787338 TI - [Idiopathic infectious eosinophilia; experimental study of a new disease]. PMID- 14787339 TI - [Hanger's cephalin test]. PMID- 14787340 TI - [Behavior of hemochromocytometric picture in pulmonary tuberculosis treated with massive doses of vitamins A and D2]. PMID- 14787341 TI - [Contribution to the study of etiology and pathogenesis of retinal hemorrhage in the newborn]. PMID- 14787342 TI - [Standardization of preoperative examinations of superficial varices of the lower extremity]. PMID- 14787343 TI - Determination of total CO2 in whole blood and plasma in newborn infants by means of Scholander's micro-method. PMID- 14787344 TI - Studies on the circulation of blood in man. VII. The effect of a single intravenous dose of theophylline diethanolamine on cardiac output, pulmonary blood volume and systemic and pulmonary blood pressures in hypertensive cardiovascular disease. PMID- 14787345 TI - The metabolism of the tetraethyl thiuramdisulphide (antabus, aversan) in the rat, investigated by means of radioactive sulphar. PMID- 14787346 TI - The metabolism of tetraethyl thiuramdisulphide (antabus, aversan) in man, investigated by means of radioactive sulphar. PMID- 14787347 TI - The spectrophotometric determination of uroporphyrin. PMID- 14787348 TI - Renal potassium excretion in normal and "toxemic" late pregnancy after ingestion of potassium salts. PMID- 14787349 TI - The relief of nephrotic edema by dextran infusions. PMID- 14787350 TI - On the reducing power of streptomycin. PMID- 14787352 TI - Clinical aspect of the energy problems of heart muscle. PMID- 14787351 TI - A protein synthesis liver factor (P.S. factor) lacking in pernicious anemia and related macrocytic anemias. PMID- 14787353 TI - Concerning the contractile proteins and cardiac glycosides. PMID- 14787354 TI - Submicroscopic structure of striated muscle. PMID- 14787356 TI - [Further studies of the gastrointestinal parasites of cattle and swine]. PMID- 14787355 TI - Estimation of alkali metals in blood and urine by internal standard flame photometry. PMID- 14787357 TI - [Studies on sodium and magnesium methylaminoantipyrinemethanesulfonate (novaminosulfone, magnopyrol). V. Effect on the isolated swine uterus]. PMID- 14787358 TI - [Clinical aspects and treatment of puerperal infection in cattle with the newer sulfonamides and penicillin]. PMID- 14787359 TI - [Canine contagious hepatitis]. PMID- 14787360 TI - [International control of fowl plague]. PMID- 14787361 TI - [Ulrich Duerst]. PMID- 14787362 TI - [Determination of the histamine blood level in the horse]. PMID- 14787363 TI - [Positive intracutaneous tuberculin reactions and nonspecific skin swellings in cattle]. PMID- 14787364 TI - [Laparotomy for neglected torsion of the gravid uterus in the cow]. PMID- 14787365 TI - [Observations on the final report of the Expert Commission on Vaccination against bovine tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787366 TI - [In memory of Dr. Walter Fey]. PMID- 14787368 TI - [Iron deficiency in non-anemic patients]. PMID- 14787367 TI - [In memory of Dr. Thomas Curschella]. PMID- 14787370 TI - [Dieulafoy's acute isolated erosion of the stomach with fatal massive hemorrhage]. PMID- 14787369 TI - [Circulatory disorders in diseases of the central nervous system]. PMID- 14787372 TI - [Morphology and function of the athletic heart]. PMID- 14787371 TI - [Fructose and fructolysis in human semen]. PMID- 14787373 TI - [Pyruvic acid metabolism in normal and abnormal pregnancy, in the anesthetized state, and under roentgen irradiation]. PMID- 14787374 TI - [Reply to an article by W. Rubin on the chemotherapeutic tamponade of pulmonary caverns]. PMID- 14787375 TI - [A method of evaluating the functional condition of the bone marrow cells]. PMID- 14787376 TI - [Megaloblasts in the liver culture of a human embryo of 13 mm]. PMID- 14787377 TI - [Spontaneous formation of innerbodies in the newborn]. PMID- 14787378 TI - [Studies of erythrocyte dissolution]. PMID- 14787379 TI - [Central dye-precipitations in the erythrocytes]. PMID- 14787380 TI - [A new method of determining the effects of anticoagulants in vivo and in vitro]. PMID- 14787381 TI - [Pathological modifications of bone associated with anomalous granulation of the leukocytes]. PMID- 14787382 TI - [The so-called prothrombin consumption test in hemophilia (in the male and the carrier) and in Willebrand-Jergens constitutional thrombopathy]. PMID- 14787383 TI - [An unusual form of the hemorrhagic diathesis]. PMID- 14787384 TI - [Hodgkin's cells as tumor cells]. PMID- 14787385 TI - [Contribution of Colley's anemia]. PMID- 14787386 TI - [Addenda to our knowledge on the pathogenesis of toxico-hemolytic anemia following the administration of phenacetin (saridon)]. PMID- 14787387 TI - [The phenomenon of Arthus in the bone marrow; a contribution on the clinical aspect of anaphylactic injury of the bone marrow]. PMID- 14787388 TI - [Case of so-called tropical eosinophilia]. PMID- 14787389 TI - [Cytology of Gaucher's disease]. PMID- 14787390 TI - [Polyadenopathy and splenomegaly following therapy in a case of Addison's disease]. PMID- 14787391 TI - [Case of congenital leukemia]. PMID- 14787392 TI - [Pernicious anemia as the initial phase of an acute erythro-leukemia]. PMID- 14787393 TI - [Obesity and emaciation]. PMID- 14787394 TI - [Gestational hypertension in a new light]. PMID- 14787395 TI - [Clinical observations on fundu liformis infections in gynecology]. PMID- 14787396 TI - [Case of thoracic contusion with Hamman's syndrome and consecutive pneumonia; a contribution to the problem of contusion pneumonia]. PMID- 14787397 TI - [The therapeutic effect of aldehyde derivatives of sulfonamide compounds]. PMID- 14787398 TI - [To Adolf Ritter on his 60th birthday]. PMID- 14787399 TI - [Injurious collateral effects of the therapeutic use of antabuse]. PMID- 14787401 TI - [Pathogenesis of cardiac dyspnea; significance of a bronchospastic component, its diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 14787400 TI - [Cardiac affection in diphtheria]. PMID- 14787402 TI - [Photometric studies on the sugar-permeability of the erythrocytes]. PMID- 14787403 TI - [Silicosis in an industrial foundry]. PMID- 14787405 TI - [Present status of allergology and its practical applications]. PMID- 14787406 TI - [Effect of the androgenic hormon on the female organism and the possibilities of its therapeutic use]. PMID- 14787404 TI - [Early diagnosis and therapy of pulmonary tumors]. PMID- 14787407 TI - [Practical value of pregnandiol determination in threatened abortion]. PMID- 14787408 TI - [Salicylamide]. PMID- 14787409 TI - [Self-treatment with salicylamide (R 12)]. PMID- 14787410 TI - [Luteotrophic hormones and the human chorionic hormone; an experimental study on the ovary of the adult rat]. PMID- 14787411 TI - [Vascular modifications in old cases of frost bite]. PMID- 14787412 TI - [Effect of intravenous infusions of acetylcholine upon potassium and carbohydrate metabolism in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 14787413 TI - [Diagnosis of patent ductus Botalli; comments on an article by Bayer and Landen]. PMID- 14787414 TI - [Diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus (Botallo's); comments on preceding article]. PMID- 14787415 TI - [Clinical examination of vabrocid, 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone]. PMID- 14787416 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies on the detoxicant effects of sulfonamides]. PMID- 14787417 TI - [Sulfocillin therapy of senile gangrene]. PMID- 14787418 TI - [Feer's disease and mercury]. PMID- 14787419 TI - [Disinfection of the colon in preparation for colonic and rectal surgery, following the principle of limited disinfection]. PMID- 14787420 TI - [Experiences with saddle block in obstetrics]. PMID- 14787421 TI - [Thoughts on the effect of kaolin]. PMID- 14787422 TI - [Significance of bronchial perforation in tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes; observations on an article by P. Schwartz]. PMID- 14787423 TI - [Cytologic effect of phenylurethane on the urodelan ovum; apolar, monasterian, pluripolar, catenary and achromosomic karyokinesis]. PMID- 14787425 TI - [Development of the human face, with reference to the pathogenesis of harelip]. PMID- 14787424 TI - [Structure of the telencephalon, especially in the bovine]. PMID- 14787426 TI - [The hyperthyreosis problem]. PMID- 14787427 TI - [Homonymous hemianopsia following occipital lobectomy]. PMID- 14787428 TI - [Further studies on variations in the carpus]. PMID- 14787429 TI - [A case of Pierre Marie's hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy associated with biliary cirrhosis]. PMID- 14787430 TI - [A new liver function test with dicumarol]. PMID- 14787431 TI - [Respiratory effects of the suboccipital injection of lobeline]. PMID- 14787432 TI - [Studies on primary abdominal tuberculous lesions]. PMID- 14787433 TI - [Medical work in China 1937-49]. PMID- 14787434 TI - [New studies on so-called self-polymerizing artificial resins]. PMID- 14787435 TI - [Further experiences with the propulsor]. PMID- 14787436 TI - [Fluorination of the deciduous teeth; chemical control and analysis]. PMID- 14787437 TI - [Partial retention of the molars]. PMID- 14787438 TI - [Primary tuberculous infection of the adult with primary cavern and intrabronchial ganglionic perforation]. PMID- 14787439 TI - [Post-primary tumorous tracheobronchial glandular tuberculosis in adults]. PMID- 14787440 TI - [Constitution and tuberculosis]. PMID- 14787441 TI - [Streptomycin in a case of miliary tuberculosis with ulcers of the tongue, lip, palate and vagina]. PMID- 14787442 TI - [Tuberculous superinfection following BCG vaccination, 6 year follow up]. PMID- 14787443 TI - [Tuberculin- and histoplasmin-tests in the Basel orphanage]. PMID- 14787444 TI - Identification of another epidemic respiratory disease. PMID- 14787445 TI - The function of the symbiotic yeasts of two insect species, Lasioderma serricorne F. and Stegobium (sitodrepa) paniceum L. PMID- 14787446 TI - Some new plant-growth inhibitors. PMID- 14787447 TI - An antigenically distinct subtype of influenza virus A which is virulent for mice in primary passage of allantoic fluid. PMID- 14787448 TI - On the validity of an assumption of resonance theory. PMID- 14787449 TI - The paper chromatography of pH indicators. PMID- 14787450 TI - Oxygen uptake of embryonated eggs infected with Western equine encephalitis virus. PMID- 14787451 TI - The biosynthesis of 17-hydroxycorticosterone from 11-desoxy-17-hydroxy corticosterone. PMID- 14787452 TI - Sectioning of tissue for electron microscopy. PMID- 14787453 TI - The in vitro production of cortisone by mammalian cells. PMID- 14787454 TI - On the detection of intracranial pathology by ultrasound. PMID- 14787456 TI - Distribution of absorbed energy around a point source of beta radiation. PMID- 14787455 TI - Effects of different preincubation temperatures on the hatchability of pheasant eggs. PMID- 14787457 TI - Errors of combustion of compounds for C14 analysis. PMID- 14787458 TI - New tests for the Nicotiana alkaloids, nornicotine and anabasine. PMID- 14787460 TI - Electronic radiography by transmission using radioactive monolayers. PMID- 14787459 TI - Mechanism of the Dakin and West reaction. PMID- 14787461 TI - Dicarboxylic acid bis (beta-tertiaryaminoalkyl) amides as curare substitutes. PMID- 14787462 TI - The enzymatic dehydrogenation of estradiol to estrone. PMID- 14787463 TI - Sphagnum moss and egg yolk as food for anuran tadpoles. PMID- 14787464 TI - Natural color photography in colloidal silver. PMID- 14787465 TI - The mechanism of clot retraction. PMID- 14787466 TI - The adrenal gland and hemopoiesis. PMID- 14787467 TI - Modified laboratory lyophil apparatus. PMID- 14787468 TI - Sulfapyrazine precipitated in cancer tissue upon repeated glucose injections. PMID- 14787470 TI - Wortley Fuller Rudd: 1876-1950. PMID- 14787469 TI - Phosphates of pantothenic acid. PMID- 14787471 TI - The synthesis of 1,1,1,-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl-4-C14)-ethane. PMID- 14787473 TI - Spade-foot toad sperm as an activating agent in producing gynogenetic haploid embryos from Rana and Pseudacris eggs. PMID- 14787472 TI - Effect of propylene and triethylene glycol on atomized E. coli. PMID- 14787474 TI - Studies on algal epiphytes. PMID- 14787475 TI - The Control of storage sprouting in onions by preharvest foliage sprays of maleic hydrazide. PMID- 14787476 TI - Loss of choline esterase activity in nerve tissue resulting from processes of histological preparation. PMID- 14787477 TI - A technique for whole mount autoradiographs of rabbit mammary glands. PMID- 14787478 TI - Multienzyme systems. PMID- 14787479 TI - Persistence of 2,4-D in plant tissues. PMID- 14787480 TI - Productivity in research and development. PMID- 14787481 TI - Phosphoglyceric acid in photosynthesis. PMID- 14787482 TI - A study of grinding techniques for bacterial cells. PMID- 14787483 TI - The fluorine content of some Miocene horse bones. PMID- 14787484 TI - An apparatus for the simultaneous production of many two-dimensional paper chromatograms. PMID- 14787485 TI - Self-absorption and backscattering of beta radiation. PMID- 14787486 TI - The pungency taste characteristics of some piperazine derivatives. PMID- 14787487 TI - A high-pressure cytolyzer. PMID- 14787489 TI - Genetic effects in man from atomic explosions and from chronic irradiation. PMID- 14787488 TI - Term "vitamin P" recommended to be discontinued. PMID- 14787490 TI - Protein and nucleic acid conference. PMID- 14787491 TI - The effect of X-irradiation in oxygen and in hydrogen at normal and positive pressures on chromosome aberration frequency in Tradescantia microspores. PMID- 14787492 TI - The detection of internally-borne bacterial pathogens of beans by a rapid phage plaque count technique. PMID- 14787493 TI - The potentiation of muscular contraction by the nitrate-ion. PMID- 14787494 TI - The mechanism of action of organic mercury compounds on cytochrome oxidase. PMID- 14787495 TI - Differentiation of bacterial species and variation within species by means of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride in culture medium. PMID- 14787496 TI - Obligate autotrophy in Chlamydomonas moewusii Gerloff. PMID- 14787497 TI - A coenzyme of spleen beta-glucuronidase. PMID- 14787498 TI - C14 labeled 4(5)-amino-5(4)-imidazole-carboxamide in the biosynthesis of purines. PMID- 14787499 TI - An improved water separator. PMID- 14787500 TI - The use of sodium propionate in isolating actinomycetes from soils. PMID- 14787501 TI - Annual Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. PMID- 14787502 TI - Special instrumentation problems encountered in physiological research concerning the heart and circulation in man. PMID- 14787504 TI - Sickling: a property of all red blood cells. PMID- 14787503 TI - Description of the chemostat. PMID- 14787505 TI - Synthesis of anthracene-9-C114. PMID- 14787506 TI - Applications of nylon catheters in physiology of the circulation. PMID- 14787507 TI - Prevention of the phytotoxic action of sodium orthophenylphenate on citrus fruits by hexamine. PMID- 14787508 TI - A mouth-swabbing technique for the laboratory mouse. PMID- 14787509 TI - A method for artificial insemination in viviparous fishes. PMID- 14787510 TI - [Parasitic duodenitis]. PMID- 14787511 TI - [Edematous deficiency syndrome in a gastrectomized patients]. PMID- 14787512 TI - [Chronic constipation cured by psychotherapy; some psychosomatic aspects of digestive pathology]. PMID- 14787513 TI - [Case of relapsing edematous pancreatitis]. PMID- 14787514 TI - [Rheumatism of intestinal origin; Fiessinger-Leroy syndrome; Reiter's syndrome]. PMID- 14787515 TI - [Physiopathology of porphyrins in man]. PMID- 14787516 TI - [Tomography of the pulmonary artery; determination of segmental diameters and analysis of left median salient arcs]. PMID- 14787517 TI - [Considerations of Marchiafava-Micheli disease]. PMID- 14787518 TI - [Physiology of the cerebrospinal fluid]. PMID- 14787519 TI - [Premature ejaculation]. PMID- 14787520 TI - [Experimental study of intestinal perfusion in the dog and its consequences, in particular on the fluid balance of the organism]. PMID- 14787521 TI - [Dehydration and hyperhydration states determined in man by intestinal perfusion]. PMID- 14787522 TI - [Syndromes of osmotic dystonia of the blood plasma. I. The syndrome of osmotic hypertonia of the plasma]. PMID- 14787523 TI - [Syndromes of osmotic dystonia of the blood plasma. II. The syndrome of osmotic hypotonia of the plasma]. PMID- 14787524 TI - [New data on pulmonary emphysema]. PMID- 14787525 TI - [Clinical considerations of the first French epidemic of tularemia]. PMID- 14787526 TI - [Objective tests furnished by electric examinations in chronic occupational poisoning by carbon monoxide; treatment by di-electrolysis of iodine]. PMID- 14787527 TI - [Expulsion of a 3 to 4 month old embryo 3 days before delivery of a living infant at term; possibility of superfetation]. PMID- 14787528 TI - [On microbes; adaptation opposed to selection]. PMID- 14787529 TI - [Cobalt in cardiovascular therapy]. PMID- 14787530 TI - [The Phillips and Van Slyke method applied to diagnosis and to perfusion therapy in surgery]. PMID- 14787531 TI - [Certain aspects of early recurrence of acute osteomyelitis after penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14787532 TI - [Anticoagulants in surgery]. PMID- 14787533 TI - [The problem of sporadic typhus]. PMID- 14787534 TI - [Study of anaerobic bacterial infections of the funduliformis group; septicemia from Spherophorus pyogenes]. PMID- 14787535 TI - [Case of septicemia from Bacillus fragilis with renal determination]. PMID- 14787536 TI - [Muscular cramps and myalgias]. PMID- 14787537 TI - [General remarks on 300 cases of typhoid fever treated by chloromycetin and associated medications]. PMID- 14787538 TI - [Should one operate on intestinal perforations of typhoid fever]. PMID- 14787539 TI - [Typhoid myocarditis and electrocardiographic controls]. PMID- 14787540 TI - [Typhoid encephalitis and electroencephalographic controls]. PMID- 14787541 TI - [Systematic examination of the fundus of the eye in the treatment of alcoholism by tetraethylthiuramdisulfide]. PMID- 14787542 TI - [Recent progress in radical surgical treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus]. PMID- 14787543 TI - [Comparative study of several serolability tests]. PMID- 14787544 TI - [Benzylimidazoline and carbohydrate metabolism]. PMID- 14787545 TI - [Problem of public health reform in relation to regional ordinances]. PMID- 14787546 TI - [The thermal heritage of Sciacca]. PMID- 14787547 TI - [Data and etiopathogenetic problems of spontaneous hernia of the so-called Spigelius' line; 3 new cases and synthetic critical review]. PMID- 14787548 TI - [Headache and the eyes]. PMID- 14787549 TI - [Problem of health reforms in relation to regional organizations]. PMID- 14787550 TI - [Marine mineral springs of Ali Marina]. PMID- 14787551 TI - [Dr. Francisco C. Arrillaga September 29, 1950, in Mar del Plata]. PMID- 14787552 TI - [Sulfone therapy]. PMID- 14787553 TI - [Actual problems of symphysiotomy]. PMID- 14787554 TI - [Controlled posterior sclerotomy]. PMID- 14787555 TI - [Arterial hypertension; indications for surgery; synthesis of actual state]. PMID- 14787556 TI - [Certain observations on cancer of the breast]. PMID- 14787557 TI - [Effects of desocycorticosterone and ascorbic acid in rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases]. PMID- 14787558 TI - [Accelerated penicillin and bismuth therapy of early syphilis]. PMID- 14787559 TI - [Importance of first aid in industrial accidents]. PMID- 14787560 TI - [Physiopathologic principles of oxigenotherapy in obstetric shock]. PMID- 14787561 TI - [Copper amalgam]. PMID- 14787562 TI - [Secondary nephrectomy for anemic infarct]. PMID- 14787563 TI - [Seminar on pathology, clinical medicine and surgical technic; surgery of adenocarcinoma of the breast]. PMID- 14787564 TI - [Seminar on pathology, clinical medicine and surgical technic; hydatid cyst of the liver]. PMID- 14787565 TI - [Etiologic aspect of optochiasmatic arachnoiditis (Balado's syndrome)]. PMID- 14787566 TI - [Importance of oxygeno-therapy in the treatment of vascular obstructions of the eye fundus]. PMID- 14787567 TI - [Grawitz's renal blastoma]. PMID- 14787568 TI - [A master: Pedro Pablo Pinero Garcia]. PMID- 14787569 TI - [Paget's disease of the nipple; therapeutic considerations]. PMID- 14787571 TI - [Seminar on pathology, clinical medicine and surgical technic; diverticulum of the sigmoid with perforation]. PMID- 14787570 TI - [Seminar on pathology, clinical medicine and surgical technic; case of intestinal fistula]. PMID- 14787572 TI - [Pathogenesis of functional intestinal infarction]. PMID- 14787573 TI - [Primary anoxia in premature]. PMID- 14787575 TI - [Alfredo Claudio Carrera October 2, 1950. in the Federal Capital]. PMID- 14787574 TI - [Face presentation labor in the Maternity Institute of the Hospital Alvear]. PMID- 14787576 TI - [Seminar on pathology, clinical medicine and surgical technic; plastic surgery of imperforate anus]. PMID- 14787577 TI - [Operation of palpebral ptosis; Motais' technic]. PMID- 14787578 TI - [Treatment of rheumatism with biologically active amino acids]. PMID- 14787579 TI - [Anesthetic blocks of the superior cervical ganglion in facial paralysis, in algias and trophic lesions of the head]. PMID- 14787580 TI - [Basic preventive medicine]. PMID- 14787581 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies on therapeutic properties of hexachlorocyclohexane]. PMID- 14787582 TI - [Seminar on pathology, clinical medicine and surgical technic; congestive cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 14787583 TI - [Treatment of rheumatic diseases and exudative syndromes with heparin]. PMID- 14787584 TI - [Revision of the etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 14787585 TI - [Trichloroethylene; use in medicine and odontology]. PMID- 14787586 TI - [Treatment of whooping cough with vitamin K]. PMID- 14787587 TI - [Seminar on pathology, clinical medicine and surgical technic; tumor of the spleen]. PMID- 14787588 TI - [Carcinoma of the colon]. PMID- 14787589 TI - [Effect of magnesium chromo-acetate in the prevention of cinchophen peptic ulcer]. PMID- 14787590 TI - [Takata's reaction as a test in the diagnosis of hepatic insufficiency]. PMID- 14787591 TI - [Epidermoid carcinoma of the gallbladder; anatomic and clinical studies of a case]. PMID- 14787592 TI - [Evolution of gastric cancer]. PMID- 14787593 TI - [Icterus and diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 14787594 TI - [Histopathologic studies on jejunum during surgical biopsy in a case of tropical sprue]. PMID- 14787595 TI - WINIFRED Hathaway. PMID- 14787596 TI - Meeting the needs of visually handicapped preschool children. PMID- 14787597 TI - Age factor in the treatment of amblyopia ex anopsia. PMID- 14787598 TI - Psychological study of partially seeing and children with other visual problems. PMID- 14787599 TI - Teaching the partially seeing cerebral palsied. PMID- 14787601 TI - The early days of the sight-saving class. PMID- 14787600 TI - Vocations for sight-saving class children. PMID- 14787602 TI - [Important problems discussed at the medical congress at Norrkoping; working capacity, old age, and bureaucracy]. PMID- 14787603 TI - [Present needs of the Landsting and their plans for the five year period; results of a survey made by the Social Medicinsk Tidskrift]. PMID- 14787604 TI - [Hygiene of the water supply]. PMID- 14787605 TI - [Husband, wife and physician; personal experiences of a Danish doctor]. PMID- 14787606 TI - [Modern and effective social service]. PMID- 14787607 TI - Chloromycetin therapy in typhoid fever in Bantu children. PMID- 14787608 TI - Paracolon bacillus septicaemia; a fatal case with multiple necrotic foci in the liver. PMID- 14787609 TI - Coccidiosis in natal; infections with Isospora hominis (Rivolta). PMID- 14787610 TI - Medical importance of mites. PMID- 14787611 TI - Radio-active iodine in the treatment of thyroid diseases; a review of the literature and preliminary report of cases treated. PMID- 14787612 TI - An unusual purpuric syndrome. PMID- 14787614 TI - MEDICO-LEGAL section; testamentary capacity: aphasia. Lewin versus Lewin. PMID- 14787613 TI - Management of the mallet finger. PMID- 14787615 TI - Surgery of the urban Bantu. PMID- 14787616 TI - Roseola infantum. PMID- 14787617 TI - Roseola infantum. PMID- 14787618 TI - Ten-year survey of biliary surgery at the Johannesburg General Hospital. PMID- 14787619 TI - Primary carcinoma of the liver in East African natives; is it caused by an infective agent? PMID- 14787620 TI - A case of the Senear-Usher syndrome. PMID- 14787621 TI - Bronchial asthma associated with fungus-infected mattresses. PMID- 14787622 TI - The declining status of the general practitioner. PMID- 14787623 TI - The future of general practice. PMID- 14787624 TI - Nutritional oedema; a survey of cases at the King Edward Hospital, Durban. PMID- 14787625 TI - The polysaccharide lysis test, a new quantitative test for Salmonella typhi antibodies. PMID- 14787626 TI - Rubellin, a new digitalis-like drug for heart disease; some experimental and clinical experiences with its use. PMID- 14787627 TI - The actions of rubellin; a glycoside from Urginea rubella Baker. PMID- 14787628 TI - A case of retroperitoneal lipoma. PMID- 14787629 TI - Malignant malnutrition. PMID- 14787630 TI - Attempted suicide in Cape Town. PMID- 14787631 TI - The pattern of the forehead flap in rhinoplasty. PMID- 14787632 TI - Pregnancy toxaemias; a modern approach to aetiology, pathogenesis and treatment. PMID- 14787633 TI - Radiological case book. XXXI. Tumours at the pulmonary apex. PMID- 14787634 TI - Anaesthesia in cardiac surgery. PMID- 14787635 TI - Anaesthesia in cardiac surgery. PMID- 14787636 TI - Cyanosis due to cold agglutinins. PMID- 14787637 TI - Trachoma; aureomycin (oily suspension) in its out-patient treatment. PMID- 14787638 TI - Medicolegal section. Acts pertaining to the calling of a medical practitioner. In the supreme court of South Africa. PMID- 14787639 TI - Pathology of chest and mediastinal tumors. PMID- 14787640 TI - Tumors of the head and neck. PMID- 14787641 TI - Pregnancy in the course of Hodgkins Disease. PMID- 14787642 TI - The farewell state. PMID- 14787643 TI - Back room convention. PMID- 14787644 TI - The actions of organically bound iodine (organidin in man). PMID- 14787645 TI - The Bunnell operation for opponens paralysis. PMID- 14787647 TI - By guess or by guide. PMID- 14787648 TI - Socialized medicine. PMID- 14787649 TI - Recent developments in the treatment of anemias. PMID- 14787650 TI - Therapeutic implications of ACTH and cortisone. PMID- 14787652 TI - Traumatic diseases of the cervix uteri. PMID- 14787651 TI - Unresolved atypical pneumonia. PMID- 14787653 TI - Discussion of non-convulsive electric shock. PMID- 14787654 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of certain infections of the vulva and vagina: Granuloma inguinale; lymphopathia venereum; monilia vulvo-vaginitis; condylomata acuminata. PMID- 14787655 TI - The problem of the squinting child; introductory remarks. PMID- 14787656 TI - The etiology of convergent squint. PMID- 14787657 TI - The problem of the squinting child; diagnosis. PMID- 14787658 TI - The treatment of turned eyes in children. PMID- 14787659 TI - The problem of the squinting child; summary. PMID- 14787660 TI - [Pathways and problems of Soviet neuropathology in the light of Pavlov's theory of the roles of the nervous system in the regulation of all processes in the organism]. PMID- 14787661 TI - [Treatment of burns in children]. PMID- 14787662 TI - [Clinical course of dysentery in infants one month of age]. PMID- 14787663 TI - [Clinical manifestations of angiocholecystitis in children]. PMID- 14787664 TI - [Arthralgia in the preicteric period of acute hepatitis]. PMID- 14787665 TI - [Clinical manifestations and therapy of epidemic hepatitis in the subarctic regions]. PMID- 14787666 TI - [Use of erythrin]. PMID- 14787667 TI - [Antihistamine therapy of capillarotoxicosis]. PMID- 14787668 TI - [Contemporary laboratory diagnostic methods of virus influenza]. PMID- 14787669 TI - [The dynamics of opsono-phagocytic reaction in brucellosis]. PMID- 14787670 TI - [Secondary symptoms in sulfonamide therapy of dysentery]. PMID- 14787671 TI - [Treatment of sulforesistant gonorrhea in man]. PMID- 14787672 TI - [Dermatitis, resembling scarlet fever, caused by Spongilla fluviatilis]. PMID- 14787673 TI - [Dermatitis caused by sancaphen]. PMID- 14787674 TI - [Novocaine iontophoresis in infectious diseases]. PMID- 14787675 TI - [Sulfamidotherapy of dysentery]. PMID- 14787676 TI - [Use of eucalyptus in dysentery]. PMID- 14787677 TI - [Gramicidin therapy of acute dysentery]. PMID- 14787678 TI - [Treatment of typhoid by penicillin and penicillin activators according to A. G. Perets]. PMID- 14787680 TI - [Malarial urticaria]. PMID- 14787679 TI - [Specific therapy of hepatic amebiasis]. PMID- 14787681 TI - [Ascariasis of the liver]. PMID- 14787682 TI - [Worming of children with sancaphen]. PMID- 14787683 TI - [Ascariasis in infant one year of age]. PMID- 14787684 TI - [Novocain block in treatment of tetanus]. PMID- 14787685 TI - [Children's traumatism in large cities]. PMID- 14787686 TI - [Leading role of Russian scientists in administration of anesthesia]. PMID- 14787687 TI - [Attention to history of medicine]. PMID- 14787688 TI - [New achievements in Soviet biology]. PMID- 14787689 TI - [Orthopedic and traumatologic affections from the view point of I. P. Pavlov's theories]. PMID- 14787690 TI - [Tuberculosis of the kidney; clinical aspect, diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 14787691 TI - [Use of urosulfane in treatment of inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract]. PMID- 14787692 TI - [Influenzal diseases of the nervous system]. PMID- 14787693 TI - [Intracutaneous novocaine infiltrations following tonsillectomy]. PMID- 14787694 TI - [Diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculitis]. PMID- 14787695 TI - [Chloropenic azotemia in functional diseases of the stomach]. PMID- 14787696 TI - [Treatment of pyelitis with penicillin]. PMID- 14787697 TI - [Results of magnesic therapy of remote sequels of craniocerebral injuries]. PMID- 14787698 TI - [Pupillary modifications in cerebral air contusions]. PMID- 14787699 TI - [Treatment of chronic refractory trigeminal neuralgias with oxygen]. PMID- 14787700 TI - [Study of hemorrhagic encephalitis]. PMID- 14787701 TI - [Case report of a subcutaneous injury of the ureter]. PMID- 14787702 TI - [Method of determination of blood coagulation time]. PMID- 14787703 TI - [Neurologic hammer]. PMID- 14787704 TI - [Prevention and treatment of suppurative skin diseases of workers in industries]. PMID- 14787705 TI - [Medical-hygienic services in ore mines]. PMID- 14787706 TI - [Role of N. I. Pirogov in organizing a nurse corps in the field]. PMID- 14787707 TI - [Certain results of united work of therapeutic clinics of I MOLMI and polyclinic of No. 56 Frunze Moscow district]. PMID- 14787708 TI - [United work of children's clinic and polyclinic]. PMID- 14787710 TI - [Roentgenological service at home and its clinical importance]. PMID- 14787709 TI - [Qualitative results of roentgenological service]. PMID- 14787711 TI - [Data on agricultural traumatism in Chkalov region]. PMID- 14787712 TI - [Study of morbidity statistics of kolkhoz farmers with temporary loss of working capacity]. PMID- 14787713 TI - [Rational utilization of hospital beds]. PMID- 14787714 TI - [Proficiency of Kiev's Post-graduate Institute for physicians in organizing aid to local public health institutions]. PMID- 14787715 TI - [Method of conducting practical instructions in public health organization]. PMID- 14787716 TI - [Practical instructions in public health organization]. PMID- 14787717 TI - [Old Russian annals as a source for the study of history of medicine]. PMID- 14787718 TI - [Great construction projects of the communist era and public health care]. PMID- 14787719 TI - [Public health problems in the light of I. P. Pavlov's theory]. PMID- 14787720 TI - [Participation of working masses and instructions in sanitation on public construction projects]. PMID- 14787721 TI - [Public health organization in the IAmalo-Nenetsk. national region]. PMID- 14787722 TI - [Results of the activity of the permanent Public Health Commission of the Municipal Council of workers representatives]. PMID- 14787723 TI - [Vital statistics on the morbidity of the rural population]. PMID- 14787724 TI - [Role of the section physician in instructing the industrial workers in sanitation]. PMID- 14787725 TI - [Registration and preservation of records of vaccinations]. PMID- 14787727 TI - [Petr Filippovich Kudriavtsev]. PMID- 14787726 TI - [D. I. Ivanovskii the founder of virusology]. PMID- 14787728 TI - [XVIII International Congress of physiologists]. PMID- 14787729 TI - [Method of obtaining and results of application of natural placental extract condensed in vacuum and combined with placental tissue]. PMID- 14787730 TI - [Effect of water of Koviljace spa on the modification of vaginal flora]. PMID- 14787731 TI - [Serpinginous ulcer]. PMID- 14787732 TI - [Treatment of megaloblastic anemia with vitamin B12]. PMID- 14787733 TI - [Significance of Pavlov's conditioned reflex in gastro-enterology]. PMID- 14787734 TI - [Contributions of I. P. Pavlov to neuropsychiatry]. PMID- 14787735 TI - [New therapeutics for epileptic seizures]. PMID- 14787736 TI - [Treatment of bronchial fistulas]. PMID- 14787737 TI - [Embolus of the peripheral artery in the course of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 14787738 TI - [Fetal erythroblastosis]. PMID- 14787739 TI - [Sterility in women]. PMID- 14787740 TI - [Use of atomic wastes in medicine; radioisotopes]. PMID- 14787741 TI - [Treatment of eczema in infants]. PMID- 14787742 TI - [New methods in prevention of infections of odontogenous origin]. PMID- 14787743 TI - [Lupus erythematosus and cutaneous carcinoma of the face treated with radium]. PMID- 14787744 TI - Tracheoesophageal obstruction from retroesophageal patent left ductus arteriosus, with right aorta and other vascular anomalies. PMID- 14787745 TI - Art and science. PMID- 14787746 TI - The use of size-graded glass and plastic microspheres for selective vascular occlusion. PMID- 14787747 TI - A simple device for recording tremors. PMID- 14787748 TI - Chemo-surgery. PMID- 14787749 TI - Giant cell tumors of the thyroid. PMID- 14787750 TI - Cortisone and ACTH in diffuse collagen disease. PMID- 14787751 TI - Oral administration of cortisone acetate. PMID- 14787752 TI - STANFORD University libraries Lane Medical Library selected acquisitions no. 41, July-September, 1950. PMID- 14787753 TI - [Soviet physiology]. PMID- 14787754 TI - [Oral hygiene of school children]. PMID- 14787755 TI - [Biological and serological properties of acidophil bacteria of oral cavity in caries]. PMID- 14787756 TI - [Chemical composition of dental tissue and their biochemical processes]. PMID- 14787758 TI - [Microprosthesis of the tooth]. PMID- 14787757 TI - [Administration of methylmetacrylate for anesthetization of dentin]. PMID- 14787759 TI - [Use of rib transplantation in extensive defects of the mandible following gunshot injuries]. PMID- 14787760 TI - [Osteoplasty with bone chips in defects of the mandible]. PMID- 14787761 TI - [Treatment of mandibular pseudoarthrosis]. PMID- 14787762 TI - [Transplant of cadaveric cartilage into the posterior pharyngeal wall in treatment of cleft palate]. PMID- 14787763 TI - [Role of dental cyst in the development of cancer of the maxilla]. PMID- 14787764 TI - [Case of large maxillary odontoma with prolapse into Highmore's antrum]. PMID- 14787765 TI - [Anatomicoclinical analysis of the prosthetic field of a toothless maxilla]. PMID- 14787766 TI - [Age modifications of physiological thresholds of sensitivity of the periodontium to pressure]. PMID- 14787767 TI - Richard Glocker. PMID- 14787768 TI - [Development of the concept of dosage in the therapeutic use of ionizing rays]. PMID- 14787770 TI - [Protection against radiation]. PMID- 14787769 TI - [High-voltage equipment]. PMID- 14787771 TI - [Investigations on the effect of rapid electron and roentgen irradiation on tissue cultures]. PMID- 14787772 TI - [Animal experiments on peteosthor therapy; determination of the distribution of radioactivity following parenteral administration of thorium X]. PMID- 14787773 TI - [Carcinoma and the vitamins. 1. Vitamin B1 metabolism in oncopathy]. PMID- 14787774 TI - [Total irradiation in dermatology]. PMID- 14787775 TI - [Physico-chemical studies on the biologic effects of ultrasonic waves. III. Relation of pH change and tissue damage following ultrasonic irradiation]. PMID- 14787776 TI - [Contribution on the mode of action of ultrasonic therapy]. PMID- 14787777 TI - [Animal experiments in the study of the effect of ultrasonic waves on bone regeneration]. PMID- 14787778 TI - [Physics and medicine; the mutual relationship of two sciences]. PMID- 14787779 TI - [Division of normal and malignant cells as a biochemical problem]. PMID- 14787781 TI - [Indirect effects of radiation on the biologic phenomenon]. PMID- 14787780 TI - [Possibilities offered by modern physics in the treatment of cancer]. PMID- 14787782 TI - [Proposals for a standardization of types in roentgenotherapy]. PMID- 14787783 TI - [Use of radioactive isotopes in medicine]. PMID- 14787784 TI - [Delayed injurious effects of radiothorium]. PMID- 14787785 TI - [Technic of roentgenotherapy in cervical carcinoma]. PMID- 14787786 TI - [Malignancy and treatment of cutaneous melanoma]. PMID- 14787787 TI - [Acroparesthesia and ultrasonic therapy]. PMID- 14787788 TI - [Problems of modern radiotherapy in the light of recent American literature. II]. PMID- 14787789 TI - [Present problems in research on ultraviolet rays]. PMID- 14787790 TI - [Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on metabolism and efficiency in work]. PMID- 14787791 TI - [Ultraviolet irradiation in bioclimatology]. PMID- 14787792 TI - [Pharmacology of ultraviolet irradiation]. PMID- 14787793 TI - [Air sterilization with ultraviolet rays]. PMID- 14787794 TI - [Technology of ultraviolet sterilization of the air]. PMID- 14787795 TI - [Hemolytic jaundice]. PMID- 14787796 TI - [Radiotherapy of tegmental epithelioma]. PMID- 14787797 TI - [Semiological study of 334 cases of paratyphoid B]. PMID- 14787798 TI - [Severe hematemesis in the course of hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus in an infant; treatment by blood transfusion]. PMID- 14787799 TI - [Role of the thyroid gland in certain forms of postoperative disease]. PMID- 14787800 TI - [Present status of knowledge on the etiology of cancer]. PMID- 14787801 TI - [Foreign vegetal bodies of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children]. PMID- 14787802 TI - [Case of meningitis due to Leptospira pomona (or swineherd's disease) in a housewife]. PMID- 14787803 TI - [Aphasia in a goutty subject, treated with colchicine]. PMID- 14787804 TI - [On the reduction of puerperal complications, data collected at the Strasbourg Obstetric and Gynecological Clinic; comparative study of 1947, 1937 and 1927]. PMID- 14787805 TI - [Technical methods of interruption of pregnancy]. PMID- 14787806 TI - [The Index-Catalogue of Washington]. PMID- 14787807 TI - [Odontoma]. PMID- 14787808 TI - [Free bone transplant in pseudoarthrosis and congenital defects of the mandible]. PMID- 14787809 TI - Abdominal actinomycosis; an analysis of 122 cases. PMID- 14787810 TI - Tracheotomy in the management of severe head injuries. PMID- 14787811 TI - Disinfecting action of pHisoderm containing 3% hexachlorophene on the skin of the hands. PMID- 14787812 TI - Experimental occlusion of the superior mesenteric vessels with special reference to the role of intravascular thrombosis and its prevention by heparin. PMID- 14787813 TI - Portal venography. PMID- 14787814 TI - The surgical management of chronic indurated cellulitis of the lower extremity (the indurated leg). PMID- 14787815 TI - Pilonidal cyst: a comparison of surgical treatments. PMID- 14787816 TI - Double-lumen T tube for the common duct; continuous drainage and reintroduction of bile in the dog. PMID- 14787817 TI - The Brown electrodermatome; a new instrument. PMID- 14787818 TI - A new bayonet clamp for high gastric resection. PMID- 14787819 TI - Ectopia cordis; a case report. PMID- 14787820 TI - Cancer of the male breast treated by orchiectomy. PMID- 14787821 TI - Simulation of herniated cervical disc by the Arnold-Chiari deformity; presentation of two cases in adults. PMID- 14787822 TI - Leiomyomas of the esophagus; a report of five cases. PMID- 14787823 TI - Carcinoma secondary to burn of the esophagus from ingestion of lye; report of a case. PMID- 14787824 TI - Hemorrhage into the falciform ligament of the liver as a cause of acute abdominal symptoms. PMID- 14787825 TI - Traumatic rupture of the aorta; report of a case in which the patient survived for eighty-one days. PMID- 14787826 TI - Experiences with the acute surgical abdomen in the presence of therapeutic pneumoperitoneum; report of cases. PMID- 14787827 TI - The healing of soft tissue wounds; the effects of nutrition, anemia, and age. PMID- 14787828 TI - The relative effectiveness of sympathetic ganglionectomy and section of preganglionic fibers in inactivation of smooth muscle. PMID- 14787829 TI - Transection and ligation of the abdominal aorta. PMID- 14787830 TI - The ligation of major arteries; experimental division of the aorta. PMID- 14787831 TI - Carcinoma of the pancreas; diagnostic and operative criteria based on 100 consecutive autopsies. PMID- 14787832 TI - Potassium and wound healing. PMID- 14787833 TI - Re-formation of adhesions following surgical lysis; studies on the dog. PMID- 14787834 TI - Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis in young women following pregnancy. PMID- 14787835 TI - Endometriosis of the large and small intestine. PMID- 14787836 TI - Adenoacanthoma of the pyloric end of the stomach. PMID- 14787837 TI - The quantitative relationship between parietal cells and gastric acidity. PMID- 14787838 TI - The use of tantalum gauze in the closure of full-thickness defects in the chest wall; an experimental study in dogs. PMID- 14787839 TI - Studies on experimental esophagitis. PMID- 14787840 TI - A method of automatic controlled respiration for anesthesia in the dog. PMID- 14787841 TI - Columnar-cell and squamous-cell carcinoma (adenoacanthoma) of the thyroid gland. PMID- 14787842 TI - Synovial sarcoma (malignant synovioma); a report of 60 cases. PMID- 14787843 TI - Multiple-balloon kymograph recording of the action of syntropan and of trasentin of the motility of the upper small intestine in man. PMID- 14787844 TI - A method for control of postoperative pain. PMID- 14787845 TI - Aneurysm of the hepatic artery; report of two cases and a consideration of surgical treatment. PMID- 14787846 TI - Saphenofemoral junction anomalies. PMID- 14787847 TI - Surgical scrubbing with pHisoderm G-11 as applied to a maternity hospital. PMID- 14787848 TI - Congenital esophageal anomalies; review of twenty-four cases and report of three. PMID- 14787849 TI - The value of surgical treatment of coronary artery occlusion by implantation of the internal mammary artery into the ventricular myocardium; an experimental study. PMID- 14787850 TI - The anatomy of the portal vein and its tributaries. PMID- 14787851 TI - A study of the surgical scrub. PMID- 14787852 TI - A study of the lipids in postpartum plasma; its use in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14787853 TI - The replacement of blood vessels by polythene tubes. PMID- 14787854 TI - Smear preparations in the diagnosis of vulvar carcinoma. PMID- 14787855 TI - The endometria associated with ectopic pregnancy; a study of 115 cases. PMID- 14787856 TI - Vesicosigmoidal fistulas complicating diverticulitis. PMID- 14787857 TI - The use of B complex and vitamin C for the prevention and elimination of nausea and vomiting from diethylstilbestrol. PMID- 14787858 TI - The development of the medical motion picture. PMID- 14787859 TI - A better understanding of uterine contractility through simultaneous recording with an internal and a seven channel external method. PMID- 14787861 TI - A technique for suturing bowel. PMID- 14787860 TI - Breast abscess; a result of lactation failure. PMID- 14787862 TI - The prostatic smear; cell changes after estrogen therapy. PMID- 14787863 TI - Studies on the susceptibility of bacteria to various antibacterial agents with a comparison of the serial tube dilution and filter paper dis methods of testing. PMID- 14787864 TI - The incidence of malignancy in gastric ulcers believed preoperatively to be benign. PMID- 14787865 TI - Prevention of death from experimental ligation of the liver (hepatic proper) branches of the hepatic artery. PMID- 14787866 TI - Richter's hernia. PMID- 14787867 TI - An operative approach to the treatment of gigantic hernias. PMID- 14787868 TI - Transpleural and extraperitoneal approach for extensive sympathectomy and splanchnicectomy. PMID- 14787869 TI - Infrared photographic studies of the superficial thoracic veins in the female; anatomical considerations. PMID- 14787870 TI - The diagnosis of early carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 14787871 TI - Influence of antibiotics and sulfonamides of the mortality and bacteria of experimental peritonitis. PMID- 14787872 TI - Radical treatment of carcinoma of the prostate gland by cystovesiculoprostatectomy. PMID- 14787873 TI - Benign endobronchial tumors. PMID- 14787874 TI - Clinical methods in the cytologic diagnosis of tumor. PMID- 14787875 TI - Pulmonary lesions simulating primary carcinoma of the lung. PMID- 14787876 TI - The diagnosis of prostatic cancer. PMID- 14787877 TI - Some phases of diagnosis in peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 14787878 TI - Acute abdominal pain--Some medical causes. PMID- 14787879 TI - Hemorrhage from the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 14787880 TI - Diagnosis of diseases of the pancreas. PMID- 14787881 TI - Acute cholecystitis: The problems of surgical intervention. A clinic. PMID- 14787882 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the rectum. PMID- 14787883 TI - Common premalignant and malignant lesions of the hand. PMID- 14787884 TI - The thyroid nodule--Benign or malignant? PMID- 14787885 TI - The significance of solitary intrapulmonary tumors. PMID- 14787886 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of premalignant lesions of the breast. PMID- 14787887 TI - Gastric ulcer and its relations to malignancy. PMID- 14787888 TI - Polyps of the large bowel. PMID- 14787889 TI - A consideration of ovarian tumors with special reference to their malignant potentialities. PMID- 14787890 TI - Precancerous lesions of the prostate. PMID- 14787891 TI - Carotid angiography; its value in premalignant intracranial conditions. PMID- 14787892 TI - Continuous spinal anesthesia. Evaluation and chronological survey--Ten years. PMID- 14787893 TI - Summary: Fat oxidation problems in pharmacy. PMID- 14787894 TI - [Latin for the pharmacist]. PMID- 14787895 TI - [Commentary on some new chlorophenothane preparations included in the new Apotekareforbund supplements]. PMID- 14787896 TI - [Pharmacy in religious art]. PMID- 14787897 TI - [Augmenting the effect of chorionic gonadotropins]. PMID- 14787898 TI - [The pharmacy at Strom]. PMID- 14787899 TI - [Painting the teeth with sodium fluoride solution as an aid in caries prophylaxis; results of a year's experiment with eight-year old school children]. PMID- 14787900 TI - [Dental materials and their use; solder and heat]. PMID- 14787901 TI - [2nd International Congress-Exposition of Health Technicians, June, 1950]. PMID- 14787902 TI - [History of Assistance Publique of Paris]. PMID- 14787903 TI - [Economic services and general services]. PMID- 14787904 TI - [The hospital physician]. PMID- 14787905 TI - [Hospital architecture in the Assistance Publique]. PMID- 14787906 TI - [Home and dispensary medical care in Paris]. PMID- 14787907 TI - [Child welfare in the Departement de la Seine]. PMID- 14787908 TI - [Maternal and child welfare]. PMID- 14787909 TI - [Electronics in the hospital and in the laboratory]. PMID- 14787910 TI - [Report on the work of commission "A"]. PMID- 14787911 TI - [General report on the work of the Commission on Hospital Architecture]. PMID- 14787913 TI - [Commission on hospital administration]. PMID- 14787912 TI - [Report on the work of commission "C": medico-surgical and electro-medical equipment; large hospital equipment]. PMID- 14787914 TI - [Report on the conclusions drawn by the 5th Commission: economics and dietetics]. PMID- 14787915 TI - [Report presented in the name of commission "F": the patient]. PMID- 14787916 TI - Occurrence of free gamma-aminobutyric acid in brain and its formation from L glutamic acid. PMID- 14787917 TI - Synthesis of quaternary salts of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds preliminary to the use of labeled compounds in the study of cancer chemotherapy. PMID- 14787918 TI - Microscopic autoradiography as a tool in cancer research. PMID- 14787920 TI - Factors determining depth dose distribution from a ruthenium plaque. PMID- 14787919 TI - Cancer that is not always placed in the cancer category. PMID- 14787921 TI - A 1000-curie cobalt-60 irradiator. PMID- 14787922 TI - Preliminary distribution studies of 31Ga72 in the Wistar rat. PMID- 14787923 TI - Co-operative effects of endocrinological factors and processes of ageing in producing adenoma-like structures in rats. PMID- 14787924 TI - Certain aspects of tumor enzymology. PMID- 14787925 TI - Tissue cultures of cells from body fluids. PMID- 14787926 TI - Progress in cancer. PMID- 14787927 TI - Investigations on the mechanism of the anti-leukemic action of urethan employing carbon 14 compounds. PMID- 14787928 TI - Adrenalectomy in parabiotic rats. PMID- 14787929 TI - Variability in prolonged storage of arsenic in rats. PMID- 14787930 TI - Corpora lutea counts and their relation to the numbers of embryos in the wild Norway rat. PMID- 14787931 TI - Pathology of the neurohypophysis with special reference to diabetes insipidus. PMID- 14787933 TI - A specific transplacental effect of urethane in mice. PMID- 14787932 TI - Antibiotics and the added years. PMID- 14787934 TI - Some aspects of thyroid disease. I. Ocular manifestations of thyroid disease. PMID- 14787935 TI - Some aspects of thyroid disease. I. Cardiovascular signs of thyroid disease. PMID- 14787936 TI - Some aspects of thyroid disease. III. Differential diagnosis of thyroiditis. PMID- 14787937 TI - Some aspects of thyroid disease. IV. Radioiodine in evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 14787939 TI - Some aspects of thyroid disease. VI. Prevention of endemic thyroid disease. PMID- 14787938 TI - Some aspects of thyroid disease. V. Relationship of thyroid to sterility. PMID- 14787940 TI - Carcinoma of the thyroid gland. PMID- 14787941 TI - Needle biopsy of the liver; a critical appraisal. PMID- 14787942 TI - Acute diseases of the pancreas. PMID- 14787943 TI - Surgical treatment of benign gastric and duodenal ulcers. PMID- 14787944 TI - Toxoplasmosis clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory aspects. PMID- 14787945 TI - The future of medicine. PMID- 14787946 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis with neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and splenomegaly (Felty's syndrome) with improvement after splenectomy. PMID- 14787947 TI - Generalized late cutaneous syphilids; report of a case. PMID- 14787948 TI - Influenza or acute respiratory disease? PMID- 14787949 TI - Malignancy of the lungs. I. Value of bronchoscopy. PMID- 14787950 TI - Malignancy of the lungs. II. Pathology. PMID- 14787951 TI - Malignancy of the lungs. III. Place of anesthesiology. PMID- 14787952 TI - Malignancy of the lungs. IV. Role of thoracic surgery. PMID- 14787953 TI - Tuberculosis surveys in Texas. Experiences in San Antonio. PMID- 14787954 TI - Mediastinal mases discovered by mass photofluorography. PMID- 14787955 TI - Primary carcinoma of the lung in Texas. PMID- 14787956 TI - Idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax. PMID- 14787957 TI - Subphrenic abscess. PMID- 14787958 TI - Roentgen diagnosis of diaphragmatic and adjacent lesions. PMID- 14787959 TI - Variations of the normal skull. PMID- 14787960 TI - Brain abscess due to Nocardia asteroides. Report of a case. PMID- 14787961 TI - [Observations on a percutaneous expectorant (liberol-salve)]. PMID- 14787963 TI - [Clinical experiences with a new cough medicine]. PMID- 14787962 TI - [Serum phosphatases]. PMID- 14787964 TI - [Progress in urology. V. Modern development in surgery of the prostate]. PMID- 14787965 TI - [Importance of in vitro examination of microorganism resistance, and a therapeutic evaluation; directed antibacterial therapy]. PMID- 14787966 TI - [Holofusin in critical cases of hemoptysis]. PMID- 14787967 TI - [Porphyrin and porphobilinogen]. PMID- 14787968 TI - [Treatment of hypertension]. PMID- 14787969 TI - [G 15903, irgapyrin, as an analgesic and antiphlogistic]. PMID- 14787970 TI - [Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of stenosing phlegmonous primary laryngitis epiglottica]. PMID- 14787971 TI - [Combined calcium-vitamin C therapy]. PMID- 14787972 TI - [Steroid hormones in the urine]. PMID- 14787973 TI - [Trial of a new synthetic curare simulant, 336 H. C., in the technic of electroshock under curare]. PMID- 14787974 TI - [The place in therapy of prefrontal psychosurgery]. PMID- 14787975 TI - [Di-iodoethylate on N N'bis (piperidylethyl) piperazine, 336 H. C., new synthetic curare simulant]. PMID- 14787976 TI - [Reinforcement of the oxytocic action of sparteine sulfate by pentetrazol]. PMID- 14787977 TI - [Anthelmintic properties of the essences of Ceylon cinnamon and of clove]. PMID- 14787978 TI - [Disorders of the elements of the bone marrow caused by experimental rickets and by calciferol treatment]. PMID- 14787979 TI - [The paths leading to Basedow's disease; therapeutic and prophylactic deductions]. PMID- 14787980 TI - [Chemical medication in clinical cancerology]. PMID- 14787981 TI - [Cancer in animals and its therapy]. PMID- 14787982 TI - [Therapeutic use of podophyllin]. PMID- 14787983 TI - [Application of the idea of structural analogy to the problem of cancer therapy]. PMID- 14787984 TI - [One of the modern theories of the origin of malignant tumors; production under the influence of endogenous carcinogenic substances]. PMID- 14787985 TI - [Tuberculosis control; search for a method of building up the resistance of the body]. PMID- 14787986 TI - [Favorable effect of testosterone in 2 cases of acute myeloid leukemia]. PMID- 14787987 TI - [Effect of a synthetic estrogen (diethylstilbestrol) on growth; treatment of 4 cases of infantilism, with follow up of one case for a period of 4 years]. PMID- 14787988 TI - [Lactic proteins in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14787989 TI - [Treatment of typhoid with chloromycetin and the association of T.A.B. vaccine therapy]. PMID- 14787990 TI - [Recent technics of extrarenal purification]. PMID- 14787991 TI - [Intravenous histamine in serum sickness]. PMID- 14787992 TI - [Inhibitors of procaine esterase]. PMID- 14787993 TI - [Treatment of posttraumatic suppurative encephalitis]. PMID- 14787994 TI - [Primary hyperinsulinism, with a contribution on the treatment of hypoglycemic states]. PMID- 14787995 TI - [Antimicrobic action of fatty oils]. PMID- 14787996 TI - [Treatment of skin disease with olobintin forte]. PMID- 14787997 TI - [Endobronchial treatment of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 14787998 TI - [Symptomatic cough and its treatment in the clinic with heroin, as a substitute for remedies now unobtainable]. PMID- 14787999 TI - [Bioelectrostatic hypotheses for new methods in the therapeutic use of peteosthor in cancer and tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788000 TI - [Pyretotherapy or hyperthermal baths in the treatment of psychiatric and neurologic disease]. PMID- 14788001 TI - [Combined protein-penicillin therapy of chronic polyarthritis]. PMID- 14788002 TI - [Adenylphosphoric acid in the treatment of disorders of the coronary circulation]. PMID- 14788003 TI - [Significance of vitamin E in the treatment of disorders of fertility in the male]. PMID- 14788004 TI - [Eight to twelve month follow-up of the results of rapid treatment of syphilis with PAM, procaine penicillin G in oil with aluminum monostearate]. PMID- 14788005 TI - [Leucotomy; ist significance and indications in the treatment of psychic disease and severe chronic pain]. PMID- 14788006 TI - [The treatment of chronic disease of the joints with steroid hormones. 3. The effect of pregnenolone and 21-acetoxypregnenolone]. PMID- 14788007 TI - [Incontinence of the urine and the irritable bladder in the female]. PMID- 14788008 TI - [Pathogenesis and therapy of the gastritis syndrome]. PMID- 14788009 TI - [The veritol-test as a method of evaluating surgical risk]. PMID- 14788010 TI - [Sleep therapy in disease of the internal organs]. PMID- 14788011 TI - [Early diagnosis of lead absorption]. PMID- 14788012 TI - [Inoculation hepatitis; evaluation of the danger of infection in Norway]. PMID- 14788013 TI - [Iron tablet as bronchial foreign body]. PMID- 14788014 TI - [Manifestations of intoxication in mesantoin therapy of epilepsy]. PMID- 14788015 TI - [Cancer of the ovary]. PMID- 14788016 TI - [Simple finger splint]. PMID- 14788017 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14788018 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14788019 TI - [Investigations of cancer cells in the sputum and bronchial secretion]. PMID- 14788020 TI - [Case of myxedema with psychoneurotic manifestations]. PMID- 14788021 TI - [Aureomycin therapy of infectious mononucleosis]. PMID- 14788022 TI - [Acidosis and alcohol]. PMID- 14788023 TI - [Cancer of the uterine cervix and its treatment]. PMID- 14788024 TI - [Aureomycin therapy of seal-finger]. PMID- 14788025 TI - [Investigation of the possible carcinogenic effect of the soot from oil burners in Oslo]. PMID- 14788026 TI - [Streptomycin therapy of tuberculous peritonitis]. PMID- 14788027 TI - [Cancer of the vulva]. PMID- 14788028 TI - [Speech by Prof. Olav Hanssen on the occasion of his retirement, given at the Rikshospital, 11 December 1948]. PMID- 14788029 TI - [In which direction should our general hospitals develop?]. PMID- 14788030 TI - [Treatment of diabetes in private practice]. PMID- 14788031 TI - [Late complications in diabetes]. PMID- 14788032 TI - [Dyspnea]. PMID- 14788033 TI - [Use and misuse of special methods of examination and therapy in general practice]. PMID- 14788034 TI - [Late development of speech in children]. PMID- 14788035 TI - [Mycosis of the foot]. PMID- 14788037 TI - [Notes on indications for physical therapy]. PMID- 14788036 TI - [Injuries of the head]. PMID- 14788038 TI - [Basic principles in the radiotherapy of malignant tumors]. PMID- 14788039 TI - [Pediatric surgery]. PMID- 14788040 TI - [Myelomatosis]. PMID- 14788041 TI - [Significance of auscultation in the diagnosis of heart disease]. PMID- 14788042 TI - [Psychotherapy in general practice]. PMID- 14788043 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14788044 TI - [Medication in obstetrics]. PMID- 14788045 TI - [Endocrinologic diagnosis in general practice]. PMID- 14788047 TI - [Pathology of acute abdomen in women]. PMID- 14788046 TI - [Diseases of the urinary system and pregnancy]. PMID- 14788049 TI - [Appendicitis in gynecology]. PMID- 14788048 TI - [Epilepsy and ovarian cycle]. PMID- 14788050 TI - [Use of estrogens and progesterone in medical practice]. PMID- 14788051 TI - [Fundamentals and trends in psychosurgery; analysis of 12 personal observations]. PMID- 14788052 TI - [Psychosurgery; anatomo-physiological bases and techniques]. PMID- 14788053 TI - [Psychosurgery at the Marchant Psychiatric Hospital]. PMID- 14788054 TI - [Emergency frontal leucotomy]. PMID- 14788055 TI - [Variations on the theme of anesthesia-resuscitation]. PMID- 14788056 TI - [Reflections on thoracic surgery in the U.S]. PMID- 14788057 TI - [Experimental data on duodenopancreatectomy]. PMID- 14788058 TI - [Surgical treatment of coxitis; indications and results]. PMID- 14788059 TI - [Lymph node involvement in cancer of the rectum; respective indications for surgery and contact radiotherapy]. PMID- 14788060 TI - A half century of otolaryngology. PMID- 14788061 TI - The pathology of carcinoma of the larynx studied in serial sections. PMID- 14788062 TI - The management of deafness. PMID- 14788063 TI - Optic nerve sheath hemorrhage. PMID- 14788064 TI - Areas of vision and cockpit visibility. PMID- 14788065 TI - Presidential address: the neurologic aspect of the Minnesota experiment in graduate medical education; a personal accounting. PMID- 14788066 TI - The clinical use of radioactive di-iodo-fluorescein in the diagnosis and localization of tumors of the central nervous system. PMID- 14788067 TI - Thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus as a cause of pseudotumor cerebri; methods of diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14788068 TI - The roentgenologic diagnosis and treatment of chordoma. PMID- 14788069 TI - The grave spinal cord paralyses caused by spinal anesthesia. PMID- 14788070 TI - The brain of patient A after bilateral frontal lobectomy and comments on the status of the frontal lobe problem. PMID- 14788071 TI - Ultrasonic localization of the cerebral ventricles. PMID- 14788072 TI - Pain below the level of injury of the spinal cord. PMID- 14788073 TI - Dandy's striatal theory of the center of consciousness; surgical evidence and logical analysis indicating its improbability. PMID- 14788074 TI - Study of the postcentral gyrus of man by the evoked potential technique. PMID- 14788075 TI - The palmo-mental reflex; a physiological and clinical analysis. PMID- 14788076 TI - Circumscribed glioblastoma multiforme; results following gross total removal. PMID- 14788077 TI - The results of treatment of hydrocephalus. PMID- 14788078 TI - The recognition and treatment of incisural herniation caused by craniocerebral injuries. PMID- 14788079 TI - Herpes simplex encephalitis. PMID- 14788081 TI - Orientation in undergraduate medical education; the functions of the neurologist. PMID- 14788080 TI - Paradoxical improvement in hemiplegia following ablation of abnormal sensorimotor cortex. PMID- 14788082 TI - Ocular movements following bilateral lesions of the frontal lobes. PMID- 14788083 TI - Some effects of cortisone acetate and ACTH in neuromuscular disorders. PMID- 14788084 TI - The influence of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on central nervous system and neuromuscular function. PMID- 14788085 TI - Effect of nembutal on the in vivo rate of oxygen consumption of the cerebral cortex. PMID- 14788086 TI - Neurogenic tumors of the central nervous system (neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma); histopathologic study of two cases. PMID- 14788087 TI - Tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin. PMID- 14788088 TI - Further report on arteriography and carotid artery ligation in intracranial aneurysms and vascular malformations. PMID- 14788089 TI - Surgical considerations in cerebro-vascular accidents. PMID- 14788090 TI - Procain base in iodized oil introduced transorbitally as a test for the effects of lobotomy. PMID- 14788091 TI - Phantom genitalia. PMID- 14788092 TI - Itch sensation in the skin; experimental observations on the neural mechanisms involved. PMID- 14788093 TI - Observations on the somatic sensory extinction phenomenon and the body schema after unilateral resection of the posterior central gyrus. PMID- 14788094 TI - Body image disturbances with lesions of the dominant hemisphere. PMID- 14788095 TI - The effect of high vagus section upon the clinical physiology of the bronchus. PMID- 14788096 TI - The surgical therapy of temporal lobe seizures. PMID- 14788097 TI - Temporal lobe seizures: EEG and cortical electrographic studies. PMID- 14788098 TI - Convulsive seizures coincident with sleep. PMID- 14788099 TI - Seizures in patients with gliomas of the cerebral hemispheres. PMID- 14788100 TI - Significance of the electroencephalographic changes in hepatic coma. PMID- 14788101 TI - Sensory responses from anterior roots and from surface and interior of spinal cord in man. PMID- 14788102 TI - The evaluation of spontaneous fasciculations in conditions other than progressive muscular atrophy. PMID- 14788103 TI - A pneumoencephalographic study of absorptive block mechanisms and of the hydrodynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 14788104 TI - Treatment of neuronitis with BAL. PMID- 14788105 TI - Clinical observations on basilar impression of the skull. PMID- 14788106 TI - Paroxysmal abdominal pain, an epileptic equivalent. PMID- 14788107 TI - Visual and motor changes in multiple sclerosis as a result of induced temperature changes. PMID- 14788108 TI - Somatic and visceral effects from stimulation of the forebrain of the cat. PMID- 14788109 TI - The pattern of subcutaneous sensitive areas as related to pain of thoracic visceral origin. PMID- 14788110 TI - The use of myanesin as a prognostic test in the treatment of acute low back disorders. PMID- 14788111 TI - Neurologic and electroencephalographic evaluation of encephalitis in children. PMID- 14788112 TI - The urinary bladder in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 14788114 TI - Effects of rapid deceleration. PMID- 14788113 TI - Painful sensory syndrome during nerve regeneration. PMID- 14788115 TI - Unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia; a report of seven clinical cases and the postmortem findings in one case. PMID- 14788116 TI - Factors influencing the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic aid. PMID- 14788117 TI - Sensory precipitation of epileptic seizures. PMID- 14788118 TI - Observations on the reduced nervous system. PMID- 14788119 TI - Myanesin as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid in neurology. PMID- 14788120 TI - Effect of thalamic and pallidal lesions upon involuntary movements in choreoathetosis. PMID- 14788121 TI - Cerebral arteriograms recorded cinefluorographically. PMID- 14788122 TI - Histological findings in five prefrontal gyrectomies. PMID- 14788123 TI - The suppression of the clonic phase in electrically induced convulsions in man. PMID- 14788124 TI - Should the term neuropsychiatry be scrapped? PMID- 14788125 TI - Patterns in perception on simultaneous tests of face and hand. PMID- 14788126 TI - Discrimination of weights by men with penetrating lesions of parietal lobes. PMID- 14788128 TI - Interaction in bilaterally simultaneous voluntary motor function. PMID- 14788127 TI - Phenylacetylurea in the treatment of convulsive seizures. PMID- 14788129 TI - Clinical and physiological studies on a case of myokymia. PMID- 14788130 TI - The significance of an abnormal electroencephalogram in patients with psychoneuroses. PMID- 14788131 TI - Multiple sclerosis morbidity and mortality studies in the United States and Canada. PMID- 14788132 TI - The use of vitamin B-12 in the symptomatic treatment of peripheral neuropathy; a preliminary report. PMID- 14788133 TI - A new procedure for activated electroencephalography. PMID- 14788134 TI - Studies on respirators: (I) The effect of the Monaghan portable respirator on ventilatory insufficiency in acute poliomyelitis. PMID- 14788135 TI - The geographic incidence of multiple sclerosis in Norway. PMID- 14788136 TI - Hemifacial spasm. PMID- 14788137 TI - Correlation of clinical and EEG abnormalities in tumors and vascular disease of the brain. PMID- 14788138 TI - The training of surgeons for small communities. PMID- 14788139 TI - Congestive atelectasis; a complication of the intravenous infusion of fluids. PMID- 14788140 TI - Effect of analgesics and antispasmodics on common duct pressures. PMID- 14788141 TI - Further studies on factors influencing liver injury and liver repair. PMID- 14788142 TI - Postoperative salt retention and its relation to increased adrenal cortical function. PMID- 14788143 TI - Studies of combined vascular and neurologic injuries. I. The effect of somatic and sympathetic denervation upon the results of arterial ligation in the rat. PMID- 14788144 TI - The combination of sympathectomy and thiocyanates in the treatment of experimental and essential, or high diastolic, hypertension. PMID- 14788145 TI - Restoration of facial function by nerve anastomosis. PMID- 14788146 TI - Venous shunts in bilateral parasagittal meningioma. PMID- 14788147 TI - A study of the viability of autogenous frozen bone grafts by means of radioactive phosphorus. PMID- 14788148 TI - Results of treatment of subacromial bursitis in 340 cases. PMID- 14788149 TI - Ac-globulin levels in thrombo-embolism. PMID- 14788150 TI - Agnogenic venous mesenteric thrombosis. PMID- 14788151 TI - Sudden and complete occlusion of the portal vein in the Macaca mulatta monkey. PMID- 14788152 TI - Valvulotomy for the relief of congenital valvular pulmonic stenosis with intact ventricular septum; report of 19 operations by the Brock method. PMID- 14788153 TI - Resection of the auricular appendages. PMID- 14788154 TI - General hypothermia for experimental intracardiac surgery; the use of electrophrenic respirations, an artificial pacemaker for cardiac standstill, and radio-frequency rewarming in general hypothermia. PMID- 14788155 TI - Should total gastrectomy be employed in early carcinoma of the stomach? Experience with 139 total gastrectomies. PMID- 14788156 TI - The treatment of inguinal hernia in infants and children. PMID- 14788157 TI - The occurrence of endocarditis with valvular deformities in dogs with arteriovenous fistulas. PMID- 14788158 TI - Pulmonary arteriovenous aneurysm. PMID- 14788159 TI - A clinical study of respiratory exchange during prolonged operations with an open thorax. PMID- 14788160 TI - Quantitative studies on the mechanism of gastric secretion in health and disease. PMID- 14788161 TI - The evaluation of end results in physiologic versus pathologic operative procedures for chronic duodenal ulcer during the past two decades. PMID- 14788162 TI - The effect of definitive surgery on duodenal ulcer disease; a comparative study of surgical and non-surgical management in 997 cases. PMID- 14788163 TI - The definitive treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer. PMID- 14788164 TI - Bleeding peptic ulcer; favorable results by conservative treatment. PMID- 14788165 TI - Secondary operations for peptic ulcer. PMID- 14788166 TI - Histoplasmosis; a common cause of appendicitis and mesenteric adenitis. PMID- 14788167 TI - Acute appendicitis. III. An analysis of 1003 cases. PMID- 14788168 TI - Blood volumes in normal and burned dogs; a comparative study with radioactive phosphorus tagged red cells and T-1824 dye. PMID- 14788169 TI - An approach to the treatment of pressure sores. PMID- 14788170 TI - The effect of potassium deficiency on intestinal motility and gastric secretion. PMID- 14788171 TI - Surgical treatment of calcification of the pancreas. PMID- 14788172 TI - Hemorrhage from esophageal varices; surgical management. PMID- 14788173 TI - Fractionated intra-arterial cancer; chemotherapy with methyl bis amine hydrochloride; a preliminary report. PMID- 14788174 TI - Carcinoma of the breast; 50 years experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital. PMID- 14788175 TI - REPORT to American Surgical Association of the Committee on Undergraduate Medical Education. PMID- 14788176 TI - Irvin Abell 1876-1949. PMID- 14788177 TI - Eldridge L. Eliason 1879-1950. PMID- 14788178 TI - Thomas E. Jones 1892-1949. PMID- 14788179 TI - Walton Martin 1869-1949. PMID- 14788180 TI - Dudley White Palmer 1877-1949. PMID- 14788181 TI - Cobb Pilcher 1904-1949. PMID- 14788182 TI - Charles Locke Scudder 1860-1949. PMID- 14788183 TI - Hugh Henry Trout 1878-1950. PMID- 14788184 TI - The antirheumatic effects of cortisone and pituitary ACTH. PMID- 14788185 TI - Blood flow and metabolism of the human brain in health and disease. PMID- 14788186 TI - Memoir of George Richards Minot. PMID- 14788187 TI - Memoir of Horace James Williams. PMID- 14788188 TI - The moon, werewolves, and medicine. PMID- 14788189 TI - Presidential address. PMID- 14788190 TI - Some present needs in the tuberculosis field. PMID- 14788191 TI - Combined intermittent regimens employing streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14788192 TI - Pertinent observations regarding the effects of streptomycin in cases of bone tuberculosis. PMID- 14788193 TI - A controlled investigation of streptomycin treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14788194 TI - Three-year follow-up study on 202 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis treated with streptomycin. PMID- 14788195 TI - Clinical interpretation of the Middlebrook-Dubos hemagglutination test. PMID- 14788196 TI - Immunization studies with irradiated tuberculosis vaccines. PMID- 14788197 TI - Genetic studies on the development of resistance to neomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in Mycobacterium ranae. PMID- 14788198 TI - The pharmacology of p-formylacetanilide thiosemicarbazone (myvizone) in animals. PMID- 14788199 TI - Human pharmacology of p-formylacetanilide thiosemicarbazone. PMID- 14788200 TI - Serum gamma globulin estimations in patients with pulmonary disease. PMID- 14788201 TI - Carcinoma of the lung simulating tuberculosis: the value of cytology in differentiation. PMID- 14788202 TI - Cardiopulmonary function in cor pulmonale. PMID- 14788203 TI - BCG vaccination in silicosis. PMID- 14788204 TI - Sarcoidosis: preliminary observations from an analysis of 350 cases. PMID- 14788205 TI - BCG vaccination in sarcoidosis. PMID- 14788206 TI - Anesthetic measures directed toward a reduction in the morbidity and mortality of thoracic operations. PMID- 14788207 TI - Antibiotics in the surgery of tuberculosis. PMID- 14788208 TI - Extrapleural pulmonary resection and pleurectomy (pleuro-pneumonectomy) for tuberculosis and empyema. PMID- 14788209 TI - Indications for thoracoplasty and resection in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14788210 TI - Primary tumors of the pleura. PMID- 14788211 TI - The value of bacteriological diagnosis in the Denver survey with correlation of culture techniques on solid medium and slides. PMID- 14788212 TI - Mass surveys as case-finding techniques for pulmonary neoplasms. PMID- 14788213 TI - The Seattle survey. PMID- 14788214 TI - Development and operation of the continuous, locally planned and locally integrated program for mass X-ray surveys. PMID- 14788215 TI - What can we do for the unhospitalized patient? PMID- 14788216 TI - What can we do for the unhospitalized patient? What the clinic and hospital facilities can do. PMID- 14788217 TI - What can we do for the unhospitalized patient? What the private physician can do. PMID- 14788218 TI - What can we do for the unhospitalized patient? What the public health nurse can do. PMID- 14788219 TI - What can we do for the unhospitalized patient? What the public assistance program can do. PMID- 14788220 TI - What can we do for the unhospitalized patient? What the tuberculosis association can do. PMID- 14788221 TI - Cancer detected in surveys. PMID- 14788222 TI - Implications and procedures of multiphasic screening. PMID- 14788223 TI - How to get community acceptance and participation. Through development of a community health council. PMID- 14788224 TI - How to get community acceptance and participation for an activity in tuberculosis control. PMID- 14788225 TI - How to get community acceptance and participation in a legislative program. PMID- 14788226 TI - How to get community acceptance and participation through the Veterans Administration voluntary services program. PMID- 14788227 TI - How to get community acceptance and participation. The Ogdens talk it over. PMID- 14788228 TI - Modern trends in prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. Public health--fifty years from tomorrow. PMID- 14788229 TI - Modern trends in prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. BCG. PMID- 14788231 TI - The mental aspects of tuberculosis--observations based on a veterans hospital study. PMID- 14788230 TI - Tuberculin testing of midshipmen and recruits of the Navy and Marine Corps. PMID- 14788232 TI - Results of the Washington, D.C., chest x-ray survey. PMID- 14788233 TI - Reports on U.S. Public Health Service findings. PMID- 14788234 TI - Sanatorium policies which contribute to the improvement of nursing service in tuberculosis. PMID- 14788235 TI - Undergraduate nursing education to meet the needs of the tuberculous. PMID- 14788236 TI - Organization of resources for student education in tuberculosis. PMID- 14788237 TI - The needs of graduate and undergraduate students in education for tuberculosis nursing. PMID- 14788238 TI - Rehabilitation conference. Human relationships in tuberculosis. PMID- 14788239 TI - How can tuberculosis associations help school administrators to strengthen their health programs? PMID- 14788240 TI - The romance of the Christmas Seal. PMID- 14788241 TI - Some recent work on filariasis. PMID- 14788242 TI - Anhidrotic heat exhaustion. PMID- 14788243 TI - Folic acid and fat absorption in the sprue syndrome. PMID- 14788244 TI - A tumour mass due to Ascaris larvae. PMID- 14788246 TI - The management of chronic inflammation of the orbital socket. PMID- 14788245 TI - Preliminary note on transorbital lobotomy. A warning. PMID- 14788247 TI - Osteomyelitis. PMID- 14788248 TI - Hamartoma of the lung. Case report. PMID- 14788249 TI - Traumatic diaphragmatic herniae. PMID- 14788250 TI - Gastro-intestinal and gall bladder investigation before and after leucotomy, Watts method. PMID- 14788251 TI - Rehabilitation as it concerns the physician. PMID- 14788252 TI - Mechanical therapy. PMID- 14788253 TI - Rehabilitation of the paraplegic. PMID- 14788254 TI - Rehabilitation of the arthritic. PMID- 14788255 TI - Rehabilitation of the amputee. PMID- 14788256 TI - Rehabilitation of the neuropsychiatric patient. PMID- 14788257 TI - Rehabilitation of the tuberculous. PMID- 14788258 TI - Congestive heart failure. PMID- 14788259 TI - The effect of adrenal and pituitary hormones upon acute rheumatic fever. PMID- 14788261 TI - Non-tuberculous diseases of the chest. PMID- 14788260 TI - Observations on the synergistic effect of salicylate and dicoumarol of the depression of plasma prothrombin activity in humans. PMID- 14788262 TI - The impacted lower third molar. PMID- 14788263 TI - Syncurine--A synthetic curarizing agent. PMID- 14788265 TI - Undecylenic acid administered orally in the treatment of psoriasis. PMID- 14788264 TI - Analysis of departmental morbidity and mortality statistics for the period 1 October-31 December, 1949, (third fiscal quarter). PMID- 14788266 TI - Reflex dystrophy in the upper extremity. PMID- 14788267 TI - Conservative treatment of foot disorders. PMID- 14788268 TI - Newer concepts of the anterior pituitary and its actions. PMID- 14788269 TI - Hypertension. A problem of growing importance. PMID- 14788270 TI - Surgical emphysema following double contrast enema. A case report. PMID- 14788271 TI - Broncholithiasis and bronchooesophageal fistula. PMID- 14788272 TI - Look into the facts. PMID- 14788273 TI - A review of hyperendemic malaria. PMID- 14788274 TI - Summary of recent abstracts. VII. Helminthiasis. PMID- 14788275 TI - Summary of recent abstracts. VII. Helminthiasis. PMID- 14788276 TI - Exogenous reinfection and pulmonary tuberculosis a study of the pathology. PMID- 14788277 TI - Coincident bovine and human tuberculosis in a family. PMID- 14788278 TI - The use of streptomycin and PAS in the surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14788279 TI - SEASONAL tuberculosis mortality. PMID- 14788280 TI - Some aspects of the use of streptomycin and PAS. PMID- 14788281 TI - Certain social habits as modes of acquiring tuberculous infection. PMID- 14788282 TI - Tuberculosis, marriage and work. PMID- 14788283 TI - Diagnostic BCG test in old individuals. PMID- 14788284 TI - STEPHEN Roodhouse Gloyne. PMID- 14788285 TI - TUBERCULOSIS in South Korea, with special emphasis on tuberculosis in children: compiled from information supplied to the investigator (E. Leppo) by the Ministry of Health Seoul. PMID- 14788286 TI - Tuberculosis in Jersey. PMID- 14788287 TI - Rupture of the diaphragm as a cause of spontaneous pneumothorax complicating artificial pneumoperitoneum. PMID- 14788288 TI - Some notes on methods of PAS dosage and on the influence of PAS intake on streptomycin blood levels. PMID- 14788289 TI - Mass x-ray surveys of the general public. PMID- 14788290 TI - A note on tuberculosis and its control in the Colony of Singapore. PMID- 14788291 TI - [Course, development and prognosis of silicosis and silico-tuberculosis in the mining district of the eastern Lower Rhine region]. PMID- 14788292 TI - [Administration forms and dosage of PAS in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788293 TI - [Serum cholinesterase in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788294 TI - [Sympathetic block in treatment of inert cavities]. PMID- 14788296 TI - [A new apparatus for diagnostic stratigraphy of the lungs (homalograph)]. PMID- 14788295 TI - [Traumatic fascial tuberculosis of the thoracic wall and its treatment; contribution to the problem of muscular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788297 TI - [Technic of opening cavities]. PMID- 14788299 TI - [Subphrenic pneumatocele in pneumoperitoneum]. PMID- 14788298 TI - [Brain abscess as cause of death in tuberculous bronchiectasia; case report]. PMID- 14788300 TI - [Sanatorium for early cases of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788301 TI - [Primary tuberculous infection. 1. Anatomopathologic studies on the prevalence of tuberculous infection]. PMID- 14788302 TI - [Indications and limits of collapse therapy in primary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788303 TI - [Report on experiences with the new antibiotics Tb I, PAS and streptomycin, alone and in combination, in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788304 TI - [Reactions of the white blood picture during treatment with conteben and PAS]. PMID- 14788305 TI - [Transformation products of PAS and their toxicity]. PMID- 14788306 TI - [Problem of the segmental innervation of the lungs]. PMID- 14788307 TI - [Treatment of specific pleural empyema complicated by bronchial fistula]. PMID- 14788308 TI - [Studies on the problem of streptomycin dermatitis]. PMID- 14788309 TI - [Technic of cavern puncture]. PMID- 14788310 TI - [Aqueous solutions of conteben for intra-cavitary injection]. PMID- 14788311 TI - [Plaster casts in the treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788312 TI - [Results of an x-ray survey, with special reference to transitory infiltration of the lungs]. PMID- 14788313 TI - [BCG vaccination in the Herzogtum Lauenburg (E.) circle of the province of Schleswig-Holstein]. PMID- 14788314 TI - [56th meeting of the German Society for Internal Medicine, Wiesbaden, 17-20 April 1950. Fourth session: Treatment of tuberculous caverns]. PMID- 14788315 TI - [The danger of a deterioration in the quality of professional personnel in German tuberculosis institutions]. PMID- 14788316 TI - [Hospital direction; the struggle between the bureaucrats and the doctors]. PMID- 14788317 TI - [Announcement of the Bayerisches Statistisches Landesamt. April 1950]. PMID- 14788318 TI - [Method of determination of streptomycin resistance in tubercle bacilli]. PMID- 14788319 TI - [Extrapleural pneumonolysis; results obtained at Golnik, 1945-49]. PMID- 14788320 TI - [Electrocardiographic changes in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788321 TI - [Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann's disease; with special reference to pulmonary modifications]. PMID- 14788322 TI - [Examination of sputum at dispensaries]. PMID- 14788323 TI - [Significance of caustic factors in collapse therapy]. PMID- 14788324 TI - [Oleothorax and its application]. PMID- 14788325 TI - [Tuberculosis of the foot; review of cases, Feb. 1947 to Sept. 1949]. PMID- 14788326 TI - [Right to compensation in silicotuberculosis (Decision reached by the Government Social Insurance Board)]. PMID- 14788327 TI - [Physiological findings of gas in the pleural cavity; its prognostic importance in the first pneumothorax]. PMID- 14788328 TI - [Importance of early diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14788329 TI - [Tuberculosis and diabetes]. PMID- 14788330 TI - [Perforation of hilus into the bronchi]. PMID- 14788331 TI - [Management of patients during treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788332 TI - [Care of patients following discharge from hospitals]. PMID- 14788333 TI - [Tuberculosis index]. PMID- 14788334 TI - [Problems in the organization of tuberculosis control in Serbia]. PMID- 14788335 TI - [40th anniversary of the death of Robert Koch]. PMID- 14788336 TI - [Aspects of the surgical treatment of cancer of the larynx]. PMID- 14788337 TI - [Evolution of the radiographic picture of bone metastasis subjected to radiotherapy]. PMID- 14788338 TI - [Histological modifications of the rat thyroid treated with massive doses of estrogen in association with 5-5-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid]. PMID- 14788339 TI - [Experimental contribution to the interpretation of antimitotic action of sodium cyanate]. PMID- 14788340 TI - [Subungual melanoma]. PMID- 14788341 TI - [Histological modifications induced by estrogens and androgens on the male breast]. PMID- 14788342 TI - [Radium therapy of the lympathic tissue of the rhinopharynx]. PMID- 14788343 TI - [Experiences with curare in pre- & post-medication of shock therapy]. PMID- 14788344 TI - [Case of hemolytic anemia]. PMID- 14788345 TI - [Cholinesterase in the plasma, erythrocytes and whole blood in pernicious anemia and leukemia]. PMID- 14788346 TI - [The aged and the hospitals]. PMID- 14788347 TI - [Observations on prolonged pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788348 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis and pregnancy]. PMID- 14788349 TI - [Three cases of asbestosis]. PMID- 14788350 TI - [Significance of the estrogens in the pathogenesis of uterine cancer]. PMID- 14788351 TI - [Estrin therapy of bone metastases]. PMID- 14788352 TI - [Recklinghausen's disease with extensive pilose nevus and neurologic symptoms]. PMID- 14788353 TI - [Diverticulitis of sigmoid colon and perisigmoiditis; 18 operated cases]. PMID- 14788354 TI - [Operative therapy of chronic hepatitis]. PMID- 14788355 TI - [Simmonds syndrome, with special reference to desoxycorticosterone, testosterone and thyreoidin therapy]. PMID- 14788356 TI - [A new apparatus for permanent suction drainage]. PMID- 14788358 TI - [Seventeen cases of rachitis]. PMID- 14788357 TI - [Clinical observations on cases of craniotabes in two pediatric clinics in Copenhagen]. PMID- 14788359 TI - [Endocrine basis of certain psychiatric conditions with special reference to acute delirium and cyclic psychoses; reflections in connection with the recent publication of C. Hamburgers new book]. PMID- 14788360 TI - [Treatment of acute barbiturate poisoning]. PMID- 14788361 TI - [Maintenance therapy of pernicious anemia with liver extracts]. PMID- 14788362 TI - [Penicillin therapy of acute tonsillitis]. PMID- 14788363 TI - [Polycythemia vera with hemorrhagic diathesis and fibrinopenia]. PMID- 14788364 TI - [Aminopterin therapy of leukemia in childhood]. PMID- 14788365 TI - [Remission of leukemia in childhood]. PMID- 14788366 TI - [Penicillin therapy of syphilis]. PMID- 14788367 TI - [The gono-reaction and penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14788368 TI - [Myxomatous cutaneous cysts of the fingers]. PMID- 14788369 TI - [Symptomatology and therapy of acute infectious pulmonary atelectasis simulating bronchopneumonia in children]. PMID- 14788370 TI - [Aureomycin therapy of primary atypical (virus) pneumonia]. PMID- 14788371 TI - [Aureomycin in the treatment of ophthalmic herpes zoster]. PMID- 14788372 TI - [Aureomycin in a case of influenzal meningitis]. PMID- 14788373 TI - [Amidryl MCO, an effective remedy in seasickness]. PMID- 14788374 TI - [Treatment of tuberculosis in infants with streptomycin]. PMID- 14788375 TI - [Chloromycetin in the treatment of typhoid in children]. PMID- 14788376 TI - [Primary pleural cancer in children]. PMID- 14788377 TI - [Hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus]. PMID- 14788378 TI - [Diphtheria vaccination]. PMID- 14788379 TI - [Half-century of progress in artificial infant feeding]. PMID- 14788380 TI - [Case of infectious mononucleosis]. PMID- 14788381 TI - [Treatment of subdural hematoma in children]. PMID- 14788382 TI - [Perforated gastric ulcer in a newborn with survival]. PMID- 14788383 TI - [Two intrathoracic cysts in children (of 1. digestive and 2. branchial origin)]. PMID- 14788384 TI - [Notes on congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14788385 TI - [Congenital paralysis and mental hygiene]. PMID- 14788386 TI - [Toxoplasmosis in children]. PMID- 14788388 TI - [Indications for EEG in pediatrics]. PMID- 14788387 TI - [Inflammatory stenosis of the bronchi in children]. PMID- 14788389 TI - [Asthma and infant pathology]. PMID- 14788390 TI - [Radiologic study of congenital malformation of the digestive tract in infancy]. PMID- 14788391 TI - [Lactarium of the School of Puericulture of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris]. PMID- 14788392 TI - [Infant mortality in the Province of Quebec]. PMID- 14788393 TI - [Division of Child Hygiene of the Montreal Health Service; its history and present program]. PMID- 14788394 TI - [Modern psychology in pediatrics]. PMID- 14788395 TI - [Prematurity; problem of public hygiene]. PMID- 14788396 TI - [Formation of the pediatrician]. PMID- 14788397 TI - [The Association of Pediatricians of the French Language]. PMID- 14788398 TI - [A large children's hospital: Hopital Sainte Justine]. PMID- 14788399 TI - [Critical study of primary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788400 TI - [Gastrojejunal peptic ulcer following gastrectomy]. PMID- 14788401 TI - [Etiopathogenetic study on psoriasis]. PMID- 14788402 TI - [Case of venous embolism due to penicillin]. PMID- 14788403 TI - [Repeated ectopic pregnancy]. PMID- 14788404 TI - [Congenital absence of uterus and adnexa]. PMID- 14788405 TI - [Monoplegia of the upper trunk and prosthesis]. PMID- 14788406 TI - [Surgery of acute abdomen]. PMID- 14788407 TI - [Hero-scopo in labor pains in rural practice]. PMID- 14788408 TI - [Modern treatment of burns]. PMID- 14788409 TI - [X-ray in the service of anatomy]. PMID- 14788410 TI - [20th Meeting of the Association des Medicines de Langue Francaise du Canada; opening session]. PMID- 14788412 TI - [Address of Dr..J.A. Vidal, president of the 20th session]. PMID- 14788411 TI - [Address of Dr. Hermile Trudel, secretary-treasurer]. PMID- 14788413 TI - [Address of Dr. D. Marion, director of the Association]. PMID- 14788414 TI - [Address of His Excellency Monsignor Paul Emile Leger, archbishop of Montreal]. PMID- 14788415 TI - [Address of Prof. Raoul Kourilsky, delegate of the French Government]. PMID- 14788416 TI - [Artificial prostheses for enucleations]. PMID- 14788417 TI - [Research and determination of proteins; study of several causes of error]. PMID- 14788418 TI - [Case of shock]. PMID- 14788419 TI - [Pyloric stenosis and recent gastric ulcers]. PMID- 14788420 TI - [Diabetes and pregnancy]. PMID- 14788421 TI - [Fauteaux Mercier (1898-1950)]. PMID- 14788422 TI - Psychiatric treatment in combat areas. PMID- 14788423 TI - Insulin resistance. The mechanisms involved and the influence of infection and refrigeration. PMID- 14788424 TI - Carcinoma of the prostate. PMID- 14788425 TI - Repair of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Report of a case with concomitant splenectomy and nephrectomy. PMID- 14788426 TI - Empyema in infancy. PMID- 14788428 TI - The use of the anterior iliac crest as a source of bone graft. PMID- 14788427 TI - Repair of a mandibular bone defect with bone chips. PMID- 14788429 TI - Fabrication of a porcelain jacket crown. PMID- 14788430 TI - Demerol, scopolamine, and caudal analgesia. PMID- 14788432 TI - The superior vena caval syndrome. Report of 2 cases. PMID- 14788431 TI - Antibiotics in gastrointestinal surgery. PMID- 14788433 TI - Planning and designing removable partial dentures. PMID- 14788434 TI - Breast feeding. PMID- 14788435 TI - Transposition of the great cardiac vessels. PMID- 14788436 TI - Apocrine hamartomas. PMID- 14788437 TI - A comparison of ephedrine and desoxyephedrine in maintaining blood pressure during spinal analgesia. PMID- 14788438 TI - Herpes zoster concurrent with varicelliform eruption. Report of 5 cases. PMID- 14788441 TI - The mobilization of the medical supply and equipment industry. PMID- 14788439 TI - Periarteritis nodosa. Report of a case. PMID- 14788440 TI - Isolation of three Salmonella species of group C in one case of salmonellosis. PMID- 14788442 TI - Assessment of physical fitness for service in the British Army. PMID- 14788444 TI - ARMED Forces standards for dental examinations and classification. PMID- 14788443 TI - About the Army Medical Service. Additional pay of $100. PMID- 14788445 TI - Vascular supply of the spinal cord: The production of vascular syndromes. PMID- 14788446 TI - Management of diabetic coma. PMID- 14788447 TI - The hypotensive action of protoveratrine. PMID- 14788448 TI - PITUITARY adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH. PMID- 14788449 TI - Observations on sixty patients with hypertension successfully treated by splanchnicectomy. PMID- 14788450 TI - An anatomic study of the cervical spine bases on a clinical-roentgenologic concept of the etiology of brachialgia. PMID- 14788451 TI - Cancer of the kidney. PMID- 14788452 TI - Uretero-intestinal anastomosis in inoperable carcinoma of the urinary bladder. PMID- 14788453 TI - The philosophy of prostatic surgery. PMID- 14788454 TI - Surgical treatment of male infertility. PMID- 14788455 TI - The constitution and the welfare state. PMID- 14788456 TI - Patent urachus. PMID- 14788457 TI - Retropubic prostatectomy a critical review of 99 consecutive private cases. PMID- 14788458 TI - Papillary carcinoma in a poly-cystic kidney. PMID- 14788459 TI - Passage of shell fragment from renal pelvis to lower ureter; removal by ureterotomy. PMID- 14788460 TI - A technical aid in transurethral resection of the bladder neck in the female. PMID- 14788461 TI - Basal celled carcinoma developing in lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14788462 TI - Urine and prostatic fluid; a study of 50 normal males. PMID- 14788463 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis: differentiation from tuberculosis. PMID- 14788464 TI - Excretory urography; a clinical study. PMID- 14788465 TI - Leukoplakia of the renal pelvis. PMID- 14788466 TI - Retrocaval ureter; a case report. PMID- 14788467 TI - Ligation of internal iliacs for uncontrollable pelvic hemorrhage. PMID- 14788468 TI - Development of tolerance of skin towards anti-histaminic drugs. PMID- 14788469 TI - [Contemporary data on human respiratory regulation]. PMID- 14788470 TI - [Formation and modifications of carnosine and anserine in the process of evolution of muscular tissue]. PMID- 14788471 TI - [Specific component of malignant tumors]. PMID- 14788472 TI - [Transmission of acquired characteristics following the example of insects]. PMID- 14788474 TI - [Regeneration of organs in animals]. PMID- 14788473 TI - [Development of immunological reactions and the problem of tissular incompatibility in transplantations]. PMID- 14788475 TI - [Our differences of opinion]. PMID- 14788476 TI - [Role of Russian scientists in the discovery and history of dichogamy]. PMID- 14788477 TI - [Sechenov's unknown work]. PMID- 14788478 TI - [Possibility of extraorganic osteogenesis following anabiosis of bone cells]. PMID- 14788479 TI - [Progress of the biological method of control and problems of reconstruction of the fauna]. PMID- 14788480 TI - [Biochemistry of cobalt]. PMID- 14788482 TI - [Absorption in the stomach]. PMID- 14788481 TI - [Theory of stage development; basic law of plant physiology]. PMID- 14788483 TI - [Theoretical principles of embryology]. PMID- 14788484 TI - [Problems of experimental morphology]. PMID- 14788485 TI - [Renovation and expansion of old hospitals in the national program of hospital reorganization]. PMID- 14788486 TI - [Quarters for nurses and hospital personnel]. PMID- 14788487 TI - [The new nurses quarters at Elfenau]. PMID- 14788488 TI - [Hospital construction in the United States]. PMID- 14788489 TI - [Infectious disease wing of the General Province, City, and Academic Hospital at Groningen]. PMID- 14788490 TI - [Occupational therapy in Swiss hospitals]. PMID- 14788492 TI - [Results of sleep therapy in ophthalmology]. PMID- 14788491 TI - [Hospital dietetics]. PMID- 14788493 TI - [Penicillin therapy in diseases of the cornea and vascular tract]. PMID- 14788494 TI - [Treatment of corneal ulcers with penicillin]. PMID- 14788495 TI - [Penicillin therapy in burns of eyeball and eyelids]. PMID- 14788496 TI - [Use of penicillin in infectious diseases of the eye]. PMID- 14788497 TI - [Penicillin therapy of ocular diseases]. PMID- 14788498 TI - [Local penicillin therapy of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in newborn and adults]. PMID- 14788499 TI - [Combined penicillin and sulfonamide therapy of orbital phlegmon]. PMID- 14788500 TI - [Use of penicillin in treatment of orbital phlegmon, complicated by septicemia]. PMID- 14788501 TI - [On the tolerance of intraocular tissues to penicillin]. PMID- 14788502 TI - [Data on diagnosis of avitaminotic states in ocular diseases]. PMID- 14788503 TI - [Surgical methods in senile and presenile cataract]. PMID- 14788504 TI - [Myotonic reaction of the pupil following alcoholization of the second branch of the trigeminal nerve]. PMID- 14788505 TI - [Vernal catarrh]. PMID- 14788506 TI - [Local glucose therapy of certain diseases of the eyes]. PMID- 14788507 TI - [New method of graft fixation in keratoplasty]. PMID- 14788508 TI - [Blepharostat of new construction]. PMID- 14788509 TI - [Case report of sympathetic ophthalmia cured by antibiotics combined with sulfidin]. PMID- 14788510 TI - [Achievements in Soviet otorhinolaryngology based on Pavlov's theories]. PMID- 14788511 TI - [Reflexogenic zones of the larynx]. PMID- 14788512 TI - [Peculiarities of the reactivity of the child's organism in sluggish aural diseases and the effect of stimulants]. PMID- 14788513 TI - [Results in application of cadaveric skin treated with chloracide in treatment of wounds following radical ear operations]. PMID- 14788514 TI - [Clinical aspect of acute poisoning with mercurial vapors]. PMID- 14788515 TI - [Osteomas of paranasal sinuses and orbit]. PMID- 14788516 TI - [Roentgenotherapy of laryngeal cancer by the method of simple fractioning]. PMID- 14788518 TI - [Improved methods in differential diagnosis of suppurative otitis media with use of optic instruments]. PMID- 14788517 TI - [Scleroma of the upper respiratory tract based on data from the otolaryngologic clinic of the Ukraine Institute and ear, nose and throat clinic of the Kharkov Medical Institute]. PMID- 14788519 TI - [On afebrile sinus thrombosis]. PMID- 14788520 TI - [Results in treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media by local penicillin application]. PMID- 14788521 TI - [Treatment of acute tonsillitis and rhinitis by inhalation of vapors of 1% aqueous solution of formalin]. PMID- 14788523 TI - [Author's method of extraction of foreign bodies from the esophagus]. PMID- 14788522 TI - [Author's method of extraction of foreign bodies from trachea and bronchi]. PMID- 14788524 TI - [Case report of helminthiasis with disorders of autonomovestibular nature]. PMID- 14788525 TI - [Rare case of extensive superficial nasal angioma]. PMID- 14788526 TI - [Two cases of cystoid dilatation of paranasal sinuses]. PMID- 14788527 TI - [Case report of an atypical course of a syphilitic laryngeal affection]. PMID- 14788528 TI - [Case report of scleroma with atypical laryngeal localization]. PMID- 14788529 TI - [Case of esophageal cancer in a 15-year-old boy]. PMID- 14788530 TI - [Report of the plenary scientific commission of venereal diseases division of Public Health of SSSR]. PMID- 14788531 TI - [Achievements in dermovenereology in the SSSR during the first post-war 5-year plan]. PMID- 14788532 TI - [Intensified work in control of fresh forms of venereal diseases]. PMID- 14788533 TI - [Fungous flora of Uzbekistan]. PMID- 14788534 TI - [Results of the organization for prevention of syphilis of the central nervous system]. PMID- 14788535 TI - [Methods in application of the electric field of ultra high frequency in treatment of pyodermitis]. PMID- 14788536 TI - [Role of vitamin C in treatment of certain skin diseases]. PMID- 14788537 TI - [Micromonospora as a possible causative factor in grave general diseases]. PMID- 14788538 TI - [Case report of urticaria pigmentosa complicated by nevus sebaceus cerebriform and telangiectasia perstans]. PMID- 14788539 TI - [Case report lichen ruber planus developed during novarsenol treatment of syphilis]. PMID- 14788540 TI - [Author's modification of impregnation of neural fibers in the human skin]. PMID- 14788541 TI - [Use of tannin in ultraviolet irradiation]. PMID- 14788542 TI - [Single penicillin dose in treatment of gonorrhea]. PMID- 14788543 TI - Continuous phenothiazine therapy for horses; the second year of treatment. PMID- 14788544 TI - The rapid diagnosis of contagious canine hepatitis by touch preparation of fresh liver tissue. PMID- 14788545 TI - Use of physostigmine and atropine in neuromuscular dysfunction in small animals. PMID- 14788546 TI - Natural infection of chinchillas with the mouse tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna. PMID- 14788547 TI - Legal responsibilities of the veterinarian. PMID- 14788548 TI - Avian navel infection. PMID- 14788549 TI - The use of water miscible vitamin A for lambs. PMID- 14788550 TI - The effect of bacon brine on pathogenic microorganisms. PMID- 14788551 TI - An observation on bovine hemoglobinuria. PMID- 14788552 TI - Equine intestinal calculi. PMID- 14788553 TI - Urticaria in a cow. PMID- 14788554 TI - Enterotoxemia of sheep and its control. PMID- 14788555 TI - Problems in swine reproduction. PMID- 14788556 TI - A vat-side test for assaying DDT-BHC in dipping vats. PMID- 14788557 TI - Separatory device for use in testing dipping baths containing organic chlorides. PMID- 14788558 TI - The treatment of canine filariasis. PMID- 14788559 TI - A new approach to the management of ammonia dermatitis and related wounds. PMID- 14788560 TI - Avian keratoconjunctivitis. PMID- 14788561 TI - Sick greyhounds--a poor bet. PMID- 14788562 TI - Radiation therapy in the treatment of lameness in a horse. PMID- 14788563 TI - Obstructive icterus in an aged dog. PMID- 14788564 TI - Bovine monstrosity. PMID- 14788565 TI - NATIONAL Veterinary Medical Association of Great Britain and Ireland; Annual General Meeting and Congress, Cardiff, September 3-8, 1950. PMID- 14788566 TI - Presidential address. PMID- 14788567 TI - Factors influencing herd fertility in cattle. PMID- 14788568 TI - Clinical diagnosis of diseases of the abdomen of the dog and cat. PMID- 14788569 TI - A preliminary note on resistance to treatment as shown by a strain of T. congolense in the Bukomero district of Uganda. PMID- 14788570 TI - The use of an antihistamine drug in a case of tympany. PMID- 14788571 TI - Deficiency diseases, particularly acetonaemia in cattle. PMID- 14788572 TI - Aspiration biopsy of the liver in cattle. PMID- 14788573 TI - Successful repair of abdominal rupture using the vastus internus muscle. PMID- 14788574 TI - Some pig diseases. PMID- 14788576 TI - Conditions associated with hypocupraemia of bovines in East Anglia. PMID- 14788575 TI - Oedema disease of swine. PMID- 14788577 TI - Traumatic abomasitis. PMID- 14788578 TI - A case of displacement of the bovine abomasum. PMID- 14788579 TI - Symposium on diseases of sheep. PMID- 14788580 TI - Recent investigations into certain diseases of sheep. PMID- 14788581 TI - Some observations on disease in hill and lowland flocks. PMID- 14788582 TI - "Breid" and the complexity of its nature. PMID- 14788583 TI - Abortion of sheep. PMID- 14788584 TI - Repair of fractures in the racing greyhound by modern methods. PMID- 14788585 TI - The treatment of coryza infectiosa gallinarum type II (Nelson) with streptomycin. PMID- 14788586 TI - Diseases of the stomach of the adult ruminant. PMID- 14788587 TI - Tuberculosis-like lesions in the pig. PMID- 14788588 TI - Electrocution of unwanted dogs and cats. PMID- 14788589 TI - Transmission of tuberculosis to chicks through eggs of tuberculous hens. PMID- 14788590 TI - Ulcerative stomatitis in an elephant suspected to have been caused by acetic acid. PMID- 14788591 TI - Preliminary note on the treatment of spirocercosis in dogs with a piperazine compound, caricide (Lederle). PMID- 14788593 TI - [Prevention of hematemesis; presentation of a case]. PMID- 14788592 TI - [Cases of hypertension provoked by desoxycorticosterone acetate]. PMID- 14788594 TI - [Experimental observations on cancer]. PMID- 14788595 TI - [Albert Schweitzer as a great Frenchman]. PMID- 14788596 TI - [Problem of pain in normal delivery]. PMID- 14788597 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of sterility of tubal origin]. PMID- 14788598 TI - [Technics of analgesia in obstetrics]. PMID- 14788599 TI - [Chloromycetin and typhoid fever]. PMID- 14788601 TI - [Bouillaud's disease]. PMID- 14788602 TI - [Migraine: how to conduct the questioning and examination of the patient]. PMID- 14788600 TI - [Metabolism of adrenalin]. PMID- 14788603 TI - [Citrate of bismuth and quinine]. PMID- 14788604 TI - [Technics of analgesia in obstetrics]. PMID- 14788605 TI - [Monocytic angina]. PMID- 14788606 TI - [New treatment of furunculosis]. PMID- 14788607 TI - [Surgical sciatica]. PMID- 14788609 TI - [Suffocating laryngitis in the infant]. PMID- 14788608 TI - [Fibroma and radium]. PMID- 14788610 TI - [Insulins]. PMID- 14788611 TI - [Cobalt in anemia therapy]. PMID- 14788612 TI - [Housing in France]. PMID- 14788613 TI - [The International Congress on Psychiatry]. PMID- 14788614 TI - [Schaumann's disease, disease of the future]. PMID- 14788615 TI - [Iron and molybdenum compounds in the treatment of hypochromic anemia of digestive origin]. PMID- 14788616 TI - [Bioptic and histologic studies of Masugi's nephritis. in the frog]. PMID- 14788617 TI - [Experimental investigations on the resorption of heterogenous protein]. PMID- 14788618 TI - [Effect of nephrotoxin in the mouse]. PMID- 14788619 TI - [Histochemical studies of amyloid substance]. PMID- 14788620 TI - [Microtechnique investigations on growth of the liver in the white mouse as a basis for morphologic and functional studies]. PMID- 14788621 TI - [The muscle fiber constant and the law of growth of the human ventricles]. PMID- 14788622 TI - [Terminal stages of myeloid leukemia and their diagnosis by liver biopsy]. PMID- 14788623 TI - [Leukocytolysis and the occurrence of protein crystals in the milk of the rabbit]. PMID- 14788624 TI - [Serous endocarditis in young children and adolescents]. PMID- 14788625 TI - [The cardiac ganglia of man in the sixth decade of life and their modifications in cardiac syphilis]. PMID- 14788626 TI - [Effect of urethane on the ovary of the white rat]. PMID- 14788627 TI - [Problem of the etiology of accessory lung]. PMID- 14788628 TI - [Observations on the healing of arteriosclerotic ulcers of the aorta]. PMID- 14788629 TI - [Modifications of the endocrine glands in plasmocytoma]. PMID- 14788630 TI - [Role of histamine in allergic inflammation]. PMID- 14788631 TI - [Latent period of reticulosis in anoxia; experiments on the guinea pig and rabbit]. PMID- 14788633 TI - American medicine must remain free. PMID- 14788632 TI - [Medullar and extramedullar hemogenesis in anoxia; studies on the guinea pig]. PMID- 14788634 TI - Management of the complications of acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 14788635 TI - The use of anticoagulants in the management of acute myocardial infarction--a report of 60 cases. PMID- 14788636 TI - The differential diagnosis of acute infectious "idiopathic" pericarditis and myocardial infarction. PMID- 14788637 TI - Pain mechanisms associated with headache. PMID- 14788638 TI - Vaginal hysterectomy--Indications and advantages. PMID- 14788639 TI - Clinical pathological conference; fibrosis and hypertrophy of left ventricle of heart (chronic isolated myocarditis). Dilatation and hypertrophy of left atrium with mural thrombus. PMID- 14788640 TI - Clinical pathological conference; adenocarcinoma tail and body of pancreas with local extension and metastases to liver, kidney, peritoneum and lymph nodes. PMID- 14788641 TI - Convulsive therapy and related psycho-physiological phenomena. PMID- 14788642 TI - WILLIAM Henry Welch (1850-1934). PMID- 14788643 TI - Medicine, mobilization and manpower. PMID- 14788644 TI - Mutual support for survival medical plans for civil defense and disaster relief. PMID- 14788645 TI - Pernicious anemia: Diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14788646 TI - The diagnosis and treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis. PMID- 14788647 TI - Hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 14788648 TI - Radioactive iodine studies following hemithyroidectomy for carcinoma of the thyroid: A possible aid in the diagnosis of early metastases--A case report. PMID- 14788649 TI - Clinicopathological reports; acute polyarteritis (acute necrotizing arteries and arteriolitis so-called periarteritis) of liver, periadrenal fat, duodenum and renal pelvis. PMID- 14788650 TI - Public health. PMID- 14788651 TI - WADE Hampton Frost (1880-1938). PMID- 14788652 TI - [Determination of the value of hematocrit and concentration of plasma proteins in shock]. PMID- 14788653 TI - [Epidemics of dysentery in the training camp of the military school in July and August, 1949]. PMID- 14788654 TI - [Pathophysiology of the circulation in arteriovenous fistula]. PMID- 14788655 TI - [Toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 14788656 TI - [Physiology of adaptation of the retina in nyctalopia]. PMID- 14788657 TI - [Two rare cases of exophthalmos]. PMID- 14788658 TI - [Case of acute poisoning with Datura stramonium]. PMID- 14788659 TI - [Erythrocyte picture]. PMID- 14788660 TI - [Physical examination of recruits in Holland]. PMID- 14788661 TI - [Postoperative pulmonary complications at the surgical department of the former Army General Hospital in 1949]. PMID- 14788662 TI - [Causes and prevention of complications in neosalvarsan therapy of syphilis]. PMID- 14788663 TI - [Certain epidemiologic problems in exanthema]. PMID- 14788664 TI - [Embryopathology of rubeola]. PMID- 14788665 TI - [Pharmaceutic and chemical analysis of paraaminosalicylic acid]. PMID- 14788666 TI - [Case of pulmonary abscess complicated by endophthalmitis]. PMID- 14788667 TI - [Significance of I. P. Pavlov's teaching for neurosurgery]. PMID- 14788668 TI - [Circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid through the brain via the perivascular spaces]. PMID- 14788669 TI - [Results in application of a fibrin membrane and filaments in neurosurgery; dynamics of absorption of fibrin filaments in the nerve]. PMID- 14788670 TI - [Priority of Russian physicians in neurosurgery]. PMID- 14788671 TI - [Cysts following craniocerebral gunshot wounds]. PMID- 14788672 TI - [Surgical treatment of latent cerebral abscesses of gunshot origin]. PMID- 14788673 TI - [Remote sequels of treatment of war-time gunshot cerebral abscesses]. PMID- 14788674 TI - [Surgical treatment of frontal sinusitis following combined injuries of the paranasal sinuses]. PMID- 14788675 TI - [Third total excision of multiple recurrent cerebral abscesses]. PMID- 14788676 TI - [Case of abscess of the spinal cord]. PMID- 14788677 TI - [Russian cooking in collective kitchens]. PMID- 14788678 TI - [Polish socialism and food industry in the service of the working class]. PMID- 14788679 TI - [Present state of nutrition and progress since liberation of Hungary]. PMID- 14788681 TI - [Slovak national typical dishes]. PMID- 14788680 TI - [Rumanian national dishes]. PMID- 14788682 TI - [History of tea]. PMID- 14788683 TI - [Present problem in delivery of milk into cities]. PMID- 14788684 TI - [Production of conserved soups]. PMID- 14788685 TI - [Use of black currant pulp]. PMID- 14788686 TI - [Feeding of infants]. PMID- 14788687 TI - [Successful method of solving the problem of nutrition in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14788688 TI - [Conference of the Society for Rational Nutrition]. PMID- 14788689 TI - [Conference of the Society for Rational Nutrition in Franti6skove Lazne]. PMID- 14788690 TI - [Resolutions from conference of the Society for Rational Nutrition in Franti6skove Lazne]. PMID- 14788691 TI - [Reserves of the human body]. PMID- 14788692 TI - [Consumption of carbohydrates in Czechoslovakia and elsewhere]. PMID- 14788693 TI - [Carbohydrates in dietetics]. PMID- 14788694 TI - [Therapeutic diet in USSR]. PMID- 14788695 TI - [Hygienic preparation of food]. PMID- 14788696 TI - [Nutritional evaluation of eggs]. PMID- 14788697 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14788698 TI - [Mechanical kitchen appliances]. PMID- 14788699 TI - Report of rural health survey in Roane County. PMID- 14788700 TI - Rural medical facilities. PMID- 14788701 TI - Problems of rural medical care. PMID- 14788702 TI - Rural health centers. PMID- 14788703 TI - The alarm reaction: Its relation to origin and antihistamine therapy of the common cold. PMID- 14788704 TI - Treatment of alcoholism with antabuse. (Tetraethylthiuramdisulfide). PMID- 14788705 TI - Prolonged relief from dysphagia following dilation of esophageal carcinoma (Report of a case). PMID- 14788706 TI - A study of the Q-T interval in the adult male. PMID- 14788707 TI - The silicosis problem. PMID- 14788709 TI - Method of allergic investigation. PMID- 14788708 TI - West Virginia's first camp for diabetic children. (A report on Camp Kno-Koma). PMID- 14788710 TI - Mesonephroma. PMID- 14788711 TI - Neonatal glomerulonephritis. PMID- 14788712 TI - Management of cord and placental blood and its effect upon the newborn. Part II. PMID- 14788713 TI - Surgical repair of the injured ureter. PMID- 14788714 TI - Diaphragmatic hernia in infancy. PMID- 14788715 TI - Surgical treatment of infantile inguinal hernia with presentation of two cases of strangulation necessitating bowel resection. PMID- 14788716 TI - Renal complications of parathyroid disease. PMID- 14788717 TI - Congenital atresia of the ileum. A report of five successfully treated cases. PMID- 14788718 TI - Pulmonary resection in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. A study of 100 consecutive cases. PMID- 14788719 TI - Bilateral ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 14788720 TI - Pheochromocytoma. PMID- 14788721 TI - Trends in medical education. PMID- 14788722 TI - [Practice of modern anesthesia]. PMID- 14788723 TI - [Pathogenesis of the rheumatic diseases]. PMID- 14788724 TI - [Etiology of hemophilia]. PMID- 14788725 TI - [Nitrogen mustard in the treatment of carcinoma]. PMID- 14788726 TI - [Treatment of prolonged reaction to BCG vaccination]. PMID- 14788727 TI - [Narcoanalysis]. PMID- 14788728 TI - [Sensation as a nervous function]. PMID- 14788729 TI - [The nature and conditional pathogenesis of the infectious diseases]. PMID- 14788730 TI - [Persistence of Rh antibodies in the serum following immunization]. PMID- 14788731 TI - [Electrophoretic studies of plasma in connection with the problem of the aging of preserved blood]. PMID- 14788732 TI - [Studies on the effect of antistin on capillary resistance in focal infection]. PMID- 14788733 TI - [Therapeutic vagotonia produced by prostigmine in pulmonary tuberculosis and exudative pleurisy]. PMID- 14788734 TI - [Experimental autoinfection]. PMID- 14788735 TI - [Congenital stridor due to double aortic arch; clinical aspect and surgical therapy]. PMID- 14788736 TI - [Differentiation of methylphenylethylhydantoin's (mesantoin's) mode of action in epileptic and in tetanic convulsions]. PMID- 14788737 TI - [Problem of the blue-pigment macrophages in the sternal punctate]. PMID- 14788738 TI - [Further results with streptomycin in the treatment of disseminated tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788739 TI - [Effect of sympathico- and parasympathicomimetics on opsonification in human serum]. PMID- 14788740 TI - [Acidity and ulcer; pH studies of the ulcerous stomach; observations on an article of like title by H. Kreitner]. PMID- 14788741 TI - [Acidity and ulcer; pH studies of the ulcerous stomach; reply to Dr. Staudner's criticism of author's article]. PMID- 14788742 TI - [Report on a case of hernial appendicitis]. PMID- 14788743 TI - [Pain in the shoulder and arm]. PMID- 14788745 TI - [Mediastinal and aberrant mediastinal goiters]. PMID- 14788744 TI - [Hemolysins and autoagglutinins in hemolytic anemias]. PMID- 14788746 TI - [Advantages in strumectomy of pentothalnovocain-ether-O2 anesthesia and a slight backward tilt of the patient's head]. PMID- 14788747 TI - [Diabetes therapy and dietary problems in Canada]. PMID- 14788748 TI - [Legal medicine, the clinic and the university]. PMID- 14788749 TI - [Significance of roentgenology in ophthalmology]. PMID- 14788750 TI - [Medicinal inhibition of the thyroid and the ovarian cycle; animal experiments]. PMID- 14788752 TI - [Effect of ACTH in lupus erythematodes acutus]. PMID- 14788751 TI - [Clinical aspects of the psychoses of childhood]. PMID- 14788753 TI - [Dysfunctions of hypotension]. PMID- 14788754 TI - [Clinical use of phonocardiography]. PMID- 14788755 TI - [The penicillin level of the blood following the administration of different penicillin preparations]. PMID- 14788757 TI - [Significance of extrarenal factors in kidney disease]. PMID- 14788756 TI - [So-called eosinophilic granuloma of bone, and its relation to Hand-Schuller Christian syndrome]. PMID- 14788758 TI - [Tuberculostatic effect of aqueous derivatives of chlorophyll]. PMID- 14788759 TI - [Methods of anesthesia in strumectomy]. PMID- 14788760 TI - [Surgical and autoptic findings in cases of previous vagotomy]. PMID- 14788761 TI - [Hematologic effects of ultrasonic waves, with reference to their therapeutic use]. PMID- 14788762 TI - [Skin transplantation in modern treatment of burns]. PMID- 14788763 TI - [Simplified method of exchange transfusion]. PMID- 14788764 TI - [Peroral alkalis in the treatment of bronchial asthma; a new method in asthma therapy]. PMID- 14788765 TI - [Problems of multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 14788766 TI - [Investigations of the blood circulation in severe burns]. PMID- 14788767 TI - [Radical surgery in ileocecal actinomycosis]. PMID- 14788768 TI - [Effect of ultrasonics waves on penicillin solutions]. PMID- 14788769 TI - [In commemoration of the tenth anniversary of the death of Julius Ritter von Wagner-Jauregg]. PMID- 14788770 TI - [Modern methods in cardiac diagnosis, especially of congenital anomalies]. PMID- 14788771 TI - [Destruction of bacterial flora in the human body]. PMID- 14788772 TI - [Iodine in gynecological therapy]. PMID- 14788773 TI - [Intraventricular meningioma]. PMID- 14788774 TI - [Intratracheal anesthesia and curare]. PMID- 14788775 TI - [Coagulative property of the amniotic fluid]. PMID- 14788776 TI - [Recent experiences in maxillary surgery]. PMID- 14788778 TI - [Steramin in treatment of rheumatic disease]. PMID- 14788777 TI - [Clinical and experimental investigations of the use of rectal suppositories in calcium therapy]. PMID- 14788779 TI - [Councilor Professor Dr. Wilhelm Falta]. PMID- 14788780 TI - [In commemoration of the 250th anniversary of the birth of Gerhard van Swieten]. PMID- 14788781 TI - [Sounds and murmurs of the heart]. PMID- 14788782 TI - [Does present statistical material support any opinion as to an increase in the incidence of cancer]. PMID- 14788783 TI - [Late operations on the extremities in osteo-articular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14788784 TI - [Basis of the generalization of cancer]. PMID- 14788785 TI - [Theory of the mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of the phantom limb]. PMID- 14788786 TI - [Transmission of typhus in blood transfusion]. PMID- 14788787 TI - [Electron microscopic studies on the action of chloromycetin]. PMID- 14788788 TI - [Electron microscopic studies on multiplication of the tubercle bacillus]. PMID- 14788789 TI - [Eppinger's theory of permeability and its therapeutic applications; the basic novelty of the use of dispersoids of organ-specific lipoid extracts in the treatment of diseased somatic cells in disorders of the central and autonomic nervous systems]. PMID- 14788791 TI - [Value of the luotest reaction]. PMID- 14788790 TI - [Two unusual cases of localized tetanus]. PMID- 14788792 TI - [Bile and bile acids, and their therapeutic applications]. PMID- 14788794 TI - [Experiments on improving methods of isolating and determining the resistance of the tubercle bacillus]. PMID- 14788793 TI - [Deficiency diseases of the bone]. PMID- 14788795 TI - [Dangers in the antabusmedix therapy of chronic alcoholism]. PMID- 14788796 TI - [Resistance of the great arterial vessels to carcinomatous infiltration; remarks based on a case of esophageal carcinoma with aortal arrosion and hemorrhage]. PMID- 14788797 TI - [Objective diagnosis in rheumatic and other myalgias, and their treatment with appropriate novocaine injections]. PMID- 14788798 TI - [Duodenal fistula following gastrectomy]. PMID- 14788799 TI - [Josef Zehetgruber's new device for trepanation of plaster casts]. PMID- 14788800 TI - [Technic of percutaneous intra-arterial injection of acetylcholine]. PMID- 14788801 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of Gauss's pelipathia vegetativa]. PMID- 14788802 TI - [Insulin therapy in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 14788804 TI - [New methods in the treatment of rheumatic polyarthritis]. PMID- 14788803 TI - [Treatment of chronic vulvitis and vulvar pruritus]. PMID- 14788806 TI - [History of the therapy of surgical diseases]. PMID- 14788807 TI - [The problem of pain]. PMID- 14788805 TI - [In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the death of Eduard Albert]. PMID- 14788808 TI - [Iodine therapy of diseases of the eye]. PMID- 14788809 TI - [Sequels of unsatisfactory treatment of forehead wounds]. PMID- 14788810 TI - [Clinical symptoms of the generalization of cancer]. PMID- 14788811 TI - [Chronic subdural hematoma]. PMID- 14788812 TI - [Specificity of seroreaction and cutireaction (luotest) in syphilis]. PMID- 14788814 TI - [Promotion of blood coagulation by means of a biologically active preparation]. PMID- 14788813 TI - [Clinical experiences with supronal]. PMID- 14788815 TI - [Autonomic dystonia]. PMID- 14788816 TI - [Importance of iodine in surgery]. PMID- 14788817 TI - [Possible complications of operations on the sympathetic nervous system]. PMID- 14788818 TI - [Morphology and significance of functional disorders of the mesenchyma, with observations on modifications of neurovascular tissue in carcinoma]. PMID- 14788819 TI - [Effect of day and night shifts upon the worker]. PMID- 14788820 TI - [Report on the International Congress on Streptomycin, Paris]. PMID- 14788821 TI - [Steramin in the treatment of rheumatic diseases]. PMID- 14788822 TI - [Use of solutions of native sulfur in the treatment of chronic adnexal disease]. PMID- 14788823 TI - [Vitamin A suppositories]. PMID- 14788824 TI - [Experiences with anitin preparations]. PMID- 14788825 TI - [Shaft fractures of the radius and ulna]. PMID- 14788826 TI - [Surgical therapy of radium fistulas]. PMID- 14788827 TI - [Rice-fruit diet in hypertension (Kempner ricediet); metabolic and clinical aspects]. PMID- 14788829 TI - [Follow-up of cases of suspected brain tumor]. PMID- 14788828 TI - [Practical method of making cross test for prevention of transfusion complications due to blood group incompatibility]. PMID- 14788830 TI - [Treatment of otogenous brain abscesses]. PMID- 14788831 TI - [Further indications for the use of polyval]. PMID- 14788833 TI - [Percussion ring]. PMID- 14788832 TI - [Use of sulfonamide powder on vaginoperineal tears]. PMID- 14788834 TI - [Scope and value of autogenous training]. PMID- 14788835 TI - [Increasing cellular resistance by weak roentgen irradiation, and the duration of the effect]. PMID- 14788836 TI - [Problem of the treatment of peptic ulcer with gastrointestinal extracts]. PMID- 14788837 TI - [Indications for the use of modern gold colloids in the treatment of chronic arthritis]. PMID- 14788838 TI - [Abortion of erysipelas by sulfonamide injections]. PMID- 14788839 TI - [Present status of psychosomatic medicine]. PMID- 14788840 TI - [Presurgical irradiation in carcinoma]. PMID- 14788841 TI - [Experimental studies on the etiology of acute appendicitis]. PMID- 14788842 TI - [Peptic action of the gastric juice and its role in the etiology of ulcer]. PMID- 14788843 TI - [Etiology of acute atrophy of the liver in syphilitics during treatment]. PMID- 14788844 TI - [Antistin therapy of acute coryza]. PMID- 14788845 TI - [Thiosept in gynecology]. PMID- 14788846 TI - [Therapeutic use of thiuryl in ventricular and duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14788847 TI - [Treatment of allergic disease in childhood with antihistamines]. PMID- 14788848 TI - The future of American medicine. PMID- 14788849 TI - Nontuberculous diseases of the chest. PMID- 14788850 TI - "Base coat" nail disease. Report of a case. PMID- 14788851 TI - Carcinoma in aberrant breast tissue. PMID- 14788852 TI - The incidence and management of eczema in the first year of life. PMID- 14788853 TI - Carcinoma of the jejunum. Report of a case. PMID- 14788854 TI - Immunization survey in rural Dane County. PMID- 14788855 TI - The use of physostigmine and foreign protein therapy in arthritis and related conditions. PMID- 14788856 TI - Additional thoughts about herpes zoster. PMID- 14788857 TI - Clinicopathologic conference; thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. PMID- 14788858 TI - JOINT OIHP/WHO study-group on African rickettsioses; report on the first session Brazzaville, 8-14 February 1950. PMID- 14788859 TI - Studies in vascular repair. V. Experiments with the use of free venous transplants for bridging aortal defects. PMID- 14788860 TI - A rapid method for demonstrating the action of Staphylococcus enterotoxin upon Rana pipiens. PMID- 14788861 TI - The effect of adrenalectomy and of the adrenocorticotrophic and growth hormones on the synthesis of fatty acids. PMID- 14788862 TI - Intra-arterial pressure measurement with strain gauge and amplifier. PMID- 14788863 TI - Observations on circulating adrenal cortical steroids and their inactivation in vitro. PMID- 14788865 TI - An anatomical study of the human spinal column with emphasis on degenerative changes in the cervical region. PMID- 14788864 TI - Treatment of the typhoid carrier state with chloramphenicol. PMID- 14788866 TI - Trends in health legislation: local, state, and national. PMID- 14788867 TI - Tonic symmetry in the inverted human infant. PMID- 14788868 TI - Vital staining of damaged liver cells. III. Reactions of normal and injured hepatic parenchyma of mice to rose bengal. PMID- 14788869 TI - Studies on the in vitro drug resistance of E. coli towards mixtures of sulfonamides. PMID- 14788870 TI - Nutrition of the mouse. IX. Studies on pyridoxine and thiouracil. PMID- 14788871 TI - Influence of thyroxine on the metabolism of amino acids and proteins during fasting. PMID- 14788872 TI - Distal tubular dysfunction with renal calcification. PMID- 14788873 TI - Hepatic manifestations of sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases; a study based on histological examination of tissue obtained by needle biopsy of the liver. PMID- 14788874 TI - [Indications for extraoral extraction]. PMID- 14788875 TI - [Myositis ossificans of the masticatory muscles]. PMID- 14788876 TI - [Significance of the German Formulary for dentistry]. PMID- 14788877 TI - [Author's system of therapy in paradentitis and paradentosis]. PMID- 14788878 TI - [A modified Richmond crown]. PMID- 14788879 TI - [Style and rhythm in practice by appointment]. PMID- 14788880 TI - [Introduction to the problems of school dental service]. PMID- 14788882 TI - [Practical x-ray film holder]. PMID- 14788881 TI - [Chlorine gas therapy]. PMID- 14788883 TI - [Combination of active orthodontic and functional forces to improve prognosis in maxillary orthopedics]. PMID- 14788884 TI - [Dynamicofunctional orthodontics]. PMID- 14788885 TI - [Maintenance of proper position of the models during construction of orthodontic apparatuses]. PMID- 14788886 TI - [Recent advances in the use of activators]. PMID- 14788887 TI - [Patent rights]. PMID- 14788889 TI - [Dentistry as an index of national character]. PMID- 14788888 TI - [Suture of extraction wounds]. PMID- 14788890 TI - [Introduction to the problems of school dental service. 2. Historical development of school dental service]. PMID- 14788891 TI - [Standardization means less expense]. PMID- 14788892 TI - [Articulator with device to secure the models]. PMID- 14788893 TI - [Spyra toothbrush]. PMID- 14788894 TI - [Relation of stomach disease to disorders of the dentition]. PMID- 14788895 TI - [Possibility of a substantial improvement of synthetic substance used in dentistry]. PMID- 14788896 TI - [Sterilization of hand pieces necessary in aseptic root canal therapy]. PMID- 14788897 TI - [Observation and treatment of congenital fistula of the lower lip]. PMID- 14788898 TI - [Use of penicillin in the surgical extraction of impacted lower wisdom teeth]. PMID- 14788899 TI - [Appointment system and practice time]. PMID- 14788900 TI - [Problem of the aging of amalgam preparations]. PMID- 14788901 TI - [On the road toward holistic medicine]. PMID- 14788902 TI - [Neuroendocrine aspects of focal infection]. PMID- 14788903 TI - [Focal infection, autonomic disorders, and hypersensitivity to medications]. PMID- 14788904 TI - [The general practitioner and the problem of focal infection]. PMID- 14788905 TI - [Focal infection--from another viewpoint?]. PMID- 14788906 TI - [Focal infection in dentistry and radiotherapy]. PMID- 14788907 TI - [Clinical investigations on the use of dynexan in prosthodontia]. PMID- 14788908 TI - [Problem of filling matrices]. PMID- 14788909 TI - [Introduction to the problems of school dental service. II. Duties of the school dental service]. PMID- 14788910 TI - [Decay of the dentition dependent upon dysendocrinosis and disordered calcium metabolism]. PMID- 14788911 TI - [Sublingual dermoid]. PMID- 14788912 TI - [Giant sublingual dermoid cyst]. PMID- 14788913 TI - [Preparation of inlay bridges with monophasic casting]. PMID- 14788915 TI - [Technical and medicinal principles in the treatment of gangrene]. PMID- 14788916 TI - [Anomalies and curiosities of dental root formation]. PMID- 14788914 TI - [Calxyl is corrosive]. PMID- 14788917 TI - [Phototherapy with the Orosol ultraviolet lamp]. PMID- 14788918 TI - [Palapont jacket crowns with occlusal surface of metal]. PMID- 14788919 TI - [Dentistry in Central and South America]. PMID- 14788920 TI - [Introduction to the problems of school dental service]. PMID- 14788921 TI - [Legislations in public health plans]. PMID- 14788922 TI - [Economic problems of health institutions and examination of places of work]. PMID- 14788923 TI - [Spas and the problem of balneology in provinces]. PMID- 14788924 TI - [Dental care, use of mobile ambulatoriums]. PMID- 14788925 TI - [Placement of newly graduated veterinarian from the School of Veterinary Medicine in Brno]. PMID- 14788926 TI - [Use of duck eggs in preparation of food]. PMID- 14788927 TI - [Regulation of practice of students of medical colleges]. PMID- 14788928 TI - [Mental hygiene; consultation centers]. PMID- 14788929 TI - [Financial legislations in the 5 year plan]. PMID- 14788930 TI - [Public health legislation]. PMID- 14788931 TI - [Production and distribution of drugs]. PMID- 14788932 TI - [Medical care for workers]. PMID- 14788933 TI - [Absenteeism; preventive action in Hradec Kralove]. PMID- 14788934 TI - [Cultivation of medicinal and of aromatic plants in 1950, in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14788935 TI - [Preparation and issue of drugs to physicians and veterinarians]. PMID- 14788936 TI - [Salvage for re-use of damaged x-ray films in state medical institutions]. PMID- 14788937 TI - [Reorganization in medical institutions]. PMID- 14788938 TI - [Prevention of discrimination in medical care of German nationals]. PMID- 14788939 TI - [Regulation concerning physicians and dental technicians working for the National Insurance in private offices]. PMID- 14788940 TI - [Bonuses for public health employees for superior achievements in the administrative field]. PMID- 14788941 TI - [Pensions for civil service workers and filing of claims]. PMID- 14788942 TI - [Medical care for persons not covered by the military medical act]. PMID- 14788943 TI - [Necessary evidence for revoking the diploma of the specialist]. PMID- 14788944 TI - [Use of surplus material in state medical institutions]. PMID- 14788945 TI - [Procedure for replacement of administrative directors in state medical institutions]. PMID- 14788946 TI - [Sunday, holiday and night medical services]. PMID- 14788947 TI - [Home-care of patients; additional food rations for patients with certain diseases]. PMID- 14788948 TI - [Meat inspection stations in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14788949 TI - [Control in cultivation of medicinal plants]. PMID- 14788950 TI - [Actual aspects of pulmonary tuberculosis in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 14788951 TI - [National health conference]. PMID- 14788952 TI - [Influence of the sympathetic nervous system upon the function of the skeletal musculature]. PMID- 14788953 TI - [Experimental investigations of vitamin D2 poisoning; effect of single massive dose of vitamin D2 on the dog]. PMID- 14788954 TI - [Influence of the autonomic nervous system on the carotid sinus reflex; studies on the unanesthetized dog]. PMID- 14788955 TI - [Effect of thiols on erythrocyte permeability; theoretic studies in connection with a pediatric problem]. PMID- 14788956 TI - [Inhibition of veratrine-induced pulmonary edema in the guinea pig by dehydrated ergot alkaloids (hydergin)]. PMID- 14788957 TI - [Comparative investigations on the course of respiration in muscle pulp under varying oxygen partial pressure]. PMID- 14788958 TI - [Effects of vasculat on the circulation in normal man]. PMID- 14788959 TI - [Effect of aludrin on the circulation in man]. PMID- 14788960 TI - [Excitability of the respiration center in heart disease]. PMID- 14788961 TI - [Period and phase in the function of the human kidney, analyzed with the method of Blume]. PMID- 14788962 TI - [Effect upon the kidneys of massive injections of casein and certain substituted compounds]. PMID- 14788963 TI - [The effect of different pharmacologic substances upon circulation in the capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses in the extremities of the dog; studies of the normal circulation of the unanesthetized dog]. PMID- 14788964 TI - [The role of arterenol in the regulation of the human circulation, blood sugar, and blood picture]. PMID- 14788966 TI - [Modifications in the electroencephalogram during experimental convulsions produced by injections of cardiazol in divided dosage]. PMID- 14788965 TI - [Endogenic creatinine clearance in vitamin D2 intoxication in the dog]. PMID- 14788967 TI - [Inhibition of blood sedimentation by conteben]. PMID- 14788968 TI - [Morphologic pathology of the autonomic nervous system, within the framework of a general pathology]. PMID- 14788969 TI - [Physiology and pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system (cholinergic, arterenergic and histaminergic innervation]. PMID- 14788970 TI - [Nervous regulation of carbohydrate metabolism]. PMID- 14788971 TI - [Surgery of the autonomic nervous system]. PMID- 14788972 TI - [Anatomopathologic demonstrations in connection with Gohrbandt's address]. PMID- 14788973 TI - [Constitution and the autonomic nervous system]. PMID- 14788975 TI - [New methods in the surgical therapy of pain]. PMID- 14788974 TI - [Allergy and the autonomic nervous system]. PMID- 14788976 TI - [Necessity and possibility of an autonomotropic therapy of internal disease]. PMID- 14788977 TI - [Significance of the nervous system in infectious diseases and their treatment]. PMID- 14788978 TI - [The reticuloendothelial system and reticuloendotheliosis]. PMID- 14788979 TI - [Clinical aspects of reticuloendotheliosis and monocytosis]. PMID- 14788980 TI - [Lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 14788981 TI - [Results of recent research on the chemism of cell division]. PMID- 14788982 TI - [Antimitotic cellulotoxins as a clinical problem]. PMID- 14788983 TI - [Forms and conditions of reticuloendothelial thesaurismosis]. PMID- 14788984 TI - [Inhibition by vitamin H' of the growth experimental tumors]. PMID- 14788985 TI - [Reactions of the reticuloendothelium and related cells in virus pneumonia]. PMID- 14788986 TI - [Diagnosis of reticuloendothelial diseases]. PMID- 14788987 TI - [Two cases of plasmocytoma]. PMID- 14788988 TI - [Pathogenesis and therapy of the angioneuropathies]. PMID- 14788989 TI - [Disorders of peripheral circulation with special reference to the trophoangioneuroses]. PMID- 14788991 TI - [Relation of trophoneurosis to dystrophy]. PMID- 14788990 TI - [Trophoangioneuroses of the skin]. PMID- 14788992 TI - [Anticoagulants in the management of vascular diseases]. PMID- 14788993 TI - [Problem of the injurious effects of thorotrast]. PMID- 14788994 TI - [The ground substance as the seat of life]. PMID- 14788995 TI - [Case of Schuller-Christian-Hand lipoid granulomatosis]. PMID- 14788997 TI - [Critical observations on the therapeutic use of dicumarol]. PMID- 14788996 TI - [Clinical experience with dicumarol]. PMID- 14788998 TI - [Biology of the eosinophil cells, with reference to a case of metastasizing sepsis following angina with successful penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14788999 TI - [Determination of glycogen, proteins and lipoids in the healthy and toxipathic liver following administration of methionine and monosaccharides]. PMID- 14789000 TI - [Experimental heart disease]. PMID- 14789001 TI - [Amino acid and uric acid excretion in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14789002 TI - [Clinical aspects and pathogenesis of albuminuria]. PMID- 14789003 TI - [Surgical therapy of the sequellae of arachnoiditis]. PMID- 14789004 TI - [Causes of complications of arteriovenous aneurysm in the cavernous sinus]. PMID- 14789005 TI - [Cerebral air embolism and its demonstration at autopsy]. PMID- 14789007 TI - [Pathology of the olfactory sense]. PMID- 14789006 TI - [Hunger dystrophy in childhood and its relation to avitaminosis]. PMID- 14789009 TI - [Historical sketch on the problem of legal medicine]. PMID- 14789008 TI - [Variations of the normal temperature of the upper and lower extremities in repeated tests of reflex dilatation in hot sitz baths]. PMID- 14789010 TI - [Penicillin therapy of syphilis]. PMID- 14789011 TI - [Antibacterial treatment of pyogenic diseases of the skin]. PMID- 14789013 TI - [Tertiary syphilis; gumma of the nasal septum]. PMID- 14789012 TI - [Experiences with therapeutic use of tetraetylammonium bromide in dermatology]. PMID- 14789014 TI - [Follicular keratosis caused by arsenobenzol (illustration)]. PMID- 14789015 TI - [Fixed salvarsan exanthem similar to lichen ruber]. PMID- 14789016 TI - [Secondary syphilis; erosive interdigital papules with the clinical aspect of mycotic exanthem on the feet]. PMID- 14789018 TI - [Treatment of dermatomycosis with thioformol preparations]. PMID- 14789017 TI - [Trophic nail changes in severy Salvarsan dermatitis]. PMID- 14789019 TI - [Typhoid ulcer of the vulva]. PMID- 14789020 TI - [Experiences of the director of a counseling service]. PMID- 14789021 TI - [Treatment of tuberculosis of the skin with paraaminosalicylic acid]. PMID- 14789022 TI - [Soaps and their effect]. PMID- 14789023 TI - [The problem of psoriasis]. PMID- 14789024 TI - [Dermatological nomenclature]. PMID- 14789025 TI - [A new capillary pipet for taking and transporting blood containing S. pallida]. PMID- 14789026 TI - [Questionnaire on malaria therapy in syphilis]. PMID- 14789027 TI - [Studies on the symmetric distribution of eczema as a contribution to the problem of its pathogenesis]. PMID- 14789028 TI - [Some observations on neurodermitis]. PMID- 14789029 TI - [Perniones and other dermatoses]. PMID- 14789030 TI - [Skin lesions due to soap and synthetic cleansers]. PMID- 14789031 TI - [The influence of syphilis on the history of humanity]. PMID- 14789032 TI - [Psoriasis of the face following intense ultraviolet radiation]. PMID- 14789033 TI - [Herpes of the face following the use of pyrifer]. PMID- 14789034 TI - [Bullous exanthem due to the use of eleudron]. PMID- 14789035 TI - [Exudating ointment-dermatitis circumscribing a healed furuncle]. PMID- 14789036 TI - [Questionnaire 15: Malariotherapy in syphilis]. PMID- 14789037 TI - [Recent diagnostic and clinical advances in dermatomycology]. PMID- 14789038 TI - [Problems in dermatomycology with special reference to the fungal flora of Westphalia]. PMID- 14789039 TI - [Migrant metazoal larvae as cause of dermatitis in man and animal]. PMID- 14789040 TI - [Bovine trichophytosis]. PMID- 14789041 TI - [Microsporia in Schleswig-Holstein]. PMID- 14789042 TI - [Treatment in the Oldenburg Dermatological Clinic]. PMID- 14789043 TI - [In memory of Friedrich Bering]. PMID- 14789044 TI - [Holger Bisgaard's method in the treatment of ulcus and eczema crusis]. PMID- 14789045 TI - [Non-venereal lymphangitis of the retroglandular sulcus]. PMID- 14789046 TI - [Collateral results of penicillin therapy in syphilis]. PMID- 14789047 TI - [Further notes on salvarsan dermatitis and penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14789048 TI - [Fixed neosalvarsan exanthem]. PMID- 14789049 TI - [Ulceration on the sole of the left foot due to prolonged use of MP powder]. PMID- 14789050 TI - [Circumanal necroses following injection of alcohol in pruritus]. PMID- 14789051 TI - [Erythema nodosum caused by sulfathiazole]. PMID- 14789052 TI - [Modern therapy of dermatomycosis, with special reference to microsporia]. PMID- 14789053 TI - [Experimental and clinical aspects of the chemotherapy of mycosis]. PMID- 14789054 TI - [Permeation of the nails and hair by antimycotics]. PMID- 14789055 TI - [Use of thioglycolic acid in the treatment of mycosis]. PMID- 14789056 TI - [Sickness, climate and statistics]. PMID- 14789057 TI - [Problem of the oncogenic effect of intensive vitamin D2 therapy]. PMID- 14789058 TI - [Treatment of mycosis fungoides with ethyl-urethane]. PMID- 14789059 TI - [Histamine antagonists and the antigen-antibody reaction]. PMID- 14789060 TI - [Experimental investigations on the psycho-galvanic reflex]. PMID- 14789061 TI - [Important problems in psoriasis]. PMID- 14789062 TI - [Leishmaniasis]. PMID- 14789063 TI - [Problem of the existence of apathogenic blood spirochetes]. PMID- 14789064 TI - [Psychosomatic aspects of neurodermatitis]. PMID- 14789065 TI - [Dysproteinemia in dermatosis]. PMID- 14789066 TI - [Nitrogen mustard therapy of mycosis fungoides]. PMID- 14789067 TI - [Brill-Symmers disease with cutaneous manifestations]. PMID- 14789068 TI - [Histologic demonstrations on preceding article]. PMID- 14789069 TI - [Studies in the control of industrial anthrax. VI. Problem of the danger of infection from imported sheep and goat hides]. PMID- 14789070 TI - [Effect of penicillin on the bacteria present in calf lymph]. PMID- 14789071 TI - [Subsurface culture of the tubercle bacillus and its diagnostic significance]. PMID- 14789072 TI - [Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis in Bulgaria]. PMID- 14789073 TI - [Housing and displaced persons]. PMID- 14789074 TI - [Comparative study of forms of the dysentery bacillus called type F in the German nomenclature and certain American and British Shigella strains; with a note on dissociation in the Flexner group]. PMID- 14789075 TI - [Unusual aspects of the hemolytic crisis in congenital family icterus of the newborn]. PMID- 14789076 TI - [Aspects of penicillin therapy of scarlet fever, with special reference to continued susceptibility and immunity]. PMID- 14789077 TI - [Differential diagnosis of Boeck's disease]. PMID- 14789078 TI - [Encephalomyocarditis and its differentiation from poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14789079 TI - [Observations on Bacterium bifidum]. PMID- 14789080 TI - [Pathomorphosis of diphtheria; contribution to the epidemiology of diphtheria, with special reference to toxic forms]. PMID- 14789081 TI - [Effect of antistin upon the course of alimentary intoxication]. PMID- 14789082 TI - [Brachymesophalangia of the little finger]. PMID- 14789083 TI - [Fusion of the lateral ventricles in encephalography]. PMID- 14789084 TI - [Cold agglutinins in the blood of tubercular children]. PMID- 14789085 TI - [Atypical and recurrent tetanus]. PMID- 14789086 TI - [Vitamin D requirements of older children, with a few notes on the requirements of adults]. PMID- 14789087 TI - [Electrocardiogram control in a study of tetanus in children]. PMID- 14789088 TI - [Clinical and experimental studies on the peroral administration of penicillin in infantile diarrhea]. PMID- 14789089 TI - [The amino acids. I. Survey of their metabolism and physiologic importance. II. Report on studies of the amino acid content of the blood and urine]. PMID- 14789090 TI - [Clinical and encephalographic findings in suspected cases of Verga's ventricle]. PMID- 14789091 TI - [Pathomorphosis of diphtheria; clinical notes on the problem of pathomorphosis in diphtheria and the determination of prognosis on the basis of the initial clinical aspect]. PMID- 14789092 TI - [Amino acid content of umbilical cord blood]. PMID- 14789093 TI - [Phorogenesis of primordial dwarfism]. PMID- 14789095 TI - [So-called searching and sucking movements of the oral region in infants; a contribution on the developmental physiology of oral reflexes]. PMID- 14789094 TI - [Clinical and experimental investigations on the use of protein hydrolysates in rickets]. PMID- 14789096 TI - [Problem of hemoglobinopenic cells in childhood; achromoreticulocytes, achromocytes and granulofilamentous skiacytes]. PMID- 14789097 TI - [Modifications of the cerebrospinal cavity in chronic tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14789098 TI - [Asynchronous excitation of the auricles in the intracardiac electrocardiogram of the healthy organism]. PMID- 14789099 TI - [Variations in respiratory sinus arrhythmia presented by continuous registration of pulse frequency]. PMID- 14789100 TI - [Aortic thrombosis in Winiwarter-Burger disease, with a contribution on the problem of the relation between aortal thrombosis and hypertension]. PMID- 14789101 TI - [Methods of determining capillary resistance]. PMID- 14789102 TI - [Electrocardiographic diagnosis of left hypertrophy]. PMID- 14789103 TI - [Report on the 34th meeting of the German Society for Pathology, Wiesbaden, 20-3 April 1950]. PMID- 14789104 TI - [Normal histology of the peripheral autonomic nervous system; the synapse problem]. PMID- 14789105 TI - [Pathology of the peripheral autonomic nervous system]. PMID- 14789106 TI - [Studies on the pharmacology of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex]. PMID- 14789107 TI - [Report on cardiovascular themes discussed at the pharmacological conference held at Bad Nauheim, 12-4 April 1950]. PMID- 14789108 TI - [Analysis of the precordial electrocardiogram as the difference of 2 monophasic waves]. PMID- 14789109 TI - [Analysis of the T-wave]. PMID- 14789110 TI - [Modifications in the elasticity and strength of the basal cerebral arteries in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14789111 TI - [Treatment of chronic arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14789112 TI - [Importance of the electrocardiogram, and especially the precordial leads, in the medico-legal examination of silicosis]. PMID- 14789113 TI - [Report on the Italian Cardiologic Congress in Stresa, 28-9 May 1949]. PMID- 14789114 TI - [Comparative observations on the limb and chest leads in metabolic disorders and disease of the heart. II. The precordial electrocardiogram and the unipolar leads of Wilson and Goldberger in strain of the left heart]. PMID- 14789115 TI - [Interauricular conduction; direct and semi-direct leads of the human heart]. PMID- 14789116 TI - [Dihydroergotamin in the treatment of neurogenic cardiovascular disorders]. PMID- 14789118 TI - [Prognosis of fenestration in otosclerosis]. PMID- 14789117 TI - [Comparative investigations on the effect of gynergen and hydergin on the electrocardiogram; contribution on possible applicability of the ergot test]. PMID- 14789119 TI - [Investigations on the relation between the audiometric curve and the understanding of speech]. PMID- 14789120 TI - [Comparative investigations of the glandular elements of different sections of the mucosa in the newborn. 2. Contribution to the problem of the existence of an individual homogenous mucosal organ]. PMID- 14789121 TI - [Experiments with paladon and supramid implants]. PMID- 14789122 TI - [Peculiar calculi formation in peritonsillar tissue]. PMID- 14789123 TI - [Tuberculosis of the cervical lymph nodes in long-standing chorioretinitis; contribution to the problem of the tuberculous etiology of diseases of the uveal tract]. PMID- 14789124 TI - [Indications for per-meatal and endaural attico-antrotomy]. PMID- 14789125 TI - [Treatment of laryngeal carcinoma, with special reference to surgical indications]. PMID- 14789126 TI - [Intensity audiometry as a diagnostic method. II. Intensity audiograms with near and far threshold]. PMID- 14789127 TI - [Compensatory processes in the vestibulary apparatus]. PMID- 14789128 TI - [Methods of surgical therapy in bilateral paralysis of the transverse arytenoid]. PMID- 14789129 TI - [Two new hearing aids: fortiphone and monostat]. PMID- 14789130 TI - [Hemorrhage following tonsillectomy and the weather in September of 1949]. PMID- 14789131 TI - [Acoustic orientation in biology]. PMID- 14789132 TI - [Cavernous sinus thrombosis and orbital phlegmon; the influence of modern chemotherapy on surgical indications]. PMID- 14789133 TI - [Ewald's law]. PMID- 14789135 TI - [Gustatory disorders following tonsillectomy]. PMID- 14789136 TI - [Suppurative parotitis in botulism]. PMID- 14789134 TI - [The basement membrane of normal and hypertrophic mucosa in the upper respiratory tract; its significance and function]. PMID- 14789137 TI - [Hygienic aspects of ice cream; proposals concerning regulation of its production and sale]. PMID- 14789138 TI - [Differentiation in food preparations of fruits whose pulp is rich in inclusion bodies (dates and pears)]. PMID- 14789139 TI - [Method for preparation of sterile sections]. PMID- 14789140 TI - [Acrolein in fruit brandy, mash and new wine. I. Its behavior and suggestions for its removal]. PMID- 14789141 TI - [Rapid electrolytic determination of certain harmful metals in food substances, conserves, food products and beverages]. PMID- 14789142 TI - [Determination of uronic acids; a neglected method in food chemistry]. PMID- 14789143 TI - [Investigations on damage to water-poor foods caused by osmophile microorganisms II. Relation of threshold concentration of the osmophile mould fungus Aspergillus glaucus to the substrate pH]. PMID- 14789144 TI - [Simple method of ascertaining the correction for precipitate volume in the polarimetric determination of lactose in milk]. PMID- 14789146 TI - [Test for yeast press wine and yeast wine]. PMID- 14789145 TI - [Contribution on the Plahl reaction]. PMID- 14789147 TI - [Official statistics on must from the Frankish vineyards, 1948]. PMID- 14789148 TI - [Heat loss of food in hot-carts]. PMID- 14789149 TI - [Familial occurrence of Bechterew's disease in Switzerland]. PMID- 14789150 TI - [Sex hormone therapy of spondylarthritis ancylopoelica]. PMID- 14789151 TI - [Aureomycin therapy of certain cases of rheumatic affections of the joints]. PMID- 14789152 TI - [Physiotherapy]. PMID- 14789153 TI - [In memory of Franz Volhard]. PMID- 14789154 TI - [In memory of Felix Schlagintweit]. PMID- 14789155 TI - [Etiology and development of prostatic hypertrophy and carcinoma]. PMID- 14789156 TI - [Treatment of adenoma of the bladder neck and carcinoma of the prostate]. PMID- 14789157 TI - [Morphologic relation of essential (i.e., pyelitic) hematuria to urinary lithiasis]. PMID- 14789158 TI - [Nephroptosis]. PMID- 14789159 TI - [Renovasography]. PMID- 14789160 TI - [Abnormality of the ureters in dwarfism, infantilism and symptomatic diabetes insipidus (renal dwarfism)]. PMID- 14789161 TI - [Boomerang needle-holder with changeable catch]. PMID- 14789162 TI - [Mitosis. XIV. The effect of certain saturated and unsaturated alcohols and ketones on the course and rate of cell division]. PMID- 14789164 TI - [Structural and quantitative relations between the Schmidt-Lantermann incisures and the segments of Schwann]. PMID- 14789163 TI - [Functional morphology of the human and bovine ampulla of Vater]. PMID- 14789165 TI - [Langerhans' islands in the horse, with special reference to cell type]. PMID- 14789166 TI - [Nuclear size in the follicular epithelium during the sexual cycle of the tenrec]. PMID- 14789167 TI - [Different types of arteriovenous anastomoses and glomus organs in the cook's comb]. PMID- 14789168 TI - [Structure of the fresh vitreous body; phase contrast, dark field, and immersion studies with the ultramicroscope]. PMID- 14789170 TI - [Illicit autopsy]. PMID- 14789169 TI - [Formation and replacement of the corpuscles in the previsceral fluid of Psammechinus miliaris (Echinoidea)]. PMID- 14789171 TI - [Autopsy and piety]. PMID- 14789172 TI - [Accident pathology. 1. One or two accidents]. PMID- 14789173 TI - [An ischiopagus]. PMID- 14789174 TI - [Normal histology of the peripheral nervous system; the synaptic junctions; anatomic and experimental studies]. PMID- 14789175 TI - [Pathology of the peripheral autonomic ganglia]. PMID- 14789176 TI - [Pathology of the peripheral autonomic nervous system]. PMID- 14789177 TI - [In memoriam Georg Gaffky]. PMID- 14789179 TI - [Further findings on the morphology and identification of the pathogen of Q fever]. PMID- 14789178 TI - [Experimental study of the general principles governing the onset and course of infectious diseases]. PMID- 14789180 TI - [Reactions of the reticuloendothelial system following infection with influenza virus]. PMID- 14789181 TI - [Bacteriologic diagnosis of diphtheria]. PMID- 14789183 TI - [Comment on preceding article]. PMID- 14789182 TI - [Siphonospora polymorpha versus S. Brehmer and Bacterium agarogenes Lentz (Agarkeim)]. PMID- 14789184 TI - [Studies on the structure of microorganisms. II. Organic bacterial inclusions]. PMID- 14789185 TI - [Studies on the effect of streptomycin. i. Effect on intestinal bacteria]. PMID- 14789186 TI - [Bacteriologic findings in peroral streptomycin therapy of acute diarrhea in infancy]. PMID- 14789187 TI - [Streptomycin resistance of the tubercle bacillus in tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14789188 TI - [D. I. Ivanovskii as founder of plant virusology and physiology]. PMID- 14789189 TI - [Great plan of desert transformation]. PMID- 14789190 TI - [Neural and hormonal regulation of lactation]. PMID- 14789191 TI - [Autolysis and lysis of the bacterial cell; cytomorphologic modifications in the bacterial cell effectuated by gramicidin]. PMID- 14789192 TI - [Certain growth peculiarities of temperature requirements of the vole (Microtus socialis Pall.)]. PMID- 14789193 TI - [Qualitative modifications in the protein complex of mushrooms in relation to the nutrient media]. PMID- 14789194 TI - [Mechanism of action of antithyroid substances]. PMID- 14789195 TI - [Dynamics of number of shoal of fish and the so-called problem of productivity of reservoirs]. PMID- 14789196 TI - [Ornithofauna of the Elton district of the left bank of the Volga and its modification in relation to field protecting forestation]. PMID- 14789197 TI - [Effect of agriculture on the fauna of Tyroglyphoidea]. PMID- 14789198 TI - [Nyctohemeral vertical migration of plankton and their protection adaptation significance]. PMID- 14789199 TI - [Adaptation to parasitism in embryonic development of Prestwichia aquatica (Hymenoptera)]. PMID- 14789200 TI - [Cycle of development of adipose tissue and its relation to fertility in mosquitoes Anopheles maculipennis sacharovi, A. superpictus and A. hyrcanus]. PMID- 14789201 TI - [Certain ecophysiological characteristics of M. m. hortulanus Nordm. and Mus musculus L]. PMID- 14789202 TI - [Data on reproduction of Barguzinskii sable]. PMID- 14789203 TI - [Rotifera Voronkowia mirabilis Fadeef [synonym Sinantherina socialis (Lin)] in larval stage, hatched from hibernating egg]. PMID- 14789204 TI - [Biology of new species of the beetle Agrilus, harmful to seedlings of yellow Acacia]. PMID- 14789205 TI - [Northern boundary of propagation of ticks Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus in Karelian-Finnish Socialist Soviet Republic]. PMID- 14789206 TI - Actual causes of certain occupational dermatoses. III. A further study with special reference to effect of alkali on the skin, effect of soap on pH of skin, modern cutaneous detergents. PMID- 14789207 TI - Metabolic and steroid hormone changes in lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14789208 TI - Effects of cortisone on acute disseminated lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14789209 TI - Morphealike epithelioma. PMID- 14789210 TI - Transverse nasal stripe at puberty (stria nasi transversa). PMID- 14789211 TI - Epithelioma adenoides cysticum; basal cell nevi, agenesis of the corpus callosum and dental cysts; a clinical and autopsy study. PMID- 14789212 TI - A study of syphilis in Northern Alberta. PMID- 14789213 TI - Effectiveness of penicillin in the prevention of congenital syphilis. PMID- 14789214 TI - Treatment of early syphilis with penicillin, mapharsen and bismuth (combined therapy). PMID- 14789215 TI - Para-aminobenzoic acid in dermatitis herpetiformis. PMID- 14789216 TI - Cutaneous hypersensitivity to tear gas (chloroacetophenone); a case report. PMID- 14789217 TI - Treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus with aureomycin. PMID- 14789218 TI - Aureomycin ointment in verrucae planae. PMID- 14789219 TI - Use of ethyl chloride in minor dermatologic surgery. PMID- 14789220 TI - Reinfection in early syphilis that had been treated with penicillin (ping-pong syphilis). PMID- 14789221 TI - Lymphogranuloma venereum with negative reaction to Frei test. PMID- 14789222 TI - Tertiary syphilis with multiple gummas of skin and bones responding poorly to penicillin therapy. PMID- 14789223 TI - A case for diagnosis: lupus vulgaris? PMID- 14789224 TI - A case for diagnosis: granuloma (type?)? Incontinentia pigmenti? PMID- 14789225 TI - A case for diagnosis: pyogenic granuloma? PMID- 14789226 TI - Leiomyoma cutis. PMID- 14789227 TI - Lipomelanotic reticular hyperplasia of the lymph nodes; scaly eruption on trunk. PMID- 14789228 TI - Dermatitis factitia. PMID- 14789229 TI - Sensitivity to cold. PMID- 14789230 TI - A case for diagnosis. PMID- 14789231 TI - Solid edema of the eyelids; streptococcic dermatitis of the ears. PMID- 14789232 TI - Lymphocytoma cutis; report of 2 cases. PMID- 14789233 TI - Benign solitary lymphocytoma; report of 3 cases. PMID- 14789234 TI - Hyaluronidase action in normal and in roentgen-irradiated rabbit skin. PMID- 14789235 TI - Splanchnic removal of bacteria from the circulating blood of irradiated rabbits. PMID- 14789236 TI - Eczema; a psychosomatic study. PMID- 14789237 TI - Dermatitis repens; a report of 2 cases with bacteriologic studies. PMID- 14789238 TI - Estrogens by local application in treatment of acne vulgaris. PMID- 14789239 TI - Palmar pore patterns; their significance in the absorption of dyes. PMID- 14789240 TI - Telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans; review of the literature, report of a case and discussion of the etiology and pathology of generalized telangiectasia. PMID- 14789241 TI - Local cutaneous sensitivity to methapyrilene; report of a case. PMID- 14789242 TI - Application of potassium hydroxide to the skin as an aid in the direct examination of scales for fungi. PMID- 14789243 TI - Universal ichthyosis; occurrence in 3 siblings without family history of major dermatoses. PMID- 14789244 TI - Vitamin D2 in the treatment of psoriasis. PMID- 14789246 TI - A controlled clinical evaluation of thephorin ointment in the relief of pruritus. PMID- 14789245 TI - Resin of podophyllum in treatment of molluscum contagiosum. PMID- 14789247 TI - Lupus erythematosus following laceration by broken glass. PMID- 14789248 TI - Angioneurotic edema following pyribenzamine therapy; report of a case. PMID- 14789249 TI - Dermatitis from nail lacquer applied to costume jewelry. PMID- 14789250 TI - Linear psoriasis. PMID- 14789251 TI - A case for diagnosis: tertiary syphilis? Necrobiosis lipoidica? PMID- 14789252 TI - Chronic porphyria. PMID- 14789253 TI - A case for diagnosis: erythema nodosum? PMID- 14789254 TI - A case for diagnosis: psoriasis? PMID- 14789255 TI - Actinomycosis. PMID- 14789256 TI - Malignant lymphoma. PMID- 14789257 TI - Chronic atopic dermatitis, with pronounced mercury sensitivity: partial clearing after extraction of teeth containing mercury amalgam fillings. PMID- 14789258 TI - A case for diagnosis: reticuloendotheliosis? PMID- 14789259 TI - Folliculitis ulerythematosa reticulata; granulosis rubra nasi? PMID- 14789260 TI - Demodicidosis (Demodex infestation of the scalp). PMID- 14789261 TI - Psoriasis and deep mycotic infection (sporotrichosis, disseminated ulcerating type)? PMID- 14789262 TI - A case for diagnosis: nevoxanthoendothelioma? Reticulogranuloma? PMID- 14789263 TI - Dermatofibroma (dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans?). PMID- 14789264 TI - Experimental studies of asbestosis. PMID- 14789265 TI - Air pollution in Pittsburgh. PMID- 14789266 TI - Toxicologic studies of compounds investigated for use as inhibitors of biologic processes. III. Toxicity of propylene glycol dipropionate. PMID- 14789267 TI - Toxicologic studies of compounds investigated for use as inhibitors of biologic processes. IV. Toxicity of 1,3-dimethyl-4,6-Bis (chloromethyl) benzene. PMID- 14789268 TI - Investigation of occupational dermatoses in the citrus fruit canning industry. PMID- 14789269 TI - A study of workers exposed to the insecticides chlordan, aldrin, dieldrin. PMID- 14789270 TI - An analysis of existing types of small-plant health services in northeastern United States. PMID- 14789271 TI - Experimental beryllium granulomas of the skin. PMID- 14789272 TI - Meteorological techniques in air pollution surveys. PMID- 14789273 TI - A modified air sampler employing fiberglass. PMID- 14789274 TI - Penicillin treatment of infectious mononucleosis; comparison of effects in ninety nine patients with and in sixty-seven patients without penicillin therapy. PMID- 14789275 TI - Combined administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate and ascorbic acid. I. Clinical results in rheumatoid arthritis and laboratory studies. PMID- 14789276 TI - Combined administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate and ascorbic acid. II. Experimental observations. PMID- 14789277 TI - Q fever in California. III. Aureomycin in the therapy of Q fever. PMID- 14789278 TI - The Eisenmenger complex and its relation to the uncomplicated defect of the ventricular septum; review of thirty-five autopsied cases of Eisenmenger's complex, including two new cases. PMID- 14789279 TI - Observations on a case of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. PMID- 14789280 TI - Allergic granuloma of the lung; clinical and anatomic findings in a patient with bronchial asthma and eosinophilia. PMID- 14789281 TI - Chronic regurgitation jaundice as the presenting sign in sarcoidosis. PMID- 14789282 TI - Syncope in aortic stenosis. PMID- 14789283 TI - Eosinophilic leukemia with report of a case. PMID- 14789284 TI - Syphilis; a review of the recent literature. PMID- 14789285 TI - Retinal detachment and aphakia. PMID- 14789286 TI - Retinal correspondence in patients with small degree strabismus. PMID- 14789287 TI - Nitrogen fractions as criterion of preservation of corneal tissue. PMID- 14789288 TI - Greater superficial petrosal neurectomy for relief of chronic bullous keratitis. PMID- 14789289 TI - Cerebellar-macular abiotrophy. PMID- 14789290 TI - Clinical trial with chloramphenicol in ocular infections. PMID- 14789291 TI - Investigation of visual space; the Blumenfeld alleys. PMID- 14789292 TI - Amblyopia independent of usual associated conditions. PMID- 14789293 TI - Hysterical amblyopia in children and young adults. PMID- 14789294 TI - An improved light source for the Zeiss-Nordenson fundus camera. PMID- 14789295 TI - Peripheral visual acuity. PMID- 14789297 TI - Postoperative diplopia. PMID- 14789296 TI - Lids, lacrimal apparatus and conjunctiva; review of recent literature. PMID- 14789298 TI - Streptomycin therapy in laryngeal tuberculosis. PMID- 14789299 TI - "E.N.T. essentially negative"; avoidance of pitfalls in otolaryngology. PMID- 14789300 TI - Roentgenologic demonstration of the facial nerve canal. PMID- 14789301 TI - Histology and histogenesis of cholesteatoma of the middle ear and mastoid. PMID- 14789302 TI - Nasopharyngeal malignant tumor; an overlooked condition. PMID- 14789303 TI - Management of aspirated straight pins in the bronchi utilizing the stereoscopic fluoroscope. PMID- 14789304 TI - Therapy of the alaryngeal voice following laryngectomy; a contribution. PMID- 14789305 TI - Lymphangioma of the larynx. PMID- 14789306 TI - Treatment of chronic otitis media with a mixture of glycerite of hydrogen peroxide, streptomycin and penicillin. PMID- 14789307 TI - Direct laryngoscopy aided by a new laryngoscope "stabilizer.". PMID- 14789308 TI - Full lumen infant bronchoscope. PMID- 14789309 TI - Tracheal stoma water guard. PMID- 14789310 TI - Functional examination of hearing. PMID- 14789311 TI - Biographical notes on Dr. Leo Loeb. PMID- 14789312 TI - BIBLIOGRAPHY of writings of Dr. Leo Loeb. PMID- 14789313 TI - Abnormalities in the beaks of developing chick embryos. Postmortem changes which may be confused with developmental anomalies. PMID- 14789314 TI - Studies on aging processes in the endocrine glands of the guinea pig. II. The effects of estrogen and progesterone on the thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands of male and female guinea pigs of various ages. PMID- 14789315 TI - Studies of early uterine carcinomas discovered by cytological examination of the vaginal contents. PMID- 14789316 TI - Studies in amino acid utilization. Tissue protein synthesis as influenced by the dietary intake of essential amino acids. PMID- 14789317 TI - Endometrial polyps and hyperplasia produced in an aged monkey with estrogen plus progesterone. PMID- 14789318 TI - Pituitary, adrenal and thyroid in cyclopia. PMID- 14789319 TI - Effect of roentgen rays on the testis. Quantitative histological analysis following whole body exposure of mice. PMID- 14789321 TI - Vascular degeneration in hypothyroidism. PMID- 14789322 TI - Thrombocytopenic purpura associated with sarcoid granulomas of the spleen. PMID- 14789320 TI - Testicular interstitial cell tumors in hybrid mice given tri-p-anisyl chloroethylene. PMID- 14789323 TI - Studies on the acute toxic effects of 4-amino-pteroylglutamic acid in dogs, guinea pigs and rabbits. Difference in species susceptibility and protective action of folic acid. PMID- 14789324 TI - The movement of water in interstitial tissue and in muscle removed from the body. PMID- 14789325 TI - Cancer and aging. A survey of the autopsy records of a municipal hospital over a 15 year period. PMID- 14789326 TI - Effects of a high fat diet on the joints of aging mice. PMID- 14789327 TI - Immunity in scrub typhus: resistance to induced reinfection. PMID- 14789328 TI - Inclusion disease or generalized salivary gland virus infection. PMID- 14789329 TI - Diffuse glomerulonephritis induced in rabbits by small intravenous injections of horse serum. PMID- 14789330 TI - Pathogenesis of experimental arteriosclerosis in pyridoxine deficiency; with notes on similarities to human arteriosclerosis. PMID- 14789331 TI - Effect of strontium chloride feeding on the rat molars and their supporting tissue. PMID- 14789332 TI - Unilateral renal cortical necrosis and unilateral benign and malignant nephrosclerosis, associated with contralateral renal artery occlusion: report of a case. PMID- 14789333 TI - Possible effects of hypersplenic extracts on the hemopoietic organs of mice. PMID- 14789334 TI - Histologic and perfusion studies of the unmanipulated kidney in rabbits with unilateral renal hypertension. PMID- 14789335 TI - Boeck's sarcoid of the thyroid gland. PMID- 14789336 TI - Acute myelogenous leukemia with giant cell carcinoma of thyroid. PMID- 14789337 TI - Intramural abscess of stomach (pneumococcus type VIII). PMID- 14789338 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the testis occurring in infants; report of two cases. PMID- 14789339 TI - Adenocarcinoma arising in a diverticulum of the female urethra. PMID- 14789340 TI - Tumors of the heart; review of the subject and report of 150 cases. PMID- 14789341 TI - William F. Petersen, M. D. 1887-1950. PMID- 14789342 TI - Intestinal obstruction in infants and children. PMID- 14789343 TI - Subcutaneous rupture of the tendo achillis. PMID- 14789344 TI - Deaths from dicumarol. PMID- 14789345 TI - Sarcoma of the rectum. A synopsis and case report. PMID- 14789346 TI - Saddle embolus of the aorta. PMID- 14789347 TI - Pathology of calcareous tendinitis and subdeltoid bursitis. PMID- 14789348 TI - Methoxamine in 1 percent procaine as a prophylactic vasopressor in spinal anesthesia. PMID- 14789349 TI - Ten year statistical study of inguinal hernias. A comparison of the rate of recurrence following repair by the Halsted 1 and other operations. PMID- 14789350 TI - Primary linitis plastica type of carcinoma of the colon. PMID- 14789351 TI - Necrotizing arteritis of the appendix. PMID- 14789352 TI - Carcinoma of the cervical esophagus. PMID- 14789353 TI - Coexistent cecal cancer and appendicular abscess. PMID- 14789354 TI - Use of glucuronolactone with streptomycin for reducing bacterial flora of the colon. PMID- 14789355 TI - Method for ureterocolic anastomosis. PMID- 14789356 TI - Primary lymphosarcoma of the lung. Report of a case. PMID- 14789357 TI - Sternocleidomastoid "tumors" in congenital muscular torticollis. PMID- 14789358 TI - Pyloric obstruction due to sarcoid of the stomach. PMID- 14789359 TI - Arteriomesenteric duodenal compression: Surgical treatment. PMID- 14789360 TI - Gastric resection in the treatment of peptic ulcer. PMID- 14789361 TI - Vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Results in 350 consecutive cases. PMID- 14789362 TI - Combined procedure of partial gastrectomy and infradiaphragmatic vagus resection. PMID- 14789363 TI - Physiological and clinical studies of vagotomized patients. A study of 331 patients. PMID- 14789364 TI - Principles, problems, practices of anesthesia for thoracic surgery. PMID- 14789365 TI - Aureomycin therapy in lymphogranuloma venereum. PMID- 14789366 TI - Anesthesia for infants and children. The nonrebreathing technique. PMID- 14789367 TI - Amebic abscess of the liver--therapeutic approaches. PMID- 14789368 TI - Congenital dilatation of the common bile duct. Report of two cases in children. PMID- 14789369 TI - Bone bridging with opposing massive hemicylindrical grafts. PMID- 14789370 TI - Torsion of an ectopic ovarian cyst complicating early pregnancy. Discussion of unusual anatomy and etiology. PMID- 14789371 TI - Hepar lobatum with portal hypertension successfully treated by portacaval anastomosis. PMID- 14789372 TI - Retrocaval ureter. PMID- 14789373 TI - [Influence of diffusion factor on reabsorption of intramuscular injections of pentothal]. PMID- 14789374 TI - [Clinico-experimental research on cliradon [1-methyl-4-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-4 piperidyl ethyl ketone hydrochloride] new synthetic analgesic product]. PMID- 14789375 TI - [Enzymatic action of morphine and synthetic morphine stimulants. I. Respiration of central nervous, hepatic and muscular tissue of white mice acutely and chronically intoxicated with morphine, amidone and dolantin]. PMID- 14789376 TI - [Influence of diffusion factor on muscular reabsorption of curare]. PMID- 14789377 TI - [Action on hepatic tissue respiration in vitro of barbituric acid, of 2 thiobarbituric acid and some of their derivatives]. PMID- 14789378 TI - [C10 in anesthesia for general surgery]. PMID- 14789379 TI - [Cerebral hemorrhage in anesthesia]. PMID- 14789380 TI - Anesthesia for cardiac surgery in children. PMID- 14789381 TI - Intercostal block in abdominal surgery. PMID- 14789383 TI - Rectal pentothal in children. PMID- 14789382 TI - Anaesthesia in the poor risk. PMID- 14789384 TI - [Mechanically controlled respiration in thoracic surgery]. PMID- 14789385 TI - [Antagonism of sodium succinate to the depressive action of barbiturates]. PMID- 14789386 TI - [Clinical trials on 3697 R. P.; 129 cases]. PMID- 14789387 TI - [Contribution to the study and treatment of ventricular fibrillation]. PMID- 14789388 TI - [Efficacy of oxygen therapy determined by the measurement of oxygen consumption]. PMID- 14789389 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of so-called essential hypertension]. PMID- 14789390 TI - Electrocardiographic studies at angiocardiography. PMID- 14789391 TI - [Vectorcardiogram in different types of intraventricular blocks]. PMID- 14789392 TI - [Contribution to the anatomo-clinical study of branch block]. PMID- 14789393 TI - [Study of 2 cases of bilateral branch block; localization of intraventricular blocks]. PMID- 14789394 TI - [Case of calcified infarct]. PMID- 14789395 TI - [Jean Verhoogen (1864-1950)]. PMID- 14789396 TI - [Surgical treatment of Fallot's tetralogy]. PMID- 14789397 TI - [Excision in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14789398 TI - [Contribution to the knowledge of the physiopathology of intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 14789399 TI - [Superficial varicose veins of the legs]. PMID- 14789400 TI - [Segmental pulmonary resection for bronchiectasis]. PMID- 14789401 TI - [Graft of the bifurcation of the aorta in the dog]. PMID- 14789402 TI - [Contribution to the knowledge of the physiopathology of intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 14789403 TI - [Historical and critical study of the influence of the pancreas in obstruction of the upper intestine]. PMID- 14789404 TI - [Case of coarctation of the aorta]. PMID- 14789405 TI - [Ossification in the stroma of the endometrium; pathogenic discussion]. PMID- 14789406 TI - [Considerations on a case of cancer "in situ" recognized by vaginal smear and confirmed by biopsy]. PMID- 14789407 TI - [Graft of the bifurcation of the aorta in the dog]. PMID- 14789408 TI - [Superficial varices of the lower extremities]. PMID- 14789409 TI - [Osteogenic disease; malignant degeneration]. PMID- 14789410 TI - [Spontaneous biliary fistula due to Eberth's bacilli]. PMID- 14789411 TI - [Experimental and theoretical data concerning superficial varices of the lower extremity]. PMID- 14789412 TI - [Contribution to the physiopathologic study of varices of the lower extremity]. PMID- 14789413 TI - [Case of villose tumor of the stomach]. PMID- 14789414 TI - Treatment of superficial trichophytosis with CO2-snow; an attempt at artificial immunization (imitated kerion). PMID- 14789415 TI - Experimental investigation on thallium poisoning; influence of thallium on tissue metabolism. PMID- 14789416 TI - Penicillin-arsenoxide-bismuth treatment of early syphilis; follow-up of patients treated in 1947 in Oslo Municipal Hospital. PMID- 14789417 TI - Penicillin treatment of syphilitic infants. PMID- 14789418 TI - Recurrent syphilitic eruption after a year's intermittent treatment. PMID- 14789419 TI - Agranulocytosis in conjunction with neoarsphenamine treatment. PMID- 14789420 TI - Alcohol and venereal disease. PMID- 14789421 TI - Case of keratosis blennorrhagica. PMID- 14789422 TI - Case of poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans (Jacobi). PMID- 14789423 TI - Syphilis tertiaria praecox. PMID- 14789424 TI - Case of leiomyoma. PMID- 14789425 TI - Case of diphtheria of the penis. PMID- 14789426 TI - Cases of skin disorders seen on enlistment duty. PMID- 14789427 TI - Two cases of alopecia totalis treated with gonadotropin (antex). PMID- 14789428 TI - Case of arsphenamine dermatitis treated with BAL. PMID- 14789429 TI - Pulmonary lesions accompanying generalized dermatitis. PMID- 14789430 TI - General Assembly in Copenhagen, 5th-10th September, 1948, of Union Internationale contre le Peril Venerien. PMID- 14789431 TI - Comparison of the results of Wassermann tests performed by different laboratories. PMID- 14789432 TI - Case for diagnosis (pityriasis rubra pilaris?). PMID- 14789433 TI - Two cases of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. PMID- 14789434 TI - Case of lupus vulgaris of the nose. PMID- 14789435 TI - Fatal case of arsphenamine encephalitis. PMID- 14789436 TI - Penicillin treatment of gonorrhoea with possible masking effect upon simultaneous syphilitic infection. PMID- 14789437 TI - Case of hypersensitivity to penicillin. PMID- 14789439 TI - Case of purpura. PMID- 14789438 TI - Cheilitis as predominant symptom of pellagra. PMID- 14789440 TI - Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum very difficult to differentiate from lymphogranulomatosis of Schaumann (illustration). PMID- 14789441 TI - Investigations on the urinary excretion of corticoids and 17-ketosteroids during the administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). PMID- 14789442 TI - The effects of adrenaline on the number of circulating eosinophils and on the excretion of uric acid and creatinine. PMID- 14789443 TI - The ascorbic acid content of the pituitary gland in relation to stress and adrenalectomy. PMID- 14789444 TI - [Content of neutral 17-ketosteroids in the amniotic fluid]. PMID- 14789445 TI - The foetal adrenals in maternal toxaemias. A study of the relative weights of the adrenals in foetuses of toxaemic and normal mothers. PMID- 14789446 TI - Allergy to oestrone in cases of migraine. PMID- 14789447 TI - Effects of cortisone on plasma cells and reticulo-endothelial system in hyperimmunized rabbits. PMID- 14789448 TI - Eosinophilia in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14789449 TI - [On standardization of thrombokinase]. PMID- 14789450 TI - Stationary hypoplastic anemia. PMID- 14789451 TI - [Four cases of plasma-cell leukemia]. PMID- 14789452 TI - [Aspect of nuclei in cases of decompensation pernicious anemia]. PMID- 14789453 TI - [Knowledge and problems of exanthematous typhus of murine origin; discussion]. PMID- 14789454 TI - [Efficacy of chloromycetin in regard to sterilization of typhoid carriers]. PMID- 14789455 TI - [Comparative study on some laboratory tests applied to the diagnosis of internal leishmaniasis]. PMID- 14789457 TI - [Bacteriological observations on Micrococcus (Coccobacillus) mycetoides Castellani 1942]. PMID- 14789456 TI - [Benda's neutrogranulogram in leprosy]. PMID- 14789458 TI - [Treatment of typhoid infection with chloromycetin]. PMID- 14789459 TI - [Study on the nature of resistance of pancreas to tuberculous infection. I. Bactericide principle is bound to proteins of pancreatic extract]. PMID- 14789460 TI - [First observation on the use of thiosemicarbazone in leprosy]. PMID- 14789461 TI - [Catalasic activity of whole blood of rabbits after treatment with manganese sulfate]. PMID- 14789462 TI - [Fine structure of precollagen reticulum in leprous granuloma]. PMID- 14789463 TI - [Intradermal antibiotics]. PMID- 14789464 TI - [Semeiological value of the phlebogram and hepatogram in the diagnosis of tricuspid insufficiency]. PMID- 14789465 TI - [Diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of the hypertensive heart according to the electrocardiographic findings. II. Aspects of precordial leads]. PMID- 14789466 TI - [Action of vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia]. PMID- 14789467 TI - [Toxic action of antibiotics]. PMID- 14789468 TI - On the causes of death in cases of diabetes mellitus of old age. PMID- 14789469 TI - Medical and modern surgical treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14789470 TI - Singer's treatment of stenosing processes of arteries. PMID- 14789471 TI - Paper chromatographic analysis of amino acid excretion in Wilson's disease. PMID- 14789472 TI - Pseudo-appendicitis. PMID- 14789473 TI - Clinical aspects of cardiac asthma and acute pulmonary edema with special reference to blood pressure. PMID- 14789474 TI - Hemopathic Mediterranean syndrome. PMID- 14789475 TI - Urinary 17 ketosteroids in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Androgenic function. PMID- 14789476 TI - The intermediate constitutional haemolytic jaundices. PMID- 14789477 TI - Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate in patients with valvular heart lesions. PMID- 14789478 TI - Familial lipaemia. A new form of lipoidosis showing increase in neutral fats combined with attacks of acute pancreatitis. PMID- 14789479 TI - Blood volume and heart volume during pregnancy and the puerperium. PMID- 14789480 TI - Pulmonary sclerosis. PMID- 14789481 TI - [Constitution and asthma]. PMID- 14789482 TI - [The significance of the small coronary vessels in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 14789483 TI - The basophil cells of the blood in tuberculosis. PMID- 14789484 TI - Isolation of virus strains from three cases of malignant lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease and lymphosarcoma). PMID- 14789485 TI - [Results of treatment of distal tubular nephritis with anuria and oliguria (lower nephron nephrosis, etc.)]. PMID- 14789486 TI - [Importance of adrenals in etiology of allergic diseases]. PMID- 14789487 TI - The medicine of today is the physiology of tomorrow; on Unschulds symptom and some other casuistic observations. PMID- 14789488 TI - Intermittent spinal claudication. PMID- 14789489 TI - Prophylaxis and therapy in late postgastrectomy complications. PMID- 14789490 TI - So-called nephropathia epidemica. PMID- 14789492 TI - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in aged normals. PMID- 14789491 TI - The gastric secretion in great and small ulcers of the stomach. PMID- 14789493 TI - Restless legs; a report of 70 new cases. PMID- 14789494 TI - On implantation of pellets. PMID- 14789495 TI - Ake Goransson; a prominent painter of Gothenburg. PMID- 14789496 TI - Should gastric ulcer as a rule be treated surgically? Clinico-roentgenological reexamination of a material treated medically. PMID- 14789497 TI - Observations on the effect of combined injections of desoxycorticosterone acetate and ascorbic acid on rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14789498 TI - Faradohypnosis. PMID- 14789499 TI - A case of Raynaud's syndrome after head injury. PMID- 14789500 TI - Persistence of cystitis after nephrectomy for renal tuberculosis. PMID- 14789501 TI - The significance of endocrine factors on renal function and blood pressure as revealed by a case of chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary. PMID- 14789502 TI - The relation of nutrition to health; a statistical study of the effect of the war time on arteriosclerosis, cardiosclerosis, tuberculosis and diabetes. PMID- 14789503 TI - Ocular findings in long-standing diabetes mellitus; report of 163 cases of at least 15 years' duration. PMID- 14789504 TI - Post-gastrectomy hypoglycemia simulating insuloma. PMID- 14789505 TI - The nomenclature of changes in the fundus oculi in arterial hypertension. PMID- 14789506 TI - Two cases of vascular anomalies in the lung. PMID- 14789507 TI - Dermatomyositis in early childhood. PMID- 14789509 TI - Twenty-four cases of Alzheimer's disease; a clinical analysis. PMID- 14789508 TI - Sedimentation rate in mumps. PMID- 14789510 TI - Three cases of megakaryocytic leukemia. PMID- 14789511 TI - The effect of ACTH on the agglutination with sensitized red sheep cells in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14789512 TI - Successful treatment of a case of panhemophthisis. PMID- 14789513 TI - [Injection hepatitis in children]. PMID- 14789514 TI - Eosinophilia in ulcus ventriculi. PMID- 14789515 TI - Needle biopsy and liver function in earlier stages of fatty cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 14789516 TI - Results of operation (splanchnicotomy) for hypertension; a follow-up study of 47 cases. PMID- 14789518 TI - Some aspects of the treatment of sciatica. PMID- 14789517 TI - Thrombocytopenia in the new-born period. PMID- 14789519 TI - Blood changes after partial gastrectomy for ulcer. PMID- 14789520 TI - [General and neurological semeiology of intracranial aneurysms, including arteriovenous aneurysm of the carotid]. PMID- 14789521 TI - [General and neurological semeiology of intracranial aneurysms, including carotid arteriovenous aneurysm. II. Applied semeiology of intracranial aneurysms]. PMID- 14789523 TI - [Anatomo-clinical observation of toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 14789522 TI - [Chemical determination of mineral elements in intra-cerebral calcifications of Sturge-Weber disease]. PMID- 14789524 TI - [Prefrontal leucotomy]. PMID- 14789525 TI - [Several cases of poisoning and poisoners]. PMID- 14789526 TI - [Anatomo- and physiopathology of intracranial aneurysms]. PMID- 14789527 TI - [Treatment of intracranial aneurysms]. PMID- 14789528 TI - [Retino-cerebellar angiomatosis and its surgical pathology]. PMID- 14789529 TI - [Radiology of cerebral aneurysms]. PMID- 14789530 TI - [Pathology of angiomatosis]. PMID- 14789531 TI - [Ophthalmological aspects of angiomatosis of the nervous system]. PMID- 14789532 TI - [Relation between angiomatosis of the Sturge-Weber type and other dysplasia (forms of transition)]. PMID- 14789533 TI - [Orthopedic and prosthetic treatment of lesions of the jaws during the war in Finland, 1941-1944]. PMID- 14789534 TI - [Benign and malignant tumors of the larynx]. PMID- 14789535 TI - [Laryngeal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14789536 TI - [3 Cases of congenital pseudohypertrophy]. PMID- 14789537 TI - [Exanthematous diseases in the course of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14789538 TI - [Clinical contribution to the knowledge of atresia of the esophagus]. PMID- 14789539 TI - [Reticulosarcoma of the vagina in an infant]. PMID- 14789540 TI - [Vitamin B12 in a perniciosiform anemia in infants]. PMID- 14789541 TI - [The V. Groer method of allergometry during streptomycin therapy]. PMID- 14789542 TI - [Infant mortality and antibiotics]. PMID- 14789543 TI - Spontaneous unit-activity in the superficial cortical layers. PMID- 14789544 TI - On the mode and the site of action of myanesin (myodetensine). PMID- 14789545 TI - On the influence of sorbitol on the carbohydrate metabolism in alloxan diabetic rats. PMID- 14789546 TI - The occurrence of cataract in alloxan diabetic rats. PMID- 14789547 TI - A contribution to the knowledge of the action of methyl-thiouracil. PMID- 14789548 TI - Experimental adrenal hypertrophy. PMID- 14789549 TI - On cholesterol and cholesterol esters in butter. PMID- 14789550 TI - Investigations on the sense of hearing in fish. PMID- 14789551 TI - On the function of the saccule. PMID- 14789552 TI - On the occurrence of spontaneous swimming movements in spinal preparations of teleostei. PMID- 14789553 TI - On the instigation of the gas-spitting reflex in fish. PMID- 14789554 TI - Central and peripheral regulation of locomotor reflexes in insects. Preliminary report No. I: approach and methods. PMID- 14789555 TI - The protein content of the honeybee. PMID- 14789556 TI - Local pH changes in the stomach of young rats during the digestion of milk. PMID- 14789557 TI - The metabolism of the midgut gland of Helix pomatia (L.) investigated by means of heavy water. PMID- 14789558 TI - Liver functions and ketosis in cattle; a contribution to the problem of conditioned intoxication and conditioned deficiency. PMID- 14789559 TI - Respiratory metabolism in the hen; preliminary communication. PMID- 14789560 TI - A method of recording the intensity of animal respiration. PMID- 14789561 TI - The spike frequencies of mammalian retinal elements as a function of wave-length of light. PMID- 14789562 TI - [Action of alkaline chlorobicarbonated water on the antidiuretic effects of ephedrine hydrochloride]. PMID- 14789563 TI - [Action of ACTH and cortisone in rheumatic diseases]. PMID- 14789564 TI - [Case of ankylosing panarthritis]. PMID- 14789565 TI - [Meteorological factors and venous circulation; the veins and their balneotherapy]. PMID- 14789566 TI - [Balneotherapy of varicose veins in pregnancy]. PMID- 14789567 TI - [The humoral syndrome of phlebitis; increase of density of blood and density of plasma; corrective effect on blood density of rapid flow hydromineral treatment at Barbotan]. PMID- 14789568 TI - [Balneotherapy of the sequels of phlebitis]. PMID- 14789569 TI - [Indications for the radioactive balneotherapy of cardiovascular pathology at Luso]. PMID- 14789570 TI - [Hydromineral treatment of Bouillaud's disease]. PMID- 14789571 TI - [The scientific results of Royat; effectiveness in its different indications]. PMID- 14789572 TI - Electrokymographical studies of coarctation of the aorta. PMID- 14789573 TI - Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax. PMID- 14789574 TI - Osteochondritis dissecans of the head of the ulna. PMID- 14789575 TI - Film-faults caused by contact between roentgen films during the development. PMID- 14789577 TI - Platelet values in personnel engaged in roentgen diagnostic work. PMID- 14789576 TI - Some details in the equipment of the new roentgen department of the Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. PMID- 14789578 TI - Roentgen diagnosis of tuberculous salpingitis. PMID- 14789579 TI - Electrolytic silver recovery from fixing baths in use. PMID- 14789580 TI - Aberrant pancreas. PMID- 14789581 TI - Haemangioma of vertebra associated with compression of the spinal cord. PMID- 14789582 TI - The emission of visible radiation from oxidation reactions of carcinogenic & related compounds. PMID- 14789583 TI - The carcinogenic activity of dihydroxy benzidine (3:3' dihydroxy 4:4' diamino diphenyl?). PMID- 14789584 TI - [The cancer focus]. PMID- 14789585 TI - The structure of chemical carcinogens. PMID- 14789586 TI - [Intervention of the strength of van der Waals in the phenomena of chemical cancerization]. PMID- 14789587 TI - Studies of chemical carcinogenesis and properties of the preneoplastic state. Intracellular composition of precancerous cirrhotic liver & malignant hepatoma in rats fed p-dimethylaminoazobenzene. PMID- 14789588 TI - [Relation between the level of reduced glutathione in the liver, in sarcoma provoked by benzopyrene and in transplanted sarcoma in the rat]. PMID- 14789589 TI - [Energetic metabolism, oxygen pressure and oxygen debt in animal carriers of experimental tumors]. PMID- 14789590 TI - Effects of cancer provoking chemical substances on gravid guinea pigs and their fruits. PMID- 14789592 TI - [Chemical constitution, and action of estrogenic and cancerogenic substances]. PMID- 14789591 TI - [Problem of prevision of the carcinogenic power of chemical substances]. PMID- 14789593 TI - Solutions of carcinogenic hydrocarbons in solvents of both lipophilic and hydrophilic character. PMID- 14789594 TI - Primary tumours of the brain and meninges in rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene. PMID- 14789595 TI - Precancerous changes induced by 20 methylcholanthrene in mouse prostates grown in vitro. PMID- 14789596 TI - The metabolism of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and related carcinogenic aminoazo dyes by rat liver homogenates. PMID- 14789597 TI - On the oxidation of polycyclic hydrocarbons in unsaturated systems undergoing photoiodination. PMID- 14789598 TI - [Energetic characteristics of carcinogenic hydrocarbons]. PMID- 14789599 TI - [Tumors of the stomach in the mouse following histamine injections]. PMID- 14789600 TI - The histology of co-carcinogenesis. PMID- 14789601 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach in mice following oral administration 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene solubilized in aqueous solutions of association colloids. PMID- 14789602 TI - Some observations on chemical carcinogenesis using new types of solvents for the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. PMID- 14789603 TI - Cancerogenous substances and bacteriological cultures. New directions of research on cancerogenesis. PMID- 14789604 TI - Action of acridines and quinine on vegetable tissues. PMID- 14789605 TI - Bone sarcomas produced experimentally in the rabbit, using compounds of beryllium. PMID- 14789606 TI - Experimental analysis of the carcinogenic activity of certain petroleum products. PMID- 14789607 TI - Variation in susceptibility of the fundic and pyloric portions of the glandular stomach of the rat to induction of neoplasia by 20-methylcholanthrene. PMID- 14789608 TI - [Specific behaviour of the different organs towards cancerogenic hydrocarbons]. PMID- 14789609 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14789610 TI - [Local penicillin therapy in lung disease]. PMID- 14789611 TI - [Postoperative pleural exudation following thoracoscopy and thoracocautery and cutaneous emphysema]. PMID- 14789612 TI - [Energetic cardiac insufficiency following administration of antihistamines]. PMID- 14789613 TI - [Sudeck's syndrome and connective-tissue massage]. PMID- 14789614 TI - [Evaluation of data on diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 14789615 TI - [Comments on preceding article]. PMID- 14789616 TI - [Epidemiologic studies of ascariasis in Schleswig-Holstein]. PMID- 14789617 TI - [Otosclerosis and surgical therapy]. PMID- 14789618 TI - [Effect of combined desoxycorticosterone acetate and ascorbic acid in therapy of pathological disorders of muscle function]. PMID- 14789619 TI - [Urethane therapy of leukemia]. PMID- 14789620 TI - [Changes produced by ultrasonic waves in the distribution of erythrocytes in circulating blood]. PMID- 14789621 TI - [Use of vital staining of Spirochaeta pallida in the diagnosis of syphilis]. PMID- 14789622 TI - [Clinical observations on a typhoid-paratyphoid B epidemic on Sylt Island]. PMID- 14789623 TI - [Differential diagnosis of the electrocardiogram]. PMID- 14789624 TI - [Perlingual testoviron medication in diseases of the aged]. PMID- 14789625 TI - [Evaluation of reactions to intracutaneous injections of histamine]. PMID- 14789626 TI - [Note on the author's experience and results obtained with the Papanicolaou cytologic diagnosis of carcinoma of the portio]. PMID- 14789627 TI - [Comparison of blood donation in Germany and abroad]. PMID- 14789628 TI - [Treatment of ophthalmogenic headache and facial pain]. PMID- 14789629 TI - [Clinical use and mechanism of hyaluronidase]. PMID- 14789630 TI - [Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with desoxycorticosterone acetate and ascorbic acid]. PMID- 14789631 TI - [Protocid therapy in internal medicine]. PMID- 14789632 TI - [Penicillin inhalation; contribution to the local therapy of non-specific purulent infections of the lung]. PMID- 14789633 TI - [Symprocaine, a new combination for prolonged sympathetic block]. PMID- 14789634 TI - [Treatment of herpes zoster, with a note on the effect of aureomycin]. PMID- 14789635 TI - [Treatment of burns in childhood without cicatrization]. PMID- 14789636 TI - [Psychotherapy in a university's medical polyclinic]. PMID- 14789637 TI - [Clinical aspects and treatment of chronic rheumatism of the temporomandibular joint]. PMID- 14789638 TI - [Clinical experiences with electrocardioscopy (oscilloscopy)]. PMID- 14789639 TI - [Determination of serum cholinesterase in hypertension]. PMID- 14789640 TI - [Injuries of the eighth cranial nerve due to streptomycin therapy]. PMID- 14789642 TI - [Prevention of homologous serum hepatitis]. PMID- 14789641 TI - [Character and type of illness. IV. Clinical value and significance of graphological character analysis]. PMID- 14789643 TI - [Toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride]. PMID- 14789644 TI - [Radioactive iodine in the treatment of thyroid disease]. PMID- 14789645 TI - [Effect of rutin (rutinion) on capillary permeability]. PMID- 14789646 TI - [Reflex erythema following intradermal injection of acetylcholine in unilateral intrathoracic disease]. PMID- 14789647 TI - [Diffuse plasmocytoma with the clinical aspects of generalized calciprivic osteopathy]. PMID- 14789648 TI - [Is pellicle formation in the cerebrospinal fluid indicative of tuberculous meningitis?]. PMID- 14789649 TI - [Thoughts on calcium therapy]. PMID- 14789650 TI - [Recent diagnostic and clinical advances in dermatomycology]. PMID- 14789651 TI - [Psychogenic coronary spasm]. PMID- 14789652 TI - [Peroral administration of penicillin in gelodurat capsules]. PMID- 14789653 TI - [Blue eyes]. PMID- 14789654 TI - [Injurious effects of tetrachlorethane]. PMID- 14789655 TI - [Treatment of endangiitis obliterans]. PMID- 14789656 TI - [Effect of histamine antagonists upon the electrocardiogram]. PMID- 14789657 TI - [Influenza and appendicitis; observations on the frequency of appendicitis associated with influenza in Schleswig-Holstein in 1950]. PMID- 14789658 TI - [Adiposogenital dystrophy as the expression of a rheumatic process]. PMID- 14789659 TI - [Methionine in the treatment of acute yellow atrophy of the liver]. PMID- 14789660 TI - [Injurious effects of trichloroethylene]. PMID- 14789661 TI - [Present treatment of specific and nonspecific persistent cavities in empyema]. PMID- 14789662 TI - [Studies of the sulfonamide level of the blood with the Marshall-Bratton method, with special reference to eleudron, supronalum and protocid]. PMID- 14789663 TI - [Phlebosclerosis and thrombosis of the portal vein and its tributaries]. PMID- 14789664 TI - [Renal infarct and blood pressure]. PMID- 14789665 TI - [Sympathetic block]. PMID- 14789666 TI - [Technic in roentgenographic examination of the digestive system]. PMID- 14789667 TI - [Pharmacology of zeta-2-imino-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenylthiazolidine]. PMID- 14789668 TI - [Extrauterine pregnancy following supravaginal hysterectomy]. PMID- 14789669 TI - [Investigations on the present possibility of the transmission of tuberculosis to man through milk and milk products]. PMID- 14789670 TI - [Notes on diarrhea in infancy]. PMID- 14789671 TI - [Experiences on the incidence and treatment of pneumonia in the postwar period]. PMID- 14789672 TI - [Effect of estrogens upon the eyes; the problem of the mode of action of the follicular hormone]. PMID- 14789673 TI - [Enterobiasis vermicularis (oxyuriasis); phenothiazine therapy]. PMID- 14789674 TI - [Hormone therapy of cancer with special reference to bone metastases]. PMID- 14789675 TI - [Case of salvarsan-encephalitis]. PMID- 14789676 TI - [Prevention of congenital syphilis by prenatal care of mother and postnatal treatment of child]. PMID- 14789677 TI - [Chloromycetin therapy of typhoid fever]. PMID- 14789678 TI - [Effect of vitamin T (Goetsch) on bacterial growth]. PMID- 14789679 TI - [Effect of amino acids on carbohydrate metabolism]. PMID- 14789680 TI - [Effect of estrogens on the eye; problems on the mode of action of the follicular hormone]. PMID- 14789681 TI - [Intravenous therapy with trivalent iron compounds; comments on an article of like title by Hoffmann and Moser]. PMID- 14789682 TI - [Final note on above remarks]. PMID- 14789683 TI - [A floating mount for the colposcope]. PMID- 14789684 TI - [Focal infection herd -- diagnostic assessment and therapeutic effect]. PMID- 14789685 TI - [Late results of Kuntscher's method of bone nailing in adolescence]. PMID- 14789686 TI - [Dysthagia lusoria in dextroversion of the aorta]. PMID- 14789687 TI - [Chemical and hormonal factors in tissular inflammation]. PMID- 14789688 TI - [Monotrean in the treatment of Meniere's disease]. PMID- 14789689 TI - [Significance of occupational injury of the teeth due to acid]. PMID- 14789690 TI - [Homologous serum hepatitis, its prevention and its significance in general practice]. PMID- 14789691 TI - [Comparative investigations on the determination of serum proteins by the copper sulfate method]. PMID- 14789692 TI - [On ischias. 1. Etiologic factors]. PMID- 14789693 TI - [Investigations on the effect of xanthopterin on human bone marrow in vitro]. PMID- 14789695 TI - [Occupational injury due to erythritol tetranitrate]. PMID- 14789694 TI - [Results of recent study on the combination of barbituric acid derivatives, prominal and luminal with sodium diphenylhydantoinate, and its effect in clinical use]. PMID- 14789696 TI - Etienne Curtillet (1906-1950). PMID- 14789697 TI - [Two cases of pyloric stenosis due to fibro-muscular atresia of the prepyloric antrum]. PMID- 14789698 TI - [Post-operative splanchnoptosis]. PMID- 14789699 TI - [Surgical therapy of anal fistulae]. PMID- 14789700 TI - [The study of traumatic ruptures following hydronephrosis]. PMID- 14789701 TI - [Cancerization of the orifice of a gastroenterostomy; anastomosis performed 25 years previously for duodenal ulcer; do gastro-enterostomy and gastrectomy produce cancer]. PMID- 14789702 TI - [On the destruction of liver tissue by echinococcosis]. PMID- 14789703 TI - [Intramedullary nailing in diaphyseal fractures of the femur]. PMID- 14789704 TI - [About the malignant tumors of the bladder]. PMID- 14789705 TI - [Drop in blood pressure and arched position]. PMID- 14789706 TI - [Popliteal arteriovenous aneurysm following revolver shot treated by the Matas method]. PMID- 14789707 TI - [Brown-Sequard syndrome due to cervical fracture; surgical therapy]. PMID- 14789708 TI - [Intramedullary nailing of sub-trochanteric fractures]. PMID- 14789709 TI - [Hypertonia of Oddi's sphincter and duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14789710 TI - [Nailing in fractures of the lower third of the femur]. PMID- 14789711 TI - [Low transversal laparotomie]. PMID- 14789712 TI - [Wound of the right ventricle; surgery 6 hours later; recovery]. PMID- 14789713 TI - [Therapy of typhoid perforation with surgery, streptomycin and chloromycetin; comparison with previous results]. PMID- 14789714 TI - [Concept of therapy of amebic abscess of the liver]. PMID- 14789715 TI - [Restoration of loss of substance with acrylic plastics]. PMID- 14789716 TI - [Cirsoid aneurysm of the frontal region; excision with previous ligation of the external carotid; recovery]. PMID- 14789717 TI - [Atrophy of the liver following development of a voluminous hydatid cyst]. PMID- 14789718 TI - Address of the president. PMID- 14789719 TI - Higher education for the deaf. PMID- 14789720 TI - The work of the Protestant Churches for the deaf in North America 1815-1949, III. PMID- 14789721 TI - Characteristics of communication methods. PMID- 14789722 TI - A study of the proceedings of the Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf 1850-1949, III. PMID- 14789723 TI - Dr. John William Blattner. PMID- 14789724 TI - Electropathology of acute cor pulmonale. PMID- 14789725 TI - Electrocardiographic changes in pulmonary embolism with special reference to an early and transient shift of the electrical axis of the heart. PMID- 14789726 TI - The relationship of lead II to lead I in posterior infarction and its bearing on the configuration of lead aVF. PMID- 14789727 TI - The electrocardiographic patterns and the localization of intraventricular conduction defects; a survey of the method of approach and tentative conclusions. PMID- 14789728 TI - The transition zone in precordial electrocardiograms from multiple sites. PMID- 14789729 TI - Electrocardiographic changes in funnel chest. PMID- 14789730 TI - Atrial flutter. I. Clinical aspects. PMID- 14789731 TI - Prognosis in bundle branch block. I. Factors influencing the survival period in right bundle branch block. PMID- 14789732 TI - The effect of atropine on the cardiac mechanism in anomalous atrioventricular conduction. PMID- 14789733 TI - The action of acetyl strophanthidin in rapid cardiac arrhythmias. PMID- 14789734 TI - The effect of respiration on the arterial pulse in left ventricular failure. PMID- 14789735 TI - Electrocardiographic changes associated with allergic reactions to penicillin. PMID- 14789736 TI - Acute myocardial infarction during a prolonged allergic reaction to penicillin. PMID- 14789737 TI - Parchment heart (Osler). PMID- 14789738 TI - Right-sided aortic arch. PMID- 14789739 TI - Cellular transformations in mammalian bones induced by parathyroid extract. PMID- 14789740 TI - Electron microscopy of the kidney. PMID- 14789741 TI - New histological observations on the placenta of the sheep. PMID- 14789742 TI - The microscopic structure and behavior of spleen autografts in rabbits. PMID- 14789744 TI - Gastric residue in cholecystography. PMID- 14789743 TI - Dysfunctioning, non-calculous gallbladder. PMID- 14789745 TI - Fat distribution in the human liver as revealed by fluorescence microscopy. PMID- 14789746 TI - Diabetes mellitus and pernicious anemia. PMID- 14789747 TI - Concurrent pathology occurring within and without the gastrointestinal tract causing gastrointestinal symptoms. PMID- 14789749 TI - Gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. PMID- 14789748 TI - An unusual diabetic coma in a child with recovery, with special reference to insulin resistance and hypopotassemia. PMID- 14789750 TI - Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. PMID- 14789751 TI - Peptic ulcer in man. IV. A new antacid made to meet requirements of antacid therapy; chemical and laboratory work. PMID- 14789752 TI - Peptic ulcer in man. V. A new antacid, SCMC, made to meet requirements of antacid therapy; clinical evaluation. PMID- 14789753 TI - Medical applications of adsorption and ion exchange materials. PMID- 14789754 TI - The behavior of carob gum in the gastrointestinal tract of man. PMID- 14789755 TI - Chronic involvement of the liver in intestinal amoebiasis (chronic amoebic hepatitis). PMID- 14789756 TI - Antacids and aureomycin. PMID- 14789757 TI - Studies on schistosome dermatitis XI. Status of knowledge after more than 20 years. PMID- 14789758 TI - Effect of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride of plasmodium knowlesi infection in the monkey. PMID- 14789759 TI - Age incidence and seasonal development of neutralizing antibodies to lansing poliomyelitis virus. PMID- 14789760 TI - Control of anopheles pseudopunctipennis in Mexico with DDT residual sprays applied in buildings. Part III. Malariological observations after 5 years of annual spraying. PMID- 14789761 TI - A study of reactions following administration of crude and purified diphtheria toxoid in an adult population. PMID- 14789762 TI - A study of serum fat globules in atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic male subjects. PMID- 14789763 TI - Oral treatment of pernicious anemia with vitamin B12. PMID- 14789764 TI - Primary amyloidosis; a clinical and pathological study. PMID- 14789765 TI - Nonspecific granulomatous inflammation of the stomach and duodenum; its relation to regional enteritis. PMID- 14789766 TI - Meningitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa treated with polymyxin B. PMID- 14789767 TI - Cultural properties and pathogenicity of certain microorganisms obtained from various proliferative and neoplastic diseases. PMID- 14789768 TI - The locus of the peripheral vasodilator action of ethyl alcohol, tetraethylammonium and priscoline. PMID- 14789769 TI - The occurrence of renal insufficiency in subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 14789770 TI - Studies of immunological reactions of patients with Hodgkin's disease: the tuberculin reaction. PMID- 14789771 TI - Inhibition of hyaluronidase using fluorescein as an indicator. PMID- 14789772 TI - Experiences with the dilute prothrombin time in the diagnosis of thrombo-embolic disease. PMID- 14789773 TI - The diagnostic significance of urinary pepsinogen excretion in diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 14789774 TI - The female urethra. PMID- 14789775 TI - Evaluation of adrenal cortical function in pediatrics: methods. PMID- 14789776 TI - Pneumococcal pneumonia at Jefferson Hospital. PMID- 14789777 TI - Treatment of Friedlander's pneumonia. PMID- 14789778 TI - Observations of normal and abnormal human intestinal motor function. PMID- 14789779 TI - The use of potassium chloride in the pre-operative treatment of pyloric stenosis in infants. PMID- 14789780 TI - Liver biopsy: correlation with clinical and biochemical observations. PMID- 14789782 TI - The mechanism of the anaphylactoid phenomenon. PMID- 14789781 TI - Comparative studies of liver tests and electrophoretic analyses of serum proteins in portal and biliary cirrhosis. PMID- 14789783 TI - Treatment abuses in allergy practice. PMID- 14789784 TI - Significance of arterial blood sugar in spontaneous hypoglycemia. PMID- 14789785 TI - The relationship between serum protein fractions and antibody nitrogen response in diabetic patients. PMID- 14789786 TI - The coexistence of cirrhosis of the liver and glomerulonephritis; report of 14 cases. PMID- 14789787 TI - Localized paroxysmal hyperhidrosis. PMID- 14789788 TI - Coccidiomycocis: a review. PMID- 14789789 TI - Present status of ACTH and cortisone therapy from the psychiatric viewpoint. PMID- 14789790 TI - ACTH and cortisone in hemopoietic disorders. PMID- 14789791 TI - Ballistocardiogram, description and clinical use. PMID- 14789792 TI - Respiratory variation of the ballistocardiogram. PMID- 14789793 TI - Hypertension and renal dynamics in aortic coarctation. PMID- 14789794 TI - Blood volume in polycythemia as determined by P32 labeled red blood cells. PMID- 14789795 TI - Hypercoagulability of the blood associated with ACTH and cortisone therapy. PMID- 14789796 TI - Sickle cell anemia; clinical study of fifty-four cases. PMID- 14789797 TI - Renal function in renal diseases. PMID- 14789798 TI - URIC acid metabolism and gout. PMID- 14789799 TI - CLINICO-PATHOLOGIC conference: pulmonary disease with hyperglobulinemia. PMID- 14789800 TI - Thrombocytopenic purpura due to allergy to quinidine; study of the mechanism of thrombocytopenia. PMID- 14789801 TI - The first complete tabulation of the Rhode Island mental deficiency register. PMID- 14789802 TI - Some recent developments in the mental deficiency field in Scotland. PMID- 14789803 TI - Supervision and activity of epileptics as related to their behavior and frequency of convulsive seizures. PMID- 14789804 TI - The Wetzel grid in institutional economics. PMID- 14789806 TI - The disturbed wards. PMID- 14789805 TI - Attendant nurses for the mentally deficient; some evidence. PMID- 14789808 TI - Postnatal cerebral trauma as an etiological factor in mental deficiency. PMID- 14789807 TI - Initiating and developing a recreational program for institutional mental defectives. PMID- 14789809 TI - A treatise of sterilization. PMID- 14789810 TI - About changes of the crystalline lens in mongoloids. PMID- 14789811 TI - Nineteen years' experience with a special sterilization act in Indiana. PMID- 14789812 TI - Kansas sterilization law. as it applies to the state training school. PMID- 14789813 TI - The hearing of mental defectives; its measurement and characteristics. PMID- 14789814 TI - Motor proficiency and intelligence. PMID- 14789815 TI - Developing the community's responsibility for the adjustment of the mentally retarded. PMID- 14789816 TI - Twelve years of family care at Belchertown State School. PMID- 14789817 TI - The role of the social worker. PMID- 14789818 TI - AMERICAN Association on Mental Deficiency: Report of Committee on Administration Survey of Institutional Standards. PMID- 14789819 TI - The Third World Health Assembly. PMID- 14789820 TI - Psychosocial and spiritual factors in rehabilitation. PMID- 14789821 TI - Research and the ANA program for studies of nursing functions. PMID- 14789822 TI - The nurse participates in cardiac catheterization research. PMID- 14789823 TI - The "spoiled child". PMID- 14789824 TI - The American district sister. PMID- 14789825 TI - Is tuberculosis compensable? PMID- 14789826 TI - Portrait for a patient. PMID- 14789827 TI - Management engineering and nursing. PMID- 14789828 TI - New York City's medical defense plan. PMID- 14789829 TI - A method of treating burns. PMID- 14789830 TI - Student-centered teaching. PMID- 14789831 TI - The Joint Orthopedic Nursing Advisory Service. PMID- 14789832 TI - Central linen room service. PMID- 14789833 TI - A program for the improvement of nursing services. PMID- 14789834 TI - Appraising basic collegiate programs in nursing. PMID- 14789835 TI - Nursing care in abdominal surgery. PMID- 14789836 TI - Oh no! Not another committee. PMID- 14789837 TI - A box graph for curriculum planning. PMID- 14789838 TI - SPECIAL percentiles-graduate nurse qualifying examination. PMID- 14789839 TI - The child with extensive burns; a nursing care study. PMID- 14789840 TI - Psychologic implications of early child care. PMID- 14789841 TI - TRAINING for nursing service administration. PMID- 14789842 TI - The doctor, the nurse, and the sick child. PMID- 14789843 TI - Paternalism in employer-employee relationships. PMID- 14789844 TI - Office nursing today. PMID- 14789845 TI - The Geneva Conventions. PMID- 14789846 TI - A hospital school. PMID- 14789847 TI - Nurse, listen please. PMID- 14789848 TI - Experiences in childbirth: a painful ordeal. PMID- 14789849 TI - Experiences in childbirth: a gratifying experience. PMID- 14789850 TI - Nursing care of the patient with spina bifida. PMID- 14789851 TI - Nurses and the British National Health Service. PMID- 14789852 TI - Industrial nursing in a small plant. PMID- 14789853 TI - A new citizen arrives in Calcutta. PMID- 14789854 TI - NASAL gavage, an evaluation of methods in current practice. PMID- 14789856 TI - My orientation to a new job. PMID- 14789855 TI - Rural nursing is for me. PMID- 14789857 TI - Appraising faculty activities related to students' progress. PMID- 14789858 TI - Preparing the student for the psychiatric affiliation. PMID- 14789859 TI - Student admissions in 1950. PMID- 14789860 TI - The Metropolitan School of Nursing. PMID- 14789861 TI - Abdominal perineal resection; a nursing care study. PMID- 14789862 TI - AMERICAN Gynecological Society; transactions of the 73rd annual meeting May 11 to 13, 1950, at White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. PMID- 14789863 TI - The life of James Marion Sims. PMID- 14789864 TI - Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the uterine vessels during various stages of pregnancy. PMID- 14789865 TI - Bacteriological studies in salpingitis with special reference to gonococcal viability. PMID- 14789866 TI - The squamous epithelium and squamocolumnar junction of the cervix during pregnancy. PMID- 14789867 TI - Fetal mortality. PMID- 14789868 TI - The place of radioactive isotopes in therapy. PMID- 14789869 TI - Coagulation defects with intrauterine death from Rh isosensitization. PMID- 14789870 TI - The management of the pregnant diabetic woman and her newborn infant. PMID- 14789871 TI - The inactivation of the antidiuretic hormone of the posterior pituitary gland by blood from pregnant patients. PMID- 14789872 TI - Glomerular filtration rates, renal plasma flow, and sodium and water excretion in pregnancy toxemia. PMID- 14789873 TI - Vaginal plastic surgery in the treatment of lacerations and displacements of the female genital tract; a study based on 1,143 patients operated upon from Jan 1, 1938, to Jan. 1, 1948. PMID- 14789874 TI - Changing indications for hysterectomy in the climacteric woman. PMID- 14789875 TI - Tubal sterilization. PMID- 14789876 TI - The use of radioactive cobalt in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 14789877 TI - A method of diagnosing and treating functional pelvic disease. PMID- 14789878 TI - A new method of quantitative estimation of cephalopelvic disproportion. PMID- 14789879 TI - Experimental endometriosis. PMID- 14789880 TI - Consideration of the infant in the treatment of cervical carcinoma in pregnancy. PMID- 14789881 TI - Female genital tuberculosis treated with streptomycin. PMID- 14789882 TI - Blood volume and hematologic studies in pregnancy and the puerperium. PMID- 14789883 TI - Correlation of blood loss with blood volume and other hematological studies before, during and after childbirth. PMID- 14789884 TI - Sickle-cell disease and pregnancy. PMID- 14789885 TI - Prophylactic chemoantibiotic therapy and low cervical cesarean section in potential and actual infections. PMID- 14789886 TI - Epidermoid heteroplasia (heterologous epidermoid differentiation) of basal cells of endometrium versus squamous-cell metaplasia; with the report of a case of cholesteometra. PMID- 14789887 TI - Sarcoma of the uterus; a review of thirty-three cases. PMID- 14789888 TI - Eclamptic manifestations occurring in pregnancy complicated by brain tumor. PMID- 14789889 TI - Ureteral obstruction in carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 14789890 TI - Prophylactic penicillin during labor in infection-prone patients. PMID- 14789891 TI - The treatment of iron deficiency anemia of pregnancy with intravenous iron. PMID- 14789892 TI - Cesarean section after prolonged labor; influence of prophylactic sulfonamide and penicillin therapy on operative procedure and end results. PMID- 14789893 TI - Vaginal smears in the evaluation of ovarian development and activity. PMID- 14789894 TI - The ovarian Brenner tumor; its gross and microscopic pathology. PMID- 14789895 TI - A symmetry of the uterus in early pregnancy. PMID- 14789896 TI - Cytodynamic properties of human endometrium. II. Cultivation and behavior of stromal cells of human decidua in vitro. PMID- 14789897 TI - Amnion nodosum: a lesion of the placenta apparently associated with deficient secretion of fetal urine. PMID- 14789898 TI - Plasma acetylcholinesterase activity. PMID- 14789899 TI - Stillbirth and neonatal mortality in a general hospital. PMID- 14789900 TI - An evaluation of breech presentation and vaginal delivery. PMID- 14789901 TI - The use of hyaluronidase in pudendal block. PMID- 14789902 TI - Prophylactic appendectomy in gynecological surgery; a review of 532 cases. PMID- 14789903 TI - Plasma prothrombin during pregnancy and the puerperium. PMID- 14789904 TI - Curare with general anesthesia for vaginal deliveries. PMID- 14789905 TI - Cervical epithelial changes over a thirteen-year period terminating in epidermoid carcinoma. PMID- 14789906 TI - Primary adenoacanthoma of the ovary. PMID- 14789907 TI - Spontaneous perforation of the bowel into gravid uterus near term. PMID- 14789908 TI - Primary carcinoma of the vagina associated with pregnancy. PMID- 14789909 TI - Three genital cancers in one individual. PMID- 14789910 TI - Obstetric shock due to pulmonary emboli of amniotic fluid. PMID- 14789911 TI - Dysgerminoma of the ovary. PMID- 14789912 TI - Pelvic exenteration for advanced uncontrolled cancer of the cervix with preservation of coital function. PMID- 14789913 TI - Symposium on secondary glaucoma; Foreword. PMID- 14789914 TI - Secondary glaucoma due to cataract. PMID- 14789915 TI - Glaucoma secondary to uveitis. PMID- 14789916 TI - Glaucoma secondary to trauma. PMID- 14789917 TI - The congenital or infantile glaucomas. PMID- 14789918 TI - The macula in the elderly. PMID- 14789919 TI - Spontaneous cysts of the ciliary body simulating neoplasms. PMID- 14789920 TI - The vision of adolescent boys. PMID- 14789921 TI - Stimulus-response mechanisms in binocular coordination. PMID- 14789922 TI - A hard plastic spectacle lens. PMID- 14789923 TI - Pathologic aspects of retrolental fibroplasia. PMID- 14789924 TI - The relationship of heterophoria to depth perception in aviation. PMID- 14789925 TI - A Spanish-English accommodation and near-test card using photoreduced type. PMID- 14789926 TI - Unusual reaction following use of hydrosulphosol (1:20) in castor oil. PMID- 14789927 TI - Infection of the eyelashes with Microsporon audouini. PMID- 14789928 TI - Biologic and clinical implications of corneal research. PMID- 14789929 TI - Correction of congenital nystagmus. PMID- 14789930 TI - The 1:2,000 field in chiasmal interference. PMID- 14789931 TI - Old retinal detachment. PMID- 14789932 TI - The nature of inclusion bodies in trachoma. PMID- 14789933 TI - The surgical treatment of exotropia resulting from anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia. A practical evaluation of some surgical techniques. PMID- 14789934 TI - Simultaneous bilateral primary ocular malignant melanoma. Report of a case. PMID- 14789935 TI - Lamellar keratoplasty. Technique and results: Comparative study with penetrating keratoplasties and keratectomies. PMID- 14789936 TI - A new slit lamp apparatus. PMID- 14789937 TI - Eye changes in a marsupial experimentally infected with kala-azar and trypanosomiasis. PMID- 14789938 TI - Heparin and uveitis. An experimental study. PMID- 14789939 TI - Recent advances in ocular therapy. PMID- 14789940 TI - The relationship of heterophoria to depth perception in aviation. With particular reference to the work of the Royal Canadian Air Force. PMID- 14789941 TI - Grenz-ray irradiation of vascularized rabbits' corneas. PMID- 14789942 TI - Anomalous correspondence. PMID- 14789943 TI - Refraction clinic. PMID- 14789944 TI - Adaptations of Luneberg's design. For demonstrating the geometry of visual space. PMID- 14789945 TI - Epidemic herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Report of a case treated with aureomycin. PMID- 14789946 TI - Thyrotropic exophthalmos and pseudotumor. PMID- 14789947 TI - Observations on retrolental fibroplasia. PMID- 14789948 TI - Reduction in vision due to sunlight. PMID- 14789949 TI - Flicker fusion in diagnosis. PMID- 14789950 TI - Visual perception of space. PMID- 14789951 TI - Visual fatigue. PMID- 14789952 TI - An analysis of inhomogeneity of myopia in adults. PMID- 14789953 TI - An experimental study on the cross-cylinder technique. PMID- 14789954 TI - A skiascopic procedure for visual screening surveys. PMID- 14789955 TI - The relation of light to safety. PMID- 14789956 TI - A report on Haidinger brushes. PMID- 14789957 TI - Headache: Diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14789958 TI - Compulsory health insurance sidetracked. PMID- 14789959 TI - Symposium, 1950: Training in the field of orthopsychiatry: findings of the membership study in relation to training and membership. PMID- 14789960 TI - Aggression. PMID- 14789961 TI - A study of aggressive sex misbehavior in adolescents brought to juvenile court. PMID- 14789962 TI - Values, acculturation and mental health. PMID- 14789963 TI - Family diagnosis: an approach to the preschool child. PMID- 14789964 TI - Psychiatric consultation in a public welfare agency. PMID- 14789965 TI - The dynamic use of the psychiatric social worker's services within the clinical team. PMID- 14789966 TI - The production of films for mental health education: psychiatrist's experience. PMID- 14789967 TI - Notes on the impact of parental occupations: some cultural determinants of symptom choice in emotionally disturbed children. PMID- 14789968 TI - Negativism as a phase of ego development. PMID- 14789969 TI - Personality structure in folie a deux. PMID- 14789970 TI - The Rorschach findings in a case of suicide. PMID- 14789971 TI - The ink blot test as a brief projective technique: a preliminary report. PMID- 14789972 TI - The therapeutic management of group tension. PMID- 14789973 TI - PROCEEDINGS of the 27th annual meeting of the American Orthopsychiatric Association, Inc. February 22-24, 1950. PMID- 14789974 TI - In memoriam: Edwin Leigh Newcomb. PMID- 14789975 TI - Fair-dealism and the A.M.A. PMID- 14789976 TI - Are quaternary ammonium compounds sporicidal? PMID- 14789977 TI - A spectrophotometric method for the assay of digitalis and its preparations. PMID- 14789978 TI - Current trends in modern medicinals. PMID- 14789979 TI - Current trends in modern medicinals. Part II. PMID- 14789980 TI - The consistency of anthropometric measurements. PMID- 14789981 TI - Origins of blood groups ABO, and the European Mongoloid problem. PMID- 14789982 TI - Hair texture: its definition, evaluation and measurement. PMID- 14789983 TI - Age changes in head hair from birth to maturity. PMID- 14789984 TI - Fingerprints in Eskimos of the northwest territories. PMID- 14789985 TI - Notes on the pelves of the fossil ape-men. PMID- 14789986 TI - On the zoological status of Telanthropus capensis. PMID- 14789987 TI - Effect of temperature change on round-window response in the hamster. PMID- 14789988 TI - Glucose space of the body. PMID- 14789989 TI - Electrotonic potentials elicited by threshold stimuli from sheath-free nerve at different temperatures. PMID- 14789990 TI - Ion binding in muscle homogenates. PMID- 14789991 TI - Effect of iodoacetate on changes in muscular latency induced by activity. PMID- 14789992 TI - Factors relating to heart size in the intact animal. PMID- 14789993 TI - Cardiac output in the rat at normal and at high altitudes and its relationship to gas embolism. PMID- 14789994 TI - Excitability of the mammalian ventricle throughout the cardiac cycle. PMID- 14789995 TI - Formation of bradykinin in anaphylactic and peptone shock. PMID- 14789996 TI - Pressor pathways not blocked by tetraethylammonium. PMID- 14789997 TI - Pregnancy test utilizing frogs and toads. PMID- 14789998 TI - Survival in the circulation of the growth and adrenocorticotrophic hormones as evidenced by parabiosis. PMID- 14789999 TI - Anti-insulin and diabetogenic actions of purified anterior pituitary growth hormone. PMID- 14790000 TI - Action of cortisone on cardiovascular-renal effects of desoxycorticosterone acetate. PMID- 14790001 TI - Cytochemical study of the adrenal cortex of the rat under salt stresses. PMID- 14790002 TI - Sites and nature of protein anabolism stimulated by testosterone propionate in the rat. PMID- 14790003 TI - Influence of fat in the diet upon nitrogen balance and liver regeneration. PMID- 14790004 TI - Role of adrenal cortex in liver regeneration. PMID- 14790005 TI - Identity and specificity of frog water-balance principle of posterior pituitary extract. PMID- 14790006 TI - Toxicity of sea water in mammals. PMID- 14790007 TI - Role of urease in the gastric mucosa. PMID- 14790008 TI - Pyridoxine and experimental x-radiation injury in rats. PMID- 14790009 TI - Chemical agents influencing survival to 'explosive' anoxia. PMID- 14790010 TI - Properties of the transsulfurase responsible for conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate. PMID- 14790011 TI - Changes in plasma of the rat during fasting and influence of genetic factors upon sugar and cholesterol levels. PMID- 14790012 TI - Effect of feeding an 'animal protein factor' concentrate to young lambs. PMID- 14790013 TI - Effect of renal arterial constriction on excretion of sodium and water. PMID- 14790014 TI - Studies on renal pressor mechanism and on vascular reactivity during depressor response to acute inflammation in dogs. PMID- 14790015 TI - Reabsorption of bromide by the kidney. PMID- 14790016 TI - Comparison of direct with indirect renal blood flow, extraction of inulin and diodrast, before and during acute renal nerve stimulation. PMID- 14790017 TI - Measurement and significance of urinary appearance time in the dog. PMID- 14790018 TI - Clearances of some proteins by the dog kidney. PMID- 14790019 TI - "Facial vision:" the role of pitch and loudness in the perception of obstacles by the blind. PMID- 14790020 TI - Dimensions of similarity. PMID- 14790022 TI - Legibility of numerals: the optimal ratio of height to width of stroke. PMID- 14790021 TI - An analysis of the Porteus maze-test as affected by psychosurgery. PMID- 14790023 TI - Choice behavior and the process of recognition. PMID- 14790024 TI - Blinking as a measure of effort in visual work. PMID- 14790025 TI - On the size of the figural after-effect with varying distances. PMID- 14790026 TI - Proactive inhibition with increased recall-time. PMID- 14790027 TI - A new device for presenting paired-associates in verbal-learning. PMID- 14790028 TI - Emmert's law and Euclid's optics. PMID- 14790029 TI - Entoptic phenomena; an interpretation of the erythrocytes'. PMID- 14790030 TI - The unbiased estimate of the population variance and standard deviation. PMID- 14790031 TI - A new method of analyzing the data in an experiment on 'level of aspiration'. PMID- 14790032 TI - Early and late metric uses of the term distance. PMID- 14790033 TI - Adolf Meyer: 1866-1950. PMID- 14790034 TI - Local responsibility for world health. PMID- 14790035 TI - Public health and the laboratory. PMID- 14790036 TI - Diarrhea, dysentery, food poisoning, and gastroenteritis; a study of 926 outbreaks and 49,879 cases reported to the United States Public Health Service (1945-1947). PMID- 14790037 TI - Report on the results of examinations for intestinal parasites. PMID- 14790038 TI - Food poisoning; a review of thirty-four outbreaks. PMID- 14790039 TI - A field test for efficiency of detergents. PMID- 14790040 TI - Malaria eradication in the United States. PMID- 14790041 TI - Public health approach to the control of alcoholism. PMID- 14790042 TI - The opportunities of the industrial hygiene section. PMID- 14790043 TI - A dental health program for your community. PMID- 14790044 TI - A statistical study of factors influencing the quality of patient care in hospitals. PMID- 14790045 TI - New international programs in public health. PMID- 14790046 TI - Role of health services in civil defense. PMID- 14790047 TI - Problems of wartime disease control. PMID- 14790048 TI - The health aspects of civil defense. PMID- 14790049 TI - Public health aspects of atomic energy. PMID- 14790050 TI - The Coxsackie viruses. PMID- 14790052 TI - Pattern and problems of group medical practice. PMID- 14790051 TI - Control of acute respiratory illness by ultra-violet lights. PMID- 14790053 TI - Slough Industrial Health Service. An experimental group service for small plants. PMID- 14790054 TI - The 1948 experience of the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York with the utilization of physician services by the enrollees in each age-sex group. PMID- 14790055 TI - Children's dental health week in New. York City. PMID- 14790056 TI - Geographic variations of dental caries in Oregon. IV. Observations on first molars as an index of the caries experience in the permanent teeth of school children 14-16 years of age. PMID- 14790057 TI - Sanitation in the international health field. PMID- 14790058 TI - Legally established qualifications and methods of appointment for state health officers. PMID- 14790059 TI - The specialized public health nursing consultant in state health departments. PMID- 14790060 TI - Medical care insurance: lessons from voluntary and compulsory plans; organization and administration. PMID- 14790061 TI - Air pollution--the status today. PMID- 14790063 TI - Consumer practices in the use of milk. PMID- 14790062 TI - Survival of selected enteric organisms in various types of soil. PMID- 14790064 TI - Use of statistics on prematurity in Tennessee. PMID- 14790065 TI - Current practices and trends in the child health conference. PMID- 14790067 TI - Field training for health education. PMID- 14790066 TI - Physician participation in school health services; a report on the analysis of a questionnaire to medical societies on physicians and schools. PMID- 14790068 TI - Dental caries in New Zealand and the United States. PMID- 14790069 TI - Some factors in the epidemiology of histoplasmin sensitivity in Williamson County, Tennessee. PMID- 14790070 TI - Highlights of the Mid-century White House Conference on Children and Youth. PMID- 14790071 TI - CLEARING house on public health salary information and personnel needs. PMID- 14790072 TI - Tumor of the major duodenal papilla. PMID- 14790073 TI - Diagnostic value of the blood pattern in cancer. PMID- 14790074 TI - Choledocholithiasis. PMID- 14790075 TI - Early postoperative ambulation. PMID- 14790076 TI - Factors in the etiology and management of postoperative ventral hernias. PMID- 14790077 TI - Inguinal herniorrhaphy; methods of repair in use at the present time. PMID- 14790078 TI - Primary carcinoma of the liver. PMID- 14790079 TI - Sarcomas of the stomach. PMID- 14790080 TI - Acute pancreatitis. PMID- 14790081 TI - An improved technique for arthrodesis of the lumbosacral spine. PMID- 14790082 TI - New method of lipectomy for abdominal obesity. PMID- 14790083 TI - Plastic repair of protruding ears. PMID- 14790084 TI - Simple method of blind nailing for fractured neck of the femur. PMID- 14790085 TI - Appendicitis in children. PMID- 14790086 TI - A new approach in the surgical treatment of tumors of the pineal region; the posterior coronal flap. PMID- 14790087 TI - Hemorrhoids. PMID- 14790088 TI - Postpartum hemorrhage. PMID- 14790089 TI - A carotid body tumor. PMID- 14790090 TI - Von Willebrand's disease in pregnancy. PMID- 14790091 TI - Primary carcinoma of the jejunum. PMID- 14790092 TI - Embolic metastasis to the inferior vena cava. PMID- 14790093 TI - Simple device for ambulatory patients wearing T tubes. PMID- 14790094 TI - A headless self-drilling screw. PMID- 14790095 TI - An aid in the formation of tantalum cranial prostheses. PMID- 14790096 TI - Dr. Rudolph Matas. PMID- 14790097 TI - Presidential address. PMID- 14790098 TI - Primary anterior dislocation of the shoulder. PMID- 14790099 TI - Tennis elbow. PMID- 14790100 TI - Colles' fracture. PMID- 14790101 TI - Ski injuries. PMID- 14790102 TI - Use of homografts in extensively burned patients. PMID- 14790103 TI - Human bites of head and neck. PMID- 14790104 TI - Planned timing in treatment of chronic osteomyelitis under antibiotic control. PMID- 14790106 TI - Your hips and mine. PMID- 14790105 TI - Trauma to the perineum, anus, rectum and colon. PMID- 14790107 TI - Medullary fixation of femoral shaft fractures. PMID- 14790108 TI - Internal fixation with Smith-Petersen nail and extension bar in treatment of intertrochanteric fractures of femur; review of 132 cases. PMID- 14790109 TI - Basic processes in healing. PMID- 14790110 TI - Bone repairs in rats with multiple fractures. PMID- 14790111 TI - Uses of refrigerated bone on a large fracture service. PMID- 14790112 TI - Mild head injury (concussion). PMID- 14790113 TI - Avulsions of the scalp with plastic repair. PMID- 14790114 TI - Conservation of the foot following injury. PMID- 14790115 TI - Treatment and rehabilitation of the paraplegic. PMID- 14790116 TI - Suction socket prosthesis for above-knee amputations. PMID- 14790117 TI - Blood and plasma volume studies in the severely injured. PMID- 14790118 TI - Studies of blood volume in patients depleted as a result of trauma. PMID- 14790119 TI - The so-called "blood substitutes". PMID- 14790120 TI - Functional repair of the mandible following bone loss from injury, irradiation necrosis or tumor. PMID- 14790121 TI - Significant roentgen findings in routine pre-employment examination of the lumbosacral spine; a preliminary report. PMID- 14790122 TI - Principles of management of open wounds of the hand. PMID- 14790123 TI - Primary tenorrhaphy and neurorrhaphy of the hand and forearm. PMID- 14790124 TI - Delayed tendon repairs. PMID- 14790125 TI - Crushing wounds of the hand. PMID- 14790126 TI - Acute burns of the hand. PMID- 14790127 TI - Sequelae of vascular injuries. PMID- 14790128 TI - Traumatic arteriovenous fistula. PMID- 14790129 TI - Laceration of the inferior vena cava with delayed hemorrhage and primary suture. PMID- 14790130 TI - Arteriovenous anastomosis in traumatic vascular lesions. PMID- 14790131 TI - Trauma to the arterial-insufficient foot. PMID- 14790132 TI - Traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus aneurysm. PMID- 14790133 TI - Results from the treatment of sciatica due to lumbar disc protrusion. PMID- 14790134 TI - Healing of fractures. PMID- 14790135 TI - Surgical treatment of cardiospasm. PMID- 14790136 TI - Hemangioma of the colon. PMID- 14790137 TI - Submucous lipoma of the large bowel; case report with review of the literature. PMID- 14790138 TI - Carcinoma of the colon; selection of the operative procedure. PMID- 14790139 TI - Method for relieving irreducible intussusception. PMID- 14790140 TI - Isolated jejunal involvement in regional enteritis. PMID- 14790141 TI - Gelfoam and thrombin in treatment of massive gastroduodenal hemorrhage; a preliminary report. PMID- 14790142 TI - Spina bifida occulata; a surgical approach. PMID- 14790143 TI - Simultaneous femoral head fracture and traumatic hip dislocation. PMID- 14790144 TI - Cystosarcomatoid phyllodes. PMID- 14790145 TI - Fractures of both bones of the forearm. PMID- 14790146 TI - Paravesical extraperitoneal cesarean section technic. PMID- 14790147 TI - Arthrodesis of the hip. PMID- 14790148 TI - Inner table of anterior ilium, a convenient bone donor site for grafting. PMID- 14790150 TI - Tourniquet for intravenous therapy for patients in shock. PMID- 14790149 TI - Recent improvements in resection of the maxilla. PMID- 14790151 TI - Intragastric tamponade for intractable esophageal, gastric or duodenal bleeding. PMID- 14790152 TI - Submucous lipomas of the small intestine. PMID- 14790153 TI - Epidermal fistula of the perineum. PMID- 14790154 TI - Chorioepithelioma following hysterectomy. PMID- 14790155 TI - Primary mesenteric thrombosis treated with resection and anticoagulants. PMID- 14790156 TI - Benign stricture of the common bile duct. PMID- 14790157 TI - Duodenal Diverticula. PMID- 14790158 TI - Primary sarcoma of the greater omentum. PMID- 14790159 TI - Coccidioidomycosis of female adnexa. PMID- 14790160 TI - Retroperitoneal teratoma. PMID- 14790161 TI - Hyaluronidase and experimental syphilis. III. Metachromasia in syphilitic orchitis and its relationship to hyaluronic acid. PMID- 14790162 TI - Studies on the life cycles of spirochetes. II. The development of a new stain. PMID- 14790163 TI - Investigations of psychological processes in patients with neurosyphilis. PMID- 14790164 TI - A clinical psychometric procedure in the recognition of early dementing paresis. PMID- 14790165 TI - Neurosyphilis IV. Posttreatment evaluation four to five years following penicillin and penicillin plus malaria. PMID- 14790166 TI - Penicillin alone in neurosyphilis: Spinal fluid response including a comparison with pre-penicillin therapy. PMID- 14790167 TI - The effect of previous antisyphilitic treatment on present treatment, as indicated by the records from the nation-wide study of penicillin in syphilis. PMID- 14790168 TI - Oral terramycin in the treatment of gonorrhea in the male. PMID- 14790169 TI - Oxidation-reduction potentials in the cultivation of Endamoeba histolytica. PMID- 14790170 TI - Experimental infection of guinea pigs with Endamoeba histolytica. PMID- 14790171 TI - Fatal acute Chagas' disease in a North American in the Canal Zone. PMID- 14790172 TI - The application of immunological tests of sera from captured wild animals to the study of yellow fever epidemiology. PMID- 14790173 TI - Extrarenal azotemia in cholera. PMID- 14790174 TI - Experiments with antibiotic-killed cholera vaccines. PMID- 14790175 TI - Histoplasmin, tuberculin and coccidioidin sensitivity on the Isthmus of Panama; preliminary report of 500 patients. PMID- 14790176 TI - Clonorchiasis in Caucasians living in Greater Boston. PMID- 14790177 TI - Acute allergic filarial lymphangitis (mumu) in American troops in the Samoan area in World War II. PMID- 14790178 TI - Treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni with antimony lithium thiomalate (Anthiomaline); final report. PMID- 14790179 TI - Susceptibility of the snail Biomphalaria boissyi to infection with certain strains of schistosoma mansoni. PMID- 14790180 TI - Psychoneurotic disturbances in filariasis, and their relief by removal of adult worms or treatment with hetrazan. PMID- 14790181 TI - Latrodectus geometricus Koch on Luzon. PMID- 14790183 TI - House mice and commensal rats in relation to the dissemination of rat fleas. PMID- 14790184 TI - Pellagra in Fiji. PMID- 14790182 TI - Bionomics of Culex tarsalis in relation to Western equine encephalomyelitis. PMID- 14790185 TI - Coronary thrombosis and diabetes mellitus: the influence of coronary thrombosis on the metabolism of the diabetic patient. PMID- 14790186 TI - Supplement protein in weight reduction. PMID- 14790187 TI - Dermatitis in industry. PMID- 14790188 TI - A medical view of the lead problem. PMID- 14790189 TI - Bactericidal properties of yogurt. PMID- 14790190 TI - The treatment of constipation, with reference to the use of rectal dilators. PMID- 14790191 TI - Present concepts of treatment of severe burns. PMID- 14790192 TI - Carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 14790193 TI - Control of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. PMID- 14790194 TI - Postoperative endometriosis. PMID- 14790195 TI - Symptomatic treatment of headache. PMID- 14790196 TI - The migraine syndrome: a problem for the general practitioner. An evaluation of its treatment with histamine azoprotein. PMID- 14790197 TI - The causes of therapeutic resistance in the common diseases of the skin. PMID- 14790198 TI - Psychiatric conference: cases chosen to illustrate the relation between psychiatric and medical factors in the production of symptoms and in the course of the illness. PMID- 14790199 TI - Chronic pancreatitis; current trends in diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14790200 TI - Effective management of the rheumatic diseases, with special consideration of the role of physical agents in treatment. PMID- 14790201 TI - On the nature of private practice and the need for psychotherapy. PMID- 14790202 TI - CARBON monoxide poisoning. PMID- 14790203 TI - THYROTOXICOSIS. PMID- 14790204 TI - PNEUMONIA. PMID- 14790205 TI - Parathion poisoning. PMID- 14790206 TI - Simultaneous bacitracin and penicillin therapy in subacute bacterial endocarditis; a report on 3 cases. PMID- 14790207 TI - Mercurial diuretics in the treatment of congestive heart failure. PMID- 14790208 TI - The eye in hyperthyroidism. PMID- 14790209 TI - Kidney tumors: types, diagnosis, treatment. PMID- 14790210 TI - The value of red cell survival studies. PMID- 14790212 TI - Muscular dysfunction under emotional stress; diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14790211 TI - A controlled study of the treatment of upper respiratory infection with prophenpyridamine (trimeton). PMID- 14790213 TI - Acute renal failure. PMID- 14790214 TI - Oral estrogen therapy in the menopause syndrome; some comparison of products of synthetic and natural origin. PMID- 14790215 TI - Pneumonia associated with chickenpox; report of a patient treated with aureomycin. PMID- 14790216 TI - The treatment of scarlet fever with crystalline penicillin G administered orally or parenterally twice a day. PMID- 14790217 TI - Radiation therapy as an adjunct to surgery in cancer of the breast. PMID- 14790218 TI - Clinic H: Haven for hypochondriacs. PMID- 14790219 TI - Clinical aspects of gynecologic endocrinology. PMID- 14790220 TI - HYPERTENSION. PMID- 14790222 TI - MYASTHENIA gravis. PMID- 14790221 TI - HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. PMID- 14790223 TI - BCG vaccination in silicosis. PMID- 14790224 TI - Antibacterial substances in seed plants active against tubercle bacilli. PMID- 14790225 TI - Isolation of tubercle bacilli from feces and gastric contents of intravenously infected mice. PMID- 14790226 TI - Comparison of two solid media for testing sensitivity to streptomycin. PMID- 14790227 TI - Cancer detected in surveys. PMID- 14790228 TI - Mass surveys as case-finding techniques for pulmonary neoplasms. PMID- 14790229 TI - Asymptomatic and circumscribed lesions of the chest. PMID- 14790230 TI - Tuberculin testing of midshipmen and recruits of the Navy and Marine Corps. PMID- 14790231 TI - The effect of antihistaminics on the tuberculin skin reaction. PMID- 14790232 TI - The mental aspects of tuberculosis; observations based on a Veterans Hospital study. PMID- 14790233 TI - The influence of external factors on pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14790234 TI - Spontaneous hemopneumothorax; report of two cases. PMID- 14790235 TI - Chronic miliary tuberculosis. PMID- 14790236 TI - Cancer of the bladder. PMID- 14790237 TI - Exploration of the common bile duct. PMID- 14790239 TI - Doctors making speeches. PMID- 14790238 TI - Some further considerations in the treatment of surface cancer. PMID- 14790240 TI - [The horizontal transparent stripling, known as Hahn's canals, in the roentgenogram of the vertebrae]. PMID- 14790241 TI - [The veins of the leg]. PMID- 14790242 TI - [Diphasic character of mandibular opening, and the lateral pterygoid muscle]. PMID- 14790243 TI - [Prophylaxis of fetal death in utero in diabetes]. PMID- 14790244 TI - [Forceps, cranial trauma, intrauterine pneumonia, fetal death]. PMID- 14790245 TI - [Biparietal grasp]. PMID- 14790246 TI - [Treatment of vesico-vaginal fistulas; methods used and their results]. PMID- 14790247 TI - [First observations on spermatozoa penetration of the transparent membrane of ovocytes of impregnated rabbits in vitro; oxidation-reduction potential level of tubal secretion]. PMID- 14790248 TI - [Hemorrhage in the third and fourth stages of labor; post-partum atonic hemorrhage and shock]. PMID- 14790249 TI - [Indications for total hysterectomy in non-malignant uterine diseases]. PMID- 14790250 TI - [Puerperal eclampsia or cerebral thrombophlebitis]. PMID- 14790251 TI - [Clinical experience with chorionepithelioma]. PMID- 14790252 TI - [Special tumors and tumors of incretory activity of the ovary; arrhenoblastoma, thecoma, Brenner tumor, struma ovarii]. PMID- 14790253 TI - [Treatment of uro-genital fistulas]. PMID- 14790255 TI - [Dyspareunia, pareunalgia]. PMID- 14790254 TI - [Tuberculosis of the female genitals]. PMID- 14790256 TI - [Five years of bile duct surgery]. PMID- 14790257 TI - [Considerations on schistosomiasis in Ceara]. PMID- 14790258 TI - [Boeck's sarcoidosis; about a neurosurgical case]. PMID- 14790259 TI - [Cerebrospinal fluid in Weil's disease]. PMID- 14790260 TI - [Symposium on esophagogastric resections]. PMID- 14790261 TI - [Clinical interpretation of quantitative Wassermann reaction]. PMID- 14790262 TI - [Treatment of purulent meningitis]. PMID- 14790263 TI - [Clinical considerations on Chagas' disease]. PMID- 14790264 TI - [Tuberculosis in prostatic adenoma]. PMID- 14790265 TI - [Therapy of leprosy]. PMID- 14790266 TI - [Ulcers, diverticula and tumors of second portion of duodenum; differential diagnosis]. PMID- 14790267 TI - [Toxicity produced by phosphorus insecticides in rural workers used to combat pests of cotton; preliminary note]. PMID- 14790268 TI - [Epidemiology of rickettsioses in the State of Sao Paulo]. PMID- 14790269 TI - [A case of cicatricial pemphigus]. PMID- 14790270 TI - [Treatment of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14790271 TI - [Present status of anesthesia in England and certain experiences in the laboratories of the Imperial Chemical Manufacturing Co]. PMID- 14790272 TI - [Peculiarities of fronto-callosal apraxia in a case of successive encephalomalacias; anatomo-clinical study]. PMID- 14790273 TI - [Kyphosoliotic paraplegia; neurosurgical therapy (transposition of spinal cord; therapeutic result]. PMID- 14790274 TI - [Immunobiologic relation between tuberculosis and leprosy; positive action of BCG on Mitsuda reaction]. PMID- 14790275 TI - [Symposium on penicillin therapy in gynecology]. PMID- 14790276 TI - [Breech presentation in primiparae over 30 years of age]. PMID- 14790278 TI - [Macular fever]. PMID- 14790277 TI - [Radiologic signs of premature separation of normally inserted placenta]. PMID- 14790279 TI - [Biochemical applications of neurospora]. PMID- 14790280 TI - [Pyramidon as reagent of analytic chemistry]. PMID- 14790281 TI - [Price list of drugs in the book of acts of 1602 of the municipality of Vitoria]. PMID- 14790282 TI - [Analytical possibilities of paper partition chromatography]. PMID- 14790283 TI - [Isotopes in glucide metabolism]. PMID- 14790284 TI - [Studies in the Archivo General de Indias de Sevilla; botanical expedition to the new kingdom of Granada or Santa Fe]. PMID- 14790285 TI - [Don Juan Marcilla Arrazola]. PMID- 14790286 TI - The physiological and physical factors governing the uptake of anesthetic gases by the body. PMID- 14790287 TI - Intravenous supplementation during nitrous oxide anesthesia: comparison of demerol, morphine and a new potent analgesic drug (15431). PMID- 14790288 TI - Manually assisted and controlled respiration: its use during inhalation anesthesia for the maintenance of a near-normal physiologic state: a review. PMID- 14790289 TI - Preliminary investigations of carbon tetrafluoride as an inert diluent gas to prevent explosions of mixtures of cyclopropane and oxygen. PMID- 14790290 TI - Liver function and anesthesia. PMID- 14790291 TI - A study of the blood-oxygen saturation in children under rectal pentothal anesthesia. PMID- 14790292 TI - Special considerations in the selection and employment of anesthetic agents and methods in infants and children. PMID- 14790293 TI - Some methods of analysis and determination of anesthetic agents. PMID- 14790294 TI - Regional anesthesia with tetracaine. PMID- 14790295 TI - The effect of quinidine on arrhythmias induced by cyclopropane and cyclopropane epinephrine. PMID- 14790296 TI - Postoperative flaccid paraplegia; a case report. PMID- 14790297 TI - Aluminum chart board protector for intravenous infusions. PMID- 14790298 TI - Effects of various amnesic regimens on the human maternal and fetal blood gases during parturition. PMID- 14790299 TI - Manually assisted and controlled respiration; its use during inhalation anesthesia for the maintenance of a near-normal physiologic state; a review. Part II. Controlled and assisted respiration. PMID- 14790300 TI - The use of lucaine in the study of spinal anesthesia. PMID- 14790301 TI - The effects of epinephrine and ephedrine administered intrathecally upon cardiac automaticity during cyclopropane anesthesia. PMID- 14790302 TI - Lumbar puncture headaches. PMID- 14790303 TI - Hypobaric pontocaine spinal anesthesia in children. PMID- 14790304 TI - Regional anesthesia with tetracaine. PMID- 14790305 TI - A note on the optimal size on endotracheal tubes based upon studies of blood gases. PMID- 14790306 TI - The effects of picrotoxin on thiopental metabolism and on the in vitro respiration of brain tissue in mice. PMID- 14790307 TI - Some problems of geriatric anesthesia. PMID- 14790308 TI - A modified laryngoscope blade. PMID- 14790309 TI - Curare in torticollis. PMID- 14790310 TI - Postpartum cerebral embolism in a normal patient; a case report. PMID- 14790311 TI - [Comparative study of collateral circulation following arterial circulatory block from ligation, thrombosis, arteriectomy; experimental photomanometric research]. PMID- 14790312 TI - [Postphlebit phlebedema and lymphedema]. PMID- 14790313 TI - [Gentian violet as topical drug in dermatitis of phlebostatic origin]. PMID- 14790314 TI - Glomus tumors. PMID- 14790315 TI - Causes of failure in the surgical treatment of hypertension. PMID- 14790316 TI - Arteriolar disease of the heart. PMID- 14790317 TI - The Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome; report of a case treated by combined splenectomy and spleno-renal shunt. PMID- 14790318 TI - Experimental frostbite; an inquiry into the effect of sympathetic block using tetra-ethyl ammonium chloride in the acute stage. PMID- 14790319 TI - Arteriosclerosis and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14790320 TI - Effect of priscolin (2-benzyl-4,5-imidazoline hydrochloride) on circulation and skin temperature in normal man. PMID- 14790322 TI - Thoughts on the dynamics of blood flow. PMID- 14790321 TI - Experimental and therapeutic investigations with certain new hydrogenated ergot alkaloids in peripheral vascular disorders. PMID- 14790323 TI - Morphology of the adult mandible in Class II, Division 1 malocclusion and in excellent occlusion. PMID- 14790324 TI - The Department of Orthodontics at the University of Washington. PMID- 14790325 TI - Diagnosis in orthodontics. PMID- 14790326 TI - A program of pedodontic education. PMID- 14790327 TI - Esthetics and its relation to orthodontic therapy. PMID- 14790328 TI - [Micro methods of blood sugar determination]. PMID- 14790329 TI - [Indirect methods of diagnosis of tuberculous infection]. PMID- 14790330 TI - [Fecundation and study of spermatogenesis in human sterility]. PMID- 14790331 TI - [New rapid and simple technique of fresh serum hemolysis for serodiagnosis of syphilis]. PMID- 14790332 TI - [Practical applications of the serology of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14790333 TI - [Note on the use of tuberculin as antigen in the complement deviation reaction]. PMID- 14790334 TI - [New serological reaction for malaria with Henry's artificial hemozoin; results obtained]. PMID- 14790335 TI - [Utilization of sodium thiomalate in bacteriology]. PMID- 14790336 TI - [Study of the circulation of chloramphenicol in man]. PMID- 14790337 TI - [Circulation of sodium para-aminosalicylate in man and in animal]. PMID- 14790338 TI - [Comparative study of the cadmium reaction of Wuhrmann and Wunderly with Weltmann's thermocoagulation]. PMID- 14790339 TI - [Determination of proteins by the so-called biuret reaction]. PMID- 14790340 TI - [Sedimentation rate; microtest for measurement in vitro]. PMID- 14790341 TI - [Note on the pyrogenic control of citrated solutions used in blood transfusion]. PMID- 14790342 TI - [Contribution to the study of the etiologic factors of male sterility (based on 100 cases)]. PMID- 14790343 TI - [Gasometric microdetermination of potassium ion in the blood; Chambon and Terrebone method]. PMID- 14790344 TI - [Determination of glucose in the blood by means of a copper]. PMID- 14790345 TI - [Pregnandiol determination technique; technique of D. Huber, modified successively by de Watteville and Borth, and then R. Bethoux]. PMID- 14790346 TI - [Palladometric microdetermination of carbon monoxide of the blood; Marc Chambon method]. PMID- 14790347 TI - [Determination of serum lipase and amylase]. PMID- 14790348 TI - [Diagnosis of tuberculous infection by modified Middlebrook-Dubos type hemagglutination test]. PMID- 14790349 TI - [Biological diagnosis of whooping cough by isolation of the Bordet-Gengou bacillus (H. pertussis) on modified Bordet medium]. PMID- 14790350 TI - [Lyophilization; technique of desiccation in vacuum after freezing]. PMID- 14790351 TI - [Clinical and biological findings in 1,340 syphilitics (primo-secondary syphilis) having followed regular arseno-bismuth and bismuth therapy for at least 4 years]. PMID- 14790352 TI - [Mechanism of formation of bullae in simple epidermolysis bullosa]. PMID- 14790353 TI - [Spontaneously curable microsporosis]. PMID- 14790354 TI - [Present frequency of tinea in the Lyons area]. PMID- 14790355 TI - [Case of L leprosy at Nancy]. PMID- 14790356 TI - [Dermatosis due to arsenobenzol and gold treated with BAL; exanthema caused by BAL]. PMID- 14790357 TI - [Treatment of chancroid by streptomycin]. PMID- 14790358 TI - [Generalized lichen planus]. PMID- 14790359 TI - [Castellani dermatosis papulosa nigra]. PMID- 14790361 TI - [Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa; elbow lesions]. PMID- 14790360 TI - [Pigmented and purpuric capillaritis of the leg]. PMID- 14790362 TI - [Exanthematous lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 14790363 TI - [Paget's disease of the nipple]. PMID- 14790364 TI - [Hallopeau's acrodermatitis continua]. PMID- 14790365 TI - [Myxomatous lupus tuberculosis of the ear lobe]. PMID- 14790366 TI - [Study of the conditions under which epidermal reactions may be made on patients]. PMID- 14790367 TI - [Eugenic abortion and legality of eugenics]. PMID- 14790368 TI - [Necessity of performing autopsies on individuals killed in automobile accidents]. PMID- 14790369 TI - [Sexual perversion resulting from obsessive impulses during paroxysmal attacks in a psychasthenic]. PMID- 14790370 TI - [How to organize the vote of institutionalized mental patients who should exercise their civil rights]. PMID- 14790371 TI - [Fatal poisoning from ingestion of bismuth subnitrate]. PMID- 14790373 TI - [Experimental research on the toxicity of seconal sodium]. PMID- 14790372 TI - [Toxic erythroblastosis?]. PMID- 14790374 TI - [Experimental and clinical research on certain biological modifications arising during chronic heroin poisoning]. PMID- 14790375 TI - [Distribution of benzene in the body during acute poisoning by inhalation; anatomo-pathologic and toxicologic studies]. PMID- 14790376 TI - [Two new cases of fatal poisoning by ingestion of antihistamines; anatomo pathologic and physio-toxicologic studies]. PMID- 14790377 TI - [Poisoning by narcissus bulbs]. PMID- 14790378 TI - [Rapid death from gas embolism after attempted abortion; anatomo-pathologic study]. PMID- 14790379 TI - [Expert testimony and secrecy]. PMID- 14790380 TI - [Point-blank rifle shot and blood stains]. PMID- 14790381 TI - [Practical note on taking blood in toxicology, especially for determining carbon monoxide]. PMID- 14790382 TI - [Fatal poisoning by aspirin]. PMID- 14790383 TI - [Avulsion of the integument of the hand after burning]. PMID- 14790384 TI - [Oil-aspiration pneumonia]. PMID- 14790385 TI - [A necessary reform: legislation on extortion in France]. PMID- 14790386 TI - [Reliving of past personality]. PMID- 14790387 TI - [Complications of electroshock therapy]. PMID- 14790388 TI - [Periodic epileptic manifestations with psychic complications of para-thyroprival origin; importance of transspinal oxygen insufflation]. PMID- 14790389 TI - [2 Fatal complications during the Sakel treatment: acute pulmonary edema and rupture of the stomach during insulin therapy]. PMID- 14790390 TI - [New type of drug addiction: maxiton; 2 cases]. PMID- 14790391 TI - [Abnormally prolonged insulin comas]. PMID- 14790392 TI - [Abnormalities of the blood and mental disorders]. PMID- 14790393 TI - [A drug for anxiety: calcium diethylacetate]. PMID- 14790394 TI - [Impulsions during small and medium dose insulin therapy]. PMID- 14790395 TI - [Test methods in clinical psychology]. PMID- 14790396 TI - [Congress of Psychiatrists and Neurologists of France and French-speaking Countries; 48th meeting Besancon-Neuchatel, 24-30 July 1950]. PMID- 14790397 TI - [Close union of neurology and psychiatry]. PMID- 14790398 TI - [Mental disorders in chronic pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14790399 TI - [Allergic encephalitis of an infectious nature]. PMID- 14790400 TI - [Nodular necrosing scleritis and its relationship with scleromalacia]. PMID- 14790401 TI - [The importance of dental etiology in uveitis]. PMID- 14790402 TI - [Unilateral pigmentary retinitis]. PMID- 14790403 TI - [Double optic iridectomy in cases of central leukoma in patient blind in one eye]. PMID- 14790404 TI - [Ocular tetanus]. PMID- 14790405 TI - [How to transport material for corneal grafts a long distance]. PMID- 14790406 TI - [Bases for the neuropsychiatric treatment of glaucoma]. PMID- 14790407 TI - [Histochemical localization of reduced ascorbic acid in the eyes in certain mammals]. PMID- 14790409 TI - [At what age is it advisable to operate on strabismus?]. PMID- 14790408 TI - [Inadequacy of radiotherapy in pituitary tumors]. PMID- 14790410 TI - [Tissue therapy in ophthalmology]. PMID- 14790411 TI - [Tissue therapy in ophthalmology]. PMID- 14790412 TI - [Personal experience with tissue therapy: results]. PMID- 14790413 TI - [Mussio Fournier melanophorin therapy in eye diseases]. PMID- 14790414 TI - [Aerosinusitis]. PMID- 14790415 TI - [Remarks on streptomycin therapy in otorhinolaryngology; cochleovestibular incidents and accidents during treatment]. PMID- 14790416 TI - [Anterior tumoral form of laryngeal cancer]. PMID- 14790417 TI - [Intratracheal thyroid tumor]. PMID- 14790418 TI - [Mixed tumor of the lobule of the nose]. PMID- 14790419 TI - [Inflammatory tracheal tumor of unknown origin]. PMID- 14790420 TI - [Considerations on curietherapy of tubal tonsils and Crowe's method in particular]. PMID- 14790421 TI - [Neurosurgical point of view of post-otitic headaches]. PMID- 14790422 TI - [Cellulitis of the face and its clinical aspects]. PMID- 14790423 TI - [Treatment of ozena by submucous inclusion of grafts from the iliac crest]. PMID- 14790424 TI - [Three cases of anosmia of long duration cured by orthobiotic serum of the Pasteur Institute]. PMID- 14790426 TI - [Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid from the ear]. PMID- 14790427 TI - [Acrylic implants in resection of the mandible]. PMID- 14790425 TI - [Case of papilloma of the larynx treated by simple tracheotomy]. PMID- 14790428 TI - [Nephritis of pharyngeal origin treated by synthetic antihistamines]. PMID- 14790429 TI - [Fracture of the petrous bone treated by excavation and labyrinthotomy; death due to meningitis three years later]. PMID- 14790430 TI - [Conservative surgery for cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx]. PMID- 14790431 TI - [Partial lateral pharyngolaryngectomy for cancers of pyriform sinus]. PMID- 14790432 TI - [Comparative techniques of bronchography; lipiodol, ioduron]. PMID- 14790433 TI - [Technic of bronchography with ioduron B; new hydrosoluble contrast medium]. PMID- 14790434 TI - [Gangrenous phlegmon of the neck with large cutaneous-cavitary fistula and ulceration of the primary carotid]. PMID- 14790435 TI - [A case of paradental cyst occupying the entire sinus]. PMID- 14790436 TI - [So-called mixed tumor of the larynx; total laryngectomy]. PMID- 14790437 TI - [Cricoid chondritis and laryngeal stenosis treated by progressive dilatation]. PMID- 14790438 TI - [New modifications to apply to the Crowe technic]. PMID- 14790439 TI - [Post-otitic right temporo-sphenoidal abscess; total removal; recovery]. PMID- 14790440 TI - [Cerebral abscess; recovery by local and general penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14790441 TI - [Neurinoma of the neck]. PMID- 14790442 TI - [Meningoblastoma of facial bones]. PMID- 14790443 TI - [Use of dimethyl-dithio-hydantoin in treatment of certain facial neuralgias]. PMID- 14790444 TI - [Parasyphilitic osteitis of facial bones]. PMID- 14790445 TI - [A case of nasal localization of Gaucher's disease]. PMID- 14790446 TI - [Impassable stenosis of the esophagus in a child; restoration of permeability by esophago-gastric anastomosis]. PMID- 14790447 TI - [Trigemello-sympathetic manifestation; chorda tympani syndrome]. PMID- 14790448 TI - [Presentation of a 14 year old girl; ectopic goiter (for diagnosis)]. PMID- 14790449 TI - [Treatment of spasmodic coryza by orthobiotic serum]. PMID- 14790450 TI - [Partial horizontal laryngectomy in epitheliomas of the base of the epiglottis]. PMID- 14790451 TI - Treatment of pneumonias in children with a single massive dose of sulfathiazole. PMID- 14790452 TI - [Congenital, familial, non-hemolytic jaundice]. PMID- 14790453 TI - [Clinical aspects of otogenous digestive disorders]. PMID- 14790454 TI - [Abortive case of chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita]. PMID- 14790455 TI - Hypopotassaemic condition following meningoencephalitis. PMID- 14790456 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14790457 TI - [Effect of maternal avitaminosis during pregnancy upon the child; a case of double harelip and xerophthalmia in the newborn of a mother with A and B2 vitamin deficiency]. PMID- 14790458 TI - [Influenza during pregnancy and genealogy; observations on three cases]. PMID- 14790459 TI - Acute nephritis in Jerusalem children. PMID- 14790460 TI - [Use of plastic materials in normal and pathologic histology]. PMID- 14790461 TI - [Critical study of piroplasmosis and piroplasma of cattle in Roumania]. PMID- 14790463 TI - [Hosts and geographic distribution of cystophorous cercariae]. PMID- 14790462 TI - [Longevity of echinococci; critical study; hydatid cyst of the spleen evolving for more than 23 years]. PMID- 14790464 TI - [Peculiar lability of sex in Schistosoma mansoni (Plathelminth, Trematode) attempt at interpretation]. PMID- 14790465 TI - [Note on some African nematodes, Camille Desportes collection]. PMID- 14790466 TI - [New parasite remarkable for the atrophy of its organs: Robertdollfusa paradoxa (Nematoda, Incertae sedis)]. PMID- 14790467 TI - [Note on the dracunculoides of birds]. PMID- 14790468 TI - [Helminth parasites of chrysomelid Coleoptera]. PMID- 14790469 TI - [Inhibitory effect of acetic acid on the assimilation of organic acids by velum forming yeasts]. PMID- 14790470 TI - [Modification of the method of emulsion of yeasts in gelose mediums, in Petridish, for auxanograms]. PMID- 14790471 TI - [List of new species and genera]. PMID- 14790472 TI - [Contribution to the study of toxico-manias. I. Control of legal narcotic sale]. PMID- 14790473 TI - [Volumetric determination of streptomycin and of dihydrostreptomycin]. PMID- 14790474 TI - [Determination of novocain by silicotungstic acid; application to the determination of novocaine penicillin in pharmaceutical preparations]. PMID- 14790475 TI - [Study by radioisotopes on the assimilation of some phosphorous drugs]. PMID- 14790476 TI - [Increase of the pharmacodynamic action of procaine by vitamin B1]. PMID- 14790477 TI - [Interrelations of vitamins of B complex; antagonisms and synergisms]. PMID- 14790478 TI - [Preliminary data on variations of calcemia in different types of jaundice]. PMID- 14790479 TI - [Contribution to the study of lupanine and its derivatives]. PMID- 14790480 TI - [Fluorescent properties of seeds of Datura stramonium L]. PMID- 14790481 TI - [Conservation and control of morphine injection solutions]. PMID- 14790482 TI - [Tests for neutral glass for ampules]. PMID- 14790484 TI - [Bone grafts in experimental parathyroid deficiency]. PMID- 14790483 TI - [Historical point on some classic reactions utilized in biochemistry to characterize biliary pigments and salts]. PMID- 14790485 TI - [Parathyroid function in subjects operated for large goiter]. PMID- 14790486 TI - [Management of antibiotic therapy in association with surgery in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis]. PMID- 14790487 TI - [Multisaccular echinococcosis of the diaphragm; antero-lateral transpleural excision; cure]. PMID- 14790488 TI - [Purpura haemorrhagica and p-aminosalicylic acid]. PMID- 14790489 TI - [Treatment of syphilis with penicillin and bismuth]. PMID- 14790491 TI - [Radiobiology and cutaneous reticulo-endothelium]. PMID- 14790490 TI - [Behavior of antilipoid and Treponema-specific antibodies in the Herxheimer reaction]. PMID- 14790492 TI - [Distribution of p-aminosalicylic acid in the skin]. PMID- 14790493 TI - [Behavior of blood cholinesterase in the Herxheimer reaction]. PMID- 14790494 TI - [Mycosis fungoides with ocular manifestations; a case with dysoric retinal disease]. PMID- 14790495 TI - [Clinical and physiological observations on 3 cases of seesaw ptosis]. PMID- 14790496 TI - [Relation between myopia and corneal opacity]. PMID- 14790497 TI - [Second Schuller disease; so-called circumscribed osteoporosis of the cranium]. PMID- 14790498 TI - [Contribution to the study of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita precoce]. PMID- 14790499 TI - [Interpretation of the pathogenesis of osteochondrodystrophia; clinico radiological study of a Muller-Ribbing type case]. PMID- 14790500 TI - [Radiological demonstration of the coronary sinus by means of heart catheterization]. PMID- 14790502 TI - [Crossed dystopia of the kidneys]. PMID- 14790501 TI - [Congenital anomalies of the gallbladder: anatomo-radiological picture and its clinical value]. PMID- 14790503 TI - [Urethrocystographic study following prostatectomy according to the Millin method]. PMID- 14790504 TI - [Stratigraphy associated with pneumopyelography in the study of renal tumors]. PMID- 14790505 TI - [Methods of diphtheria serum titration, with special reference to guinea-pig serum]. PMID- 14790506 TI - [Contribution to the study of the methods of bacteriological control of disinfectants]. PMID- 14790507 TI - [Comparative research on the immunity response (presence of neutralizing antibodies in the circulation) in subjects treated with anti-influenza vaccine intradermally and subcutaneously]. PMID- 14790508 TI - [Endemic malaria in southern Ferrara from 1940 to 1948]. PMID- 14790509 TI - [Epidemiology of primary tuberculosis in adults in the province of Rome]. PMID- 14790510 TI - [Heart diseases in elementary schools in Ancona; results of a school survey]. PMID- 14790511 TI - [Chemistry as applied to hygiene in the last 50 years]. PMID- 14790513 TI - Current problems in improving the national dental health. PMID- 14790512 TI - [Organization of social welfare and child welfare in Sweden]. PMID- 14790514 TI - The national dental service in England, a great experiment. PMID- 14790516 TI - Intractable heart failure. PMID- 14790515 TI - The internist's number one problem--chronic disease in an aging population. PMID- 14790517 TI - A study of the movements of heart valves and of heart sounds. PMID- 14790518 TI - Digitalis delirium. PMID- 14790519 TI - Spontaneous pneumothorax-contrast of the benign idiopathic and the tuberculous types. PMID- 14790520 TI - Studies on the sequelae of acute infectious hepatitis. PMID- 14790521 TI - Rocky Mountain spotted fever on Long Island. PMID- 14790522 TI - The treatment of amebiasis, with a preliminary report on the use of aureomycin. PMID- 14790523 TI - Radical cure of relapsing vivax malaria with pentaquine-quinine; a controlled study. PMID- 14790524 TI - Clinical disorders of the neurohypophysis. PMID- 14790525 TI - Congenital diffuse lipomatosis. PMID- 14790526 TI - Pernicious anemia in the American Negro. PMID- 14790527 TI - Diatrin, a new antihistaminic with minimal side reactions. PMID- 14790528 TI - On the possible application of isotopes to the management of cancer. PMID- 14790529 TI - A fatal case of aplastic anemia following chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) therapy. PMID- 14790530 TI - Severe polyneuritis following gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14790532 TI - Lower nephron nephrosis associated with pulmonary infarction. PMID- 14790531 TI - Thoracic stomach simulating left ventricular failure. PMID- 14790533 TI - Cardiac failure in a "normal" heart. PMID- 14790534 TI - Neisseria flava endocarditis; with report of a case. PMID- 14790535 TI - Treatment of typhoid fever. I. Combined therapy with cortisone and chloramphenicol. PMID- 14790536 TI - Treatment of typhoid fever. II. Control of clinical manifestations with cortisone. PMID- 14790537 TI - Epididymitis in mumps, including orchitis: further clinical studies and comments. PMID- 14790538 TI - Observations on portal cirrhosis with ascites. PMID- 14790539 TI - The effect of some steroids (testosterone propionate, desoxycorticosterone acetate and ascorbic acid, and 21-acetoxy delta-5-pregnenolone, artisone acetate, Wyeth) in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14790540 TI - Obesity in diabetes: a study of therapy with anorexigenic drugs. PMID- 14790541 TI - Electrocardiographic patterns in Stokes-Adams syndrome. PMID- 14790542 TI - Isolated disease of the pulmonary valve and artery. PMID- 14790543 TI - The initial attack of acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 14790544 TI - Atypical pneumonia treated with streptomycin: a preliminary report on the effectiveness of streptomycin in atypical pneumonia. PMID- 14790545 TI - A source of error in the determination of basal metabolic rates by the closed circuit technic. PMID- 14790546 TI - Metabolic craniopathy: a review of the literature with report of a case with diabetes insipidus. PMID- 14790547 TI - Respiratory failure in poliomyelitis: a simple method for its recognition and control. PMID- 14790548 TI - Notes on a symposium: the internist as a psychiatrist. PMID- 14790549 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Streptococcus fecalis. PMID- 14790550 TI - Candida asthma. PMID- 14790551 TI - Generalized scleroderma; report with autopsy findings. PMID- 14790552 TI - Cerebral schistosomiasis: report of case with medical management. PMID- 14790553 TI - Recurrent acute lupus erythematosus disseminatus: report of a case which has survived 23 years after the onset of systemic manifestations. PMID- 14790554 TI - Myocardial contusion: the report of a fatal case with autopsy. PMID- 14790555 TI - Coxsackie viruses. PMID- 14790556 TI - MEDICAL story of Saint Louis, site of the 32nd annual session of the American College of Physicians, April 8-13, 1951. PMID- 14790557 TI - The maintenance of fluid balance. PMID- 14790559 TI - Clinical and pathological aspects of tumours of the eye and ocular adnexa. PMID- 14790558 TI - Factors contributing to safety in surgery of the thyroid. PMID- 14790560 TI - Protein deficiency in surgical patients. PMID- 14790561 TI - Investigation of the sub-epithelial lymphatic system. PMID- 14790562 TI - Some respiratory responses to operative trauma. PMID- 14790563 TI - Cutaneous cancer in relation to occupation. PMID- 14790564 TI - Development of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and the thymus. PMID- 14790565 TI - Intracranial angiomata. PMID- 14790566 TI - Femoral hernia. PMID- 14790567 TI - "Observables" at the Royal College of Surgeons. 31. English delft drug jars bequeathed to the College by Sir St. Clair Thomson in 1943. PMID- 14790568 TI - PAST presidents. 3. John Abernethy. PMID- 14790569 TI - Dublin's surgeon-anatomists. PMID- 14790570 TI - Correction of deformities of the jaw. PMID- 14790571 TI - Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. PMID- 14790572 TI - Carcinoma of the colon. PMID- 14790573 TI - Compartmental distribution of sodium chloride in surgical patients pre- and post operatively. PMID- 14790574 TI - The significance of pulmonary vascular lesions in the selection of patients for mitral valve surgery. PMID- 14790575 TI - Aortic resection and anastomosis in pups studies after reaching adulthood. PMID- 14790576 TI - Recurrent dislocation of the shoulder joint. PMID- 14790577 TI - Experimental anastomoses of the pancreatic duct. PMID- 14790578 TI - Nonoperative treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer; preliminary report of 16 consecutive cases with no mortality. PMID- 14790579 TI - Biliary tract surgery in a small community hospital; a ten-year survey. PMID- 14790580 TI - Acute appendicitis in children; a review of 1,165 cases. PMID- 14790581 TI - Acute pancreatitis and diabetes. PMID- 14790582 TI - Restoration of function of the shoulder following paralysis of the trapezius by fascial sling fixation and transplantation of the levator scapulae. PMID- 14790583 TI - Annular pancreas. PMID- 14790584 TI - New absorbable hemostatic bone wax; experimental and clinical studies. PMID- 14790585 TI - Fibromyxoma of the mandible; report of two cases. PMID- 14790586 TI - Choledochus cyst; a case treated by Y-Roux type anastomosis of jejunum to the cyst. PMID- 14790587 TI - Enterogenous cyst of the duodenum; a case report. PMID- 14790588 TI - Neurogenic tumor of the stomach; case report. PMID- 14790589 TI - Solitary pyogenic abscess of the left lobe of the liver; a report of two cases. PMID- 14790590 TI - Changing aspects of surgery as illustrated by a comparison of Volume 31 (1900) and Volume 131 (1950) of the Annals of Surgery. PMID- 14790591 TI - [Molecular problem of morphogenesis]. PMID- 14790592 TI - The mechanics of sea urchin development. PMID- 14790593 TI - [Dedifferentiation of plant cells]. PMID- 14790594 TI - [Vernalization of seeds; scientific importance; possibilities of application]. PMID- 14790595 TI - [Phyllotaxy]. PMID- 14790596 TI - [Morphogenesis and comparative morphology of gemmiparous ciliates: chonotrichs and tentaculifers]. PMID- 14790597 TI - [alpha and beta amylases]. PMID- 14790598 TI - Phage typing of Salmonella typhi in the Netherlands. PMID- 14790599 TI - Lysogenicity as a tool for bacteriophage typing of Salmonella paratyphi B. PMID- 14790600 TI - On a sporeforming bacterium causing the swelling of cans containing cured ham. PMID- 14790601 TI - Investigations on organic fungicides. II. A new method for evaluating antifungal substances in the laboratory. PMID- 14790602 TI - The antiluetic properties of tyrothricin and streptomycin. PMID- 14790603 TI - The determination of micro-organisms in air. PMID- 14790604 TI - Some observations on air filtration. PMID- 14790605 TI - [Sixty years of the German Dermatological Society]. PMID- 14790606 TI - [Ferdinand von Hebra]. PMID- 14790607 TI - [Internal medicine and skin disease]. PMID- 14790608 TI - [Internal medicine and skin disease from the standpoint of the dermatologist]. PMID- 14790609 TI - [Skin and metabolism]. PMID- 14790610 TI - [Internal medicine and skin disease]. PMID- 14790611 TI - [Chemistry of the sweat]. PMID- 14790612 TI - [Primary and secondary dysproteinemia with purpura and with Ravnaud's disease]. PMID- 14790614 TI - [Examination of autonomic functions in dermatosis]. PMID- 14790613 TI - [Dermatitis and functional disorders of the internal organs]. PMID- 14790615 TI - [Relation of peripheral circulation to internal secretion and to metabolism as revealed by the measurement of cutaneous temperature]. PMID- 14790616 TI - [Diagnosis of allergic skin disease using the dextrose tolerance test]. PMID- 14790617 TI - [Rosacea and liver function tests; a neuropathologic study on the problem pluricausality in the etiology of rosacea]. PMID- 14790618 TI - [Technic of skin thermometry in dermatosis due to circulatory disorder]. PMID- 14790619 TI - [Eczema and vitamin F]. PMID- 14790621 TI - [Antibiotics in the treatment of dermatologic and venereal diseases]. PMID- 14790622 TI - [Clinical use of chemotherapeutic and antibiotic agents in the treatment of skin disease]. PMID- 14790620 TI - [Chemotherapeutics in the control of dermatologic and venereal disease]. PMID- 14790623 TI - [Chemotherapeutic and antibiotic agents in the treatment of dermatologic and venereal disease; clinical use in syphilis]. PMID- 14790624 TI - [Sulfonamides and antibiotics in the treatment of gonorrhea]. PMID- 14790625 TI - [Chemotherapeutic and antibiotic agents in the treatment of ulcus molle and lymphogranulomatosis inguinalis]. PMID- 14790626 TI - [Follow-up, 9-18 months after cessation of treatment, of 100 cases of syphilis treated solely with penicillin]. PMID- 14790627 TI - [Antibiotics in the treatment of gonorrhea]. PMID- 14790628 TI - [Antibiotics and their clinical use]. PMID- 14790629 TI - [Chemotherapy of lymphogranuloma inguinale]. PMID- 14790630 TI - [Clinical and experimental studies of penicillin therapy of syphilis]. PMID- 14790631 TI - [Penicillin as an antisyphilitic]. PMID- 14790632 TI - [Jaundice in syphilis and its treatment]. PMID- 14790633 TI - [Further investigations on the collateral effects of vitamin D2]. PMID- 14790634 TI - [Clinical observations, with special reference to clinico-chemical studies, on massive-dose vitamin D2 therapy of lupus vulgaris]. PMID- 14790635 TI - [Animal controls in treatment of lupus with Tb 1/698 and vigantol forte]. PMID- 14790636 TI - [Vigantol therapy of psoriasis]. PMID- 14790637 TI - [Problem of penicillin inactivation]. PMID- 14790638 TI - [Experimental investigations on the collateral effects of penicillin]. PMID- 14790639 TI - [Pharmacologic basis of the biologic effect of penicillin on warm- and cold blooded animals]. PMID- 14790641 TI - [Statistics on venereal disease in Denmark during and following each of the two world wars]. PMID- 14790642 TI - [Effect of ultrasonics on superficial tumors]. PMID- 14790640 TI - [Goethe's discovery of a new disease in the Tyrol]. PMID- 14790643 TI - [Effect of ultrasonics on serologic reactions]. PMID- 14790644 TI - [Effect of ultrasonic waves on cell membrane]. PMID- 14790645 TI - [Problems of venereal disease control]. PMID- 14790646 TI - [Investigations of the blood-protein picture in pemphigus]. PMID- 14790647 TI - [Cardiolipin flocculation reaction in the diagnosis of syphilis]. PMID- 14790648 TI - [Improved diagnosis of syphilis; cardiolipin antigen and quantitative serum titration]. PMID- 14790649 TI - [Pathogenicity of cutaneous staphylococci; effect of a brief period of penicillin therapy by injection upon the superficial flora of the skin]. PMID- 14790650 TI - [Animal experiments in eczematous sensitization]. PMID- 14790651 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies on the use of arsenobenzol and bismuth in the penicillin therapy of syphilis]. PMID- 14790652 TI - [Experiments in the treatment of eczema]. PMID- 14790653 TI - [Ninth-day erythema]. PMID- 14790654 TI - [Bases of classification of dermatologic disease]. PMID- 14790655 TI - [Classification of nevi and forms of nevomatosis]. PMID- 14790656 TI - [Results of intravenous novocaine in the treatment of progressive scleroderma]. PMID- 14790657 TI - [Trichomoniasis in the male and female]. PMID- 14790658 TI - [The role of the vas deferens as a pathway of infection in infectious epididymitis]. PMID- 14790659 TI - [Busse-Buschke blastomycosis in a prediabetic state]. PMID- 14790660 TI - [Combined penicillin-nicotinic acid therapy of lichen ruber verrucosus]. PMID- 14790661 TI - [Illustrated reported of clinical, mycologic, histologic and experimental studies of unusual mycoses]. PMID- 14790662 TI - [Disseminated Gilchrist's blastomycosis and sporotrichoma of the breast with illustrations and examples of cultures]. PMID- 14790663 TI - [Effect of ultraviolet rays on cell protoplasm]. PMID- 14790664 TI - [New methods in the treatment of severe burns]. PMID- 14790665 TI - [Treatment of dyshidrosis with atropine; a contribution to its etiology and pathogenesis]. PMID- 14790666 TI - [New experiments in the treatment of microsporia]. PMID- 14790667 TI - [Histologic investigations of diffuse (progressive) scleroderma, circumscript scleroderma and sclerodermoid modifications in acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans]. PMID- 14790668 TI - [Review of neurohistologic studies of the normal and pathologic human skin]. PMID- 14790669 TI - [Neurohistologic studies of alopecia areata]. PMID- 14790670 TI - [Treatment of scabies with novoscabin]. PMID- 14790671 TI - [Management of photoerythema and pathologic photosensitivity]. PMID- 14790672 TI - [External treatment with antibiotics and disinfectants in ointment form]. PMID- 14790673 TI - [Experimental study of autonomic regulation in eczema]. PMID- 14790674 TI - [Syphilis in literature]. PMID- 14790676 TI - [Use of test acid in dermatology]. PMID- 14790675 TI - [Experimental studies on new antihistamine compounds and their efficacy in the treatment of allergic diseases of the skin]. PMID- 14790677 TI - [Chemotherapy of tuberculosis of the skin]. PMID- 14790678 TI - [Two years experience with vitamin D2 in the treatment of tuberculosis of the skin]. PMID- 14790679 TI - [Experimental investigations on the sensitization of guinea pigs to sulfonamides and sulfanilamides with the Schultz-Dale preparation]. PMID- 14790680 TI - [Problem of female gonococcus carriers]. PMID- 14790681 TI - [Treatment of syphilis clinically resistant to salvarsan]. PMID- 14790682 TI - [Use of vitamin E in dermatology]. PMID- 14790683 TI - [The so-called Libman-Sacks syndrome in dermatology]. PMID- 14790684 TI - [Polyethylene oxide as an ointment base]. PMID- 14790685 TI - [Theoretic basis of the therapeutic use of hydrochlorated milk]. PMID- 14790686 TI - [Mycids in epidermophytosis]. PMID- 14790687 TI - [Investigations of blood proteins in skin diseases]. PMID- 14790689 TI - [Symptomatology of tuberous sclerosis]. PMID- 14790688 TI - [Hypothyreotic phrynoderma]. PMID- 14790690 TI - [Regulatory disorders of the diencephalo-hypophyseal system in skin disease]. PMID- 14790691 TI - [High-speed surgical abrasion of the skin]. PMID- 14790692 TI - [A new, simple method of transporting gonococcus pus]. PMID- 14790693 TI - [Mibelli's porokeratosis before and after irradiation]. PMID- 14790694 TI - [Urbach's anoxemic hyperkeratosis]. PMID- 14790695 TI - [Atrophodermia vermiculata (illustration)]. PMID- 14790696 TI - [Pityriasis rubra pilaris (illustration)]. PMID- 14790697 TI - [Toxic melanoderma following neosalvarsan-bismuth treatment of seropositive syphilis]. PMID- 14790698 TI - [Hyperkeratosis in arsenic poisoning]. PMID- 14790699 TI - [Hydroa Vacciniforme (illustration)]. PMID- 14790700 TI - [Lymphatic leukemia]. PMID- 14790701 TI - [Cavernous hemangioma during and after treatment]. PMID- 14790702 TI - [Nodular prurigo (illustration)]. PMID- 14790703 TI - [Gigantic cutix laxa of the face (illustration)]. PMID- 14790704 TI - [Further studies on the neural basis of the pressor effects of central analeptics]. PMID- 14790705 TI - [Variations in fermentative processes caused by polyatomic alcohols]. PMID- 14790706 TI - [Extracardiac effects of digitalis in hypersensitive rats]. PMID- 14790707 TI - [Pharmacology of the esters of phosphoric acid; derivatives of thiophosphoric acid]. PMID- 14790708 TI - [Relative effect of different samples of Turkish hemp]. PMID- 14790709 TI - [Effect of sympatol, ephedrine, veritol and pervitine on the minimum lethal dose of adrenalin]. PMID- 14790710 TI - [Quantitative studies on fibrinogen reduction in cadaveric blood]. PMID- 14790711 TI - [Relation of the length of aminoxydase inhibition by novocain, pantocain and anesthesin to the rapidity of their enzymatic decomposition by the liver and kidneys]. PMID- 14790712 TI - [Quantitative determination of benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives (TB I 698) in serum, exudate and urine following oral and parenteral load and the usual therapeutic dosage. 2. Results]. PMID- 14790713 TI - [Sulfanilamide inhibition of bicarbonate reabsorption in the human kidney]. PMID- 14790714 TI - [A new histamine antagonist, 1-phenyl-1-pyridyl-(2)-3-dimethylaminopropane and its p-aminosalicylate (avil)]. PMID- 14790715 TI - [Kinetics of hemoglobin formation. VII. Erythrocyte metabolism during hemoglobin formation in the phenylhydroxylamine-nitrosobenzene cycle]. PMID- 14790716 TI - [Practical method of drawing up graphs of the penicillin blood picture]. PMID- 14790717 TI - [Fate of sulfonamides in the organism]. PMID- 14790718 TI - [Consideration of recent discoveries affecting the biologic and chemical evaluation of digitalis]. PMID- 14790719 TI - [Nitrate esters of pentaerythrite]. PMID- 14790720 TI - [Kinetics of hemoglobin formation. VIII. Oxydation of hemoglobin by phenylhydroxylamine and oxygen]. PMID- 14790721 TI - [Kinetics of hemoglobin formation. IX. Reduction of hemoglobin by phenylhydroxylamine]. PMID- 14790722 TI - [Kinetics of hemoglobin formation. X. Reduction of nitrosobenzene in the erythrocytes]. PMID- 14790723 TI - [Effect of penicillin and sulfonamides on the bacterial flora of the respiratory tract]. PMID- 14790724 TI - [Physician's responsibility in blood transfusion]. PMID- 14790725 TI - [Poliomyelitis in Bavaria]. PMID- 14790726 TI - [Effect of low temperatures on the alexin and opsonin content of the blood in individuals susceptible to colds]. PMID- 14790727 TI - [Atabrine in the treatment of coccidiosis in the guinea pig; Ziehl-Neelsen staining of coccidia in the liver]. PMID- 14790728 TI - [Notes on subtilis hemolysins]. PMID- 14790729 TI - [Qualitative and quantitative titration of syphilis reagens using the cardiolipin and Kahn antigens]. PMID- 14790730 TI - [Simplified pipette method for determination of percentage of dusts likely to be inhaled into the lungs]. PMID- 14790731 TI - [Effect of thyroxin on the growth of hypophysectomized rats]. PMID- 14790732 TI - [Follow-up studies of fractures of the femoral neck]. PMID- 14790733 TI - [Clinical manifestations of long-standing arteriovenous fistulae, and their treatment]. PMID- 14790734 TI - [Report on experience with intratracheal anesthesia and artificial respiration in thoracic surgery and in borderline cases]. PMID- 14790735 TI - [Is there a stable osteosynthesis in the femoral neck?]. PMID- 14790736 TI - [Chemistry of wound healing. A. Healing of the untreated wound]. PMID- 14790737 TI - [Circulation time of the normal and pathologic lung]. PMID- 14790738 TI - [Importance of tissue culture in the preservation of arterial transplants]. PMID- 14790739 TI - [Pathogenesis of laryngospastic seizure in infants, with a contribution on the problem of sudden death in spasmophilic children]. PMID- 14790740 TI - [Initial drop in isohemagglutination in infantile toxic diphtheria]. PMID- 14790742 TI - [Fritz Goebel]. PMID- 14790741 TI - [Observations on the effect of folic acid in celiac disease]. PMID- 14790743 TI - [Peroral bovine serum in acute and chronic nutritional disorders of infancy]. PMID- 14790744 TI - [Diagnosis and prevention of the injurious effects of spirocid]. PMID- 14790745 TI - [Report on the Sixth International Congress of Pediatrics, Zurich, 21-31 July 1950]. PMID- 14790746 TI - [Plastic surgery in paralysis of the biceps brachii]. PMID- 14790747 TI - [Etiologic observations on several cases of osteochondropathic modifications of the joints]. PMID- 14790748 TI - [A new type of abduction splint for treatment of disorders of the shoulder girdle and upper arm]. PMID- 14790749 TI - [Clinical aspects of the periarthroses, with a contribution on segmental pathology]. PMID- 14790750 TI - [Treatment of fresh and poorly-healed fractures of the ankle]. PMID- 14790752 TI - [Etiology of rupture of the Achilles tendon]. PMID- 14790751 TI - [Local sulfonamide therapy of fresh accident wounds; experiments with cibazol and marfanil-prontalbin]. PMID- 14790753 TI - [Surgical therapy of scoliosis]. PMID- 14790755 TI - [Hallux varus; case report of an unusual deformity of the toes]. PMID- 14790754 TI - [Experiments on animals in connection with an etiologic study of the osteochondrosis of the tibial apophysis known as Schlatter-Osgood disease]. PMID- 14790756 TI - [The facies of cyclothymic depression]. PMID- 14790757 TI - [Peculiar phenomena due to autonomic influence in multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 14790758 TI - [The adynamic reaction of Hess and its significance in human physiopathology]. PMID- 14790759 TI - [Periodic pathologic potentials of subcortical origin in brain tumor]. PMID- 14790760 TI - [Senile vascular necrosis]. PMID- 14790762 TI - [Problem of brain tumor metastases]. PMID- 14790761 TI - [Problem of correlative spinal cord modifications in deficiency disease]. PMID- 14790763 TI - [Endogenous psychosis and the problem of the pathologic constitution]. PMID- 14790764 TI - [Study of two cases of non-silicotic pneumoconiosis observed in Italy: thio pneumoconiosis and baritosis]. PMID- 14790765 TI - [Remarks on non-silicotic occupational pneumopathy]. PMID- 14790766 TI - Cancer of the lung in nickel, arsenic and chromate workers. PMID- 14790768 TI - [Pneumoconiosis in slag mill workers]. PMID- 14790767 TI - [Welder's disease; inquiry on 216 medical records]. PMID- 14790769 TI - [Pulmonary disorders in the subterranean mining of plastic earths]. PMID- 14790770 TI - [Research on the risk of pneumoconiosis in electric powerhouses]. PMID- 14790771 TI - [The advent of social medicine]. PMID- 14790772 TI - The mode of action of the antibiotic, usnic acid. PMID- 14790773 TI - Deposition of radioactive calcium in rachitic and nonrachitic chick tibia from oral and intramuscular doses of Ca45. PMID- 14790774 TI - The effects of increased potassium concentration on the metabolism of rat cerebral cortical slices. PMID- 14790775 TI - Studies on the mechanism of protein synthesis in embryonic and tumor tissues. II. Inactivation of fetal rat liver homogenates by dialysis, and reactivation by the adenylic acid system. PMID- 14790776 TI - Pyrimidine riboside metabolism. PMID- 14790777 TI - Prolonged survival of hyperthyroid rats fed penicillin and aureomycin residues. PMID- 14790778 TI - Antibiotics and early growth of rats fed a soybean oil meal diet. PMID- 14790779 TI - The metabolism of radioactive salicylic acid. PMID- 14790780 TI - The metabolism of potato slices. PMID- 14790781 TI - Immunological studies on egg white proteins. III. Quantitative immunochemical studies of ovomucoid. PMID- 14790782 TI - Certain chemical characteristics of irradiated pyridoxamine with reference to antibacterial properties. PMID- 14790783 TI - The inactivation of insulin by tissue extracts. VI. The existence, distribution and properties of an insulinase inhibitor. PMID- 14790784 TI - Metabolism of soybean leaves. I. The sequence of formation of the soluble carbohydrates during photosynthesis. PMID- 14790785 TI - Preparation and properties of -di(acylamino) aliphatic acids. PMID- 14790786 TI - Comparison of the iron-binding activities of conalbumin and of hydroxylamidoproteins. PMID- 14790787 TI - Epsilon-Hydroxynorleucine as a substitute for lysine for neurospora. PMID- 14790788 TI - The competitive inhibition of uricase activity by 8-azaguanine and by 8 azaxanthine. PMID- 14790789 TI - The action of invertase preparations. PMID- 14790790 TI - Transfer of vitamin A from the yolk to the chick embryo during incubation. PMID- 14790791 TI - The intracellular heterogeneity of pentose nucleic acid as evidenced by the incorporation of radiophosphorus. PMID- 14790792 TI - Biochemical individuality. V. Explorations with respect to the metabolic patterns of compulsive drinkers. PMID- 14790793 TI - The determination of desoxyribonuclease activity by methyl green; application to serum. PMID- 14790794 TI - The effects of arsenate and azide on the stability of adaptive enzymes. PMID- 14790795 TI - The effects of certain amino acids and metabolic antagonists on propagation of Theiler's GD VII virus and P32 uptake by minced one-day-old mouse brain. PMID- 14790796 TI - Chemical determination of vitamin B12; I. Determination of 5,6 dimethylbenzimidazole by colorimetric and fluorometric methods. PMID- 14790797 TI - The use of arsenate in the analysis of energy relations amongst synthetic reactions. PMID- 14790798 TI - The metal-binding activity of conalbumin. PMID- 14790799 TI - The effect of androgens and hypophysectomy on arginase and phosphatases of the kidneys and liver of the rat. PMID- 14790800 TI - Deamination of 8-azaguanine by guanase. PMID- 14790801 TI - The mechanism of acetate oxidation by Corynebacterium creatinovorans. PMID- 14790802 TI - pH dependence of the amino acid esterase activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin. PMID- 14790803 TI - Colorimetric determination of lactic acid in body fluids utilizing cation exchange for deproteinization. PMID- 14790804 TI - The purification of relaxin. PMID- 14790805 TI - Metabolism of soybean leaves. II. Amino acids formed during short-term photosynthesis. PMID- 14790806 TI - Nonparticipation of certain compounds of the cyclophorase cycle in the bacterial oxidation of phenol. PMID- 14790807 TI - The L-amino acid oxidases of snake venom. II. Isolation and characterization of homogeneous L-amino acid oxidase. PMID- 14790808 TI - Phosphorylated compounds in Euglena. PMID- 14790809 TI - Zinc chloride spot test for certain steroids and its application to paper partition chromatography. PMID- 14790810 TI - The inversion of sucrose; a complication. PMID- 14790811 TI - The accumulation of 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide by a purine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli. PMID- 14790812 TI - Utilization of biocytin by Allescheria boydii. PMID- 14790813 TI - Oxidation of uric acid and of alloxan by cytochrome c. PMID- 14790814 TI - Metabolism of methyl-labeled choline in surviving liver slices. PMID- 14790815 TI - Oxidative interaction between glucose and nitrogenous substances. PMID- 14790816 TI - The metabolism of 1,2-propanediol. PMID- 14790817 TI - The enzymatic production of ribose 5-phosphate from 6-phosphogluconate. PMID- 14790818 TI - D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of yeast protein No. 2. PMID- 14790819 TI - Characterization of a valine analog accumulated by a mutant strain of Neurospora crassa. PMID- 14790820 TI - [Study of the cytoplasmic organization of the ovum of rodents, principally in regard to the ribonucleic basophilia]. PMID- 14790821 TI - [Histo-photometric research on the desoxy-ribosenucleic acid level during somatic mitoses]. PMID- 14790822 TI - [Cytochemical study of the variations of the hepatic nucleoproteins during regeneration and autolysis]. PMID- 14790823 TI - [Contribution to the study of the mechanism of liberation of the hypophyseal gonadotropic hormones in rat]. PMID- 14790824 TI - Erythrogenesis imperfecta. PMID- 14790825 TI - Intracranial irritation in the newborn: Immediate and long term prognosis. PMID- 14790826 TI - The effects of neonatal asphyxia on physical and mental development. PMID- 14790827 TI - A survey of 400 cases of cerebral palsy in childhood. PMID- 14790828 TI - The relation of birth weight to physical growth. A statistical study. PMID- 14790829 TI - Notes on cerebellar ataxia in childhood. PMID- 14790830 TI - Child morbidity demonstrated in a general hospital. PMID- 14790831 TI - Reiter's syndrome in childhood. PMID- 14790832 TI - Studies of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation in tuberculous meningitis in children. Part I. The use of penicillin as a tracer substance. PMID- 14790833 TI - Studies of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation in tuberculous meningitis in children. Appendix. PMID- 14790834 TI - Neuroblastoma of extrarenal origin. PMID- 14790835 TI - [Galactogenic effect of iodized proteins in women; therapeutic experiments]. PMID- 14790836 TI - [Prophylactic and therapeutic use of oral penicillin in the premature]. PMID- 14790837 TI - [Cooley's disease in a 12-year old splenectomized for hemolytic jaundice]. PMID- 14790838 TI - [Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis with spinal cord manifestations in a 13-year old child; improvement under radiotherapy]. PMID- 14790839 TI - [Case of Barlow's disease with epiphyseal detachment]. PMID- 14790840 TI - [Megabladder with vesico-renal reflux]. PMID- 14790841 TI - [Frequency of certain signs of gargoylism (Hurler's polydystrophy)]. PMID- 14790842 TI - [Place of streptomycin in the treatment of cold thoracic abscesses]. PMID- 14790843 TI - [Case of familial tularemia; tonsillar form of the disease]. PMID- 14790844 TI - [New optical instruments for infants and children]. PMID- 14790845 TI - [Rupture of the heart in an infant]. PMID- 14790846 TI - [Von Jaksch-Luzet disease with tuberculosis, treated with streptomycin; results]. PMID- 14790847 TI - [First days of the La Celle-St.-Cloud quadruplets]. PMID- 14790848 TI - [On the rearing of quadruplets]. PMID- 14790849 TI - [Congenital hemiatrophy]. PMID- 14790850 TI - [Acute hemolytic anemia in infants induced by administration of phenylsemicarbazide]. PMID- 14790851 TI - [Phenylsemicarbazide poisoning: hemolytic anemia with hepatitis: 2 cases]. PMID- 14790852 TI - [Severe acute hemolytic anemia induced by phenylsemicarbazide]. PMID- 14790853 TI - [Congenital hydronephrosis in a 6-week old infant]. PMID- 14790854 TI - [Duodenal stenosis due to multiple congenital adhesions with megaduodenum in a newborn]. PMID- 14790855 TI - [Radiological triangular image of the thymus]. PMID- 14790856 TI - [2 Cases of true epilepsy of spasmophilic origin]. PMID- 14790857 TI - [Fibrous endomyocarditis in an infant]. PMID- 14790858 TI - [Treatment of whooping cough with aureomycin; importance of aerosol administration]. PMID- 14790859 TI - [Aggravated jaundice in an infant; hyperacute atrophy of the liver]. PMID- 14790860 TI - [Treatment of severe infantile diarrhea with chloramphenicol (chloromycetin)]. PMID- 14790861 TI - [5 Cases of retrolental fibroplasia in premature infants; discussion]. PMID- 14790862 TI - [Variability of latency and systolization time observed by the effect of digilanid on the frog (Rana Esculenta)]. PMID- 14790863 TI - The action of drugs in vitro on cestodes: II. Non-anthelmintic drugs. PMID- 14790864 TI - The antagonistic action of adrenergic blocking agents on the vasopressor effect of epinephrine. PMID- 14790865 TI - [Muscarinic, nicotinic and curarizing properties of alkyldimethyl-aminoethanols]. PMID- 14790866 TI - The influence of the milking act on the diuresis of the lactating cow. PMID- 14790867 TI - Nicotine and cardio-inhibitory vagal centre. PMID- 14790868 TI - Durg protection against the lethal action of parathion. PMID- 14790869 TI - [Curarizing action of quaternary ammonium, derived from new tetramines]. PMID- 14790870 TI - [Mitotic action and toxicity of new isolated substances from Colchicum autumnale L. extracted substances and their derivatives]. PMID- 14790871 TI - An evaluation of adrenergic blocking agents. PMID- 14790872 TI - [A new antihistamine of plant origin]. PMID- 14790873 TI - [Effect of ethane-sulfonyl-1 ethyl-4 piperazine (3,885 R.P.) on experimental hemorrhagic shock in the dog]. PMID- 14790874 TI - Chemoreceptors and acetylcholine hypertension. PMID- 14790875 TI - Effect of adrenaline on the oxygen consumption of muscle. PMID- 14790876 TI - [Effect of choline and its derivatives on the movements of intestinal villi]. PMID- 14790877 TI - [The bronchial muscle spasm in the dog and its relation to medicamentous asthma therapy]. PMID- 14790878 TI - [Carbohydrate metabolism; pyroracemic acid and mechanism of blood sugar regulation]. PMID- 14790879 TI - [On pathological anatomy of experimental poisoning with thiophos]. PMID- 14790880 TI - Potency and pharmacological actions of neriifolin, a glycoside of thevetia neriifolia. PMID- 14790881 TI - Metabolic effects of nor-adrenaline and adrenochrome. PMID- 14790882 TI - Effects of cyanide antidotes and inanition on acute lethal toxicity of malononitrile in mice. PMID- 14790883 TI - Comparative analysis of the effect of hydrogenated ergot alkaloids upon presso- and chemoreceptive reflexes in the cat. PMID- 14790884 TI - Mechanism of bradycardia by noradrenaline. PMID- 14790885 TI - Mechanism of bradycardia by veratridine. PMID- 14790886 TI - [Experimental study of wallerian degeneration and reinnervation of skeletal muscle]. PMID- 14790888 TI - [Chemical state of the magnesium and sodium of bone salts]. PMID- 14790887 TI - [Effect of folliculin on calcium metabolism of the pigeon, studied by means of radiocalcium]. PMID- 14790889 TI - [Vascular stenoses during hemorrhages]. PMID- 14790890 TI - [Effect of physical agents (ultraviolet rays, short waves and ultrasound) on the germination and root growth of garden cress]. PMID- 14790891 TI - [Functional relations existing between the renal pedicle and the homolateral femoral artery in the rabbit; angiographic research]. PMID- 14790892 TI - [Sensitization by adrenochrome and trihydroxy-N-methyl-indole to adrenaline and to excitation of the adrenergic nerves]. PMID- 14790893 TI - [The meniscus, radiologic indication of infiltrated and ulcerated cancers of the esophagus]. PMID- 14790894 TI - [Critical study of the digestive forms of malignant lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 14790895 TI - [Case of tiered spasms of the esophagus]. PMID- 14790896 TI - [Intrathoracic palliative supratumoral anastomosis in inoperable cancer of the median thoracic esophagus]. PMID- 14790897 TI - [Gastritis and duodenitis in hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 14790898 TI - [A method of classification and study of clinical and biological observations by means of punched cards]. PMID- 14790899 TI - [High large gastric schwannoma treated by total gastrectomy]. PMID- 14790900 TI - [Pseudo-surgical gastrointestinal manifestations of porphyrinuria]. PMID- 14790901 TI - [Cancers of the gastric stump after gastrectomy for ulcer]. PMID- 14790902 TI - [Malignant tumors of the sub-cardial region (48 cases with exeresis in 29 cases]. PMID- 14790903 TI - [Gastric edemas of helminthiasis]. PMID- 14790904 TI - [Gastric and duodenal edemas of biliary lithiasis]. PMID- 14790905 TI - [Attempted treatment of hemorrhagic rectocolitis by vitamin K]. PMID- 14790906 TI - [Semeiological value of exclusion of the gallbladder]. PMID- 14790907 TI - [Evolution of digestive pathology in fifty years from the point of view of mineral spring resorts]. PMID- 14790908 TI - [Evacuation of large vesicular calculus by cholecystocolic fistula]. PMID- 14790909 TI - [Two rare abnormalities of the left colon in the adult; microcolon and dextroposition]. PMID- 14790910 TI - [Recognized diaphragmatic hernia]. PMID- 14790911 TI - [Case of diaphragmatic gastric hernia with torsion]. PMID- 14790912 TI - [Persistent duodenal atonia after abdominal trauma]. PMID- 14790913 TI - [Case of hemorrhagic gastric schwannoma; radiologic and endoscopic considerations]. PMID- 14790914 TI - [Diagnosis of benign or malignant niches]. PMID- 14790915 TI - [Surgical treatment of icterogenic hepatitis]. PMID- 14790917 TI - [Schwannoma of the greater curvature of the stomach treated by localized excision]. PMID- 14790916 TI - [5 Stages of normal duodenal tube and their modifications in diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts]. PMID- 14790918 TI - [Biological diagnosis of porphyria]. PMID- 14790919 TI - [Porphyrinuria]. PMID- 14790920 TI - [Gastrectomy leaving the ulcer in situ and particularly subjacent to the ulcer]. PMID- 14790921 TI - [Rosette-like pseudo-tumoral image due to edema of Bauhin's valve during amebic typhlitis]. PMID- 14790922 TI - [2 Cases of cancer of the stomach in early stage]. PMID- 14790923 TI - [Diagnosis of benign or malignant niches of the stomach]. PMID- 14790924 TI - [Case of cancer of the middle third of the esophagus surgically treated]. PMID- 14790925 TI - [Case of peptic ulcer following gastrectomy]. PMID- 14790926 TI - [Burning sensation of the esophagus and cholecystitis]. PMID- 14790928 TI - [Apparatus for the radiomanometric study of the biliary tract]. PMID- 14790927 TI - [Cardioesophageal reflux]. PMID- 14790929 TI - [Degenerate polyp and ulceriform epithelioma juxtaposed in the greater curvature of the stomach]. PMID- 14790930 TI - [Case of cancer localized strictly in the pylorus]. PMID- 14790931 TI - [Case of pyloric hyperplasia in an adult]. PMID- 14790932 TI - [A microhematocrit using capillary blood (1/100 c.c.)]. PMID- 14790933 TI - [Giant epigastric hernia]. PMID- 14790934 TI - [Anatomo-clinical report on a case of primary hematogenous disseminated acute suppurated pancreatitis]. PMID- 14790935 TI - [Chalk lithiasis of the gallbladder]. PMID- 14790936 TI - [Niche following hematemesis]. PMID- 14790937 TI - [Voluminous lipomas of the duodenum]. PMID- 14790938 TI - [Evolution of cancer of the stomach and cancerous degeneration of gastric ulcers]. PMID- 14790939 TI - [Study of gastric secretion in gastrectomized subjects by the massive dose histamine test]. PMID- 14790940 TI - [Neurovegetative hypotonic malformations of the large intestine in adults and their medical treatment: functional megacecum, megacolon, dolichocolon]. PMID- 14790941 TI - [Therapeutic value of 5,7-diiodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (di-rexoide) in the treatment of intestinal amebiasis; 120 personal cases]. PMID- 14790942 TI - [Effect of thiourea on the digestive system of albino rats]. PMID- 14790943 TI - [Hemorrhagic rectitis]. PMID- 14790944 TI - [A familial case of bronze cirrhosis]. PMID- 14790945 TI - [Edematous pancreatitis, cholecystitis and asthma]. PMID- 14790946 TI - [Double ulcer; perforation and cytosteatonecrosis]. PMID- 14790947 TI - [Study of the function of Oddi's sphincter by determining its contraction rate]. PMID- 14790948 TI - [Short esophagus and ulcers of the cardia]. PMID- 14790949 TI - [Two cases of difficult diagnosis]. PMID- 14790950 TI - [Importance of tomography in the diagnosis of tumors of the cardia-curvature region]. PMID- 14790951 TI - [Repeated gastric paralysis in the course of a duodenal ulcer attack]. PMID- 14790952 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis in gastrectomized subjects]. PMID- 14790953 TI - [Radical surgery of the esophagus and conservative intrathoracic surgery; 11 cases]. PMID- 14790954 TI - [2 Cases of perforating ulcer, one in the pancreas, the other in the gallbladder; clinical and anatomical peculiarities]. PMID- 14790955 TI - [Jaundice due to virus hepatitis, papillitis, pancreatic secretion insufficiency]. PMID- 14790956 TI - [The three crossway syndrome]. PMID- 14790957 TI - [Destruction of the Trichomonas parasite of vulvovaginitis and treatment with an acridine derivative]. PMID- 14790958 TI - [Radiological exclusion of the gallbladder in dystonia of the cystic duct]. PMID- 14790959 TI - [Intestinal forms of Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 14790961 TI - [Familial gastroduodenal ulcers: ulcers in identical twins]. PMID- 14790960 TI - [Prolonged infectious jaundice with cholostatic appearance; data of the liver biopsy]. PMID- 14790962 TI - [Effects of tetraethyl ammonium bromide on gastric motility and secretion; practical applications]. PMID- 14790963 TI - [Effects of ergotamine tartrate-caffeine in migraine attacks (EC 110 cafergon); first results]. PMID- 14790965 TI - [Severe case of ancylostomiasis]. PMID- 14790964 TI - [False albuminuria due to pheniodol]. PMID- 14790966 TI - [Ileo-ileal invagination due to a benign intestinal tumor in a 4 year old child]. PMID- 14790967 TI - [Volvulus of small intestin, sequel to congenital atresis of the colon in a newborn]. PMID- 14790968 TI - [Cholecystoduodenal fistula with partially engaged calculus; surgical therapy]. PMID- 14790969 TI - [Vegetating rectal lesion of follicular structure]. PMID- 14790970 TI - [Sigmoid stricture due to tuberculous sclerolipomatosis]. PMID- 14790971 TI - [First World Congress of Cardiology]. PMID- 14790972 TI - [Experimental myocardial infarct by sub-adventitial irritation of the aorta]. PMID- 14790973 TI - [Value of dorsal unipolar leads (especially V 8 L) for diagnosis of posterior infarct]. PMID- 14790974 TI - [Disorders of intraventricular conductibility expressing an alternating complete and incomplete block of the left branch of the bundle of His of an unclassified type]. PMID- 14790975 TI - [Deviation of the ventricular gradient (G) in myocardial infarct]. PMID- 14790976 TI - [The myxedematous heart]. PMID- 14790977 TI - [Electrocardiogram of human agonal state]. PMID- 14790979 TI - [Georges Bailliere]. PMID- 14790978 TI - [Mode of action of hydergine]. PMID- 14790980 TI - [Photochemical transformation of chloropicrin into phosgene. I. New sensitive and specific reagents for these two substances]. PMID- 14790981 TI - [Photochemical transformation of chloropicrin into phosgene. II. A case of group poisoning due to this reaction]. PMID- 14790982 TI - [Pneumoconiosis from cereal dust]. PMID- 14790983 TI - [Occupational tuberculosis infection in a nurse]. PMID- 14790984 TI - [Dermatitis from bakelite]. PMID- 14790985 TI - [Toxicologic data on alcohols in 1949]. PMID- 14790986 TI - [Experimental study of the irritating effects of a sample of oil of turpentine]. PMID- 14790987 TI - [Prevention of benzolism in paint sprayers]. PMID- 14790988 TI - [Extension to anguillulosis of miners the prevention and compensation laws in force for occupational ancylostomiasis?]. PMID- 14790989 TI - [Allergy due to Makore wood]. PMID- 14790990 TI - [Value of a therapeutic test with streptomycin in elimination of pneumoconiosis]. PMID- 14790992 TI - [Occupational onychia, revealing an unknown specificity]. PMID- 14790991 TI - [Transition to chronicity of lobar pneumonia in a former miner]. PMID- 14790993 TI - Neuroblastoma; report of case. PMID- 14790994 TI - Influence of breast feeding on facial development. PMID- 14790995 TI - Poisoning as the cause of poliomyelitis. PMID- 14790996 TI - Acute leukemia; report of case. PMID- 14790997 TI - Diphtheria revised. PMID- 14790998 TI - Fifty symptoms of chronic sinusitis in children, with differential diagnosis of each symptom. PMID- 14790999 TI - Neutralization of Columbia-SK and Yale-SK virus by polio-convalescent and normal human sera. PMID- 14791000 TI - The tonsil as a portal of microbic and toxic invasion. [Reprinted from Arch. Pediat., July 1906]. PMID- 14791001 TI - Psychic factors in obesity; observations in over 1,000 cases. PMID- 14791002 TI - Fifty symptoms of chronic sinusitis in children, with differential diagnosis of each symptom. PMID- 14791003 TI - Do children born of offspring of mothers irradiated for sterility show abnormal genetic effects? PMID- 14791004 TI - An epidemic of vulvovaginitis among children. [Reprinted from Arch. Pediat., Feb. 1905]. PMID- 14791005 TI - [Liver biopsy and its histometabolic study]. PMID- 14791006 TI - [Pathology of tumors of the parenchyma of the thymus]. PMID- 14791007 TI - [Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the sweat glands (preface to the study of merocrine blastomas)]. PMID- 14791008 TI - [Problems and orientations concerning tumors of the sweat glands]. PMID- 14791009 TI - [Acanthoma of the stomach and the questions of pathologic cell differentiation and metaplasia]. PMID- 14791010 TI - [Histologic observations and critical notes on neoplasms of the active mesenchyma]. PMID- 14791011 TI - [Rare pathology of female external genitalia: 1) carcinomatous transformation of epidermoid cysts. 2) fibro-adenoma from probable mammary choristoma]. PMID- 14791012 TI - [Hypophyseal somatotropic action of folliculin]. PMID- 14791013 TI - [Pathology of breast carcinoma in the male based on 16 cases]. PMID- 14791014 TI - [Sclerotizing evolution of breast cancer]. PMID- 14791015 TI - [Endothelioma of the stomach]. PMID- 14791016 TI - [Histopathological picture of tuberculosis and of specific productive reactions of mammary connective tissue (bases of histologic differential diagnosis)]. PMID- 14791017 TI - [Effect of testosterone and adrenal cortex hormones on circulating protein fractions]. PMID- 14791018 TI - [Effect of ovarian hormones on circulating protein fractions]. PMID- 14791020 TI - [Relations between intermedin and ovarian follicle]. PMID- 14791019 TI - [Coagulant effect of penicillin and streptomycin; research in vitro and in vivo]. PMID- 14791021 TI - [Intermedin and testis]. PMID- 14791022 TI - [Relations between intermedin and gonads]. PMID- 14791023 TI - [Hormone interference in vitamin C metabolism. III. Thymus and vitamin C]. PMID- 14791024 TI - [Hormone interference in vitamin C metabolism. IV. Gonads and vitamin C]. PMID- 14791026 TI - [Intestinal absorption of nitrogenized substances]. PMID- 14791025 TI - [Hormone interference in vitamine C metabolism. V. Insulin and vitamin C]. PMID- 14791027 TI - [Methemoglobinizing action of synthetic drugs with vitamin K activity; experimental research]. PMID- 14791028 TI - [Effect of N-P-methoxybenzyl-N-dimethylaminoethyl-alpha-aminopyridine (2786 RP) in histaminic and anaphylactic shock of the guinea pig: phenomena of agglutination in shock]. PMID- 14791029 TI - [Acute disseminated lupus erythematodes]. PMID- 14791030 TI - [The electrolytes of the cerebrospinal fluid in uremia, tetanus and in various neurologic and psychic syndromes]. PMID- 14791031 TI - [Clinico-radiologic contribution to the study of retroperitoneal tumors]. PMID- 14791032 TI - [Aplastic anemia of focal infection origin; recovery following removal of apical granulomas]. PMID- 14791033 TI - [Value of the degree of obliteration of the cranial sutures in identification of the cadaver]. PMID- 14791034 TI - [Contribution to the study of megacolon]. PMID- 14791035 TI - [Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with PAS]. PMID- 14791036 TI - [Pathogenetic problem of diabetic retinopathy; relation between the degree of elasticity of the retinal artery (Fritz index) and the degree of cutaneous capillary fragility (Gothlin index)]. PMID- 14791037 TI - [Unusual finding of systematic leukemic localization in the esophagus in an individual with acute hemocytoblastic leukemia]. PMID- 14791038 TI - [Histologic modifications induced in rabbit organs following prolonged treatment with massive doses of streptomycin]. PMID- 14791039 TI - [Renal carcinoma and hypernephroid tumors]. PMID- 14791040 TI - [Differential diagnosis between pre- and post-mortal lesions; death due to hemorrhage from criminal abortion and simulation of suicide by jumping]. PMID- 14791042 TI - [Case of presacral neurinoma]. PMID- 14791041 TI - [Tuberculosis of male breast; cases and bibliographic review]. PMID- 14791043 TI - [Minute vascularization of thyroid in various types of goiter]. PMID- 14791044 TI - [Behavior of deep glandular strata in duodenal phlogosis]. PMID- 14791045 TI - [Anatomo-histological study of a rare case of reticulosarcoma of the brain]. PMID- 14791046 TI - [Gastric neurinomatosis; fatal case of neurinoma of the stomach in a case of suspected poisoning]. PMID- 14791047 TI - [Arterial curare medication in peripheral arterial diseases; clinical data and experimental research]. PMID- 14791049 TI - [Non-traumatic renointestinal fistulae]. PMID- 14791048 TI - [Comparative study of several methods of exploration of peripheral circulation]. PMID- 14791051 TI - [Asymptomatic free perforation of a duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14791050 TI - [Rare case of didelphic uterus, salpinx and ovary in an inguinal hernia sac; clinical contribution and pathogenetic considerations]. PMID- 14791052 TI - [Blastomycosis resembling acne conglobata; clinical case]. PMID- 14791053 TI - [Systematized dermatoses. I. Hyperkeratosic linear nevus; achromic linear nevus; hemangiomatous and papillomatous nevus]. PMID- 14791054 TI - [Protein picture and colloid lability tests in cutaneous leishmaniasis]. PMID- 14791055 TI - [Case of congenital skin ossification]. PMID- 14791057 TI - [Conduction deafness]. PMID- 14791056 TI - [F. Lasagna audiological department of the Otorhinolaryngology Clinic of the University of Milan]. PMID- 14791058 TI - [Presbycusis; clinical and audiometric considerations]. PMID- 14791059 TI - [Vocal acoumetric test for the Italian language]. PMID- 14791060 TI - [Proposal for the unification of methods and apparatus for use in vocal hearing tests]. PMID- 14791061 TI - [Possibility of calculating deficiency of voice perception based on auditory threshold for pure tones]. PMID- 14791062 TI - [Statistical study of the phonetic composition of the Italian language and its practical application to audiometry of words]. PMID- 14791063 TI - [Auditory apparatus inertia]. PMID- 14791064 TI - [Threshold drift; use of masking for diagnosis in the attempt to reproduce artificially Wills' paracusia]. PMID- 14791065 TI - [New method for the objective demonstration of Wills' paracusia]. PMID- 14791066 TI - [Experimental research in man on the functional effect of cotton plug of the labyrinth window]. PMID- 14791067 TI - [Evaluation of auditory deficiency in legal medicine]. PMID- 14791068 TI - [Acoustic integration in teaching lip reading]. PMID- 14791069 TI - [Hearing tests in schools; general review]. PMID- 14791070 TI - [Comparative study of the modifications induced by natural and synthetic estrogens in the male genitals]. PMID- 14791071 TI - [Pickworth method applied to the study of renal circulation in shock; experimental research]. PMID- 14791072 TI - [Ectopia of the testes]. PMID- 14791073 TI - [Mesonephroma of the renal pelvis]. PMID- 14791074 TI - [Renal aplasia and hypoplasia]. PMID- 14791075 TI - [Operative technic in tubal sterilization]. PMID- 14791076 TI - [Problem of laryngeal tuberculosis and pregnancy after the advent of streptomycin therapy]. PMID- 14791077 TI - [Anatomo-histologic observations on congenital fetal and placental syphilis treated with penicillin]. PMID- 14791078 TI - [Morphologic and histochemical peculiarities of the colloid of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis]. PMID- 14791079 TI - [Experimental nephrotic syndrome in pregnancy]. PMID- 14791080 TI - [Mechanism of extra-vitamin action of massive doses of vitamin D; clinical research in obstetrics and gynecology and experimental research]. PMID- 14791081 TI - [Block devices and arteriovenous anastomoses in the fetal vessels of the human placenta]. PMID- 14791082 TI - [Variations of cholesteremia in normal women treated with stilbene]. PMID- 14791083 TI - [Obstetrical analgesia, anesthesia and amnesia; clinical use of a new endovenous preparation, associated with a local anesthesia with continuous oxygen administration]. PMID- 14791084 TI - [Ovarian cyst twisted on peduncle with coexistent torsion of the tube]. PMID- 14791085 TI - [Interstitial lymphocytic hypophysitis in premature separation of normally inserted placenta]. PMID- 14791086 TI - [Histogenetic considerations on a case of basal cell carcinoma with adamantinoid evolution of the portio]. PMID- 14791087 TI - [Ovarian struma]. PMID- 14791088 TI - [Determination of serum procainesterase as test of liver function in normal and pathologic pregnancy]. PMID- 14791089 TI - [Considerations and research on the possibility of inhibiting with heparin testicular hyaluronidase and fecundation in the rat]. PMID- 14791090 TI - [Acute pulmonary edema in pregnancy; clinical research and pathogenetic considerations; note on prognosis, prophylaxis and therapy]. PMID- 14791091 TI - [Leukemic reticulo-endotheliosis; a case of hyperplastic reticulo-endotheliosis with a peripheral picture of lymphatic leukemia]. PMID- 14791092 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of asynchronism of nucleo-cytoplasmatic maturation of the medullary cells. I. Erythroblasts of pernicious anemia before and during therapy]. PMID- 14791093 TI - [Research on nucleoprotein complexes of bone marrow elements with stains of various pH concentrations]. PMID- 14791094 TI - [Clinical behavior and morphological and chemical bone marrow changes in some neoplastic diseases following administration of methyl-bis-(beta-chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride]. PMID- 14791095 TI - [Behavior of phosphatase activity in maternal blood in normal and pathological pregnancy]. PMID- 14791096 TI - [The problem of tuberculosis contagion as viewed in the first half of the 19th century]. PMID- 14791097 TI - [Present status of BCG vaccination in France]. PMID- 14791098 TI - [Carlo Gamna]. PMID- 14791099 TI - [Bibliography of phthisiology]. PMID- 14791100 TI - [Experimental tuberculosis superinfection in animals treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14791101 TI - [Bronchographic aspects of pulmonary segments]. PMID- 14791102 TI - [Emphysema in pulmonary tuberculosis; differential diagnosis]. PMID- 14791103 TI - [Tuberculous foci and localizations in subordinate anatomo-clinico-biological position in processes with multiple foci and localizations]. PMID- 14791104 TI - [Relation between pulmonary tuberculosis and osteoarticular tuberculosis. III. Osteoarticular processes in the course of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14791105 TI - [Luigi Sivori]. PMID- 14791106 TI - [Bibliography phthisiology]. PMID- 14791107 TI - [Streptomycin resistance of the tubercle bacillus]. PMID- 14791108 TI - [Tuberculosis morbidity and mortality in the Province of Siena]. PMID- 14791109 TI - [Bronchogram in pulmonary emphysema]. PMID- 14791110 TI - [Tuberculosis of the peripheral lymph nodes in children]. PMID- 14791111 TI - [Lamellar atelectasis following phrenicoexeresis]. PMID- 14791112 TI - [Evolutionary and terminal pictures of miliary type pulmonary processes]. PMID- 14791113 TI - [Behavior of PAS-resistance in various localizations in the same subject]. PMID- 14791114 TI - [Malformation of the diaphragm due to segmental relaxation]. PMID- 14791116 TI - [11th Meeting of the International Union against Tuberculosis, Copenhagen, 3-6 September 1950]. PMID- 14791115 TI - [Cavernostomy in the 17th century according to a documentation of the Sepulchretum Anatomicum]. PMID- 14791117 TI - [Bibliography of phthisiology]. PMID- 14791118 TI - Studies of the ana-test tubercolare Sclavo. PMID- 14791119 TI - [Indications for the combined application of antibiotic and physiomechanical therapy]. PMID- 14791120 TI - [Antibiotics during and at the end of endocavitary drainage procedure]. PMID- 14791121 TI - [Thoracoplasty, antibiotics and endocavitary drainage]. PMID- 14791122 TI - [Synergism of antibiotics and physiomechanical therapy]. PMID- 14791123 TI - [Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to p-aminosalicylic acid]. PMID- 14791124 TI - [Fate of pathological tuberculous matter artificially introduced into untreated and antibiotic treated animals]. PMID- 14791125 TI - [Cavitary forms of tuberculosis of the liver]. PMID- 14791126 TI - [Bronchial leads]. PMID- 14791127 TI - [Electrocardiographic study of the persistence of the ductus arteriosus]. PMID- 14791128 TI - [Spirochaeta pallida and the cardiovascular system]. PMID- 14791129 TI - [Studies on coronary circulation. I. Extravascular factors]. PMID- 14791130 TI - [Capacity of heart cavities in normal and pathological states]. PMID- 14791131 TI - [Studies on coronary circulation. II. Action of the vagus and sympathetic nerves]. PMID- 14791132 TI - [Study of the electric field of the heart by means of artificial dipoles]. PMID- 14791133 TI - [Coronary phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis. III. Case report]. PMID- 14791134 TI - [Future hospital for children in Montevideo]. PMID- 14791135 TI - [Incidence of Shigella and Salmonella isolated in enteritis in various sections of Montevideo]. PMID- 14791136 TI - [Studies on rhythmic movements in infants (nodding spasm, salaam convulsions, jactatio capitis)]. PMID- 14791137 TI - [Pediatrics with psychiatric orientation and child psychiatry: Marcos' definition of possibilities and limitations of professional responsibilities]. PMID- 14791138 TI - [Bronchography technique for the child; soft tibe]. PMID- 14791139 TI - [Premature infant]. PMID- 14791140 TI - [Urinary lithiasis in infants and children]. PMID- 14791141 TI - [Urinary lithiasis in infant and children]. PMID- 14791142 TI - [Indications for surgery in acute abdomen in newborn]. PMID- 14791143 TI - [Medical, social and sanitary problem of the convulsive cough]. PMID- 14791144 TI - [New method for surgical treatment of arterial hypertension; arteriovenous fistula obstructing return circulation]. PMID- 14791145 TI - [Myxedema secondary to hypopituitarism (pituitary myxedema]. PMID- 14791146 TI - [Electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic modifications in two cases of secondary myxedema (pituitary myxedema)]. PMID- 14791147 TI - [Results of radiotherapy of cancer of the cervix; statistical studies on 1257 cases]. PMID- 14791148 TI - [Cranial traumatism and humoral phenomena]. PMID- 14791149 TI - [Preparation for surgery of flexor tendons of the hand]. PMID- 14791150 TI - [Modern enucleation of the eyes]. PMID- 14791151 TI - [Occlusion following gastrectomy]. PMID- 14791152 TI - [Duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14791153 TI - [Gastrectomy; evacuation disorders following colostomy]. PMID- 14791154 TI - [Anterior insertion of the diaphragm; diaphragmatic hernia]. PMID- 14791155 TI - The clinical use of antibiotics. PMID- 14791156 TI - Functional heart disease. PMID- 14791157 TI - Clinical review of the mechanics of the low back and its relationship to low back pain. PMID- 14791158 TI - Gonorrhea acquired via rectal intercourse: A case report. PMID- 14791159 TI - The advancing curability potential by surgery of the chest. PMID- 14791162 TI - Diarrheal disease on an Indian Reservation. Report of 221 cases, emphasizing etiology and epidemiology. PMID- 14791161 TI - Renal hypertension. PMID- 14791160 TI - Plastic repair and management of wounds, burns and ulcers. PMID- 14791163 TI - A health officer looks at a mental hygiene program. PMID- 14791164 TI - Taking stock. PMID- 14791165 TI - Diagnosis of poliomyelitis. PMID- 14791166 TI - Diethylstilbestrol (DES) in treatment of threatened abortion. PMID- 14791167 TI - Regurgitation esophagitis. PMID- 14791168 TI - SALINE solution in treatment of burn shock. PMID- 14791169 TI - [OL'GA Borisovna Lepeshinskaia]. PMID- 14791170 TI - [Intestinal functional disorders and morphological modifications of its autonomic system in tuberculosis; roentgen-histological parallels]. PMID- 14791171 TI - [Pathologic modifications of intramuscular neural trunks and their terminals in the transverse striated muscles in suppurative diseases with general septicemic or toxic manifestations]. PMID- 14791172 TI - [Histologic cerebral modifications in comatose malaria]. PMID- 14791173 TI - [Electrocardiogram and blood pressure in stimulation and inhibition of the nervous system]. PMID- 14791174 TI - [Dynamics of histamine and histaminase modifications in lungs and blood of the rat in early stages of silicosis]. PMID- 14791175 TI - [Effect of ascorbic acid on the protein-nitrogen metabolism in experimental diseases of the liver]. PMID- 14791176 TI - [Significance of the central nervous system in the mechanism of the genesis of periodic respiration]. PMID- 14791177 TI - [Initial modifications in post-operative pneumonias]. PMID- 14791178 TI - [Hypertension following gunshot wound, caused by thrombosis of the abdominal aorta, occlusion of the ureter and hydronephrosis]. PMID- 14791179 TI - [Fluorescent microscopy in laboratory and clinical materials in new staining methods]. PMID- 14791180 TI - [Critical remarks on A. P. Novikova's article: New method of fixation of histological sections]. PMID- 14791181 TI - [Answer to the criticism of A. L. Shabadash of the new method of fixation of histological sections]. PMID- 14791182 TI - [Critical remarks on the work of V. V. Meier on the development of atherosclerosis]. PMID- 14791183 TI - [Cerebral and orbital aspergillosis]. PMID- 14791184 TI - [Distribution of permanganate in the animal organism in relation to the method of introduction and nature of compounds]. PMID- 14791185 TI - [Modification of the nitrogen content and tissue respiration of the liver in chloroform poisoning]. PMID- 14791186 TI - [Effect of early thyroidectomy on the absorbing function of the mesenchyme]. PMID- 14791187 TI - [Founder of virusology, D. I. Ivanovskii]. PMID- 14791188 TI - [Iulii Matveevich Lazovskii (1903-1949)]. PMID- 14791189 TI - [Evgenii Aleksandrovich Tatarinov (1892-1950)]. PMID- 14791190 TI - [Mikhail Borisovich Ariel' (1902-1950)]. PMID- 14791191 TI - [Physiopathological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of diabetic coma]. PMID- 14791192 TI - [New indication for retropneumoperitoneum: excluded gallbladder]. PMID- 14791193 TI - [Clinico-pathological sessions: hypertrophy and dilatation of the heart; syphilitis aortitis; pulmonary infarct; stasis liver]. PMID- 14791194 TI - [Five and a half years of sulfone therapy of leprosy]. PMID- 14791196 TI - [Considerations on the report of the Committee on Therapy of the 5th International Congress of Leprosy]. PMID- 14791195 TI - [Experience with sulfone therapy of leprosy at the Malta wing of the St. Louis Hospital]. PMID- 14791197 TI - [Suspected case of leprosy in a subject with congenital alopecia]. PMID- 14791199 TI - [National Leprosy Service: Order No. 11, 8 March 1950]. PMID- 14791198 TI - [Law no. 1045 of 2 January 1950; discharge of the leprosy cases]. PMID- 14791200 TI - [Sympathectomy and cerebral disorders of ischemic origin]. PMID- 14791201 TI - [Syndromes of the red nucleus; report of three cases with syphilitic etiology, one associated with palatopharyngolaryngeal myoclonus]. PMID- 14791202 TI - [Infiltrative glioma of brain stem simulating encephalitis]. PMID- 14791203 TI - [Peculiarities of fronto-callosal apraxia]. PMID- 14791204 TI - [Posterior hernias of intervertebral disks erroneously held responsible for neuralgia]. PMID- 14791205 TI - [Humoral lipoids and inorganic phosphorus in neuranemia]. PMID- 14791206 TI - [Concepts from Montreal neurological school on epilepsy]. PMID- 14791207 TI - [IN memoriam: Dr. Francisco Tancredi]. PMID- 14791208 TI - [235 Cases of tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis treated at the Streptomycin Center of the Pediatric Clinic of Genoa]. PMID- 14791209 TI - [Some enzymatic and hormonal factors in essential hypertension]. PMID- 14791210 TI - [Frequently unnecessarily high doses are administered in therapy]. PMID- 14791211 TI - [Tuberculous abscesses treated with local streptomycin]. PMID- 14791212 TI - [Medico-legal evaluation of traumatic rupture of the male urethra]. PMID- 14791213 TI - [Unusual diffusion of air in the pre-vertebral retroesophageal-retro-pharyngeal passage in a case of spontaneous posterior pneumomediastinum]. PMID- 14791214 TI - [A cholera epidemic at Trieste in the 19th century]. PMID- 14791215 TI - The general practitioner and orthodontics. PMID- 14791216 TI - Aesthetics and phonetics in full denture construction. PMID- 14791217 TI - Fundamental principles involved in partial denture designs--with special reference to equalization of tooth and tissue support. PMID- 14791218 TI - Aesthetics in our restorative procedures. PMID- 14791219 TI - What the parent wants to know. PMID- 14791220 TI - Improvements in the use and type of hand pressure bone cutting instruments. PMID- 14791221 TI - A case of congenital deficiency in the number of teeth. PMID- 14791222 TI - The relative merits of various suture materials for the repair of severed nerves. PMID- 14791223 TI - Malignant disease of the thyroid. PMID- 14791225 TI - Some problems in oesophageal surgery. PMID- 14791226 TI - The modern approach to developmental abnormalities. PMID- 14791224 TI - The genesis of varicose veins. PMID- 14791227 TI - Transplantation of ureters into the colon. PMID- 14791228 TI - [Hygiene of the heart]. PMID- 14791229 TI - [Cryogenine-sulfonamide therapy]. PMID- 14791230 TI - [What is meant by Bogomoletz' serum?]. PMID- 14791231 TI - [Modern treatment of malaria]. PMID- 14791232 TI - [Important sensibility differences in young children to morbid effects according to their sex]. PMID- 14791233 TI - [Is a gout attack of articular matter? Is asthma a spasm of the bronchi?]. PMID- 14791234 TI - [Dream, key to a missed act]. PMID- 14791235 TI - [Harmfulness of the present nutrition]. PMID- 14791236 TI - [Infantile neuropsychiatry; the so-called "difficult children"]. PMID- 14791237 TI - [Corporal and psychic disorders and mental development of 116 children born from malarial parents]. PMID- 14791239 TI - [Pas therapy of osteoarticular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14791238 TI - Biochemical and symbiotic properties of the rhizobia. PMID- 14791240 TI - [Atypical pneumonia and infiltration]. PMID- 14791242 TI - [PAS in experimental tuberculosis of the guinea pig]. PMID- 14791241 TI - [Short historical survey of the classic methods of thoracoplasty in Germany and their development]. PMID- 14791243 TI - [Gradations of the allergic reaction in the tuberculous organism]. PMID- 14791244 TI - [The fate of the tuberculous patient following thoracoplasty]. PMID- 14791245 TI - [Morphologic and serologic studies of the effect of tuberculin on the leukocytes in vitro]. PMID- 14791246 TI - [Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolectastic emphysema]. PMID- 14791247 TI - [Studies of tuberculous infection during the postwar period, based on mass examinations of the school children of Heidelberg in 1949; with a contribution on the efficacy of Moro's test at different age levels in childhood]. PMID- 14791248 TI - [Immunologic processes during chemotherapy of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14791249 TI - [Tuberculosis of the atlas and axis]. PMID- 14791250 TI - [The effect of conteben in experimental tuberculosis of the guinea pig; with a contribution on the forms of modified reaction in cicatrization of the miliary tubercles]. PMID- 14791251 TI - [Osteoperiosteomyoplastic apicolysis; thoracoplasty involving bone, periosteum and muscle for permanent rigid collapse of the pulmonary apex]. PMID- 14791252 TI - [The role of tuberculostatic substances in the etiology of meningitis]. PMID- 14791253 TI - [Results with the Costa reaction in diagnosing the activity of tuberculosis in childhood]. PMID- 14791254 TI - [Significance of air in the pleural cavity for the prognosis of artificial pneumothorax]. PMID- 14791255 TI - [Persistent eosinophilia in tuberculin allergy, with serous pleuropericarditis and recidiving infiltration of the lungs]. PMID- 14791256 TI - [Absorption collapse of the lungs; experimental studies on dogs]. PMID- 14791257 TI - [Vitamin B12 and pernicious anemia]. PMID- 14791258 TI - [Hematologic aspects of the hemolytic disease of the newborn]. PMID- 14791260 TI - [Morphology of the human figure in the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci]. PMID- 14791259 TI - [Skin transplant in varicose ulcers of the leg]. PMID- 14791262 TI - [Etiology and pathogenesis of several liver diseases]. PMID- 14791261 TI - [Blood sedimentation]. PMID- 14791263 TI - [Practical notes]. PMID- 14791264 TI - [Gastroscopy following subcutaneous injection of histamine]. PMID- 14791265 TI - [Prevention of deafness in streptomycin therapy of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14791266 TI - [Dangers in the continuous use of antihistamines]. PMID- 14791267 TI - [Sulfamide nephritis]. PMID- 14791268 TI - [Cortisone and ACTH]. PMID- 14791269 TI - [ACTH and cortisone in the treatment of acute articular rheumatism]. PMID- 14791270 TI - [Cortisone therapy of rheumatism and its limitations]. PMID- 14791271 TI - [Physiologic effect of cortisone and ACTH]. PMID- 14791272 TI - [Notes on the development of the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Munich]. PMID- 14791273 TI - [Laparotomy of large domestic animals]. PMID- 14791274 TI - [Chloroform anesthesia as an aid in the examination and treatment of the penis and prepuce of the bull]. PMID- 14791275 TI - [Commercial use of the flesh of pigs with swine erysipelas]. PMID- 14791276 TI - [Essential identity of instinct and development]. PMID- 14791277 TI - [Effect of massive doses of estrogen on metabolism and fatting of cattle]. PMID- 14791278 TI - [Antagonism and increased virulence of various species of Leptospira and their clinical significance]. PMID- 14791279 TI - [Stimulating effect of morphine on the white mouse and its aggravation by veronal: a new method of exact chronological analysis of the course of the stimulation]. PMID- 14791280 TI - [Interstitial nephritis in the dog as a focal infection]. PMID- 14791281 TI - [Investigations on the relation between the protozoan parasites and the bacterial flora of the animal intestines]. PMID- 14791283 TI - [Embryonic development of an unbrooded hen's egg]. PMID- 14791282 TI - [A few important medico-legal concepts of interest to the veterinarian, illustrated by cases of liability in farriery]. PMID- 14791284 TI - [A new enzootic tracheitis of fowl]. PMID- 14791285 TI - [Richard Gotze on his 60th birthday]. PMID- 14791286 TI - [On a revision of present legislation on the contagious diseases of animals]. PMID- 14791287 TI - [Demonstration of immunity in atypical fowl plague]. PMID- 14791288 TI - [Differential diagnosis of infectious anemia in serum horses]. PMID- 14791289 TI - [Prevention and control of sterility]. PMID- 14791290 TI - [The animal protection laws and anesthetization by laymen]. PMID- 14791291 TI - [Spurs in the Phasianidae, with special reference to domestic fowl, and their biologic and veterinary significance]. PMID- 14791292 TI - [Tuberculosis in goats]. PMID- 14791293 TI - [International office for the prevention of contagious animal diseases; recommendations made by the Commission on the prevention and control of fowl plague at its meeting of 11-14 September 1950, Bern]. PMID- 14791294 TI - [To August Zimmermann of Budapest on his 75th birthday]. PMID- 14791295 TI - [To Georg Groning on his 80th birthday]. PMID- 14791296 TI - [Obstipation and colitis]. PMID- 14791298 TI - Studies on rhodopsin. I. Methods of extraction and the absorption spectrum. PMID- 14791299 TI - Studies on rhodopsin. 2. Indicator yellow. PMID- 14791297 TI - Identification of the uronic acid from oestriol 'monoglucuronide.'. PMID- 14791300 TI - Studies in rhodopsin. 3. Rhodopsin and transient orange. PMID- 14791301 TI - Effect of sulphonamides on the aneurin economy in animals. PMID- 14791302 TI - The nature of pregnanediol-like glucuronide. PMID- 14791303 TI - Some observations on the kinetics of haemoglobin in solution and in the haemoglobin in solution and in the red blood corpuscle. PMID- 14791304 TI - The thiocyanate space and iodide space in the thyroid gland. PMID- 14791305 TI - Biochemistry of the wood-rotting fungi. 6. Volatile metabolic products of species of Endoconidiophora. PMID- 14791306 TI - The metabolism of the oral flora. I. The oxygen uptake and acid production by mixed human saliva in the presence and absence of glucose. PMID- 14791307 TI - Metabolism of polycyclic compounds. 6. Conversion of phenanthrene into dihydroxydihydrophenanthrenes. PMID- 14791308 TI - A study of the pigments of the sea-urchins, Echinus esculentus L. and Paracentrotus lividus Lamarck. PMID- 14791309 TI - Antithyroid substances. I. The mercaptoglyoxalines. PMID- 14791310 TI - Studies in congenital porphyria. I. Incorporation of 15N into coproporphyrin, uroporphyrin and hippuric acid. PMID- 14791311 TI - Studies in congenital porphyria. 2. Incorporation of 15N in the stercobilin in the normal and in the porphyric. PMID- 14791312 TI - The rate of enzymic hydrolysis of phosphoric esters. 3. Carboxy-substituted phenyl phosphates. PMID- 14791313 TI - The fermentable form of fructose. PMID- 14791314 TI - The biogenesis of porphyrins. 2. The origin of the methyne carbon atoms. PMID- 14791315 TI - The preparation of adenosinetriphosphate from acetone-dried muscle and a chemical method for the preparation of adenosinediphosphate. PMID- 14791316 TI - The relationship between the constitution and the effect of chemical compounds on plant growth. 2. Quaternary ammonium salts. PMID- 14791317 TI - Fluorescence of riboflavin and flavin-adenine dinucleotide. PMID- 14791319 TI - Oxalacetic decarboxylase. PMID- 14791318 TI - The cozymase of mammalian brain. PMID- 14791320 TI - The reaction of vitamin D and other substances with iodine trichloride. PMID- 14791321 TI - Gastric urease and HCl secretion. PMID- 14791322 TI - The azide effect in yeast with respect to potassium and phosphate permeability. PMID- 14791323 TI - Concerning the entrance rate of KC1 into the whole isolated sartorius of the frog and into single fibers. PMID- 14791324 TI - Microdiffusion methods. Determination of acetic acid in biological fluids. PMID- 14791325 TI - Conditions determining the excretion of pyruvic acid by fermenting yeast. PMID- 14791326 TI - A simplified method for the isolation of thymidine from thymonucleic acid. PMID- 14791327 TI - A study of the low molecular constituents of the yeast cell. PMID- 14791328 TI - Vitamin A in the kidney of the rat. PMID- 14791329 TI - The quantitative analysis of deoxypentose nucleic acids. PMID- 14791331 TI - The metabolism of urea in animal tissues. PMID- 14791330 TI - The metabolism of 15N-labelled urea in the cat. PMID- 14791332 TI - The avidity of folic acid and other pteridines for the ions of heavy metals. PMID- 14791333 TI - Bile pigment formation in vitro from haematin and other haem derivatives. PMID- 14791334 TI - The mechanism of the formation of organic acids by mould fungi; the formation of acetic and pyruvic acids in Aspergillus niger growing in glucose media. PMID- 14791335 TI - Separation of p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives by paper chromatography. PMID- 14791337 TI - Studies on suramin; the action of the drug on enzymes and some other proteins. General considerations. PMID- 14791336 TI - The role of glutamic acid in the transport of potassium in brain and retina. PMID- 14791338 TI - Studies on suramin; the action of the drug on some enzymes. PMID- 14791339 TI - Biochemical studies of toxic agents; the metabolism of 2-naphthylamine and 2 acetamidonaphthalene. PMID- 14791340 TI - The fermentation process in tea manufacture; oxidation of substrates by tea oxidase. PMID- 14791341 TI - Studies on the plasma phosphatase of normal and rachitic chicks; general characteristics of the enzyme. PMID- 14791342 TI - Studies on the plasma phosphatase of normal and rachitic chicks; relationship between plasma phosphatase and the phosphatases of bone, kidney, liver and intestinal mucosa. PMID- 14791343 TI - Studies on the plasma phosphatase of normal and rachitic chicks; the assay of antirachitic preparations by a method based on the determination of plasma phosphatase activity. PMID- 14791344 TI - Metabolism of spermatozoa. The formation and elimination of hydrogen peroxide by spermatozoa and effects on motility and survival. PMID- 14791346 TI - The amino-acid pattern in human foetal and maternal plasma at delivery. PMID- 14791345 TI - The synthesis of glucuronides by liver slices. PMID- 14791347 TI - Reactivation and protection of cytochrome oxidase preparations. PMID- 14791348 TI - Extrahepatic lipid synthesis. PMID- 14791349 TI - The breakdown of adenosinetriphosphate in extracts of rabbit muscle. PMID- 14791350 TI - The carotenoids of the gonads of the limpets Patella vulgata and Patella depressa. PMID- 14791351 TI - Carotenoid distribution in the gonads of the limpets Patella vulgata and Patella depressa. PMID- 14791352 TI - The reaction of oxidizing agents with wool; the sorption of hydrogen peroxide. PMID- 14791353 TI - Acid-soluble pigments of molluscan shells; identity of some subsidiary fractions derived from Pinctada vulgaris. PMID- 14791354 TI - The orientation of glucuronic acid conjugation in resacetophenone. PMID- 14791355 TI - Organic catalysts of the oxidation of ascorbic acid and of ketoses. PMID- 14791356 TI - Kinetic studies of the metabolism of foreign organic compounds. PMID- 14791358 TI - Spectrophotometric determination beta-glucuronidase activity using p chlorophenylglucuronide as substrate. PMID- 14791357 TI - Further observations on the use of paper chromatography for the detection of phenolic compounds in metabolic studies. PMID- 14791360 TI - The distribution of fructose in fractionated specimens of human semen. PMID- 14791359 TI - An ether-soluble precursor of coproporphyrin in urine. PMID- 14791361 TI - Studies on the average content of nucleic acids in human marrow cells. PMID- 14791362 TI - Fluoroacetate poisoning and 'jamming' of the tricarboxylic acid cycle; mode of action of an 'active' fluoro compound synthesized via this cycle. PMID- 14791363 TI - Metabolic maintenance of the inorganic and creatine phosphates of brain tissue in vitro. PMID- 14791364 TI - The biosynthesis of choline methyl groups in the rat. PMID- 14791365 TI - The effects of alcohols on cholinesterases; general. PMID- 14791366 TI - The effect of alcohols on cholinesterases; investigation of the mechanism of activation. PMID- 14791367 TI - The turn-over number of cholinesterases. PMID- 14791368 TI - The variation of the cholinesterases of the blood in health. PMID- 14791369 TI - The electrometric method of Michel for the estimation of cholinesterases. PMID- 14791370 TI - A bridge unit for filter-paper chromatography. PMID- 14791371 TI - An automatic fraction-cutter for use in partition chromatography. PMID- 14791372 TI - [Determination of vegetable peroxidase]. PMID- 14791373 TI - [Regeneration of vegetable peroxidase; result of the reaction of vegetable peroxidase and cytochromeperoxidase to the presence of hydrocyanic acid]. PMID- 14791374 TI - [Oxidation by Acetobacter. 10. Oxidation of enantiomorphic forms of xylose and arabinose]. PMID- 14791375 TI - [Method for determination of vitamin B1 using Phycomyces in subsurface culture]. PMID- 14791376 TI - [Method for quantitative measurement of conditional variations in actomyosin]. PMID- 14791377 TI - [Interface studies on the phase boundary of an oil-water system in relation to the problem of lipase activity and emulsification]. PMID- 14791378 TI - [Production of mycoprotein by culture of Oospora lactis in dealcoholized molasses waste]. PMID- 14791379 TI - [Continuous polarographic determination of oxygen in chloride solutions, and its application to the measurement of tissue respiration]. PMID- 14791380 TI - [Determination of the adrenocortical hormone in the urine]. PMID- 14791381 TI - [Capacity of 3,5-diiodotyrosine and thyroxine, including the respective bromide and chloride substitution compounds of tyrosine and thyronine, to unite with diazonium salts]. PMID- 14791382 TI - [Ferments of the soil as a measure of biologic activity]. PMID- 14791383 TI - [Effect of the potassium ion upon formation and activity of the enzymes of the yeasts and mould fungi]. PMID- 14791384 TI - [Problem of the effect of the cathepsin and pepsin of human gastric juice on fixed substrates]. PMID- 14791385 TI - [Osmosis in protein crystals]. PMID- 14791386 TI - [Effect of strophanthin on the cytochromoxydase-cytochrome C system]. PMID- 14791387 TI - [Means of increasing accuracy in flame photometry]. PMID- 14791388 TI - [Direct determination of creatine in the urine]. PMID- 14791389 TI - [Lipoid fractions in the pathologic liver]. PMID- 14791390 TI - [Methionine, cystine, tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine and accompanying non protein substances in dry protein of the flesh of fresh-water fish]. PMID- 14791391 TI - Pasteur effect in dead yeast. PMID- 14791392 TI - The electron microscopy of myelinated nerve. PMID- 14791393 TI - The action of egg white lysozyme on ovomucoid and ovomucin. PMID- 14791394 TI - Biophysical and physiological investigations on cartilage and other mesenchymal tissues. I. An interferometer apparatus for determination of diffusion constants in gels and tissues. PMID- 14791395 TI - [Contribution to the study of thawing contraction]. PMID- 14791396 TI - The bacterial surface. II. Effect of uranyl chloride on the electrophoretic mobility of bacteria. PMID- 14791397 TI - [Nature and significance of gram protein of the male gamete of Ascaris megalocephala]. PMID- 14791398 TI - Note on the products formed on lysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus by egg white lysozyme. PMID- 14791399 TI - [Tiselius Longsworth electrophoresis apparatus feasible in the laboratory]. PMID- 14791400 TI - [The ultraviolet spectra of lysozyme; with consideration of several amino acids and some of their peptides]. PMID- 14791401 TI - The technique of ultra-violet absorption spectroscopy with the Burch reflecting microscope. PMID- 14791402 TI - Esterase activity and certain excretion in E-deficient rats. PMID- 14791403 TI - The effect of adrenaline injection in the utilization of glucose in muscle extracts. PMID- 14791404 TI - Studies on the lipolytic enzyme action. I. Kinetics of pancreatic lipase activity on an ester in homogeneous aqueous solution. PMID- 14791405 TI - [Method of attack of horse globin by trypsin and chymotrypsin]. PMID- 14791406 TI - [Some properties of phosphatases of leaves]. PMID- 14791407 TI - Cysteine, cystine and methionine in the skin of young and adult rats. PMID- 14791408 TI - The determination of 4-methyl-2-thiouracil in animal blood, urine and faces. PMID- 14791409 TI - Mouse liver nucleic acids. I. Isolation and chemical characterization. PMID- 14791410 TI - Mouse liver nucleic acids. II. Ultra-violet absorption studies. PMID- 14791411 TI - [On the specificity of certain bacterial deguanidases generating urea and on arginindihydrolase]. PMID- 14791412 TI - The inhibitory effect of stilbamidine, curare and related compounds and its relationship to the active groups of acetylcholine esterase; action of stilbamidine upon nerve impulse conduction. PMID- 14791414 TI - Observations on polarity in the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. PMID- 14791413 TI - Vitamin B12. I. The relation between vitamins B12 and B12b. PMID- 14791415 TI - Alkaline phosphatase activity in kidneys of glomerular and aglomerular marine teleosts. PMID- 14791416 TI - Photosynthesis and photoreduction by the blue green alga, Synechococcus elongatus, Nag. PMID- 14791417 TI - Photoreactivation of ultraviolet light injury in gametes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. PMID- 14791418 TI - Cyst-formation in Aeolosoma hemprichi (Ehr). PMID- 14791419 TI - The relation between the scattering layer and the Euphausiacea. PMID- 14791420 TI - The respiratory metabolism of excised tissues of warm- and cold-adapted fishes. PMID- 14791421 TI - Body insulation of some arctic and tropical mammals and birds. PMID- 14791422 TI - Heat regulation in some arctic and tropical mammals and birds. PMID- 14791423 TI - Adaptation to cold in arctic and tropical mammals and birds in relation to body temperature, insulation, and basal metabolic rate. PMID- 14791424 TI - Reproduction of Dudresnaya crassa Howe. PMID- 14791425 TI - The reproductive potential of a single clone of Pelmatohydra oligactis. PMID- 14791426 TI - Oscilloscopic and stroboscopic analysis of the flight sounds of Drosophila. PMID- 14791427 TI - The mechanism of accumulation. PMID- 14791428 TI - The role of growth and metabolism in ion accumulation of plant cells. PMID- 14791429 TI - Potassium movement in relation to drug and ion action in nerve. PMID- 14791430 TI - The disturbance by x-rays of selective potassium accumulation in human erythrocytes. PMID- 14791431 TI - Studies on the permeability of human erythrocytes to potassium. PMID- 14791432 TI - Some ionic exchanges and ionic equilibria of the erythrocyte. PMID- 14791433 TI - The effect of physostigmine and acetyl choline on the permeability of erythrocytes. PMID- 14791434 TI - The influence of carbohydrates and insulin on the potassium content of leucocytes and muscle. PMID- 14791435 TI - Studies on carbohydrate metabolism in mammalian muscle. PMID- 14791436 TI - The nature of the electrolyte pump in the isolated surviving frog skin. PMID- 14791437 TI - Experiments supporting the phase-boundary theory of bio-electricity. PMID- 14791438 TI - Complex formation in protein solutions obtained by mild extraction of skeletal muscle. PMID- 14791439 TI - Experiments on spiracles. PMID- 14791440 TI - A new technique for the study of biological structures in the electron microscope. PMID- 14791441 TI - The role of phosphagen in fertilization of the sea urchin egg. PMID- 14791442 TI - Effects of nitrate on muscle and nerve responses. PMID- 14791443 TI - Photochemical inactivation of chymotrypsin. PMID- 14791444 TI - Some effects of x-rays on the mechanisms of cell division. PMID- 14791445 TI - Direct spectroscopic observations on cytochrome oxidase and its reaction with carbon monoxide. PMID- 14791446 TI - Oxidase activity--light absorption relationships in cytochrome system of heart muscle preparations. PMID- 14791447 TI - Oxidation and reductions catalyzed by isolated chloroplasts. PMID- 14791448 TI - The influence of glycolytic factors on the potassium and sodium content of the yeast cell. PMID- 14791449 TI - Anomalous penetration of phosphate into the gills of Mytilus. PMID- 14791450 TI - Effect of stretch on conduction in single nerve fibers. PMID- 14791451 TI - Alkaline phosphatase activity in normal and scorbutic bones. PMID- 14791452 TI - Reduction of Janus Green by isolated enzyme systems. PMID- 14791453 TI - The reduction of Janus Green by liver cell constituents and a proposed mechanism for the supravital staining of mitochondria. PMID- 14791454 TI - The enzymatic conversion of ovalbumin to plakalbumin. PMID- 14791455 TI - The denaturation of ricin as affected by pH and temperature. PMID- 14791456 TI - The preparation and properties of the conalbumin of egg white. PMID- 14791457 TI - Extension of the functional life span of spermatozoa by amino acids and peptides. PMID- 14791458 TI - Respiration and fertilizing capacity of sea urchin sperm in presence of serum albumin and jelly coat solution. PMID- 14791460 TI - The permeability of erythrocytes at different temperatures. PMID- 14791459 TI - The effect of metabolic poisons on potassium loss from rabbit red cells. PMID- 14791461 TI - Polarized light and the orientation of bees. PMID- 14791462 TI - On the nature of Cypridina luciferin. PMID- 14791463 TI - Reactions catalyzed by isolated chloroplasts. PMID- 14791464 TI - Some spectrophotometric observations on invertebrate nerves and their extracts. PMID- 14791465 TI - Selective damage to fibroblasts by desoxycorticosterone in cultures of mixed tissues. PMID- 14791466 TI - Ionic balance required by some marine microorganisms and effect of quaternary ammonium ions. PMID- 14791467 TI - The control of elongation in the hypocotyl of the kidney bean. PMID- 14791468 TI - The sensitivity to light, reactions to shading, pigmentation, and color changes of the sea urchin, Diadema antillarum Philippi. PMID- 14791469 TI - Photo-recovery after ultraviolet radiation in amphibian larvae. PMID- 14791470 TI - Action of alcohol dehydrogenase on vitamin A. PMID- 14791471 TI - Population dynamics in Escherichia coli. PMID- 14791472 TI - Heterokaryosis between opposite mating types of Neurospora crassa. PMID- 14791473 TI - The homology patterns of induced lethal mutations in Neurospora crassa. PMID- 14791474 TI - Comparison of the base composition of nucleic acids of nuclei and cytoplasm of different mammalian tissues. PMID- 14791475 TI - Oxidative phosphorylation by a cell-free, particulate, enzyme system derived from fertilized Arbacia eggs. PMID- 14791476 TI - Action of a series of nitro- and halophenols on the respiration and cell division of Mactra solidissima. PMID- 14791477 TI - Action of dinitrocarvacrol and dinitrothymol on respiration of fertilized Arbacia and Mactra eggs and certain mammalian tissues and cell-free, particulate, phosphorylating systems. PMID- 14791478 TI - Some observations on phosphate uptake by Tetrahymena geleii. PMID- 14791479 TI - Double refraction of flow studies on desoxypentose nucleic acid. PMID- 14791480 TI - The kinetics of denaturation of several proteins. PMID- 14791481 TI - The effect of pH upon the rate of denaturation of several proteins. PMID- 14791482 TI - Some physical constants of the Fundulus egg. PMID- 14791483 TI - Temperature alteration of carbamate narcosis of dividing Arbacia eggs. PMID- 14791484 TI - Isotonic solutions for the erythrocytes of the smooth dogfish, mackerel and tautog. PMID- 14791485 TI - Further studies on the action of a cytoplasmic component on jelly coat and membrane formation in Arbacia punctulata. PMID- 14791486 TI - The exchange of radioactive calcium by unfertilized and fertilized Arbacia punctulata eggs with or without jelly coats. PMID- 14791487 TI - The effect of tissue extracts on cell division. PMID- 14791488 TI - The action of heparin on fertilization in the eggs of Arbacia punctulata and Echinarachnius parma. PMID- 14791489 TI - The action of heparin on fertilization and cleavage in some marine eggs. PMID- 14791490 TI - An experimental study of maturation in Chaetopterus eggs. PMID- 14791491 TI - Changes in the protoplasmic cortex during cell division. PMID- 14791492 TI - Microscopy in the ultraviolet visible and infrared. PMID- 14791493 TI - Invertebrate photoreceptors. PMID- 14791494 TI - The loci of action of ultraviolet and x-radiation, and of photorecovery, in the egg and sperm of Arbacia. PMID- 14791495 TI - Integumentary pigmentation and the coelomic fluid of Thyone briareus (Lesueur). PMID- 14791496 TI - Micro-injection of CaCl2 into the giant nerve axon of the squid. PMID- 14791497 TI - Some low frequency characteristics of axoplasm and the nerve membrane. PMID- 14791498 TI - Progressive changes in the nerve membrane admittance after dissection. PMID- 14791499 TI - Electrically induced optical and dimensional changes in single axons including the squid. Preliminary observations on ion effects. PMID- 14791500 TI - Preliminary observations on squid axon structure. Light scattering properties using an intracellular light source and mechanical prod. PMID- 14791501 TI - Renal chloride excretion by the smooth dog-fish, Mustelus canis. PMID- 14791502 TI - Observations on the flight motor of Diptera. PMID- 14791503 TI - Dependence of ciliary action upon acetylcholinesterase activity. PMID- 14791504 TI - Microphallid metacercariae encysted in Limulu polyphemus. PMID- 14791505 TI - Larval trematodes from the planarian, Dugesia tigrinum. PMID- 14791506 TI - Notes on growth and cystment in Dileptus binucleatus. PMID- 14791508 TI - The marine sand dwelling ciliates of Cape Cod shores. PMID- 14791507 TI - The position of Japanese varieties of Paramecium caudatum with respect to American varieties. PMID- 14791509 TI - Vascular patterns and behavior in typical parapodia of Nereis virens and Nereis limbata. PMID- 14791510 TI - Failure to find intercellular protoplasmic continuity in Griffithsia globulifera. PMID- 14791511 TI - On the absence of a fine internal network in erythrocytes of Elasmobranches. PMID- 14791512 TI - The role of epidermis in amphibian regeneration as revealed by triploid and haploid transplants to diploid limbs. PMID- 14791513 TI - Transphosphorylation in annelid muscle. PMID- 14791514 TI - Progress report on investigations of the Nudibranchiata of New England. PMID- 14791515 TI - The effect of Janus Green B on cleavage and protoplasmic viscosity. PMID- 14791516 TI - Growth of pedigreed strains of Paramecium caudatum and P. aurelia on a nonliving medium. PMID- 14791517 TI - Viability of Arbacia gametes in relation to time. PMID- 14791518 TI - The cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase contents of squid (Loligo pealii) axoplasm and other nervous tissues. PMID- 14791519 TI - Comparative studies on the cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase content of toadfish (Opsanus tau) and rat kidneys. PMID- 14791521 TI - Growth of Campanularia colonies. PMID- 14791520 TI - Dividing Arbacia eggs as test objects for the effects of cortisone and desoxycorticosterone on cell division, potassium permeability, and glucose utilization. PMID- 14791522 TI - Phosphatase activity in Tetrahymena. PMID- 14791523 TI - "Spot" beats in deganglionated Limulus hearts. PMID- 14791524 TI - The effect of p32 on the division time of Arbacia eggs. PMID- 14791525 TI - Staining procedures for whole mounts of the spinning glands of Habrobracon larvae. PMID- 14791526 TI - Starvation studies with Habrobracon. II. Haploid males, diploid males, and diploid females compared in longevity. PMID- 14791527 TI - Variable sensitivity of Chaetopterus eggs to ultraviolet light. PMID- 14791529 TI - Luminescent reactions in the "railroad worm," Phrixothrix. PMID- 14791528 TI - Photography of Arbacia punctulata eggs with infrared light. PMID- 14791530 TI - Nitrogen deficiency and coloration red algae. PMID- 14791531 TI - The enzymes of the isolated islet tissue of the toadfish (Opsanus tau): cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase. PMID- 14791532 TI - Are nutritive substances essential for hydranth formation in Tubularia? PMID- 14791533 TI - Activation of Nereis eggs by a detergent. PMID- 14791534 TI - Relative solubility of the components of the Nereis egg. PMID- 14791535 TI - A cytological analysis of the effects of cyanide and 4,6-dinitro-orthocresol on the mitotic phases in Arbacia punctulata. PMID- 14791536 TI - Factors involved in the breakdown of the germinal vesicle in the egg of Chaetopterus pergamentaceus. PMID- 14791537 TI - The influence of the glycolytic inhibitor iodoacetic acid on aging and on the potassium and sodium content of the egg cells of Mactra solidissima. PMID- 14791538 TI - Aqueous chlorophyll preparations from blue-green algae. PMID- 14791539 TI - A study of the development of the fin and trunk musculature in Elasmobranch fishes. PMID- 14791540 TI - Studies of the carbohydrate metabolism of invertebrate tissues in vitro. PMID- 14791541 TI - Phosphorus metabolism in embryonic and adult invertebrate tissues. PMID- 14791542 TI - The occurrence of a new variety containing two opposite mating types of Paramecium calkinsi as found in sea water of high salinity content. PMID- 14791543 TI - A simple method for obtaining large numbers of fission-stages of Paramecium and certain other negatively geotropic ciliates. PMID- 14791544 TI - Proteolytic enzymes in the eggs of the clam, Mactra solidissima. PMID- 14791545 TI - Water and biological morphology. PMID- 14791546 TI - Water and biological function. PMID- 14791547 TI - Studies on the distribution of the oxidative pathway of glucose-6-phosphate utilization. PMID- 14791548 TI - Studies on spindle material. PMID- 14791549 TI - Auxin effects in Bryopsis. PMID- 14791550 TI - Respiration and iodine uptake by the brown algae. PMID- 14791551 TI - The effect of divalent ions on Echinoderm phosphatases. PMID- 14791552 TI - Reactions related to photosynthesis and respiration. PMID- 14791553 TI - Separation and characterization of neurosecretory material from Fundulus heteroclitus. PMID- 14791554 TI - The construction and uses of fractional factorial designs in industrial research. PMID- 14791555 TI - Some remarks on animal population dynamics. PMID- 14791556 TI - Compound symmetry tests in the multivariate analysis of medical experiments. PMID- 14791557 TI - A simple trend test with application to erythrocyte size data. PMID- 14791558 TI - A note on the four by four Latin Squares. PMID- 14791559 TI - An inverse sampling procedure for bacterial plate counts. PMID- 14791560 TI - Experimental designs; a survey of types of experimental designs. PMID- 14791561 TI - Experimental designs; multivariate experimentation. PMID- 14791562 TI - Discussion on experimental design; a survey of types of experimental designs. PMID- 14791563 TI - Biometrical aspects of biological assay; biological assays with special reference to biological standards. PMID- 14791564 TI - Biometrical aspects of biological assay; the analysis of a collaborative assay of the Third International Digitalis Standard preparation. PMID- 14791565 TI - DISCUSSION on biometrical aspects of biological assay. PMID- 14791566 TI - Outline of a mathematical theory of peck right. PMID- 14791567 TI - Contributed papers; on the mathematical theory of the equilibrium of interactions between proteins and other substances. PMID- 14791568 TI - [Factorial analysis of incubation time]. PMID- 14791569 TI - Free hand curves in estimating the potency of human sera against Toxoplasma. PMID- 14791570 TI - Outline of a mathematical theory of peck right. PMID- 14791571 TI - On a mathematical theory of the equilibrium of the interactions between proteins and other substances. PMID- 14791572 TI - Gene frequencies in a cline determined by selection and diffusion. PMID- 14791573 TI - Problems in the analysis of growth and wear curves. PMID- 14791574 TI - The relative frequency of sparse cell elements--an application to reticulocyte blood counts. PMID- 14791575 TI - A biometric study of the excretion of corticosteroids in children in relation to age, height and weight. PMID- 14791576 TI - The evaluation of diagnostic tests. PMID- 14791577 TI - Estimates of the LD50; a critique. PMID- 14791578 TI - The planning of probit assays. PMID- 14791579 TI - Some observations with respect to the error of bio-assay. PMID- 14791580 TI - Iron metabolism; the pathophysiology of iron storage. PMID- 14791581 TI - The intestinal content in pernicious anemia of factors for the growth of Streptococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus leichmannii. PMID- 14791582 TI - The electrical conductivity of blood. I: Relationship to erythrocyte concentration. PMID- 14791583 TI - The electrical conductivity of blood. II. Relation to red cell count. PMID- 14791584 TI - Additional evidence for the anti-d; statistical studies. PMID- 14791585 TI - Guanazolo in the therapy of Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 14791586 TI - Hemolysis with alloxan and alloxan-like compounds, and the protective action of tocopherol. PMID- 14791587 TI - Studies in electron microscopy of blood cells. PMID- 14791588 TI - Transfusion of leukemic leukocytes in man; hematologic and physiologic changes. PMID- 14791589 TI - Intravascular hemagglutination; experimental and clinical observations, with special reference to the pathogenesis of kernicterus. PMID- 14791590 TI - The influence of Rh hapten therapy on the course of Rh isosensitization in pregnancy. PMID- 14791591 TI - Circulating anticoagulants in hemophilia and in hemophilia-like disease. PMID- 14791592 TI - Group-specific appearance of plasma clots. PMID- 14791593 TI - The effect of desoxycorticosterone acetate and vitamin C on chronic leukemia. PMID- 14791594 TI - Aleukemic leukemoid response in miliary tuberculosis. PMID- 14791595 TI - Iron deficiency, iron therapy, and injectable iron. PMID- 14791596 TI - Studies on the effect of splenectomy on the total leukocyte count in the albino rat. PMID- 14791597 TI - Tumor metastases in bone marrow. PMID- 14791598 TI - Hematologic effects of regional nitrogen mustard therapy. PMID- 14791599 TI - Blood cell formation in certain teleost fishes. PMID- 14791600 TI - Variation and error in eosinophil counts of blood and bone marrow. PMID- 14791601 TI - The normal megakaryocyte concentration in aspirated human bone marrow. PMID- 14791602 TI - A method for quantitative estimation of mast cells in the bone marrow of the rat. PMID- 14791603 TI - Conversion factors and accelerators in the formation of thrombin. PMID- 14791604 TI - [Classification of pulmonary tuberculosis; discussion on standards of the American Trudeau Society]. PMID- 14791605 TI - Some observations on rickets in Puerto Rico. PMID- 14791606 TI - General characteristics of personality. PMID- 14791607 TI - Recent trends in poliomyelitis. PMID- 14791608 TI - [Paralysis of the phrenic nerve and pneumoperitoneum in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14791609 TI - [Plan for mental health in Puerto Rico]. PMID- 14791610 TI - DR. Manuel De La Pila. PMID- 14791611 TI - The present-day medical problems in Puerto Rico. PMID- 14791612 TI - Psychotherapy. PMID- 14791613 TI - The art of medicine in tuberculosis. PMID- 14791614 TI - Background for a medical school in Puerto Rico. PMID- 14791615 TI - [Presidential address, 1950]. PMID- 14791616 TI - [Scabies in Chile]. PMID- 14791617 TI - [Diphyllobothrium latum in Chile. III. New coprological research in the southern part of the country and verification of an autochthonous case in Santiago]. PMID- 14791618 TI - [Effect of terramycin on Balantidium coli. I. In vitro study]. PMID- 14791619 TI - [Frequency of hepatic-pulmonary localization and fertility of hydatid cysts in cattle, sheep and swine]. PMID- 14791620 TI - [Susceptibility of the hamster and Peromyscus to experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Tulahuen strain)]. PMID- 14791621 TI - [Taeniasis and therapy]. PMID- 14791622 TI - [Giant tumor of the breast]. PMID- 14791623 TI - [One stage reconstruction of the cheek]. PMID- 14791624 TI - [Primary tumors of the ureter]. PMID- 14791625 TI - [Palliative esophagojejunostomy]. PMID- 14791626 TI - [Esophageal cancer]. PMID- 14791627 TI - [In memory of Dr. Pedro P. Nobo Gelats (1940-1950)]. PMID- 14791628 TI - [Studies on the undernourished child; recuperation of the undernourished child using vegetable and animal proteins; first experimental study]. PMID- 14791629 TI - [The responsibility of the school in health problems]. PMID- 14791630 TI - [Economic analysis of antimalarial campaigns with imagocides of residual action]. PMID- 14791632 TI - [Integration of the basic plan and program of nursing]. PMID- 14791631 TI - [Three years of work of the Sanitary District No. 3, Mexico, D.F. 1947-1950]. PMID- 14791634 TI - [Continuous caudal analgesia in labor; needle technique]. PMID- 14791633 TI - [Considerations on the use of testosterone in women]. PMID- 14791635 TI - [Cesarean section with dead fetus]. PMID- 14791636 TI - [Virilizing tumor of ovary]. PMID- 14791637 TI - [Infectious mononucleosis and pregnancy; treatment with aureomycin]. PMID- 14791638 TI - [Uterine sarcoma; study on 11 clinical cases]. PMID- 14791639 TI - [Premature separation of placenta and lower nephron nephrosis]. PMID- 14791640 TI - [Treatment of vesicovaginal fistulas by the Conill method]. PMID- 14791641 TI - [Congenital hypoplasia of ovary; abnormalities of sexual growth and development in women caused by intrinsic hypo-ovaria]. PMID- 14791642 TI - [Face presentation]. PMID- 14791643 TI - [Parenchymatous endometritis treated with aureomycin]. PMID- 14791644 TI - [Method of acceleration and analgesia in labor]. PMID- 14791645 TI - [Latest research on characterization of sulfonamides and sulfones with Roux reaction]. PMID- 14791646 TI - [Microbiologic determination of vitamin B12]. PMID- 14791647 TI - [Adrenochrome and its derivatives in hemostasis]. PMID- 14791648 TI - [Tween 61 excipient base for suppositories]. PMID- 14791649 TI - [Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis]. PMID- 14791650 TI - [Hunter's canal syndrome (Palma's syndrome in chronic obliterating arteriopathies)]. PMID- 14791651 TI - [Chronic pancreatitis. Papillotomy]. PMID- 14791652 TI - [Crawfoord's thoracotomy in pulmonary cancer]. PMID- 14791653 TI - [Fallot's disease; anastomosis of left subclavian and pulmonary arteries]. PMID- 14791654 TI - [Biologic treatment of hydatiodosis; observations of a case treated 7 years]. PMID- 14791655 TI - [Hepatobiliary kinesia in the light of cholangography during the operation]. PMID- 14791656 TI - [Pancreatic trypsin in the pathogenesis of cholecystopathies]. PMID- 14791657 TI - [Chronic hydropneumothorax; pulmonary decortication]. PMID- 14791658 TI - [Gastrojejunocolic fistula]. PMID- 14791659 TI - [Treatment of megaesophagus]. PMID- 14791660 TI - [Struma lymphomatous or lymphoid or Hashimoto; 5 observations]. PMID- 14791661 TI - [Ectopic testes]. PMID- 14791662 TI - [Anesthesia in thyrotoxicosis]. PMID- 14791663 TI - [Struma lymphomatous or lymphoid or Hashimoto; 5 observations]. PMID- 14791664 TI - [Biologic treatment of hydatidosis]. PMID- 14791665 TI - [Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis]. PMID- 14791666 TI - [Hepato-biliary kinesia in relation to cholangography during the operation]. PMID- 14791667 TI - [Ectopic testes]. PMID- 14791668 TI - [Stenosing arteriopathies of the lower extremity; Hunter's canal and third abductor ring syndrome]. PMID- 14791669 TI - [Multiple pulmonary hydatidosis; Perez Fontana's operation]. PMID- 14791670 TI - [Chronic shock]. PMID- 14791671 TI - [Quantitative diagnosis of acute hemorrhage]. PMID- 14791672 TI - [Studies on blood circulation of the small intestine]. PMID- 14791673 TI - [Anesthesia in thyrotoxicosis]. PMID- 14791674 TI - [Testicular tumors]. PMID- 14791675 TI - [Cubito-radial fractures and the rhythm of pronosupination]. PMID- 14791676 TI - [Vertebral echinococcosis; clinico-radiologic, diagnostic-therapeutic and casuistic studies]. PMID- 14791677 TI - [Surgical treatment of paralysis of the obliquus superior]. PMID- 14791678 TI - [Peculiar corneal degeneration in a patient with keratoconus]. PMID- 14791679 TI - [Rare case of congenital sclerocorneal cyst]. PMID- 14791680 TI - [Efficacy of dihydroergotamine in ophthalmic hemicrania and glaucoma]. PMID- 14791681 TI - [Research on the penetration of para-aminosalicylic acid in the eye]. PMID- 14791682 TI - [Passage and concentration of para-aminosalicylic acid in aqueous humor]. PMID- 14791683 TI - [Experimental research on the penetration of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) in the aqueous humor of animals and men]. PMID- 14791684 TI - [Action of PAS and association of PAS with streptomycin in experimental ocular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14791685 TI - [Action of streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid in ocular tuberculosis. I. Experimental research]. PMID- 14791686 TI - [Action of streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid in ocular tuberculosis. II. Clinical research]. PMID- 14791687 TI - [Effect of 2-phenylbenzylaminomethyl-imidazoline (antistine) on external ocular diseases]. PMID- 14791688 TI - [Antihistaminics and the eye. II & III. Experimental research on passage of antihistamines in anterior chamber and their effects on hemophthalmic barrier]. PMID- 14791689 TI - [Relation between sympathetic irritation and sympathetic ophthalmitis; introduction to sympathetic ophthalmitis; clinical and histopathologic contribution]. PMID- 14791690 TI - [Latest experimental research on the effect of influenzal virus on ocular tissue]. PMID- 14791692 TI - [Causes of secondary opaqueness of graft in keratoplasty]. PMID- 14791691 TI - [Behavior of retinal arterial pressure in essential hypertension following administration of vitamin A]. PMID- 14791693 TI - [Contribution to the interpretation of the phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis manifested in some infectious disease]. PMID- 14791694 TI - [Pharmacological research on isolated muscles of the iris]. PMID- 14791695 TI - [Quantitative analysis of keto acids in human and ox vitreus]. PMID- 14791696 TI - [Association of glaucoma with retinitis pigmentosa]. PMID- 14791697 TI - [Experimental research on effect of aureomycin on herpetic infections of cornea]. PMID- 14791698 TI - [Aureomycin and trachoma]. PMID- 14791699 TI - [Retinal correspondence in functional strabismus]. PMID- 14791700 TI - [Importance of amblyopia in hereditary strabismus]. PMID- 14791701 TI - [Considerations on kerato-hypopyon in the province of Potenza]. PMID- 14791702 TI - [Commemoration of Filippo Bottazzi]. PMID- 14791703 TI - [Hormonal functions of plants]. PMID- 14791704 TI - [Ureagenesis and uricosynthesis in the series of vertebrates]. PMID- 14791705 TI - [Studies on physical training. IX. Data on urine during training in man]. PMID- 14791706 TI - [Studies on physical training. X. Weight curve during training in man]. PMID- 14791707 TI - [Studies on physical training. XI. Indophenol-oxidasic power of skeletal muscle and of central nerve substance in the white rat]. PMID- 14791708 TI - [The electric potentials of the ventricular myocardium of Bufo vulg. during contraction of tetanic type]. PMID- 14791709 TI - [Presumed cholinergic action of adrenalin]. PMID- 14791710 TI - [Surface tension of the serum of human subjects exposed to low barometric pressure]. PMID- 14791711 TI - [Biometric research on the behavior of the remaining testis after removal of the other in the guinea pig. I. Behavior of the weight]. PMID- 14791712 TI - [Position of quinurenic, xanthurenic and quinolinic acids in the conversion of tryptophan into nicotinic acid]. PMID- 14791713 TI - [Glycolysis in smooth muscle tissue]. PMID- 14791714 TI - [Biochemistry of Oospora lactis. V. Latest research on the utilization of pentoses]. PMID- 14791715 TI - [Metabolism of arginine in Staphylococcus albus]. PMID- 14791716 TI - [Metabolism of citric acid in man in normal conditions]. PMID- 14791717 TI - [Effect of glucose on metabolism of acids of the citric cycle in man in normal conditions]. PMID- 14791718 TI - [Experimental gastric ulcer in the rat]. PMID- 14791719 TI - [Aspects of iodine metabolism in goiter. I. Behavior and significance of iodemia in goiter and its variation after surgery]. PMID- 14791720 TI - [Aspects of iodine metabolism in goiter. II. Behavior of glandular iodine and its relations with the structure of the goiter]. PMID- 14791721 TI - [Importance of fasting and of the humoral variations connected with it in the pathogenesis of so-called hypochloremic calcic nephrosis]. PMID- 14791722 TI - [Therapeutic effect of methylthiouracil and manganous chloride on the hepatic steatosis of acute phosphorus poisoning]. PMID- 14791723 TI - [Evolution of experimental influenza in relation to fatigue]. PMID- 14791724 TI - [Effect of an anionic detergent on E. coli]. PMID- 14791725 TI - [The behavior of aureomycin in the animal organism investigated with the fluorometric method]. PMID- 14791726 TI - [The behavior of aureomycin in the animal organism investigated with the fluorometric method. II. Methods of titration]. PMID- 14791727 TI - [The behavior of aureomycin in the animal organism investigated with the fluorometric method. III. Factors of transformation of aureomycin]. PMID- 14791728 TI - [The behavior of aureomycin in the animal organism investigated with the fluorometric method. IV. Elimination with urine and bile]. PMID- 14791729 TI - [The behavior of aureomycin in the animal organism investigated with the fluorometric method. V. Rate of absorption and distribution in the organs]. PMID- 14791730 TI - [The behavior of aureomycin in the animal organism investigated with the fluorometric method. VI. Passage through the placenta]. PMID- 14791731 TI - [Mono-amino- and di-amino-oxidases in palatine tonsils and adenoids]. PMID- 14791732 TI - [Parallelism between mono- and di-amino-oxidase activity of the palatine tonsils and adenoids and the relative histologic findings]. PMID- 14791733 TI - [Mechanism of action of vitamin B12]. PMID- 14791734 TI - [Adenosintriphosphatase and myosin in the chick embryo during development]. PMID- 14791735 TI - [Chloramphenicol and antibody production]. PMID- 14791736 TI - [Effect of steroids on choline dehydrogenase]. PMID- 14791737 TI - [A simple method for demonstrating bacterial nuclei]. PMID- 14791738 TI - [Hemagglutination of the tubercle bacillus. I. Agglutination on a protein fraction]. PMID- 14791739 TI - [Hemagglutination of tubercle bacillus. II. Presence of incomplete agglutinating antibodies]. PMID- 14791740 TI - [Reversibility of the bacteriostatic effect of streptomycin and PAS on Mycobacterium tuberculosis]. PMID- 14791741 TI - [Various forms of protein molecule]. PMID- 14791742 TI - [Induction of ossification in amphibians by means of alcohol extracts of bone]. PMID- 14791743 TI - [Relations between the fluorescent spectra of folic acid and of other pteridins in aqueous solution]. PMID- 14791744 TI - [Research on the fluorescence of riboflavin and its irradiation products]. PMID- 14791745 TI - [Histochemistry of lipids. I. Structure of chromolipids]. PMID- 14791746 TI - [Anatomy of Hunter's canal]. PMID- 14791747 TI - [Arteriovenous anastomoses and block devices in the fetal vessels of the human placenta]. PMID- 14791748 TI - [Moniliform vessels of the human placenta]. PMID- 14791749 TI - [Comparative histological research on the sensitive nerve expansions of the trachea and bronchi]. PMID- 14791750 TI - [Presence of peculiar vascular devices (arteriovenous anastomoses and block devices) in a teratoma of the nasopharynx]. PMID- 14791751 TI - [Histologic demonstration of arteriovenous anastomoses and block devices in the minute arteries of the articular muscles of the knee]. PMID- 14791752 TI - [Variations of the relations between the spinal nerve roots during ontogenetic development]. PMID- 14791753 TI - [Histologic aspects of the innervation of the prostate of the human fetus]. PMID- 14791754 TI - [New research on the vegetative innervation of the seminal vesicles of the horse]. PMID- 14791755 TI - [Histologic findings on the innervation of the pericardial sac in man]. PMID- 14791756 TI - [Effect of steroids in experimental formalin arthritis]. PMID- 14791757 TI - [Effect, alone and associated, of adrenalin and endocorticalin on the heart of Scyllium canicula]. PMID- 14791758 TI - [Action of local anesthetics on the effect of potassium on the sartorius of Bufo]. PMID- 14791759 TI - [Classification of ganglioplegic drugs]. PMID- 14791761 TI - [Effect of quinine in vivo and in vitro on the metabolism of muscle tissue]. PMID- 14791760 TI - [Further research on granulopexy and increase of permeability of the small vessels. I. Effect of narconumal and ether anesthesia on the permeability and granulopexy of the endothelial cells of the small vessels]. PMID- 14791762 TI - [Effect of some factors of vitamin B complex on isolated gallbladder of guinea pig]. PMID- 14791763 TI - [Determination of the toxic activity of some chemotherapeutic agents]. PMID- 14791764 TI - [Assay of antibiotic activity of syntomycetin (synthetic chloramphenicol)]. PMID- 14791765 TI - [Urination and blood levels in man and in laboratory animals after administration of sodium gentisate]. PMID- 14791767 TI - [Intervitamin correlations. XI. Riboflavin and experimental scurvy]. PMID- 14791766 TI - [Toxicity and pharmacologic effects of gentisic acid]. PMID- 14791768 TI - [Intervitamin correlations. XII. Folic acid and experimental scurvy]. PMID- 14791769 TI - [Lipotropic and non-tryptic pancreatic fraction]. PMID- 14791770 TI - [Nature of the antisteatosic pancreatic factor]. PMID- 14791771 TI - [Effect of insulin on a reaction of oxidative phosphorylation]. PMID- 14791772 TI - [Insulinase in the blood of normal individuals (non-diabetic)]. PMID- 14791773 TI - [Effect of citrate on phosphatase]. PMID- 14791774 TI - [Esterase activity in rats treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14791775 TI - [Transformation in vivo of d,1-3-oxykynurenine into xanthurenic acid]. PMID- 14791776 TI - [Determination of kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid]. PMID- 14791777 TI - [Exact qualitative analysis for certain metals in toxicology]. PMID- 14791778 TI - [Behavior of some sterins in alcoholic solution in the presence of phosphate of colloidal aluminum]. PMID- 14791779 TI - [Chromatographic identification and determination of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid]. PMID- 14791780 TI - [Chromatographic identification and determination of uric nucleoside]. PMID- 14791781 TI - [Research on the respiratory enzymes of the ocular tissues: presence of cytochrome c in the crystalline]. PMID- 14791782 TI - [Reproduction, lactation and development of the rat on standard diet]. PMID- 14791783 TI - Thresholds of cortical representation. PMID- 14791784 TI - [Research on the fluorescence of the hemolymph of Orthoptera; spectrographic identification of isoxanthopterin]. PMID- 14791785 TI - Encephalitis and encephalomyelitis in England and Wales during the last decade. PMID- 14791786 TI - Visual-spatial agnosia associated with lesions of the right cerebral hemisphere. PMID- 14791787 TI - Cortical rhythms not seen in the electroencephalogram. PMID- 14791788 TI - A case of auditory agnosia. PMID- 14791789 TI - Sensory changes in procaine nerve block. PMID- 14791790 TI - The chemistry of cerebral cysts. PMID- 14791791 TI - The advance of functional recovery after radial nerve lesions in man. PMID- 14791793 TI - The specificity of the electromyographic method for the investigation of the motor cortex. PMID- 14791792 TI - The validity of the concept of multiplicity of representation in the motor cortex under conditions of threshold stimulation. PMID- 14791795 TI - [Medical language]. PMID- 14791794 TI - [Urinary indices of intestinal intoxication (putrefaction)]. PMID- 14791796 TI - [Final commentary on the study of the nervous system]. PMID- 14791797 TI - [Contribution toward a better understanding of neotropic exanthematous typhus in Brazil]. PMID- 14791798 TI - [Benign lymphadenoid granuloma of the skin (lymphocytoma)]. PMID- 14791799 TI - [X-rays as identification]. PMID- 14791800 TI - [Acute poliomyelitis in South America]. PMID- 14791801 TI - [Medical language]. PMID- 14791802 TI - [Use of terramycin in the treatment of neotropic exanthematous typhus in Brazil]. PMID- 14791803 TI - [Problem of phlyctenular conjunctivitis with an introduction to the problem of erythema nodosum]. PMID- 14791804 TI - [Medical language]. PMID- 14791805 TI - [Papilledema and sinusitis]. PMID- 14791806 TI - [Cardiolipin in serodiagnosis of syphilis. III. False positive reactions in animal serum; comparison of microfloculation by Kline-cardiolipin with Wassermann Eagle and Kahn standard reactions]. PMID- 14791807 TI - [Influence of constitution in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14791808 TI - [Medical language]. PMID- 14791809 TI - [Phenylpyruvic oligophrenia in melanoderma]. PMID- 14791810 TI - [Pregnancy in nephrectomized tuberculous patient]. PMID- 14791811 TI - [Hemogram]. PMID- 14791812 TI - [Medical language]. PMID- 14791813 TI - [Control of influenza in non-epidemic periods]. PMID- 14791814 TI - [Treatment of tuberculosis with para-aminosalicylic acid; distribution of PAS in the organism]. PMID- 14791815 TI - [Food allergy]. PMID- 14791816 TI - [Transfixion of fractures of the forearm with Kirschner's wire]. PMID- 14791817 TI - [Pyribenzamine treatment of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 14791818 TI - [Rheumatic diseases of the temporomandibular joint]. PMID- 14791819 TI - [Lip carcinoma]. PMID- 14791821 TI - [Therapy of malignant cutaneous melanoma]. PMID- 14791820 TI - [Observations on the cutaneous tests for syphilis with the preparation luotest]. PMID- 14791822 TI - [Hematoma of the vulva as indication for cesarean section]. PMID- 14791824 TI - Civic universities and culture. PMID- 14791823 TI - [Problem of adrenocortical hormones and ACTH in the treatment of rheumatic diseases]. PMID- 14791825 TI - Oral hygiene. PMID- 14791826 TI - The diffusion of penicillin from the dental root canal. PMID- 14791827 TI - Root filling. PMID- 14791828 TI - Some physiological data on the human dental pulp. PMID- 14791829 TI - The polymerization of acrylic denture base materials. PMID- 14791830 TI - Preparation of the mouth for dentures. PMID- 14791831 TI - Gross decalcification and caries of lower deciduous teeth. PMID- 14791832 TI - The measurement of caries susceptibility. PMID- 14791833 TI - The dental nurse in the Federation of Malaya. PMID- 14791834 TI - The use of irreversible hydrocolloids in conservative dentistry. PMID- 14791835 TI - Fibrous dysplasia of bone: arrested jaw lesions. PMID- 14791836 TI - A modified flap method of gingivoplasty. PMID- 14791837 TI - A note on the public dental service in Malta. PMID- 14791838 TI - Conservation of the deciduous teeth. PMID- 14791839 TI - Dental caries and length of institutional residence; relationship between dental caries and calculus; dental caries and the pH of saliva. PMID- 14791840 TI - The identity of Tomes' fibre. PMID- 14791841 TI - Abnormal upper centrals. PMID- 14791842 TI - Malocclusion: its etiology and principles of treatment. PMID- 14791843 TI - An investigation into the physical properties, histopathology and clinical technique of the mouth temperature polymerizing resins. PMID- 14791844 TI - Universal gingivectomy knife using Bard-Parker blades. PMID- 14791845 TI - Chairman's address at the opening of the 59th session of the Dental Board of the United Kingdom. PMID- 14791846 TI - Erythema multiforme exudativum. An acute clinical entity with prominent oral manifestations. Historical review and report of five cases. PMID- 14791847 TI - Atypical trigeminal neuralgia. PMID- 14791848 TI - DENTISTS and civil defense. PMID- 14791849 TI - The role of salivary ammonia in dental caries. PMID- 14791850 TI - Dental facts and fantasies. PMID- 14791851 TI - The use of polyvinyl chloride in prosthetics. PMID- 14791852 TI - A case of an extensive adamantinoma of the mandible. PMID- 14791853 TI - Gold inlays by the direct method. PMID- 14791854 TI - JOINT Congress of the Council of the International Homoeopathic League, the Faculty of Homoeopathy and the British Homoeopathic Congress, held at the Royal London Homoeopathic Hospital, Great Osmond Street, London, W.C.1, on July 26th, 27th and 28th, 1950. PMID- 14791855 TI - Homoeopathy in France in 1950. PMID- 14791856 TI - Report on homoeopathy in Great Britain. PMID- 14791857 TI - Report on the position of homoeopathy in Scotland, July, 1950. PMID- 14791858 TI - Report of the national vice-president of homoeopathy in Holland on the International Homoeopathic League. PMID- 14791859 TI - Homoeopathy in Italy. PMID- 14791860 TI - Report on homoeopathy in Switzerland. PMID- 14791861 TI - Present position of homoeopathy in Argentina. PMID- 14791863 TI - Report about the present state of homoeopathy in Mexico. PMID- 14791862 TI - Report about the homoeopathic activities in Brazil. PMID- 14791864 TI - Present position of homoeopathy in India. PMID- 14791865 TI - Report of homoeopathy in Pakistan. PMID- 14791866 TI - PRESENT position of homoeopathy in Germany. PMID- 14791867 TI - League oration. PMID- 14791869 TI - The cure of surgical cases by homoeopathy. PMID- 14791868 TI - Congress presidential address: reflections on forty years of homoeopathic practice. PMID- 14791870 TI - Homoeopathic treatment of surgical cases. PMID- 14791871 TI - Homoeopathy in theory and practice. PMID- 14791872 TI - Experience from 32 years of homoeopathic practice. PMID- 14791873 TI - The value of the "individual approach" in medicine, emphasized and exemplified by experiences in homoeopathic prescribing. PMID- 14791874 TI - The homoeopathic treatment of skin diseases; a clinical paper. PMID- 14791875 TI - Homoeopathic prescribing in childhood. PMID- 14791876 TI - Histamine and skin diseases: their treatment with histamine in dilution. PMID- 14791878 TI - The Q-T interval in rheumatic disease in children. PMID- 14791877 TI - Right ventricular hypertrophy in the pneumoconiosis of coalminers. PMID- 14791880 TI - Tuberous xanthomatosis. PMID- 14791879 TI - Electrocardiographic patterns in slight coronary attacks. PMID- 14791881 TI - The ageing of cardiac infarcts, and its influence on cardiac rupture. PMID- 14791882 TI - Clinical measurement of the electrical resistance of a patient with an amplifier type of electrocardiograph. PMID- 14791883 TI - General anesthesia and cardiac inhibition. PMID- 14791884 TI - Theophylline-ethylenediamine in the measurement of blood circulation time. PMID- 14791885 TI - Postural hypotension: the localization of the lesion. PMID- 14791886 TI - Peripheral gangrene in myocardial infarction. PMID- 14791887 TI - Paroxysmal nodal tachycardia with retrograde heart block. PMID- 14791888 TI - Fluorescein test of circulation time in peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 14791889 TI - Unipolar electrocardiography in pulmonary stenosis. PMID- 14791890 TI - Complete A-V dissociation in acute rheumatism. PMID- 14791891 TI - Acute bacterial endarteritis. PMID- 14791892 TI - Hydatid heart disease with paroxysmal tachycardia. PMID- 14791893 TI - Interlobar hydrothorax in cardiac failure. PMID- 14791894 TI - Myxoma of heart with neurological signs. PMID- 14791895 TI - The effect on cell division of inhibiting aerobic glycolysis. PMID- 14791896 TI - The morphology of mouse pneumonitis virus (Nigg) in various hosts. PMID- 14791897 TI - Experimental enamel hypoplasia in rats. PMID- 14791898 TI - Biochemical changes in acute beryllium poisoning. PMID- 14791899 TI - The vascular supply to the liver and the anatomy of eclampsia. PMID- 14791900 TI - Formation of a bacterial adaptive enzyme system in the absence of substrate: production of nitratase by Bact. coli without nitrate. PMID- 14791901 TI - Immunological investigations in ten cases of plasmacytoma. PMID- 14791902 TI - The relationship of a newly-isolated human encephalitis virus to louping-ill virus. PMID- 14791903 TI - The lipids of foetal and neonatal lungs. PMID- 14791904 TI - Histochemical determination of gonadotrophin in the rat hypophysis. PMID- 14791905 TI - The metabolism of connective tissue: absence of alkaline phosphatase in collagen fibers during formation. PMID- 14791909 TI - On the maintenance of strains of Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium and S. matthei in the laboratory in Egypt, with special reference to the use of gerbils. PMID- 14791907 TI - Single cell culture of Cl. welchii type A morphologically changed by penicillin. PMID- 14791910 TI - The effect of diet on estrogen inactivation by the liver. PMID- 14791908 TI - Inhibition of haemagglutination by lipids, with special reference to Rh hapten. PMID- 14791906 TI - The action of penicillin on Cl. welchii type A. PMID- 14791911 TI - Use of antibiotics in the treatment of experimental diphtheria infections. PMID- 14791912 TI - Studies on the role of the adrenal cortex in adenosine triphosphate shock. PMID- 14791913 TI - The effect of injection on diphtheria prophylactic into apparently normal horses. PMID- 14791914 TI - The synergistic action of the anterior and posterior pituitary hormones and their possible relation to eclampsia. PMID- 14791915 TI - The use of the indirect sensitization technique as a method of titrating antibodies against a chemical compound. PMID- 14791917 TI - Regeneration in the submaxillary gland of the rat. PMID- 14791918 TI - Prolongation of survival of skin homotransplants in the rabbit by irradiation of the host. PMID- 14791916 TI - Tocopherol and protein deficiency in relation to the development of dietetic massive necrosis of the liver in rats. PMID- 14791919 TI - The process of cytolysis in mouse liver in vitro. PMID- 14791920 TI - The regional variations of extrafoveal perception of form in the central visual fields (photopic vision) with special reference to lesions of the visual pathways. PMID- 14791921 TI - Intramural vessels and endothelial cells in the walls of sclerosed retinal arteries. PMID- 14791922 TI - A comparative. PMID- 14791923 TI - Keratoglobus and keratoconus. A contribution to the nosological interpretation of keratoglobus. PMID- 14791924 TI - Aureomycin in trachoma. PMID- 14791925 TI - A case of leiomyoma of the iris. PMID- 14791926 TI - Appliances operating spectacles. PMID- 14791927 TI - A rack for ophthalmic needles and sutures. PMID- 14791928 TI - Control of experimental infection of the vitreous by penicillin. PMID- 14791929 TI - Therapeutic action of a pituitary extract in retinitis pigmentosa. PMID- 14791930 TI - Recessive sex-linked inheritance of external ophthalmoplegia and myopia coincident with other dysplasias. PMID- 14791931 TI - Contact lens in unilateral aphakia. PMID- 14791932 TI - Aureomycin in ophthalmology. PMID- 14791933 TI - Streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculous ulcers of the conjunctiva. PMID- 14791934 TI - Use of tantalum drains in glaucoma. PMID- 14791935 TI - A case of onchocerciasis in London and its treatment with hetrazan. PMID- 14791936 TI - Alacrimia congenita. PMID- 14791937 TI - Sympathetic ophthalmitis of unusual onset; a further report. PMID- 14791938 TI - Sterile anterior-chamber irrigation. PMID- 14791940 TI - Equipment for occupational therapy. PMID- 14791939 TI - Manipulative treatment. PMID- 14791941 TI - Voluntary musculature in the human body; the double-spiral arrangement. PMID- 14791942 TI - Antistin and histamine in arthritis. PMID- 14791943 TI - Some recent advances in rheumatology. PMID- 14791944 TI - The campaign against rheumatism. PMID- 14791945 TI - Manipulative treatment. PMID- 14791946 TI - The radiology of war injuries. IV. Wounds of the face and jaw. PMID- 14791947 TI - Relationship of the nature of the opaque medium to small intestine radiographic pattern. PMID- 14791948 TI - Factors influencing the mediastinal shadow in young children. PMID- 14791949 TI - Calcification in the patent doctus arteriosus. PMID- 14791950 TI - Radioactive microphotographs for resolution testing in autoradiography. PMID- 14791951 TI - A 2 Me V X-ray generator for therapy. PMID- 14791953 TI - Twinning in twin pedigrees. PMID- 14791952 TI - Dosage nomograms for short life radioactive substances. PMID- 14791954 TI - Congenital malformations of the central nervous system. III. Risk of malformation in sibs of malformed individuals. PMID- 14791955 TI - Observations on all births (23,970) in Birmingham, 1947. I. Duration of gestation. PMID- 14791957 TI - Pharyngeal diverticula; observations on their evolution and treatment. PMID- 14791956 TI - Energy expenditure during stepping. PMID- 14791958 TI - Fibroadenosis. PMID- 14791959 TI - Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast; a report of 20 cases and a review of the literature. PMID- 14791961 TI - Crohn's disease; a survey of the literature and a report on 34 cases. PMID- 14791960 TI - Chronic peptic ulcer of the oesophagus and 'oesophagitis'. PMID- 14791962 TI - The fascial spaces of the palm with special reference to their significance in infections of the hand. PMID- 14791963 TI - Resection and reconstruction of the intrathoracic trachea. PMID- 14791964 TI - Carcinoma occurring in the sinuses of chronic osteomyelitis. PMID- 14791965 TI - A review of nephroma and ten nephrectomies in 1949. PMID- 14791966 TI - Regeneration of the cervical sympathetic. PMID- 14791967 TI - Spontaneous rupture of an umbilical hernia in an infant. PMID- 14791968 TI - Abdominal actinomycosis following a perforated duodenal ulcer. PMID- 14791969 TI - Multiple perforated gastrojejunal ulcers. PMID- 14791970 TI - Osteogenic leiomyosarcoma of the bladder. PMID- 14791971 TI - Ossifying haemangioma of the cerebrum. PMID- 14791972 TI - An unusually large leiomyoma of the stomach. PMID- 14791973 TI - A typical tuberculosis, a case and a discussion. PMID- 14791974 TI - The place of x-ray kymography in intrathoracic disease. PMID- 14791975 TI - Streptomycin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14791976 TI - Advice to pneumoconiosis patients. PMID- 14791977 TI - Tuberculosis stamps, seals and emblems. PMID- 14791978 TI - Proposals for a mobile minor chest surgery unit service. Preliminary communication. PMID- 14791979 TI - STREPTOMYCIN in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 14791980 TI - The renal nerves. PMID- 14791981 TI - A preliminary report on abdominal aortography in urology. PMID- 14791982 TI - Hydrocalicosis. PMID- 14791983 TI - Tumours of the vesical end of the ureter. PMID- 14791984 TI - Technique for employing suction to hold and make traction on the kidney and other organs during operation. PMID- 14791985 TI - The results of diathermy treatment of villous papilloma of the bladder. PMID- 14791986 TI - The results of diathermy treatment of villous papilloma of the bladder. PMID- 14791987 TI - Results of treatment of bladder papilloma by diathermy, from the Western Infirmary, Glasgow. PMID- 14791988 TI - Vesical tumours; an analysis of a personal series. PMID- 14791989 TI - Squamous metaplasia of the prostate gland. PMID- 14791990 TI - A pull-through operation for impassable traumatic stricture of the urethra. PMID- 14791991 TI - Immediate prostatectomy by Millin's method for acute retention of urine. PMID- 14791992 TI - The treatment of carcinoma of the bladder. PMID- 14791993 TI - Treatment of cancer of the bladder. PMID- 14791994 TI - Results of treatment of bladder cancer by radiotherapy. PMID- 14791995 TI - Protein structure and clinical problems. PMID- 14791996 TI - Regulation of secretion of cortical hormones. PMID- 14791997 TI - Objective assessment of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14791998 TI - Alopecia areata: a clinical study. PMID- 14791999 TI - Treatment of thyrotoxicosis with 2-mercaptoimidazole; clinical impressions. PMID- 14792000 TI - Intravenous iron in treatment of hypochromic anaemia associated with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14792001 TI - Xanthoma palpebrarum and cardiovascular disease. PMID- 14792002 TI - Acute volvulus of the stomach. PMID- 14792003 TI - Menstrual disorders and the menopause. II. Management and treatment. PMID- 14792004 TI - The chemotherapy of cancer. PMID- 14792005 TI - Can disease be prevented? PMID- 14792006 TI - J.A. MURRAY, M.D., F.R.S. PMID- 14792008 TI - DEATH from tetanus. PMID- 14792007 TI - ALEXANDER Low, M.D., LL.D. PMID- 14792009 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14792010 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14792011 TI - Lessons for future treatment from 472 fatalities in diabetic children. PMID- 14792012 TI - Erythrocyte sedimentation in anaemia. PMID- 14792013 TI - Psychological treatment in skin disorders, with special reference to abreactive techniques. PMID- 14792014 TI - Heredity and leg ulcers. PMID- 14792015 TI - Treatment of post-phlebitic leg and application of venous-pressure measurement. PMID- 14792016 TI - Use of decamethonium iodide in anaesthesia for peroral endoscopy. PMID- 14792017 TI - A toxic effect of thiouracil hitherto undescribed. PMID- 14792018 TI - Fulminating staphylococcal pneumonia treated with massive doses of chloramphenicol and penicillin. PMID- 14792019 TI - The treatment of varicose veins. PMID- 14792020 TI - FLORENCE Nightingale's views on the age at which a young lady should become a nurse. PMID- 14792021 TI - SIR William Thomson, M.D., F.R.C.P. PMID- 14792023 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14792022 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14792024 TI - Appendicitis. PMID- 14792025 TI - Care of the tuberculous in the home. PMID- 14792026 TI - The content of haemopoietic factors in liver extracts; relationship to clinical response. PMID- 14792027 TI - The manubriosternal joint in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14792028 TI - Erythema nodosum as initial manifestation of Boeck's sarcoidosis. PMID- 14792029 TI - Cardiological case finding by means of mass miniature radiography. PMID- 14792030 TI - Unusual case of tuberous sclerosis. PMID- 14792031 TI - Pernicious anaemia and tumours of the stomach. PMID- 14792032 TI - Atresia of the small intestine. PMID- 14792033 TI - The management of thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 14792034 TI - A different view of the tuberculosis problem. PMID- 14792035 TI - TUBERCULOSIS and the National Health Service; report of B.M.A. group committee. PMID- 14792036 TI - Experiments on the nervous system. PMID- 14792038 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14792037 TI - DEATH due to a swab. PMID- 14792039 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14792040 TI - Harvey and the scientific method. PMID- 14792041 TI - Mild Cushing's syndrome due to aspirin. PMID- 14792042 TI - Evaluation of treatment in intermittent claudication. PMID- 14792043 TI - Intramuscular heparin. PMID- 14792044 TI - Anaesthesia in the newborn. PMID- 14792045 TI - Obstetric analgesia and placental insufficiency. PMID- 14792046 TI - Vulvovaginitis in a child due to Shigella flexneri. PMID- 14792047 TI - Herpes zoster provoked by smallpox vaccination. PMID- 14792048 TI - Torsion of the gallbladder. PMID- 14792049 TI - The treatment of lumbar disk lesions. PMID- 14792050 TI - Mars and Aesculapius; a New Zealand memorial oration. PMID- 14792051 TI - The "Cambridge" exchange transfusion outfit. PMID- 14792052 TI - HENRY MacCormac. PMID- 14792053 TI - ALLEGED 360-day pregnancy. PMID- 14792054 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14792056 TI - DYSENTERY. PMID- 14792055 TI - MEASLES. PMID- 14792057 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases. PMID- 14792058 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14792059 TI - Atypical pneumonia. PMID- 14792060 TI - Primary atypical pneumonia. PMID- 14792061 TI - Blood vessels of a gastric ulcer. PMID- 14792062 TI - Observations on blood flow in human intestine. PMID- 14792064 TI - Poliomyelitis in London in 1949. PMID- 14792063 TI - Hexamethonium bromide in duodenal ulcer. PMID- 14792065 TI - Gummatous infiltration of oesophagus masquerading as carcinoma. PMID- 14792066 TI - Oedema of glottis treated by tracheotomy. PMID- 14792067 TI - Oesophageal foreign body precipitating dissecting aortic aneurysm. PMID- 14792068 TI - Bronchiectasis. PMID- 14792069 TI - Practice of experimental medicine. PMID- 14792070 TI - SIR Leonard Parsons, M.D., F.R.C.P. F.R.C.O.G., F.R.S. PMID- 14792072 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14792071 TI - WHOOPING-cough. PMID- 14792073 TI - PUBLIC health salaries. PMID- 14792074 TI - Fractures of the sphenoidal sinus with cerebrospinal rhinorrhoea. PMID- 14792075 TI - Absence of the vasa as a cause of azoospermia. PMID- 14792076 TI - Some contributions of modern genetics to medicine. PMID- 14792077 TI - An investigation of the properties of isopropyl chloride. PMID- 14792078 TI - Raised blood pyruvic acid level in diabetic acidosis; the value of cocarboxylase in treatment. PMID- 14792079 TI - Oral penicillin in children. PMID- 14792080 TI - Instillation of streptomycin into the pericardial sac in tuberculous pericarditis. PMID- 14792081 TI - Perforated peptic ulcer of Meckel's diverticulum. PMID- 14792082 TI - Reversible papilloedema in pernicious anaemia. PMID- 14792083 TI - PROGNOSIS of foetal asphyxia. PMID- 14792084 TI - Fungus infections of the skin. PMID- 14792085 TI - Introducer in blood transfusion. PMID- 14792086 TI - SIR Philip Panton, M.B., B.Chir. PMID- 14792087 TI - SIR Leonard Parsons, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.O.G., F.R.S. PMID- 14792088 TI - SURGEON finally cleared of negligence. PMID- 14792090 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14792089 TI - SMALLPOX at Brighton. PMID- 14792091 TI - INFLUENZA. PMID- 14792093 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases and vital statistics. PMID- 14792092 TI - DYSENTERY. PMID- 14792094 TI - Pig feeding trials with 2: 3: 5: 6-tetrachloronitrobenzene (TCNB). PMID- 14792095 TI - Rib counts on pigs of British breeds, and their familial inheritance. PMID- 14792096 TI - Antibiotics in short and streptomycin-penicillin mixed before inoculation. PMID- 14792097 TI - Some recent advances in the general anaesthesia of the dog. Part III. PMID- 14792098 TI - The utilisation of pigs for the production of lapinised rinderpest virus. PMID- 14792100 TI - [Osteoarthrosis of Paget's disease]. PMID- 14792099 TI - A unique badger's skull. PMID- 14792101 TI - [Polypous tumor of the duodenum]. PMID- 14792102 TI - [Poisoning by carbon tetrachloride]. PMID- 14792103 TI - [Synthetic antihistamines and radiation sickness]. PMID- 14792104 TI - [Medical Days 1950, twenty-fourth session held in Brussels from 10 to 18 June]. PMID- 14792105 TI - [Pathogenesis and treatment of postoperative venous thrombosis of the lower extremity]. PMID- 14792106 TI - [Clinical, radiological and electrocardiographic aspects of congenital cyanosis producing cardiopathies]. PMID- 14792107 TI - [Reflections on lobotomy; the International Congress on Psychiatry]. PMID- 14792108 TI - [From Aristotle's lantern to the apophyses of Ingrassia: plane sections in osseous tomography and their results]. PMID- 14792109 TI - [Introduction to the study of the clinical effects of cortisone and ACTH]. PMID- 14792110 TI - [Euthanasia]. PMID- 14792111 TI - [Place of orthopedic treatment in congenital dislocation of the hip]. PMID- 14792112 TI - Forum on fundamental surgical problems. PMID- 14792113 TI - The forum on fundamental problems for surgical specialists. PMID- 14792114 TI - STATEMENT by the American College of Surgeons concerning the drafting of doctors. PMID- 14792115 TI - The hospital standardization program of the American College of Surgeons. PMID- 14792116 TI - THIRTY-SIXTH Annual Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons, Boston, Massachusetts, October 23 to 27, 1950. PMID- 14792117 TI - Address of welcome the 1950 clinical congress. PMID- 14792118 TI - Address of the president: "For the benefit of the patients". PMID- 14792119 TI - The Fifth Martin Memorial Lecture: The balance of life and death in cerebral lesions. PMID- 14792120 TI - Fellowship address: Quo vadimus? PMID- 14792121 TI - Medical services in the Department of Defense. PMID- 14792122 TI - Where do we go from here in veterans medicine? PMID- 14792123 TI - Austin Birrell Schinbein, 1886-1950. PMID- 14792124 TI - [Epidemic of abscess of breast]. PMID- 14792125 TI - [Persistence of cephalhematoma]. PMID- 14792126 TI - [Two cases of cesarean in complete vaginal stenosis following caustic vaginal injections]. PMID- 14792127 TI - [Pregnancy in a 42 year old woman two years after sterilization by double resection of tubes]. PMID- 14792128 TI - [Ectopic pregnancy in tuberculous tube]. PMID- 14792129 TI - [Two cases of uterine rupture after hysterotomy]. PMID- 14792130 TI - [Some aspects of radiologic treatment of cancer of uterine cervix]. PMID- 14792131 TI - [Vitamins in gynecology and obstetrics]. PMID- 14792132 TI - [Chemical diagnosis of pregnancy by determination of histidine in urine]. PMID- 14792133 TI - [Cytological peculiarities of vaginal smear in some cases of genital tuberculosis]. PMID- 14792134 TI - [Diagnosis of uterine cancer by vaginal smears]. PMID- 14792135 TI - [Observation on vegetative tumor of ovary recognized and treated relatively early, due to method of vaginal smears]. PMID- 14792136 TI - [Tumor of fallopian tube and vaginal smears]. PMID- 14792137 TI - [Streptomycin in surgical forms of genital tuberculosis]. PMID- 14792138 TI - [Postmortem cesarean at seven and a half months following tuberculous meningitis; infant living]. PMID- 14792139 TI - [Five unexpected pregnancies after treatment with Bogomoletz serum]. PMID- 14792140 TI - [First results of examination of adrenocortical activity in pregnancy by the Thorn test]. PMID- 14792141 TI - [Synthetic antihistamines in combined anesthesia in surgical obstetrics]. PMID- 14792142 TI - [Hypocalcemia in pregnancy, possible factor of premature delivery; its treatment by calciferol implantation]. PMID- 14792143 TI - [Pregnancy at term after metroplasty; surgical indications]. PMID- 14792144 TI - [Latent epithelioma of uterus diagnosed by vaginal smear]. PMID- 14792145 TI - [Reconstructive surgery in voluminous embryonic umbilical hernias]. PMID- 14792146 TI - [Dynamic dystocia and cesarean]. PMID- 14792147 TI - [Pulmonary metastasis of cancer of cervix]. PMID- 14792148 TI - [Dynamic dystocia and intravenous novocaine]. PMID- 14792149 TI - [Determination of blood groups in diagnosis of enzygotic twins]. PMID- 14792150 TI - [Hernia of appendix through breach of broad ligament; operative discovery in a patient with uterine cancer, associated with calcified uterine fibroma and dermoid cyst of ovary]. PMID- 14792151 TI - [Treatment of pelvic pain, especially dysmenorrhea, with curare]. PMID- 14792152 TI - [Value and results of combined examinations of endometrial biopsy and vaginal smears]. PMID- 14792153 TI - [First results of treatment of acute puerperal mastitis with aureomycin]. PMID- 14792154 TI - [Pedicled edema (or cyst) of anterior lip of uterine cervix developed at end of pregnancy and exteriorized at beginning of labor]. PMID- 14792155 TI - [Complex dystocia due to fibroma praevia and abnormally inserted placenta; surgical treatment; normal post-operative course]. PMID- 14792156 TI - [Can estradiol provoke abortion in women?]. PMID- 14792157 TI - [Is the Soskin test always without danger?]. PMID- 14792158 TI - [Two observations on granulosa cell tumor]. PMID- 14792159 TI - [Congenital malformation; double monster]. PMID- 14792160 TI - [Treatment of puerperal mastitis according to personal observations]. PMID- 14792161 TI - [Two cases of cancer of uterus in early stage, one of which appeared completely removed by curettage]. PMID- 14792162 TI - The psychiatry of Paracelsus. PMID- 14792163 TI - Old Parr. PMID- 14792164 TI - German concepts of ontogeny and history around 1800. PMID- 14792165 TI - Military medicine on the Louisiana frontier: a letter of Melines Conklin Leavenworth to Dr. Eli Todd. PMID- 14792166 TI - Samuel Sorbiere and his Advice to a Young Physician. PMID- 14792167 TI - Report of the meeting of the Scientific Memoranda Sub-Committee of the Chopra Committee for Review and Resuscitation of Ayurveda (Ancient Hindu medicine). PMID- 14792168 TI - Saint Agatha, the patron saint of diseases of the breast in legend and art. PMID- 14792169 TI - The treatment of head injuries in France in the early seventeen hundreds, with a note on Pierre Boudou and his recognition and treatment of subdural hematoma. PMID- 14792170 TI - The contributions of David Livingstone as a medical scientist. PMID- 14792171 TI - Politics and public health in New York City (1838-1842). PMID- 14792172 TI - Cabot, Peabody, and the care of the patient. PMID- 14792174 TI - ANATOMISTS on postage stamps. PMID- 14792173 TI - A note on "A. A. Berthold and the First Endocrine Experiment--Some Speculation as to its Origin.". PMID- 14792175 TI - Early municipal and state boards of health. PMID- 14792176 TI - William Withering as a mineralogist; the story of witherite. PMID- 14792177 TI - Zabdiel Boylston (1679-1766) remarks at his grave, May 22, 1950. PMID- 14792178 TI - Bibliography of the history of medicine of the United States and Canada--1949. PMID- 14792179 TI - AMERICAN Association of the History of Medicine: 23rd annual meeting Boston, Massachusetts May 21-23, 1950. PMID- 14792180 TI - Report of the activities of the Institute of the History of Medicine of the Johns Hopkins University during the academic year, 1949-1950. PMID- 14792181 TI - Technique for the microprecipitin reaction. PMID- 14792182 TI - Additional studies on the function of the vascular wall in arterial pressure regulation. PMID- 14792183 TI - Further experiments on the role of the kidney in alloxan diabetes. PMID- 14792184 TI - Action of a renal extract on post-nephrectomy capillary hyperpermeability. PMID- 14792185 TI - Further studies on the role of the kidney in the reaction against insulin hypoglycaemia. PMID- 14792186 TI - Effect of total excision of the pancreas on intestinal digestion and utilization of diet; experimental study on pancreatogenic dyspepsy. PMID- 14792187 TI - Physiological studies in congenital heart disease. X. The physiological findings in 34 patients with isolated pulmonary valvular stenosis. PMID- 14792188 TI - Physiological studies in congenital heart disease. XI. A comparison of the right and left auricular, capillary and pulmonary artery pressures in nine patients with auricular septal defect. PMID- 14792189 TI - Experimental alteration of nuclear and cytoplasmic components of the liver cell with thioacetamide. I. Early onset and reversibility of volume changes of the nucleolus, nucleus and cytoplasm. PMID- 14792190 TI - One stage resection of entire colon and rectum for ulcerative colitis and polypoid adenomatosis. PMID- 14792191 TI - Mode of action of heat labile serum inactivating substance on Newcastle disease virus. PMID- 14792192 TI - Marked lipemia resulting from the administration of cortisone. PMID- 14792194 TI - Frontal lobes and emotion. PMID- 14792193 TI - Frontal lobe functions and intelligence. PMID- 14792195 TI - Mass action verus mosaic function of the frontal lobe. PMID- 14792196 TI - Prefrontal lobotomy; its evolution and present status. PMID- 14792198 TI - [Infantile brain pathology]. PMID- 14792197 TI - [Clinical consultation in child psychiatry]. PMID- 14792199 TI - [Gesell's tests in pediatrics]. PMID- 14792201 TI - [List of therapeutic discoveries in the last five years]. PMID- 14792200 TI - [New therapeutic discoveries for the general practitioner]. PMID- 14792202 TI - [How to avoid hypertrophy of the prostate]. PMID- 14792204 TI - [Fallot's triad and tetralogy]. PMID- 14792203 TI - [Centenary of Louis Vaillard]. PMID- 14792205 TI - [General considerations of mitral stenosis]. PMID- 14792206 TI - [Physiopathology of cardiac insufficiency; therapeutic indications]. PMID- 14792207 TI - [New discoveries in cardiology for the use of the general practitioner]. PMID- 14792208 TI - [Directing principles of modern tuberculosis therapy]. PMID- 14792209 TI - [What can be expected from tissue therapy and orthobiotic serum in dermatology at the present time]. PMID- 14792210 TI - [Aspects of vitamin and functional substance therapy in dermatology]. PMID- 14792211 TI - [New excipients]. PMID- 14792212 TI - [Syphilis, if treated correctly, is the most benign and curable among chronic diseases]. PMID- 14792213 TI - [Preserving methods in surgical therapy of rectum cancer]. PMID- 14792214 TI - [Pericardectomy in chronic constrictive pericarditis]. PMID- 14792215 TI - [Left iliac plexalgia]. PMID- 14792216 TI - [Surgical therapy of arteriovenous aneurysm]. PMID- 14792217 TI - [Present surgery of angina pectoris]. PMID- 14792218 TI - Historical source materials in medical libraries. PMID- 14792219 TI - The Rare Book and History of Medicine Department in the New York Academy of Medicine. PMID- 14792220 TI - Historical source material of all classes in all types of medical libraries. PMID- 14792221 TI - Historical material for the small medical library. PMID- 14792222 TI - Historical source material in the Boston Medical Library. PMID- 14792224 TI - Methods for medical indexing. PMID- 14792223 TI - Historical source material in American libraries. PMID- 14792225 TI - Cataloging and classification at the Army Medical Library. PMID- 14792226 TI - Indexing and abstracting pharmaceutical literature. PMID- 14792227 TI - Cooperative cataloging. PMID- 14792228 TI - Establishing personal author entries in a medical library. PMID- 14792229 TI - The role of electrolyte balance in the response to mercurial diuretics in congestive heart failure. PMID- 14792230 TI - Clinical states associated with fasciculations in skeletal muscle. PMID- 14792231 TI - Some new approaches to the cytologic diagnosis of cancer from serous fluids. PMID- 14792232 TI - Insidious thrombosis of the abdominal aorta with hypercholesteremia; report of a case. PMID- 14792233 TI - The hemolytic factor in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. PMID- 14792234 TI - Skeletal changes associated with diseases of the blood. PMID- 14792235 TI - Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14792236 TI - The diabetic as a surgical risk. PMID- 14792237 TI - Dedication: Blood Transfusion Association building. PMID- 14792238 TI - Diseases and disorders of muscle function. PMID- 14792239 TI - Metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in bone. PMID- 14792240 TI - Tuberculosis of bones and joints. PMID- 14792241 TI - The management of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14792242 TI - Management of gouty arthritis. PMID- 14792243 TI - [New data on the localization and role of nucleoproteins and nucleic acids in the living cell]. PMID- 14792244 TI - [Effect of various metabolites (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, etc.) on the development of frog eggs, normal or subjected to thermal shock]. PMID- 14792245 TI - [Contribution to the study of the effect of lithium on the embryo of amphibians]. PMID- 14792246 TI - [Effect of thermal shock on metabolism of yeasts]. PMID- 14792247 TI - [Glucide catabolism of yeast in the presence of carotene]. PMID- 14792248 TI - [Chemical reactions in the course of hydrolysis prior to Feulgen's reaction]. PMID- 14792249 TI - [Use of ribo- and desoxyribonuclease]. PMID- 14792250 TI - [Research on the biochemistry of choline and its derivatives. XXII. Factors influencing the fate of cholinic substances in autolysis]. PMID- 14792251 TI - [Research on the biochemistry of choline and its derivatives. XXIII. Effect of autolysis on the determination of different forms of choline in the tissues]. PMID- 14792252 TI - [Constitution of glycerophosphatogen]. PMID- 14792253 TI - [Method of purification of lecithins (phosphatidylcholines)]. PMID- 14792254 TI - [State of lecithin in organic solvents and molecular weight of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine)]. PMID- 14792255 TI - [Contribution to the study of hemolysis. II. Phenomenon of penetration of mixed films of cholesterol]. PMID- 14792256 TI - [Contribution to the study of hemolysis. III. Role of the phospholipids of the stroma]. PMID- 14792257 TI - [Contribution to the study of the physiologic synthesis of hemoglobin. III. Role of histidine in sulfamide anemias]. PMID- 14792258 TI - [Microcharacterization of cynurenin in presence of tryptophan; application to the study of alkaline hydrolysates of tryptophan]. PMID- 14792259 TI - [Effect of cyclic and acyclic amines on dopadecarboxilation]. PMID- 14792260 TI - [Quantitative study of adsorption of pantothenic acid on aluminum and its separation by chromatography from amino acids]. PMID- 14792262 TI - [Globulin systems of the serum and immunity. VI. Electrophoretic study of euglobulins and some considerations concerning their nature]. PMID- 14792263 TI - BCG-vaccine studies. I. Effect of age of vaccine and variation in storage temperature and dosage on allergy production and vaccination lesions ten weeks after vaccination. PMID- 14792261 TI - [Effect of cystine and of tyrosine on a casein-poor diet in the rat]. PMID- 14792264 TI - Hydrolysate of casein for the preparation of plague and cholera vaccines. PMID- 14792265 TI - Casein hydrolysate cholera vaccine. PMID- 14792266 TI - Biological assay of cholera vaccine. PMID- 14792267 TI - Antigenic structure of the cholera vibrio and protective power of the vaccine. PMID- 14792268 TI - [Psychiatric aspects of juvenile delinquency]. PMID- 14792269 TI - Cyanosis of infants caused by high nitrate concentrations in rural water supplies; a review of recent literature. PMID- 14792270 TI - International Salmonella Centre. PMID- 14792271 TI - Influenza in 1948-1949. PMID- 14792272 TI - Treatment of tuberculous meningitis; a summary of 3 years' experience at Florence. PMID- 14792274 TI - BCG-vaccine studies. II. Effect of variation in dosage of BCG vaccine on allergy production and vaccination lesions 9 weeks after vaccination. PMID- 14792273 TI - Heredity and nomenclature of the Rh-Hr blood types. PMID- 14792275 TI - International standards for anti-A and anti-B blood-grouping sera. PMID- 14792276 TI - Present knowledge of brucellosis; a summary. PMID- 14792278 TI - Inexpensive buildings in the treatment of tuberculosis. PMID- 14792277 TI - Role and responsibilities of the general hospital in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. PMID- 14792279 TI - A note on the use of anticoagulants for rat extermination. PMID- 14792280 TI - [Malignant lupus erythematosus-visceritis with positive hemocultures for streptococcus; presence in bone marrow of Hargrave cells (?); possible practical interest for discrimination of borderline states of Osler's disease]. PMID- 14792281 TI - [Subacute abacteremic infectious endocarditis; interest of electrophoretic control of blood proteins]. PMID- 14792282 TI - [Treatment of Bouillaud's disease by streptococcic anatoxin in intra-arterial injections]. PMID- 14792283 TI - [Two new cases of fistulized cold adenopathy following vaccination with BCG-S]. PMID- 14792284 TI - [First experience with treatment of brucellosis from Br. melitensis by aureomycin; results in 50 cases, 32 with minimum follow-up of 6 months]. PMID- 14792285 TI - [Digestive disorders and argyria]. PMID- 14792287 TI - [New cases of dysacromelia]. PMID- 14792286 TI - [Aureomycin in the treatment of acute evolutive intestinal amebiasis]. PMID- 14792288 TI - [Nitrogen mustard in bronchopulmonary cancers (30 cases)]. PMID- 14792289 TI - [Case of Klinefelter syndrome (hyalinization of seminiferous tubes) with hormonal signs of adrenocortical hyperfunction]. PMID- 14792290 TI - [Severe and persistent Riehl's melanosis; cured by implantation of 5 tablets of 100 mg of desoxycorticosterone]. PMID- 14792291 TI - [Research on the utilization of intestinal dialysis in treatment of chronic nephritis]. PMID- 14792292 TI - [New case of hyperostosis frontalis interna in a young girl; hyperfolliculinism; suppression of subjective disorders by administration of testosterone]. PMID- 14792293 TI - [Case of latent porphyria]. PMID- 14792294 TI - [Death following attempted chloromycetin therapy of enterococcic infective endocarditis]. PMID- 14792295 TI - [Serologic reactions of syphilis in infective endocarditis; variability of interpretation]. PMID- 14792296 TI - [Fatal postabortal hepatonephritis; unilateral renal aplasia; presence in humors of fluorescent chromogen]. PMID- 14792297 TI - [Subacute glomerulonephritis with ectatic thromboangitis of fingers; associated with Dupuytren's disease]. PMID- 14792299 TI - [Erythema multiforme with episcleritis and gonococcic arthritis very favorably influenced by terramycin]. PMID- 14792298 TI - [Case of cutaneous myiasis]. PMID- 14792300 TI - [Treatment with ACTH prolonged asthmatic states; clinical and biological study of 12 cases]. PMID- 14792301 TI - [Study of blood eosinophilia, of fibrinemia and of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in asthma treated with ACTH]. PMID- 14792302 TI - [Dyslexia]. PMID- 14792304 TI - [Treatment of nasal hemorrhage of Rendu-Osler disease]. PMID- 14792303 TI - [Case of alveolar echinococcosis followed for 24 years with secondary disseminated abdominal foci]. PMID- 14792305 TI - [A new physiopathological test: the reticuloendothelial chart]. PMID- 14792306 TI - [A new physiopathological test applied to the study of hepatic diseases]. PMID- 14792307 TI - [Infective endocarditis and exanthematous typhus; 2 new cases treated with aureomycin]. PMID- 14792308 TI - [Vomiting with acetonuria immediately following an asthmatic seizure; interpretation]. PMID- 14792309 TI - [Bilateral adrenal calcifications without Addison's syndrome]. PMID- 14792310 TI - [Remarkable effect of thiosemicarbazones on extensive tuberculous cavitary lesions]. PMID- 14792311 TI - [Treatment of cirrhotic ascites with numerous repeated punctures]. PMID- 14792312 TI - [Mott cell myeloma]. PMID- 14792313 TI - [Scleroderma of neurological, encephalitic origin]. PMID- 14792314 TI - [Complications of chloromycetin]. PMID- 14792315 TI - [Metastatic pulmonary echinococcosis]. PMID- 14792316 TI - [Case of cachexia due to excessive use of irritant laxatives]. PMID- 14792318 TI - [Indications for gastric aspiration without surgery in the treatment of perforated gastro-duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14792317 TI - [Complications of lumbar puncture in the course of tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin; mechanism of the pressure cone]. PMID- 14792319 TI - [Presence of Wuchereria bancrofti, Mansonella ozzardi and Acanthocheilonema perstans in French Guiana]. PMID- 14792320 TI - [Treatment of kala-azar by glucantime]. PMID- 14792321 TI - [Aureomycin therapy of certain intestinal disorders]. PMID- 14792322 TI - [Treatment of amebiasis by two thioarsenate derivatives; preliminary note]. PMID- 14792323 TI - [Chemotherapy of tropical diseases]. PMID- 14792324 TI - [Treatment of Algerian splenomegaly by organic salts of antimony]. PMID- 14792325 TI - [Treatment of trachoma with procaine penicillin in oil with aluminum monostearate added]. PMID- 14792326 TI - Nodal fever (erythema nodosum)--a cause for P.U.O. PMID- 14792327 TI - Atrophic rhinitis or ozoena. PMID- 14792328 TI - Leucorrhoea-investigation and treatment. PMID- 14792329 TI - Role of collapse therapy in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14792330 TI - PROCEEDINGS of the clinico-pathological conference of the staff of Medical College and hospitals, Calcutta; renal tuberculosis. PMID- 14792331 TI - OBITUARY: Dr. K. S. Ray. PMID- 14792332 TI - Sterility effect of the oil of Pisum sativum Linn and its relation with vit E. PMID- 14792333 TI - Terramycin in urinary tract infections. AB - Terramycin(R) is an effective agent in the control of urinary tract infections with organisms of the enteric group. The drug is tolerated by mouth and no serious side-reactions occur. In cases in which there is no organic or obstructive disease, the response to Terramycin as a urinary antiseptic is prompt and effective. In several cases in which there was severe organic and obstructive disease and the organism was highly resistant, the course of the disease was not altered by giving Terramycin. PMID- 14792334 TI - Lateral cysts and fistulas of the neck. AB - The embryonic origin of lateral cysts and fistulas remains controversial. They are, however, located in the general anatomic pattern of the embryonic thymic duct, which starts in the lateral pharyngeal wall and passes under the sternomastoid muscle to enter the mediastinum. The cyst is a unilocular, semiattached, non-translucent mass which has a tendency to become infected in 30 per cent of cases. The preauricular sinus occurs in front of the ear and is due either to a branchial cleft or an inclusion of one of the six primitive buds which form the external ear.Cystic hygroma is due to sequestrated lymphatic channels. These are always multilocular and rather invasive and may extend into mediastinum and arms. Diagnosis and treatment are considered in this presentation. PMID- 14792335 TI - The use of raw foods as skin testing material in allergic disorders. AB - Frozen foods for skin testing were prepared, stored and used by a simple, practicable, and inexpensive method. The capacity of raw foods to produce immunologically positive skin reactions by the scratch test method was reaffirmed. Storage in the frozen state for several months and thawing immediately before using for one series of tests did not affect the allergenic properties of the material. Raw foods were found to be innocuous to the skin and non-urticariogenic in allergic as well as in non-allergic persons. Raw foods, by the scratch test method, induced true positive reactions of a larger size and in greater numbers than the corresponding commercial extracts in the same series of subjects tested. PMID- 14792336 TI - Salicylazosulfapyridine (salazopyrin or azopyrin) in rheumatoid arthritis and experimental polyarthritis. AB - Thirty patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated with Salazopyrin(R) for periods from two months to one year. Fourteen patients were symptomatically relieved in varying degrees. This group included seven patients not previously benefited by gold therapy and four who had had toxic reaction to gold. The sedimentation rates tended to remain elevated in spite of symptomatic improvement. Extension of disease to joints not formerly involved appeared in only one patient under treatment. Continuation of small dosage for long intervals seemed advantageous in the small number of patients treated in this study. Fourteen patients were not relieved symptomatically by Salazopyrin, but they did not become worse. This group included eight patients with severe, advanced disease, six of whom had not been benefited by chrysotherapy. In one patient there was a moderate reduction in erythrocyte count and in hemoglobin. One patient refused medication, claiming extreme nervousness. Salazopyrin is variably and comparatively poorly absorbed in man. In experimental polyarthritis of rats, administration of 0.5 per cent Salazopyrin in the diet produced a slight beneficial effect, while 1 per cent made the infection worse. Changes in body weight and in leukocyte content in the blood of rats and mice showed Salazopyrin to have minimal toxic effect in these rodents. PMID- 14792337 TI - The treatment of acute infections of the hand. AB - Acute infections of the hand are serious and frequently arise from a trivial wound which has been neglected or improperly treated. Accurate diagnosis, prompt institution of treatment, and early restoration of function are essential for successful treatment. Results in the treatment of acute infections of the hand are greatly improved by the rigid practice of a method of operation which recognizes fundamental surgical principles. PMID- 14792338 TI - Medical progress in cholesterol metabolism in relation to diseases of the liver and the biliary tract. AB - In recent years the role of cholesterol in hepatic disease has been somewhat better understood. Fairly characteristic patterns of serum cholesterol and cholesterol esters occur in obstructive and parenchymatous jaundice. While the determinations for cholesterol and its esters may aid in the differential diagnosis of jaundice, their chief value appears to be that of determining the prognosis in jaundiced patients. The role of cholesterol in several diseases of the hepatic and extrahepatic biliary tract is reviewed. PMID- 14792339 TI - Citrate tolerance. AB - There is a wide variation among human beings in tolerance to sodium citrate. It is important to those concerned with blood transfusions that the incidence of reactions to citrate is quite low, except in the event of massive transfusing, when the amount of citrate with the blood being given to the patient must be carefully considered. PMID- 14792340 TI - Familial diaphragmatic hernia. AB - Familial occurrence of diaphragmatic hiatal hernia has been reported often. Herein reported is a family in which eight of eleven children had hiatal hernia. Hiatal hernia must be considered as a possible etiological factor in all upper abdominal, cardiac or respiratory disturbances from infancy to senility. The lesion may be present in a patient who has none of the symptoms usually associated with such defects.Conservative treatment is indicated unless serious symptoms definitely referred to the hernia are present and not adequately controlled by conservative means. PMID- 14792341 TI - Summer diarrhea in the San Joaquin Valley. AB - In laboratory, epidemiologic and clinical studies of 85 patients with diarrhea admitted to the General Hospital of Fresno County and the San Joaquin County Hospital during part of the summer of 1949 the following features were noted:1. Cultures were positive for Shigella in about 45 per cent of the cases in the San Joaquin County Hospital and in about 15 per cent of those in the Fresno County Hospital.2. In 80 per cent of cases in which there was gross blood in the stools before the third day of hospitalization, Shigella grew on cultures. No gross blood was noted in 27 per cent of cases in which Shigella was demonstrated.3. The cases in which Shigella was demonstrated did not differ greatly from the others with regard to fever, leukocytosis, or response to therapy.4. Salmonella organisms were not grown on cultures in any case.5. Most of the patients were infants younger than one year of age.6. Poor socio-economic and hygienic conditions characterized the households from which these county hospital patients came.7. Household follow-up studies indicated that there had been one or more instances of diarrhea among household associates of approximately half the hospitalized patients at some time during the month prior to admission. PMID- 14792342 TI - The incidence of carcinoma of the prostate in cirrhosis of the liver. AB - Cirrhosis of the liver has no effect upon the incidence of carcinoma of the prostate. PMID- 14792343 TI - Tympany over the liver in hepatic abscess caused by Clostridium welchii. Report of a case. PMID- 14792344 TI - Tuberculous pericarditis-Treatment with paraaminosalicylic acid and intermittent streptomycin. Report of a case. PMID- 14792345 TI - CIVIL defense--An urgent medical problem. PMID- 14792346 TI - California's non-profit community blood bank system. PMID- 14792347 TI - X-ray survey results and costs--A health officer's viewpoint. A preliminary report. AB - The obvious results of a mass chest x-ray survey from a health officer's viewpoint are:1. The early discovery of unknown cases of pathologic conditions of the chest-tuberculosis, neoplasms, heart abnormalities.2. Increase in the community's awareness of its tuberculosis problem.3. Opportunity to work closely with the medical society and the individual private physicians.4. Stimulation of all agencies in a community, health and non-health, to work together on a health project for the good of all of the people.5. Increased cooperation between the local department of public health and other health agencies in a community.6. Opportunity to underline to a staff of a local department of public health the importance of thinking in terms of the department as a whole, rather than in terms of respective divisions or bureaus.7. Opportunity to focus the awareness of the community on its public health services. In relation to costs, there are three aspects from a health officer's viewpoint:1. The planning, together with other agencies, of an adequate budget with full recognition of community resources.2. The planning for estimated expansion of tuberculosis control services both in terms of increased expense for maintenance and operation, and of assignment of personnel to survey staff with resulting curtailment or postponement of other programs.3. The planning for completion of the follow-up program of the x-ray survey and of future continued extension of the total tuberculosis control program as the result of increased community awareness of the tuberculosis problem. PMID- 14792348 TI - Mass survey--Its future. AB - Experience with a fast-tempo case finding survey in Seattle confirms the opinion expressed with regard to other areas, that the tools now are at hand to eradicate tuberculosis in Seattle in a 20-year period. The most important single factor in controlling tuberculosis is segregation and treatment of patients with active cases - sanatorium care that is sufficient in quantity and quality. Aggressive use of community-wide, mass x-ray program constitutes the second largest factor in controlling tuberculosis and has its greatest application in cities of over 100,000 population. The cost of such a mass survey program is trifling when compared with the cost of an adequate hospitalization program. The Seattle experience indicates that the cost of a mass survey program amortized over a five year period is only 2 per cent of the cost of one year of hospital care. PMID- 14792349 TI - Community rehabilitation program. AB - A broad outline of a community program has been given, with particular stress on in-sanatorium facilities. It is reasonable to conclude that rehabilitation is feasible, desirable and economically sound. The object of the program is complete rehabilitation in all categories of the greatest possible number of persons incapacitated by tuberculosis. PMID- 14792350 TI - The role the care and guidance of the patient play in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14792351 TI - Psychiatry and tuberculosis. AB - Studies on the psychosomatic aspects of tuberculosis have not brought to light a clearcut correlation between a specific personality structure and susceptibility to the illness. The recommendation is made to look for several rather than for one personality type. It is suggested that people should be studied who react to stress with loss of appetite and loss of sleep. This character structure in contrast to that where the person withdraws into sleep and overeats might make a person prone to tuberculosis. The somatopsychic influence of tuberculosis needs to be interpreted in terms of the localization of the lesion as well as infectiousness and conspicuousness of the disease. Some common sociopsychological factors of tuberculosis have been mentioned. Reports on mental illness and tuberculosis and on diet were reviewed. PMID- 14792352 TI - Legislation relating to tuberculosis control (public schools). PMID- 14792353 TI - Unpredictable anatomic and physiological factors in the treatment of diseases of the lungs. PMID- 14792354 TI - Cavernostomy. AB - A brief historical review of cavernostomy is presented. The mechanics of cavity closure are considered.A follow-up of the first seven cases of cavernostomy performed by the authors in 1940-41 with the use of a skin flap is given. Cavernostomy is a procedure useful at times, but within sharp limitations. PMID- 14792355 TI - Upper lobe lobectomy and concomitant thoracoplasty in pulmonary tuberculosis. A preliminary report. AB - In this, a preliminary report, the advantages and disadvantages of upper lobe lobectomy and concomitant thoracoplasty in tuberculosis have been summarized. There has been no undue increase in the operative hazard, there have been no complications, and the immediate results have been entirely satisfactory.Twenty six patients were subjected to a combined operation (17 upper lobectomy thoracoplasty and nine pneumonectomy-thoracoplasty) with one postoperative death. Indications for primary lobectomy have been discussed. The technique of resection and concomitant thoracoplasty has been briefly described. PMID- 14792356 TI - Pleural decortication in tuberculosis. PMID- 14792357 TI - The early use of surgical procedures in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14792358 TI - Open pneumonolysis in the treatment of tuberculosis. PMID- 14792359 TI - Practical methods of determining pulmonary function. PMID- 14792360 TI - The use of extrapleural pneumonolysis followed by paraffin or lucite filling. PMID- 14792361 TI - The basic principles of collapse therapy. AB - Collapse therapy has a definite objective of resting and healing tuberculous lesions. It should be used, not so much as an independent means, but as a supplement to other established practices in the treatment of tuberculosis. The indications for each measure have changed over the years and are still changing, so that proper treatment can be given only by those having a knowledge of the changing trends, as well as of the disease and principles of treatment. Each case should be handled on its merits and the choice of procedure should depend generally upon the circumstances, such as the skill of the physician carrying it out, the facilities for the care of the patient, and the equipment for working. Above all, it should be recognized that knowledge, experience, and especially wisdom will go far towards achieving good results. PMID- 14792362 TI - The role of bacteriologic information in controlling the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. AB - The role of information obtainable by bacteriologic examination in controlling the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis is of first importance. Bacteriologic examination is not a substitute for roentgenography. Rather, it is a method companion to x-ray and clinical procedures, capable of providing information not otherwise obtainable. PMID- 14792363 TI - Monaldi procedure. PMID- 14792364 TI - Extrapleural pneumothorax. AB - Extrapleural pneumothorax is a valuable method of treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, it is applicable in a relatively few cases which meet stringent criteria. Moreover, it entails the absolute necessity for continuity of care following operation. Within these limitations, the procedure will control tuberculosis in a small but significant number of patients. PMID- 14792365 TI - Frequency of tuberculous lesions discovered at autopsy at Los Angeles County General Hospital, 1918-1948. PMID- 14792366 TI - The present-day usage of pneumothorax in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. AB - The patient with tuberculosis must heal himself. Collapse measures help in the healing process by making the environment of the tubercle bacilli in the lungs more intolerant of multiplication and spread. The usage of pneumothorax has decreased; ten years ago it was used for over 50 per cent of patients, now for less than 10 per cent. This reduction in usage is not a condemnation of the procedure but an index of the more judicious application of the treatment as adjuvant to other accepted forms of therapy. Pneumothorax, because it is so versatile and flexible, lends itself most effectively to combination with other collapse procedures. Its use for well selected purposes is still indicated, but in much more narrow limits than previously applied. PMID- 14792367 TI - The pathogenesis of tuberculosis as an ebb-and-flow struggle between two variable antagonists. PMID- 14792368 TI - Tuberculosis as a cause of upper lobe bronchiectasis. AB - Bronchiectasis occurs frequently in association with pulmonary tuberculosis and is caused primarily by tuberculous bronchitis. It is common in all types of tuberculosis, especially in the fibroid lesion stage. It may occur with active tuberculosis and become part of the tuberculous picture. It may also occur with inactive tuberculosis and then present a distinct symptom complex. It is easy to diagnose. It is a relatively benign disease and usually no special treatment is needed; but when it becomes severe, pulmonary resection is the procedure of choice. PMID- 14792369 TI - PRACTICAL aspects of the low sodium diet. PMID- 14792370 TI - Conservative management of third trimester bleeding. AB - In a series of 99 patients with bleeding in the third trimester of pregnancy the absence of any maternal mortality and a gross fetal mortality of 8.9 per cent speak well for the conservative observation policy by which these patients were managed. Although cost of hospitalization is a drawback to the employment of this approach, it is more than compensated for by reduced operative interference and increased safety for mother and child. PMID- 14792371 TI - Pulmonary segmental resection for solitary lesions of doubtful character. AB - Pulmonary cancer can be diagnosed earlier if patients with pulmonary symptoms of chronic type are given x-ray examination early, if patients over 40 years of age have a yearly roentgen examination of the chest regardless of their state of health, and if those with acute pulmonary illness are examined by x-ray within one month of the onset of illness. Observation of a known intrapulmonary lesion of unknown character should never last for more than one month. If it persists after that period, complete investigation, including thoracotomy, should be carried out if necessary to establish an exact diagnosis. A localized intrapulmonary lesion can be removed by segmental resection so that all healthy functioning lung is conserved if the disease is benign. If, after pathological examination, the lesion is shown to be cancerous, more radical resection can be carried out. PMID- 14792372 TI - Undecylenic acid in the treatment of psoriasis and neurodermatitis. AB - Undecylenic acid in a dosage tolerated by most patients is of doubtful value in the treatment of psoriasis and neurodermatitis.Thirty-one patients were given the drug. Exudative dermatitis developed in one case, generalized pruritus in another. One patient may have had a cardiac accident attributable to the drug. PMID- 14792373 TI - A diverting medically useful life hobby. Imitation, self, exploration and self experimentation in the practice of medicine. PMID- 14792374 TI - Roentgen diagnosis of intra-abdominal hernia. AB - The primary radiologic evidence of intra-abdominal hernia is disturbance of normal small intestine arrangement. Loops of intestine are crowded together as if in a bag, giving the appearance of clumping or sacculation. Dilatation and loss of mobility may occur with varying degrees of stasis. Displacement of viscera or pressure deformity may be observed. Studies of the small bowel are necessary to demonstrate these conditions and must be made with the patient in the erect as well as the horizontal position. Repeated studies may be required, and the best time to make them is during an acute attack, as the hernia may be temporarily reduced during a remission. The clinical symptoms are sufficiently characteristic to suggest the diagnosis in most cases. The usual history is of repeated attacks of abdominal pain or discomfort, usually accompanied by distention, varying in periodicity and intensity, with or without nausea or vomiting, and not accompanied by laboratory data or clinical signs indicative of inflammatory disease. Similar or identical clinical and roentgenologic evidence may be produced by torsion of the small bowel or by peritoneal adhesions. The hernia or torsion may reduce spontaneously before or at the time of operation. Therefore, a careful search for abnormal fossae, mesenteric defects or adhesive bands is necessary if herniation or torsion is not found. PMID- 14792375 TI - The problem of prognosis in pancreatitis. AB - Prognosis in pancreatitis is at best difficult and uncertain. Certain complicating factors, however, occur in statistically established percentages of chronic cases: Calcification in 35 to 50 per cent, diabetes (usually mild) in 15 to 25 per cent, and cysts, pseudo-cysts or abscesses in 10 to 15 per cent. Steatorrhea (which may cause severe malnutrition) and diabetes are more common in cases in which calcification develops. PMID- 14792376 TI - Struma lymphomatosa (Hashimoto's disease). AB - Seven cases of struma lymphomatosa are presented. Two patients had known enlargement of the thyroid for five or more years. In five cases only unilateral involvement was discernible at the time of operation. In one case there was a small nodule in the least involved side. In another there was diffuse involvement. Two of the patients were males. There has been recurrence in three of six cases in which partial thyroidectomy was performed. Only one patient with recurrence was treated with x-ray, apparently with satisfactory results. Six of the seven patients had a postoperative basal metabolic rate below normal. Three of them required desiccated thyroid for symptomatic relief. PMID- 14792377 TI - Amebiasis masquerading as appendicitis. AB - In fifteen cases of amebiasis masquerading as appendicitis, the important findings were nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and leukocytosis. Amebiasis ought to be considered and appropriate studies carried out in differential diagnosis of cases in which symptoms indicate acute, subacute or "chronic" appendicitis. Depending on indications, the studies should include radiography with barium enema, sigmoidoscopy, complement fixation test, a minimum of nine stool examinations, a stool culture, and examination of purged stools unless this is contraindicated. PMID- 14792378 TI - Cataract extraction with erisophake. AB - Today the erisophake offers the most successful means for the intracapsular extraction of cataracts. The advantages of this method are that no counterpressure is required so that the incidence of vitreous loss is reduced; the vacuum cup provides a firmer grasp of the lens with less danger of rupture of the lens capsule; and the vacuum cup can be used for the delivery of practically all types of cataract in the adult, including intumescent and Morgagnian cataracts as well as lenses with exfoliating and friable capsules. While the forceps method of intracapsular extraction is generally successful in not more than 70 to 75 per cent of cases, the erisophake may offer success in 90 per cent of cases. PMID- 14792379 TI - Anal herpes with generalized varicelliform eruption. Report of a case. PMID- 14792380 TI - Rat bite fever--response to streptomycin therapy. PMID- 14792381 TI - The practical value of the nursing team. PMID- 14792382 TI - Are you an ambassador of good will? PMID- 14792383 TI - How can we prepare for an atomic attack? PMID- 14792384 TI - Selection, organization and control of the medical staff. PMID- 14792385 TI - The story of G-11. PMID- 14792386 TI - SPIRIT of co-operation marks annual meeting of Saskatchewan hospitals. PMID- 14792388 TI - MANITOBA hospitals urge grants on cost-of-care basis. PMID- 14792387 TI - FIFTH Western Canada Institute. PMID- 14792389 TI - HOSPITALS of British Columbia hold lecture sessions and convention. PMID- 14792390 TI - ALBERTA'S dollar-a-day plan to be made available to all. PMID- 14792391 TI - SPIRALING costs keynote of O.H.A. discussions. PMID- 14792392 TI - "New lamps for old". PMID- 14792393 TI - When Santa Claus visits the children's hospital. PMID- 14792394 TI - "Gathering winter fuel". PMID- 14792395 TI - In appreciation of Blue Cross. PMID- 14792396 TI - OPINION survey of the nursing situation. PMID- 14792397 TI - Civilian organization for disaster in peace or war. PMID- 14792398 TI - EXTENSIVE use of glass means sunshine for every patient at the new Humber Memorial Hospital. PMID- 14792399 TI - Centralization in dispensing medications. PMID- 14792400 TI - Serving sick children. PMID- 14792401 TI - Operating a nurse training course--the financial picture. PMID- 14792402 TI - Recovery rooms pay dividends in lives, dollars, and personnel distribution. PMID- 14792403 TI - Teaching nutrition to student nurses. PMID- 14792404 TI - Security--mirage and reality. PMID- 14792405 TI - The interchangeability of the complement components of different animal species; literature survey. PMID- 14792406 TI - The modified Caslick operation in the handling of chronic prolapse of the vagina. PMID- 14792407 TI - Impaction of the glandular stomach (proventriculus) of a blue goose. PMID- 14792408 TI - Pulmonary hypertrophic osteo-arthropathy (Marie's disease). PMID- 14792409 TI - The Canadian Association of Occupational Therapy twentieth annual convention. PMID- 14792410 TI - CANADIAN Association of Occupational Therapy. Annual reports. PMID- 14792411 TI - A method of orientation to problem drinking for clinical use. PMID- 14792412 TI - Goldwin Howland Scholarship--1949. PMID- 14792413 TI - Goldwin Howland Scholarship--1950. PMID- 14792414 TI - Support of the weekend shoulder in poliomyelitis. PMID- 14792415 TI - Studies on visual flicker and fusion. I. The meaning of fusion in sensory experience. PMID- 14792416 TI - The two aspects of meaning. PMID- 14792417 TI - A measure of individual differences in personality integration. PMID- 14792418 TI - Problems in recruitment test construction. PMID- 14792419 TI - The role of epidemiology in venereal disease control. PMID- 14792420 TI - Sampling techniques: Their application to sickness surveys. PMID- 14792421 TI - Isotopes--a new public health problem. PMID- 14792422 TI - ONTARIO Interdepartmental Nutrition Committee: progress report for 1949-50. PMID- 14792423 TI - Parasitic infections in the Eskimos at Igloolik, N.W.T. PMID- 14792425 TI - TUBERCULOSIS trends in Ontario. PMID- 14792424 TI - MEDICAL officer of health. PMID- 14792426 TI - New anaesthetic drugs. PMID- 14792427 TI - Commissurotomy in mitral stenosis. PMID- 14792428 TI - Cortisone as an adjunct in the treatment of postoperative stiffness of the hand. PMID- 14792429 TI - Undecylenic acid administered orally in the treatment of psoriasis. PMID- 14792430 TI - Choice of patients for sympathectomy in the field of peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 14792431 TI - Scurvy-recent experiences. PMID- 14792433 TI - Studies of the inheritance of diabetes mellitus. I. The relation of heredity and the age of onset of diabetes. PMID- 14792432 TI - Clinical use of the oximeter. PMID- 14792434 TI - Urinary calculi associated with recumbency. PMID- 14792435 TI - Acute nutritional disturbance in young infants associated with mastoiditis. PMID- 14792436 TI - Reflex dystrophy in the upper extremity. PMID- 14792437 TI - The present status of endocrine therapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 14792438 TI - Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. PMID- 14792439 TI - The diagnosis of uterine carcinoma. PMID- 14792440 TI - Retrolental fibroplasia. PMID- 14792441 TI - Methadone and respiratory tract fluid. PMID- 14792442 TI - Adamantinomas. PMID- 14792443 TI - Chromoblastomycosis in a Canadian airman serving in Ceylon. PMID- 14792444 TI - Carcinoma of the lip secondary to carcinoma of the stomach. PMID- 14792446 TI - Systematic blastomycosis. PMID- 14792445 TI - Secondary abdominal pregnancy. PMID- 14792447 TI - Spontaneous reversion to normal sinus rhythm in a case of auricular fibrillation of long standing. PMID- 14792448 TI - Interstitial keratitis treated with cortisone. PMID- 14792449 TI - General practice. PMID- 14792450 TI - Henry Bence Jones, A.M., M.D., F.R.S., F.R.C.P., D.C.L. PMID- 14792451 TI - Advice about ensuring medico-legal assistance after retirement. PMID- 14792452 TI - The early diagnosis of spinal cord lesions. PMID- 14792453 TI - Hypertension; a problem of growing importance. PMID- 14792455 TI - Trends in modern psychiatry. PMID- 14792454 TI - Bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of lung disease. PMID- 14792456 TI - The H-ion concentration of normal and diseased skin. PMID- 14792457 TI - Anaesthesia for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. PMID- 14792458 TI - Treatment of iron deficiency anaemia with saccharated iron oxide given by the intravenous route. PMID- 14792459 TI - Some effects of intravenous injections of saccharated iron oxide on serum iron and unsaturated iron binding capacity. PMID- 14792460 TI - Surital sodium: clinical impressions of a new thiobarbiturate for intravenous anaesthesia. PMID- 14792461 TI - Medical problems in chemical warfare. PMID- 14792462 TI - Cortisone in the treatment of leukemia. PMID- 14792463 TI - Treatment of leukemia with cortisone. PMID- 14792464 TI - The place of splanchnicectomy in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 14792465 TI - Ultraviolet spectrophotometric studies on the cerebrospinal fluid in normal and psychotic individuals. PMID- 14792466 TI - Public health and medical care in Newfoundland. PMID- 14792467 TI - Diverticula of small bowel and their surgical significance. PMID- 14792468 TI - The early symptoms of tetanus with a review of 22 cases. PMID- 14792469 TI - Acute abdominal pain; (critical analysis of 200 patients). PMID- 14792470 TI - Corrected transposition in the heart of a 10 months' infant. PMID- 14792471 TI - Fish-bone perforation of Meckel's diverticulum. PMID- 14792472 TI - Iododerma associated with Loeffler's syndrome. PMID- 14792474 TI - True mesenteric cysts. PMID- 14792473 TI - Dermal myiasis in eastern Canada. PMID- 14792475 TI - General practice. PMID- 14792476 TI - Sudden death from asthma. PMID- 14792477 TI - Oesophageal foreign bodies. PMID- 14792478 TI - The painful back. PMID- 14792479 TI - Tumours of the brain, occipital lobe; their signs and symptoms. PMID- 14792480 TI - The maintenance and improvement of hearing in radical mastoid surgery. PMID- 14792481 TI - Placental anomalies. PMID- 14792482 TI - Tridione and paradione sensitivity. PMID- 14792483 TI - Indians and tuberculosis of skin and bones. PMID- 14792484 TI - Persistent vomiting due to cardio-oesophageal relaxation in infancy. PMID- 14792485 TI - Oesophago-dermato-oesophagoplasty for congenital oesophageal atresia. PMID- 14792486 TI - A method of selection and treatment of a group of patients suffering from atypical facial and head pain. PMID- 14792487 TI - Traumatic rupture of the lower trachea with stenosis. PMID- 14792488 TI - Neuropsychiatric sequelae of cardiac arrest during spinal anaesthesia. PMID- 14792489 TI - Broncholithiasis and broncho-oesophageal fistula. PMID- 14792490 TI - Acromegaly and diabetes. PMID- 14792491 TI - Protein feeding and blood sugar levels in diabetes. PMID- 14792492 TI - Myasthenia gravis of the newborn. PMID- 14792493 TI - Intra-thoracic haemangioma of the chest wall. PMID- 14792494 TI - Prolapsing gastric neurofibroma. PMID- 14792495 TI - Amyloid goitre. PMID- 14792496 TI - William Thomas Aikins (1827-1895). PMID- 14792498 TI - The counting of sponges. PMID- 14792497 TI - The Halifax Bridewell. PMID- 14792499 TI - Eye emergencies. PMID- 14792500 TI - Detachment of the retina. PMID- 14792501 TI - The chemotherapy of cancer. PMID- 14792502 TI - The menopause. PMID- 14792503 TI - Building maturity. PMID- 14792504 TI - Naval medicine. PMID- 14792505 TI - Hints on general first aid. PMID- 14792506 TI - We were skeptics. PMID- 14792507 TI - The teacher-nurse team. PMID- 14792508 TI - [Social service in the school of nursing]. PMID- 14792509 TI - Corpus luteal hemorrhage; surgery and nursing care. PMID- 14792510 TI - Changing maternity service in a changing world. PMID- 14792511 TI - Nurses' part in a prenatal program. PMID- 14792512 TI - Prenatal classes in Greater Toronto. PMID- 14792513 TI - Nourishment for a pregnant woman. PMID- 14792514 TI - Towards easier childbirth. PMID- 14792515 TI - Nurses' part in postnatal care. PMID- 14792516 TI - Breast feeding. PMID- 14792517 TI - A mother breast feeds her baby. PMID- 14792518 TI - Care of "his majesty.". PMID- 14792519 TI - Puerperal inversion of the uterus. PMID- 14792520 TI - [Survey of social service under maternity welfare]. PMID- 14792521 TI - Greetings from an oldster. PMID- 14792522 TI - The doctor, the nurse, and the sick child. PMID- 14792523 TI - Pre- and post-operative nursing care. PMID- 14792524 TI - Juvenile diabetes. PMID- 14792525 TI - Integration of psychological components into pediatrics--up to the age of two. PMID- 14792526 TI - Penicillin versus silver nitrate. PMID- 14792527 TI - The adolescent patient. PMID- 14792528 TI - Transfusion service. PMID- 14792529 TI - The public health nurse and mental hygiene. PMID- 14792530 TI - [Labotomy and nursing]. PMID- 14792531 TI - Chronic glomerulo nephritis. PMID- 14792532 TI - HOARSENESS. PMID- 14792533 TI - IT'S done with mirrors. PMID- 14792534 TI - THE KNIFE, the roentgen ray, and the larynx. PMID- 14792535 TI - A LOOK at the larynx. PMID- 14792536 TI - IF you can burp...you will talk again. PMID- 14792537 TI - FINGERS, x-rays, and mirrors lead to the discovery of laryngeal cancer. PMID- 14792538 TI - TUMOR clinic conferences. PMID- 14792539 TI - Assay of frozen mouse mammary carcinoma for the mammary tumor milk agent. PMID- 14792540 TI - Nuclei from normal and leukemic mouse spleen. I. The isolation of nuclei in neutral medium. PMID- 14792542 TI - Effect of certain folic acid antagonists on transplanted myeloid and lymphoid leukemias of the F strain of mice. PMID- 14792541 TI - Induced tumors of the parotid gland. PMID- 14792543 TI - The effect of protein depletion on the host response to transplantable rat tumor Walker 256. PMID- 14792544 TI - Production of neoplasms by injection of fractions of mammalian neoplasms. PMID- 14792545 TI - The role of cellular fractions in the transplantation of the Walker rat carcinoma 256. PMID- 14792546 TI - The influence of riboflavin, pyridoxine, inositol, and protein depletion- repletion upon the induction of neoplasms by choline deficiency. PMID- 14792547 TI - The synthesis of citrulline and p-aminohippuric acid by rat hepatoma. PMID- 14792548 TI - Mammary excretion of 20-methylcholanthrene. PMID- 14792549 TI - Cytochemical studies of mammalian tissues; the isolation of cell components by differential centrifugation: a review. PMID- 14792550 TI - The changes in cell morphology and histochemistry of the testis following irradiation and their relation to other induced testicular changes. I. Quantitative random sampling of germinal cells at intervals following direct irradiation. PMID- 14792552 TI - Combinations of chemical compounds in experimental cancer therapy. PMID- 14792551 TI - The development of lymphatic and myelogenous leukemia in Wistar rats following gastric instillation of methylcholanthrene. PMID- 14792553 TI - Test of correlation between the pink-eye gene and susceptibility to induced fibrosarcoma in mice. PMID- 14792554 TI - Carbamates in the chemotherapy of leukemia. VIII. Overall tracer studies on carbonyl-labeled urethan, methylene-labeled urethan, and methylene-labeled ethyl alcohol. PMID- 14792555 TI - The effect of estrogen on the serum glucuronidase activity of patients with breast cancer. PMID- 14792556 TI - Summation and inhibition effects of weak and strong carcinogenic hydrocarbons: 1:2-benzanthracene, chrysene, 1:2:5:6-dibenzanthracene, and 20 methylcholanthrene. PMID- 14792557 TI - The cheek pouch of the hamster as a site for the transplantation of a methyl cholanthrene-induced sarcoma. PMID- 14792558 TI - The amino acid content of certain normal and neoplastic tissues. PMID- 14792559 TI - [Possible use of salicylamide in powder compounds]. PMID- 14792560 TI - [Outlook of the technology of preparation of pharmaceutics formulas in socialized medicine]. PMID- 14792561 TI - [Distribution of drugs]. PMID- 14792562 TI - [Pavlov's theories]. PMID- 14792563 TI - [Instructions in pharmacy]. PMID- 14792564 TI - [Detoxication of drugs in the body]. PMID- 14792565 TI - [Bow to industry]. PMID- 14792566 TI - [Certain aspects of salipyrin]. PMID- 14792567 TI - [Examinations for certified pharmacists]. PMID- 14792568 TI - [Waste of materials in pharmacies]. PMID- 14792569 TI - [The effect of the temperature on alkaloids in ergot]. PMID- 14792570 TI - [Relation of chemical substituents and biological comparison of esculin and quinine]. PMID- 14792571 TI - [Polarometric determination of certain pharmaceutically important substances with para-diazobenzenesulphonic acid]. PMID- 14792572 TI - [Studies on the quality index of drugs and pharmaceutical preparations]. PMID- 14792573 TI - [Determination of vitamin B2 in the presence of accessory fluorometrically active substances]. PMID- 14792575 TI - [Animal feeding and fertility]. PMID- 14792574 TI - [Problems and tasks of veterinary administration in Slovakia with reference to protection of human health]. PMID- 14792576 TI - [Breeding problem in relation to protein production in animals]. PMID- 14792578 TI - [Infectious diseases in animals; 16-31 August 1950]. PMID- 14792577 TI - [Undiagnosed cases of poisoning in cattle]. PMID- 14792579 TI - [Effect of specific fermented antigen on tuberculosis]. PMID- 14792580 TI - [Human and animal atherosclerosis]. PMID- 14792581 TI - [Pathologic and anatomic findings in serum horses and sheep]. PMID- 14792582 TI - [Prophylaxis of coccidioidosis]. PMID- 14792583 TI - [Laparotomy for ovarial cyst in mare]. PMID- 14792584 TI - [Tetanus in horses treated with penicillin]. PMID- 14792585 TI - [Infectious diseases in animals, 1-15 October 1950]. PMID- 14792586 TI - [Collection of works of Ferdinand Skorpil (1903-50)]. PMID- 14792587 TI - [Duplex ileum and other duplications of the intestinal tract]. PMID- 14792588 TI - [Argentaffin carcinomas of the intestine]. PMID- 14792589 TI - [Agenesis of corpus callosum and septum pelludicum and porencephaly of the cerebellum]. PMID- 14792590 TI - [Congenital adenoma and teratoid tumor of the liver in infant]. PMID- 14792591 TI - [Multiple con genital rhabdomyoma of the heart]. PMID- 14792592 TI - [Granulation tissue in congenital pulmonary cyst]. PMID- 14792593 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14792594 TI - [Resolution adopted at the session of the Academy of Sciences of USSR and Academy of Medicine of USSR dedicated to Pavlov's theory of physiology]. PMID- 14792595 TI - [Nesidioma in a case of diabetes]. PMID- 14792596 TI - [Qualitative studies on the effect of antibodies against influenza virus A and B in mothers and infants to 6 months of age]. PMID- 14792597 TI - [Diverticulum or pericardial tumor]. PMID- 14792598 TI - [Exsanguination transfusion]. PMID- 14792600 TI - [Progress and future of cardiology]. PMID- 14792599 TI - [Biochemistry of iodine; determination of iodine in potable surface waters]. PMID- 14792601 TI - [Tuberculous abscess following injection of penicillin]. PMID- 14792602 TI - [Cervico-brachial syndrome caused by infection of intervertebral cervical disks]. PMID- 14792603 TI - [Properties of influenza virus B isolated during the epidemic of 1949 in Slovakia]. PMID- 14792605 TI - [Initial forms of leprosy]. PMID- 14792604 TI - [Lesions of the VIII cerebral nerve following administration of streptomycin]. PMID- 14792606 TI - [Case of paroxysmal paralysis associated with myopathy]. PMID- 14792607 TI - [Apparatus for reproduction of cardiac phenomena]. PMID- 14792608 TI - [Hand dynamometer for clinical purposes]. PMID- 14792609 TI - [Peptic ulcer in Soviet neurophysiology]. PMID- 14792610 TI - [Inframicrobial infectious hepatitis]. PMID- 14792611 TI - [Two acute cases of febrile gangrene of toes in both feet]. PMID- 14792612 TI - [Angular stomatitis; differential diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapy]. PMID- 14792613 TI - [Familial leukosis]. PMID- 14792614 TI - [Diagnosis of epidural hematoma]. PMID- 14792615 TI - [Documents of medical literature in the Health Document Center in Prague]. PMID- 14792616 TI - [Allergy to staphylococcal toxoid; skin tests for staphylococcal toxoid in staphylococcal infections]. PMID- 14792617 TI - [Effect of long distance running on cardiovascular system]. PMID- 14792618 TI - [Rib fractures following breast cancer irradiation]. PMID- 14792619 TI - [Failure of exsanguination transfusion in acute leukemias]. PMID- 14792620 TI - [Evaluation of antimony in diphtheria therapy]. PMID- 14792621 TI - [Eosinophilic pulmonary infiltration]. PMID- 14792622 TI - [Technic in use of roentgenograms]. PMID- 14792623 TI - [In memory of Bohumil Vesely]. PMID- 14792624 TI - [Epidemics control in Rumanian Peoples Republic]. PMID- 14792625 TI - [Blood modifications in epidemic hepatitis]. PMID- 14792626 TI - [Air borne infections; prevention of infection in hospitals, with special reference to streptococcal superinfection]. PMID- 14792627 TI - [Steroid metabolism; new apparatus for continuous isolation of steroids in urine]. PMID- 14792628 TI - [Giant pharyngeal polypus]. PMID- 14792629 TI - [Output of energy in various athletic exercises]. PMID- 14792630 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14792631 TI - [F. K. Studni6cka, student biology]. PMID- 14792632 TI - [Michurin and Lysenko's teaching and problems of contemporary microbiology]. PMID- 14792633 TI - [Oligodendroglioma of the pellucid septum]. PMID- 14792634 TI - [Correlation between biotin and certain dermatoses in newborn]. PMID- 14792635 TI - [Air borne infections: use of bacteriophage as experimental medium in studies on prevention of virus diseases]. PMID- 14792636 TI - [Malignant intrapericardial teratoma of the heart]. PMID- 14792637 TI - [Results obtained with cortisone Ciba]. PMID- 14792638 TI - [Review of herpetic diseases of the cornea]. PMID- 14792639 TI - [Treatment of migraine by histamine desensitization]. PMID- 14792640 TI - [Bipolar registration of the electric function in the peripheral vascular system]. PMID- 14792641 TI - [Certain properties of Shiga Kruse toxin]. PMID- 14792642 TI - [Treatment of placenta praevia in obstetric and gynecologic clinic in Brno, 1936 1948]. PMID- 14792643 TI - [Epidemiologic value of typing of group A hemolytic streptococci]. PMID- 14792644 TI - [Method of differential diagnosis of erythroblastosis in adults]. PMID- 14792645 TI - [Urine protein determination]. PMID- 14792646 TI - [Studies on new method of localization of heart insufficiency with bipolar precordial leads]. PMID- 14792647 TI - [Neurologic complications in epidemic hepatitis]. PMID- 14792648 TI - [Pathogenesis of shoulder edema following surgery of breast cancer]. PMID- 14792649 TI - [Mucous membrane manifestations in iron deficiency]. PMID- 14792650 TI - [Preliminary investigations on smallpox vaccination in 1950]. PMID- 14792651 TI - [Antistreptolysin titre in children with rheumatic carditis with special reference to treatment and hospitalization]. PMID- 14792652 TI - [Postmortem diagnosis of syphilis with Berger's antigen]. PMID- 14792653 TI - [Plan for logopedic care]. PMID- 14792655 TI - [Etiology, epidemiology and prophylaxis of hemorrhagic fever]. PMID- 14792654 TI - [Progress in the field of scientific activities]. PMID- 14792656 TI - [Control of malaria in Rumania]. PMID- 14792657 TI - [Academy of Sciences of the USSR discussion on the further development of I.P. Pavlov's theory]. PMID- 14792658 TI - [Relation of Pavlov's theory to internal medicine]. PMID- 14792659 TI - [Corticovisceral theory and its applications in gastroenterology]. PMID- 14792660 TI - [Cerebral edema]. PMID- 14792661 TI - [Role of midwives in the control of perinatal mortality]. PMID- 14792662 TI - [Pediatric aspect in perinatal mortality]. PMID- 14792663 TI - [Social aspect in perinatal mortality and its prevention]. PMID- 14792664 TI - [Statistics of perinatal mortality in 1947-49]. PMID- 14792665 TI - [Improvement of obstetric and gynecologic assistance]. PMID- 14792666 TI - A critique on the articles by Margaret Ribble. PMID- 14792667 TI - Breadth of bone and muscle by age and sex in childhood studies based on measurements derived from several roentgenograms of the calf of the leg. PMID- 14792668 TI - The impact of beginning first grade upon socialization as reported by mothers. PMID- 14792670 TI - [Bronchography as a diagnostic aid in surgery]. PMID- 14792669 TI - [Infusions following stomach surgery]. PMID- 14792671 TI - [Hemostasis with gelatine preparations]. PMID- 14792672 TI - [Water metabolism in the immediate postoperative period]. PMID- 14792673 TI - [A study of the therapy of calcaneal fractures, based upon the extent of permanent compensable incapacity]. PMID- 14792674 TI - [The problem of disordered emptying of the stomach following gastrectomy; comments on Clemen's article: atonia due to occlusion of a gastric or intestinal pouch by the lips of the anastomosis]. PMID- 14792675 TI - [Extradural spinal or peridural anesthesia]. PMID- 14792676 TI - [Extradural spinal anesthesia]. PMID- 14792677 TI - [Testicular atrophy and recurrence of inguinal hernia following herniotomy, considered in the light of medical responsibility]. PMID- 14792678 TI - [Arthrodesis, arthroplasty and arthroereisis of the elbow]. PMID- 14792680 TI - [Postoperative therapy for blood circulation]. PMID- 14792679 TI - [The condition of "floating pain" following Doleris operation for antefixation of the uterus]. PMID- 14792681 TI - [Intussusception in adults]. PMID- 14792682 TI - [Colic intussusception in adults]. PMID- 14792683 TI - [Diagnosis of chronic ileal intussusception in adults]. PMID- 14792684 TI - [Atypical amyloidosis and its surgical therapy]. PMID- 14792685 TI - [Clinical examination of Tego 103, a cleanser and disinfectant for the hands]. PMID- 14792687 TI - [Contrast roentgenography of the peripheral blood vessels]. PMID- 14792686 TI - [The use of chemotherapeutic and antibiotic agents in surgery of the colon and rectum]. PMID- 14792688 TI - [Familial occurrence of osteodystrophia cystica juvenilis]. PMID- 14792689 TI - [Osteitis cystica juvenilis and accident]. PMID- 14792690 TI - [Electrophysiologic control of the circulation during surgery]. PMID- 14792691 TI - [Treatment of local thorotrast injuries]. PMID- 14792692 TI - [Conservative treatment of fractures of the radial neck]. PMID- 14792693 TI - [Obliteration of pancreatic cysts following anastomosis]. PMID- 14792694 TI - [A new surgical method in the treatment of spondylitis tuberculosa]. PMID- 14792695 TI - [Phlegmonous necrosis of the Achilles tendon]. PMID- 14792696 TI - [Fracture of the humerus with intramedullary nail for a previous fracture in situ]. PMID- 14792697 TI - [Arthroplasty and pregnancy]. PMID- 14792698 TI - [Do histopathological elements in favor of an allergic origin exist in gastroduodenal ulcer?]. PMID- 14792699 TI - [Use of synthetic wool as a hemostatic]. PMID- 14792700 TI - [Renal function and factors which regulate variations in the postoperative course; postoperative oliguria, rhythm of renal excretion, urea clearance, in relation to the values of arterial pressure and hydremia]. PMID- 14792701 TI - [Emetine in the treatment of acute appendicitis and its complications]. PMID- 14792702 TI - [Subdartoic scrotal orchidopexy; clinico-casuistic contribution]. PMID- 14792703 TI - [Vitaminized anesthetics; potentiation with vitamins B1 and H1 of local, nerve trunk and spinal anesthetics]. PMID- 14792704 TI - Significance of the urinary sediment. PMID- 14792705 TI - Androgens in postoperative prophylaxis and treatment of breast cancer. PMID- 14792706 TI - The autonomic nervous system. PMID- 14792707 TI - Gouty arthritis. PMID- 14792708 TI - The autonomic nervous system. PMID- 14792709 TI - PRESENT status of percorten and ascorbic acid in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14792710 TI - [Myxomycetes]. PMID- 14792711 TI - [Fifty years study of genetics; Dr. Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg, last living rediscoverer of Mendel's law]. PMID- 14792713 TI - [Problems of the Chinese people. One in every five...]. PMID- 14792712 TI - [Investigation of antibiotic activities in extracts of higher plants]. PMID- 14792714 TI - [Nuclear fission]. PMID- 14792715 TI - [New procedures in prevention of infections and intoxications by air]. PMID- 14792716 TI - [Education of a scientist in present universities]. PMID- 14792717 TI - [Nucleoside-phosphorylase of Staphylococcus aureus]. PMID- 14792718 TI - [Hermann von Ihering (1850-1930)]. PMID- 14792719 TI - [Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850)]. PMID- 14792720 TI - [Nobel Foundation]. PMID- 14792721 TI - [Genetics and evolution]. PMID- 14792722 TI - [Revision of basic principles of electrochemistry]. PMID- 14792723 TI - [Alfredo Werner (1866-1919)]. PMID- 14792724 TI - [Effect of ultraviolet rays on actinomycin]. PMID- 14792725 TI - Factors in the control of bleeding. PMID- 14792726 TI - Controlled observations on the effect of low sodium dietotherapy in essential hypertension. PMID- 14792727 TI - Basic hemodynamic changes produced by aortic coarctation of different degrees. PMID- 14792728 TI - The effects of arterial and pulmonary shunts on the dynamics of aortic coarctation. PMID- 14792729 TI - Hepatorenal factors in circulatory homeostasis. IV. Tissue origins of the vasotropic principles, VEM and VDM, which appear during evolution of hemorrhagi and tourniquet shock. PMID- 14792730 TI - Studies on the effect of oral and parenteral administration of visammin (khellin) in patients with angina pectoris. PMID- 14792731 TI - A comparison of coronary flow determined by the nitrous oxide method and by a direct method using the rotameter. PMID- 14792732 TI - Cavity potentials of the human ventricles. PMID- 14792733 TI - The effect of posture and of compression of the neck on excretion of electrolytes and glomerular filtration; further studies. PMID- 14792734 TI - Studies on the relation of diet, cholesterol and atheroma in chickens. PMID- 14792735 TI - Early relief of chest pain by ethyl chloride spray in acute coronary thrombosis; case report. PMID- 14792736 TI - The patent ductus arteriosus; observations from 412 surgically treated cases. PMID- 14792737 TI - Franz Volhard, 1872-1950. PMID- 14792738 TI - The prophylaxis of subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 14792739 TI - Pulmonary hamartoma; report of three cases. PMID- 14792740 TI - Hamartoma of pericardium--lymphatic type; case report. PMID- 14792741 TI - The appraisal of cardiovascular status in infancy by physical examination. PMID- 14792742 TI - Some simple inexpensive methods for detection of radioactivity; training citizens to meet possible atomic disaster. PMID- 14792743 TI - The diagnosis and surgical treatment of hydronephrosis due to aberrant artery. PMID- 14792744 TI - Lymphatic leukemia occurring simultaneously in Negro brother and sister. PMID- 14792745 TI - Cutaneous sensitivity to monoglycerol para-aminobenzoate; cross sensitization and bilateral eczematization; report of a second case. PMID- 14792746 TI - Treatment of pharyngo-esophageal diverticulum by inversion of the sac. PMID- 14792747 TI - Chronic beryllium poisoning; (chronic pulmonary granulomatosis); preliminary reports on four cases treated with ACTH. PMID- 14792748 TI - Correction of saddle nose deformities. PMID- 14792749 TI - Rubber tube in common bile duct for twenty-five years; a case report. PMID- 14792750 TI - [Results obtained in the treatment of chronic pemphigus and Duhring-Brocq dermatitis; considerations on results]. PMID- 14792751 TI - [Studies on renal hypoglycemias; clinical comments on the first case in Spain]. PMID- 14792752 TI - [146 Subtotal gastrectomies for gastroduodenal ulcer with gastroduodenal end to end anastomoses with one death]. PMID- 14792753 TI - [Rapid analysis for general use]. PMID- 14792754 TI - [Prognostic evaluation of electrocardiography in active tuberculosis]. PMID- 14792755 TI - [Kretschmer and Spanish psychiatry]. PMID- 14792756 TI - [Penicillin and chloromycetin]. PMID- 14792757 TI - [Commemoration of Maurizio Pincherle]. PMID- 14792758 TI - [Histopathologic aspect of the duodenum in antropyloric hypertrophic stenosis of infants]. PMID- 14792759 TI - [Influence of the administration of para-aminobenzoic acid during salicylic treatment in children. I. Action of PAB on salicylemia and salicyluria in normal and rheumatic children]. PMID- 14792760 TI - [Curiosities of pediatric concepts of a century ago]. PMID- 14792761 TI - [Results of the treatment of 128 cases of tuberculous meningitis in 3 years' operation of the Streptomycin Center of Bologne. 1947-48-49]. PMID- 14792762 TI - [Effectiveness of specific intravenous vaccine therapy and of streptomycin sulfadiazine therapy of brucellosis]. PMID- 14792763 TI - [Experimental exophthalmos induced by thiouracil and thyrotropic hormones]. PMID- 14792764 TI - [Current views of the importance of bilirubinemia in diagnosis of hepatic function]. PMID- 14792765 TI - [Research on sideremia in infantile tuberculosis]. PMID- 14792766 TI - [Influence of vitamin therapy on production of antityphoid agglutinins in vaccinated persons]. PMID- 14792767 TI - [Encephalitis and meningoencephalitis from parotitis virus; clinico epidemiological observations]. PMID- 14792768 TI - [Study on the diet of normal infants and of infants with exudative diathesis. I. Lipid composition of milk of mothers of normal infants]. PMID- 14792769 TI - Pneumococcal meningitis. PMID- 14792770 TI - Fatal kerosene intoxication. PMID- 14792771 TI - Leukemoid reaction. PMID- 14792772 TI - Clinico-pathological conference; congestive heart failure in infant. PMID- 14792773 TI - Mumps meningoencephalitis. PMID- 14792774 TI - Erythema bullosum malignanspluriorificial type (Stevens-Johnson disease). Report of a case treated with cortisone. PMID- 14792775 TI - Sacrococcygeal teratoma. PMID- 14792776 TI - Clinico-pathological conference; atresia of the tricuspid valve. PMID- 14792777 TI - Intramuscular administration of chloramphenicol. A preliminary note. PMID- 14792778 TI - [Mode of distribution of glycogen in the cytoplasm of various cell types]. PMID- 14792779 TI - [Histologic study of the cardiac innervation in the dog]. PMID- 14792780 TI - [Modifications of distribution of alkaline phosphatase during transmissible avian erythroblastosis]. PMID- 14792781 TI - [Effect of two folic acid antagonists on fowl leukemia]. PMID- 14792782 TI - [Compared acute toxicity of some synthetic antihistamines in the rat]. PMID- 14792783 TI - [Diphasic electrogram obtained between depolarized contacts on the heart in anoxia]. PMID- 14792784 TI - [Potentials of action of the optic nerve in the catfish]. PMID- 14792785 TI - [Plasticity of a muscular synergism, in man, revealed by electromyographic analysis]. PMID- 14792786 TI - [Role of beta-carotene in the photoelectric effect studied on the epicotyle of Vicia faba]. PMID- 14792787 TI - [Propagation of photoelectric excitation in the epicotyle of Vicia faba L]. PMID- 14792788 TI - [Effect of chloramphenicol in experimental syphilis]. PMID- 14792789 TI - [Use of castrated adult female rabbit for assay of progesterone]. PMID- 14792790 TI - [New observations on inversion, by means of ergotamine, of the hypotensive effects of isopropyl-adrenaline]. PMID- 14792791 TI - [Internal inhibition of electrocortical conditioned reflexes]. PMID- 14792792 TI - [Quantitative study of the antihistamine activity of derivatives with quaternary ammonium function]. PMID- 14792793 TI - [Pharmacodynamic effects of a derivative with quaternary ammonium function of phenothiazine (3554 R P) other than its antihistamine effect]. PMID- 14792795 TI - [Attempted chemoteratogenesis in anurous batracians]. PMID- 14792794 TI - [Role of synthetic antihistamines in experimental incompatible transfusions]. PMID- 14792796 TI - [The thyroglobulin of dogs treated with thyrostimulin or with thyroid antagonists derived from thiouracil]. PMID- 14792797 TI - [Inhibitory effect of histamine bichlorhydrate and of acidity on corneal anesthesia in the rabbit]. PMID- 14792798 TI - [Reversible inactivation of lysozyme by the polyphenoloxydase-o. dihydroxyphenol system (tyrosinase)]. PMID- 14792799 TI - [Comparison of the effect of some puric alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and theophylline-ethylenediamine) on cholinesterase]. PMID- 14792800 TI - [Effect of phenylaminopropane on the cholinesterases of the blood and brain]. PMID- 14792801 TI - [Mechanism of galvanic inhibition (galvanonarcose)]. PMID- 14792802 TI - [Application of the S.P.V. reaction to the study of the esters of cholesterol isolated by chromatography]. PMID- 14792803 TI - [Presence of granulo-filamentous elements (ultra-chondriome?) in normal and pathologic cells and especially in cancerous cells]. PMID- 14792804 TI - [Protective action of testosterone against mercurial nephritis in the mouse]. PMID- 14792805 TI - [State of development of the genital apparatus of field-mice (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) during different seasons of the year]. PMID- 14792806 TI - [Seasonal variations of genital organs of male field-mice (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) weight and histological data]. PMID- 14792807 TI - [Action of external factors on the development of the genital apparatus of field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus L.)]. PMID- 14792808 TI - [Relative fatigability of the quick and slow fasciculi of normal striated muscle in man]. PMID- 14792809 TI - [Relative fatigability of quick and slow fasciculi of striated muscle in myasthenia and myasthenic syndromes]. PMID- 14792811 TI - [Effect of thiourea on the glucide metabolism of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)]. PMID- 14792810 TI - [Variations of the liver glycogen in the young (Salmo salar L.) during smoltification]. PMID- 14792812 TI - [Electric charge of leukocytes; leukocytes of human normal circulating blood (granulocytes)]. PMID- 14792813 TI - [Electric charge of leukocytes; leukocytes of normal human circulating blood and of blood of chronic leukemia (agranulocytes)]. PMID- 14792814 TI - [Effect of pressure on the hydrolysis of proteins by acids or alkalis]. PMID- 14792815 TI - [Formation of two liquid phases in solutions of serum albumin subjected to very high pressures]. PMID- 14792816 TI - [Site of the tonic and clonic activities of human striped muscle]. PMID- 14792817 TI - [Site of the tonic and clonic activities of human striped muscle; complementary data]. PMID- 14792818 TI - [Demonstration in the blastula of Leptinotarsa (Insecta, Col.) of a zone indispensable to normal embryonic development]. PMID- 14792819 TI - [Temperature and hydration in a fresh water mollusk (Anodonta cygnea)]. PMID- 14792820 TI - [Basic inorganic constituents and chlorides of the blood plasma of the anodont during inanition]. PMID- 14792821 TI - [Inhibitory action of silica on the autolysin of Staphylococcus aureus]. PMID- 14792822 TI - [Development of individuals totally resistant to streptomycin in staphylococcic populations cultured in the presence of this antibiotic]. PMID- 14792823 TI - [Intestinal flora of various marine animals]. PMID- 14792824 TI - [Investigation of antibiotic bacteria in the intestine of various marine animals]. PMID- 14792825 TI - [Experimental hemosiderosis of the kidney]. PMID- 14792826 TI - [Effect of the richness of the culture medium on the acquisition of resistance to streptomycin by bacteria]. PMID- 14792827 TI - [Inhibition of bacteriostatic activity of streptomycin by rich culture mediums]. PMID- 14792828 TI - [Hypoglycorrhachia of tuberculous meningitis; consumption of glucose by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Dubos-Davis medium]. PMID- 14792829 TI - [Galactopoietic effect of thyroxin and iodized proteins in young she-goats in estrogen-induced lactation]. PMID- 14792830 TI - [Comparison of the antipyretic effect of N. acetylsalicylamide, amidofebrine, acetylsalicylic acid, gentisic acid and antipyrine]. PMID- 14792831 TI - [A factor influencing the chronic toxicity of the gamma isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane in the rat]. PMID- 14792832 TI - [Influence of implants of blood and fibrin on the number of mastocytes and the tactism of these cells]. PMID- 14792833 TI - [Evolution of mastocytes in the skin of the guinea pig following implants of blood and fibrin]. PMID- 14792834 TI - [New research on agglutinogen P]. PMID- 14792835 TI - [Heredity of agglutinogen P]. PMID- 14792837 TI - [Protective effect of KCN on the lethality of mice irradiated with various doses of x-ray]. PMID- 14792836 TI - [Regeneration of the hematopoietic organs in mice irradiated with high doses and protected by injection of KCN]. PMID- 14792838 TI - [Research on the carotenoid pigments of Penaeidae]. PMID- 14792839 TI - [Research on the pigments of the Penaeidae; spectrophotometric examination]. PMID- 14792840 TI - [Antixerophthalmic activity of oils of Aristeus antennatus (Penaeidae)]. PMID- 14792841 TI - [Vitamin A properties of oils of Penaeidae; preventive action in deficient white rat]. PMID- 14792842 TI - [Modifications of the leukocyte equilibrium during ovalbumin shock in the white rat]. PMID- 14792843 TI - [Effect of chloralose on adrenaline secretion]. PMID- 14792844 TI - [Anaphylactic shock localized in the adrenal gland: effect on adrenalin secretion]. PMID- 14792845 TI - [Cutaneous hyperthermia and release of vascular collapse in heatstroke]. PMID- 14792846 TI - [Effect of centrifuge excitation of a large splanchnic nerve on the irrigation of the adrenal gland]. PMID- 14792847 TI - [Electrocardiograph modifications and orthostatism]. PMID- 14792848 TI - [Relations between the leukocyte formula and the vaginal cycle in the female white rat (normal and castrated)]. PMID- 14792849 TI - [Presence of a cardio-depressive substance in extracts of burned frog muscle]. PMID- 14792850 TI - [Muscular work and vasomotor responses to excitation of the splanchnic nerve]. PMID- 14792851 TI - [Study of the mode of action of yperite (dichlorethyl sulfide) on the cardiovascular system; effects of products of combination of yperite]. PMID- 14792852 TI - [Spectra of blood during progressive anoxia; absorption spectra of plasma in ultra-violet]. PMID- 14792853 TI - [Spectra of blood during histamine shock; absorption spectra of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes and in solution after hemolysis]. PMID- 14792854 TI - [Chromi-colorimetric determination in biologic analysis]. PMID- 14792855 TI - [Evolution of the atropine sensitivity of the cardio-moderator nervous system of the rabbit]. PMID- 14792856 TI - [Effect of muscular work on the intestine-inhibiting action of adrenalin]. PMID- 14792857 TI - [Demonstration of the peripheral vaso-constrictive action of tetraethylammonium bromide]. PMID- 14792858 TI - [Adrenalin content of the resting and active adrenal gland]. PMID- 14792859 TI - [Effect of the pneumogastric nerves on experimental nodal rhythm]. PMID- 14792860 TI - [Several elementary nerves, with distinct functions, enter into the constitution of the cardiac nerve of mollusks and of the cardiac branch of the vagus in fish]. PMID- 14792861 TI - [Effects of section of the visceral nerves on the behavior of the branchial hearts and on survival of the cattle-fish]. PMID- 14792862 TI - [Compared effect of aerated aneurin on vestibular chronaxia and on the beriberi syndrome]. PMID- 14792863 TI - [Comparative content of ribonucleic and desoxyribonucleic acids of benign and malignant tumors of the malpighian series]. PMID- 14792864 TI - [Lower resistance of glycocol bonds during alkaline hydrolysis of proteins]. PMID- 14792865 TI - [Presence of lipidic peroxides in the skin after action of various physical agents]. PMID- 14792866 TI - [Antianemic activity of the liver of rats subjected to protein inanition]. PMID- 14792867 TI - [Phenomena of spasticity following section of the pyramidal tract in the medulla in the dog]. PMID- 14792868 TI - [Specificity of hepatic arginase]. PMID- 14792869 TI - [Electronic device giving a current independent of the resistance of utilization]. PMID- 14792870 TI - [Effect of a synthetic antihistamine (2786 R. P. neoantergan) on the resistance of the guinea pig to anoxemia]. PMID- 14792871 TI - [Effect of low atmospheric pressure on urinary elimination of 17-ketosteroids in man]. PMID- 14792872 TI - [Movements of the cortical cytoplasm of the animal hemisphere of the triton egg during segmentation]. PMID- 14792873 TI - [New research on the queen bee]. PMID- 14792874 TI - [Morphologic study of the retrocerebral endocrine complex of the bee larva]. PMID- 14792875 TI - [Resumption of growth of the male sexual cords under the influence of injections of female hormone in the bird embryo]. PMID- 14792877 TI - [Effect of 2-butoxy-5-aminopyridine on some strains of Mycobacteria]. PMID- 14792876 TI - [Mechanism of action of folliculin on the testis in the guinea pig]. PMID- 14792879 TI - [Calorification of dormant hibernators]. PMID- 14792878 TI - [Radiography applied to the macroscopic study of the evolution of the testes of birds]. PMID- 14792880 TI - [Biochemical research on hibernation]. PMID- 14792881 TI - [Conflict of orientation of the different parts of the anterior half of the blastoderm of birds]. PMID- 14792882 TI - [Structure of secondary formations of human enamel]. PMID- 14792883 TI - [Permeability of the organic network of human enamel]. PMID- 14792884 TI - [Protective effect of sodium nitride on the lethality of mice irradiated by x ray]. PMID- 14792885 TI - [Acute gastroduodenal erosions during the alarm syndrome in different species]. PMID- 14792886 TI - [Expulsion of thymonucleic acid from the nucleus of certain cells of the ovary of Artemia salina L]. PMID- 14792887 TI - [Distribution of ribonucleic acid during the great growth of the oocyte in Pholcus phalangioides (Fuessl)]. PMID- 14792888 TI - [Cell and plasma concentrations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in Anodonta cygnea]. PMID- 14792889 TI - [Cell and plasma concentrations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in a series of fresh water animals]. PMID- 14792890 TI - [Pharmacodynamic and histochemical research relative to hexamethoxycyclohexane obtained by methylation of mesoinositol]. PMID- 14792891 TI - [Multiple renal plasmocytomas and plasmocytosis following repeated injections of DDT in the dog]. PMID- 14792892 TI - [Reciprocal antibiotic effects in bacteria of the genus Bacillus]. PMID- 14792893 TI - [A mutation of bacteriophage involving its spectrum of activity]. PMID- 14792894 TI - [Effect of temporary contact with streptomycin on non-proliferating bacteria]. PMID- 14792896 TI - [Chinese medicine]. PMID- 14792895 TI - [Inhibition of the microbiologic reduction of potassium tellurite by iron salts]. PMID- 14792897 TI - [What the physician should know about the electrocardiogram]. PMID- 14792898 TI - [Erythroblastosis]. PMID- 14792899 TI - [Technic of electrocoagulation of the cervix; regarding the article by Bret and Bardiaux]. PMID- 14792900 TI - [Contribution to the study of the miner problem]. PMID- 14792901 TI - [Standard contract concerning general practitioners approved for medical care of members of miners' aid societies]. PMID- 14792902 TI - [Nutrition problems in infant hygiene]. PMID- 14792903 TI - [Problems posed by a case of silicosis]. PMID- 14792904 TI - [Orthostatic pyelography of the floating kidney]. PMID- 14792905 TI - [International Congress of Amebiasis, Chatelguyon, 15-16 September 1950]. PMID- 14792906 TI - [Pediatrics under cross-examination: are specialties a danger to general medicine?]. PMID- 14792907 TI - [What a national health plan should and could be in France]. PMID- 14792908 TI - [Plan for complementary retirement of dental surgeons]. PMID- 14792909 TI - [Practical concepts of vectocardiography]. PMID- 14792910 TI - [Recent concepts and current therapeutics of obesity]. PMID- 14792911 TI - [Examination of feces in chloromycetin-treated typhoid]. PMID- 14792912 TI - [Aerosol administration of para-aminosalicylic acid]. PMID- 14792913 TI - [Regarding the new status on midwives]. PMID- 14792914 TI - [Perspectives of medical syndicalism should be broadened]. PMID- 14792915 TI - [The Confederation has undertaken the revision of C 2]. PMID- 14792916 TI - [Several hours in Paris with M. Andre Cournand]. PMID- 14792917 TI - [What can be expected of crenotherapy of rheumatic diseases]. PMID- 14792918 TI - [Psychiatry, psychoanalysis and medicine]. PMID- 14792919 TI - [Medical and surgical sequels of gastrectomy]. PMID- 14792921 TI - [Rheumatic neuralgia]. PMID- 14792922 TI - [Unfair extension to medical care of the authorization of hospitals]. PMID- 14792920 TI - [Blood tests and streptomycin]. PMID- 14792923 TI - [Protracted illness in the farmers' social insurance regulations]. PMID- 14792924 TI - [Government service: liberal viewpoint]. PMID- 14792925 TI - [Education and practice of physicians in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 14792926 TI - [Supervision of infants]. PMID- 14792927 TI - [Biologic properties and therapeutic applications of the corticotropic hormone]. PMID- 14792928 TI - [Epithelioma of the appendix; a new case of carcinoid]. PMID- 14792929 TI - [Hemoptysis in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14792930 TI - [A new diagnostic adjunct aid in cancer of the uterus]. PMID- 14792931 TI - [First World Congress of Cardiology]. PMID- 14792932 TI - [School hygiene and preventive medicine]. PMID- 14792933 TI - [Forecast for the future]. PMID- 14792934 TI - [British medicine in 1950]. PMID- 14792935 TI - [Modern concepts and treatments of acne]. PMID- 14792936 TI - [Tuberculosis of the tongue]. PMID- 14792938 TI - [Acrodynia and mercury poisoning]. PMID- 14792937 TI - [Hyperparathyroidism; Recklinghausen's disease]. PMID- 14792939 TI - [Bronchoscopy in dyspnea]. PMID- 14792940 TI - [Costs and expenses in professional disciplinary jurisdictions]. PMID- 14792941 TI - [In defense of country doctors]. PMID- 14792942 TI - [Let's end the C2 war]. PMID- 14792943 TI - [American physicians and nationalization projects]. PMID- 14792944 TI - [Rehabilitation of the physically handicapped]. PMID- 14792945 TI - Mental changes in intracranial tumors and related problems. PMID- 14792946 TI - [Pseudo-Meniere syndrome due to subdural supracerebellar hygroma]. PMID- 14792947 TI - [Paralysis of the vestibular nuclei]. PMID- 14792948 TI - Intratympanic injection of parasympathomimetic drugs. PMID- 14792949 TI - Hereditary congenital spinocerebellar ataxia accompanied by congenital cataract and oligophrenia; a genetic and clinical investigation. PMID- 14792950 TI - On the differential diagnosis, by Fowler's "loudness recruitment" test, of changes in the cochlear nerve, with reference to the "loudness shock test". PMID- 14792951 TI - [Glomus tumors (Masson's arterial angioneuromyoma]. PMID- 14792952 TI - Mental changes in intracranial tumors and related problems. Part II. VII. Lesions of the thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain. PMID- 14792953 TI - The role of psychosomatic factors in dermatoses. PMID- 14792954 TI - Pulmonary function. PMID- 14792955 TI - Six cases of cancer of the cervix in pregnancy. PMID- 14792956 TI - Exsanguination transfusion by the supraumbilical approach. PMID- 14792957 TI - Age factor in the treatment of amblyopia ex anopsia. PMID- 14792958 TI - Relationships of the health department and the hospital with special reference to a regional hospital council for Connecticut. PMID- 14792959 TI - The Rh factor: practical considerations. PMID- 14792960 TI - The physician and the pharmacopeia. PMID- 14792961 TI - Malignant melanoma: a clinico-pathological study; sixty-eight cases (non-ocular type) with special reference to possible prognostic factors. PMID- 14792962 TI - The present status of the treatment of hyperthyroidism. PMID- 14792963 TI - The cardiovascular system in chronic anemia. PMID- 14792964 TI - Giant scrotal hernia; presentation of a case and discussion of its management. PMID- 14792965 TI - Dysgerminoma in a mentally ill patient, with infantile reproductive organs and infantile secondary sex characters. PMID- 14792966 TI - Treatment of diabetic plantar blisters with ulceration; a case report. PMID- 14792967 TI - Presidential address. PMID- 14792968 TI - The clinical prostatic at present. PMID- 14792969 TI - The treatment of pernicious anemia. PMID- 14792970 TI - The meaning of education, a passage from Philip H. Austen, M.D., D.D.S. PMID- 14792971 TI - The indications and limitations of the medullary nail in small animals. PMID- 14792972 TI - Cerebral abscess in a calf. PMID- 14792973 TI - The lancet fluke, a new parasite of the woodchuck. PMID- 14792974 TI - A chemical and morphological study of normal sheep blood. PMID- 14792975 TI - An unusual condition associated with uterus unicornus in cattle. PMID- 14792976 TI - The incidence of Brucella agglutinins in horses and their relationship to periodic ophthalmia. PMID- 14792977 TI - Urolithiasis in mink. PMID- 14792978 TI - The preservation of Vibrio fetus by lyophilization. PMID- 14792979 TI - Carcinoma of the kidney of a cat. PMID- 14792980 TI - Attempts to adapt equine infectious anemia virus to small animals. PMID- 14792981 TI - Morphological observations by electron microscopy of the viruses of infectious bronchitis of chickens and the chronic respiratory disease of turkeys. PMID- 14792983 TI - Morphological observations by electron microscopy of Newcastle virus in the spinal cord of hamsters infected by various routes. PMID- 14792982 TI - Immunization of turkeys against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae with avirulent live culture. PMID- 14792984 TI - Relative sedimentation rates of spermatozoa and Trichomon as foetus in bovine semen. PMID- 14792985 TI - Opsonic indexes of cattle following injections of a Brucella abortus bacterin. PMID- 14792986 TI - N4-(Biguanidyl-substituted)-N1-benzoyl sulphanilamides. PMID- 14792987 TI - The nuclear oxidation of coumarins. PMID- 14792988 TI - Formation and new methods of preparation of 3-acetyl-4-carboxylic heptanol-4 dione-2-6 carboxylic monoethyl ester-1. PMID- 14792990 TI - A study on the methods of isolation and culture of myco tuberculosis. PMID- 14792989 TI - Accumulation of cholesterol in inositol-deficient larvae of Corcyra cephalonica St. PMID- 14792991 TI - Antibacterial properties of some quinoline substituted guanides with special reference to the acute toxicity and the bacteriostatic activity of N'-(p chlorophenyl)-N5-(8'chloro-5'quinolyl) biguanide acetate. PMID- 14792992 TI - Chalkones from quinacetophenone monomethyl ether. PMID- 14792993 TI - A note on the influence of boron on the yield and ascorbic acid content in the tomato fruit. PMID- 14792994 TI - Anatomical changes in the embryo of mustard during vernalization. PMID- 14792995 TI - A simple sand culture equipment for growing rice plants. PMID- 14792996 TI - Staining bacterial flagella. PMID- 14792997 TI - Meiosis in three genera of Indian Heteroptera. PMID- 14792998 TI - A modified treatment against loose smut of wheat. PMID- 14792999 TI - Cintractia minor on three species of Cyperus in Mysore. PMID- 14793000 TI - A case of twin ovules in Isomeris arborea. PMID- 14793001 TI - PROCEEDINGS of the 161st Annual Session of the Medical Society of Delaware, October 3-4, 1950. PMID- 14793003 TI - A precision technique producing dentures that fit and function. PMID- 14793002 TI - Specialized frictional attachments and their role in partial denture construction. PMID- 14793004 TI - A re-consideration of trigeminal neuralgia. PMID- 14793005 TI - Immediate acrylic jacket crowns by the direct-indirect technique. PMID- 14793006 TI - Clinical utility of an unique type of radiation therapy in oral pathology. PMID- 14793007 TI - Adjustable basic support for facial injury treatment. PMID- 14793008 TI - An alginate-copper die technique for fixed bridges. PMID- 14793010 TI - X-rays cannot be over developed. PMID- 14793009 TI - Retaining an infected traumatized pyorrhetic molar. PMID- 14793011 TI - Procedures for general anesthesia in the dental office. PMID- 14793012 TI - Penicillin sodium capping of vital cariously exposed pulps in adults. PMID- 14793013 TI - Matrix retention in Class III and Class IV acrylic restorations. PMID- 14793015 TI - Balance and equalization of stresses in dentures accomplished by means of prescribed interferences. PMID- 14793014 TI - Elimination of periodontal pockets. PMID- 14793016 TI - Juvenile fractures of the jaw. PMID- 14793017 TI - Anesthesia in prolonged dental cases. PMID- 14793018 TI - Histology and dynamics of capillaries and arteries. PMID- 14793019 TI - Aureomycin in the treatment of infections of the mouth. PMID- 14793020 TI - The importance of correct jaw relations in cervico-oro-facial orthopedia. PMID- 14793021 TI - Further report on the full lower implant denture. PMID- 14793022 TI - Muscular influence on occlusion as shown by x-rays of the condyle. PMID- 14793023 TI - Histology and dynamics of capillaries and arteries. PMID- 14793024 TI - Successful full dentures through accurate centric occlusion. PMID- 14793025 TI - [Effect of experimental skin lesions upon growth of the hair]. PMID- 14793026 TI - [Effect of bismuth on the therapeutic action of penicillin]. PMID- 14793027 TI - [Dermatoplasty with Padgett and Hood's dermatome]. PMID- 14793028 TI - [Immunobiologic observations on superinfection in congenital syphilis and paralysis]. PMID- 14793029 TI - [Practical note on the local anesthetization of scar tissue]. PMID- 14793030 TI - [Blood copper in syphilis]. PMID- 14793031 TI - [Therapeutic application of the vasodilating effect of penicillin]. PMID- 14793032 TI - [Observations on Jentsch's article, Incidence of skin disease in times of stress]. PMID- 14793033 TI - [Oscillometric, thermometric and electrodermatographic studies of the effect of hyperemization in pathologic modifications of the skin]. PMID- 14793034 TI - [Indirect roentgen irradiation and the reaction of the skin]. PMID- 14793035 TI - [Pathogenesis of plastic induration of the penis]. PMID- 14793036 TI - [Cytologic effect of the vitamins]. PMID- 14793037 TI - [The influence of the state of allergy to Hoechst's TMS (tuberculin mother substance) on the course of experimental tuberculosis of the guinea pig]. PMID- 14793038 TI - [Recent advances in the treatment of eczema]. PMID- 14793040 TI - [Microsporia in Schleswig-Holstein]. PMID- 14793039 TI - [Experiences with arsaminol and penicillin therapy of syphilis]. PMID- 14793041 TI - [Legislation and administrative regulations concerning production, sale and use of drugs]. PMID- 14793042 TI - [Parenteral novalgin as a therapeutic analgesic in rheumatism]. PMID- 14793043 TI - [The mode of action and therapeutic effects of diethylaminoethanol in the treatment of disorders of peripheral circulation and in related disorders]. PMID- 14793044 TI - [Treatment of acute attacks of sciatic pain in protrusion of the nucleus pulposus]. PMID- 14793045 TI - [Etiology and therapy of enteritis necroticans]. PMID- 14793046 TI - [The tuberculologist and his duties; a word to the younger generation]. PMID- 14793047 TI - [Present status of ultrasonic therapy]. PMID- 14793048 TI - [Treatment of disorders of peripheral circulation]. PMID- 14793049 TI - [The mechanical etiology and treatment of pulmonary emphysema]. PMID- 14793050 TI - [Staphylococci as a cause of food poisoning]. PMID- 14793051 TI - [The tuberculologist and his duties; a word to the younger generation]. PMID- 14793053 TI - [Chemotherapy of tuberculosis]. PMID- 14793052 TI - [The worker's health and the five year plan]. PMID- 14793054 TI - [Problems and results of penicillin therapy of scarlet fever]. PMID- 14793055 TI - [Tonsillectomy in children; results of a follow-up study]. PMID- 14793056 TI - [Active or passive biliary therapy? Contribution on the diagnosis and therapy of digestive disorders due to cholecystopathy]. PMID- 14793057 TI - [Sudeck's syndrome]. PMID- 14793058 TI - [Reconstruction problems of hospitals and sanatoria]. PMID- 14793059 TI - [Deserving physicians designated heroes of the people for 1950]. PMID- 14793060 TI - [Nephrosis]. PMID- 14793061 TI - [Local application of sulfonamides in otorhinolaryngology]. PMID- 14793062 TI - [Dry necrosis of the skin and subcutis due to the use of Zeller's arsenic paste during radiotherapy of a cutaneous basalioma]. PMID- 14793063 TI - [Pernicious anemia and its diagnosis in the hematologic stations]. PMID- 14793064 TI - [Thrombostatic effect of the sulfuric acid esters of xylan]. PMID- 14793065 TI - [Treatment of morphinism]. PMID- 14793066 TI - [Emil Abderhalden]. PMID- 14793067 TI - [Cleaning up the drug industry; some general observations on the enforcement of laws relating to the drug industry]. PMID- 14793068 TI - [Mechanism of parenteral resorption of iron]. PMID- 14793069 TI - [Characteristic aspects in the course of tuberculous peritonitis]. PMID- 14793070 TI - [Central modifications of the optic fundus in adolescence]. PMID- 14793071 TI - [Producer-gas poisoning]. PMID- 14793072 TI - [Air pollution as a problem of public health]. PMID- 14793073 TI - [The education and training of physically, mentally and psychically defective children and adolescents]. PMID- 14793074 TI - [Rhinologic aspects of the diagnosis and therapy of large dentigerous cysts of the maxilla]. PMID- 14793075 TI - [Further observations on anatomical in consanguinity]. PMID- 14793076 TI - [Observations on the differential cytodiagnosis of the vaginal smear]. PMID- 14793078 TI - [Kidney function test and renal terminology: metaboluria]. PMID- 14793077 TI - [Clinical observations on acute enteritis necroticans in infants]. PMID- 14793079 TI - [Author's experience with Burger's paladrin, a new narcotic]. PMID- 14793080 TI - [Dangers of contact with mercury in the chemical industry]. PMID- 14793081 TI - [Clinical or private practice]. PMID- 14793082 TI - [Pharmacology of the peripheral circulation]. PMID- 14793083 TI - [Polycythemia vera following industrial carbon monoxide poisoning]. PMID- 14793084 TI - [Bacteriostatic substances from hops]. PMID- 14793086 TI - [Systematic special music therapy in the correction of speech disorders and in other therapeutic regimes]. PMID- 14793085 TI - [Treatment of acute otitis media in general practice]. PMID- 14793087 TI - [Apparatus for holding the head in suboccipital puncture]. PMID- 14793088 TI - [The nature and purpose of research and practice in the medical care of the young and adolescent]. PMID- 14793089 TI - [Re-licensing of doctors of medicine, doctors of medical dentistry, and of pharmacists; recertification of dental]. PMID- 14793090 TI - [Renewal of residence permits of doctors of medicine and medical dentistry returning from wartime service, imprisonment and evacuation]. PMID- 14793091 TI - [Guarding the health of the working man in the Rumanian Peoples Republic]. PMID- 14793092 TI - [Nitrogen mustard therapy of malignant tumors]. PMID- 14793093 TI - [Intravenous use of aminophenazon in general practice, with observations on the literature]. PMID- 14793095 TI - [Observations on artificial insemination in man]. PMID- 14793094 TI - [Peptic ulcer and pneumoperitoneum]. PMID- 14793096 TI - [Practical experiences with plenosol, a mistletoe preparation, in the treatment of arthroses and polyarthritis]. PMID- 14793097 TI - [Basic principles in the treatment of peripheral circulatory disorders]. PMID- 14793098 TI - [The follicular hormone and the eye]. PMID- 14793099 TI - [Personal experiences with penicillin therapy of malignant facial furuncles]. PMID- 14793100 TI - [The bases of a possible segmental therapy]. PMID- 14793101 TI - [Hypoglycemia and mental disorders]. PMID- 14793102 TI - [Occlusive pessaries]. PMID- 14793103 TI - [Necessity of physical training for posture correction in the schools]. PMID- 14793104 TI - [The objectives of the new Ministry of Health]. PMID- 14793105 TI - [Surgical shock]. PMID- 14793106 TI - [The follicular hormone and the eye]. PMID- 14793107 TI - [Chronic cor pulmonale and essential hypertonia of the pulmonary circulation]. PMID- 14793108 TI - [Septic scarlatina]. PMID- 14793109 TI - [Therapeutic use of follicular hormone salves]. PMID- 14793110 TI - [Practical experiences with Asid's vipracutan in the treatment of athletic injuries and other disorders]. PMID- 14793111 TI - [Practical experiences in industrial dermatology]? PMID- 14793112 TI - [Prognosis of virus hepatitis]. PMID- 14793113 TI - [Problem of hepatitis]. PMID- 14793114 TI - [Recent advances in the study of virus hepatitis]. PMID- 14793115 TI - [The prediabetic phase in diabetes]. PMID- 14793116 TI - [Problems of therapeutic reducing]. PMID- 14793117 TI - [Injurious effect of conteben therapy on the liver]. PMID- 14793119 TI - [Clinical experiences with Frimberger's modification of Weltmann's serum test]. PMID- 14793118 TI - [The effect of different fertilizers on the biochemical analysis of vegetables and their use in infant nutrition]. PMID- 14793120 TI - [Severe erythroblastosis fetalis in a first born child due to prior sensitization of the mother by blood transfusion]. PMID- 14793121 TI - [Technic and evaluation of tests to determine in vitro the resistance of pathogenic micro-organisms, with reference to their clinical significance]. PMID- 14793122 TI - [An epidemic of bacillosis breslaviensis among the staff of a children's home]. PMID- 14793123 TI - [Differential diagnosis of tumors of the lung and modern thoracic surgery]. PMID- 14793124 TI - [Animal experiments on exchange transfusion in the therapy of acute uremia]. PMID- 14793125 TI - [Primary multiple cancer and the cancerous diathesis]. PMID- 14793126 TI - [Antibiotic therapy of chronic purulent bronchopulmonary infections]. PMID- 14793127 TI - [Clinical experience with a plant enzyme preparation]. PMID- 14793128 TI - [Differential diagnosis of abdominal pain]. PMID- 14793129 TI - [Treatment of wounds following novocaine-penicillin infiltration]. PMID- 14793130 TI - [Peteosthor therapy of articular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14793131 TI - [Alkamine ester of benzilic acid as a spasmolytic]. PMID- 14793132 TI - [Etiology and epidemiology and war nephritis (infectious nephritis)]. PMID- 14793133 TI - [Changes in the clinical aspect of dystrophy]. PMID- 14793134 TI - [New viewpoints in the problem of multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 14793135 TI - [Present status of gynecologic hormone therapy]. PMID- 14793136 TI - [Progress and problems in the therapeutic use of the follicular hormone (progynon C)]. PMID- 14793137 TI - [Progress in the therapy of heart disease]. PMID- 14793138 TI - [The morning urine]. PMID- 14793139 TI - [Epidemiologic observations on cases of canicola fever in Wurttemberg]. PMID- 14793140 TI - [Observations on Butenandt's article on the physiologic significance of the follicular hormone and the estrogens in pathogenesis of mammary cancer and the treatment of prostatic carcinoma]. PMID- 14793141 TI - [In memoriam Emil Abderhalden]. PMID- 14793142 TI - [Notes on atomic medicine]. PMID- 14793143 TI - [Tolerance on sea water]. PMID- 14793144 TI - [Use of the constitutional schema]. PMID- 14793145 TI - [Conduction of labor in multiparity]. PMID- 14793146 TI - [Fetal death in toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 14793147 TI - [Generalized tumorous mycosis of various internal organs]. PMID- 14793148 TI - [Treatment of diabetes]. PMID- 14793149 TI - [Prospects of radioactive iodine therapy of malignant goiter]. PMID- 14793150 TI - [Ecbolic effect of the follicular hormone]. PMID- 14793151 TI - [Injurious effects of new sources of light]. PMID- 14793152 TI - [Historical note on the use of gloves in obstetrics]. PMID- 14793153 TI - [Eugen Rost on his 90th birthday]. PMID- 14793154 TI - [The doctrines of Speransky in the light of clinical neurology]. PMID- 14793155 TI - [Polyarthritis as a prodrome of homologous serum hepatitis]. PMID- 14793156 TI - [Bacteriologic examination of the sputum and its significance in disease of the respiratory tract]. PMID- 14793157 TI - [Studies of the bacterial reduction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride]. PMID- 14793158 TI - [Theoretic basis of choline therapy and the results of its application in liver disease]. PMID- 14793160 TI - [E-605 in practice and experiment]. PMID- 14793159 TI - [Soventol in clinical dermatology]. PMID- 14793161 TI - [Control measures against the abuse of hypnotics]. PMID- 14793162 TI - [Serum lability reactions in leptospirosis]. PMID- 14793163 TI - [Modifications of the optic fundus in arterial hypertension and kidney disease]. PMID- 14793164 TI - [Observations of expression]. PMID- 14793165 TI - [Two village epidemic of Q fever in Baden]. PMID- 14793166 TI - [Differential diagnosis and therapy of headache]. PMID- 14793167 TI - [Obstetrical jurisprudence. 6. Stillbirth or post partum death]. PMID- 14793168 TI - [More on science and medicine]. PMID- 14793169 TI - [Critical observations on vitamin therapy in disease of the nervous system]. PMID- 14793170 TI - [The effect of dihydrated ergot alkaloids in hypertension]. PMID- 14793171 TI - [Treatment of operative hypertensive collapse with vaskulat]. PMID- 14793172 TI - [Comparative investigations on therapeutic effect of TB 1/698, PAS and streptomycin]. PMID- 14793173 TI - [Observations on the anticoagulant effect and use of hirudoid salve]. PMID- 14793174 TI - [Clinical aspects of myocardial infarct]. PMID- 14793175 TI - [Centenary of the birth of von Mikulica]. PMID- 14793176 TI - [Differences in central and reflex excitation of the sympathetic nervous system]. PMID- 14793177 TI - [Benign lymphadenosis of the skin; case report]. PMID- 14793178 TI - [Modified azorubin S liver function test, and its use in clinical and practical use]. PMID- 14793179 TI - [Clinical relation of bladder tumors to the upper urinary tract]. PMID- 14793180 TI - [The illuminating microscope as an aid in the rapid diagnosis of surgical]. PMID- 14793181 TI - [Critical observations on vitamin therapy in disease of the nervous system]. PMID- 14793182 TI - [The effect of dihydrated ergot alkaloids in hypertension]. PMID- 14793183 TI - [Gallbladder regeneration following cholecystectomy]. PMID- 14793184 TI - [Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia]. PMID- 14793185 TI - [Clinical aspect of tuberculous meningitis treated with streptomycin]. PMID- 14793186 TI - [Role of the general practitioner in the treatment of malaria in veterans and former war prisoners]. PMID- 14793187 TI - [Limited effect of diphtheria antitoxin in man]. PMID- 14793188 TI - [Disorders of stomach function accompanying surgical disease]. PMID- 14793189 TI - [Critical observations on vitamin therapy in disease of the nervous system]. PMID- 14793190 TI - [Combined use of old and depot insulin in diabetes]. PMID- 14793191 TI - [Surgical therapy of arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14793192 TI - [Medico-legal evaluation of posterior intervertebral disk prolapse in social accident insurance; attempt at a coordination of legal and medical findings]. PMID- 14793193 TI - [In memoriam Rudolf Grashey]. PMID- 14793194 TI - [Serous interstitial nephritis and neuro-encephalomyelitis due to the dissemination of a dentogenous focal infection]. PMID- 14793195 TI - [Isolated "Basedow's" exophthalmos]. PMID- 14793196 TI - [The exceptional biologic position of the fatty acids of medium chain length]. PMID- 14793197 TI - [Differential diagnosis and pathogenesis of hemochromatosis]. PMID- 14793198 TI - [Value of ultrasonic therapy of severe sciatic neuritis]. PMID- 14793199 TI - [Reflex epilepsy due to local anesthesia]. PMID- 14793201 TI - [Ultrasonic therapy of aerated body cavities]. PMID- 14793200 TI - [The problem of intensifying the effects of substances which promote circulation of the blood]. PMID- 14793202 TI - [Seventy-five years of research and clinical study of the venereal diseases]. PMID- 14793203 TI - [Notes on epidemic parotitis]. PMID- 14793204 TI - [Acute atrophy of the bone marrow]. PMID- 14793205 TI - [Clinical etiologic and epidemiologic investigations of and epidemic viral meningitis]. PMID- 14793206 TI - [Treatment of inoperable lung cancer]. PMID- 14793207 TI - [A new method of therapy in multiple sclerosis with hydergin and grenz roentgenotherapy]. PMID- 14793208 TI - [Experimental and clinical examination of dienestrol diacetate]. PMID- 14793209 TI - [Significance of odontogenous focal infection for the general practitioner]. PMID- 14793210 TI - [Adsorption compounds of iodine as a test for pregnancy]. PMID- 14793211 TI - [Noradrenalin as an adrenal and sympathetic hormone]. PMID- 14793212 TI - [Differential diagnosis of morbus caeruleus]. PMID- 14793213 TI - [Epidemiology of encephalitis in the Palatinate, 1947-9]. PMID- 14793214 TI - [Problem of protein therapy in liver disease]. PMID- 14793215 TI - [Penicillin therapy in the early treatment of congenital syphilis]. PMID- 14793216 TI - [Examination of pancreasmellin, a new peroral medicament for use in diabetes]. PMID- 14793217 TI - [Nutrition in the relational pathology of Gustav Ricker, and its significance for therapeutics]. PMID- 14793218 TI - [To Hans Walter Gruhle on his 70th birthday]. PMID- 14793219 TI - [In commemoration of the 70th birthday of Prof. R. von den Velden]. PMID- 14793220 TI - [Focal infection and rheumatism; new diagnostic methods to ascertain the results of therapeutic procedures]. PMID- 14793221 TI - [Morphogenesis of the human teeth]. PMID- 14793222 TI - [Possibility of reducing the incidence of caries by peroral administration of neo cesol]. PMID- 14793223 TI - [Clinical observations on the effect of neo-cesol on salivary secretion]. PMID- 14793224 TI - [Relation between the palatine ridges and the teeth]. PMID- 14793225 TI - [Disintegration of phosphate cements in the oral cavity, and its inhibition]. PMID- 14793226 TI - [Problem of prescribed methods in the examination of dental materials]. PMID- 14793227 TI - [Problem of adhesion as opposed to tenacity of dental cements; short comment on preceding article]. PMID- 14793228 TI - [Comments on Peter Neuls' article, Bridges and pivot-teeth with changeable palapont facings]. PMID- 14793229 TI - [Critical observations on Gins' theory of contagious gingivitis (spirillosis)]. PMID- 14793230 TI - [Anodontogenic trismus]. PMID- 14793231 TI - [Indications and use of antibiotics in maxillodental disease]. PMID- 14793232 TI - [Consensus of recent American research on the relation of sugar and caries]. PMID- 14793233 TI - [Permeability of dentin to chlorine and ozone]. PMID- 14793234 TI - [Surgical measures preparatory to full prosthesis]. PMID- 14793235 TI - [Odontogenous focal infection in dental practice]. PMID- 14793236 TI - [Palant ring pivot crown]. PMID- 14793237 TI - [Sequestrating inflammation of the dental germ in infancy]. PMID- 14793238 TI - [Basic principles and advantages of mobilized palatal flap in palatoplasty]. PMID- 14793239 TI - [Saddles with detachable continuous clasps, saddles with detachable palatal bars, a new type of cantilevered partial prosthesis with gingival retention]. PMID- 14793240 TI - [Rapid-palapont (dental technique)]. PMID- 14793241 TI - [Economical impression technic with an elastic material]. PMID- 14793242 TI - [Simple method of determining the intraoral pressure points of the prosthesis]. PMID- 14793243 TI - [Report on the 78th meeting of the German Society for Dental, Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Stuttgart, 28-30 July 1950; Main theme; Possibilities and limitations of the treatment of the devitalized tooth]. PMID- 14793244 TI - [The reciprocal dependence of the periodontium and temporomandibular joint in mastication]. PMID- 14793245 TI - [Growth and malformation of the human jaw]. PMID- 14793246 TI - [Aids in dental anesthesia by injection]. PMID- 14793247 TI - [Reconstruction of the deformed dental arch]. PMID- 14793248 TI - [Preparation of the oral cavity preparatory to fitting the dental prosthesis]. PMID- 14793249 TI - [Impressions on medicine in China]. PMID- 14793250 TI - [Report on the industrial exhibition held in connection with the 78th meeting of the German Society for Dental, Oral and Maxillary Therapeutics, Stuttgart, 28-30 July 1950]. PMID- 14793251 TI - [Pathology and therapy of malignant tumors of the parotid gland]. PMID- 14793252 TI - [The effect of the full denture on the maxilla]. PMID- 14793253 TI - [Basic principles and practical technic in anchorage of post crowns in the superior incisors]. PMID- 14793254 TI - [In memoriam Otto Franke]. PMID- 14793255 TI - [Treatment of odontogenous focal infection]. PMID- 14793256 TI - [Effect of peroral amino acids on prothrombin time and thrombocyte count in subjects with normal blood coagulation]. PMID- 14793257 TI - [Relation of liver disease to xanthomatosis]. PMID- 14793258 TI - [Studies on the demonstration in the urine of certain intermediate products of glycolysis with strong reducing capacity (reductones)]. PMID- 14793259 TI - [Infections and intoxications of alimentary origin]. PMID- 14793260 TI - [Antibacterial effect and therapy with para-aminobenzoic acid; recent Italian contributions]. PMID- 14793261 TI - [Biologic effect of ultrasonic waves]. PMID- 14793262 TI - [The making of a surgeon]. PMID- 14793263 TI - [Oxygen therapy; its importance in health education]. PMID- 14793264 TI - [Perforated simple ulcer of the jejunum]. PMID- 14793265 TI - [Aggravation of gastro-duodenal ulcer following sympathectomy]. PMID- 14793266 TI - [Oxyuriasis]. PMID- 14793267 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of breast cancer in the Curie Foundation of the Radium Institute of Paris]. PMID- 14793269 TI - [Trilene analgesia in 300 deliveries]. PMID- 14793268 TI - [Uterine functional asynergy and demerol]. PMID- 14793270 TI - [Pneumomediastinum associated with angiocardiography in the diagnosis of angiocardiopathies]. PMID- 14793271 TI - [Pre- and post-operative desensitization]. PMID- 14793272 TI - [Prevention of accidents due to large dosis of vitamin D by addition of vitamin A]. PMID- 14793273 TI - [In defense of certain objectives of classical obstetrics]. PMID- 14793274 TI - [Porto-splenic thrombophlebitis; congestive splenomegaly]. PMID- 14793275 TI - [Human leukemia in the framework of conditioned infectious disease with viral etiology]. PMID- 14793276 TI - [Treatment of genital pruritus with vitamin E]. PMID- 14793277 TI - [Plate-like atelectasis]. PMID- 14793278 TI - [Extensive abdominal-perineal resection in rectal cancer and in Brunschwig's operation; advantages of two surgical teams working simultaneously]. PMID- 14793279 TI - [Medical treatment of chronic cholecystitis]. PMID- 14793280 TI - [Phlebographic study of the normal deep venous system of the lower extremities]. PMID- 14793281 TI - [Evolution of a new medical surgical concept; clinical therapeutics of the neuroendocrine system]. PMID- 14793282 TI - [Taeniasis]. PMID- 14793284 TI - [Latzko's extraperitoneal cesarean section; relation to modern obstetrics, personal experiences, results]. PMID- 14793283 TI - [Operating room totally sterilized with antibiotic aerosol fog at constant level]. PMID- 14793285 TI - [Etiopathogenesis of arterial hypertension and experimental surgery]. PMID- 14793286 TI - [Tumors of the occipital lobe]. PMID- 14793287 TI - [Surgical treatment of coronary diseases]. PMID- 14793288 TI - [New contribution to the diagnosis of intrauterine fetal death by amniotic cavity puncture; Baldi's method]. PMID- 14793289 TI - [Chilomastigiasis, trichocephaliasis, trichomoniasis, trichinosis]. PMID- 14793290 TI - [Surgical treatment on non-calculous chronic cholecystitis]. PMID- 14793291 TI - [Chronic appendicitis]. PMID- 14793292 TI - [Bayonet clamps for high resection of the stomach]. PMID- 14793293 TI - [Acanthoma of the uterus]. PMID- 14793294 TI - [Guide for treatment of intestinal parasitosis; summary of indications for therapy]. PMID- 14793295 TI - [Infections and intoxications of alimentary origin]. PMID- 14793296 TI - [Ear infections of infants and their relation to dystrophic states]. PMID- 14793297 TI - [Practical method of evaluation of industrial disabilities]. PMID- 14793298 TI - [Avulsion of skin of the penis and scrotum; plastic repair]. PMID- 14793299 TI - [Terramycin]. PMID- 14793300 TI - [Present state of ultrasound therapy]. PMID- 14793301 TI - [Ocular traumatism]. PMID- 14793302 TI - [Surgical treatment of arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14793303 TI - [Funnel chest, operated case]. PMID- 14793304 TI - [Extrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 14793305 TI - [Traumatic rupture of the urethra]. PMID- 14793306 TI - [Biology, morality and family]. PMID- 14793307 TI - [Intracerebellar spontaneous hematoma; surgical treatment]. PMID- 14793308 TI - [Exsanguination-transfusion in anuric acute nephritis following abortion]. PMID- 14793309 TI - [Clinical and physiopathologic aspects of endocrino-hepato-cardiac-syndrome]. PMID- 14793310 TI - [Introduction to the study of pathology of the liver]. PMID- 14793311 TI - [Treatment of certain states of migraine by surgical therapy of latent biliary dystonia]. PMID- 14793313 TI - [Modern studies on articular physiopathology; clinical and therapeutic considerations]. PMID- 14793312 TI - [Intra-arterial injections of oxygen in arteritis of the lower extremities]. PMID- 14793315 TI - [Significance of biopsy in diseases of the liver and in general medicine]. PMID- 14793314 TI - [New advances in the surgery of adhesive pericarditis]. PMID- 14793316 TI - [Recent French innovations in hospital equipment; certain new techniques in practice of modern surgery]. PMID- 14793317 TI - [Philosophy of surgery]. PMID- 14793318 TI - [Philosophy of surgery; future of surgery]. PMID- 14793319 TI - [Brucellosis and aureomycin]. PMID- 14793320 TI - [Sympathetic ophthalmia]. PMID- 14793321 TI - [Periarteritis nodosa]. PMID- 14793322 TI - [Surgery of congenital cardiopathies; 124 cases]. PMID- 14793323 TI - [Neural variety of malignant reticuloendotheliosis]. PMID- 14793324 TI - [Personal experiences with cytodiagnosis of endometrial carcinoma]. PMID- 14793325 TI - [Retrovesical sarcoma]. PMID- 14793326 TI - [Xylocaine, a new and potent local anesthetic]. PMID- 14793327 TI - [Treatment of massive hemorrhages in gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14793328 TI - [Gastralgic form of epilepsy]. PMID- 14793329 TI - [Medical treatment of perforating peptic ulcers]. PMID- 14793330 TI - [Orbito-ocular complications in cranial fractures]. PMID- 14793331 TI - [Arterial hypertension; clinical aspects and medical treatment]. PMID- 14793332 TI - [New synthetic curarizing agent; bistrimethylammonium decane]. PMID- 14793333 TI - [Studies on rectal mucosa absorption of calcium]. PMID- 14793334 TI - [Surgical splenopathies; indications for splenectomy (with exclusion of traumatic lesions and hydatid cysts)]. PMID- 14793335 TI - [Surgical treatment of tubal obstruction in sterility]. PMID- 14793336 TI - [Diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 14793337 TI - [Chronic constrictive pericarditis]. PMID- 14793338 TI - [Certain cases of stubborn enteritis and colitis treated with a new chemotherapeutic]. PMID- 14793339 TI - [Laryngeal tomography; method radiographic measurements in study phonation]. PMID- 14793341 TI - [Treatment of arteritis of the extremities]. PMID- 14793340 TI - [Ocular accidents in industry; medico-legal aspect]. PMID- 14793342 TI - [Terramycin in experimental and clinical peritonitis]. PMID- 14793343 TI - [Forceps models used in U.S.A]. PMID- 14793344 TI - [Reasons for creation of hemotherapeutic services or institutions instead of blood banks]. PMID- 14793345 TI - [Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum and generalized subcutaneous emphysema of unknown origin]. PMID- 14793346 TI - [Dietetic treatment of hypertension and nephritis]. PMID- 14793347 TI - [New therapeutic method of human brucellosis; aureomycin therapy]. PMID- 14793348 TI - [Congenital syphilis in 11-month-old infant]. PMID- 14793349 TI - [Concept and classification of retention jaundice]. PMID- 14793350 TI - [High forceps]. PMID- 14793351 TI - [Hemolytic anemias]. PMID- 14793352 TI - [Importance of tension in central retinal artery in diagnosis of organic modifications in post-concussion syndrome]. PMID- 14793353 TI - [Vesical pachynsis; semeiotic and surgical considerations]. PMID- 14793354 TI - [General anesthesia in maxillo-facial surgery]. PMID- 14793355 TI - [Celosomian monster]. PMID- 14793356 TI - [Laennec as physician]. PMID- 14793357 TI - [Infections and poisoning of alimentary origin]. PMID- 14793358 TI - [General considerations on alastrim]. PMID- 14793359 TI - [History of digitalis therapy]. PMID- 14793360 TI - [Antibiotics in pediatrics]. PMID- 14793361 TI - [Treatment of angina pectoris with khellin]. PMID- 14793362 TI - [Modern treatment of superficial angiomas; combined therapy]. PMID- 14793363 TI - [Actual possibilities of roentgenotherapy; general indications]. PMID- 14793364 TI - [Treatment of cancer of the sigmoid]. PMID- 14793365 TI - [Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]. PMID- 14793366 TI - [What the physician should know about foreign bodies in air and food passages in children]. PMID- 14793367 TI - [Antibiotics in artificial pneumothorax]. PMID- 14793368 TI - [Treatment of arthrosis]. PMID- 14793369 TI - [Practical method of evaluation of disability in industry]. PMID- 14793370 TI - Tibione: Laboratory and clinical studies. PMID- 14793371 TI - Nebulized cortisone in bacterial pneumonia. PMID- 14793372 TI - A water-soluble contrast medium for bronchography. Report on clinical use. PMID- 14793373 TI - The prognostic significance of idiopathic pleural effusion. PMID- 14793375 TI - The respiratory effects of volatile substances. PMID- 14793374 TI - Dust inhalation in relation to pulmonary disease. PMID- 14793377 TI - Pericardiotomy for a shifting bullet. PMID- 14793376 TI - Cholesterol pleural effusion: A report of 3 cases with a cure by decortication. PMID- 14793378 TI - The non-cooperative patient. PMID- 14793380 TI - ITALO Frederick Volino 1893-1950. PMID- 14793379 TI - The epidemiologist and eradication of tuberculos. PMID- 14793381 TI - KARL Schaffle 1883-1950. PMID- 14793382 TI - UBALDO E. Zambarano 1899-1950. PMID- 14793383 TI - STEWART Seibert Shaffer 1892-1950. PMID- 14793384 TI - ANTHONY B. Danisawich 1897-1949. PMID- 14793385 TI - Psychiatric treatment of institutionalized delinquent adolescent girls. PMID- 14793386 TI - Evaluation of modern psychiatric therapeutic measures; practical considerations in the treatment of the mentally ill. PMID- 14793387 TI - L.S.D. 25 as an aid in psychotherapy; preliminary report of a new drug. PMID- 14793388 TI - Social factors in health. PMID- 14793389 TI - Neurological clinical pathological conference of the Cincinnati General Hospital: acute intermittent porphyria or encephalomyeloneuropathy. PMID- 14793390 TI - OBITUARY: Glenn Myers, 1886-1950. PMID- 14793391 TI - Delayed effects of seemingly minor head injuries. PMID- 14793392 TI - Investigations into the dynamics of paranoid reactions; the mechanism of transvaluation. PMID- 14793393 TI - The psychiatrist in court. PMID- 14793394 TI - The psychiatrist and the cancer patient. PMID- 14793395 TI - NEUROLOGICAL clinical pathological conference of the Cincinnati General Hospital; acute disseminated sclerosis. PMID- 14793396 TI - The associative anamnesis in teaching insight psychotherapy. PMID- 14793397 TI - Evaluation of results from leukotomy in schizophrenia. PMID- 14793398 TI - Non-convulsive electro-stimulation in insulin coma. PMID- 14793399 TI - Unusual mental symptoms in a case of hepatolenticular degeneration. PMID- 14793400 TI - NEUROLOGICAL clinical pathological conference; encephalomyelitis due to rabies vaccine (bulbospinal type); massive pulmonary embolism. PMID- 14793401 TI - Clinical correlates of exceedingly fast activity in the electroencephalogram. PMID- 14793402 TI - Lobotomy in the management of intractable pain and narcotic addiction. PMID- 14793403 TI - Electronarcosis (as an adjunct to psychotherapy). PMID- 14793404 TI - Psychoanalytically oriented institutional treatment of children. PMID- 14793405 TI - NEUROLOGICAL clinical pathological conference: bronchogenic cysts of the right lung, infected; chronic pleurisy right lung; chronic cerebral abscess, left parietal, due to Staphylococcus aureus; acute glomerulonephritis. PMID- 14793406 TI - Evaluation of vitamin E therapy in psychiatric disorders. PMID- 14793407 TI - Intracerebral vascular pseudocalcification associated with schizophrenia. (Report of a fatal case). PMID- 14793408 TI - Convulsive effects of electroencephalostimulation by manually controlled "BST". PMID- 14793409 TI - The concept of psychopathic personality. PMID- 14793410 TI - Planning a mental hospital of fifteen hundred beds. PMID- 14793411 TI - Role of the psychiatrist in the rehabilitation of the disabled veteran. PMID- 14793412 TI - Vibratory sense. A non specific sensory modality. PMID- 14793414 TI - The sentinel asleep on post. PMID- 14793413 TI - Carbon dioxide in obstetrics; a preliminary report. PMID- 14793415 TI - Twelve-year resume in a clinic for epilepsy. PMID- 14793416 TI - NEUROLOGICAL clinical pathological conference: varicella encephalitis; interstitial pneumonitis; spotty focal necrosis of the liver. PMID- 14793417 TI - [Role of adenosine triphosphoric acid in the secretory function of salivary glands]. PMID- 14793418 TI - [Simplified methods of carotene determination in green plants]. PMID- 14793419 TI - [Hepatic mitochondrial phosphorus metabolism in the rat during regeneration following partial hepatectomy]. PMID- 14793420 TI - [Development and structure of the epidermis of Misgurnus fossilis L]. PMID- 14793421 TI - [Initial stages of cell differentiation in embryonal tissue rudiments of the chick]. PMID- 14793423 TI - [Effect of light on the process of root formation in cuttings of certain plants]. PMID- 14793422 TI - [Effect of ultrasound on yeast]. PMID- 14793424 TI - [Aerial feeding of roots]. PMID- 14793425 TI - [Similarity of correlations of the central nervous system with surrounding tissue in ontogenesis and in transplantation in the axolotl]. PMID- 14793427 TI - [Cutaneous respiration of fishes]. PMID- 14793426 TI - [Toxic effect of sympathomimetic amines and analeptics on animals during hibernation]. PMID- 14793428 TI - [New species of Leucochloridium phragmitophila sp. nov. from the sparrow family]. PMID- 14793429 TI - [Interpretation of the biological cycle of Cestoda Hydatigera Krepkogorski Schulz and Landa, 1934]. PMID- 14793430 TI - [Biologic and taxonomic significance of the reticulated uterus of the Cestoda]. PMID- 14793431 TI - [Organic acids in the cation-anion balance of tissue of the sugar beet]. PMID- 14793432 TI - [Effect of ultra violet irradiation on hyaluronic acid]. PMID- 14793433 TI - [Photodynamic effect of erythrosin on the contractile proteins of the muscles]. PMID- 14793434 TI - [Ammonium and nitrates as sources of nitrogen supply for the tea plant]. PMID- 14793435 TI - [Soil reaction (pH) and climate]. PMID- 14793436 TI - [Experimental investigations of the so-called catarrhal inflammations]. PMID- 14793437 TI - [Effect of the wilding Poncirus trifoliata on certain physiological properties of Citrus grandis. Osb]. PMID- 14793438 TI - [Certain peculiarities of vegetative hybridization of cereals by the method of transplantation of the germ]. PMID- 14793439 TI - [Theory of synthesis of physiological characteristics]. PMID- 14793440 TI - [Folic acid--vitamin for yeast microorganisms]. PMID- 14793441 TI - [Effect of adenosine triphosphoric acid on the chemical sensitivity of the carotid gland]. PMID- 14793442 TI - [Factors determining time, place, and type of development of the axial skeleton in axolotl]. PMID- 14793443 TI - [Biological activity of humic acids]. PMID- 14793444 TI - [Reaction of Paramecium to certain organic compounds, previously submitted to ultrasound and ultraviolet rays]. PMID- 14793445 TI - [Phagocytic property erythrocyte nuclear elements]. PMID- 14793446 TI - [Cycle of the development of the agent of alariosis in the fox and dog]. PMID- 14793447 TI - Endemic dwarfism in Uganda. PMID- 14793448 TI - Red blood count of East African students. PMID- 14793449 TI - Proceedings of a Mulago staff clinical meeting, 22nd July 1950. Psychiatric cases. PMID- 14793450 TI - Primary tuberculosis in native prisoners; some preliminary observations on acute tuberculosis in Nakuru jail and its subsidiary camps. PMID- 14793452 TI - COLLECTION and dispatch of material for the diagnosis of virus and rickettsial diseases. PMID- 14793451 TI - Pain in the shoulder and arm. PMID- 14793453 TI - [Possibilities and limits of different procedures for prolonged penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14793454 TI - [Indications and contraindications for cortisone and ACTH]. PMID- 14793455 TI - [Treatment of malignant tumors of the maxilla at the Anticancer Center of Northern France]. PMID- 14793456 TI - [Is athrepsia curable, oven rarely?]. PMID- 14793457 TI - [The place of curare in obstetrics]. PMID- 14793458 TI - [From the physiologic study of the asthmatic terrain to the treatment of asthma by vagotonin]. PMID- 14793459 TI - [Experimental lesions of neurovegetative origin]. PMID- 14793460 TI - [Posterior vertical fissures of the two lower lobes of the lungs]. PMID- 14793461 TI - Lobectomy and pneumonectomy for pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14793463 TI - The clinical features of bronchial carcinoma. PMID- 14793462 TI - Tuberculous endobronchitis. PMID- 14793464 TI - Clinical use of hormone determinations in urine. PMID- 14793465 TI - The treatment of hydrocele of the tunica vaginalis; with a report on 45 hydroceles treated by injection. PMID- 14793466 TI - Cerebral cortex and gastric motility. PMID- 14793467 TI - The work of a family doctor. PMID- 14793468 TI - A teaching general practice. PMID- 14793469 TI - Hemi-hyperkinesis (hemiballismus, hemichorea, hemi-pseudo-purposive movements). PMID- 14793470 TI - EDWIN Matthew, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P.E. PMID- 14793471 TI - The effect of water and potassium chloride ingestion on the level of urinary 17 ketosteroids in the rabbit. PMID- 14793472 TI - Serologic behavior of crystalline preparations of hypophyseal growth hormone. PMID- 14793473 TI - The influence of adrenal cortex and thyroid on the loss of nitrogen in urine after experimental burns. PMID- 14793474 TI - Effect of thyroidectomy, adrenalectomy and burning on the urinary nitrogen excretion of the rat maintained in a cold environment. PMID- 14793475 TI - The effects of hypophysectomy, growth and adrenocorticotropic hormones on the incorporation of P32 into liver phospholipids. PMID- 14793476 TI - Experimental basis for selecting the optimal conditions for quantitative fluorometry of natural estrogens. PMID- 14793477 TI - Fluorescence spectra of natural estrogens and their application to biological extracts. PMID- 14793478 TI - The lack of effect of the adrenal hormones upon gastric acid secretion. PMID- 14793479 TI - A 24-hour periodicity in the "LH-release apparatus" of female rats, disclosed by barbiturate sedation. PMID- 14793480 TI - Excretion of administered radiocalcium following thyroparathyroidectomy, or bilateral nephrectomy, and the injection of parathyroid extract. PMID- 14793481 TI - The biochemical effects of sex hormones in adrenalectomized rats. PMID- 14793482 TI - The local action of adrenocortical steroids on epidermis and connective tissue of the skin. PMID- 14793483 TI - A study of the absorption characteristics of iodine-131 labeled iodinated casein in some mammals. PMID- 14793484 TI - The influence of thiocarbonamides and certain other sulfur compounds on alloxan diabetes in rats. PMID- 14793485 TI - Succinic dehydrogenase levels in striated muscle in relation to male hormone. PMID- 14793486 TI - The inactivation of estrone by rats in relation to dietary effects on the liver. PMID- 14793487 TI - The nucleic acid content and succinic dehydrogenase activity of stimulated pigeon crop gland tissue. PMID- 14793488 TI - Mechanisms of desoxycorticosterone action: renal effects of the water-soluble glycoside. PMID- 14793489 TI - Two types of basophils in the anterior pituitary of the rat and their respective cytophysiological significance. PMID- 14793490 TI - Pituitary-comb relationship. PMID- 14793491 TI - The effect of tartronic acid on abnormal fat formation from carbohydrate. PMID- 14793492 TI - The biological activity of sodium testosterone sulfate. PMID- 14793493 TI - Dose response studies of the effect of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) on the sodium excretion of adrenalectomized rats. PMID- 14793494 TI - Studies on the metabolism of radioprogesterone in mice and rats. PMID- 14793495 TI - The gradation of effectiveness and absorption of desoxycorticosterone acetate pellets by dilution with cholesterol. PMID- 14793496 TI - Effect of adrenal enucleation on serum sodium. PMID- 14793497 TI - Beta-glucuronidase activity in the rat uterus. PMID- 14793498 TI - Adrenal cortical hormone levels in adrenal vein and peripheral blood. PMID- 14793499 TI - An evaluation of afferent nervous impulses in the adrenal cortical response to trauma. PMID- 14793500 TI - The effect of glucose on the adrenal response to ACTH in hypophysectomized rats. PMID- 14793501 TI - Influence of hypophysectomy on the hemopoietic response of rats to lowered barometric pressures. PMID- 14793502 TI - The androgenic activity of ovarian transplants to the seminal vesicle of the castrated adult male rat. PMID- 14793503 TI - EFFECTS of purified ACTH added in vitro on the oxygen consumption and ascorbic acid content of surviving dog adrenal slices. PMID- 14793504 TI - LACK of effect of desoxycorticosterone acetate and ascorbic acid on formaldehyde induced arthritis in rats. PMID- 14793505 TI - MECHANISM of insulin-induced eosinopenia in rats. PMID- 14793506 TI - Professor E. D. Adrian. PMID- 14793507 TI - The electrical activity of the mammalian olfactory bulb. PMID- 14793508 TI - [Interpretation of prolonged rhythmic reactions of sensatory areas of the cerebral cortex]. PMID- 14793509 TI - The effects of polarizing currents on cell potentials and their significance in the interpretation of central nervous system activity. PMID- 14793510 TI - Autogenetic inhibition. PMID- 14793511 TI - Synchronous activity in normal and atrophic muscle. PMID- 14793512 TI - Spontaneous electrical activity of the spinal cord. PMID- 14793513 TI - Fibre type and frequency effect as factors determining response to afferent stimulation. PMID- 14793514 TI - Effects at different frequencies of cerebellar stimulation upon postural tonus and myotatic reflexes. PMID- 14793515 TI - The stability of a randomly assembled nerve-network. PMID- 14793516 TI - Behavioral and EEG changes following chronic brain stem lesions in the cat. PMID- 14793517 TI - [Pierre Janet: notes on his life]. PMID- 14793518 TI - [Janet at La Salpetriere]. PMID- 14793519 TI - [Psychological automatism]. PMID- 14793520 TI - [The concept of hysteria]. PMID- 14793521 TI - [Pierre Janet's concept of psychasthenia]. PMID- 14793522 TI - [Remarks on Janet's concept of the alternating personality]. PMID- 14793523 TI - [Janet at the College de France]. PMID- 14793524 TI - [The psychology of behavior]. PMID- 14793525 TI - [Pierre Janet's concept of hallucinations and delusions]. PMID- 14793526 TI - [The problem of time in Pierre Janet]. PMID- 14793527 TI - [The psychotherapy of Pierre Janet]. PMID- 14793528 TI - [Dr. Leonhard Schwartz (1885-1948)]. PMID- 14793529 TI - [Janet and Jackson]. PMID- 14793530 TI - [Bibliography of the works of Pierre Janet]. PMID- 14793531 TI - [The most important procedures in color photography]. PMID- 14793532 TI - Chemical factors involved in the induction of infectious allergy. PMID- 14793533 TI - [Research on biosynthesis of carotenoids in a microorganism]. PMID- 14793534 TI - [Amino acid composition of the capsular substance of anthrax bacilli and serologically identical specific substance of B. mesentericus]. PMID- 14793535 TI - [Injury and spherical modifications of erythrocytes in hemagglutination]. PMID- 14793536 TI - [Biological relation between lama and camel]. PMID- 14793537 TI - Separation of micromeres of the 16-cell stage of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. PMID- 14793538 TI - Blastokinesis and embryonic development in a phasmid. PMID- 14793539 TI - [Distinction of polarized light by the Eupagurus]. PMID- 14793540 TI - Antidiuretic action of enteramine. PMID- 14793541 TI - The effect of aureomycin on tissue cultures. PMID- 14793542 TI - The utilization of the branched chain of isobutyric acid studied with C14. PMID- 14793543 TI - [Effect of x-rays on the metabolism of nucleic acid in proliferative and secretory cells]. PMID- 14793544 TI - [Effect of substances with antihistaminic properties on experimental poisoning with tyramine and tyrosine]. PMID- 14793545 TI - Salicylates, stress and cortisone. PMID- 14793546 TI - Progress in otolaryngology: 1850. A summary of some bibliographic material available 100 hundred years ago. PMID- 14793547 TI - The surgery of the inferior oblique muscle. Part III. Presentation of cases, comment, conclusions. PMID- 14793549 TI - Origin of some otolaryngologic terms. PMID- 14793548 TI - Recurrent orbital tumor. Case report. PMID- 14793550 TI - Mydriatics, miotics and their vehicles. PMID- 14793552 TI - [New property of hyaluronidase; antiplatelet agglutination effect]. PMID- 14793551 TI - [Latest research on stilbene and diphenylethane derivatives; new synthetic curares]. PMID- 14793553 TI - [Research on thiophenols; synthesis of 4-6-diaminobenzene-1-3-bis (p aminophenylsulfone)]. PMID- 14793554 TI - [Methods of synthesis of p. oxybenzaldehyde from phenol]. PMID- 14793555 TI - [Some N-substituted derivatives of para-aminobenzoic acid]. PMID- 14793556 TI - [Research on the mechanism of the hypoglycemizing action of galegine]. PMID- 14793557 TI - [New method of preparation of galegine from the seeds of Galega officinalis]. PMID- 14793558 TI - [Methods of bioassay of corticotropic hormone (ACTH)]. PMID- 14793559 TI - [Synergism between cortisone and insulin]. PMID- 14793560 TI - [Glucuronic acid]. PMID- 14793561 TI - [Accomplishments and prospects of the Italian pharmaceutic industry]. PMID- 14793562 TI - [Stable association of a bismuth salt with penicillin]. PMID- 14793563 TI - [Recent acquisitions in the field of steroid hormone therapy. V. Adrenal cortex steroids in the therapy of extraadrenal diseases]. PMID- 14793564 TI - [Erminio Carlinfanti]. PMID- 14793565 TI - [Cardiotonic glucosides. I. Distribution of cardiotonic glucosides in the vegetable kingdom. I]. PMID- 14793566 TI - [Distribution of cardiotonic glucosides in the vegetable kingdom II]. PMID- 14793567 TI - [Cardiotonic glucosides; steroid chemistry of genins]. PMID- 14793568 TI - [Contribution to the chemical study of Coronilla emerus. I]. PMID- 14793569 TI - [Colorimetric determination of atropine; application of Morin reaction]. PMID- 14793570 TI - [Hypoglycemic action of the genus Centaurea]. PMID- 14793572 TI - [Certain results of the session on physiology]. PMID- 14793571 TI - [Experimental data for a modification of method of evaluation of histamine on ileum of the guinea pig]. PMID- 14793573 TI - [Conditioned reflexes and the reflex theory]. PMID- 14793574 TI - [Against the reactionary criticism of I. P. Pavlov's teaching of the function of the central nervous system]. PMID- 14793575 TI - [On the peculiarities of associations in dogs]. PMID- 14793576 TI - [Comparative physiology of correlation of associations]. PMID- 14793577 TI - [Investigations on the dynamics of natural sleep in man by registration of the movements of the eyelids]. PMID- 14793578 TI - [Effect of pain stimulus on the reflex function of the spinal cord; effect of pain stimulus on the knee reflex]. PMID- 14793579 TI - [On the origin of the mono-phase electrocardiogram in the frog]. PMID- 14793580 TI - [Effect of decreased partial oxygen pressure on the function of the nervous system in ontogenesis; disturbance of the locomotor function in hypoxia]. PMID- 14793581 TI - [Effect of vagal nerves on functional properties of the heart in newborn animals (rabbits and dogs)]. PMID- 14793582 TI - [Analysis of the effect of neural and neuro-chemical stimuli of the secretory function of the stomach]. PMID- 14793583 TI - [Interoceptors and skeletal musculature; reflexes of antagonistic muscles of the extremity in mechanical and chemical stimulation of the interoceptors]. PMID- 14793584 TI - [Data on interoceptive adaptation]. PMID- 14793585 TI - [Exclusion of the sympathetic innervation of blood vessels by novocaine]. PMID- 14793587 TI - [Effect of conditioned reflexes on the value of unconditioned salivary reflexes]. PMID- 14793588 TI - [The effector of a conditioned reflex of the second order]. PMID- 14793586 TI - [Antagonism and synergism between narcotics and sympathomimetic amines in their effect upon the central nervous system in vertebrates; role of the sympathetic nervous system during effect of narcotics and phenylalkylamines on the central nervous system of cold blood animals]. PMID- 14793589 TI - [Effect of supernormal irritants on the central nervous system of animals]. PMID- 14793590 TI - [Continuous administration of bromide for acceleration of the production of the system of conditioned reflexes]. PMID- 14793591 TI - [Interoceptors and skeletal musculature; significance of the methods of stimulation for the interceptive effects on the skeletal muscle]. PMID- 14793592 TI - [Effect of decreased partial oxygen pressure on the function of the nervous system in ontogenesis; modification of respiratory function in hypoxia]. PMID- 14793593 TI - [Effect of autonomic nervous system on the recoil reflex]. PMID- 14793594 TI - [Correlation between the adaptation-trophic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenals]. PMID- 14793595 TI - [Disintegration of acetylcholine in the organism by epinephrectomy; disintegration of acetylcholine by the liver following adrenalectomy]. PMID- 14793596 TI - [Motor function of various sections of the stomach and their muscular reaction to adrenalin and acetylcholine in normal and adrenalectomized frogs]. PMID- 14793597 TI - [Correlation of mastication and deglutition reflexes during ingestion]. PMID- 14793598 TI - [Experimental investigations on intestinal lymphatic formations]. PMID- 14793599 TI - [Modifications in peripheral blood and bone marrow following exertion]. PMID- 14793600 TI - [Humoral effect of the spleen on the liver content, of glycogen, fat and cholesterin]. PMID- 14793601 TI - [Growth peculiarities of renal function in pups, kittens and young rabbits]. PMID- 14793602 TI - [Urea secretion in the dog]. PMID- 14793603 TI - [Effect of the degree of protection of the organism by vitamin C against adrenalin hyperglycemia]. PMID- 14793604 TI - [Activation of tissue lipases with phosphates]. PMID- 14793605 TI - [Campaign against Chagas' disease]. PMID- 14793606 TI - [Endemia and prophylaxis of leprosy in Minas Gerais]. PMID- 14793607 TI - [Hypertension and menopause]. PMID- 14793608 TI - [Synthesis of the posterior retinaculum; a further technic for surgical therapy of uterine retrodeviations]. PMID- 14793609 TI - [Sanitation and urbanism]. PMID- 14793610 TI - [Results obtained with desoxycorticosterone and ascorbic acid in rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic pictures]. PMID- 14793611 TI - [Puerperal eclampsia or cerebral thrombophlebitis]. PMID- 14793612 TI - [Synthesis of the posterior retinaculum; a further technic for the surgical treatment of uterine retrodeviations]. PMID- 14793613 TI - [Considerations on cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of chorionepithelioma]. PMID- 14793614 TI - [Nutrition in pregnancy]. PMID- 14793615 TI - [Prophylaxis of neotropical exanthematous typhus in Brazil]. PMID- 14793616 TI - [Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) tarsimaculatus Goeldi 1950 (= A (N) aqualis Curry 1942) in the State of Ceara, with special reference to its appearance 52 kilometers from the coast]. PMID- 14793617 TI - [Helminthiasis]. PMID- 14793618 TI - [Topical treatment of skin allergies with antihistamines]. PMID- 14793619 TI - [Cannabis intoxication in Porto Alegre]. PMID- 14793620 TI - Composition of food plants of Central America. VII. Honduras. PMID- 14793621 TI - Composition of food plants of Central America. VIII. Guatemala. PMID- 14793622 TI - Spores of Clostridium botulinum in Georgia soil. PMID- 14793623 TI - Effect of monosodium glutamate on taste of pure sucrose and sodium chloride. PMID- 14793624 TI - Niacin content of tropical foods. PMID- 14793625 TI - Objective and subjective studies on factors affecting toughness and stringiness of kale (Brassica oleracea acephala). PMID- 14793626 TI - Effect of supervoltage cathode rays on bacterial flora of spices and other dry food materials. PMID- 14793627 TI - The carotenes of cantaloupes. PMID- 14793628 TI - Nutritional value of peanut protein. PMID- 14793629 TI - [Effect of progesterone in high doses on erythropoiesis]. PMID- 14793630 TI - [Clinical and histological study of chorial blastomas (early diagnosis of the productive chorial states and ovarian insufficiency after vesicular mole)]. PMID- 14793631 TI - [Research on the thyrotropic hormone in the fetal blood]. PMID- 14793632 TI - [Glycogen deposit in the liver of the fasting rat]. PMID- 14793633 TI - [Modifications of the glucide metabolism in alloxan diabetes of the rat after partial pancreatectomy]. PMID- 14793634 TI - [The metabolism of some substrates by bacterial suspensions in the presence of insulin]. PMID- 14793635 TI - [Modifications of the property of insulin incubated with some bacterial strains]. PMID- 14793636 TI - [Urinary elimination of phosphatase in various endocrine syndromes]. PMID- 14793637 TI - [Roentgenologic observations on the formation of myocardial aneurysm]. PMID- 14793638 TI - [Postoperative shadowing of the lung]. PMID- 14793639 TI - [Pantocain and bronchography]. PMID- 14793640 TI - [Affection of the hilar nodes in secondary syphilis]. PMID- 14793641 TI - [Palliative effect of roentgen irradiation in bronchogenic carcinoma]. PMID- 14793642 TI - [Frequency of parosteal ossification in paralysis due to transverse cord lesions]. PMID- 14793643 TI - [Transformation of acute spinal osteomyelitis to a so-called occult form by subthreshold penicillin dosage]. PMID- 14793644 TI - [Case of Sturge-Weber disease]. PMID- 14793645 TI - [Esophageal varies in struma permagna associated with gastric volvulus]. PMID- 14793646 TI - [Shape of the stomach in diaphragmatic relaxation; differential diagnosis of diaphragmatic relaxation]. PMID- 14793647 TI - [Mobility of the small intestine in various diseases]. PMID- 14793648 TI - [Low-voltage roentgenotherapy in sterility; observations on an article of like title by H. Chantraine]. PMID- 14793649 TI - [Misleading filling defect of the kidney pelvis in retrograde pyelography; erroneous nephrectomy]. PMID- 14793650 TI - [Pyelogram in total embolic necrosis of the kidney]. PMID- 14793652 TI - [Calcified paracardial hematoma]. PMID- 14793651 TI - [An examination of Bergerhoff's view box; observations on his article entitled, Effect of illumination upon the interpretation of roentgenograms]. PMID- 14793653 TI - [Stomach foreign bodies]. PMID- 14793654 TI - [Stump of the appendix in the cecum]. PMID- 14793655 TI - [Dorsal displacement of the descending colon due to tumor of the left kidney]. PMID- 14793656 TI - [Report on the 6th International Congress of Radiologists, London, 23-9 July 1950]. PMID- 14793657 TI - [Syncope and lipothymia]. PMID- 14793658 TI - [Tuberculous meningitis in child]. PMID- 14793659 TI - [Psychosomatic phenomena in obstetrics. I. Genesis and treatment of so-called essential hyperkinetic dystocia]. PMID- 14793660 TI - [Case of bilateral retinal detachment and intervention]. PMID- 14793661 TI - [Importance of the form and dimensions of the pelvic inlet area in labor in pelvic deformities; possibilities and limitations of an arithmetical radiological classification]. PMID- 14793662 TI - [Present status of hormone therapy of spermatopathy]. PMID- 14793663 TI - [An apparently sporadic case of Q fever]. PMID- 14793664 TI - [Probable antihistaminic action of penicillin in the treatment of neurosyphilis]. PMID- 14793665 TI - [Hemogenic syndrome on an allergic basis due to a virus]. PMID- 14793666 TI - [Adnexal lesions in subjects with uterine fibromyoma]. PMID- 14793667 TI - [Paraaminosalicylic acid and febricula]. PMID- 14793668 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis mortality before and after the discovery of antibiotics]. PMID- 14793669 TI - [Late obstetrical sequels of the Pestalozza pelvic hysteropexy; observations on a case and on the Cova modification of this type of pexis]. PMID- 14793670 TI - [Proteinemia, hemoglobinemia and hematocrit value in fetus and mother following aerosol administration of trilene]. PMID- 14793671 TI - Office obstetrics in rural practice. PMID- 14793672 TI - The liver and jaundice. PMID- 14793673 TI - Drug eruptions. PMID- 14793674 TI - Emotional problems of the chronically ill. PMID- 14793675 TI - Gallbladder disease. PMID- 14793676 TI - How to build a reference file. PMID- 14793678 TI - Understanding the alcoholic. PMID- 14793677 TI - The ideal consultant. PMID- 14793679 TI - Oral and facial cancer. PMID- 14793680 TI - Procaine for pain. PMID- 14793681 TI - Is Nephropexy useless? PMID- 14793682 TI - Urinary infections in children. PMID- 14793683 TI - Coronary arteriosclerosis. PMID- 14793684 TI - This system insures prompt collections. PMID- 14793685 TI - [Chronic brucellosis Bang of the biliary tract]. PMID- 14793686 TI - [Prevention of inoculation hepatitis]. PMID- 14793687 TI - [Gastric function; mucus fractions, blood histamine and acidity following alcohol test drink]. PMID- 14793688 TI - [Symposium on liver pathology held by the Swiss Society for Internal Medicine]. PMID- 14793689 TI - [Effectiveness of protein-rich diet in the treatment of acute hepatitis]. PMID- 14793690 TI - [Frequency of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and sulfonamides]. PMID- 14793691 TI - [Clinical determination of bacterial resistance to sulfonamides]. PMID- 14793692 TI - [Results of sulfonamide prophylaxis in radium therapy of uterine carcinoma]. PMID- 14793693 TI - [Theca- and stroma-lutein cells of the ovary as fluorescent granulocytes (fluorocytes)]. PMID- 14793694 TI - [Transformation of hyperplasia following progesterone therapy]. PMID- 14793695 TI - [Problem of crystal implantation during the climacteric]. PMID- 14793696 TI - [Effect of estradiol crystals on the function of the female bladder]. PMID- 14793697 TI - [The melanophore reaction in tests for pregnancy using Rana esculenta]. PMID- 14793698 TI - [Obstetric significance of lacunar skull]. PMID- 14793699 TI - [Roentgenologic and differential diagnosis of inflammatory processes of the female genitals and colon]. PMID- 14793700 TI - [Disengagement of the anterior arm in spontaneous cephalic presentation]. PMID- 14793701 TI - [Urethritis in ulcus vulvae acutum; a contribution on pseudogonorrhea]. PMID- 14793702 TI - [Anticoagulants and their use]. PMID- 14793703 TI - [The nature, cause and purpose of sleep]. PMID- 14793704 TI - [Heart disease and pregnancy]. PMID- 14793705 TI - The inheritance of streptomycin resistance and dependence in crosses of Escherichia coli. PMID- 14793706 TI - Inbreeding and homozygosis in bees. PMID- 14793707 TI - Inheritance of audiogenic seizure susceptibility in the mouse. PMID- 14793708 TI - On multiple alleles effecting cellular antigens in the chicken. PMID- 14793710 TI - [A case of Gaucher's disease in an adult]. PMID- 14793709 TI - [Calcemic curve of administration of CaCl2]. PMID- 14793711 TI - [Hematic crasis and planimetry of leukocytes in members of the family of leukemia patients]. PMID- 14793712 TI - [Contribution to the knowledge of the relation between protein and hemopoietic tissue; action of some hemocytotoxic substances]. PMID- 14793713 TI - [Vitamin B6 and experimental atherosclerosis from cholesterol]. PMID- 14793714 TI - [Considerations on splenectomy in 5 cases of Werlhof's purpura and one case of purpura from megakariocytic aplasia]. PMID- 14793715 TI - [Behavior of streptococcic antifibrinolysin in pulmonary suppurations]. PMID- 14793716 TI - [Contribution to the study of the so-called lipo-fibro-calcareous myopathy]. PMID- 14793717 TI - [Renal function in modern methods of examination]. PMID- 14793718 TI - [Peculiarity of clinical picture in some cases of hemorrhagic leptospirosis]. PMID- 14793720 TI - [Casuistic contribution to aerosol therapy]. PMID- 14793719 TI - [Clinical form and diagnosis of tuberculous pancreatitis]. PMID- 14793722 TI - [Sinusal arrhythmia; lability and deficiency of sino-auricular center]. PMID- 14793721 TI - [Lipotropic factors and atherosclerosis; action of methionine, choline and inositol on experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis]. PMID- 14793723 TI - [Research on the importance of dissemination of bacterial flora of nasal cavity and oropharynx in acute upper respiratory tract infections]. PMID- 14793724 TI - [Contribution to the study of solitary renal cyst]. PMID- 14793725 TI - [Hypervitaminosis]. PMID- 14793726 TI - [Closed circuit anesthesia]. PMID- 14793727 TI - [Curare, its neurovegetative action and effect of injection into the carotid sinus]. PMID- 14793728 TI - [Convulsive action of d-tubocurarine made to act directly on nerve tissue. I. Effect of introduction of d-tubocurarine chloride into the cisterna magna of the rabbit]. PMID- 14793729 TI - [Anesthesia and prothrombin time]. PMID- 14793730 TI - [Behavior of the vascular system and of cerebral nerve tissue in experimental traumatic shock; protective action of anesthesia]. PMID- 14793731 TI - [Electrocardiographic alterations from preanesthesia]. PMID- 14793732 TI - [Clinical data on a new preanesthetic (nargenol)]. PMID- 14793733 TI - [Automatic inhalation apparatus for analgoanesthesia in labor (analgon)]. PMID- 14793734 TI - [Our experience with narcovene S in 1050 narcoses; important complications due to extravenous diffusion of the fluid]. PMID- 14793735 TI - [Convulsive action of d-tubocurarine made to act directly on nerve tissue. II. Effect of treatment with some anticurare and antiepileptic drugs]. PMID- 14793736 TI - [Considerations on the use of some new synthetic curarizing agents]. PMID- 14793737 TI - [Influence of oily anesthesia on the evolution of granulation tissue]. PMID- 14793738 TI - [Crafoord spiro-pulsator]. PMID- 14793739 TI - [Problems of anesthesia in otiatrics]. PMID- 14793740 TI - [Histological research on the lytic power of saliva on the gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer]. PMID- 14793741 TI - [Tetraethylammonium in the healing process of fractures]. PMID- 14793742 TI - [Research on the rapidity of reduction of free hydrochloric acid in gastrectomy in relation to the primary site of ulcer]. PMID- 14793743 TI - [5 Cases of pyloric stenosis due to caustics]. PMID- 14793744 TI - [Case of myocardial infarct simulating acute abdomen]. PMID- 14793746 TI - [Severe burns]. PMID- 14793745 TI - [Surgical therapy of acquired diseases of the heart]. PMID- 14793747 TI - [Therapeutic use of bothropase]. PMID- 14793748 TI - [Plastic surgery of the abdominal wall with pedicled myo-aponeurosis flap taken from the thigh; anatomo-surgical research]. PMID- 14793749 TI - [Etiopathogenesis of tropical ulcer]. PMID- 14793750 TI - [Water-salt balance in surgery]. PMID- 14793751 TI - [Determination of urinary 17-ketosteroids in dermatosis of endocrine origin]. PMID- 14793752 TI - [Thorn test for evaluation of adrenal cortex function in normal individuals and in individuals with various dermatoses]. PMID- 14793753 TI - [Lysozyme level in serum and in blister fluid in pyogenic dermatoses]. PMID- 14793754 TI - [Exotoxin, endotoxin, allergy and pathergy of acne bacillus]. PMID- 14793755 TI - [Antibiotic therapy of some dermatoses of unknown etiology]. PMID- 14793756 TI - [Experiment and morphology]. PMID- 14793757 TI - [New systematization of the Victoria disinfection chamber on the Viberti trailer]. PMID- 14793758 TI - [Case of segmental arteritis in a subject with spina bifida occulta]. PMID- 14793759 TI - [Experimental contribution on the action of antihistamines in burns]. PMID- 14793760 TI - [Epithelioma adenoides cysticum (Brooke's tumor)]. PMID- 14793761 TI - [Case of acute hemocytoblastic leukemia with positive Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn reaction]. PMID- 14793763 TI - [Acidity of flour and flour products]. PMID- 14793762 TI - [Gastroduodenal ulcer and work]. PMID- 14793764 TI - [Synergic association of dimethylamido-antipyrine and diethylmalonylurea]. PMID- 14793765 TI - [International Congress on Psychiatry, Paris, 19-27 September 1950]. PMID- 14793766 TI - [Modern concepts of military medicine: the transfusion problem]. PMID- 14793767 TI - [Glance at the fate of infections]. PMID- 14793768 TI - [Total abdominal hysterectomy; total subfascial hysterectomy]. PMID- 14793769 TI - [Spontaneous rupture of the heart]. PMID- 14793770 TI - [Burden of hospital public assistance in present legislation]. PMID- 14793771 TI - [Emergency admission and technical discretion]. PMID- 14793772 TI - [Provincial determination and coordination of hospital rates]. PMID- 14793773 TI - [Reform of boards of administration of hospitals; boards of administration of corporate committees?]. PMID- 14793774 TI - [Hospital problems and legislative reform]. PMID- 14793775 TI - [Antihyaluronidase power of blood of pregnant women]. PMID- 14793776 TI - [Pleuropulmonary diseases of rheumatic nature]. PMID- 14793777 TI - [Intra-articular angioma of the knee]. PMID- 14793778 TI - [Considerations on para-aminosalicylic acid and on dihydrostreptomycin]. PMID- 14793779 TI - [Hyaluronidase and Friedman reaction]. PMID- 14793780 TI - [Review and observations on 861 hepatic cirrhosis autopsies]. PMID- 14793781 TI - [Mechanical intestinal occlusion in immediate postoperative period of gynecological abdominal intervention]. PMID- 14793782 TI - The pathogenesis of measles: review of the literature and discussion of the problem. PMID- 14793783 TI - Monocytic leukemia: report of four cases. PMID- 14793784 TI - Infertility in women with special reference to tubal patency. PMID- 14793785 TI - A case of rupture of aneurysm of the splenic artery during pregnancy. PMID- 14793786 TI - DOUGLAS S. Stevenson. PMID- 14793787 TI - The effect of milk supplements on the growth of children with nutritive failure. II. Height and weight changes. PMID- 14793788 TI - Growth and articular changes in slowly and rapidly developing mice fed a high-fat diet. PMID- 14793789 TI - The nature of cycle variations in mitotic activity; the relation of alimentation and nutrition to this phenomenon. PMID- 14793791 TI - Some reflections. PMID- 14793790 TI - John Hilton. PMID- 14793792 TI - Richard Bright--a bio-bibliography. PMID- 14793793 TI - [Experience with the investigations of blood groups in Holland]. PMID- 14793794 TI - [Diphasic hormone therapy combined with physical therapy; diathermy or saline sitz baths]. PMID- 14793795 TI - [Significance of endometrial biopsy in the problem of sterility; histopathologic evaluation of 156 curettages on the first menstrual day]. PMID- 14793796 TI - Huge sacral teratoma in a newborn. PMID- 14793797 TI - Extraperitoneal shortening of the sacro-uterine ligaments for vagino-uterine prolapse. PMID- 14793798 TI - [Demonstration of the presence in particular physiopathologic conditions of non hemoglobinic iron in the erythrocytes of human blood]. PMID- 14793799 TI - [Variations of Quick's time in blood transfusion]. PMID- 14793800 TI - [Behavior of the leukocyte oxidase and peroxidase in experimental nitrogen mustard poisoning]. PMID- 14793801 TI - [Modifications caused by the Mediterranean hematologic disorder in the morphologic picture of some superimposed primary or secondary erythropathies]. PMID- 14793802 TI - [Effect of prolonged treatment with extracts of whole spleen on the hemopoiesis of the rabbit]. PMID- 14793803 TI - Present day uses of the sulfonamide drugs. PMID- 14793804 TI - The treatment of anemia; antianemic drugs. PMID- 14793805 TI - Antihistaminic drugs. PMID- 14793806 TI - Anti-rheumatic effects of steroids on rheumatic disease. PMID- 14793807 TI - Modern drugs in pediatric practice. PMID- 14793808 TI - The antibiotics. PMID- 14793809 TI - Technique of total abdominal hysterectomy. PMID- 14793810 TI - The use of aureomycin as an antidote in radiation sickness; a preliminary report. PMID- 14793811 TI - An orientation suture for the Troutman magnetic eye implant. PMID- 14793812 TI - Imperforate anus and associated anomalies; report of a case. PMID- 14793813 TI - [The Christmas miracle]. PMID- 14793814 TI - [Need for corrective pedagogics]. PMID- 14793815 TI - [The physician in the service of the handicapped]. PMID- 14793816 TI - [Efficacy of medical treatment of dwarfism]. PMID- 14793817 TI - [Congress for Education of the deaf and dumb, 5-10 June 1950, Groningen]. PMID- 14793819 TI - [Studies of Q fever in Italy]. PMID- 14793818 TI - [Clinical aspects and epidemiology of Q fever]. PMID- 14793820 TI - [Discussion on preceding papers]. PMID- 14793821 TI - [Examination of liver function]. PMID- 14793822 TI - [Hematology and biopsy in liver disease]. PMID- 14793823 TI - [Biochemistry of experimental and clinical lesions of the liver]. PMID- 14793824 TI - [Physiologic, clinical and therapeutic problems in liver disease]. PMID- 14793825 TI - [Technic of liver biopsy]. PMID- 14793826 TI - [Aureomycin therapy of epidemic hepatitis and related forms of icterus]. PMID- 14793827 TI - [Experimental lipoidosis of the liver]. PMID- 14793828 TI - [Discussion on preceding papers]. PMID- 14793829 TI - [Biermer's anemia; folic acid therapy; funicular myelosis]. PMID- 14793830 TI - [A case of causalgia]. PMID- 14793831 TI - [Serous meningitis; opticochiastic arachnoiditis; tuberculosis of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes]. PMID- 14793832 TI - [Serous meningitis, neuraxitis, erythema nodosum and hilar adenitis]. PMID- 14793833 TI - [Benign acute lymphocytic meningitis; primary tuberculous infection of the lungs]. PMID- 14793834 TI - [Reaction to distilled water (so-called Sia reaction) in the analysis of hyperglobulinemia]. PMID- 14793835 TI - [Metabolism of unnatural amino acids in the organism]. PMID- 14793836 TI - [Clinical investigations on the action of cocarboxylase]. PMID- 14793837 TI - [The resorption index as an indicator of renal reabsorption]. PMID- 14793838 TI - [Effect of synthetic resins on acidity and gastric enzymes]. PMID- 14793839 TI - [Rectal resorption of calcium]. PMID- 14793840 TI - [Several cases of latent tetany in the adult]. PMID- 14793841 TI - [Osteoporosis in eunuchism]. PMID- 14793842 TI - [Male hypogonadism and gynecomasty]. PMID- 14793843 TI - [Vitamin D therapy of parathyroid tetany]. PMID- 14793845 TI - [Certain aspects of renal diabetes]. PMID- 14793844 TI - [Perandren therapy of insulin-resistant diabetes]. PMID- 14793846 TI - [Problem of relapse in typhoid fever treated with chloromycetin]. PMID- 14793847 TI - [Injurious effects of dihydrostreptomycin on the human liver]. PMID- 14793848 TI - [Nervous disorders in sulfonamide and penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14793849 TI - [Continuous registration of blood oxygen concentration (oxymetry) during spirometry of exercise and repose]. PMID- 14793850 TI - [Studies with a new pneumatometer]. PMID- 14793851 TI - [Experimental study of acute pulmonary edema due to irritation of the central nervous system]. PMID- 14793852 TI - [Arteriovenous pulmonary aneurysm in Osler's disease]. PMID- 14793853 TI - [Study of liver cirrhosis during the war; observations on variations in its frequency]. PMID- 14793854 TI - [Frequency and significance of disorders of pyroracemic acid metabolism]. PMID- 14793855 TI - [Hemodynamic properties of two new phthalazine derivatives]. PMID- 14793856 TI - [Effect of Tarasper Lucius water on galactose excretion]. PMID- 14793857 TI - [Mesenchymal reaction as a secondary disease; observations of four posttraumatic and postoperative cases of chronic articular rheumatism and scleroderma]. PMID- 14793858 TI - [Tyrosine test in chronic progressive polyarthritis]. PMID- 14793859 TI - [Comparative studies on the metabolic effects of ACTH and cortisone]. PMID- 14793860 TI - [Chronic interstitial nephritis]. PMID- 14793861 TI - [Experiments on combined therapeutic use of streptomycin, conteben and PAS; erythrocyte modifications due to conteben]. PMID- 14793862 TI - [Progress in diet therapy]. PMID- 14793864 TI - [Female pseudohermaphroditism with congenital adrenal insufficiency; favorable effect of cortisone, desoxycorticosteronacetate and NaCl]. PMID- 14793863 TI - [Effect of cortisone on excretion of 17-ketosteroids and other steroids in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia]. PMID- 14793865 TI - [Neurovegetative disorders in poliomyelitis; trophic disorders]. PMID- 14793867 TI - [On the problem of endochondral epiphyseal dysostosis]. PMID- 14793866 TI - [Electrocardiogram in poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14793868 TI - [Mediastinal and supraclavicular cold abscess following hilar tuberculosis]. PMID- 14793869 TI - [Not Available]. PMID- 14793870 TI - [Sympathicomimetics and sympathicolytics in the isolated perfused superior cervical ganglion of the cat]. PMID- 14793871 TI - [Pulse rate in the aorta and the aspect of the femoral sphygmogram under the influence of adrenaline]. PMID- 14793872 TI - [Alpha-oxybenzylphosphinic acid, and its sodium salt (Phos), which may be considered the prototype of a new group of drugs, the assimilotoria]. PMID- 14793873 TI - [Thorax expansion and increase in lung volume during different kind of work and in reduced atmospheric pressure]. PMID- 14793874 TI - [Ocular nystagmus following rotations with different positions of the head]. PMID- 14793875 TI - [Carbohydrate metabolism; role of insulin and liver in double glucose test]. PMID- 14793876 TI - [Significance of pressure and blood supply in the auricles for the hemodynamics of pulmonary- and systemic circulation]. PMID- 14793877 TI - [Effect of adrenaline on arteriovenous anastomoses of various caliber]. PMID- 14793878 TI - [Pharmacology of certain pure alkaloids from calabash-curare, c-curarin I, C toxiferin I, C-calebassin, C-calebassinin, and C-fluorocurin]. PMID- 14793879 TI - [On the agglutinating effect of macromolecular substances]. PMID- 14793880 TI - [Effect of various sympathicolytic substances on blood pressure produced by adrenalin and nor-adrenalin in the rat]. PMID- 14793881 TI - [Investigations on pyruvate metabolism in the liver]. PMID- 14793882 TI - [Oxydation of pyruvate in suspensions of hepatic mitochondria]. PMID- 14793883 TI - [The connection of the sympathetic to the cerebrospinal system]. PMID- 14793884 TI - [Dreams as an aid in differential diagnosis in internal medicine]. PMID- 14793885 TI - [Untoward results of colitherapy?]. PMID- 14793886 TI - [Percussion and auscultation]. PMID- 14793887 TI - [Diathermy combined with hydrotherapy in the treatment of peripheral circulatory disorders]. PMID- 14793888 TI - [Palliative effects of extremely high dilutions]. PMID- 14793889 TI - [Constipation and treatment with a new laxative]. PMID- 14793890 TI - [Sepdelenotherapy; a lay practice admitted by the profession]. PMID- 14793891 TI - [Possibilities and limitations of iridodiagnosis]. PMID- 14793892 TI - [Bee and hornet stings]. PMID- 14793893 TI - [Hypotonic circulatory insufficiency, with a contribution on the physiology and pathology of smooth muscle fibres]. PMID- 14793894 TI - [The connection of the sympathetic to the cerebrospinal system]. PMID- 14793895 TI - [Nutritional value of whole-meal bread]. PMID- 14793896 TI - [Comparative studies on biocatalyzers and homeopathic therapeutics. I. Organ proteins]. PMID- 14793897 TI - [Experiences in the treatment of inflammatory processes contusions and disorders of peripheral circulation]. PMID- 14793898 TI - [Regierungsrat Dr. phil. W. von Brehmer's method of diagnosing and curing cancer]. PMID- 14793899 TI - [A definition of the concepts stupidity, mental deficiency and psychopathy]. PMID- 14793900 TI - [The home of Hippocrates; description of a trip through the island of Cos in 1936 1937]. PMID- 14793901 TI - [More on spagirics; an open letter to Dr. Otto Riess]. PMID- 14793902 TI - [Answer to Holtzapfels comment on my article reporting the use of plenosol in the treatment of cancer (No. 7, 1950); with supplementary remarks]. PMID- 14793903 TI - [Use of glycols as a substitute for glycerine in misturae agitandae]. PMID- 14793904 TI - [Acute anterior poliomyelitis]. PMID- 14793906 TI - [Neuroendocrine aspects of focal infection]. PMID- 14793905 TI - [On the road toward an holistic view in medicine]. PMID- 14793907 TI - [Focal infection, autonomic disorders and hypersensitivity to medication]. PMID- 14793908 TI - [Focal infection and the general practitioner]. PMID- 14793909 TI - [Focal infection--from another viewpoint?]. PMID- 14793910 TI - [Focal infection in dentistry and radiotherapy]. PMID- 14793911 TI - [The physician and the trade union]. PMID- 14793912 TI - [Leon Vannier's tuberculinia as a cause of dental caries]. PMID- 14793913 TI - [Is the leech a symbion or parasite?]. PMID- 14793914 TI - [Centenary of the birth of Ernst Schweninger]. PMID- 14793915 TI - [Contribution on the problem of alterative therapy, with special reference to the study of indications]. PMID- 14793916 TI - [Practical goals of our study of the constitution]. PMID- 14793917 TI - [The common factor in psychosomatic disorders]. PMID- 14793918 TI - [Cardiac pain]. PMID- 14793919 TI - [Stramonium therapy in cerebral arteriosclerosis]. PMID- 14793920 TI - [Meaning and value of biologic therapy in modern medicine from the psychosomatic viewpoint]. PMID- 14793921 TI - [Prophylactic and therapeutic significance of the sauna]. PMID- 14793922 TI - [Nervous tachycardia and its treatment]. PMID- 14793923 TI - [Influenza]. PMID- 14793924 TI - [Experiences with the alkaline water of a recently discovered source of Glauber's salts, the Heinrichsquelle in Nurting]. PMID- 14793925 TI - [Cranial arteritis]. PMID- 14793926 TI - [The bacterial cycle as a life principle]. PMID- 14793927 TI - [Has the importance of naturopathy decreased during the postwar period?]. PMID- 14793928 TI - [Etiology of the angina pectoris syndrome]. PMID- 14793929 TI - [Psychosomatics of angina pectoris]. PMID- 14793930 TI - [Homeopathic therapy of gynecologic disorders of complete or partial dysendocrinic origin, with special reference to psychosomatic factors governing choice of remedy]. PMID- 14793931 TI - [Contribution to the general practitioner's treatment of heart disease]. PMID- 14793932 TI - [In memoriam Heinz Bottenberg]. PMID- 14793933 TI - [Dr. Francisco Javier Aguilar Castello]. PMID- 14793934 TI - [Treatment of acute diarrheas in infants]. PMID- 14793935 TI - [Mitral valve; rupture of papillary muscles and chorda tendineae]. PMID- 14793936 TI - [Comparative study on angiopneumography and bronchospirometry]. PMID- 14793937 TI - [Pulmonary congestive and exudative foci caused by acute distension of abdominal viscera]. PMID- 14793938 TI - [Clinical and radiologic aspects of bronchial adenoma]. PMID- 14793939 TI - [Anatomic regression of tuberculous lesions in the streptomycin therapy]. PMID- 14793940 TI - [Congenital bronchiectasis (Kartagener's triad)study of two cases]. PMID- 14793941 TI - [Statistics]. PMID- 14793942 TI - [Predisposition to disease and homeopathy]. PMID- 14793943 TI - [Accommodative asthenopia and its treatment by homeopathy and vitamins]. PMID- 14793944 TI - [Three cases of sycosis]. PMID- 14793946 TI - [Dilutions to the 50th millesimal]. PMID- 14793945 TI - [Case of rheumatoid purpura]. PMID- 14793947 TI - [The criterion of life]. PMID- 14793948 TI - [Modern therapy of acne]. PMID- 14793949 TI - [Pyorrhea]. PMID- 14793950 TI - [Mental prophylaxis and hygiene in children]. PMID- 14793951 TI - [Treatment of folliculin deficiency]. PMID- 14793952 TI - [Primary tuberculosis infection in children and antibiotic treatment]. PMID- 14793953 TI - [Treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia with diethylaminoethoxy-2-diphenyl (1262 F)]. PMID- 14793954 TI - On the value of "conditioned hemolysis" for the diagnosis of American trypanosomiasis; a comparative study with complement fixation and sensitized erythrocytes agglutination tests. PMID- 14793955 TI - [Lutz' mycosis in Bahia; a new case]. PMID- 14793956 TI - [Hyperparathyroidism without bone involvement; incidence in Brazil]. PMID- 14793957 TI - [Action of fluorescent substances on snake venom. I. On its toxic action. II. On the in vitro coagulative power]. PMID- 14793958 TI - [A new physiopathology test: reticuloendothelial index]. PMID- 14793959 TI - [Progress in tetanus vaccination dependent on biological control of the toxoid]. PMID- 14793960 TI - [Harelip]. PMID- 14793961 TI - [Quantitative serological tests in frambesia]. PMID- 14793962 TI - [Duodenal instillation of bacteriophages]. PMID- 14793963 TI - Purchasing suggestions for hospitals. PMID- 14793964 TI - AMERICAN College of Surgeons continues hospital standardization program. PMID- 14793966 TI - Between voluntary and governmental agencies. PMID- 14793965 TI - An American College of Surgeons discussion of present and future trends in patient day costs. PMID- 14793967 TI - We need an official U.S. census of hospitals. PMID- 14793968 TI - Pioneering "scientific management" in U.S. Army hospitals. PMID- 14793969 TI - Maine General streamlines its admitting techniques. PMID- 14793970 TI - What does the public think of your blood bank? Here are some sound public relations procedures. PMID- 14793971 TI - How to make your public relations program into a winner. PMID- 14793972 TI - Immediate restoration of 75,000,000 Hill-Burton appropriation slash urged as national defense measure. PMID- 14793973 TI - The medical record in court. PMID- 14793974 TI - Four ways to stretch inadequate nurse supply. PMID- 14793975 TI - Coordinate nursing care with auxiliary workers. PMID- 14793976 TI - What ACTH is, what it does, as a chemotherapeutic tool. PMID- 14793977 TI - Southeastern hospital pharmacist group studies problem of drug charges. PMID- 14793978 TI - ADA speaker tells dietitians how to control food costs. PMID- 14793979 TI - GENERAL menus for December. PMID- 14793980 TI - Cost statement practices in U.S. hospitals. PMID- 14793981 TI - How to tell your financial story clearly and completely. PMID- 14793982 TI - How rural hospitals can have services of topflight x-ray department. PMID- 14793983 TI - Characteristics of a good hospital engineer. PMID- 14793984 TI - Laundry managers meet, discuss, learn, elect. PMID- 14793985 TI - HOW to remove those stains; here is section 5 of answers. PMID- 14793986 TI - FIVE things hospitals are doing to combat rising costs. PMID- 14793987 TI - We built a hospital during the terror. PMID- 14793988 TI - The newest and best hospital design centers now on the operating room. PMID- 14793989 TI - This hospital magazine performs real public relations function. PMID- 14793990 TI - SMALL towns can get good hospitals. PMID- 14793991 TI - Public relations is planned education. PMID- 14793992 TI - Why hospital costs have risen. PMID- 14793993 TI - Recruiting student nurses by approaching educators, high school counselors. PMID- 14793994 TI - The story of cortisone. PMID- 14793995 TI - Casting the hospital budget. PMID- 14793997 TI - CHECK list for the x-ray department. PMID- 14793996 TI - Experience with a pay cafeteria. PMID- 14793998 TI - What do I expect from the housekeeper? PMID- 14793999 TI - What the director of nurses expects of the housekeeping department. PMID- 14794000 TI - State makes progress with long range plan for hospital system. PMID- 14794001 TI - How's business department. PMID- 14794002 TI - Impact of an aging population on hospital practice. PMID- 14794003 TI - Some account of the Pennsylvania Hospital from its first rise to the beginning of the year 1951. PMID- 14794004 TI - Speaking of anniversaries... 233 hospitals are celebrating. PMID- 14794005 TI - Hospital facilities should be doubled, Public Health Service reports. PMID- 14794006 TI - Your hospital and the A-bomb. PMID- 14794007 TI - PENNSYLVANIA Hospital, a towering symbol of man's humanity to man. PMID- 14794008 TI - STATE legislation on alcoholism may create a clinical role for hospitals in 1950. PMID- 14794009 TI - ROCHESTER, Minnesota, hospital remodels. PMID- 14794011 TI - How is practical nurse licensure helping to provide trained nursing personnel? PMID- 14794010 TI - PENNSYLVANIA Hospital... nursing department. PMID- 14794012 TI - Hospital auxiliary. PMID- 14794013 TI - Aged need productive activity. PMID- 14794014 TI - PENNSYLVANIA'S pharmacy: medicines supplied by medical staff in 1751. PMID- 14794015 TI - HOSPITALS playing major role in ACTH research program. PMID- 14794016 TI - PENNSYLVANIA Hospital: dietary department. PMID- 14794018 TI - GENERAL menus for February. PMID- 14794017 TI - The case for portion ready meats in hospital food purchasing. PMID- 14794019 TI - Some financial and accounting controls in hospitals. PMID- 14794020 TI - The Pennsylvania Hospital: Department of Mental and Nervous Disorders. PMID- 14794021 TI - How one hospital disposes of garbage. PMID- 14794022 TI - D. P. doctors may relieve local shortages. PMID- 14794023 TI - "Big little things" count in the laundry. PMID- 14794024 TI - Standing orders for the nursing service. PMID- 14794025 TI - Re: Narcotics in vials. PMID- 14794026 TI - Pure Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is not always easy to enforce. PMID- 14794027 TI - PNEUMATIC tube system at Creighton Memorial, Omaha, Neb. PMID- 14794028 TI - Some observations on personnel relations. PMID- 14794029 TI - Personnel programs in small hospitals. PMID- 14794030 TI - Therapeutic abortion, II. PMID- 14794031 TI - The Revenue Act of 1950. PMID- 14794032 TI - [Danger signals]. PMID- 14794034 TI - [Problems of the tuberculosis sanatoria]. PMID- 14794033 TI - [Chronic infection as an occupation disease of medical personnel]. PMID- 14794036 TI - [Planting the spring garden]. PMID- 14794035 TI - [Guardianship]. PMID- 14794037 TI - [C. G. Jung's psychology]. PMID- 14794038 TI - [Report from the final examination of dietitians in Citizen's Hospital, Basel on Nov. 21. 1950]. PMID- 14794039 TI - [Raw-sugar--milk-sugar--malt-sugar]. PMID- 14794041 TI - Who pays for Mr. Smith? PMID- 14794042 TI - Elements of the hospital pharmacy. PMID- 14794040 TI - Establishing a hospital laboratory for radioactive isotope therapy. PMID- 14794043 TI - COMMUNITY reactions to bad debt collections. PMID- 14794044 TI - Design for service in a small community. PMID- 14794045 TI - Telling the hospital story with radio dramatizations. PMID- 14794046 TI - In nurse recruitment youth responds to youth. PMID- 14794047 TI - Expanding the laboratory for coordinated service. PMID- 14794048 TI - A study of the supply and use of blood in hospitals. PMID- 14794049 TI - Fire-fighting and evacuation plan includes local citizens. PMID- 14794050 TI - A system of looseleaf notebooks for small hospital records. PMID- 14794051 TI - LISTING of films that are available for hospital use. PMID- 14794053 TI - Hot food hot and cold food cold via a central service method. PMID- 14794052 TI - A balanced unit--the linen and laundry service combination. PMID- 14794054 TI - MASTER menus for November. PMID- 14794055 TI - The square hospital means economy. PMID- 14794056 TI - Are we building too many small hospitals? PMID- 14794057 TI - Social security: what it means to the hospital. PMID- 14794058 TI - HOSPITAL'S role in a plan for survival. PMID- 14794059 TI - Injecting vitality into the local hospital council. PMID- 14794060 TI - Flowers under the x-ray--a new form of art. PMID- 14794061 TI - A new "build-it-yourself" conductive shoe tester. PMID- 14794062 TI - Routine chest x-rays in the smaller hospital. PMID- 14794063 TI - A New York hospital experiments with group practice in anesthesia. PMID- 14794064 TI - Questions and answers on intern, resident deferments and delays. PMID- 14794065 TI - Buying for the hospital in an inflationary economy. PMID- 14794066 TI - Use of specification manual saves time and money in purchasing. PMID- 14794067 TI - Points on proper installation and care of sanitation equipment. PMID- 14794068 TI - Modern machinery and a pleasant environment yield rich returns. PMID- 14794069 TI - One hospital's experiences with a commercial formula service. PMID- 14794070 TI - MASTER menus for December. PMID- 14794071 TI - Central personnel program. PMID- 14794072 TI - A modern unit for infant mental patients. PMID- 14794073 TI - Christmas windows. PMID- 14794074 TI - The employee's stake in social security. PMID- 14794075 TI - Traveling mechanic saves time. PMID- 14794076 TI - Ten years of valid cost comparisons. A selection of statistics from more than 100 Duke Endowment hospitals. PMID- 14794078 TI - AFFILIATED hospitals gain when nursing goes to college. PMID- 14794077 TI - A "preview of nursing" with accent on realism. PMID- 14794079 TI - NEW Blue Cross approval program spells progress. PMID- 14794080 TI - The advance payment plan for maximum collections. PMID- 14794081 TI - A detailed improvement program for the maintenance engineer. PMID- 14794082 TI - Remodeling the laundry without cutting off the flow of linens. PMID- 14794083 TI - Buying safety against operating room explosion hazards. PMID- 14794084 TI - Special-diet dining room serves outpatients and employees. PMID- 14794085 TI - The miners have an alternative to socialized medical and hospital care. PMID- 14794086 TI - Local impact of veterans hospitals. PMID- 14794087 TI - When they come to call. PMID- 14794088 TI - Hospitals should insure their patients. PMID- 14794089 TI - Outside advice completes a full safety program. PMID- 14794090 TI - Fitting a hospital to its site. PMID- 14794091 TI - Consulting staff for a small hospital. PMID- 14794092 TI - Station WIOL, advanced therapy for psychiatric patients. PMID- 14794093 TI - Social factors play a part in the collection policy. PMID- 14794094 TI - The place of dental care in the general hospital. PMID- 14794095 TI - Hospitals on the air. PMID- 14794096 TI - EFFECTS on hospitals of the Revenue Act of 1950. PMID- 14794097 TI - The hospital news bulletin. PMID- 14794099 TI - A hospital printing department cuts costs, adds convenience. PMID- 14794098 TI - Effective use of inhalation therapy in the hospital. PMID- 14794100 TI - Toward trouble-free operation with the flatwork ironer. PMID- 14794101 TI - Too much air in the furnace means coal up the chimney. PMID- 14794102 TI - Keeping and using records for accurate food cost control. PMID- 14794103 TI - Scientific testing of dishwashing. PMID- 14794104 TI - MASTER menus for February. PMID- 14794106 TI - Limitations of cytological diagnosis from the pathological standpoint. PMID- 14794105 TI - Clinical significance of the femoral hernia. PMID- 14794107 TI - Medical problems in psychiatric patients. PMID- 14794108 TI - Kwashiorkor and cirrhosis of liver. PMID- 14794109 TI - Methemoglobinemia in infants. PMID- 14794110 TI - Familial hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia in the Negro; report of a second case. PMID- 14794111 TI - Maternal pulmonary embolism by amniotic fluid. PMID- 14794112 TI - Actinomycotic brain abscess. PMID- 14794113 TI - Appendiceal abscess in a 4 month old infant. PMID- 14794114 TI - Dislocation of the lumbo-sacral spine. PMID- 14794115 TI - Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with accessory spleens and complicated by severe hemothorax and hemoperitoneum. PMID- 14794116 TI - Bursitis. PMID- 14794117 TI - Trends in tuberculosis work. PMID- 14794118 TI - The rehabilitation of the stutterer. PMID- 14794119 TI - Medical treatment of epilepsy today. PMID- 14794120 TI - The responsibilities of the physician: a problem of medical education; a symposium. PMID- 14794121 TI - Results of chest x-ray screening in hospitals. PMID- 14794122 TI - Tuberculosis of the acromioclavicular joint with subscapular bursitis and effusion. PMID- 14794123 TI - Saccular aneurysm of the left ventricle of the heart following coronary occlusion. PMID- 14794124 TI - Acute nephrosis in an infant. PMID- 14794125 TI - Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease) with osteogenic sarcoma of the spine. PMID- 14794126 TI - Carcinoma and sarcoma of the same breast. PMID- 14794127 TI - Studies on the urinary excretion of riboflavin and thiamine in Indian adults. PMID- 14794128 TI - Effect of heat on some constants of ghee (butterfat). PMID- 14794129 TI - Studies in protein metabolism. Further observations on the influence of dietary protein on urinary nitrogen excretion. PMID- 14794130 TI - Distribution of nitrogen in the guinea-fowl egg proteins. PMID- 14794131 TI - Studies in Kolhapur fresh-water fishes. Part II. Maral (Ophicephalus leucopunctatus, Sykes) and shivada (Wallagonia attu, Bloch). PMID- 14794132 TI - Significance of dehydroascorbic acid in plants. PMID- 14794133 TI - Biological standardization of liver extract by the pigeon method. PMID- 14794134 TI - Formaldehyde derivatives of sulphathiazole: a new mechanism of drug action. Chemistry, chemotherapeutic activity and pharmacology. PMID- 14794135 TI - Copper in human urine and faeces. PMID- 14794136 TI - A brief note on mouse breeding. PMID- 14794137 TI - A note on the antigenic relationship to V. cholerae of the so-called 'A' type of vibrio (Burrows) and 'B' type of vibrio (Gallut). PMID- 14794138 TI - Perionychia due to monilia infection. PMID- 14794139 TI - An observation on preserved ova of Ascaris lumbricoides. PMID- 14794140 TI - An unusual case of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. PMID- 14794141 TI - Studies on plasma protein. I. Kala-azar. PMID- 14794142 TI - Malformations of the foetus (monsters); a report of five cases. PMID- 14794143 TI - Separation of lids by lid sutures in cataract extraction; report on fifty cases. PMID- 14794144 TI - Treatment of infantile cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 14794145 TI - Chloromycetin in typhoid and paratyphoid fever. PMID- 14794146 TI - Abscess breast. PMID- 14794147 TI - An unusual case of elephantiasis buttocks. PMID- 14794148 TI - Treatment of epidemic dropsy. PMID- 14794149 TI - Gonococcal arthritis. PMID- 14794150 TI - Disseminated lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14794151 TI - Postnecrotic scarring of the liver in a child and its possible relationship to Rh factor. PMID- 14794152 TI - Congenital atonic diplegia. PMID- 14794153 TI - Myoidema and myotatic irritability. PMID- 14794154 TI - Experience with flocillin '96.'. PMID- 14794155 TI - Chemotherapy of cholera with a new sulphone compound. PMID- 14794156 TI - Aureomycin in the treatment of typhoid, typhus, cystitis and pertussis. PMID- 14794157 TI - Mediastinal lymphosarcoma in a child; a case report. PMID- 14794158 TI - A case of acute nephritis treated with an antihistamine drug. PMID- 14794159 TI - The use of potassium permanganate in the disinfection of water. PMID- 14794160 TI - Outbreak of kala-azar in an institution in Bombay. PMID- 14794161 TI - Tumours of endothelial origin. PMID- 14794162 TI - Pneumococcal meningitis with atypical features. PMID- 14794163 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis in a child with unusual manifestations. PMID- 14794164 TI - The incidence and distribution of murine typhus amongst Bombay rats. PMID- 14794165 TI - Streptomycin in syphilis. PMID- 14794166 TI - A case of sciatica due to malaria. PMID- 14794167 TI - A case of intestinal infestation with Hymenolepis diminuta in man. PMID- 14794168 TI - An unusual case of lymphocele of the scrotum. PMID- 14794169 TI - A case of acute tingling. PMID- 14794170 TI - Dehydration and its treatment; treatment of cholera. PMID- 14794171 TI - Amoebic abscess of the brain. PMID- 14794172 TI - Madura foot (mycetoma). PMID- 14794173 TI - Treatment of kala-azar with methyl glucamine antimoniate. PMID- 14794174 TI - Laboratory diagnosis of scrub typhus. PMID- 14794175 TI - Advent of elkosin. PMID- 14794176 TI - The antibacterial principle of the betel leaf. PMID- 14794177 TI - Reiter's disease. PMID- 14794178 TI - A case of accidental paludrine poisoning. PMID- 14794179 TI - A case of myiasis of the nasal cavity. PMID- 14794180 TI - Maternity and child welfare work in railway colonies. PMID- 14794181 TI - Note on diet surveys carried out in the central provinces and Berar. PMID- 14794182 TI - Use of defatted groundnut cake flour as food. PMID- 14794183 TI - Empyema necessitatis following closed intrapleural pneumonolysis with a case report. PMID- 14794184 TI - Cutaneous amoebiasis with a case report. PMID- 14794185 TI - The relationship of the body weight to the weights of the organs: the brain. PMID- 14794186 TI - Epidemic dropsy; a new test for argemone oil. PMID- 14794187 TI - A case of submucous fibroid simulating pregnancy. PMID- 14794188 TI - The present status of sulphones in the treatment of leprosy. PMID- 14794189 TI - Metaphysial aclasis. PMID- 14794190 TI - Urinary excretion of antimony after administration of methyl glucamine antimoniate. preliminary observations. PMID- 14794191 TI - Muscular anomalies. PMID- 14794192 TI - Studies on plasma protein. II. Amoebic dysentery and liver disease. PMID- 14794193 TI - Chloromycetin in the treatment of cholera. PMID- 14794194 TI - A rapid method of iron haematoxylin stain for protozoa in tissue sections and smears. PMID- 14794195 TI - A case of hydronephrotic kidney. PMID- 14794196 TI - A case of cerebral malaria. PMID- 14794197 TI - Uterine manifestations of vitamin-B deficiency. PMID- 14794198 TI - ATOM bomb made easy. PMID- 14794199 TI - Biometric studies of school children of Hyderabad state. PMID- 14794200 TI - A field investigation into lathyrism. PMID- 14794201 TI - The risk of pollution of ground water from borehole latrines. PMID- 14794202 TI - Acute gastro-enteritis due to T. vincenti and B. fusiformis. PMID- 14794203 TI - Two instances of proved rabies in the tiger. PMID- 14794204 TI - An outbreak of plague in an epidemic form treated with streptomycin and sulfadiazine. PMID- 14794205 TI - Insulin resistance in diabetes patients. PMID- 14794206 TI - Hydrophobia in India. PMID- 14794207 TI - Serological technique: immunotherapy (contd.); immunization against rabies. PMID- 14794208 TI - Vaginal cyst. PMID- 14794209 TI - RABIES. PMID- 14794210 TI - A 'new latrine' suitable for rural communities, camps and isolated bungalows. PMID- 14794211 TI - Cancer of prostate and breast treated by castration and hormones. PMID- 14794212 TI - Use of the derivatives of diamino-diphenyl sulphone in leprosy, a guide. PMID- 14794213 TI - Laryngeal obstruction. PMID- 14794214 TI - Interpretation of laboratory findings as an aid to diagnosis. PMID- 14794215 TI - HOW to pay your doctor? PMID- 14794216 TI - Planning a small radioisotope program. PMID- 14794218 TI - Surgical lesions of the spine. PMID- 14794217 TI - The appraisal of detergency through radioactive isotopes. PMID- 14794219 TI - Occupational cancer in a chromate plant. An environmental appraisal. PMID- 14794220 TI - Atmospheric pollution in the vicinity of a chromate plant. PMID- 14794221 TI - Carpal injuries. PMID- 14794222 TI - CARE of hand injuries. PMID- 14794223 TI - Medicine in industry. The Ann Arbor "Discussional" on industrial health. PMID- 14794224 TI - Occupational tuberculosis among interns and nurses. PMID- 14794225 TI - Some public health aspects of an atomic explosion. PMID- 14794226 TI - Radiation hazards in the atomic energy program. PMID- 14794227 TI - Herniated intervertebral disks; a time and cost analysis of 100 cases. PMID- 14794228 TI - LOW back symposium. PMID- 14794229 TI - The protruded lumbar intervertebral disk as a cause of backache. PMID- 14794230 TI - Urologic aspects of backache. PMID- 14794232 TI - Obstetrical and gynecological aspects of backache. PMID- 14794231 TI - Orthopedic aspects of backache. PMID- 14794233 TI - Syllabus on industrial low back disability. PMID- 14794234 TI - A rest regime for the acute back strain. PMID- 14794235 TI - Cardiovascular disease in the steel industry. PMID- 14794236 TI - FIFTEENTH Annual Meeting of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation, November 15 and 16, 1950. PMID- 14794237 TI - Antihistaminics in the treatment of burns; a preliminary report. PMID- 14794238 TI - [Conservative treatment of the pulp in pulpitis; cicatrization of pulp wounds by formation of secondary dentin; history]. PMID- 14794239 TI - [Uncertainties and radiography]. PMID- 14794240 TI - [A curious procedure of the surgeons of Paris against an expert on teeth appointed by the Grand Council, 1727]. PMID- 14794241 TI - [Inflammatory bone pathology of the jaws in trans-radiculo-dental infections: circumscribed osteoperiostitis]. PMID- 14794242 TI - [Rectified high frequency current or Cluzet's current]. PMID- 14794243 TI - [The mercury drop]. PMID- 14794244 TI - [The myth of dental decalcification]. PMID- 14794245 TI - [Surgical extraction of the two first large lower molars by vestibular alveolectomy]. PMID- 14794246 TI - [Certain laboratory procedures for improving the stability of nickel-chrome prostheses]. PMID- 14794248 TI - [Diffuse osteoperiostitis]. PMID- 14794247 TI - [Health officer Charles Bovary]. PMID- 14794249 TI - [Functional maxillo-facial orthopedics]. PMID- 14794251 TI - [General considerations on the preparation of cavities for inlays from the mechanical and technical point of view]. PMID- 14794250 TI - [General considerations on cavity preparations for inlays from the mechanical and technical point of view]. PMID- 14794252 TI - [Parotitis]. PMID- 14794253 TI - [General considerations on the preparation of cavities for inlays from the mechanical and technical point of view]. PMID- 14794254 TI - [Implantation of abutment teeth and denture bases in prosthetic restorations]. PMID- 14794255 TI - [Homeopathic treatment of peri-apical infections]. PMID- 14794256 TI - [Suggestions on aspiration]. PMID- 14794257 TI - HENRI Villain (1881-1950). PMID- 14794258 TI - [On the subject of pulpotomy: be careful]. PMID- 14794259 TI - [Iodine vaporization in dental therapy]. PMID- 14794260 TI - [Alveolar peg]. PMID- 14794261 TI - [A 16th century manuscript of remedies]. PMID- 14794262 TI - Familial nonreaginic food allergy (idioblapsis) practical management. PMID- 14794263 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies on the effect of thephorin]. PMID- 14794264 TI - [Cephalalgia matutina; morning headache as a preallergic symptom (cephalaea matutina praeallergica)]. PMID- 14794265 TI - The psychic reactions following injections of bacterial vaccines. PMID- 14794266 TI - On the question of drug allergy. PMID- 14794267 TI - Clinical report of the Rotunda Hospital. PMID- 14794268 TI - Clinical report of the Coombe Lying-In Hospital, 1949. PMID- 14794269 TI - Clinical Report of the National Maternity Hospital. PMID- 14794270 TI - Anaesthesia for caesarean section. PMID- 14794271 TI - DISPROPORTION. PMID- 14794273 TI - TOXAEMIA. PMID- 14794272 TI - ANTEPARTUM haemorrhage. PMID- 14794274 TI - [D. I. Ivanovskii-founder of the science of filtrable virus]. PMID- 14794276 TI - [On two tobacco diseases]. PMID- 14794275 TI - [Remembrances of D. I. Ivanovskii]. PMID- 14794277 TI - [Microscopic examination of plants]. PMID- 14794278 TI - [Artificial culture of mosaic disease microbe]. PMID- 14794279 TI - [Chlorophyll in living chloroplasts]. PMID- 14794280 TI - [Role of metabolism in correlations of the organism and environment]. PMID- 14794281 TI - [Effect of the maternal organism on the color of the progeny in rabbits following transplantation of ovaries]. PMID- 14794282 TI - [Variability of the chromosome complex in tissue cells of warm-blooded animals]. PMID- 14794283 TI - [Nerve centers and their role in regulation of tissular processes in the organism]. PMID- 14794284 TI - Experimental transmission of the West Nile virus by the mosquito. PMID- 14794285 TI - Experimental transmission of Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus by the mosquito. PMID- 14794286 TI - The histologic changes of the sympathetic ganglia in Japanese B encephalitis. PMID- 14794287 TI - Studies on the nutritional requirements of bacteria. II. On the nutrition of Shigella dysenteriae. PMID- 14794288 TI - Studies on the nutritional requirements of bacteria, III. Nitrogen requirements of dysentery bacilli in the synthetic medium. PMID- 14794289 TI - On a new antibiotic, griseolutein, produced by streptomyces. PMID- 14794290 TI - Studies on macramin, a new high-molecular antibacterial substance derived from chitin. PMID- 14794291 TI - Studies on the bacterial pyrogenic substances. PMID- 14794292 TI - The colorimetric estimation of free and combined cholesterol in serum. PMID- 14794293 TI - Seasonal occurrence of mosquito in Okayama 1946 and infectivity of the mosquito with Japanese B encephalitis virus; trans ovary infection of the virus in mosquito. PMID- 14794294 TI - Seasonal occurrence of mosquito and its infectivity of Japanese B encephalitis virus in Okayama City 1942; relationship between the grade of epidemic and the infectivity of mosquito. PMID- 14794295 TI - Immunological relationship between poliomyelitis and Japanese B encephalitis viruses; corss protection test in rhesus monkeys. PMID- 14794296 TI - Experimental transmission of poliomyelitis virus by mosquitoes in rhesus monkeys. PMID- 14794297 TI - On the correlation between Hofmeister's series and gram stain. PMID- 14794298 TI - On the valence of antibodies. PMID- 14794299 TI - Vital reactions by exposure to cold. PMID- 14794300 TI - Studies on the biological activity of ketoenol-substances (Hamazaki). II. On ketoenol-substances in plant kingdom and their growth-promoting activity in Lactobacillus casei. PMID- 14794301 TI - Hypertrophy of parotid glands in diabetes mellitus and internal secretion of salivary glands. PMID- 14794302 TI - Studies on the characters of antibiotic streptomyces. V. On types of S. griseus. PMID- 14794303 TI - [Diagnosis of encephalopathy in children]. PMID- 14794305 TI - [Constitutional factors in essential anorexia]. PMID- 14794304 TI - [Incidence of meningococcic meningitis in the Fernandes Figueira Institute (formerly the Arthur Bernardes Hospital) in the period from 1940 to 1947]. PMID- 14794306 TI - [Recommendations and conclusions of the reports of the 1st Brazilian Congress on Hematology and Hemotherapy, Petropolis, 21-26 May 1950]. PMID- 14794307 TI - Concepts of food allergy important in specific diagnosis. PMID- 14794308 TI - Changes in tissue sensitivity associated with varying life situations and emotions; their relevance to allergy. PMID- 14794309 TI - Symposium on food allergy: the internist's viewpoint. PMID- 14794311 TI - Allergy for corn and its derivatives: experiments with a masked ingestion test for its diagnosis. PMID- 14794310 TI - Milk allergy: a survey of its incidence; experiments with a masked ingestion test. PMID- 14794312 TI - Clinical experience in corn sensitivity. PMID- 14794313 TI - Clinical experience with objective diagnostic tests in corn sensitivity. PMID- 14794314 TI - Food allergy: acute vs. chronic. PMID- 14794315 TI - Reagic serum fractions obtained by the electrophoresis-convection method. PMID- 14794316 TI - Skin test reactions to various chemical fractions of egg white and their possible clinical significance. PMID- 14794317 TI - Effect of slowly absorbing antigen (ragweed) on neutralizing antibody titer. PMID- 14794318 TI - Complement fixation studies in allergy. PMID- 14794319 TI - Castor bean: an industrial hazard as a contaminant of green coffee dust and used burlap bags. PMID- 14794320 TI - Identification of castor bean allergen in green coffee. PMID- 14794321 TI - Evaluation of therapeutic substances employed for the relief of bronchospasm. VII. Combinations of diphenhydramine with ephedrine and aminophylline. PMID- 14794322 TI - Presidential inaugural address. PMID- 14794323 TI - The university as a benefactor of dentistry. PMID- 14794324 TI - Caries research: its present position and future trends. PMID- 14794325 TI - The pen-probe..... illiterate literacy. PMID- 14794326 TI - The beginning of dental education in Philadelphia. PMID- 14794327 TI - The muses and the toothache polka. PMID- 14794328 TI - Research on selection of dental students. PMID- 14794329 TI - Goals in undergraduate dental education. PMID- 14794330 TI - American College of Dentists: the first thirty years and the next fifty. PMID- 14794331 TI - Some fundamentals of successful endodontic practice. PMID- 14794332 TI - A technic for direct wax patterns of three-quarter crowns. PMID- 14794333 TI - The dental health education and follow-up program in the elementary and junior high schools of New York City, June 1, 1948 to May 31, 1949. PMID- 14794334 TI - The mental foramen injection. PMID- 14794335 TI - Partial dentures with precision attachments. PMID- 14794336 TI - Balancing the occlusion of partial dentures. PMID- 14794337 TI - Naval hospital dental service: intern and residency programs. PMID- 14794338 TI - Department of dentistry in a large hospital properly organized for dental internship training and dental residency training. PMID- 14794339 TI - Two-year caries control study utilizing oral hygiene and an ammoniated dentifrice. PMID- 14794340 TI - Newburgh-Kingston caries fluorine study. III. Further analysis of dental findings including the permanent and deciduous dentitions after four years of water fluoridation. PMID- 14794342 TI - THE DENTAL laboratory issue: VI. The way out. PMID- 14794341 TI - Nineteen fifty survey of the dental profession. VI. Dental services rendered. PMID- 14794343 TI - Riboflavin, nitrogen, and thiamine metabolism of women with active tuberculosis. PMID- 14794345 TI - Nutrition in relation to dental health. PMID- 14794344 TI - Nutritional status survey, Groton Township, New York. PMID- 14794346 TI - The sprue syndrome-improved dietary management. PMID- 14794347 TI - Dietary consultation a service for small institutions. III. Food preparation, storage, and waste. PMID- 14794348 TI - Nutritional status of children. XIII. Accuracy of calculated intakes of food components with respect to analytical values. PMID- 14794349 TI - Ascorbic acid retention and palatability of cabbage as cooked in South India. PMID- 14794350 TI - The American dietetic association contributes to the health of children and youth. PMID- 14794351 TI - Report of the executive board: 1949-50. PMID- 14794352 TI - Dietary consultation--a service for small institutions. IV. Problems in sanitation. PMID- 14794353 TI - Dietary consultation--a service for small institutions. V. Some rules for sanitation. PMID- 14794354 TI - Effect of cooking methods on retention of vitamins and minerals in vegetables. PMID- 14794355 TI - Nutritional status survey, Groton Township, New York. IV. Consumption of food groups. PMID- 14794357 TI - Misconceptions in urology. PMID- 14794356 TI - Nutritional status of children. XIV. Urinary excretions of thiamine and riboflavin. PMID- 14794358 TI - Ophthalmology at the mid-century. PMID- 14794359 TI - Radioactive diiodofluorescein in diagnosis and localization of central nervous system tumors. PMID- 14794360 TI - Relief of angina pectoris by sympathectomy; report of results in ten patients subjected to high thoracolumbar sympathectomy including the anginal pathway. PMID- 14794361 TI - Hormone studies in peptic ulcer; pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone. PMID- 14794362 TI - Energy expended by patients on the bedpan and bedside commode. PMID- 14794363 TI - Manual artificial respiration; comparison of effectiveness of various methods on apneic normal adults. PMID- 14794364 TI - Epidemic parotitis complicated by acute suppurative appendicitis; report of a case. PMID- 14794366 TI - Artificial respiration; a new method and a comparative study of different methods in adults. PMID- 14794365 TI - Periarteritis occurring during propylthiouracil therapy. PMID- 14794367 TI - REPORT of the Council: Potency of heparin sodium. PMID- 14794368 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies: ethyl iodophenylundecylate. PMID- 14794369 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies: procaine amide hydrochloride. PMID- 14794370 TI - ANTICOAGULANTS as a cause of hemorrhage. PMID- 14794371 TI - Banthine in the therapy of peptic ulcer. PMID- 14794372 TI - Does the health officer have status? PMID- 14794373 TI - Juvenile delinquency. PMID- 14794375 TI - Superficial punctate keratitis. PMID- 14794374 TI - Absorption and clinical use of penicillin preparations given in large oral doses; a cooperative study utilizing discontinuous therapy. PMID- 14794376 TI - Aluminum gels in the management of renal phosphatic calculi. PMID- 14794377 TI - Bilateral testicular tumors following bilateral orchiopexy. PMID- 14794378 TI - Reversal of aminopterin and amethopterin toxicity by citrovorum factor. PMID- 14794379 TI - Treatment of scleroderma with procaine; report of cases. PMID- 14794380 TI - Oral and rectal temperatures of man. PMID- 14794381 TI - MEDCOTRONIC stimulator, Model 50, accepted. PMID- 14794382 TI - ACTION of lipotropic substances in liver disease as measured by radioactive phosphorus. PMID- 14794383 TI - ALVEOLAR cell tumor of the lung. PMID- 14794385 TI - Sciatica; differential diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14794384 TI - What the community expects of the doctor. PMID- 14794386 TI - Management of hemophilia in general practice. PMID- 14794387 TI - Oral use of cortisone acetate. PMID- 14794388 TI - Cortisone as an adjunct in the therapy of acute gout. PMID- 14794389 TI - Management of massive hemorrhage from gastroduodenal ulceration. PMID- 14794390 TI - Massive upper digestive tract hemorrhage of undetermined origin. PMID- 14794391 TI - Role of transfusions in the management of gastric hemorrhage. PMID- 14794392 TI - The battle against blindness. PMID- 14794393 TI - Cortisone in Sydenham's chorea; report of two cases. PMID- 14794394 TI - SONOTONE screening audiometer, model 30, accepted. PMID- 14794395 TI - Calcification in the South African Bantu. PMID- 14794396 TI - MALPRACTICE: Application of res ipsa loquitur in fracture cases. PMID- 14794397 TI - MALPRACTICE: Performance of operation beyond scope of permission. PMID- 14794398 TI - Atomic energy in war and peace; medical aspects. PMID- 14794399 TI - Acute radiation syndrome; a problem for practitioners. PMID- 14794400 TI - Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of deficiency diseases. PMID- 14794401 TI - Use of controls in medical research. PMID- 14794402 TI - Neomycin: results of clinical use in ten cases. PMID- 14794403 TI - Geographic blood group variability in the United States. PMID- 14794404 TI - Limitations of roentgen rays in diagnosis of bladder stone. PMID- 14794405 TI - Evaluation of cytological technic in recognition of malignant uterine neoplasms. PMID- 14794407 TI - SUGGESTIONS for prospective purchasers of electrocardiographs. PMID- 14794406 TI - Physiological reaction to pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in severe burns. PMID- 14794408 TI - ACTH and cortisone. PMID- 14794409 TI - HADACOL--the ethical (?) proprietary. PMID- 14794410 TI - Health problems in Alaska. PMID- 14794411 TI - EVIDENCE: reliability of tests for sterility. PMID- 14794413 TI - Effects of air transportation on clinical conditions; analysis of 16,000 cases reported in 1949. PMID- 14794412 TI - CHARITABLE hospitals: extent of tax exemption. PMID- 14794414 TI - Effect of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in acute rheumatic carditis. PMID- 14794415 TI - Spastic spinal paralysis responding to potassium therapy; report of a case. PMID- 14794416 TI - Vagotomy for idiopathic ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis; results in 21 cases. PMID- 14794417 TI - Unipolar precordial electrocardiograms in ventricular aneurysm. PMID- 14794418 TI - The Cornell Medical Index-Health Questionnaire. II. As a diagnostic instrument. PMID- 14794419 TI - Calculi in a dilated stump of the cystic duct, preoperative visualization. PMID- 14794420 TI - KOPETZKY, Samuel Joseph. PMID- 14794421 TI - Early care of the seriously wounded man. PMID- 14794422 TI - Pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone in diseases of the skin. I. Pemphigus vulgaris and other bullous dermatoses. PMID- 14794423 TI - Monilial infections complicating the therapeutic use of antibiotics. PMID- 14794424 TI - Therapy in psychomotor epilepsy. PMID- 14794425 TI - Subclinical histoplasmosis; gastrointestinal histoplasmosis of children. PMID- 14794426 TI - The dislocated lens. PMID- 14794427 TI - Acidosis and its therapeutic value in the treatment of psychotics; a preliminary report. PMID- 14794428 TI - The relief of nephrosis after hepatitis; report of a case. PMID- 14794429 TI - Leptospiral iridocyclitis; evidence of human infection with Leptospira pomona in the United States. PMID- 14794430 TI - Adie's syndrome: a benign disorder simulating tabes dorsalis. PMID- 14794431 TI - AS a man thinketh. PMID- 14794432 TI - DICKINSON Robert Latou. PMID- 14794433 TI - COMMENT on court opinion that internal cancer can be cured with medicine. PMID- 14794434 TI - MALPRACTICE: physician's failure to advise patient of nonunion of fracture. PMID- 14794435 TI - MEDICAL societies: validity of code of ethics. PMID- 14794436 TI - The toxic effects of antihistaminic drugs. PMID- 14794437 TI - Benign obstruction of the lower esophagus. PMID- 14794438 TI - Nephrocalcinosis. PMID- 14794439 TI - Treatment of patients with carcinoma of the bladder. PMID- 14794440 TI - Q fever studies in Southern California; summary of current results and a discussion of possible control measures. PMID- 14794441 TI - Observations on the epidemiology of Q fever in Northern California. PMID- 14794442 TI - Tuberculous pericarditis treated with streptomycin. PMID- 14794443 TI - Cancer detection in rural practice; report of 1,650 examinations. PMID- 14794444 TI - Mediterranean anemia; report of case in an American Negro. PMID- 14794446 TI - FOOD acids and caries. PMID- 14794445 TI - Adenosinetriphosphate; trial in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14794447 TI - The surgical treatment of psychomotor epilepsy. PMID- 14794448 TI - Movable postenucleation implants; complications and their solution. PMID- 14794449 TI - Benign stricture of intrahepatic bile ducts. PMID- 14794450 TI - Relation between tonsil and adenoid operations and cleft palate. PMID- 14794451 TI - Effects of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14794452 TI - Indications for bis-hydroxycoumarin (dicumarol) in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 14794453 TI - Salt depletion syndrome associated with decompensated cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 14794454 TI - Effectiveness of synthetic water-soluble vitamin K preparations in bishydroxycoumarin-induced hypoprothrombinemia. PMID- 14794455 TI - Full term abdominal pregnancy with delivery of a living child; report of a case and review of the literature. PMID- 14794456 TI - Nerve block in painless childbirth. PMID- 14794457 TI - The oral use of cortisone suspension in syrup. PMID- 14794458 TI - Abacterial pyuria; treatment with aureomycin. PMID- 14794459 TI - MAICO train-ear, model 38, accepted. PMID- 14794460 TI - ON the death of Walter Walker Palmer. PMID- 14794461 TI - OFFICIAL transactions of the Student American Medical Association constitutional convention. PMID- 14794463 TI - Medical defense plan of a metropolitan area. PMID- 14794462 TI - Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) and aureomycin in surgical infections. PMID- 14794464 TI - Japanese B encephalitis in Korea; the epidemic of 1949. PMID- 14794465 TI - A study of neuropsychiatric rejectees. PMID- 14794466 TI - Treatment of hemophilus influenzae meningitis with chloramphenicol and other antibiotics. PMID- 14794468 TI - Medical education: a look ahead. PMID- 14794467 TI - Activation of peptic ulcer during pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy; report of three cases. PMID- 14794469 TI - Paralysis with potassium intoxication in renal insufficiency; value of electrocardiographic studies. PMID- 14794470 TI - Psychotic reactions during tetraethylthiuramdisulfide (antabuse) therapy. PMID- 14794471 TI - Emergency wooden respirator. PMID- 14794472 TI - Allergic manifestations to agar. PMID- 14794473 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies: metopon hydrochloride. PMID- 14794474 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies: benzpyrinium bromide. PMID- 14794476 TI - MALPRACTICE: liability of United States for negligence of Army surgeon. PMID- 14794475 TI - HYDROCOLLATOR steam packs accepted. PMID- 14794477 TI - OPTOMETRY practice acts: constitutionality of regulatory provisions (New Jersey). PMID- 14794478 TI - CHEMICAL tests for intoxication: physician's opinion as to reliability. PMID- 14794479 TI - Resuscitation of the newborn. PMID- 14794481 TI - Imperforate anus and recto-urethral fistula in a twenty-seven year old man; report of a case. PMID- 14794480 TI - Method for objective investigation of strabismus. PMID- 14794482 TI - Fascial hernias of the legs. PMID- 14794483 TI - Testosterone propionate as a nitrogen-sparing agent after spinal cord injury. PMID- 14794484 TI - Terramycin, chloramphenicol and aureomycin in acute brucellosis; a preliminary report. PMID- 14794485 TI - Prostatic smear in cancer diagnosis. PMID- 14794486 TI - Insulin resistance associated with local and general allergy to insulin. PMID- 14794487 TI - Herpes zoster with a varicelliform eruption and parotitis in chronic leukemia. PMID- 14794488 TI - Axial torsion of full term uterus associated with postoperative ventral hernia. PMID- 14794489 TI - NEW and nonofficial remedies: hexachlorophene. PMID- 14794490 TI - CHARLES Franklin Craig. PMID- 14794491 TI - SALES tax: liability of lay laboratories making roentgenogram. PMID- 14794492 TI - MEDICAL practice acts: emergency medical assistance. PMID- 14794493 TI - MALPRACTICE: need for expert testimony. PMID- 14794494 TI - Physiological effects of vagotomy; a study of three hundred and thirty-one patients. PMID- 14794495 TI - Complicated fractures of the maxilla. PMID- 14794496 TI - Clinical experience with streptokinase and streptodornase. PMID- 14794497 TI - Compulsory rooming-in in the ward and private newborn service at Duke Hospital. PMID- 14794498 TI - Herpangina; etiological studies of a specific infectious disease. PMID- 14794499 TI - The physician's problem in atomic warfare. PMID- 14794500 TI - Quinidine sulfate in propylene glycol by intramuscular injection in man. PMID- 14794501 TI - Quinidine-induced exfoliative dermatitis; with a brief review of quinidine idiosyncrasies. PMID- 14794502 TI - Plastic tubing for intravenous alimentation. PMID- 14794503 TI - Carcinoma of the ileum. PMID- 14794504 TI - CONSTITUTIONALITY of Marihuana Tax Act. PMID- 14794505 TI - Problems of an antepartum cardiac clinic. PMID- 14794506 TI - Dicumarol therapy. Experiences with prolonged administration. PMID- 14794507 TI - Ovarian pregnancy. PMID- 14794509 TI - Recent advances in child psychiatry of interest to the pediatrician. PMID- 14794508 TI - Ruptured spleen in infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 14794510 TI - The New England Hospital for Women and Children. PMID- 14794511 TI - A review of the short-leg problem. PMID- 14794512 TI - The role of the radiologist in relation to degenerative diseases. PMID- 14794513 TI - Evaluation of the newer antiarthritics and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with desoxycorticosterone. PMID- 14794514 TI - Acute back sprain in industry. PMID- 14794515 TI - Retroperitoneal tumor. Report of a case. PMID- 14794516 TI - The radiation hazard. The atom bomb. PMID- 14794518 TI - Lower extremity problems in children. An osteopathic approach. PMID- 14794517 TI - A neurophysiological basis for an osteopathic interpretation of etiology in internal disease. PMID- 14794519 TI - Progressive muscular dystrophy. Report of a case. PMID- 14794520 TI - An introduction to the clinical aspects of gastroscopy. PMID- 14794521 TI - The new psychology of pregnancy and labor. PMID- 14794522 TI - The adrenal gland. A crossroad of psychosomatic medicine. PMID- 14794523 TI - Some biological factors influencing sexuality. PMID- 14794524 TI - "Momism" and the American family. PMID- 14794525 TI - Statistical variation in contents of dry-filled ampules in current pharmaceutical practice. PMID- 14794526 TI - A study of an in vivo method of testing enteric coatings using radioactive tracer techniques. PMID- 14794527 TI - A study of a depressor principle of Veratrum viride. PMID- 14794528 TI - A study of the seeds of Strophanthus sarmentosus and some related species of Strophanthus. PMID- 14794529 TI - The influence of tocopherols on U.S.P. XIV vitamin A assay. PMID- 14794530 TI - Some derivatives of sulfamide. PMID- 14794531 TI - The manufacture, solubility, and stability of hypodermic tablets containing morphine salts. PMID- 14794532 TI - Studies on tolerance and cross-tolerance to Nostal (propallylonal; isopropyl-beta bromallyl barbituric acid. PMID- 14794533 TI - Cultivation studies of the solanaceous drugs. III. Alkaloidal content of mature and immature belladonna leaves. PMID- 14794534 TI - Cultivation studies of the solanaceous drugs. IV. Time and space in solanaceous culture. PMID- 14794535 TI - The potentiometric titration of aminophylline and aminophylline-phenobarbital mixtures. PMID- 14794536 TI - Synthesis of local anesthetics derived from cumic and 3-nitrocumic acids. PMID- 14794537 TI - Observations on the pH of suspensions of Volclay bentonite in distilled water and Clark-Lubs buffer solutions. PMID- 14794538 TI - A capillary polarimeter tube. PMID- 14794539 TI - High pressure sprays in control of the sheep tick (Melophagus ovinus Linn). PMID- 14794540 TI - The prediction of success in veterinary medicine at Michigan State College. PMID- 14794541 TI - The ratio of male and female calves produced by natural breeding and artificial insemination. PMID- 14794542 TI - Cecostomy in the horse; a practical experimental procedure. PMID- 14794543 TI - Congenital cerebellar hypoplasia in a Holstein-Friesian calf. PMID- 14794544 TI - Aureomycin ointment used in infections of the eye, ear, and skin in dogs and cats. PMID- 14794545 TI - Diamond skin disease (chronic erysipelas) in a turkey. PMID- 14794546 TI - Mixed sulfonamides (merameth) for enteritis-pneumonia syndrome in swine. PMID- 14794547 TI - Removal of the fringed tapeworm from sheep. PMID- 14794548 TI - A method for the study of arterial anastomoses. PMID- 14794549 TI - Sources of arterial blood supply to the superior and middle cervical sympathetic ganglia and the ganglion intermediaire. PMID- 14794550 TI - The relationship between internodal length and growth in human nerves. PMID- 14794551 TI - An experimental study of the fornix in the rabbit. PMID- 14794552 TI - Alkaline and acid phosphatase distribution in normal and regenerating tadpole tails. PMID- 14794553 TI - The local action of vitamin A on bone. PMID- 14794554 TI - The development in vitro of the mammary glands of the mouse. PMID- 14794555 TI - Invasion of nerve homografts by regenerating muscle fibres. PMID- 14794557 TI - IN MEMORIAM: Arthur Beeny Appleton, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.Z.S. Emeritus Professor of Anatomy, University of London. PMID- 14794556 TI - IN MEMORIAM: Samuel Ernest Whitnall, M.A., M.D., B.Ch. (Oxon), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (Lond.). PMID- 14794558 TI - Problems, techniques and experimental designs in animal investigations; a symposium presented at the 1949 meeting of the American Society of Animal Production; introduction. PMID- 14794559 TI - Problems, techniques, and experimental designs in animal investigations; nutrition and pasture. PMID- 14794560 TI - Problems, techniques, and experimental designs in animal investigations; meat evaluation and processing. PMID- 14794561 TI - Problems, techniques, and experimental designs in animal investigations; physiology. PMID- 14794562 TI - Problems, techniques, and experimental designs in animal investigations; animal breeding. PMID- 14794563 TI - The B vitamins in relation to a cobalt deficiency in sheep. PMID- 14794564 TI - Alfalfa and alfalfa-brome grass hays for growing and fattening lambs. PMID- 14794565 TI - The feeding value of Norghum Sorghum when fed to lambs. PMID- 14794566 TI - The use of progesterone in the synchronization of the estrual periods in a group of ewes and the effect on their subsequent lambing records. PMID- 14794567 TI - The magnitude of certain sources of variability in digestibility data. PMID- 14794568 TI - Cellulose digestion in good and poor quality roughages using an artificial rumen. PMID- 14794569 TI - Cellulose digestion by rumen microorganisms as influenced by cereal grains and protein-rich feeds commonly fed to cattle using an artificial rumen. PMID- 14794570 TI - Some effects of forage composition on its nutritive value when cut and fed green to steers and withers, as determined conventionally and by the lignin ratio. PMID- 14794571 TI - The sulfur dioxide preservation of grass silage. PMID- 14794572 TI - Effect of ration upon some constituents of blood and milk of Hereford cows and the blood of their calves. PMID- 14794573 TI - Deposition and alimentary excretion of phosphorus-32 in steers on high molybdenum and copper diets. PMID- 14794574 TI - The influence of solvent extracted and hydraulic processed cottonseed meals upon performance and level of plasma carotene, vitamin A, and fat in the blood of wintering beef cows. PMID- 14794575 TI - Simplified methods and equipment used in separation of urine from feces eliminated by heifers and by steers. PMID- 14794576 TI - The influence of feeding thiouracil to dairy bull calves. PMID- 14794577 TI - The hereditary aspect of eye cancer in Hereford cattle. PMID- 14794578 TI - Revised estimates of heritability of economic characteristics in beef cattle. PMID- 14794579 TI - The repeatability of performance of several Hereford sires as measured by progeny records. PMID- 14794580 TI - Causes of variation in length of gestation in dairy cattle. PMID- 14794581 TI - The effect of the plane of nutrition on the carcass quality of a line of swine based on a Chester White and Danish Landrace cross. PMID- 14794582 TI - Dried whole aureomycin mash and meat and bone scraps for growing-fattening swine. PMID- 14794583 TI - Effect of APF supplement on efficiency of feed utilization for the pig. PMID- 14794584 TI - Inadequacy of purified diets for reproduction by swine with observations on an added deficiency of pantothenic acid. PMID- 14794585 TI - Comparison of high and low protein corn for growing-fattening pigs in drylot. PMID- 14794586 TI - Critique of area and height formulae for estimating cardiac output from the ballistocardiogram. PMID- 14794588 TI - Polarity patterns for chest leads. PMID- 14794587 TI - Electrocardiographic effects of arterenol and isopropylarterenol in man, with a note on the auricular T wave. PMID- 14794589 TI - Explosive decompression of macaque monkeys to extreme altitudes and recompression at free-fall rates. PMID- 14794590 TI - Normal variations in end-tidal air and arterial blood carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions during moderate exercise. PMID- 14794591 TI - Effects of exercise on renal blood flow and sodium excretion in dogs. PMID- 14794592 TI - Effect of carbon dioxide on rate of denitrogenation in human subjects. PMID- 14794593 TI - Body temperature and performance under different routines. PMID- 14794594 TI - Relation of blood volume and cardiac output to body type. PMID- 14794595 TI - Heat transfer in man. PMID- 14794596 TI - Morphology and enumeration of human blood platelets. PMID- 14794597 TI - Cardiac function and the emotional states. PMID- 14794598 TI - A serious complication of thrombophlebitis in saphenous varicosities. PMID- 14794599 TI - Amebiasis: its diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14794600 TI - Corneal transplant. PMID- 14794602 TI - A fancy package of untruths. PMID- 14794601 TI - Increased capillary fragility following use of cortone acetate in treatment of arthritis. PMID- 14794603 TI - Infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 14794604 TI - Unusual manifestations of infectious mononucleosis with a case report. PMID- 14794605 TI - Hospital standardization. PMID- 14794606 TI - Diagnosis of coronary artery disease. PMID- 14794607 TI - Response of coronary circulation to exercise, to certain drugs and to anoxic stresses. PMID- 14794608 TI - Vasomotor disorders in aviation medicine. PMID- 14794609 TI - Electrocardiographic response in exercise tolerance tests. PMID- 14794610 TI - The possible relation of syncope to valvular heart disease. PMID- 14794611 TI - Possibility of biological effects of cosmic rays in high altitudes, stratosphere and space. PMID- 14794612 TI - Physical process of explosive decompression. PMID- 14794613 TI - Positive acceleration and urine output. PMID- 14794614 TI - Automatic control of low pressure chambers. PMID- 14794616 TI - AERO Medical Association; 21st annual meeting. PMID- 14794615 TI - A study of hemorrhagic rib markings produced in rats by air blast. PMID- 14794617 TI - Radioactive studies of the phosphorus metabolism of T2r bacteriophage with Escherichia coli. PMID- 14794618 TI - A study of large bodies in Azotobacter agile. PMID- 14794619 TI - The relation of calcium and other constituents of a defined medium to proliferation of lactic Streptococcus bacteriophage. PMID- 14794620 TI - Lactobacilli from turkeys. PMID- 14794621 TI - The antiviral activity of Newcastle disease immune sera. PMID- 14794622 TI - The effect of bovine plasma fractions on the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis. PMID- 14794623 TI - The growth of recently isolated strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis in liquid media. PMID- 14794624 TI - Energy relationships in carbohydrate assimilation by Escherichia coli. PMID- 14794625 TI - Energetics and assimilation in the combustion of carbon compounds by Escherichia coli. PMID- 14794626 TI - The metabolism of acetone by the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa. PMID- 14794627 TI - The metabolism of cystine and cysteine by Proteus vulgaris and Proteus morganii. PMID- 14794628 TI - The structure of Leishmania tropica as revealed by phase and electron microscopy. PMID- 14794629 TI - The oxidation of fatty acids by Neisseria catarrhalis. PMID- 14794630 TI - Electron and light microscopic studies of bacterial nuclei. III. The nuclear sites in metal-shadowed cells of Escherichia coli. PMID- 14794631 TI - The "fixation" of electron microscopic specimens by the electron beam. PMID- 14794632 TI - The development of peptone toxicity for brucellae with aging and the correlation of this toxicity with the probable oxidation of cystine. PMID- 14794633 TI - The cultivation of brucellae on chemically defined media. PMID- 14794634 TI - The nutrition of phytopathogenic bacteria. IV. Minimal nutritive requirements of the genus Erwinia. PMID- 14794635 TI - A survey of nuclease production by streptococci. PMID- 14794636 TI - The susceptibility of hamsters to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. PMID- 14794637 TI - The flagellation of spirochetes. PMID- 14794638 TI - Cytochemical studies of mammalian tissues. III. Isocitric dehydrogenase and triphosphopyridine nucleotide-cytochrome c reductase of mouse liver. PMID- 14794639 TI - Studies on urea formation in surviving liver slices. PMID- 14794640 TI - The biosynthesis of nucleic acid components studied with C14. I. Purines and pyrimidines in the rat. PMID- 14794641 TI - The biosynthesis of radioactive fatty acids and cholesterol. PMID- 14794642 TI - The colorimetric determination of urea in the blood of normal and uremic rats. PMID- 14794643 TI - The oxidation of acetate. PMID- 14794644 TI - A mechanism for fluoroacetate inhibition. PMID- 14794645 TI - Studies on hyaluronic acid and related substances. I. Preparation of hyaluronic acid and derivatives from human umbilical cord. PMID- 14794646 TI - Studies of arteriovenous differences in blood sugar. V. Effect of epinephrine on the rate of glucose assimilation. PMID- 14794647 TI - Lipogenesis and glucose oxidation in the liver of the alloxan-diabetic rat. PMID- 14794648 TI - Insulin and hepatic utilization of glucose for lipogenesis. PMID- 14794649 TI - Cholesterol esterases: IV. Cholesterol esterase of rat intestinal mucosa. PMID- 14794650 TI - The determination of collagen and elastin in tissues. PMID- 14794651 TI - On the structure of triphosphopyridine nucleotide. PMID- 14794652 TI - The synthesis of l-ascorbic acid by the albino rat. PMID- 14794653 TI - Deuteroacetate in the biosynthesis of ergosterol by Neurospora. PMID- 14794654 TI - Synthesis of hydroxylysine. PMID- 14794656 TI - Correlation of reductimetric and turbidimetric methods for hyaluronidase assay. PMID- 14794655 TI - The inhibition of d-amino acid oxidase by desoxycorticosterone. PMID- 14794657 TI - The oxidation of acetate-1-C14 by rat tissue in vitro. PMID- 14794658 TI - Conversion of monomethyl-l-tryptophan to niacin and N1-methylnicotinamide by the rat. PMID- 14794659 TI - The non-utilization of acetyldehydro-amino acids for growth by the rat. PMID- 14794660 TI - The nature of the TJ factor for Lactobacillus lactis Dorner. PMID- 14794661 TI - The effect of anions on the activity of carboxypeptidase. PMID- 14794662 TI - Enzymic oxidation of formic acid. PMID- 14794663 TI - Acetylcholinesterase. VIII. Dissociation constants of the active groups. PMID- 14794664 TI - Acetylcholinesterase. IX. Structural features determining the inhibition by amino acids and related compounds. PMID- 14794665 TI - Incorporation of the carbons of acetone, formate, and carbonate into acetoacetate. PMID- 14794666 TI - Studies on the metabolism of thiourea. II. The metabolic fate of thiourea in the thyroid gland. PMID- 14794667 TI - Phosphatase of brain tissue. PMID- 14794668 TI - Metabolism of glutathione. III. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cysteinylglycine. PMID- 14794669 TI - Orotic acid in the nutrition of a strain of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. PMID- 14794670 TI - Gluconate oxidation by Pseudomonas fluorescens. PMID- 14794671 TI - Phosphomannose isomerase. PMID- 14794672 TI - A comparative study of hexokinase from yeast and animal tissues. PMID- 14794673 TI - Acetylcholinesterase. X. Mechanism of the catalysis of acylation reactions. PMID- 14794674 TI - Light activation of the plant enzyme which oxidizes glycolic acid. PMID- 14794675 TI - Net production of serum albumin by liver slices. PMID- 14794676 TI - Insulin methyl ester. II. Ultracentrifugal observations of the esterification process. PMID- 14794677 TI - The relationship between hexachlorocyclohexane and inositol in Neurospora. PMID- 14794678 TI - The influence of temperature and pH upon the rate of denaturation of ricin. PMID- 14794679 TI - Rat growth experiments with some derivatives of phenylalanine. PMID- 14794680 TI - Metabolism of testosterone and 17-methyltestosterone by liver tissue. PMID- 14794681 TI - Polypeptin, an antibiotic from a member of the Bacillus circulans group. II. Purification, crystallization, and properties of polypeptin. PMID- 14794682 TI - Dissymmetry in nucleotide sequence of desoxypentose nucleic acids. PMID- 14794683 TI - The biological formation of sarcosine. PMID- 14794684 TI - The inactivation of biotin by hydrochloric acid. PMID- 14794685 TI - Microbiological activity of the guanido analogues of biotin and oxybiotin. PMID- 14794686 TI - Free gamma-aminobutyric acid in brain. PMID- 14794687 TI - The distribution of cobalt in polycythemic rats. PMID- 14794688 TI - The effects of folic acid and aminopterin upon enzyme systems in vitro. PMID- 14794689 TI - gamma-Aminobutyric acid in brain: its formation from glutamic acid. PMID- 14794690 TI - Identification of gamma-aminobutyric acid in brain by the isotope derivative method. PMID- 14794691 TI - The metabolic fate of the isopropyl group of leucine. PMID- 14794692 TI - Infra-red absorption spectra of tocopherols and some of their chemical products. PMID- 14794693 TI - A modified method of estimation of xanthine oxidase in tissue homogenates. PMID- 14794694 TI - A revision of the Schoenheimer-Sperry method for cholesterol determination. PMID- 14794695 TI - The effect of increasing age on serum cholesterol concentration. PMID- 14794696 TI - The enzymatic formation of hydroxamic acids from glutamine and asparagine. PMID- 14794697 TI - The proteolytic activity of striated rabbit muscle. PMID- 14794698 TI - Steroid excretion in a case of adrenocortical carcinoma. V. delta 5-Pregnenetriol 3 beta, 17 alpha, 20 alpha. PMID- 14794699 TI - Amino acid derivatives in bacterial metabolism. I. Derivatives of leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine. PMID- 14794700 TI - The determination of sulfhydryl groups in serum. I. Methods and results on normal sera. PMID- 14794701 TI - On the utilization of L- and D-alanine for the acetylation reaction in vivo. PMID- 14794702 TI - Transamination from glutamine to alpha-keto acids. PMID- 14794703 TI - The effect of beryllium on certain enzymes. PMID- 14794704 TI - The effect of fatty acids on the growth of strains of Lactobacillus bifidus. PMID- 14794705 TI - Catalysis of transpeptidation reactions by chymotrypsin. PMID- 14794706 TI - Physicochemical studies on beta-amylase. PMID- 14794707 TI - Amino acid composition of hemoglobins of normal Negroes and sickle-cell anemics. PMID- 14794708 TI - The metabolism of gluconic acid. PMID- 14794709 TI - Studies on the mechanism of nitrogen storage. IV. Muscle transaminase, free amino acids, and glutamine in normal and induced states of growth. PMID- 14794710 TI - Studies on the mechanisms of nitrogen storage. V. Hepatic and renal transaminase in normal and induced states of growth. PMID- 14794711 TI - Decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid by brain. PMID- 14794712 TI - Pyruvate metabolism of normal rabbit bone marrow in vitro. PMID- 14794713 TI - The lipide composition of the large granules (mitochondria) from rat liver. PMID- 14794714 TI - Inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by methylglyoxal. PMID- 14794715 TI - Ultraviolet absorption spectra at reduced temperatures. I. Principles and methods. PMID- 14794716 TI - Ultraviolet absorption spectra at reduced temperatures. II. Pyrimidines and purines. PMID- 14794717 TI - The mechanism by which glyceraldehyde inhibits glycolysis. PMID- 14794718 TI - Phosphoric esters of biological importance. V. The synthesis of L-sorbose-1 phosphate and L-sorbose-6-phosphate. PMID- 14794719 TI - Isolation of a crystalline albumin from milk. PMID- 14794720 TI - The serological relationship of bovine whey albumin to serum albumin. PMID- 14794721 TI - Antagonisms in the utilization of D-amino acids by lactic acid bacteria. III. Influence of Dl-methionine sulfone and oxidized casein on the utilization of D methionine. PMID- 14794722 TI - Formation of formate and labile methyl groups from acetone in the intact rat. PMID- 14794723 TI - Synthesis of labile methyl groups by the rat in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 14794724 TI - Action of carboxypeptidase on derivatives of unnatural amino acids. PMID- 14794725 TI - Further studies on the oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin. PMID- 14794726 TI - Isolation of 17-hydroxycorticosterone from blood obtained from adrenal veins of dogs. PMID- 14794727 TI - The conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine in liver. I. The coupled tryptophan peroxidase-oxidase system forming formylkynurenine. PMID- 14794728 TI - The conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine in liver. II. The enzymatic hydrolysis of formylkynurenine. PMID- 14794729 TI - The scope of the transamination reaction in animal tissues. PMID- 14794731 TI - Direct projection of microscopic sections in a modern lantern. PMID- 14794732 TI - An inexpensive slide-area marker. PMID- 14794730 TI - A semiautomatic aseptic surgical camera. PMID- 14794733 TI - Safety in the operating room. PMID- 14794734 TI - Legal aspects of patient photography. PMID- 14794735 TI - Orthopedic surgery in the United States of America. PMID- 14794736 TI - Orthopedics in continental Europe 1900-1950. PMID- 14794737 TI - Fifty years of orthopedic surgery in Canada. PMID- 14794738 TI - Australian orthopedics in the last fifty years. PMID- 14794739 TI - The first half-century of orthopedic surgery in New Zealand. PMID- 14794740 TI - The development of orthopedic surgery in South Africa during the past half century. PMID- 14794741 TI - Orthopedic surgery in Southern Rhodesia. PMID- 14794742 TI - Half a century of orthopedic progress in Great Britain. PMID- 14794743 TI - Some classics of British orthopedic literature. PMID- 14794744 TI - Medullary nailing of fractures after fifty years; with a review of the difficulties and complications of the operation. PMID- 14794745 TI - Endocrinology and orthopedics in fifty years. PMID- 14794746 TI - Functional and structural changes consequent to high dosages of radioactive iodine. PMID- 14794747 TI - The response of the thyroid gland to thyrotropic hormone as an aid in the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary hypothyroidism. PMID- 14794748 TI - Present concepts of the pathologic physiology of exophthalmos. PMID- 14794749 TI - The surgical treatment of progressive exophthalmos. PMID- 14794750 TI - Clinical experience with the blood protein-bound iodine determination as a routine procedure. PMID- 14794751 TI - An analysis of the medical treatment of hyperthyroidism with thiourea and iodine: with special reference to the behavior of the serum precipitable iodine during therapy. PMID- 14794752 TI - The treatment of euthyroid cardiac patients with intractable angina pectoris and congestive failure with radioactive iodine. PMID- 14794753 TI - Effects of adrenal and gonadal products on the weight and radioiodine uptake of the thyroid gland in the rat. PMID- 14794754 TI - Cancer of the thyroid in children: a report of 28 cases. PMID- 14794755 TI - Simple goiter in Colombia. PMID- 14794756 TI - The biologic properties of cortisone: a review. PMID- 14794757 TI - Observations on the metabolic and antiarthritic effects of ACTH and cortisone in diabetics. PMID- 14794758 TI - The effect of adrenocorticotropin and cortisone on thyroid function; thyroid adrenocortical interrelationships. PMID- 14794759 TI - Function of the adrenal cortex in myxedema, with some observations on pituitary function. PMID- 14794760 TI - Simmonds' disease; report of a case observed for nine years, with postmortem findings. PMID- 14794761 TI - The radioiodine-accumulating function of the human thyroid gland as a diagnostic test in clinical medicine. PMID- 14794762 TI - Glycogen in human testicular biopsy material; preliminary report. PMID- 14794763 TI - A study of a family of goitrous cretins. PMID- 14794764 TI - An interpretation of the goitrogenic properties of certain "antithyroid" agents. PMID- 14794765 TI - Two cases of Albright's syndrome observed in Brazil. PMID- 14794766 TI - Absorption of steroids from subcutaneously implanted tablets of the pure hormone and of the hormone mixed with cholesterol. PMID- 14794767 TI - Desoxycorticosterone acetate in the treatment of insulin resistance. PMID- 14794768 TI - Net splanchnic glucose production in normal man and in various disease states. PMID- 14794769 TI - Simulated adreno-cortical activity during pregnancy in an Addisonian patient. PMID- 14794770 TI - Lung function studies. V. Respiratory dead space in old age and in pulmonary emphysema. PMID- 14794771 TI - Studies in edema. II. The effect of congestive heart failure on saliva electrolyte concentrations. PMID- 14794772 TI - The parathyroid glands and phosphorus homeostasis. PMID- 14794773 TI - Effects of 17-hydroxycorticosterone ("compound F") in man. PMID- 14794774 TI - Chloramphenicol-fastness: development in vivo and experimental production in vitro. PMID- 14794776 TI - A study of pyruvic acid in the blood and spinal fluid of patients with liver disease with and without hepatic coma. PMID- 14794775 TI - A hemolytic modification of the hemagglutination test for antibodies against tubercle bacillus antigens. PMID- 14794777 TI - Electrolyte studies on patients with cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 14794778 TI - Mucolytic enzyme systems. XI. Hyaluronidase inhibitor and serum mucoproteins in patients with lipoid nephrosis and acute glomerulonephritis. PMID- 14794779 TI - The anemia of infection. XIV. Response to massive doses of intravenously administered saccharated oxide of iron. PMID- 14794780 TI - A clinical comparison of modified insulins. PMID- 14794781 TI - The significance of the plasma tocopherol concentration and of tocopherol tolerance tests in liver disease. PMID- 14794782 TI - Urinary excretion of amino acids in pregnancy. PMID- 14794783 TI - Asymptomatic hyponatremia in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14794784 TI - Metabolism of women during the reproductive cycle. XVII. Changes in electrophoretic patterns of plasma proteins throughout the cycle and following delivery. PMID- 14794785 TI - Studies of pulmonary capacity and mixing with the nitrogen meter. PMID- 14794786 TI - Treatment of nephrosis with cortisone. PMID- 14794787 TI - The extent of the enzymatic degradation of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in purulent exudates by streptodornase. PMID- 14794788 TI - The source of gastric lysozyme. PMID- 14794789 TI - Left ventricular pressures in patients with aortic insufficiency studied by intracardiac catheterization. PMID- 14794790 TI - The tagging of red cells and plasma proteins with radioactive chromium. PMID- 14794791 TI - Determination of the circulating red cell volume in man by radioactive chromium. PMID- 14794792 TI - Electrophoretic studies of the plasma and serum proteins in sickle cell anemia. PMID- 14794793 TI - Acetylation studies in human subjects with metabolic disorders. PMID- 14794794 TI - The insulin sensitivity of patients with diabetes mellitus. PMID- 14794795 TI - The association of lipoproteins with the inhibition of streptolysin S by serum. PMID- 14794796 TI - Intrafamilial personality configurations among children with primary behavior disorders and their parents: a Rorschach investigation. PMID- 14794797 TI - Objective studies of children's drawings of human figures. I. Sex awareness and socio-economic level. PMID- 14794799 TI - A study of the effect of color on productivity and reaction time in the Rorschach test. PMID- 14794798 TI - Personality characteristics in hypnotically-induced hostility. PMID- 14794800 TI - A study of the diagnostic possibilities of the CVS with a group of organic cases. PMID- 14794802 TI - Validation studies of the Rorschach test: impulsiveness in the normal superior adult. PMID- 14794801 TI - Validation studies of the Rorschach test: shyness and gregariousness in the normal superior adult. PMID- 14794803 TI - Rorschach content in hypnosis: chronological age level regression. PMID- 14794804 TI - A study of Wechsler's concept of "normal deterioration" in older mental defectives. PMID- 14794805 TI - Judgment of adjustment from drawings: the applicability of rating scale methods. PMID- 14794806 TI - The Hanfmann-Kasanin concept formation test as a measure of rigidity in relation to college aptitude and achievement. PMID- 14794807 TI - Group discussion as a method of patient orientation in a neuropsychiatric hospital. PMID- 14794808 TI - The Negro patient in psychotherapy. PMID- 14794809 TI - An attempted experimental validation of the thematic apperception test. PMID- 14794810 TI - Szondi results in group testing with college students. PMID- 14794811 TI - The test-situation and the problem of prediction. PMID- 14794812 TI - Mental age scores for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. PMID- 14794813 TI - The Wechsler-Bellevue test and the diagnosis of psychopathic personality. PMID- 14794814 TI - A study of the differential responses of the vocabulary sub-test of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. PMID- 14794815 TI - Report on a method of predicting success in psychotherapy. PMID- 14794816 TI - Differential scoring of the Rosenzweig picture-frustration study. PMID- 14794817 TI - A comparison of two methods of administering the digit span test. PMID- 14794818 TI - A note regarding the suggested use of the Bender visual motor Gestalt test as a measure of school readiness. PMID- 14794819 TI - A note on the presentation of personality inventory scores. PMID- 14794820 TI - A note on T.A.T. administration. PMID- 14794821 TI - Current mental hygiene practice; an inventory of basic teachings. PMID- 14794822 TI - The relationship of scatter in test performance to intelligence level. PMID- 14794823 TI - The use of judges in psychological experiments. PMID- 14794824 TI - Studies of anxiety: II. The effects of lobotomy on a feeding inhibition in dogs. PMID- 14794825 TI - The effect of repeated pentobarbital administration on learning. PMID- 14794827 TI - Improvement in successive discrimination reversals. PMID- 14794826 TI - The effects of natal anoxia upon learning and memory at maturity. PMID- 14794828 TI - Performance during an extended series of discrimination reversals. PMID- 14794829 TI - Reward value of a non-nutritive sweet-taste. PMID- 14794830 TI - Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response produced by visual inversion. PMID- 14794831 TI - Double, triple, and quadruple repetition in the white rat. PMID- 14794832 TI - A new approach to the problem of conceptual thinking in schizophrenia. PMID- 14794833 TI - Delusions in schizophrenia as a function of chronological age. PMID- 14794834 TI - Personality and empathy. PMID- 14794835 TI - Discrimination between matched schizophrenics and normals by the Wechsler Bellevue Scale. PMID- 14794836 TI - The Southbury Scale: a valid abbreviated Wechsler-Bellevue for mental defectives. PMID- 14794837 TI - A study of the two forms of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. PMID- 14794838 TI - Wechsler Memory Scale performance of psychoneurotic, organic, and schizophrenic groups. PMID- 14794839 TI - Diagnostic value of the Wechsler Memory Scale with selected groups of institutionalized patients. PMID- 14794840 TI - Behavior ratings of post-polio cases. PMID- 14794841 TI - Factors related to voluntary discontinuance of contact during counseling. PMID- 14794842 TI - A six month follow-up on the effects of personal adjustment counseling of veterans. PMID- 14794843 TI - The predictability of schizophrenic performance on the Rorschach test. PMID- 14794844 TI - Szondi's pictures: effects of formal training on ability to identify diagnoses. PMID- 14794845 TI - A test of a basic assumption of the Szondi. PMID- 14794846 TI - The F minus K dissimulation index for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. PMID- 14794847 TI - A study of two personality questionnaires. PMID- 14794848 TI - A note on the copper content of sea-urchin semen and sea water. PMID- 14794849 TI - Studies on regional specificity within the organization centre of urodeles. PMID- 14794850 TI - Osmotic regulation in mosquito larvae. PMID- 14794851 TI - The physiology of carbon dioxide transport in insect blood. Part I. The form of carbon dioxide present in Gastrophilus larva blood. PMID- 14794852 TI - The physiology of carbon dioxide transport in insect blood. Part II. The effect of insect blood on the rate of hydration of CO2. PMID- 14794853 TI - The physiology of carbon dioxide transport in insect blood. Part III. The buffer capacity of Gastrophilus blood. PMID- 14794854 TI - Flight recorders. A technique for the study of bird navigation. PMID- 14794855 TI - A quantitative study of the fragmentation and haemolysis of mammalian red cells by heat. PMID- 14794856 TI - Nitrogenous excretion of amphipods and isopods. PMID- 14794857 TI - Refinements in polarized light microscopy. PMID- 14794858 TI - An electron diffraction study of the crystalline structure of the lipids in the pupal excuviae of Calliphora erythrocephala. PMID- 14794859 TI - The diagnosis of spontaneous internal biliary fistulas and the complication, gallstone ileus. PMID- 14794860 TI - Medical aspects of blindness in children. PMID- 14794861 TI - Carcinoma of the head and neck. PMID- 14794862 TI - Corneal section and suture in cataract operation. PMID- 14794863 TI - Mesenteric thrombosis. PMID- 14794864 TI - Mental growth of adopted children in the same family. PMID- 14794865 TI - The child's concept of beauty: a study in concept formation. PMID- 14794866 TI - Critical periods affecting the development of normal and mal-adjustive social behavior of puppies. PMID- 14794867 TI - Intellectual and personality factors associated with social class attitudes among junior high school children. PMID- 14794868 TI - Children's concepts and stereotypes of Polish, Irish, Finn, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Dane, Czechoslovakian, Hindu, and Filipino. PMID- 14794869 TI - Educational failure with high intelligence quotient: a clinical study. PMID- 14794870 TI - The effect of continued food deprivation on hoarding in the albino rat. PMID- 14794871 TI - A preliminary study of individual and group hoarding in the white rat. PMID- 14794872 TI - Hypnotic age regression and intelligence. PMID- 14794873 TI - Relation of cranial electroshock to convulsive and maze behavior in the white rat. PMID- 14794874 TI - Studies of adrenal cortical and anterior pituitary function in elderly men. PMID- 14794875 TI - Atheromatosis as a sequel to senescent changes in the arterial wall. PMID- 14794876 TI - Cytochemical studies of age pigment in the human heart. PMID- 14794877 TI - Vitamin studies in middle-aged and old individuals. V. Hypovitaminemia B1. Effect of thiamine administration on blood thiamine concentration and clinical signs and symptoms. PMID- 14794878 TI - Investigations of the actual food intake of elderly chronically hospitalized patients. PMID- 14794879 TI - Adaptation in the phantom limb phenomenon as influenced by the age of amputees. PMID- 14794880 TI - Connective tissue fine structure and some methods for its analysis. PMID- 14794881 TI - Studies of psychopathology in later maturity--a review. PMID- 14794882 TI - Nonresident aid--Community versus institutional care for older people. PMID- 14794883 TI - Cytological effects of some antibiotics. PMID- 14794884 TI - The mutagenic action of mustard gas on zea mays. PMID- 14794885 TI - Inheritance of whorls in cocker spaniels; a preliminary report. PMID- 14794886 TI - Stumpy, a recessive achondroplasia; in shorthorn cattle. PMID- 14794887 TI - A genetic response to induced goiter in chickens. PMID- 14794888 TI - Photograph of a man with a tail. PMID- 14794889 TI - Pygmy, a dwarfing gene in the house mouse. PMID- 14794890 TI - Three recurrences of mutants in the house mouse. PMID- 14794891 TI - The "Shaker" fowl; a sex-linked semi-lethal nervous disorder. PMID- 14794892 TI - A hairless mutation in Asiatic tame mice. PMID- 14794893 TI - The nucleus in differentiation and development. III. Nuclei of maize endosperm. PMID- 14794894 TI - The inheritance of a tumor; in Drosophila melanogaster. PMID- 14794895 TI - Carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract; in a Utah family. PMID- 14794896 TI - Evidence of a multiple sex-chromosome mechanism; in a gryllid. PMID- 14794897 TI - Complement fixation and Weil-Felix reaction in rabbits inoculated with Bartonella bacilliformis. PMID- 14794898 TI - Cellular changes in rabbits during antibody formation. II. Multiple antigen injections. PMID- 14794899 TI - Neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition of swine influenza virus by serum from suckling swine and by milk from their dams. PMID- 14794900 TI - The group phase of Shigella paradysenteriae type W: its isolation from man. PMID- 14794901 TI - Studies on the antigens of human red cells. I. The separation from human erythrocytes of a water soluble fraction containing the Rh, A and B factors. PMID- 14794902 TI - The separation of a protective antigen from a toxin-producing strain of Hemophilus pertussis. PMID- 14794903 TI - The antigenicity of Shigella sonnei. PMID- 14794904 TI - Comparison of seven antibiotics against Hemophilus pertussis infection in chick embryos. PMID- 14794905 TI - Studies on tularemia. V. Immunization of man. PMID- 14794906 TI - Immunology and preservation of the norm. PMID- 14794907 TI - The occurrence of Salmonella factor I in different types of bacteria as shown by a serologically cosmopolitan paracolon bacterium. PMID- 14794908 TI - Studies on commercial typhus vaccines. I. The antigenic constituents of commercial epidemic typhus vaccine. PMID- 14794909 TI - Studies on commercial typhus vaccines. II. The antigenic fractions of disrupted epidemic typhus rickettsiae. PMID- 14794910 TI - Studies on commercial typhus vaccines. III. The concentration and isolation of the Rickettsia-specific soluble antigen of commercial typhus vaccine. PMID- 14794911 TI - Studies on commercial typhus vaccines. IV. The chemical composition of the antigens of commercial typhus vaccine. PMID- 14794912 TI - Purification of the bovine gamma-globulin factor which suppresses variation in Brucella abortus. PMID- 14794913 TI - The effect of pteroylglutamic acid on some immune responses of chicks. PMID- 14794914 TI - The interchangeability of the complement components of different species. III. In conglutination. PMID- 14794915 TI - The suppressive effect of antimicrobial drugs on Brucella melitensis infection in mice. PMID- 14794916 TI - The formation of circulating antibody in the splenectomized human being following intravenous injection of heterologous erythrocytes. PMID- 14794917 TI - I131 as an antigen label in the circulating serum of non-immune rabbits. PMID- 14794919 TI - Persistence of antibodies in human subjects injected with pneumococcal polysaccharides. PMID- 14794918 TI - Effects of purine derivatives and analogues on multiplication of the vaccinia virus. PMID- 14794920 TI - The zone of localization of antibodies. IX. The properties of anti-rat-lung serum. PMID- 14794921 TI - The zone of localization of antibodies. X. The use of radioactive sulfur 35 as a label for anti-kidney serum. PMID- 14794922 TI - Study of infectivity and hemagglutination of influenza virus in deembryonated eggs. PMID- 14794923 TI - The sedimentable components of influenza virus propagated in deembryonated eggs. PMID- 14794924 TI - The immunochemistry of toxins and toxoids. VII. Further studies on the solubility of diphtherial toxoid in methanol-water mixtures of controlled pH, ionic strength and temperature. PMID- 14794925 TI - The immunochemistry of toxins and toxoids. VIII. Further studies on the solubility of tetanal toxoid in methanol-water mixtures of controlled pH, ionic strength and temperature. PMID- 14794926 TI - The problem of the acute abdomen in general and appendicitis in particular. PMID- 14794927 TI - Management of the problems of feeding in infancy and early childhood. A preventive psychological discoures. PMID- 14794928 TI - B.C.G. campaign in India. PMID- 14794929 TI - DRUG supply in India. PMID- 14794930 TI - TRAINING in pharmacology. PMID- 14794931 TI - Recent progress in therapeutics. PMID- 14794932 TI - Modern treatment of malaria. PMID- 14794933 TI - Modern treatment of typhoid fever. PMID- 14794934 TI - Modern treatment of leprosy. PMID- 14794935 TI - Modern treatment of anxiety states. PMID- 14794936 TI - Heart failure and its management. PMID- 14794938 TI - Management of acute diarrheas in children. PMID- 14794937 TI - Chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14794939 TI - Modern treatment of epilepsy. PMID- 14794940 TI - Modern treatment of eczema. PMID- 14794941 TI - Modern treatment of appendicitis. PMID- 14794942 TI - Modern surgical treatment of peptic ulcer. PMID- 14794943 TI - Modern treatment of common obstetric complications in general practice. PMID- 14794945 TI - Modern treatment of common eye diseases in general practice. PMID- 14794944 TI - Uterine hemorrhage. PMID- 14794946 TI - Encephalomyelitis due to Pasteur treatment. Report of a fatal case with a review of the literature. PMID- 14794947 TI - Thrombosis and dicumarol therapy. PMID- 14794948 TI - Twins: on macerated; the other near term and normal. PMID- 14794949 TI - Newer concepts of intestinal obstructions. PMID- 14794950 TI - Prevention of deformities with tolserol. PMID- 14794951 TI - SALT solution by mouth in treatment of burn shock. PMID- 14794952 TI - DOLLARS for disability. PMID- 14794953 TI - Anesthesiology--its economics. PMID- 14794954 TI - Construction of a permanent skin-covered ileostomy. PMID- 14794955 TI - Value of external carotid angiography in the surgery of brain tumor. Report of a case. PMID- 14794956 TI - Volvulus of the cecum. Report of two cases. PMID- 14794957 TI - Cutaneous sporotrichosis. Report of two cases. PMID- 14794958 TI - Socialized medicine is no bargain. PMID- 14794959 TI - Federal income tax and the medical profession. PMID- 14794960 TI - Effect of X-irradiation on hemolysin decline. PMID- 14794961 TI - Transmission of the hamster-adapted Newcastle virus to the Macacus rhesus monkey. PMID- 14794962 TI - Electron micrographs of Negri bodies found in rabies. PMID- 14794963 TI - Studies of fusospirochetal infection. I. Pathogenicity for guinea pigs of individual and combined cultures of spirochetes and other anaerobic bacteria derived from the human mouth. PMID- 14794964 TI - Studies of fusospirochetal infection. II. Analysis and attempted quantitative recombination of the flora of fusospirochetal infection after repeated guinea pig passage. PMID- 14794965 TI - Studies of fusospirochetal infection. III. Further studies of a guinea pig passage strain of fusospirochetal infection, including the infectivity of sterile exudate filtrates, of mixed cultures through ten transfers, and of recombined pure cultures. PMID- 14794966 TI - The effect of antibiotics on agents of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group. I. The effect of penicillin. PMID- 14794968 TI - The effect of serum on the activity of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes of the guinea pig. PMID- 14794967 TI - The effect of antibiotics on agents of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group. PMID- 14794969 TI - The sulfonamides as factors in increasing susceptibility to parasitic invasion. PMID- 14794970 TI - The placental transmission of antibodies and serum gamma globulins. PMID- 14794971 TI - Vitamin requirements of dwarf colony variants of bacteria. PMID- 14794973 TI - Recent developments in the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 14794972 TI - Restitution of rectal continence after radical operation for carcinoma of the colon and rectum. PMID- 14794974 TI - Clinically benign gastric ulcer. PMID- 14794975 TI - Endoscopic intrathoracic exeresis of the great splanchnic nerve for gastroduodenal ulcer. PMID- 14794976 TI - Trichobezoar; report of two cases. PMID- 14794977 TI - Pitfalls in colon surgery. PMID- 14794978 TI - Familial adenomatosis. PMID- 14794979 TI - Bisexuality and carcinoma. PMID- 14794980 TI - Chronic ulcerative colitis; recent concepts of etiology and treatment. PMID- 14794982 TI - Injuries of the liver. PMID- 14794981 TI - A clinical evaluation of gantrisin in the treatment of infections of the urinary tract. PMID- 14794983 TI - Radical resection of the left side of the colon. PMID- 14794984 TI - Torsion of the omentum; survey of the syndrome and report of a case. PMID- 14794985 TI - Flexible tube esophagoscopy: its importance to the surgeon. PMID- 14794986 TI - Mycotorula albicans in urine of cystitic patient with diverticulum of urinary bladder. PMID- 14794987 TI - Secondary melanosarcoma of the small intestine; review of the literature and report of a case. PMID- 14794988 TI - [Echinococcosis of muscles of the thoracic wall]. PMID- 14794989 TI - Physics, philosophy and scientific progress. PMID- 14794990 TI - The importance of international cooperation in surgery. PMID- 14794991 TI - Resistance of skin to acetic acid. PMID- 14794992 TI - Darkening of gray hair during para-amino-benzoic acid therapy. PMID- 14794993 TI - Studies of the L. E. phenomenon--evolution of the induced L.E. inclusion body. PMID- 14794994 TI - The sex difference in vitamin A metabolism. PMID- 14794995 TI - Microsporosis due to Microsporum fulvum. PMID- 14794996 TI - Studies on the inhibition of melanin formation. PMID- 14794997 TI - Virus-like particles and inclusion bodies in skin papillomas. PMID- 14794998 TI - The effects of mepacrine hydrochloride (atabrine) upon the human skin. PMID- 14794999 TI - A study of the allergenic constituents of lanolin (wool fat). PMID- 14795000 TI - The management of infertility in the male. PMID- 14795001 TI - The medical expert witness. PMID- 14795002 TI - The doctor in court. PMID- 14795003 TI - Advances in thoracic surgery with special reference to indications for pulmonary resection. PMID- 14795004 TI - Surgical considerations in the treatment of glaucoma. PMID- 14795005 TI - CLINICAL pathologic conference; esophageal resection with esophagogastrostomy for carcinoma of esophagus. PMID- 14795006 TI - Infant nutrition and its relation to the infant mortality and infant morbidity rate. PMID- 14795007 TI - Gastro-enteritis and the problem of infant mortality in Dublin. PMID- 14795008 TI - A case of generalized tetanus. PMID- 14795009 TI - Coagulability of blood after operation. PMID- 14795010 TI - Medical aspects of atomic explosion. PMID- 14795011 TI - Pulmonary moniliasis. PMID- 14795012 TI - Typhoid fever treated with chloromycetin: Report of a case. PMID- 14795013 TI - CASE reports from the University of Kansas Medical Center. Tumor Conference; two cases of breast. PMID- 14795014 TI - BEST year for Blue Shield. PMID- 14795015 TI - MINUTES of the 1950 annual session of the House of Delegates of the Kentucky State Medical Association, held in Louisville September 26-28, 1950. PMID- 14795016 TI - THEODORE Nathaniel Wise, M. D. 14th President, K.S.M.A. 1817-1902. PMID- 14795017 TI - Pergastric intestinal perfusion for uremia. PMID- 14795018 TI - 1-Methyl-2-mercaptoimidezole and 1-ethyl-2-mercaptoimidazole; clinical evaluation of two new antithyroid drugs. PMID- 14795019 TI - Effect of amino acids on neuromuscular function. PMID- 14795020 TI - The protective effect of cysteine on leucopenia induced by nitrogen mustard. PMID- 14795021 TI - The urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and corticosteroids in leukemia; the effects of aminopterin (4-amino-pteroylglutamic acid) on the excretion of corticosteroids in acute leukemia. PMID- 14795022 TI - Measurement of effective blood flow to tissue as recorded by changing electrical resistance. PMID- 14795023 TI - The effect of combinations of antibiotics on enterococci in vitro. PMID- 14795024 TI - Studies of the liver in diabetes mellitus. I. Structural and functional abnormalities. PMID- 14795025 TI - Studies on the liver in diabetes mellitus. II. The significance of fatty metamorphosis and its correlation with insulin sensitivity. PMID- 14795026 TI - Sulfhydryl content of blood cells in dyscrasias. PMID- 14795028 TI - Simple digestion unit with notes on the microdetermination of nitrogen by direct nesslerization. PMID- 14795027 TI - Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia. XII. Failure of thymus aminopolypeptidase to act as intrinsic factor. PMID- 14795029 TI - Laboratory and clinical effects of ACTH on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14795030 TI - Effects of azotemia on marrow activity. PMID- 14795031 TI - The effect of protein hydrolysates and amino acids of the uremic rat. PMID- 14795032 TI - The benzoin and shellac turbidity as liver function tests. PMID- 14795033 TI - A report on the use of khellin in angina pectoris. PMID- 14795034 TI - The influence of ACTH on the course of experimental influenza virus type A infections. PMID- 14795035 TI - Certain quantitative aspects of nucleic acid metabolism in the livers of megaloblastic monkeys. PMID- 14795036 TI - An isotopic study of a case of porphyria of mixed type. PMID- 14795037 TI - Rheumatic pneumonitis; a clinical study of 12 necropsy proved cases of rheumatic pneumonitis. PMID- 14795038 TI - The protection of intracellular Brucella against streptomycin alone and in combination with other antibiotics. PMID- 14795039 TI - Lysozyme production in response to injury of the gastrointestinal tract in dogs. PMID- 14795040 TI - The uptake of radiophosphorus as an index of bone marrow function in the rat. PMID- 14795041 TI - Use of ion exchange resins in the management of congestive heart failure and cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 14795042 TI - Comparison of effects of folic acid and folinic acid in experimental megaloblastic anemia. PMID- 14795043 TI - The effects of insulin hypoglycemia upon inulin and para-amino hippurate clearances. PMID- 14795044 TI - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; observations on its course and pathogenesis. PMID- 14795045 TI - Aureomycin; clinical toxicity; prothrombin effect. PMID- 14795046 TI - Administration of ACTH in hypersplenic syndromes. PMID- 14795047 TI - Clinical evaluation of the effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisone on myasthenia gravis. PMID- 14795048 TI - Plasma pepsinogen activity as an index of gastric secretion in various clinical states. PMID- 14795049 TI - The effects of cortisone on experimental infection with group A streptococci, in rabbits. PMID- 14795050 TI - Use of a modified Allen protamine titration procedure in determining physiological variations of a heparin-like substance. PMID- 14795051 TI - Renal function and systemic blood pressure changes following the administration of hydrazinophthalazine. PMID- 14795052 TI - Cardio-dynamic effects of mitral commissurotomy. PMID- 14795054 TI - The effect of aminophylline on cell membrane permeability and oxygen utilization. PMID- 14795053 TI - Viscosity studies on blood following the administration of anticoagulants. PMID- 14795055 TI - Treatment of typhoid carriers with chloramphenicol. PMID- 14795056 TI - Diabetes mellitus and concomitant leukemia. PMID- 14795057 TI - Headache; with special reference to the excessive use of ergotamine tartrate and dihydroergotamine. PMID- 14795058 TI - Unipolar precordial electrocardiograms in ventricular aneurysms. PMID- 14795059 TI - Effects of cortisone and ACTH on psoriatic arthritis. PMID- 14795060 TI - Clinical studies in reversal of flow in patent ductus arteriosus. PMID- 14795061 TI - The increased efficiency of absorption of respired oxygen by patients with hyperthyroidism. PMID- 14795062 TI - The role of vitamin K in the formation of prothrombin. PMID- 14795063 TI - Specific food allergens in alcoholic beverages. PMID- 14795064 TI - Allergic factors in the etiology of certain mental symptoms. PMID- 14795065 TI - The mechanism of chronic alcoholism. PMID- 14795066 TI - The effects of sodium and potassium on the metabolic and physiologic responses to ACTH. PMID- 14795067 TI - Effect of ACTH and cortisone on cardio-respiratory function. PMID- 14795068 TI - Observations upon electrolyte and fluid balance in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 14795069 TI - Bronchiolar muscular tone in the regulation of the pulmonary circulation. PMID- 14795070 TI - Clinical evaluation of 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant no. 63. PMID- 14795071 TI - The measurement of instantaneous changes in cerebral blood flow in human beings by its effect on the cerebrospinal fluid pressure. PMID- 14795072 TI - Metabolic observations on the effects of cortisone in two patients with Addison's disease. PMID- 14795074 TI - The disappearance rate of radioiodine in thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 14795075 TI - Production of specific anti-sera against erythrocytes from patients with sicklemia. PMID- 14795073 TI - Specific androgen stimulation of the rat's prostatic phosphatases as a basis for the assay of androgenic material. PMID- 14795076 TI - Familial nephrogenic osteopathy due to excessive tubular reabsorption of inorganic phosphate; a new syndrome and a novel mode of relief. PMID- 14795077 TI - Acetylcholine and cholinesterase in the blood of patients suffering with bronchial asthma. PMID- 14795078 TI - Clinical and metabolic effects of pituitary adrenocorticotropic and thyrotropic hormones on a patient with Sheehan's syndrome. PMID- 14795079 TI - The effect of ouabain upon the circulatory dynamics of a patient with nonspecific myocarditis. PMID- 14795080 TI - Recognition of asymptomatic arrhythmias during cardiac catheterization by means of a cathode ray oscilloscope, with report of four cases. PMID- 14795081 TI - Enzyme studies on the thromboplastic plasma component in hemophilia (enzyme studies on human blood XII). PMID- 14795082 TI - A comparison of renal function with urinary antidiuretic activity in cirrhosis of the liver with ascites. PMID- 14795083 TI - Daily variation in serum diastase. PMID- 14795084 TI - Electrophoretic studies of plasma proteins in ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14795086 TI - Influence of mineral oil ingestion on the plasma vitamin A level. PMID- 14795085 TI - Further studies on the relationship of elevated renal venous pressure to edema formation and renal clearances of sodium in dogs. PMID- 14795087 TI - A comparison of lipotropic substances in the treatment of Laennec's cirrhosis. PMID- 14795088 TI - Comparative analysis of the effect of hydrogenated ergot alkaloids upon the presso- and chemoreceptive reflexes in the cat. PMID- 14795089 TI - The actions of l-norepinephrine upon human beings. PMID- 14795090 TI - The effect of ACTH on tubular reabsorption of sodium and potassium. PMID- 14795091 TI - Treatment of the nephrotic syndrome with nitrogen mustard. PMID- 14795092 TI - Effect of ACTH and cortisone on advanced malignant disease. PMID- 14795093 TI - The localization of intracranial neoplasms with radioactive diiodofluorescein. PMID- 14795094 TI - The biologic decay periods of chloride in man with the use of long-life C136 as the tracer. PMID- 14795096 TI - Hyperphosphatasemia in incomplete obstruction of the biliary tract. PMID- 14795095 TI - The diagnostic significance of electrophoretic serum protein fractions in hepato biliary diseases. PMID- 14795097 TI - Correlation of the results of needle biopsy of the liver with autopsy findings. PMID- 14795098 TI - Effect of aureomycin on heparin concentration and clotting time of human blood. PMID- 14795099 TI - Treatment of experimental renal hypertension with renin and with antirenin. PMID- 14795100 TI - Urinary findings in relation to the manifestations of porphyria. PMID- 14795101 TI - Similarity of hematologic effect in mice of pyridoxine deficiency, cortisone and myeloid metaplasia factor of human urine. PMID- 14795102 TI - Protective effect of cysteine against leucopenia induced by nitrogen mustard. PMID- 14795103 TI - Hematologic adaptation to anoxemia in chronic pulmonary emphysema. PMID- 14795105 TI - Delayed excretion of water in patients with nontropical sprue. PMID- 14795104 TI - Corticogenic hypothyroidism; its regular occurrence and clinical significance during prolonged therapeutic administration of ACTH or cortisone. PMID- 14795106 TI - Studies on the survival of transfused erythrocytes in hereditary spherocytosis and acquired hemolytic anemia. PMID- 14795107 TI - A preliminary report on intracardiac catheterization studies during pregnancy. PMID- 14795108 TI - Observations on the effect of ACTH and cortisone in the coagulation of blood. PMID- 14795109 TI - Histochemical changes in lymphocytes in acute inflammation in man. PMID- 14795110 TI - Quantitative studies on the thermogenic effect of progesterone. PMID- 14795111 TI - Retraining patients with brain damage. PMID- 14795112 TI - Subarachnoid hemorrhages and intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 14795113 TI - Some aspects of the pathologic physiology of lung edema. PMID- 14795114 TI - Chronic pyelonephritis and hypertension. PMID- 14795115 TI - The search for therapeutically useful parasympathomimetic compounds. PMID- 14795117 TI - Minnesota reports cancer. PMID- 14795116 TI - Pathologic nerve section--Bilateral brachial plexus block, traumatic. PMID- 14795118 TI - State hospital aid in Maine hospitals. PMID- 14795119 TI - Spinal anesthesia for vaginal delivery. PMID- 14795120 TI - A general survey of dysmenorrhea. PMID- 14795121 TI - The wandering trophoblast. PMID- 14795122 TI - Methemoglobinemia from nitrates in well water. PMID- 14795123 TI - Practical potassium therapy. PMID- 14795124 TI - Clinical studies with cortisone. PMID- 14795125 TI - Severe hemorrhage with the use of anticoagulants in the presence of status asthmaticus. PMID- 14795126 TI - CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL exercise. Case presented at the Eastern Maine General Hospital, Bangor, Maine; death due to bronchogenic carcinoma with metastases, verrucous endocarditis of mitral valve, thrombosis of right femoral and pelvic veins. PMID- 14795127 TI - [Non-organic intracardiac systolic murmurs, auricular and basal or intraventricular and apical, due to cardiac erethism or myocardial hyperergasia]. PMID- 14795128 TI - [Segmental studies of venous pressure in man by cardiac catheterization]. PMID- 14795129 TI - [Cardiovascular syphilis as it actually appears; 80 cases of syphilitic aortitis]. PMID- 14795130 TI - [Results of treatment of initial stages and of protracted cases of coronary thrombosis by dicumarol or its derivatives]. PMID- 14795131 TI - [Forty-two cases of infectious endocarditis treated by antibiotics; bacteriological, anatomoclinical and therapeutic remarks]. PMID- 14795132 TI - [Two years at the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico]. PMID- 14795133 TI - [Bibliography of cardiovascular publications in Lyon for 1949-1950]. PMID- 14795134 TI - A means of increasing the number of general practitioners. PMID- 14795135 TI - Clinical symposium on present day use of antibacterial and chemotherapeutic agents. Part I. General information. PMID- 14795136 TI - Diverticulum of the female urethra. PMID- 14795137 TI - Importance of fluoroscopic positioning of the gastric tube. PMID- 14795139 TI - Bureau of administration. PMID- 14795138 TI - Pediatric case reports; a case of hypertension in a nine year old girl with contracted kidney successfully treated by nephrectomy. PMID- 14795140 TI - Hypnosis in therapy. PMID- 14795141 TI - Sudden death in psychiatric practice. PMID- 14795142 TI - The adrenogenital syndrome. PMID- 14795143 TI - The common tumor of the genito-urinary tract--Clinical aspects. PMID- 14795144 TI - Vocational rehabilitation of cardiac patients. PMID- 14795145 TI - The M. D. goes PR. PMID- 14795146 TI - Coxsackie virus pathogen or non-pathogen. PMID- 14795147 TI - President's message: intern, intern, who gets the intern? PMID- 14795148 TI - Intrapulmonary hematoma due to non-penetrating injury. Report of a case. PMID- 14795149 TI - Low dosage potassium thiocyanate in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 14795150 TI - Early diagnosis of cancer of the stomach. PMID- 14795151 TI - Pyloric obstruction by a cholelith. Report of a case. PMID- 14795152 TI - Anesthesia for gynecologic and obstetrical operations. PMID- 14795153 TI - Hemorrhagic disorders. PMID- 14795154 TI - Gas bacillus infection of abdomen following appendectomy. PMID- 14795155 TI - Malignancy in gastric ulcer. PMID- 14795156 TI - An unusual case of antepartum rupture of the uterus. PMID- 14795158 TI - RESOLUTION on the death of James F. Norton, M. D. PMID- 14795157 TI - Removable rubber bandage extension for the extremities. PMID- 14795159 TI - President's message: Allies of medicine. PMID- 14795160 TI - Intestinal obstruction in Meckel's diverticulum with report of a case with a large enterolith. PMID- 14795161 TI - Cation exchange resins in the control of cardiac edema. PMID- 14795162 TI - The Kartagener syndrome. PMID- 14795163 TI - Some surgical lesions of the stomach. PMID- 14795164 TI - The Mental Health Programs of The forty-eight States. PMID- 14795166 TI - Diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease; criteria and procedures. PMID- 14795165 TI - Cardiac research. PMID- 14795167 TI - Diagnosis of the acute rheumatic state. PMID- 14795168 TI - Arterial hypertension. PMID- 14795169 TI - Anticoagulant therapy in heart disease, with particular reference to its use in congestive failure. PMID- 14795170 TI - Treatment of congestive failure refractory to the standard regimen. PMID- 14795171 TI - Systolic murmurs. PMID- 14795172 TI - Cardiac housewife program of the Michigan Heart Association. PMID- 14795173 TI - Medicine and the public. PMID- 14795174 TI - Localization of intracranial neoplasms with radioactive diiodofluorescein. PMID- 14795175 TI - Continuous paravertebral lumbar sympathetic block: report of six cases. PMID- 14795176 TI - Oil soluble anesthetics--a review and a report on a study for their improvement. PMID- 14795177 TI - Significance of recent studies with ACTH and cortisone; medical progress report. PMID- 14795178 TI - CLINICAL conference: cancer of the cervix uteri. PMID- 14795180 TI - THIRTY-FIRST Annual Report of the Council on Education of the National Association of Chiropodists. PMID- 14795179 TI - Operative relief for portal hypertension in a 3 year old child. PMID- 14795182 TI - Observations on the effect of thymectomy on spontaneous leukemias in mice of the highleukemic strains, RIL and C 58. PMID- 14795181 TI - A study of the Golgi material and mitochondria in malignant and benign prostatic tissue. PMID- 14795183 TI - The relation of the lethal yellow (Ay) gene to pulmonary tumor formation and obesity in an inbred strain of mice. PMID- 14795184 TI - Comparative stability of the agent of chicken tumor I in citrate and phosphate buffers at 37 degrees C. PMID- 14795185 TI - Action of bacterial toxins on tumors. VIII. Factors in their use for cancer therapy. PMID- 14795186 TI - The partition of radio-phosphorus (P32) in blood, urine and tumor tissue in patients with Hodgkin's disease and lymphosarcoma before and after treatment with nitrogen mustard [methyl bis (beta-chloroethyl) amine]. PMID- 14795187 TI - Serologic properties of mitochondria isolated from normal and neoplastic mouse tissues. PMID- 14795188 TI - Ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, and diketogulonic acid of transplanted melanomas and of other tumors of the mouse. PMID- 14795189 TI - Studies on the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. IV. Relationship of guanine and guanylic acid to the action of guanazolo on lymphoid tumors in mice and rats. PMID- 14795190 TI - Histochemical studies of the ceroid pigment of rats and mice and its relation to necrosis. PMID- 14795191 TI - Production of malignancy in vitro. XII. Further transformations of mouse fibroblasts to sarcomatous cells. PMID- 14795192 TI - Transplantation studies on an induced fibrosarcoma in several rat strains. I. Influence of sex on incidence of tumor takes. PMID- 14795193 TI - Transplantation studies on an induced fibrosarcoma in rats. II. Influence of sex hormones and repeated transplantation on tumor immunity. PMID- 14795194 TI - Histologic changes in strain C mice following long-term ingestion of thiouracil. PMID- 14795195 TI - Carcinogenic action of the mustards. PMID- 14795196 TI - The influence of thymectomy on the incidence of carcinogen-induced leukemia in strain DBA mice. PMID- 14795197 TI - Finer structure of hepatic, intestinal and renal cells of the mouse as revealed by the electron microscope. PMID- 14795198 TI - Malaria mortality and morbidity in the United States for the years 1946, 1947, 1948. PMID- 14795199 TI - Physiological studies in the human malarial host. II. Blood, plasma, "extracellular" fluid volumes and ionic balance during convalescence from therapeutic P. vivax and P. falciparum infections. PMID- 14795200 TI - The response of white Pekin ducklings infected with Plasmodium lophurae to injections of plasma from recovered ducks. PMID- 14795201 TI - The comparative susceptibility of Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Anopheles freeborni to infection by Plasmodium vivax (St. Elizabeth strain). PMID- 14795202 TI - Studies in human malaria. XXVII. Observations on the use of pentaquine in the prevention and treatment of Chesson strain vivax malaria. PMID- 14795203 TI - Acquired resistance to chloroguanide in the pigeon strain of Plasmodium relictum (Grassi and Feletti, 1891). PMID- 14795204 TI - Effects of various modifications of a mass staining procedure on the transfer of malarial parasites between blood films. PMID- 14795205 TI - A method of infecting Aedes aegypti with Plasmodium gallinaceum from chick embryos. PMID- 14795206 TI - A morphological alteration in plasmodium gallinaceum. PMID- 14795207 TI - The lethal effect of the ciliate, Vorticella microstoma Ehrenberg on Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae. PMID- 14795208 TI - A study to evaluate malaria control projects of Kentucky Reservoir in terms of collateral uses and socio-economic benefits. PMID- 14795209 TI - Field studies on the bionomics of Anopheles albimanus. Parts II and III: Diurnal resting places--progress report. PMID- 14795210 TI - Observations on the flight and longevity in nature of Anopheles albitarsis domesticus. PMID- 14795211 TI - Remissions caused by tri-ethylene melamine in certain neoplastic diseases. A preliminary report. PMID- 14795212 TI - Significance of rectal bleeding and the importance of diagnosing early cancer of the colon. PMID- 14795213 TI - Pathologic aspects of tumors of the large bowel. PMID- 14795214 TI - Choice of operative procedure for carcinoma of the lower portion of the colon and the rectum. PMID- 14795215 TI - The national need for postgraduate training in public health. PMID- 14795216 TI - Newer concepts of streptomycin therapy in tuberculosis. PMID- 14795217 TI - The use of para-amino salicylic acid in the treatment of tuberculosis. PMID- 14795218 TI - Mental illness in medical practice. PMID- 14795219 TI - Community responsibilities of the practicing physician. PMID- 14795220 TI - Diagnosis of acute appendicitis at Homer G. Phillips Hospital 1937-1938. PMID- 14795221 TI - Notes on Bancroftian filariasis in the central province of Liberia. PMID- 14795222 TI - Medical care and the "medically" needy. PMID- 14795223 TI - Advanced abdominal pregnancy: A case report. PMID- 14795224 TI - Recognition and management of occupational hazards in the dry cleaning industry. PMID- 14795225 TI - Insulin coma treatment of schizophrenia compared with electric coma treatment of patients on sub-shock insulin. PMID- 14795226 TI - The effects of direct interrupted electroshock on experimental neuroses. PMID- 14795227 TI - Experiences with antabuse treatment of alcoholism in a general hospital. PMID- 14795228 TI - Cytologic changes in cells of thalamic nuclei in senile, paranoid and manic psychoses; the significance of the dorsal thalamus in psychoses. PMID- 14795229 TI - Thyroid function in mental disease; a multiple test survey. PMID- 14795230 TI - A report on the current status of an attempt to correlate abnormality of distribution of one brain enzyme with mental dysfunction. PMID- 14795231 TI - Periodic alternating nystagmus in Friedreich's ataxia. PMID- 14795232 TI - Blood in the subarachnoid space. PMID- 14795233 TI - Paradoxic brain abscess in congenital heart disease. PMID- 14795234 TI - Treatment of myasthenic crisis. PMID- 14795235 TI - Treatment of painful phantom limb by the removal of postcentral cerebral cortex. Discussion. PMID- 14795237 TI - Psychiatric aspects of rehabilitation. PMID- 14795236 TI - Fibrous dysplasia of the skull. PMID- 14795238 TI - Infantile hemiplegia treated by removing one cerebral hemisphere. PMID- 14795239 TI - A comparison of results after intracapsular enucleation and total extirpation of acoustic tumors. PMID- 14795240 TI - Analysis of results of complete and partial removal of acoustic neuromas. PMID- 14795241 TI - Results in 130 cases of acoustic neurinoma. PMID- 14795242 TI - Acoustic neurinoma. PMID- 14795243 TI - Posioperative intracranial hypotension. PMID- 14795244 TI - Electrical activity of the human brain during artificial sleep. I. The cyclical pattern of response to barbiturate sedation. PMID- 14795245 TI - Observations on diaphragmatic movement in some neurological disorders. PMID- 14795246 TI - Familial ataxia, deaf-mutism, and muscular wasting. PMID- 14795247 TI - The nailbed capillaries in disseminated sclerosis. PMID- 14795248 TI - Memory studies in electric convulsion therapy. II. The persistence of verbal response patterns. PMID- 14795249 TI - Carotid-internal jugular anastomosis in the rhesus monkey; angiographic and gasometric studies. PMID- 14795250 TI - Geniculate neuralgia; report of a case relieved by intracranial section of the nerve of Wrisberg. PMID- 14795251 TI - The vagus nerve in surgical consideration of glossopharyngeal neuralgia. PMID- 14795252 TI - Epidural granulomata in the presence of tantalum plates. PMID- 14795253 TI - The use of pure polyethylene plate for cranioplasty. PMID- 14795254 TI - Tractotomy for the relief of trigeminal neuralgia; observations in 124 cases. PMID- 14795255 TI - Roentgen therapy supplementing surgery in the treatment of gliomas. PMID- 14795256 TI - Gliomas of the neurohypophysis and hypophysial stalk; a preliminary report. PMID- 14795257 TI - Ligation of the internal carotid artery in the neck; prevention of certain complications. PMID- 14795258 TI - Divergence paralysis with increased intracranial pressure. PMID- 14795259 TI - Unusual congenital anomalies of neurosurgical interest in infants and children. PMID- 14795260 TI - Tumors of the occipital lobe. PMID- 14795261 TI - The application of neuroanatomical data to the diagnosis of selected neurosurgical and neurological cases. PMID- 14795262 TI - Intradural lipoma of the spinal cord; report of a case. PMID- 14795263 TI - Lumbar extradural hematoma; report of case simulating protruded disk syndrome. PMID- 14795264 TI - Stainless steel screen for covering trephine and other small cranial defects. PMID- 14795265 TI - Encephalography in the presence of a tantalum implant. PMID- 14795266 TI - A new percutaneous needle for arteriography. PMID- 14795267 TI - The effect of protein deficiency and other dietary factors on the X zone of the mouse adrenal. PMID- 14795268 TI - The fecal excretion of lipids by rats as influenced by the diet. PMID- 14795269 TI - Peptide wastage consequent to the infusion of two protein hydrolysates. PMID- 14795270 TI - Pantothenic acid studies. X. The influence of a pantothenic acid conjugate (PAC) upon growth and citrate formation in rats. PMID- 14795271 TI - Nutritive value of canned foods. XLII. A study of the protein value of young and mature peas (Pisum sativum). PMID- 14795272 TI - The protective action of vitamin B12 against the toxicity of DL-thyroxine. PMID- 14795273 TI - Nutritional value of plant materials. III. Acute uremia of newborn rats from mothers fed plant rations. PMID- 14795274 TI - Studies on the comparative nutritive value of fats. XIII. Growth and reproduction over 25 generations on Sherman diet B where butterfat was replaced by margarine fat, including a study of calcium metabolism. PMID- 14795275 TI - The nutrition of the mouse. VIII. Studies on pantothenic acid, biotin, inositol and paminobenzoic acid. PMID- 14795276 TI - Comparative effects of B vitamins and liver on dinitrophenol toxicity in the rat. PMID- 14795277 TI - The protective effect of high fat diets on immature rats fed thyroid. PMID- 14795278 TI - Perspiration as a factor influencing the requirement for calcium and iron. PMID- 14795279 TI - Utilization of dehydroascorbic acid by human subjects. PMID- 14795280 TI - The vitamin E requirement of guinea pigs. PMID- 14795281 TI - The essential role of fatty acids in rations for growing chicks. PMID- 14795282 TI - The metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in growing chicks. PMID- 14795283 TI - The vitamin B12 content of chick tissues as influenced by diet. PMID- 14795284 TI - Ascorbic acid metabolism in guinea pigs in relation to growth. PMID- 14795285 TI - Vitamin E deficiency in chicks. I. The effects of dietary supplements on plasma tocopherol levels and vitamin E deficiency symptoms. PMID- 14795286 TI - An unknown factor with vitamin A activity distilled from lard. PMID- 14795287 TI - Vitamin E in the nutrition of cattle. II. Vitamin E levels in the blood, vitamin A and carotene utilization, and other chemical studies. PMID- 14795288 TI - The microbiological activity of vitamin B12 in the urine of normal rats following the oral and subcutaneous administration of this vitamin. PMID- 14795289 TI - The influence of low levels of protein on heat production. PMID- 14795290 TI - Methionine deficiency under ad libitum and force-feeding conditions. PMID- 14795291 TI - An unidentified factor present in hog intestinal mucosa required by the mink. PMID- 14795292 TI - Nitrogen, methionine and cystine content of hen's eggs. Their distribution in the egg white and yolk. PMID- 14795293 TI - Vitamin E deficiency in chicks. II. Plasma xanthophyll levels and vitamin E deficiency symptoms. PMID- 14795294 TI - Niacin-replacing value of L- and DL-tryptophan in chick diets as influenced by carbohydrate source. PMID- 14795296 TI - Gastrointestinal administration of oxygen in treatment of asphyxia in the newborn. PMID- 14795295 TI - Vitamin B12, APF concentrates, dried whey, fish solubles and liver fraction "L" in the nutrition of the mature fowl. PMID- 14795297 TI - Cancer of the cervix uteri; Australian results, 1930-1950. PMID- 14795298 TI - Double uterus. PMID- 14795299 TI - Granulosa-cell tumour of the ovary; an analysis of 40 cases. PMID- 14795300 TI - Obstetrical approach to abdominal war wounds in late pregnancy. PMID- 14795301 TI - Multiple calculi in the female urethra. PMID- 14795302 TI - The lipid content of the amniotic membrane and the production of vernix caseosa. PMID- 14795304 TI - Sudden death in labour associated with acute rheumatic cardiac lesions; report of a case. PMID- 14795303 TI - Chorionepithelioma with amenorrhoea; massive hepatomegaly with undiscovered primary tumour. PMID- 14795305 TI - The question of genetic injury following x-ray irradiation of the ovaries in the treatment of sterility. PMID- 14795306 TI - On the effect of ammonium chloride upon the electroencephalographic changes in toxaemia of late pregnancy; preliminary report. PMID- 14795307 TI - Resistance to the control of infection in obstetrics; some bacteriological aspects. PMID- 14795308 TI - The use of beta-rays in climacteric metrorrhagia; a suggestion. PMID- 14795309 TI - A case of miliary tuberculosis during pregnancy treated by streptomycin. PMID- 14795310 TI - A case of calcified ovarian fibroma in a young adolescent. PMID- 14795311 TI - A case of thecoma of the ovary with Meigs's syndrome. PMID- 14795312 TI - Neonatal deaths following caesarean section. PMID- 14795313 TI - Character--its formation and modification. PMID- 14795314 TI - Goals in psychotherapy. PMID- 14795315 TI - Fractures about the elbow in children. PMID- 14795316 TI - Differential diagnosis of diseases of the hip in children. PMID- 14795317 TI - Clinical pathologic conference; silicotuberculosis, bilateral extensive, with massive areas of caseation and multiple cavities. PMID- 14795318 TI - Studies or the life history of Linstowiella szidati (Anderson) (Trematoda: Strigeatoidea: Cyathocotylidae). PMID- 14795320 TI - Notes on bovine sarcosporidiosis. PMID- 14795319 TI - Description of the male of the pinworm, Skrjabinema parva Dikmans, 1942 (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea) from deer, with an emendation of the genus. PMID- 14795321 TI - A new species of Physaloptera (Nematoda: Spiruroidea) from the cotton rat. PMID- 14795322 TI - Helminths in rats from Panama City and suburbs. PMID- 14795323 TI - Germinal development in the heterophyid, Euryhelmis monorchis Ameel, 1938. PMID- 14795324 TI - Studies on some North American shrew cestodes. PMID- 14795325 TI - Establishment and pathology of gorgoderid infections in anuran kidneys. PMID- 14795326 TI - Snail ponds. PMID- 14795327 TI - The standardization of fecal smears for estimating egg production and worm burden. PMID- 14795328 TI - On a myxosporidian (protozoan) parasite of California trout. PMID- 14795329 TI - Laboratory rearing methods for three common species of bird mites. PMID- 14795330 TI - Cercaria littorinalinae sp. nov.; a dermatitis-producing schistosome larva from the marine snail, Littorina planaxis Philippi. PMID- 14795332 TI - New mites (Acarina: Liponyssinae) from North American bats. PMID- 14795331 TI - The effect of thiouracil and thyroid extract on the natural resistance of mice to Hymenolepis infection. PMID- 14795333 TI - Incidence of Enterobius vermicularis in Puerto Rican children, with a comparison of two diagnostic methods. PMID- 14795334 TI - Endolimax clevelandi, n. sp., from turtles. PMID- 14795335 TI - The copperhead snake as a host for the chigger mite Trombicula (Eutrombicula) alfreddugesi. PMID- 14795336 TI - The significance of finding clonorchiasis in persons in the United States. PMID- 14795337 TI - Feeding habits of Trigonotylus ruficornis Geoff. PMID- 14795338 TI - Preliminary note on the life cycle of the acanthocephalan, Polymorphus kenti Van Cleave, 1947. PMID- 14795339 TI - The nemertean, Cerebratulus lacteus, as an intermediate host for cestode larvae. PMID- 14795340 TI - A preliminary host-ectoparasite register for some small mammals of Florida. PMID- 14795341 TI - Dispersal flight of Triatoma in southern Arizona. PMID- 14795343 TI - Infection with Isospora hominis; report of two cases. PMID- 14795342 TI - A safe method of handling mosquitoes for virus transmission experiments. PMID- 14795344 TI - A stain for malarial oocysts in temporary preparations. PMID- 14795345 TI - An additional case of Trichostrongylus infection with a probable mode of transmission. PMID- 14795347 TI - Troglotrema salmincola in mink. PMID- 14795346 TI - Parasites of the wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo intermedia Sinnet, from the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. PMID- 14795348 TI - The artificial hatching of embryonated Ascaridia galli ova. PMID- 14795349 TI - Pulmonary infiltration and blood eosinophilia in children (Loeffler's syndrome); a review with report of 8 cases. PMID- 14795351 TI - Sodium sulfacetimide for the prophylaxis of gonorrheal ophthalmia neonatorum; preliminary report. PMID- 14795350 TI - The treatment of scarlet fever with penicillin G administered orally three times a day. PMID- 14795352 TI - Oral penicillin in the prophylaxis of recurrent rheumatic fever. PMID- 14795353 TI - The use of sedative-induced sleep as an aid to electroencephalographic diagnosis in children. PMID- 14795354 TI - Some problems common to the pediatrician and the orthodontist. PMID- 14795356 TI - The incidence of a normal spinal fluid in acute poliomyelitis. PMID- 14795355 TI - Growth and development of Negro infants. III. Growth during the first year of life as observed in private pediatric practice. PMID- 14795357 TI - Bleeding duodenal ulcer in infancy; a surgical problem; report of two cases treated successfully by surgery. PMID- 14795358 TI - Perforated gastric ulcer in a newborn infant. PMID- 14795359 TI - Pneumococcal meningitis with hyperglycemia and development of subdural effusion; successful treatment with chloramphenicol. PMID- 14795360 TI - A fatal case of pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and pneumothorax lenta in a newborn infant. PMID- 14795361 TI - Vitamin requirements in adolescence. PMID- 14795362 TI - The child with tuberculosis. PMID- 14795363 TI - The toxicity of vitamin A. PMID- 14795364 TI - A clinical experiment concerned with the problem as to whether the chemical agent, urea hydrogen peroxide, influences or hastens tissue repair. PMID- 14795365 TI - Calculus formation. PMID- 14795366 TI - Raising the line of epithelial attachment and increasing depth of clinical root. PMID- 14795367 TI - Individual differences in ease of perception of embedded figures. PMID- 14795368 TI - Differences between the high and low in prejudice and their implications for a theory of prejudice. PMID- 14795369 TI - Value of isolation rigidity in maintaining integration in seriously disturbed personalities. PMID- 14795370 TI - Memory dynamics, projective tests, and projective interviewing. PMID- 14795371 TI - On an approach to social perception. PMID- 14795372 TI - The influence of "threat-expectancy" on perception. PMID- 14795373 TI - The effect of prerecognition hypotheses on veridical recognition thresholds in auditory perception. PMID- 14795374 TI - [Separation by paper chromatography of ternary associations of sulfamides]. PMID- 14795375 TI - [Study of a pigment of fungus origin with phytopharmaceutic properties]. PMID- 14795376 TI - [Colorimetric determination of natural estrogens in proprietary drugs]. PMID- 14795377 TI - [Practical study of some preparations of organic calcium used in pharmacy]. PMID- 14795378 TI - [Therapeutic value of the different forms of the sodium salt of para aminosalicylic acid]. PMID- 14795379 TI - [New reactions of identification and method of paper microchromatographic separation of some cardiotonic glucosides]. PMID- 14795380 TI - [New reactions of vitamin B1; vitamin B1 as reactive]. PMID- 14795381 TI - [Analytic study of para-aminosalicylic acid]. PMID- 14795382 TI - Studies on autonomic blockade. III. Effect of high spinal anesthesia on the vasodepressor action of veratrum in human subjects. PMID- 14795384 TI - Observations on several cyclohexyland phenyl-alkylamines. PMID- 14795383 TI - A polarographic method for the determination of digitoxin and gitoxin and its application to pharmacological studies. PMID- 14795385 TI - The enzymatic mechanism of barbiturate action. PMID- 14795386 TI - Reversal of the depressor action of N-isopropylarterenol (isuprel) by ergotamine and ergotoxine. PMID- 14795387 TI - The pharmacological activity of the ring methyl substituted phenisopropylamines. PMID- 14795388 TI - Theophylline blood levels after oral, rectal and intravenous administration, and correlation with diuretic action. PMID- 14795389 TI - The effect of 2,2-diethyl 1,2-propanediol (a new anticonvulsant) on spinal cord reflexes. PMID- 14795390 TI - Atropine-like action of alpha, alpha-diphenyl-gamma-dimethylaminovaleramide HCl (BL 139). PMID- 14795391 TI - A pharmacological investigation of 2,5-bis-(3-diethylaminopropylamino) benzoquinone-bis-benzylchloride (WIN 2747): a new curarimimetic drug. PMID- 14795392 TI - The digitalis-like action of cryptograndoside A and B. PMID- 14795393 TI - An experimental study of cocaine intoxication and its treatment. PMID- 14795395 TI - Some observations on the mechanism of toxic action of ricin. PMID- 14795394 TI - The elimination of d-tubocurarine in the rat. PMID- 14795396 TI - Evaluation of curarizing drugs in man. V. Antagonism to curarizing effects of d tubocurarine by neostigmine, m-hydroxy phenyltrimethylammonium and m-hydroxy phenylethyldimethylammonium. PMID- 14795397 TI - British Pharmaceutical Conference Glasgow, 1950; chairman's address. PMID- 14795398 TI - The preparation of compressed tablets. Part III. A study of the value of potato starch and alginic acid as disintegrating agents. PMID- 14795399 TI - The disintegration of compressed tablets; the effect of age and certain associated factors. PMID- 14795400 TI - The removal of bacteria from oils by filtration. PMID- 14795401 TI - Some pharmaceutical aspects of vitamin B12. PMID- 14795403 TI - The stability of injection of morphine sulphate. PMID- 14795402 TI - Bacterial survival in systems of low moisture content. Part II. The bactericidal effects of certain substances during the spray drying process. PMID- 14795404 TI - Antagonism between non-ionic detergents and antiseptics. PMID- 14795405 TI - The tryptic activity of pancreatin; a critical study of some assay processes and standards. PMID- 14795406 TI - A note on the B.P. 1948 assay process for trypsin in pancreatin. PMID- 14795407 TI - Recent concepts in the physiology of the kidney. PMID- 14795408 TI - The retina in toxemias of pregnancy. PMID- 14795409 TI - Lead poisoning among lead workers. PMID- 14795411 TI - Problems of the medical profession. PMID- 14795410 TI - Blood changes in tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis following streptomycin therapy and its prognostic value. PMID- 14795412 TI - Health work--a common concern. PMID- 14795413 TI - "Dr. Luis Guerrero as a scientist". PMID- 14795414 TI - "Dr. Luis Guerrero as professor of medicine". PMID- 14795415 TI - [Luis Guerrero as a friend]. PMID- 14795416 TI - Response. PMID- 14795417 TI - Colloidal phenomena of antibiotics. PMID- 14795418 TI - The expansion of charcoal upon the adsorption of gases and vapors. PMID- 14795419 TI - Ion exchange in synthetic resins. PMID- 14795420 TI - Cation-exchange studies with the colloidal clay salts of silver. PMID- 14795421 TI - A new type of high-temperature x-ray camera for chemical reactions in the solid state. PMID- 14795422 TI - A study of the two-component van der Waals fluid. PMID- 14795423 TI - Moisture relationships of cellulose. II. The heats of wetting of partially saturated viscose rayon and standard cellulose in water. PMID- 14795424 TI - Isothermal decomposition of nickel carbide. PMID- 14795425 TI - Acid activation of some bentonite clays. PMID- 14795426 TI - Note on the physical adsorption of gases in capillaries and on small particles (nucleation of condensation). PMID- 14795427 TI - The oxidation of iodide to iodine by dilute solutions of organic peroxides. PMID- 14795428 TI - Organophilic bentonites. II. Organic liquid gels. PMID- 14795429 TI - Spectrophotometric determination of displacement series of metal complexes of the sodium salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. PMID- 14795430 TI - The viscosity of sulfur vapor. PMID- 14795431 TI - An improved spreading apparatus for the measurement of film pressures. PMID- 14795432 TI - Comparison of molecular weights of polystyrene by the light-scattering and osmometric methods. PMID- 14795433 TI - Some properties of thorium in very dilute aqueous solutions. PMID- 14795434 TI - Coagulation isotherm of thorium. PMID- 14795435 TI - The vasomotor responses due to electrical stimulation of the sinus and vagus nerves of the cat and their modification by large doses of sodium pentobarbital (nembutal). PMID- 14795436 TI - Some histochemical and biochemical observations on the preen gland. PMID- 14795437 TI - A cytoplasmic constituent of brain. PMID- 14795438 TI - Action potentials from a sensory nerve ending. PMID- 14795439 TI - Depolarization of sensory terminals and the initiation of impulses in the muscle spindle. PMID- 14795440 TI - The effect of stimulation on the opacity of a crustacean nerve trunk and its relation to fibre diameter. PMID- 14795441 TI - The volume change resulting from stimulation of a giant nerve fibre. PMID- 14795442 TI - Pituitary gland and blood lymphocytes. PMID- 14795443 TI - Hypothalmic control of the anterior pituitary gland and blood lymphocytes. PMID- 14795444 TI - Oestrous rhythm. Pseudopregnancy and the pituitary stalk in the rat. PMID- 14795445 TI - Hypothalamo-hypophysial connexions in the Cetacea. PMID- 14795446 TI - The pressures developed in abdomen and thorax during the Flack tests. PMID- 14795447 TI - The nature of the limitation of maximal inspiratory and expiratory efforts. PMID- 14795449 TI - The transfer of L-ascorbic acid and dehydro-L-ascorbic acid into the aqueous humour of the rabbit and cat. PMID- 14795448 TI - Potassium and neuromuscular transmission. PMID- 14795450 TI - The intrinsic independence of blood flow through cortical and juxtamedullary glomeruli. PMID- 14795451 TI - Afferent nerves from the heart region. PMID- 14795452 TI - The electromotive action of acetylcholine at the motor end-plate. PMID- 14795453 TI - Urinary excretion of phosphate in man and the cat. PMID- 14795454 TI - Acetylcholine synthesis in normal and denervated sympathetic ganglia of the cat. PMID- 14795455 TI - Cells of origin of proprioceptive fibres from eye-muscles. PMID- 14795456 TI - Giant ganglion cells in the cat's retina. PMID- 14795457 TI - A reaction time meter for student' use. PMID- 14795458 TI - An intravenous infusion apparatus with automatic warning devices. PMID- 14795459 TI - Metal bellows recorders. PMID- 14795460 TI - An oscilloscope for the examination of slow recurrent transient waveforms and bio electric potentials. PMID- 14795461 TI - An electronic square wave stimulator. PMID- 14795462 TI - Collagen in the liver of the rat after partial hepatectomy. PMID- 14795463 TI - The nature of the weight loss following parturition and 'pseudo-parturition' in the mouse. PMID- 14795464 TI - Bronchomotor fibres in the cervical synthetic nerve. PMID- 14795465 TI - Bronchial hypersensitization and hyposensitization in man. PMID- 14795466 TI - Overlap of cortical motor areas. PMID- 14795467 TI - Inhibition of experimental gastric secretion by histamine antagonists. PMID- 14795468 TI - The sensitivity of the cold and warmth vaso-constrictor responses. PMID- 14795469 TI - A controlled temperature plethysmograph for the index finger. PMID- 14795470 TI - The absorption of work when a muscle is stretched. PMID- 14795471 TI - Equipment for continuous collection of gastric juice in pouch dogs. PMID- 14795472 TI - Dynamic ureter pressure urine flow characteristics. PMID- 14795473 TI - A galvanometer of extreme sensitivity. PMID- 14795474 TI - Membrane potentials at the motor end-plate. PMID- 14795475 TI - Apparatus for pharmacological assay. PMID- 14795476 TI - Cannula for the simultaneous registration of the movements of the cervix and the corpus of the human uterus. PMID- 14795477 TI - The air-perfused bronchial tree. PMID- 14795478 TI - Staining properties of rods and cones in the retina of monkeys. PMID- 14795479 TI - A method of recording heart-rate on the kymograph. PMID- 14795481 TI - A new type of hexagonal roller tube for growing multiple tissue cultures. PMID- 14795480 TI - A survival operation for measuring electrical conductivity of the lungs. PMID- 14795482 TI - Nervous control of the intraocular pressure. PMID- 14795483 TI - The acetylcholine content of the rat brain. PMID- 14795484 TI - Selective absorption of amino-acids from the small intestine of the rat. PMID- 14795485 TI - The effect of electrical stimulation on the transport of radioactive phosphorus in the frog sciatic nerve. PMID- 14795486 TI - Gastric secretion in response to insulin hypoglycaemia in Heidenhain pouches. PMID- 14795488 TI - The penetration of certain penicillins into the aqueous humour of the rabbit. PMID- 14795489 TI - A microtitration attachment for the Stadie electrode system. PMID- 14795487 TI - Ocular muscle activity evoked by stimulation of the frontal oculomotor cortex of the cat. PMID- 14795490 TI - Rectal temperature and intestinal blood flow. PMID- 14795491 TI - Blood groups in cats. PMID- 14795492 TI - The effect of sciatic nerve stimulation on renal function. PMID- 14795493 TI - Effect of strychnine on spinal reflexes in decapitated cats. PMID- 14795494 TI - Effect of carbon dioxide on the spinal reflexes in decapitated cats. PMID- 14795495 TI - Effect of digitalis on the work capacity of the isolated heart. PMID- 14795496 TI - Observations on the action of the parathyroid hormone in the human subject. PMID- 14795497 TI - The effects of pancreozymin on human subjects. PMID- 14795498 TI - A work trial program for the severely handicapped. PMID- 14795499 TI - Classification of rehabilitation potential. PMID- 14795501 TI - Camping as therapy for the orthopedically disabled. PMID- 14795500 TI - Teamwork solves a problem for the aurally disabled, through hearing and speech institutes. PMID- 14795502 TI - A local chapter in action. PMID- 14795503 TI - Gurkha bronchitis. A report on an investigation of acute bronchitis amongst Gurkha troops from the British Military Hospital, Kluang. PMID- 14795504 TI - The health of the Guards Brigade in Malaya. PMID- 14795505 TI - The national tuberculin survey and the army. PMID- 14795506 TI - A case of tropical eosinophilia. PMID- 14795507 TI - BRITISH Military Mission, Greece. PMID- 14795508 TI - Hellenic interlude. A review of the medical aspects of the B.M.M. to Greece, 1945 1950. PMID- 14795509 TI - Mosquito control in the British sector of Berlin-summer 1949. PMID- 14795510 TI - Approach to pneumonia. PMID- 14795511 TI - Cholelithiasis and paraplegia in guinea-pigs. PMID- 14795512 TI - A case of submaxillary cellulitis involving tracheotomy. PMID- 14795513 TI - The visit of the Director-General to East Africa command. PMID- 14795514 TI - MAJOR Bruce Malaher. PMID- 14795515 TI - Perspectives in the control of epidemic influenza. PMID- 14795516 TI - May I introduce statistics? PMID- 14795517 TI - A few elementary aspects of abortion. PMID- 14795518 TI - Report on ventilation in H.M.T.D.--January-February 1944. PMID- 14795519 TI - The convalescent wing, Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley. PMID- 14795520 TI - MAJOR William Sylvester Crosthwait. PMID- 14795521 TI - COLONEL James Edward Swyer. PMID- 14795522 TI - COLONEL Bertram Cecil Owen Sheridan, M.C., M.B. PMID- 14795523 TI - The treatment of burns. A review of methods past and present. PMID- 14795524 TI - Punchdrunkenness and its differential diagnosis as observed in naval medicine. PMID- 14795525 TI - Surgeon General James Pierce, R.N. PMID- 14795526 TI - Streptomycin in genitourinary tuberculosis. PMID- 14795527 TI - On diseases of the skin. PMID- 14795528 TI - Poliomyelitis and the Naval Medical Officer. PMID- 14795529 TI - Underwater respiration and submarine atmospheres. A review of some recent developments. PMID- 14795530 TI - Comparisons of the naval, military, R.A.F. and civil medical services with private practice. PMID- 14795531 TI - A case of giant hypertrophic gastritis. PMID- 14795532 TI - A case of optic atrophy following the drinking of methyl alcohol. PMID- 14795533 TI - The Klippel-Feil syndrome. PMID- 14795534 TI - A case of kala-azar. PMID- 14795535 TI - [Non-toxic parathyroid adenoma]. PMID- 14795536 TI - [Present trends in criminology]. PMID- 14795538 TI - The treatment of diabetes in children. PMID- 14795537 TI - Neurosurgical problems of infancy. PMID- 14795539 TI - The diagnosis and clinical significance of iron deficiency anemia. PMID- 14795540 TI - Rectal bleeding. PMID- 14795541 TI - Carcinoma of the cervix. PMID- 14795542 TI - Elective gynecological surgery. PMID- 14795543 TI - Obstetrical problems. Early pregnancy bleeding and the abortion problem. PMID- 14795544 TI - General principles of abdominal surgery in infancy and childhood. PMID- 14795545 TI - The management of lower nephron nephrosis. PMID- 14795547 TI - Carcinoma of the prostate. PMID- 14795546 TI - Review of 500 cataract operations. PMID- 14795548 TI - Breast tumors. The question of early diagnosis. PMID- 14795549 TI - Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 14795550 TI - The Stone Jardon implant. PMID- 14795551 TI - Hookworm anemia in a young child. PMID- 14795552 TI - ST. JOSEPH Hospital clinical pathology conference; pancreatitis. PMID- 14795553 TI - THAYER Veterans Administration Hospital gastroenterological conference; chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14795554 TI - Ureter opening into seminal vesicle complicated by traumatic rupture of only functioning kidney. PMID- 14795555 TI - Technique for transurethral removal of ureteral calculi by constant traction. PMID- 14795556 TI - Urinary rate determination by ureteral catheterization in conscious unoperated dogs. PMID- 14795557 TI - The treatment of papillomatosis with podophyllin. PMID- 14795558 TI - Repair of large abdominal defects following cystectomy for congenital vesical exstrophy; a new technique. PMID- 14795559 TI - Surgical repair of postoperative penile urinary fistulas. PMID- 14795560 TI - Heavy pontocaine for low spinal anesthesia in transurethral surgery. PMID- 14795561 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of prostate. PMID- 14795562 TI - Multiple malignancies of the prostate; report of case of carcinoma and sarcoma. PMID- 14795563 TI - Intraprostatic injection of penicillin. PMID- 14795564 TI - The lipid content of the Leydig cell and Sertoli cell in the human testis as related to age, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostatic cancer. PMID- 14795565 TI - Mullerian duct cysts. PMID- 14795566 TI - Scrotal acute appendicitis. PMID- 14795567 TI - A simple classification of precocious puberty. PMID- 14795568 TI - Roentgenological visualization of genital tract in pseudohermaphrodism. PMID- 14795569 TI - Xanthine urinary calculus. PMID- 14795570 TI - The clinical use of NU-445 (gantrisin) in the treatment of urinary tract infections; a report of 100 cases. PMID- 14795571 TI - Significance of the sedimentation rate in urologic disease. PMID- 14795572 TI - Positive Coombs' test in cold hemoglobinuria. PMID- 14795573 TI - A rapid method for the determination of blood urea nitrogen. PMID- 14795574 TI - A new incontinence clamp. PMID- 14795575 TI - A study of the filter paper microscopic (FPM) test for syphilis. Preliminary report. PMID- 14795576 TI - High potency of a penicillin G in experimental syphilis. PMID- 14795577 TI - Dehydrogenations produced by the Reiter spirochete. PMID- 14795578 TI - REPORTED venereal disease cases and rates per 100,000 population, continental United States civilians, fiscal year 1950. PMID- 14795579 TI - Studies on the aggressive action of nucleoprotein fraction of tubercle bacillus. PMID- 14795580 TI - Supplement on the study of blood sedimentation reaction; difference between the rate immediately after the taking of blood and that of 24 hours later. II. The relationship between the accelerating or delaying rate and the standard rate. PMID- 14795581 TI - A study on the mechanism of pulmonary respiratory function. III. The mechanism of pulmonary respiration in tuberculous patients by spirographic examination. PMID- 14795582 TI - Studies on tetrabromphenol phthalein ethylesterkalium (TBPE) reaction and tuberculin activity. II. Application for various tuberculin preparations. PMID- 14795583 TI - An inoculation method of tubercle bacilli into afferent lymph vessel. PMID- 14795584 TI - An immunological study on non-pathogenic acid fast bacilli. PMID- 14795585 TI - Studies on pathological reflexes of the lower extremities in pulmonary tuberculosis. III. Observations in relation to the pulmonary morbid process. PMID- 14795586 TI - Result of BCG vaccination in some rural districts. PMID- 14795587 TI - A study on the mechanism of pulmonary respiratory function. IV. Influence of collapse therapy on the mechanism of pulmonary respiratory function. PMID- 14795588 TI - Study of the Schub (relapse) in pulmonary tuberculosis of adults. I. Histological findings of tuberculous foci and tubercle bacilli in each organ of the body. PMID- 14795590 TI - A new study on tuberculin, especially its method of preparation. I. On the usual method of preparation and titration of potency. PMID- 14795589 TI - Scarification method of BCG vaccination. PMID- 14795591 TI - On the quantitative measurement of the tubercle bacilli colonies by isolation culture. VIII. The tubercle bacilli culture from the organs of the experimental tuberculosis rabbits. PMID- 14795592 TI - Study on the saving of various materials of tubercle bacilli. PMID- 14795593 TI - The quantitative manifestation of resistance of tubercle bacilli in sputa to streptomycin. PMID- 14795594 TI - Studies on the cultivation of tubercle bacilli. I. The studies on the comparative value when a different preliminary treatment is used; sulphuric acid treatment, sodium hydroxide treatment and trisodium phosphate treatment. PMID- 14795595 TI - Study of the Schub in pulmonary tuberculosis of adults. II. Study of the haematogenous dissemination in each organ. PMID- 14795596 TI - A new study on tuberculin especially its method of preparation. II. Correlation between the color and precipitating reactions and the intracutaneous and lethal reaction of tuberculin. PMID- 14795597 TI - Isolation of tubercle bacillus from sputum by applying invert soap. PMID- 14795598 TI - Non-acid-fast forms of the tubercle bacillus in the tuberculous pus. Suppl.' The insufficiency of the sulphuric acid method for the cultivation of the tubercle bacillus observed from the point of view of the resisting power of the tubercle bacillus. PMID- 14795599 TI - [Progress of Pavlov's theory in internal medicine]. PMID- 14795600 TI - [Acute leukosis]. PMID- 14795601 TI - [Russian anticoagulant dicumarin and its effect in coronary thrombosis and myocardiac infarct]. PMID- 14795602 TI - [Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis]. PMID- 14795603 TI - [Certain histochemical characteristics of myocardiac stromal affections in acute infections (pathogenesis of postinfectious cardiosclerosis)]. PMID- 14795604 TI - [Roentgenography of cardiac impulse and great vessels]. PMID- 14795605 TI - [Use of nicotinic acid in coronary insufficiency]. PMID- 14795606 TI - [Clinico-virological investigations in affections of nervous system, caused by epidemic parotitis virus in children]. PMID- 14795607 TI - [Vascular reflex from the splenic artery in splenectomy]. PMID- 14795608 TI - [Influenza and meteorological factors]. PMID- 14795609 TI - [Neuro-psychic disorders in acute hepatitis (Botkin's disease)]. PMID- 14795610 TI - [Primary gastric sarcoma]. PMID- 14795611 TI - [Apparatus for control of the authenticity of the electrocardiogram]. PMID- 14795612 TI - [Electrothermometric apparatus with mirror galvanometer]. PMID- 14795613 TI - [Method of objective observation on the regeneration of hemopoietic organs and duration of the presence of erythrocytes of the transfused blood in the recipient]. PMID- 14795614 TI - [Armored heart]. PMID- 14795615 TI - [Case of cardiac affection in acromegaly]. PMID- 14795616 TI - [Precise method of hippuric acid determination in urine in sodium benzoate test]. PMID- 14795617 TI - [L. V. Popov, his contribution to the progress of Russian internal medicine]. PMID- 14795618 TI - [Control of influenza in Russia in the 18th and beginning of the 19th century]. PMID- 14795619 TI - [New method of roentgenological examination of the heart and of the frontal pulmonary sinuses]. PMID- 14795620 TI - [Blood circulation in pulmonary abscesses]. PMID- 14795621 TI - [Effect of vitamin B1 on tissue carbohydrate metabolism]. PMID- 14795622 TI - [Metabolism of vitamin C and nicotinic acid in gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 14795623 TI - [Liver function in thyrotoxicosis]. PMID- 14795624 TI - [Modifications of chloride metabolism in epidemic hepatitis]. PMID- 14795625 TI - [Gastroscopic diagnosis of chronic gastritis]. PMID- 14795626 TI - [Pathogenesis and prevention of cancer]. PMID- 14795627 TI - [Tests for selection of blood donors in cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn]. PMID- 14795628 TI - [Experiences from a diabetic department]. PMID- 14795629 TI - [Tissue positive and bacteriostatic effect of water soluble derivatives of chlorophyll]. PMID- 14795630 TI - [Modified Bassini operation with use of pedunculated fascia strips]. PMID- 14795631 TI - [Diagnosis in plastic surgery of the face]. PMID- 14795632 TI - [Role of the sympathetic nervous system in growth and pigmentation; with a contribution on status dysraphicus and its ocular manifestations, with special reference to heterochromia]. PMID- 14795633 TI - [Ciliary neuralgia as sympathetic pain]. PMID- 14795634 TI - [Addenda to the author's interpretation and therapy of sympathetic ophthalmia and primary glaucoma]. PMID- 14795635 TI - [Circulation of the intraocular fluids]. PMID- 14795636 TI - [Liver function tests in primary glaucoma]. PMID- 14795637 TI - [Observations on the problem of glaucoma and liver disease; investigations on intraocular tension in liver disease]. PMID- 14795638 TI - [Tolerance tests of the eye in diagnosis and therapy of glaucoma]. PMID- 14795640 TI - [Technic and indications in cyclodiathermy puncture]. PMID- 14795639 TI - [Iridencleisis with the knife]. PMID- 14795641 TI - [A self-registering campimeter for comparative investigations]. PMID- 14795642 TI - [Objective determination of visual acuity in nystagmus]. PMID- 14795643 TI - [Objective determination of visual acuity by Ohm's method]. PMID- 14795644 TI - [Chronic, progressive ophthalmoplegia externa]. PMID- 14795645 TI - [Correction of divergence paralysis with prismatic glasses]. PMID- 14795646 TI - [Retinal cyanosis or stasis in morbus caeruleus]. PMID- 14795648 TI - [Metastatic carcinoma of the choroid]. PMID- 14795647 TI - [Figural modification in the visual perception of movement]. PMID- 14795649 TI - [Bilateral metastatic ophthalmia in a seven-day old child as the result of intrauterine inflammation]. PMID- 14795650 TI - [Bilateral metastatic ophthalmia due to mycotic embolism]. PMID- 14795651 TI - [Metastatic ophthalmia due to blastomycetes]. PMID- 14795652 TI - [Problem of Jensen's retinitis juxta papillaris]. PMID- 14795653 TI - [Problem of tuberculous iridocyclitis]. PMID- 14795654 TI - [Zonular degeneration of the cornea and iritis as a symptom of a special form of arthritic rheumatism in children (Still's disease)]. PMID- 14795655 TI - [Hexamethylenetetramine in herpetic disease of the cornea]. PMID- 14795656 TI - [Keratitis neuroparalytica without trigeminal affection]. PMID- 14795657 TI - [Operation for epicanthus]. PMID- 14795658 TI - [Subconjunctival injection of air as a new method in the treatment of fundal hemorrhage]. PMID- 14795659 TI - [A prophylactic suture in cataract surgery]. PMID- 14795660 TI - [Simplification of incision technic in cataract extraction]. PMID- 14795661 TI - [Disc-like keratitis caused by Aureomycin]. PMID- 14795662 TI - [Progesterone therapy in glaucoma]. PMID- 14795663 TI - [Comment on Lowenstein's pupillography; the pupils and the ortho- and para sympathetic systems]. PMID- 14795664 TI - [Possibility of technical aids for the other senses in compensation of lost sight]. PMID- 14795665 TI - [Chronaxia of stereoscopic acuity in the retinal periphery]. PMID- 14795666 TI - [Hitherto unknown modifications of the optic fundus following exposure to high tension current]. PMID- 14795667 TI - [Visible circulation in the retinal veins in endangitis obliterans]. PMID- 14795668 TI - [Two cases of venous aneurysm of the retina in diabetic retinitis]. PMID- 14795669 TI - [General care of the diabetic during hospitalization for cataract extraction]. PMID- 14795670 TI - [Occurrence of expulsive hemorrhage in cataract extraction]. PMID- 14795671 TI - [Syndermotic cataract and congenital ichthyosis]. PMID- 14795672 TI - [Etiologic observations on coronary cataract (Vogt)]. PMID- 14795673 TI - [Significance of diagnostic puncture of the anterior chamber for the surgical prognosis of complicated cataract in uveitis]. PMID- 14795674 TI - [Thrombosis of the central retinal vein and hemorrhagic glaucoma associated with systemic allergotuberculosis]. PMID- 14795675 TI - [Recidiving keratitis due to molluscum contagiosum of the lower lid]. PMID- 14795676 TI - [Observations on Kirsch's article: Goethe and eyeglasses]. PMID- 14795677 TI - [More on Goethe and ophthalmology]. PMID- 14795678 TI - The patient and his disease. PMID- 14795679 TI - Anticoagulant therapy with heparin in Pitkin's menstruum. PMID- 14795681 TI - Treatment of deafness and recurrent otitis media with x-rays. PMID- 14795680 TI - Activity of heparin in Pitkin's menstruum. PMID- 14795682 TI - Dehydration treatment of rheumatic fever. PMID- 14795683 TI - Effects of priscol on the peripheral circulation. PMID- 14795684 TI - Adrenocorticotropic activity of blood-plasma extracts. PMID- 14795685 TI - Relapse of kala-azar after splenectomy. PMID- 14795686 TI - Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid during pneumoencephalography. PMID- 14795687 TI - A teaching general practice. PMID- 14795688 TI - An aid for supine bed patients. PMID- 14795689 TI - VARICOSE veins and military service. PMID- 14795690 TI - JAMES Alexander Murray. PMID- 14795691 TI - GEORGE Stuart Graham-Smith. PMID- 14795692 TI - CHRISTOPHER Rolleston. PMID- 14795693 TI - The changing face of surgery. PMID- 14795694 TI - The patient and his disease. PMID- 14795695 TI - Observations on a prozone phenomenon encountered in using the anti-globulin sensitisation test. PMID- 14795696 TI - GAMMA globulin in the prevention and attenuation of measles. Controlled trials in day and residential nurseries. PMID- 14795697 TI - Sterility due to congenital absence of the vasa. PMID- 14795698 TI - Aplasia of the vasa deferentia as a cause of sterility. PMID- 14795699 TI - Liquefaction of viscous purulent exudates by deoxyribonuclease. PMID- 14795700 TI - Histology of the endometrium in "organic uterine haemorrhage.". PMID- 14795701 TI - Bacterial polysaccharides in the diagnosis of infections. The polysaccharide lysis test. PMID- 14795702 TI - The pattern of mass radiography. PMID- 14795703 TI - Miniature radiography with 4 x 5 inch cut film. PMID- 14795704 TI - DISTRIBUTION of chloramphenicol. PMID- 14795705 TI - GENERAL medical council. Session Nov. 28-Dec 2. Disciplinary cases. PMID- 14795706 TI - VOLUNTARY euthanasia. PMID- 14795707 TI - WILLIAM Willis Dalziel Thomson. PMID- 14795708 TI - ALEXANDER Low. PMID- 14795709 TI - On clinical medicine. PMID- 14795710 TI - Adjuvants to streptomycin in treating tuberculous meningitis in children. PMID- 14795711 TI - Treatment of acute barbiturate poisoning. A comparison of nikethamide and amphetamine. PMID- 14795712 TI - The rate of red-cell exchange in replacement transfusions. PMID- 14795713 TI - Simple papillomata of the bladder. A review of 175 consecutive personal cases from St. Paul's Hospital, London, and St. John's Hospital, Lewisham. PMID- 14795714 TI - Aureomycin and chloramphenicol in whooping-cough. PMID- 14795715 TI - Treatment of typhoid fever with chloramphenicol. PMID- 14795716 TI - Chloramphenicol in subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 14795717 TI - Provision of specialist services in remote areas. PMID- 14795718 TI - HEALTH legislation in America. PMID- 14795719 TI - MEDICAL legislation in New Zealand. PMID- 14795720 TI - DOMICILIARY physiotherapy services. PMID- 14795721 TI - The future of the practice of medicine. PMID- 14795722 TI - Early diagnosis of subacute combined degeneration of the cord; value of gastric biopsy. PMID- 14795723 TI - Foetal mortality in pregnant rats treated with anterior-pituitary extracts and in alloxan-diabetic rats. PMID- 14795724 TI - Renal-tract delay time and dead space. PMID- 14795725 TI - Congenital porphyria, hydroa aestivale and hypertrichosis in a South African Bantu. PMID- 14795726 TI - Interstitial inguinal hernia. Review of 6 cases. PMID- 14795727 TI - Maternal and foetal titres of antistreptolysin and antistaphylolysin at different stages of gestation. PMID- 14795728 TI - Obstruction of the inferior vena cava by a leiomyosarcoma. PMID- 14795729 TI - Melaena from heterotopic gastric mucosa in the ileum. PMID- 14795730 TI - Pemphigus acutus treated with antibiotics. PMID- 14795731 TI - A therapeutic experiment in peptic ulcer. PMID- 14795732 TI - Coronary disease and modern stress. PMID- 14795733 TI - Remarkable feat of endurance by a yogi priest. PMID- 14795734 TI - Outbreak of food-poisoning due to Salmonella Aberdeen. PMID- 14795735 TI - GEORGE Hugh Culverwell. PMID- 14795736 TI - Surgical relief of congenital cyanotic heart disease. Late results in 72 cases. PMID- 14795737 TI - Pulmonary hypertension in mitral stenosis. PMID- 14795738 TI - 17-Ketosteroid excretion in the diagnosis of endocrine dysfunction. PMID- 14795739 TI - Milkman's syndrome in idiopathic steatorrhoea complicated by refractory macrocytic anaemia. PMID- 14795740 TI - Primary streptomycin-resistant tuberculosis in a newborn child. Simple method of assessing streptomycin resistance. PMID- 14795741 TI - Thrombotic "hydrocephalus" in insulin therapy. PMID- 14795742 TI - Pulmonary fibrosis following granulopenia. PMID- 14795743 TI - Prevention of haemolysis during freezing and thawing of red blood-cells. PMID- 14795745 TI - COURTS and the period of gestation. PMID- 14795744 TI - Dermatological aspects of unemployment and resettlement. PMID- 14795746 TI - LEONARD Gregory Parsons. PMID- 14795748 TI - Recent history of coronary disease. PMID- 14795747 TI - HENRY MacCormac. PMID- 14795749 TI - Aspiration treatment of perforated ulcers. A further report. PMID- 14795750 TI - Conservative treatment of perforated peptic ulcer. PMID- 14795751 TI - Measurement of heart size. PMID- 14795752 TI - Diaminodiphenylsulphone in the treatment of leprosy. PMID- 14795753 TI - Haemolytic anaemia during treatment of leprosy with diaminodiphenylsulphone by mouth. PMID- 14795754 TI - Effect of postoperative bed rest and early ambulation on the rate of venous blood flow. PMID- 14795755 TI - An experiment on the transmission of colds. PMID- 14795756 TI - Bacterial variants in patients treated with chloramphenicol. PMID- 14795757 TI - Production of bacterial variants in vitro with chloramphenicol and specific antiserum. PMID- 14795758 TI - Early ambulation. A survey of hospital practice. PMID- 14795759 TI - Fiji revisited. PMID- 14795760 TI - SALARIES in the Public-Health Service. PMID- 14795761 TI - SMALLPOX at Brighton. PMID- 14795762 TI - FOOD-poisoning in Kendal. PMID- 14795763 TI - PHILIP Noel Panton. PMID- 14795764 TI - CYRIL Hocken Tewsley. PMID- 14795765 TI - TIMOTHY Gerard Dempsey. PMID- 14795766 TI - SIR Leonard Parsons. PMID- 14795767 TI - Application of psychology to dermatology. PMID- 14795768 TI - Recent history of coronary disease. PMID- 14795769 TI - An assessment of extraperitoneal caesarean section. PMID- 14795770 TI - The oxygen paradox. Experiments on the effects of oxygen in human anoxia. PMID- 14795771 TI - A method of estimating the collateral resistance during obstruction of the main artery to a limb. PMID- 14795772 TI - Treatment of early syphilis with penicillin, neoarsphenamine, and bismuth and with penicillin and bismuth alone. PMID- 14795773 TI - Streptomycin in latent genital tuberculosis in women. PMID- 14795774 TI - Bacteriological control of aureomycin therapy. PMID- 14795775 TI - Temporal arteritis. Two cases treated with aureomycin. PMID- 14795776 TI - Penicillin in Weil's disease. PMID- 14795777 TI - Paratyphoid urinary carrier treated with chloramphenicol. PMID- 14795778 TI - The medical care of the elderly. PMID- 14795779 TI - Does vaccination help to spread smallpox? PMID- 14795780 TI - INFECTIOUS diseases in England and Wales. PMID- 14795781 TI - GEORGE Lenthal Cheatle. PMID- 14795782 TI - ARTHUR John Hall. PMID- 14795783 TI - GATHORNE Robert Girdlestone. PMID- 14795786 TI - HERBERT French. PMID- 14795784 TI - CHARLES Ernest West. PMID- 14795785 TI - THOMAS Fraser. PMID- 14795787 TI - SIR PHILIP Panton. PMID- 14795788 TI - SIR LEONARD Parsons. PMID- 14795789 TI - Proper use of the hospital in treatment of the aged sick. PMID- 14795790 TI - Mortality from circulatory diseases in Norway 1940-1945. PMID- 14795791 TI - Laterally placed cervical discs; review of twelve cases. PMID- 14795792 TI - Function of erectores spinae in flexion of the trunk. PMID- 14795793 TI - Thiouracil compounds in the prevention of paroxysmal cardiac arrhythmia. PMID- 14795795 TI - Acrosclerosis. PMID- 14795794 TI - Trial of beta-naphthyl-di-2-chloroethylamine in leukaemia, Hodgkin's disease, and allied disorders. PMID- 14795796 TI - Effect of implantation of tablets of insulin on normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. PMID- 14795797 TI - Liver fluke removed from the human common bile-duct. PMID- 14795798 TI - Subacute bacterial endocarditis caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus albus. PMID- 14795799 TI - Acute infectious lymphocytosis in an adult. PMID- 14795800 TI - The "Duffy" antibody and haemophilia. PMID- 14795801 TI - Simple and reliable test for bile-pigments in urine. PMID- 14795802 TI - Unexpected death following operation. PMID- 14795804 TI - CHOICE of causes in Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 14795803 TI - Instruments for suprapubic exposure of prostate and bladder neck. PMID- 14795805 TI - CLASSIFICATION of cancer of the cervix. PMID- 14795806 TI - The adrenocorticotropic hormone (A.C.T.H.) of the pituitary gland. PMID- 14795807 TI - PRESENT state of the hospitals, from a correspondent. PMID- 14795808 TI - Results of sanatorium treatment in the middle-aged and elderly. PMID- 14795809 TI - INFLUENZA. PMID- 14795810 TI - SMALLPOX at Brighton. PMID- 14795811 TI - POLIOMYELITIS. PMID- 14795813 TI - GEORGE Clark Cathcart. PMID- 14795812 TI - JAMES Swain. PMID- 14795814 TI - PHILIP Franklin. PMID- 14795815 TI - Acute obstructive laryngotracheitis and laryngotracheobronchitis. Report of an outbreak. PMID- 14795816 TI - Orthopaedic signs in the diagnosis of disc protrusion. With special reference to the straight-leg-raising test. PMID- 14795817 TI - Seasonal incidence of congenital malformations of the central nervous system. PMID- 14795818 TI - Infection of the digital pulp space. PMID- 14795819 TI - Aetiology of chronic gastric ulcer. Observations on the blood-supply of the human gastric mucosa with a note on the arteriovenous shunt. PMID- 14795820 TI - The electrophoretic serum-protein pattern in malignant malnutrition. PMID- 14795821 TI - Uniovular twins showing growth disparity due to renal dwarfism. PMID- 14795822 TI - The investigation of sugar tolerance. PMID- 14795823 TI - Duodenal intubation with magnet-tipped tubes. PMID- 14795824 TI - Procaine with hyaluronidase as local anesthetic. PMID- 14795825 TI - A case of congenital afibrinogenemia. PMID- 14795826 TI - Poliomyelitis and polioencephalitis with opsoclonia following appendicectomy. PMID- 14795827 TI - A tidal spirometer. PMID- 14795828 TI - A sociomedical study of 200 hospital medical patients. PMID- 14795829 TI - Management of battle casualties from Korea. PMID- 14795830 TI - Personal hygiene and the spread of disease. PMID- 14795831 TI - PUBLIC health statistics: influenza; smallpox at Brighton; poliomyelitis; births and deaths in 1950. PMID- 14795832 TI - GEORGE Ernest Gask. PMID- 14795833 TI - SIDNEY Philip Phillips. PMID- 14795834 TI - Results of surgery in sciatica and low back pain. PMID- 14795835 TI - Activity of the human cervix and corpus uteri. Their response to drugs in early pregnancy. PMID- 14795837 TI - Conservative surgery of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 14795836 TI - STREPTOMYCIN treatment of tuberculous lesions of the trachea and bronchi. PMID- 14795838 TI - Arterial perfusion of the liver in shock. An experimental study. PMID- 14795839 TI - The management of burns. PMID- 14795840 TI - The value of leucocyte-counts in thiouracil medication. PMID- 14795841 TI - Role of sulphonamides and penicillin in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 14795842 TI - An atypical case of phenylketonuria. PMID- 14795843 TI - An automatic pipette. PMID- 14795844 TI - Residents in mixed institutions. Classification and accommodation. PMID- 14795845 TI - Development of influenza epidemics. PMID- 14795846 TI - PUBLIC health: influenza, smallpox, vaccination requirements for travellers, poliomyelitis, Ministry's statement on tuberculosis, the health of London, clean food. PMID- 14795847 TI - ROBERT James Blackham. PMID- 14795848 TI - PROF. G. E. Gask. PMID- 14795849 TI - Office procedure in hearing evaluation. A practical approach. PMID- 14795850 TI - Tumors of the trachea. PMID- 14795851 TI - Epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx occurring in two children with papilloma of the larynx. PMID- 14795852 TI - Epitaxis: A case report. Report of a case of ligation of the external carotid and anterior ethmoidal arteries, and section of the posterior ethmoidal artery. PMID- 14795853 TI - Plastic and reconstructive surgery. PMID- 14795855 TI - Closure and revision following the fenestration operation. PMID- 14795854 TI - HEARING aids accepted by the Council on Physical Medicine of the American Medical Association. As of April 1, 1950. PMID- 14795856 TI - Intralaryngeal correction of bilateral abductor paralysis: a modification of the Thornell operation. PMID- 14795857 TI - Keratosis of the larynx. Report of a case with underlying carcinoma in situ. PMID- 14795858 TI - Nutrition and the eye, ear, nose and throat. (With excerpts from the literature). PMID- 14795859 TI - SAMUEL J Kopetzky, M.D., 1876-1950. PMID- 14795860 TI - HEARING aids accepted by the Council on Physical Medicine of the American Medical Association as of April 1, 1950. PMID- 14795861 TI - [Vitamin D3]. PMID- 14795862 TI - [Streptomycin inhalation therapy of whooping cough]. PMID- 14795863 TI - [Dietetic treatment of dysenteriform syndromes in children]. PMID- 14795864 TI - [Particular dietetic and therapeutic applications of glutamic acid]. PMID- 14795865 TI - [7 More cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn]. PMID- 14795866 TI - [Cat scratch disease]. PMID- 14795868 TI - [Acute diseases of the larynx in children]. PMID- 14795867 TI - [Surgical treatment of congenital heart abnormalities; four operated cases of Fallot's tetralogy]. PMID- 14795869 TI - [Pathogenesis of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (Darier)]. PMID- 14795870 TI - [Results with endotracheal anesthesia]. PMID- 14795871 TI - [Case report of congenital tumor of the eye]. PMID- 14795872 TI - [Case reports of brain abscesses]. PMID- 14795873 TI - [Fatal case of bellalumal poisoning in a 3 and half year old child]. PMID- 14795874 TI - [Protection of newborn against infection by pathogenic staphylococci by means of aureomycin]. PMID- 14795875 TI - [Interstitial keratitis associated with lesions of anterior chorioretinitis and with periphlebitis of the retina]. PMID- 14795876 TI - [The "farinata cornea."]. PMID- 14795877 TI - [Case of accommodotonia and tonic convergence without pupillotonia treated successfully with diethyl-amino-ethyl-N-dibenzo-parathiazine]. PMID- 14795878 TI - [Jacques Dalechamps, professor of surgery and physician of the Hotel-Dieu, (1513 1588)]. PMID- 14795879 TI - [Plummer-Vinson sideropenic dysphagia; based on three unpublished cases]. PMID- 14795880 TI - [Preventive action of phenergan cream on experimental burns]. PMID- 14795881 TI - [Erythema multiforme bullosa with high fever persisting for three weeks cured rapidly by aureomycin]. PMID- 14795882 TI - [Jacques Dalechamps, professor of surgery and physician of the Hotel-Dieu, (1513 1588)]. PMID- 14795883 TI - [Anterior tumoral form of cancer of the larynx]. PMID- 14795884 TI - [Colobomatous fossette of the papilla and associated malformations]. PMID- 14795885 TI - [Rapid blindness due to hematoma of the orbit, in a hemophiliac]. PMID- 14795886 TI - [Pneumo-sinus dilatans of the frontal sinus]. PMID- 14795887 TI - [Perforating scleromalacia]. PMID- 14795888 TI - [Obesity, sequel of tuberculous meningitis treated by streptomycin]. PMID- 14795889 TI - [Generalized vesiculoeczematous eruption after subcutaneous infiltration of novocaine]. PMID- 14795890 TI - [Aureomycin in dermatology]. PMID- 14795891 TI - [Bazin's erythema induratum treated by P.A.S. and streptomycin]. PMID- 14795892 TI - [Early aortic insufficiency in an inadequately treated syphilitic]. PMID- 14795893 TI - [History of otorhinolaryngology in Lyon; present state and evolution of otorhinolaryngology]. PMID- 14795894 TI - The blood-brain barrier. PMID- 14795895 TI - Oliver Wendell Holmes. PMID- 14795896 TI - The differential diagnosis and treatment of Buerger's disease and peripheral arteriosclerosis. PMID- 14795897 TI - Interne placement. PMID- 14795898 TI - A review of pathogenesis of basal ganglia disorders and their clinical recognition. PMID- 14795899 TI - The production of congenital defects in the offspring of female mice treated with cortisone. A preliminary report. PMID- 14795900 TI - The Grant Stewart-Osler memorial address. PMID- 14795902 TI - Non-penetrating injuries of the abdomen. PMID- 14795901 TI - Ovarian tumors: Clinical and physiologic significance. PMID- 14795903 TI - Strangulated Meckel's diverticulum in congenital right inguinal hernia with an undescended ectopic testicle. PMID- 14795904 TI - DR. G. STUART Musgrove. PMID- 14795905 TI - Multiple sclerosis studies in the United States and Canada. PMID- 14795906 TI - A new conception of a National Health Scheme for Australia. PMID- 14795907 TI - Petroleum sulphonates. PMID- 14795908 TI - The colour of liquid extract of liquorice in relation to its tracemetal content. PMID- 14795909 TI - A scheme of analysis for commercial detergents Part 2. PMID- 14795910 TI - THE Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute. PMID- 14795912 TI - CHEMOTHERAPY. PMID- 14795911 TI - FERTILISERS and plant nutrients. PMID- 14795913 TI - COSMETICS and toilet preparations. PMID- 14795914 TI - Modern developments in carbohydrate chemistry. PMID- 14795915 TI - Developments in vitamin A manufacture. PMID- 14795916 TI - BRITISH views on American packaging. PMID- 14795917 TI - LARGE-SCALE production of penicillin starts in western Germany. PMID- 14795919 TI - PLANT Protection's new chemical laboratories. PMID- 14795918 TI - Effects of soap formed in situ. PMID- 14795920 TI - SYNTHETIC vitamins for rice enrichment. PMID- 14795921 TI - ITALIAN chemical industry's progress; new plants seen by visitors to chemical congress in Milan. PMID- 14795922 TI - Red dyes for colouring solutions of potassium bromide and nux vomica. PMID- 14795923 TI - ANTISEPTICS and disinfectants. PMID- 14795924 TI - ECONOMIC poisons. PMID- 14795925 TI - EFFECT of antiperspirants on the skin. PMID- 14795926 TI - SPEED-UP in penicillin packaging. PMID- 14795927 TI - [Remarks on BCG vaccination]. PMID- 14795928 TI - [Antituberculosis vaccination campaign in Morocco]. PMID- 14795929 TI - [Report on the BCG vaccination campaign in Tangier]. PMID- 14795930 TI - [Case of constrictive calcified pericarditis]. PMID- 14795931 TI - [Renal cysto-adenoma]. PMID- 14795932 TI - [Vitamins and the vital process]. PMID- 14795933 TI - [A cause of occlusion observed quite often in a Moroccan hospital: retractile sclerosis of the mesenteries]. PMID- 14795935 TI - [Allergic sycosis of the face]. PMID- 14795934 TI - [Typhoid and chloromycetin]. PMID- 14795936 TI - [Considerations on the hospital treatment of non-tuberculous adnexitis]. PMID- 14795937 TI - [Note on the treatment of ascitis cirrhosis of the liver by intravenous injections of liver extracts]. PMID- 14795938 TI - [Sensibility of man to the virus of contagious pustular dermatitis of stomatitis of sheep]. PMID- 14795939 TI - [The place of lymphoid hyperplasia in digestive pathology]. PMID- 14795940 TI - [Value of examining the xiphoid appendix in gastroenterology]. PMID- 14795941 TI - [Acute dilatation of the stomach; pathogenic study]. PMID- 14795942 TI - [Chronic icterigenic primary papillitis; remarks on three personal cases]. PMID- 14795943 TI - [Present treatment of anal and rectal cancers]. PMID- 14795944 TI - [The general adaptation syndrome]. PMID- 14795945 TI - [New treatment of chilblains]. PMID- 14795946 TI - [For or against socialization?]. PMID- 14795947 TI - [Maximum tuberculosis mortality at different ages]. PMID- 14795948 TI - [The industrial physician under the disciplinary jurisdiction of the Order]. PMID- 14795949 TI - [Essential arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14795950 TI - [Arterial hypertension and the salt-free diet]. PMID- 14795951 TI - [Diagnosis of albuminuria]. PMID- 14795952 TI - [The fundus of the eye and essential hypertension; diagnostic and prognostic value of anatomic and dynamic examination of the fundus of the eye]. PMID- 14795953 TI - [Center for the study and the treatment of nephropathies and arterial hypertension]. PMID- 14795954 TI - [Correct measurement of visual acuity in man]. PMID- 14795955 TI - [Effect of oxygen deficiency on adrenalin secretion]. PMID- 14795956 TI - [Traumatology of aviation accidents in the Air Force]. PMID- 14795957 TI - [Variations in endocrine balance in the course of flight therapy]. PMID- 14795958 TI - [The "farinata cornea."]. PMID- 14795959 TI - [Relativity]. PMID- 14795960 TI - [Kerosene]. PMID- 14795961 TI - [Treatment of hypothermia]. PMID- 14795962 TI - [Bibliography]. PMID- 14795963 TI - [Current concepts on the organization and function of respiratory nerve centers]. PMID- 14795964 TI - [Electrophoretic study of changes in blood protein balance in anoxia]. PMID- 14795965 TI - [The 4 cm. mercury test]. PMID- 14795966 TI - [Explosive decompression during an ascent to 40,000 feet]. PMID- 14795967 TI - [Flight personnel and pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14795968 TI - [Medical organization of tactical air bases; problems posed by the principle elements of a new war]. PMID- 14795969 TI - [Interpretation of alcohol in the blood following air accidents]. PMID- 14795970 TI - [Use in Morocco of a two-seater A.24 combat plane as ambulance plane]. PMID- 14795971 TI - [Apparatus for facilitating training in acceleration]. PMID- 14795972 TI - [Inventions and psychoses]. PMID- 14795973 TI - [Bibliography of aviation medicine]. PMID- 14795974 TI - [Aero-adaptation syndrome]. PMID- 14795975 TI - [Accidents]. PMID- 14795976 TI - [Physiological advantages of ski practice for flight personnel]. PMID- 14795977 TI - [Lighting in the aviation industry]. PMID- 14795979 TI - [Memories of Indochina and reflections on the Far East]. PMID- 14795978 TI - [The representation of conversational speech sounds]. PMID- 14795980 TI - BIBLIOGRAPHIE. PMID- 14795981 TI - [Introduction to the modern treatment of chronic alcoholism; biological, pathological and social considerations]. PMID- 14795982 TI - [Fenestration]. PMID- 14795983 TI - [Polylyate therapy]. PMID- 14795984 TI - [Non-saturated fatty acids in the treatment of eczema and other dermatoses]. PMID- 14795985 TI - [Medical dictionaries and specialized vocabularies]. PMID- 14795986 TI - [Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis]. PMID- 14795987 TI - [The Gougerot-Houvers-Sjogren syndrome (xerodermosteosis)]. PMID- 14795988 TI - [Clinical diagnosis of atypical pneumonia]. PMID- 14795989 TI - [Aureomycin, terramycin and chloromycetin]. PMID- 14795990 TI - [Liver extracts, folic acid, vitamin B12]. PMID- 14795991 TI - [Treatment of the acute period of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 14795992 TI - [Rapid liver function tests for the general practitioner]. PMID- 14795993 TI - [Use of thiourea derivatives in hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 14795994 TI - [Phosphatases]. PMID- 14795995 TI - [Treatment of allergic diseases]. PMID- 14795996 TI - [Treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia]. PMID- 14795997 TI - [Antibiotics (streptomycin and PAS) in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14795998 TI - [Treatment of obesity by benzedrine (amphetamine)]. PMID- 14795999 TI - [Quality of cure after gastrectomy for ulcer]. PMID- 14796000 TI - [Pseudarthrosis of the neck of the femur and surgical therapy]. PMID- 14796001 TI - [Indications for cutaneous grafts]. PMID- 14796002 TI - [Cholecystectomy and recurrence]. PMID- 14796003 TI - [Fracture of both bones of the forearm in the adult]. PMID- 14796004 TI - [Treatment of chronic alcoholism]. PMID- 14796005 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the anterior chamber of the eye]. PMID- 14796006 TI - [Acute unilateral blindness]. PMID- 14796007 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of habitual vomiting in the infant]. PMID- 14796008 TI - [Early diagnosis of genital cancer in women]. PMID- 14796009 TI - [Diagnostic examination procedures in conjugal sterility]. PMID- 14796010 TI - [Etiology of leukorrhea]. PMID- 14796011 TI - [Q fever; modes of contagion and biological diagnosis]. PMID- 14796012 TI - [Treatment of epilepsy]. PMID- 14796013 TI - [Does a prophylaxis exist for sea sickness and motion sickness in general?]. PMID- 14796014 TI - [Tinnitus]. PMID- 14796016 TI - [Value of psychiatric indications in prefrontal leucotomy?]. PMID- 14796015 TI - [Radiological images in ileo-cecal tuberculosis]. PMID- 14796017 TI - [Micro-waves in physiotherapy]. PMID- 14796018 TI - [Procedures currently proposed for the prevention of dental caries]. PMID- 14796019 TI - The place of the medical college in the national economy. PMID- 14796020 TI - A simple method of measuring the Q-T ratio. PMID- 14796021 TI - Recent advances in the surgical treatment of peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 14796022 TI - Fundamentals of tumors. PMID- 14796023 TI - The problem of the alcoholic. PMID- 14796024 TI - The physician in a troubled world. PMID- 14796025 TI - I move. PMID- 14796026 TI - Ophthalmologic observations in Europe. PMID- 14796027 TI - Clinical impressions of a new intravenous barbiturate, surital sodium; a preliminary report. PMID- 14796028 TI - Some experiences with chlortrimeton in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 14796029 TI - Carcinoma of the pancreas. PMID- 14796030 TI - Medical management of epilepsy. PMID- 14796031 TI - Gonococcal septicemia; report of a case. PMID- 14796032 TI - The function of the appendix; a theory. PMID- 14796034 TI - Health Department highlights, 1950. PMID- 14796033 TI - Is a virus the cause of cancer? PMID- 14796035 TI - Tube feeding. PMID- 14796036 TI - The beginnings of otolaryngology in Washington: Some personal reminiscences. PMID- 14796038 TI - Technical training of the Medical Service soldier. PMID- 14796037 TI - OSCAR Wilkinson, M.D., B. Phil., M.Sc., D.Sc., F.A.C.S. PMID- 14796040 TI - CLINICAL appraisal of the anginal state. PMID- 14796039 TI - The physiology of the coronary circulation. PMID- 14796041 TI - PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. PMID- 14796042 TI - The diagnosis and management of acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 14796043 TI - Organization and functions of medical division. PMID- 14796044 TI - Use of metrazol and the hydration pitressin test. PMID- 14796045 TI - Maximum protection of patient's clothing. PMID- 14796047 TI - Surgical aspect of cholecystitis. PMID- 14796048 TI - Brass tubing prevents leaks in Wangensteen unit. PMID- 14796046 TI - Cholecystitis. PMID- 14796049 TI - Rupture of pelvic joints during delivery. PMID- 14796050 TI - The duties of a hospital public information noncommissioned officer. PMID- 14796051 TI - The Dental Corps in the medical chain of evacuation. PMID- 14796052 TI - 15th Evacuation Hospital. PMID- 14796053 TI - Observations on canine leptospirosis in Heidelberg. PMID- 14796054 TI - A basic nursing course at the 319th Station Hospital. PMID- 14796055 TI - The use of streptomycin in the treatment of chancroid. PMID- 14796056 TI - Emergency tracheotomy. PMID- 14796057 TI - Testicular tumors. PMID- 14796059 TI - Making records available to the doctor. PMID- 14796058 TI - Medical Service's part in "Exercise Rainbow". PMID- 14796060 TI - ANTIBIOTIC therapy of infections. PMID- 14796061 TI - Anatomy of heart and great vessels. PMID- 14796062 TI - Regional ileitis (cicatrizing enteritis, Crohn's disease). Some considerations in its medical management and a note on the use of salazopyrine (azopyrin). PMID- 14796064 TI - OUR Army hospitals, 10th Field Hospital. PMID- 14796063 TI - Alcohol and traffic accidents. PMID- 14796065 TI - Meat inspection in Germany. PMID- 14796066 TI - An outbreak of Q-fever at Zuzenhausen. PMID- 14796067 TI - Coarctation of the aorta. PMID- 14796068 TI - Sanitary engineering problems in the U.S. Zone of Germany. PMID- 14796069 TI - Milk for EUCOM and USFA. PMID- 14796070 TI - Our EUCOM hospitals: The 495th Medical Group. PMID- 14796071 TI - Nurses in "Exercise Rainbow.". PMID- 14796072 TI - Hospital Mess Activities in the field. PMID- 14796073 TI - Red Cross activities in an evacuation hospital. PMID- 14796074 TI - FIFTY years with the Army Nurse Corps. PMID- 14796075 TI - Personnel administration. PMID- 14796076 TI - First-aid training for USAREUR. PMID- 14796077 TI - Our EUCOM hospitals: The 279th Station Hospital. PMID- 14796078 TI - Plantar warts. PMID- 14796079 TI - Tumors of the scrotal contents. PMID- 14796080 TI - Panel discussion on burns. PMID- 14796081 TI - The local treatment of burns. PMID- 14796083 TI - Treatment of varicose veins. PMID- 14796082 TI - Systemic management of thermal burns. PMID- 14796084 TI - Management of abortions. PMID- 14796085 TI - The role of the bacteriologist in the diagnosis and control of acute infectious diseases. PMID- 14796086 TI - The role of the virologist in the diagnosis of acute infectious diseases. PMID- 14796087 TI - Acute infections of the fauces and pharynx. PMID- 14796088 TI - Virus diseases of the respiratory tract. PMID- 14796089 TI - Management of bacterial pneumonias. PMID- 14796090 TI - Acute enteric infections. PMID- 14796091 TI - Meningitis and encephalitis in infants and children. PMID- 14796092 TI - Infection and rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 14796093 TI - What is left of the theory of focal infection. PMID- 14796094 TI - Immunization today. PMID- 14796095 TI - The treatment of severe essential hypertension. PMID- 14796097 TI - Hazards in the therapeutic use of morphine. PMID- 14796096 TI - The pathogenesis of septic pulmonary embolism. PMID- 14796098 TI - Current concepts of the metabolism of iron and its use in the treatment of anemia. PMID- 14796099 TI - The dangers of dicumarol therapy. PMID- 14796100 TI - The pathologic physiology of cerebral metabolic disease. PMID- 14796101 TI - The diagnostic importance of the bone marrow examination in acute hematogenous tuberculosis. PMID- 14796102 TI - Pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. PMID- 14796103 TI - Clinical application of the basal metabolism test. PMID- 14796104 TI - Symposium on clinical advances in medicine. Foreword. PMID- 14796105 TI - Cortisone, ACTH and other steroids in rheumatoid arthritis. A summary of experiences at a large clinic. PMID- 14796106 TI - Practical aspects of penicillin administration. Specific indications, dosage forms, reactions, comparative costs. PMID- 14796107 TI - Clinical applications of radioactive iodine in diseases of the thyroid. PMID- 14796108 TI - Hormones in breast metastasis therapy. PMID- 14796109 TI - The use of a mercurial diuretic (with theophylline) in patients with angina decubitus. Preliminary clinical observations. PMID- 14796110 TI - Low sodium and high protein diets in Laennec's cirrhosis. PMID- 14796111 TI - Management of the lymphomas. PMID- 14796112 TI - Malignant hypertension. PMID- 14796113 TI - The psychiatric manifestations of early cerebral damage in essential hypertension. PMID- 14796114 TI - Modern trends in syphilis therapy. PMID- 14796115 TI - The chemotherapy of tuberculosis. PMID- 14796116 TI - Chronic progressive pulmonary fibrosis. PMID- 14796117 TI - Poliomyelitis problems. PMID- 14796118 TI - Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of multiple myeloma. PMID- 14796119 TI - Regional enteritis. A follow-up study of 40 cases. PMID- 14796120 TI - Chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14796121 TI - Chemotherapy in chronic ulcerative colitis. PMID- 14796122 TI - Treatment of the bleeding patient. PMID- 14796123 TI - The concept of the male climacteric. PMID- 14796124 TI - Care of the aged: A growing problem. PMID- 14796125 TI - "Q" fever in South Australia: I. Isolation of causative organism from 4 cases and its identification as Rickettsia burneti. PMID- 14796126 TI - The indications for and results of acromionectomy. PMID- 14796127 TI - Surgery in the field. PMID- 14796128 TI - Aviation medicine: its scope and application. PMID- 14796129 TI - Tuberculin in diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 14796130 TI - DISEASES notified in each state and territory of Australia for the week ended October 28, 1950. PMID- 14796132 TI - The changing face of obstetric infection. PMID- 14796131 TI - Occupational factors in pulmonary dust disease. PMID- 14796133 TI - Torsion of the testis and its appendages. PMID- 14796134 TI - Hepatitis: Treatment with brewer's yeast. PMID- 14796135 TI - Immunization against tuberculosis in Australia and New Guinea. PMID- 14796136 TI - Squamous epithelioma of the renal pelvis: a case report. PMID- 14796137 TI - CONGENITAL malformations. PMID- 14796138 TI - DISEASES notified in each state and territory of Australia for the week ended November 4, 1950. PMID- 14796139 TI - The significance of the incubation period in infectious diseases. PMID- 14796140 TI - Venous occlusion plethysmography: A critical study. PMID- 14796141 TI - The extended radical vulvectomy of Stanley Way. PMID- 14796142 TI - Recurrent abdominal pain in childhood. PMID- 14796143 TI - Folic acid as an adjuvant to sulphapyridine in dermatitis herpetiformis. PMID- 14796144 TI - HUMAN milk. PMID- 14796146 TI - The conditions of civilized living and the problems of mental health. PMID- 14796145 TI - DISEASES notified in each state and territory of Australia for the week ended November 11, 1950. PMID- 14796147 TI - Intractable pain as a surgical problem: Some conclusions on the relief of pain by operations upon the central nervous system. PMID- 14796148 TI - Congenital deaf-mutism, pigmentary degeneration of the retina and amentia. PMID- 14796149 TI - Perspective in pathology. PMID- 14796150 TI - Four cases of rheumatoid arthritis treated with tetraethyl ammonium chloride. PMID- 14796151 TI - A case of rheumatoid-type arthritis treated with tetraethyl ammonium chloride. PMID- 14796152 TI - Apparent relief of trigeminal neuralgia with electric convulsion therapy: Report of a case. PMID- 14796153 TI - EDMUND Harold Molesworth. PMID- 14796154 TI - DISEASES notified in each state and territory of Australia for the week ended November 18, 1950. PMID- 14796155 TI - The conditions of civilized living and the problems of mental health. PMID- 14796156 TI - The effects of sodium citrate in lead poisoning and lead absorption: lead poisoning. PMID- 14796157 TI - Should we treat leuchaemia in childhood? PMID- 14796158 TI - On the management of severe burns in the "Tarakan" explosion. PMID- 14796159 TI - Biochemical observations on casualties burned in a petrol explosion. PMID- 14796160 TI - DISEASES notified in each state and territory of Australia for the week ended November 25, 1950. PMID- 14796161 TI - The A1-A2-B-O, M-N and Rh blood groups in southern Chinese: Hak-Kas, Cantonese and Hokkiens. PMID- 14796162 TI - The effects of sodium citrate in lead poisoning and lead absorption: Lead absorption. PMID- 14796163 TI - Bronchial carcinoma. PMID- 14796164 TI - Chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 14796165 TI - Barbiturates in spinal anaesthesia. PMID- 14796167 TI - Swelling on either side of the wrist. PMID- 14796166 TI - Sudden death in labour from amniotic fluid embolism. PMID- 14796168 TI - PAUL Greig Dane. PMID- 14796169 TI - DISEASES notified in each state and territory of Australia for the week ended December 2, 1950. PMID- 14796170 TI - Farewell to Academe. PMID- 14796171 TI - Urological problems in general practice. PMID- 14796172 TI - Treatment of gastro-enteritis in infants with "chloromycetin". PMID- 14796173 TI - Sarcoidosis: Diagnosis and management. PMID- 14796175 TI - DISEASES notified in each state and territory of Australia for the week ended December 9, 1950. PMID- 14796174 TI - The syndrome of cyclic attacks of allergy in childhood. PMID- 14796176 TI - Cancer of the stomach. PMID- 14796177 TI - Cancer of the larynx. PMID- 14796178 TI - Treatment of cancer in the oral cavity. PMID- 14796179 TI - Carcinoma of the breast and its treatment. PMID- 14796180 TI - Modern treatment of cancer of the prostate. PMID- 14796182 TI - Skin cancer. PMID- 14796181 TI - Cancer of the uterus. PMID- 14796183 TI - The scope of reconstructive surgery. PMID- 14796184 TI - Childhood tuberculosis. (A survey of children seen in chest clinic practice). PMID- 14796185 TI - The heart in anaemia. PMID- 14796186 TI - The influence of heredity on mental diseases. PMID- 14796187 TI - The value of radiography in examination of the teeth and jaws. PMID- 14796188 TI - The management and treatment of abortion. PMID- 14796189 TI - The fenestration operation in the treatment of deafness. PMID- 14796190 TI - The red eye. PMID- 14796191 TI - The value of psychological examination of school children. PMID- 14796192 TI - Carpal scaphoid injuries and their treatment. PMID- 14796193 TI - The role of the hospital librarian. PMID- 14796194 TI - Dyspareunia-investigation of causes and treatment. PMID- 14796195 TI - Tuberculosis in Northern Ireland. PMID- 14796196 TI - Heart disease in general practice. PMID- 14796197 TI - The modern treatment of club-foot. PMID- 14796198 TI - Emotion and spasmodic entropion. PMID- 14796199 TI - A simple treatment for sprains and torn muscles. PMID- 14796200 TI - Heart disease in general practice. Part II. PMID- 14796201 TI - Lesions of the vulva. PMID- 14796202 TI - Some recent advances in x-ray apparatus and technique. PMID- 14796203 TI - Malignant melanoma and the mole. PMID- 14796204 TI - Deterioration of the voice. PMID- 14796205 TI - Sight and vision. PMID- 14796206 TI - HOSPITALS in the new world. PMID- 14796207 TI - The human side of independent duty. PMID- 14796208 TI - Incidence of typhoid and the paratyphoid fevers in Egypt. PMID- 14796209 TI - Description of bedside urinal holder. PMID- 14796210 TI - HOSPITAL corpsmen training with the Marine Corps. PMID- 14796211 TI - Low power magnification of the fluoroscopic image. PMID- 14796212 TI - Common errors in Navy Health records. PMID- 14796214 TI - VIRUS pneumonia. PMID- 14796213 TI - The clinical response in arthritis of long standing. PMID- 14796215 TI - Use of testosterone in the female. PMID- 14796216 TI - Postpartum hemorrhoids. Treatment with rectal suppositories--A simple, economical method of inducing bowel movements in postpartum patients. PMID- 14796217 TI - Holidays leisure and recreation. PMID- 14796218 TI - Italian contributions to human anatomy. PMID- 14796219 TI - Thyroid disease. Life history of a patient treated with radioactive iodine. PMID- 14796220 TI - FURUNCLES and carbuncles. PMID- 14796221 TI - The clinical use of nitrogen mustard. PMID- 14796222 TI - THERAPY and diagnosis. A review of new developments in 1950. PMID- 14796223 TI - Some remarks about psychotherapy. PMID- 14796224 TI - Hypometabolism, its influence on the growth of cancer. PMID- 14796225 TI - Electrocytology as revealed by fluorescence microscopy. PMID- 14796226 TI - ROBERT Latou Dickinson, M. D., F.A.C. S. PMID- 14796227 TI - Paronychia (runaround). PMID- 14796228 TI - Health services for the North American Indians. PMID- 14796229 TI - Report Sixth International Congress of Pediatrics. (Switzerland, July 24-28, 1950). PMID- 14796230 TI - Medical aspects of marriage counseling. PMID- 14796231 TI - There is no substitute. PMID- 14796232 TI - HISTORY of women in medicine: medical women of North Carolina. PMID- 14796233 TI - Clinical pathological: adenocarcinoma of cervix with metastases to the lungs and liver. PMID- 14796234 TI - Waldemar Haffkine and the plague eliminator. PMID- 14796235 TI - Answers to your income tax questions. PMID- 14796236 TI - A recent trend in obstetrical anesthesia. PMID- 14796237 TI - Honey and fertility. PMID- 14796238 TI - The program for epileptic children in Los Angeles city schools. PMID- 14796239 TI - Normal frigidity in women: a plea to the family physician. PMID- 14796240 TI - HISTORY of women in medicine: medical women of North Carolina. PMID- 14796241 TI - David Gruby and the fungus growths. PMID- 14796242 TI - Hints on common hearing defects. PMID- 14796243 TI - Cystoscopy, its uses. PMID- 14796245 TI - The incidence of venereal diseases in England and Wales. PMID- 14796244 TI - Astrologers of the Stuart period: William Lilly. PMID- 14796246 TI - Some American views on the tuberculosis problem. PMID- 14796247 TI - Thomas Saffold. PMID- 14796248 TI - Transillumination as a diagnostic aid in mammary carcinoma. PMID- 14796249 TI - SOME thoughts on rheumatism. PMID- 14796250 TI - John Case. PMID- 14796251 TI - Diseases of muscles in children. PMID- 14796252 TI - The problem of tuberculosis. PMID- 14796253 TI - John Partridge. PMID- 14796254 TI - The practical approach to allergic diseases with special reference to asthma. PMID- 14796255 TI - A new self sterilizing synthetic elastomer. PMID- 14796256 TI - Sir William Read (C. 1639-1715). PMID- 14796257 TI - Blood pressure in health and disease. PMID- 14796258 TI - Some clinical applications of pituitary extracts. PMID- 14796259 TI - John Taylor. PMID- 14796260 TI - Progress in H.11 therapy for cancer. PMID- 14796261 TI - BISMUTH compounds in chemotherapy. PMID- 14796262 TI - Joshua Ward. PMID- 14796263 TI - The pathology of the third stage. Inverted uterus. PMID- 14796264 TI - Application of atomic energy to medical science. PMID- 14796265 TI - Neurological conditions of childhood. (Part I). PMID- 14796266 TI - TUBERCULOSIS in England and Wales. PMID- 14796267 TI - Is there a mystery about deafness? PMID- 14796268 TI - The feverish child. PMID- 14796269 TI - Neurological conditions of childhood. (Part 2). PMID- 14796270 TI - The case of Selby Watson. PMID- 14796271 TI - [Forensic practice of the physician of the Asistencia Publica Domiciliaria in rural districts]. PMID- 14796272 TI - [New technic for the estimation of phosphatase]. PMID- 14796273 TI - [Treatment of anal fissure with cladene]. PMID- 14796274 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of choledocholithiasis]. PMID- 14796275 TI - [Stenosis of the esophagus]. PMID- 14796276 TI - [Clarification of the terminology of current classifications of ileus]. PMID- 14796277 TI - [Bone formation in the surgical scar of epigastric hernia; clinical case]. PMID- 14796278 TI - [Varied results according to the early or late therapy of typhoid with chloromycetin]. PMID- 14796279 TI - [Treatment with the iron lung of severe cases of apparent death in the newborn]. PMID- 14796280 TI - [Postoperative complications and care in tonsillectomy]. PMID- 14796281 TI - [New science of book care]. PMID- 14796282 TI - [Clinical picture of Q fever]. PMID- 14796283 TI - [Clinical aspects of subarachnoid hemorrhage]. PMID- 14796284 TI - [Surgery of the nervous system of the bladder in pain and functional disorders]. PMID- 14796285 TI - [Edema, with special reference to renal edema]. PMID- 14796287 TI - [Treatment of anorexia with rest]. PMID- 14796286 TI - [Role of the focal infection in hyperergic collagen diseases]. PMID- 14796288 TI - [Atypical case of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome]. PMID- 14796290 TI - [Two new cases of foreign bodies of the esophagus]. PMID- 14796289 TI - [Case of inflammatory tumor of the colon as complication of chronic ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 14796291 TI - [A case of arthritis]. PMID- 14796292 TI - [Allergic otitis in infants]. PMID- 14796294 TI - [The galbanum of the Holy Scriptures]. PMID- 14796293 TI - [Ghosts of Paris: Salpetriere and Hopital Laennec]. PMID- 14796295 TI - [Meaning of teleological thought in clinical medicine]. PMID- 14796296 TI - [Kala-azar in Spain]. PMID- 14796297 TI - [Extrapleural pneumothorax]. PMID- 14796298 TI - [Paraphimosis; radical treatment by complete excision of the constricting ring]. PMID- 14796299 TI - [Another case of larva migrans?]. PMID- 14796300 TI - [Another case of larva migrans]. PMID- 14796301 TI - [Abscess of the upper pelvirectal space in an 8 year old boy]. PMID- 14796302 TI - [Malta fever and antibiotics]. PMID- 14796303 TI - [Case of Malta fever treated with aureomycin]. PMID- 14796304 TI - [Pharmacological orientations in the treatment of rheumatism and rheumatic diseases]. PMID- 14796305 TI - [Surgical complications in typhoid patients treated with chloromycetin]. PMID- 14796306 TI - [6th International Congress on Pediatrics, Zurich, July 1950]. PMID- 14796307 TI - [2d Hispano-Portuguese Congress on Medical Hydrology; comments]. PMID- 14796308 TI - [Effects of interruption of the circulation with and without perfusion of the cephalic ends of both carotid veins]. PMID- 14796309 TI - [Dosage of 17-ketosteroids in polymorphic juvenile acne]. PMID- 14796310 TI - [Malaria, ancylostomiasis, nutrition and anemia in tropics]. PMID- 14796311 TI - [Chronic duodenitis]. PMID- 14796312 TI - [Case of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta diagnosed during life]. PMID- 14796313 TI - [Neurology]. PMID- 14796314 TI - [Pathogenesis of apoplectic shock]. PMID- 14796315 TI - [Rounded pulmonary pictures; radiology]. PMID- 14796316 TI - [Indolent ulcer of the lesser curvature of the stomach]. PMID- 14796317 TI - [Mitral insufficiency]. PMID- 14796318 TI - [Unilateral exophthalmos of dubious etiology, with presentation of the patient]. PMID- 14796320 TI - [History of tropical medicine, parasitology and hygiene in Colombia (1526-1944)]. PMID- 14796319 TI - [New therapeutic agent in the treatment of whooping cough: Helicidine]. PMID- 14796321 TI - [Works on antibiosis and antibiotics up to the introduction of penicillin therapy]. PMID- 14796322 TI - [Actual concepts of osteoarticular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14796323 TI - [Actual concepts of osteoarticular tuberculosis]. PMID- 14796324 TI - [Certain details on the rotation in posterior presentation of the vertex]. PMID- 14796325 TI - [Mycologic notes; genus Trichophyton, crateriform group]. PMID- 14796326 TI - [Recent progress in physical chemistry in the control of harmful insects]. PMID- 14796327 TI - [Determination of 17-ketosteroids in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 14796328 TI - [New treatment of acute articular rheumatism with associated cryogenine and antibiotics]. PMID- 14796329 TI - [Idiopathic pericarditis with microaneurysm of the ascending aorta; rupture toward the anterior mediastinum and the right pleural cavity]. PMID- 14796330 TI - [Pneumoconiosis; review of 717 cases of pulmonary silicosis]. PMID- 14796331 TI - [Concept and teaching of industrial medicine in France]. PMID- 14796332 TI - [Office exercises]. PMID- 14796333 TI - [Polarographic investigation of lead poisoning]. PMID- 14796334 TI - [Rupture of tendons of the hand in industrial accidents]. PMID- 14796335 TI - [Peripheral circulation; return circulation, normal capillary circulation, arteriovenous vessels]. PMID- 14796336 TI - [Hepatic pseudocolic due to hydatidosis]. PMID- 14796337 TI - [New cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]. PMID- 14796338 TI - [Neuropathies and balneologic clinic]. PMID- 14796339 TI - [Present state of the medical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 14796340 TI - [Clinical, neuroendocrine, and psychosomatic observations of slight importance]. PMID- 14796341 TI - [Therapeutic effect of medicinal diet based on Ceratonia siliqua]. PMID- 14796342 TI - [Q fever in Mexico; serologic studies]. PMID- 14796343 TI - [Studies on the problem of acquired immunity in tuberculosis]. PMID- 14796344 TI - [World Health Organization]. PMID- 14796345 TI - [Endemic goiter in certain countries of South America]. PMID- 14796346 TI - [Exhibit of school work shops]. PMID- 14796347 TI - Acute phosphorus poisoning in man: A study of 56 cases. PMID- 14796348 TI - Primary biliary cirrhosis. PMID- 14796349 TI - The properties and biologic effects of bacterial pyrogens. PMID- 14796350 TI - Benign breast tumours. PMID- 14796351 TI - Electroencephalography in epilepsy. PMID- 14796352 TI - Non-gonococcal (nonvenereal) urethritis. PMID- 14796353 TI - Rheumatic disease: some recent advances. PMID- 14796354 TI - Fifty years of pathology in Germany. PMID- 14796355 TI - The story of uric acid. PMID- 14796356 TI - The management of some common injuries of the shoulder region. PMID- 14796357 TI - Honey; its place in convalescence. PMID- 14796358 TI - Chilblains; a review of a common winter problem. PMID- 14796360 TI - General practice. PMID- 14796359 TI - 'Under the influence.'. PMID- 14796361 TI - SYNOPTIC review of the value of liver function tests to the clinician. PMID- 14796362 TI - The history of medical education. PMID- 14796363 TI - [Diabetes and pregnancy]. PMID- 14796364 TI - [Problem of the etiology and pathogenesis of congenital deformity]. PMID- 14796365 TI - [Influence of the tides (ebb and flood) on birth]. PMID- 14796366 TI - [Intravaginal tampon in menstruation]. PMID- 14796367 TI - [Tampons in feminine hygiene]. PMID- 14796368 TI - [Problem of prolonged pregnancy with living child]. PMID- 14796369 TI - [New treatment of leukorrhea with gynaedron]. PMID- 14796370 TI - [Attempted abortion cause of fetal anophthalmos]. PMID- 14796371 TI - [Anglo-American progress in gynecology during past 15 years]. PMID- 14796372 TI - [Psychologic aspects of artificial insemination]. PMID- 14796373 TI - [Problem of the etiology and pathogenesis of congenital deformity]. PMID- 14796374 TI - [Viability and delivery in the habitual development of abnormally large fetuses]. PMID- 14796375 TI - [Extreme torsion of entire internal genital apparatus with the clinical aspect of intraabdominal hemorrhage]. PMID- 14796376 TI - [The prostigmine test in amenorrhea]. PMID- 14796377 TI - [Serologic observations on familial erythroblastosis]. PMID- 14796378 TI - [Pregnancy of 326 days]. PMID- 14796379 TI - [Anglo-American progress in gynecology during past 15 years]. PMID- 14796380 TI - [New viewpoints in neuropathology]. PMID- 14796381 TI - [The diabetes problem in America]. PMID- 14796382 TI - [Pathogenesis and therapy of ischias and hernia of the intervertebral disk, with special reference to Pendl's massive presacral injection of saline with novocain]. PMID- 14796383 TI - [Pathogenesis and diverse occurrence of ulcus cruris and eczema on the right and left lower leg, with remarks on therapy]. PMID- 14796384 TI - [Stroke percussion]. PMID- 14796386 TI - [Trypsated skim milk as a nutrient in bacterial culture]. PMID- 14796385 TI - [Poisoning by peroral resorption of the anilines of indelible pencils]. PMID- 14796387 TI - [In memoriam Oswald Bumke].